The vast majority of all email sent every day is spam, a variety of idiosyncratically spelled requests to provide account information, invitations to spend money on dubious products, and pleas to send cash overseas. Most of it is caught by filters before ever reaching an in-box. Where does it come from? As Finn Brunton explains in Spam, it is produced and shaped by many different populations around the world: programmers, con artists, bots and their botmasters, pharmaceutical merchants, marketers, identity thieves, crooked bankers and their victims, cops, lawyers, network security professionals, vigilantes, and hackers. Every time we go online, we participate in the system of spam, with choices, refusals, and purchases the consequences of which we may not understand. This is a book about what spam is, how it works, and what it means. Brunton provides a cultural history that stretches from pranks on early computer networks to the construction of a global criminal infrastructure. The history of spam, Brunton shows us, is a shadow history of the Internet itself, with spam emerging as the mirror image of the online communities it targets. Brunton traces spam through three epochs: the 1970s to 1995, and the early, noncommercial computer networks that became the Internet; 1995 to 2003, with the dot-com boom, the rise of spam's entrepreneurs, and the first efforts at regulating spam; and 2003 to the present, with the war of algorithms -- spam versus anti-spam. Spam shows us how technologies, from email to search engines, are transformed by unintended consequences and adaptations, and how online communities develop and invent governance for themselves.


We propose a three-part framework describing support tools for users of complex software applications such as enterprise resource planning and decision support systems. The model is motivated by the objectives of learning, performance, and analysis and is grounded in the theories of constructivism, pragmatism, and reflection respectively. This mapping is supported both by results of prior research and by a case study formative evaluation of a complex, cognitive support system developed for antiterrorism resource allocation. The work contributes to the field of system usability by providing an integrative framework linking established theoretical positions with empirical research on human-computer interaction.


The distribution of insecticide bednets has become a key malaria control strategy in endemic regions. The literature, however, points to a gap between availability and use. Using nationally representative household data from Ghana, this study investigates the factors that associate with household bednet ownership and use among minor children. The results indicate that more than half of Ghanaian households do not own any bednet ; while among those who do, household crowding and other socio-demographic factors tend to impede their use. This notwithstanding, the analysis suggests that scaling up bednet distribution could facilitate increased use among vulnerable populations.


This is a study of the interactions of solitary waves climbing up a circular island. A series of large-scale laboratory experiments with waves of different incident height-to-depth ratios and different crest lengths is described. Detailed two-dimensional run-up height measurements and time histories of surface elevations around the island are presented. A numerical model based on the two-dimensional shallow-water wave equations including runup calculations was developed. Numerical model predictions agreed very well with the laboratory data and the model was used to study wave trapping and the effect of slope. Under certain conditions, enhanced runup and wave trapping on the lee side of the island were observed, suggesting a possible explanation for the devastation reported by field surveys in Babi Island off Flores, Indonesia, and in Okushiri Island, Japan.


Sphingomyelin hydrolysis and ceramide generation have been implicated in a signal transduction pathway that mediates the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and other agents on cell growth and differentiation. In many leukemic cells, TNF-alpha causes DNA fragmentation, which leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis). C2-ceramide (0.6 to 5 microM), a synthetic cell-permeable ceramide analog, induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which was inhibited by zinc ion. Other amphiphilic lipids failed to induce apoptosis. The closely related C2-dihydroceramide was also ineffective, which suggests a critical role for the sphingolipid double bond. The effects of C2-ceramide on DNA fragmentation were prevented by the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which suggests the existence of two opposing intracellular pathways in the regulation of apoptosis.


The recent increase in global environmental concern drives the development of fuel saving vehicle technologies. A way to save fuel is to recuperate kinetic energy into a usable form for propulsive purposes, which is known as regenerative (regen) braking. However, regen braking also influences the vehicle stability and the driver"s perception of the brake system. The impact of the human factor imposes the use of a test vehicle during development of regen braking strategies. The production of a regen braking test vehicle was initiated by SAAB as part of their Hybrid Vehicles and eAWD project and conducted by this master thesis.

The main use of the test vehicle is to analyze the limitations of additive regen braking, where additional electric motor brake torque is applied on top of the standard brake torque. Additive braking allows the original brake system to be retained, saving production costs while giving fuel consumption improvements. Also, it facilitates the transition process to hybrid vehicles.

The perfect test vehicle for regen braking would possess one electric motor for each wheel and the necessary ancillaries. However, this vehicle project would have an intrinsic high level of packaging complexity, cost and engineering time. To overcome these negative aspects, another concept was conceived, in which a second hydraulic brake system is controlled to emulate electric motors. Electric motors are emulated in the sense that the friction brake wheel torque is equal to that produced by an electric motor. This concept consists of extra calipers clamping the original rotors, an Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB) unit delivering brake pressure and a dSpace onboard computer running the test program.

Simulink models of a generic electric driveline were developed to emulate the behavior of regen braking. The models include the battery, electric motor, power converter, and motor controller. These models calculate the wheel torque to be applied, which needs to be converted to a pressure value for the EHB unit. A brake model was developed to calculate the pressure, taking into account the temperature which affects the friction coefficient between the pad and disc. A hardware-in-the-loop rig was used for calibration of the brake model. Additionally, torque measuring wheels were installed on the test vehicle to calibrate the software and to validate the performance of the vehicle. The result of this thesis is an easy-to-use test vehicle which can conduct experiments dealing with additive regen braking, as well as any brake based vehicle system. For engineers to get started quickly, an example case study and a user manual are provided. The result of the research utilizing the test vehicle will be seen in the next generation SAAB hybrid vehicles.


The classical nucleation theory was used to model ternary nucleation at temperatures and concentrations observed in diluting diesel exhaust. The nucleation rate does not markedly depend on the NH3 concentration below the level of 0.8 ppb, with the binary H2O–H2SO4 mechanism dominating. This rules out the effect of dilution air ammonia levels on nucleation mode formation in most cases. On the other hand, with high NH3 concentration in the case of SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technology, we predict a dependence between the ammonia slip and the nucleation mode concentration.


Fuzzy discrete event systems (FDESs) have been introduced in recent years to model systems whose discrete states or discrete state transitions can be uncertain and are, hence, determined by a possibility degree. This paper develops an FDES framework for the control of sampled data systems that have to fulfill multiple objectives. The choice of a fuzzy system representation is justified by the assumption of a controller realization that depends on various potentially imprecise sensor measurements. The proposed framework consists of three basic steps that are performed at each sampling instant. First, the current fuzzy state of the system is determined by a sensor evaluation. Second, the fuzzy state in the future sampling instant is predicted for all possible control actions of the system. Finally, an original multiobjective weighting strategy is proposed to determine the control action to be applied in the current sampling instant. The features of the proposed approach are demonstrated by a detailed mobile robot example, which includes a simulation study.


This pilot study examined the experiences of 24 teacher education students and nine caregivers who participated in a weekly community play session on a rural University campus in NSW, Australia. Students completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the 13 week semester and at the end of the semester and were asked about confidence levels in various aspects of infant/toddler teaching skills and about the value and challenges of the play sessions. Parents completed a questionnaire about the benefits of play sessions for themselves and their children. Quantitative results indicated that students rated play session interactions with parents as being least helpful in preparation for practicum and least valuable in general, but indicated they gained most in the area of interactions with parents. Students increased their confidence levels in most areas of teaching skills by the end of the semester, except in parent-interaction. The major challenge cited was the high number of university students compared to children. Qualitative themes that emerged included issues related to environments and student learning and practice. Parents indicated high ratings of benefits for themselves and their children, particularly in the area of supporting social development of children and providing social networking for themselves. Implications for creating practical experiences related to parent interactions and relationship building in teacher education programmes, are discussed.


The fact that Nobel prize laureate Elfriede Jelinek has from the beginning of her career not just written texts for the theatre but also theoretical essays about the theatre makes her especially interesting for Theatre Studies, and many of her earlier essays have been widely discussed and have strongly influenced the reception and staging of her works. This chapter is devoted especially to her more recent essays since 2003 which have thus far been neglected in Jelinek scholarship. With close reference to five essays and touching on others, I observe a general shift in tone in her recent essays compared to the earlier essays which were hostile to theatre as a medium. As a result of her plays being more frequently staged by major German and Austrian directors who have found their own creative key to her different texts, Jelinek has over time discovered the theatre as a special medium and extraordinary place with paradoxical forms of artistic communication that have much to offer her as a writer in the struggle against dominant power relations and especially the power of the public media. I argue that her recent essays are important not just for an understanding of Jelinek's theatre texts and their realization in the theatre but that they also contain many insights that are transferrable to the dynamic between text and staging in contemporary postdramatic theatre generally. After a contextualizing introduction, individual sections of the chapter offer detailed theoretical analyses of: Jelinek's essay "In Mediengewittern" (=In Media Storms) arguing for theatre's special potential in critically reflecting on other media; the essay "Das nicht anschaubare Bild" (=The not-viewable image) about the paradoxical relationship between text and stage; the essay "Keine Frage" (=No Question) about the 'non-existent author, the public and the paradoxical speaking of the actors'; and about the essays "Theatergraben" (=Orchestra Pit) and "Die Leere offnen" (=Opening the emptiness), which deal with the productive tensions and 'contra-laborations' between playwright and director.


BACKGROUND
The marijuana plant cannabis is known to have therapeutic effects, including improvement of inflammatory processes. However, no report of patients using cannabis for Crohn's disease (CD) was ever published.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the effects of cannabis use in patients suffering from CD.

METHODS
In this retrospective observational study we examined disease activity, use of medication, need for surgery, and hospitalization before and after cannabis use in 30 patients (26 males) with CD. Disease activity was assessed by the Harvey Bradshaw index for Crohn's disease.

RESULTS
Of the 30 patients 21 improved significantly after treatment with cannabis. The average Harvey Bradshaw index improved from 14 +/- 6.7 to 7 +/- 4.7 (P < 0.001). The need for other medication was significantly reduced. Fifteen of the patients had 19 surgeries during an average period of 9 years before cannabis use, but only 2 required surgery during an average period of 3 years of cannabis use.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of cannabis use in Crohn's disease in humans. The results indicate that cannabis may have a positive effect on disease activity, as reflected by reduction in disease activity index and in the need for other drugs and surgery. Prospective placebo-controlled studies are warranted to fully evaluate the efficacy and side effects of cannabis in CD.


Nanosensors offer the opportunity to measure intracellular domains with minimal chemical or physical perturbation. Typically only 60 nm in diameter and synthesised from polymer matrices they entrap chemical sensing elements and can be surface functionalised allowing for further chemical modification. Upon intracellular localisation the cellular environment can be monitored using conventional techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy. Reported here is one use of nanosensors to investigate the mechanisms of intracellular delivery mediated via the cell penetrating peptide, Tat. It is shown that information obtained from the nanosensors reveals that the post-delivery environment is representative of a lysosome in terms of both pH and morphology. The delivery mechanism of Tat, however, is shown to be dependent upon the cargo being delivered, corresponding to the absence or presence of a body of polymer matrix; thus nanosensors have been used to further the understanding of the cell penetrating mechanisms of Tat peptide. Technological aspects of nanosensor development have been investigated including polymer matrix modification and different methods of incorporating fluorophores into the nanosensor body. Addressing nanosensors located in an intracellular domain has historically been achieved with epi-fluorescent and confocal microscopy acquiring data from individual or low numbers of cells only. Reported here is the combination of nanosensors with flow cytometry as a technique for en masse investigation into entire cell populations.


Forecasting electricity consumption is of national interest to any country. Future electricity forecasts are not only required for short and long term power planning activities but also in the structure of the national economy. This paper proposes six forecasting models developed for electricity consumption in New Zealand. Three of these models (Logistic, Harvey Logistic and Harvey) are based on growth curves. A further model uses economic and demographic variables in multiple linear regression to forecast electricity consumption while another uses these factors to estimate future saturation values of the New Zealand electricity consumptions and combine the results with a growth curve model. The sixth model makes use of the Box-Jenkins ARIMA modeling technique. The developed models are compared using goodness of fit, forecasting accuracy and future consumption values. The future consumptions are also compared with the available national forecasts. The comparisons revealed that the best overall forecasts are given by the Harvey model for both the Domestic and the Total electricity consumption of New Zealand while a specific form of the Harvey model, the Harvey Logistic model, is the best in forecasting NonDomestic electricity consumption.


Is the left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) a single functional region, or can it be subdivided into distinct areas that contribute differently to word processing? Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate anterior and posterior LIFC when the meaning and sound of words were being processed. Relative to no stimulation, TMS of the anterior LIFC selectively increased response latencies when participants focused on the meaning of simultaneously presented words (i.e., synonym judgments) but not when they focused on the sound pattern of the words (i.e., homophone judgments). In contrast, the opposite dissociation was observed in the posterior LIFC, where stimulation selectively interfered with the phonological but not the semantic task. This double dissociation shows functionally distinct subdivisions of the LIFC that can be understood in terms of separable corticocortical connections linking the anterior LIFC to temporal pole regions associated with semantic memory and the posterior LIFC to temporoparietal regions involved in auditory speech processing.


While architects are confident that professional self-regulation in the construction industry is the way forward in dealing with construction permits, members of the public have differing perceptions on the self-regulation system. The main issues at stake are public safety and health, which depend on the knowledge, professionalism and integrity of practicing professionals. This paper presents a survey conducted on two groups of respondents: a group of architects, and a group of members of the public. The differences in the perceptions of the two groups of respondents rely greatly on the understanding of the self-regulation approach. In a self-regulation model, professionalism in practice and personal integrity is the core criteria for a successful self-regulation policy. The findings from the perception survey determine whether differences in perception on professional integrity and the risk to public safety prevent the implementation of an architectural self-regulation system, or whether these differences advocate the implementation of a self-regulation system that enables architects be more responsible and reliable.


Focusing on places, objects, bodies, narratives and ritual spaces where religion may be found or inscribed, the authors reveal the role of religion in contesting rights to places, to knowledge and to property, as well as access to resources. Through analyses of specific historical processes in terms of responses to socio-economic and political change, the chapters consider implicitly or explicitly the problematic relation between science (including social sciences and anthropology in particular) and religion, and how this connects to the new religious globalisation of the twenty-first century. Their ethnographies highlight the embodiment of religion and its location in landscapes, built spaces and religious sites which may be contested, physically or ideologically, or encased in memory and often in silence. Taken together, they show the importance of religion as a resource to the believers: a source of solace, spiritual comfort and self-willed submission.


PRETERM, INC., established on 15 Mar. 1974, is a nonprofit medical clinic run by WOMEN for women to provide abortion counseling, abortions, contraceptives, education and outreach, with care and sensitivity. Founded following the 1973 legalization of abortion, by 1975 Preterm offices were open 3 days a week and offered abortion counseling, abortions, breast examinations, and Pap smears. In 1976 pregnancy-testing centers were established in ROCKY RIVER and BEDFORD, although community pressure subsequently forced the closing of the Bedford office. In 1978 the organization offered premarital blood tests and became an observation center for local, certified health professionals. By 1982 it also offered testing for venereal diseases, early pregnancy tests, and ultrasound testing. Patient fees and Medicaid for indigent patients covered many of Preterm's early services. After the prohibition on the use of federal monies for abortions in 1981, however, Preterm lowered fees to ensure access by poorer women; foundation grants and individual contributions helped support the organization. In 1992 Preterm began to offer free sexuality education classes to school-aged children in Greater Cleveland. In 1995 Preterm was located at 12000 Shaker Blvd. Preterm Newsletter (summer 1984).


Eosinophils and eosinophil granule proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. BALF from 40 patients with symptomatic asthma were analysed for cytokine activity by the eosinophil survival assay. BALF from 15 patients showed increased survival activity. Survival activities in BALF from four of these patients were almost completely blocked by anti‐IL‐5 MoAb, and the remaining activities were blocked by anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), anti‐IL‐3 antibody, or both. Surprisingly, BALF samples from the other 25 patients decreased eosinophil viabilities below the levels of medium control. The inhibitory factor in these BALF was of low molecular weight, was heat‐stable, was largely overcome by excess exogenously added cytokines, and was positively correlated with the concentrations of lidocaine in the BALF. Lidocaine itself inhibited eosinophil survival at concentrations less than those present in the BALF. These findings indicate that lidocaine is an inhibitor of cytokines in the eosinophil survival assay, and they suggest the need for caution in analyses of BALF containing lidocaine or other local anaesthetics.


A number of studies investigating the link between weather and homicides indicate that weather has an effect on the occurrence of murder. These studies argue that the weather and its changes can act as stressors, especially for individuals who are highly sensitive to stress and thus the weather can have both physiological and psychological effects on human behaviour. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between temperature (daily Tmean and Tmax) and the incidents of homicides in Central and Northern Greece. A total of 137 homicides were registered in the investigated area between 1995 and 2004. The results revealed that more than 30% of the registered homicides occurred on a day with a Tmean> 25° C and that about 45% of the registered homicides occurred on a day with a Tmax> 25° C while half of them were committed with a Tmax> 30° C. The results showed a higher correlation of the number of homicides with Tmax than with Tmin. Our findings are in accordance with other studies, which showed an association between crime and increased temperature, as well as with theories of criminality, according to which negative affect and violent acts increase as temperature rise.


This essay examines the first season of Storage Wars and suggests the program helps mediate the putative crisis in American masculinity by suggesting that traditional male skills are still essential where knowledge supplants manual labor. We read representations of "men at work" in traditionally "feminine" consumer markets, as a form of masculine recuperation situated within the culture of White male injury. Specifically, Storage Wars appropriates omnivorous consumption, thrift, and collaboration to fit within the masculine repertoire of self-reliance, individualism, and competition. Thus, the program adapts hegemonic masculinity by showcasing male auction bidders adeptly performing feminine consumer practices. Whether the feminine is assimilated into the male body or represented as its Other, we contend that the expressions of masculinity in Storage Wars render women obsolete and subjugated in the marketplaces of the 21st-century economy and contribute to the mediation of the contemporary crisis in masculinity.


Do people fall for online disinformation, or do they actively utilize it as a tool to accomplish their goals? Currently, the notion of the members of the public as victims of deception and manipulation prevails in the debate. It emphasizes the need to limit people's exposure to falsehoods and bolster their deficient reasoning faculties. However, the observed epistemic irrationality can also stem from politically motivated reasoning incentivized by digital platforms. In this context, the readily available disinformation facilitates an arms race in loyalty signaling via a public endorsement of fanciful partisan claims. Such a signaling arms race appears capable of derailing democratic decision-making perhaps more effectively than any known reasoning deficiency. Appreciating the role of an instrumentally rational cost-benefit calculus in triggering the disinformation crisis thus appears vital. Examining these themes, the paper contributes to the current debates in political epistemology and democratic theory.


Creating, restoring, and sustaining forests in urban areas are complicated by habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and degraded soils. Although there is some research on the outcomes of urban reforestation plantings during the first 5 years, there is little research on longer term outcomes. Here, we compare the successional trajectories of restored and unrestored forest sites 20 years after initiating restoration. The sites are located within the Rodman's Neck area of Pelham Bay Park, in the northeast corner of the Bronx in New York City (NYC), U.S.A. Compared with unrestored sites, we saw improvements in species diversity, greater forest structure complexity, and evidence of the regeneration and retention of native tree species in restored sites. In addition, we found differences in restoration outcomes depending on the level of intervention: clearing exotic shrubs and vines and planting native trees and shrubs improved tree diversity and canopy closure to a greater extent than clearing exotics alone, and the mechanical removal of invasive plants after the native plantings further improved some measures of restoration, such as tree species diversity and native tree regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the goal of a sustainable forest ecosystem dominated by native trees and other plant species may not be achievable without continued human intervention on site. In addition, these results indicate that the restoration approach adopted by NYC's reforestation practitioners is moving the site toward a more desirable vegetative community dominated by native species.


Magnetic recording is nowadays the most widely used method for storing large amounts of data. A lot of effort is being spent on research on magnetic recording to increase the storage density. One principle cause, which limits the linear bit density in longitudinal recording systems, is the length of the magnetic transitions in the recording medium, due to demagnetizing forces. An answer to this problem is offered by perpendicular recording. Since the mid seventies there has been a growing interest in this recording mode. Because the magnetization of a perpendicular recording medium is oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the demagnetizing forces are strongly reduced in high-density recording. In part I of this thesis, the introduction, the principles of perpendicular recording are given and it is schematically shown that the transitions in a perpendicular recording medium can have negligible width, due to the favorable orientation of the magnetization. Also some complications are discussed, which may deteriorate the recording performance of the medium. The common core of these complications is formed by the longitudinal demagnetizing forces, which tend to close the magnetic flux within the medium. Certain cobalt-based alloys, having the hcp structure with perpendicular c-axis orientation, are suitable materials for a perpendicular recording medium. In practice the anisotropy axis coincides with the c-axis. The physical properties of these binary alloys, viz. the magnetization and the phase diagram, are discussed in chapter 4. The hysteresis loops of thin magnetic layers with perpendicular anisotropy is extensively treated in chapter 5. Two different models of magnetic microstructures are discussed, the stripe domain structure and colurnnar particle structure. The principal difference between these two structures is the way the short- range exchange forces extend through the medium. In the former these forces are able to extend throughout the medium, in which case the nucleation of a stripe domain pattern is a commonly observed microstructure in this kind of magnetic layers. In the latter the exchange forces are confined within the volume of the parti~les, which thus define the maximum size of magnetic domains. These physically opposite models are both investigated to find out how far they agree with the experimentally observed hysteretic properties of Co-Cr layers, which were used as recording medium in this work, and form a continuous theme throughout this thesis. The investigations on the Co-Cr medium are described in part II. First our investigations on the RF-sputter deposition of Co-Cr layers are reported in chapter 6. The morphology of the Co-Cr medium, as revealed by means of electron microscopy, is described in chapter 7. The medium appears to consist of columnarlike crystallites, which have grown perpendicular to the substrate (see fig.7.7). It is just this morphology, which strongly suggests a particulate structure because of the distinct profile of the crystallites. Chapter 8 contains the analysis of the magnetic anisotropy of the Co-Cr medium by means of torque and VSM measurements. Especially the magnitude of the anisotropy constants and the different causes of anisotropy were investigated. The intriguing question, whether the Co-Cr medium is .continuous. or .particulate., is discussed in chapter 9 on the basis of the perpendicular easy-axis loops. The experimental loops are compared with the theoretical results of chapter 5 and it appears that the continuous model agrees best with the experimental results. The coercivity of the Co-Cr medium is analysed in chapter 10, also on the basis of the continuous and the particulate models. It again appears that the continuous modeloffers the best explanation, in this case for the experimentallyobserved coercivity. An interim discussion is presented after chapter 10 in which a tentative description of the Co-Cr medium is given and the consequences for the recording behaviour are discussed. The contents of part III refer to investigations on the characteristics of perpendicular recording. The structure of magnetic transitions, which are induced by means of a single- pole type head into the Co-Cr medium, is investigated experimentally as well as theoretically and is described in chapter 12. In this analysis an accurate description of the head field is required, which is therefore first given in chapter 11.


Introduction Models are used increasingly to simulate hydrological processes within tropical regions. There is now a wealth of publications addressing evaporation modelling (particularly wet-canopy evaporation) of local areas of tropical forest in, for example, Niger (Gash et al., 1997), Guyana (Jetten, 1996), Puerto Rico (Schellekens et al., 1999), Columbia (Marin et al., 2000) and Indonesia (Asdak et al., 1999; van Dijk and Bruijnzeel, 2001). Elsewhere in this volume, Roberts et al. provide an overview of evaporation processes and modelling. Other modelling studies have addressed the impact of such tropical evaporation on regional climates and global circulation (e.g. Polcher and Laval, 1994; Zeng, 1999; Zeng and Neelin, 1999; Zheng et al., 2001). New studies using time-series models are highlighting the effects of cycles in the rainfall, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on tropical evaporation, riverflow and water quality (e.g. Zeng, 1999; Chappell et al., 2001; Krishnaswamy et al., 2001; Whitaker et al., 2001; Chappell, Tych et al., this volume). Similarly, models that simulate the generation of riverflow from the rainfall received by a tropical catchment are also beginning to be applied more frequently. These models include: Metric-conceptual models of waterflow, based upon transfer functions. For example, application of the DBM modelling approach to a nested catchment system in Malaysian Borneo (Chappell et al., 1999a) and the application of IHACRES to a large Thai basin (Scoccimarro et al., 1999). Conceptual models of waterflow based upon stores and pre-determined empirical relationships. For example, application of the Nash model to Kenyan catchments (Onyando and Sharma, 1995), the Modhydrolog model to a tropical catchment (Chiew et al., 1996), the Reservoir-Water-Balance-Simulation model to Namibian catchments (Hughes and Metzler, 1998), and the HBV-96 model (discussed in Barnes and Bonell, this volume) to catchments in Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Bolivia (Liden and Harlin, 2000).


In this article a provisional set of eight criteria is proposed for the analysis and the design of texts in the field of public information. To test the value of this set of criteria, an experiment was carried out concerning a Dutch leaflet on a regulation on Rent Rebate Grants. Rewriting the leaflet text did not produce satisfying results, possibly due to the high complexity of the regulation. Nevertheless, it seems that the criteria might be a useful contribution to the discussion on guidelines for textwriters.


As more and more languages are becoming endangered, our notions of what it means to adequately document a language are changing. Further, while some languages remain undocumented, dictionaries, grammars, and texts are available for more and more languages, enabling researchers to broaden the scope of their documentation efforts. This article examines the question of adequacy in language documentation from a number of perspectives and proposes some general guiding principles for documentation efforts. Points of discussion include the interplay between documentation and description; the potential for diversity in all aspects of documentation, such as diversity of linguistic data, consultants, fieldworkers, and products; and the interaction of the different participants in documentation efforts.


This paper introduces a method of analysis to uncover artefact communication relationships in real world settings. This method is based on learning and communication theory, together with situated cognition. It was developed in the context of agile software development practice. Using this method, we found evidence that physical artefacts help team members to define contexts within their practice, which in turn become part of their contingency plan for communicating during specific contexts of communication. A contingency plan is a set of communicative actions that members take in future events that are possible but not intended, including the unanticipated.


Abstract In this article we distinguish two versions of the non-identity problem: one involving positive well-being and one involving negative well-being. Intuitively, there seems to be a difference between the two versions of the problem. In the negative case it is clear that one ought to cause the better-off person to exist. However, it has recently been suggested that this is not so in the positive case. We argue that such an asymmetrical treatment of the two versions should be rejected and that this is evidence against views according to which it is permissible to cause the less well-off person to exist in the positive non-identity case.


Several previous genome‐wide and targeted association studies revealed that variants in the CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4 (CHRNA5/A3/B4) gene cluster on chromosome 15 that encode the α5, α3, and β4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are associated with nicotine dependence (ND) in European Americans (EAs) or others of European origin. Considering the distinct linkage disequilibrium patterns in European and other ethnic populations such as African Americans (AAs), it would be interesting to determine whether such associations exist in other ethnic populations. We performed a comprehensive association and interaction analysis of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster in two ethnic samples to investigate the role of variants in the risk for ND, which was assessed by Smoking Quantity, Heaviness Smoking Index, and Fagerström test for ND. Using a family‐based association test, we found a nominal association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1317286 and rs8040868 in CHRNA3 with ND in the AA and combined AA and EA samples. Furthermore, we found that several haplotypes in CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 are nominally associated with ND in AA, EA, and pooled samples. However, none of these associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. In addition, we performed interaction analysis of SNPs within the CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster using the pedigree‐based generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method and found significant interactions within CHRNA3 and among the three subunit genes in the AA and pooled samples. Together, these results indicate that variants within CHRNA3 and among CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4 contribute significantly to the etiology of ND through gene–gene interactions, although the association of each subunit gene with ND is weak in both the AA and EA samples. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The health industry has always used natural products as an alternative, to the conventional allopathic formulations available for the treatment of various afflictions. Propolis, a natural antibiotic is a resinous yellow brown to dark brown substance that honey bees (Apis mellifera) collect from tree buds, sapflows, shrubs or other botanical sources to seal unwanted open spaces in the hive, protecting it from outside contaminants. The main chemical classes present in propolis are flavonoids, phenolics and other various aromatic compounds. Flavonoids are well known plant compounds that have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Propolis has been used in general for various purposes and has a promising role in future medicine as well as in dentistry. This paper is an attempt to review various applications of this compound in medicine.


Findings from epidemiological studies can be used to make quantitative predictions of health impacts of new developments in a land-use planning context. In UK practice, exposures that may impact on health are described in environmental statements, but the health outcomes are rarely assessed explicitly. Methods for quantitative health impact assessments (HIA) are demonstrated in two case studies: proposals to extend an airport in south-east England and to build a waste incinerator in London. Four dimensions were assessed: particulate matter and gases, airborne carcinogens, transport accidents and noise. Calculations demonstrate that the health of the exposed populations would be affected by both developments, but that the added burden of disease would be very low in comparison with that in the existing population levels. Epidemiology provides a relevant method for extending environmental impact assessment. Quantitative assessment will allow decision-making authorities to make more informed decisions on proposed developments in the context of land-use planning.


By taking the lived body as local, unstable, diverse, and open to urban and global incorporations, this book highlights contemporary Chinese and global reductions of diverse conditions into generalized objects, especially in the Chinese state's well-intended social welfare effort of "building socialist new villages" which in the mean time shows clearly how judgments come to be disguised as facts (Cf. Pigg 1992). The political economic roots and social determinants of "dirty villages," the strategies of inhabiting "villages with empty centers," and the local and national projects of cultural production all reveal much about class and power in China today. Unlike other close ethnographies of small places in China, this reading of local culture is considered in the context of the national and global practices that maintain a deeply divisive rural-urban divide in everyday hygienic practices. This book argues that substantive ethnographic attention to the specificities of village life in the contemporary Henan context can destabilize China's chronic rural-urban divide and contribute to an effective rural welfare intervention to improve the hygienic conditions of village life at present.


Justice Stevens has sometimes been caricatured as the Supreme Court Justice who hates religion, but an exploration of the cases in which Justice Stevens has voted in favor of religious claimants reveals that, rather than being moved by a reflexive hostility toward religion, Justice Stevens appears to respect religion as a powerful motivator of human action, though one that is largely able to look out for its own interests in the political process. Notwithstanding my rejection of the common view of Justice Stevens as hostile to religion, I argue in this paper that there are substantial problems with his actual approach. First, Justice Stevens has a tendency to treat religion as no more valuable than other valuable categories of expressive activity, a tendency that brings him into agreement with a great deal of recent scholarly commentary on the Religion Clauses. The protection he would afford religious practice is therefore largely coextensive with the protection afforded to expressive conduct more generally under the First Amendment, thereby rendering the Free Exercise Clause superfluous. Second, I argue that Justice Stevens places too much faith in the ability of legislatures to look out for the interests of minority religious groups, ignoring the important role that courts play in highlighting for legislatures the situations in which minority religions appear to be suffering disproportionately under generally applicable regulations. Accordingly, I propose a different approach, one that builds on Justice Stevens's views but that adequately acknowledges the unique value of religion in the lives of believers.


This thesis defends John Rawls's constructivist theory of justice against three distinct challenges. Part one addresses G. A. Cohen's claim that Rawls's constructivism is committed to a mistaken thesis about the relationship between facts and principles. It argues that Rawls's constructivist procedure embodies substantial moral commitments, and offers an intra-normative reduction rather than a metaethical account. Rawls's claims about the role of facts in moral theorizing in A Theory of Justice should be interpreted as suggesting that some of our moral beliefs, which we are inclined to hold without reference to facts, are, in fact, true, because certain facts obtain. This thesis and the acknowledgement of the moral assumptions of Rawls's constructivism help to show that Rawls does not, and does not need to, deny Cohen's thesis. Part two defends the characterization of the decision problem in Rawls's original position as a decision problem under uncertainty. Rawls stipulates that the denizens of the original position lack information that they could use to arrive at estimates of the likelihood of ending up in any given social position. It has been argued that Rawls does not have good grounds for this stipulation. I argue that given the nature of the value function we should attribute to the denizens of the original position and our cognitive limitations, which also apply to the denizens of the original position, their decision problem can be characterized as one under uncertainty even if we stipulate that they know that they have an equal chance of being in any individual's place. Part three assesses the claim that a true commitment to Rawls's difference principle requires a further commitment to an egalitarian ethos. This egalitarian ethos is offered as a means to bring about equality and Paretooptimality. Accordingly, I try to undermine the case for an egalitarian ethos by challenging the desirability of the ends it is supposed to further or by showing that it is redundant. I argue that if primary goods are the metric of justice, then Pareto optimality in the space of the metric of justice is undesirable. I then argue that if the metric of justice is welfare, depending on the theory of welfare we adopt, an egalitarian ethos will either be redundant or will have objectionably paternalistic consequences.


Diabetes was found to be a risk factor for gallstone formation, and complications. Diabetic patients are generally more prone to operative and post-operative morbidities than their normal counterparts. This study aimed to find whether diabetes is an independent risk factor for morbidities associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our population. Material and Methods: This is a comparative cross-sectional study that was conducted at the Department of Surgery in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from June to December 2011. A total of 112 patients who have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy at our hospital were randomly selected and retrieved from the medical records department. Ethical Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the local ethical committee of king Abdulaziz University Hospital. A Performa designed by the study team was used to collect the data. Results: A total of 112 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. 18 patients were male (16.1%) and 94 were female (83.9%) with a ratio of 1:5.2. The mean (±SD) age was 41.23 ± 13.82 years (range 15-75 years). Out of 112 patients, 18 were diabetics (16.1%) and 94 patients (83.9 %) were not diabetics. The operation was performed as an elective procedure in 104 patients (92.9%) and as an emergency in 8 patients (7.1%). Diabetics had a significantly higher rate of emergency admissions (22.2%) compared to nondiabetics (4.3%, p= 0.022). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was converted to open procedure in 5 patients (4.5%) of which 3 were diabetics (16.7%) and 2 non-diabetics (2.1%). This shows a statistically significant higher (p=0.029) rate of conversion to open of diabetics compared to non-diabetics. Diabetics had a significantly higher (p= 0.029) mean length of post-operative hospital stay (2.06 ±1.60) compared to non-diabetics (1.43 ± 0.96). The level of HbA1c and fasting glucose level showed no significant effect on conversion to open procedure. The factors that were associated with higher risk of conversion to open were older age (p=0.004), male gender (p=0.029), diabetes (p=0.029), and acute calcular cholecystitis. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is associated with more emergency admission due to complicated cholelithiasis, more conversion rate from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy and prolonged post-operative hospital stay. We found that neither fasting blood glucose level nor HbA1c level have any correlation with intraoperative or post-operative complication or conversion rate. We still however recommend a pre-operative control of blood glucose until we have a prospective randomized control trial comparing diabetic and non-diabetics patient going for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to know at which level of HbA1c or level of blood glucose should be achieved before surgery. [Saleh M. Aldaqal, Alia T. Albaghdadi, Hanaa M. Tashkandi, Basem S. El-deek, Ghada A. Al-Malki; Ali M. Turki and Ahmed M. Makki. Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(1):431-439]. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 64


Mythologies offers illuminating examples of the workings of myth in the structure of societies past and present--how we create, use, and are guided by systems of myth to answer fundamental questions about ourselves and our world. Almost all of Mythologies, originally published as a two-volume cloth set, is now available in four paperback volumes. These volumes reproduce the articles, introductory essays, and illustrations as they appeared in the full Mythologies set, and each includes a new Preface by Wendy Doniger. This volume gathers eighty articles on mythologies from around the world. A section on the Americas and the South Pacific covers myths of native Americans, from the Inuit to the Mesoamericans, about such topics as the cosmos, fire, and the creation of the world. Essays on African mythology range from the 266 basic signs of West Africa to themes such as twins, the placenta, and masks. The final section, covering Celtic, Norse, and Slavic traditions opens with an overview of the Indo-Europeans and concludes with an essay on the religion and myths of Armenia.


Job performance has received an increased attention in the last decades. Aiming to better understand its determinants from a positive individual-orientated view, this paper's fist objective is to investigate the interacting effect of the employee's job competency and organizational citizenship behaviors on job performance levels of a sample of 200 Romanian employees (participation rate: 86.2%). Secondly, this research aims to analyze the interacting effect of employees' organizational citizenship behaviors and of Employer's organizational economic behaviors in a context of global economic depression. We used correlation analysis, prediction models, and, as tools, competency assessment checklists developed by means of the Competency Elicitation Interview (Faix et al., 1991), Robertson's performance scales for job performance (1996, 1997), Smith's scale for organizational citizenship behaviors (1983). Results support the idea that job performance can be approached from a multidimensional point of view. The significance of organizational citizenship behaviors as translations of personal involvement acts into the organization was successfully established, highlighting the important role they have in relationship with job performance. As valid predictors of supervisory ratings of employees' performance, organizational citizenship behaviors seems to have the most important predictive power with a percent of 55% of the performance's variance explained. Furthermore, job competencies alone seem to be necessary but not sufficient to predict high levels of job performance (with a predictive power of 10%). Surprisingly, the interaction effect of employees' organizational behaviors and organizational economic behaviors of the Employer reveals an unexpected paradox in relationship with individual job performance.  Main limitations (such as those who refused to participate they didn't had comparable demographics with those who agreed to participate) along with main findings are being discussed. Key Words: job performance, job competency, organizational citizenship behaviors, organizational economic behaviors.


Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) epidemics in soybean, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are currently responsible for annual yield reductions in the United States of up to 1 million metric tons. In-season disease management is largely dependent on chemical control but its efficiency and cost-effectiveness depends on both the chemistry used and the risk of apothecia formation, germination, and further dispersal of ascospores during susceptible soybean growth stages. Hence, accurate prediction of the S. sclerotiorum apothecial risk during the soybean flowering period could enable farmers to improve in-season SSR management. From 2014 to 2016, apothecial presence or absence was monitored in three irrigated (n = 1,505 plot-level observations) and six nonirrigated (n = 2,361 plot-level observations) field trials located in Iowa (n = 156), Michigan (n = 1,400), and Wisconsin (n = 2,310), for a total of 3,866 plot-level observations. Hourly air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, wind speed, leaf wetness, and rainfall were also monitored continuously, throughout the season, at each location using high-resolution gridded weather data. Logistic regression models were developed for irrigated and nonirrigated conditions using apothecial presence as a binary response variable. Agronomic variables (row width) and weather-related variables (defined as 30-day moving averages, prior to apothecial presence) were tested for their predictive ability. In irrigated soybean fields, apothecial presence was best explained by row width (r = -0.41, P < 0.0001), 30-day moving averages of daily maximum air temperature (r = 0.27, P < 0.0001), and daily maximum relative humidity (r = 0.16, P < 0.05). In nonirrigated fields, apothecial presence was best explained by using moving averages of daily maximum air temperature (r = -0.30, P < 0.0001) and wind speed (r = -0.27, P < 0.0001). These models correctly predicted (overall accuracy of 67 to 70%) apothecial presence during the soybean flowering period for four independent datasets (n = 1,102 plot-level observations or 30 daily mean observations).


Multi-task and relational learning with Gaussian processes are two active but also orthogonal areas of research. So far, there has been few attempt at exploring relational information within multi-task Gaussian processes. While existing relational Gaussian process methods have focused on relations among entities and in turn could be employed within an individual task, we develop a class of Gaussian process models which incorporates relational information across multiple tasks. As we will show, inference and learning within the resulting class of models, called relational multi-task Gaussian processes, can be realized via a variational EM algorithm. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world datasets verify the usefulness of this approach: The observed relational knowledge at the level of tasks can indeed reveal additional pair wise correlations between tasks of interest and, in turn, improve prediction performance.


An ontology is a formal representation of a domain modeling the entities in the domain and their relations. When a domain is represented by multiple ontologies, there is need for creating mappings among these ontologies in order to facilitate the integration of data annotated with and reasoning across these ontologies. The objective of this paper is to present our experience in aligning two large anatomical ontologies and to reflect on some of the issues and challenges encountered along the way. The anatomical ontologies under investigation are the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) and GALEN. Our approach to aligning concepts is automatic, rule-based, and operates at the schema level, generating mostly point-to-point mappings. It uses a combination of domain-specific lexical techniques and structural and semantic techniques (to validate the mappings suggested lexically). It also takes advantage of domain-specific knowledge (lexical knowledge from external resources such as the Unified Medical Language System, as well as knowledge augmentation and inference techniques). Overall, the lexical alignment followed by structural validation identified 3,029 pairs of equivalent concepts in the FMA and GALEN, accounting for about 4% of all FMA concepts and 32% of all GALEN concepts.


Fort Polk Military Reservation encompasses approximately 139,000 acres in western Louisiana 40 miles southwest of Alexandria. As a result of federal mandates for cultural resource investigation, more archaeological work has been undertaken there, beginning in the 1970s, than has occurred at any other comparably sized area in Louisiana or at most other sites in the southeastern United States. The extensive program of survey, excavation, testing, and large-scale data and artifact recovery, as well as historic and archival research, has yielded a massive amount of information. While superbly curated by the U.S. Army, the material has been difficult to examine and comprehend in its totality. With this volume, Anderson and Smith collate and synthesize all the information into a comprehensive whole. Included are previous investigations, an overview of local environmental conditions, base military history and architecture, and the prehistoric and historic cultural sequence. An analysis of location, environmental, and assemblage data employing a sample of more than 2,800 sites and isolated finds was used to develop a predictive model that identifies areas where significant cultural resources are likely to occur. Developed in 1995, this model has already proven to be highly accurate and easy to use. Archaeology, History, and Predictive Modeling will allow scholars to more easily examine the record of human activity over the past 13,000 or more years in this part of western Louisiana and adjacent portions of east Texas. It will be useful to southeastern archaeologists and anthropologists, both professional and amateur.


A large-aperture and large-angle MEMS-based 2D pointing mirror is presented. The device is electromagnetically actuated by a moving-magnet/stationary-coil pair and potentially suited for high power laser beam shaping and beam pointing applications, such as LIDAR. The 4×4 mm2 mirror, the radially symmetric compliant membrane, and the off-the-shelf permanent magnet are manually assembled, with the planar coil kept at a well-defined vertical distance from the permanent magnet by simple alignment pins. The mirror and the compliant membrane structures are separately microfabricated on bulk silicon and SOI wafers, respectively. The hybrid integration of microfabricated and off-the-shelf components enable low-risk/high-yield fabrication, while limiting the throughput. The device features minimum inter-axis cross coupling and good linearity and is highly immune to alignment and assembly imperfections, thanks to the robust actuation principle. All the components including the bi-axial electromagnetic actuator provide a device footprint as small as the top mirror, allowing the design to be used in compact and high-fill-factor mirror arrays. With a drive coil of 400 mA and 5.12 W drive power, the total uniaxial dc rotation exceeds ±16° (optical) for both axes with good decoupling. At maximum measured angle (biaxial 10° (mechanical)), a position stability better than 0.05° over 7 h, and a position repeatability of 0.04° over 5000 switching cycles is reported. Thermally, the simulated mirror temperature increases to 64 K above the heat sink temperature with a thermal in-flux of 1 kW m−2, under absolute vacuum.


BACKGROUND
Self-help resources are an important means of supporting people bereaved by suicide. These require careful evaluation.

AIMS
To evaluate the use and impact of Help is at Hand, a hardcopy and online booklet produced as part of England's suicide-prevention strategy.

METHODS
Data were collected on numbers of copies distributed and online access, and on users' views about the resource through questionnaires, interviews, and a focus group.

RESULTS
Large numbers of copies of Help is at Hand were obtained by a range of organizations, but far fewer directly by individuals, although the resource was extensively accessed online. Evaluation of individuals' responses to the resource was challenging. However, most respondents were very positive about the overall format and content and especially sections on experiencing bereavement and practical matters relating to the death. The main complaint was delay in gaining access to Help is at Hand.

CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation of resources for people bereaved by suicide is difficult but worthwhile. Help is at Hand was largely well received. The main problem was with regard to individuals gaining access to it, especially at a time when they most needed it. Promotion of resources such as Help is at Hand needs to be prioritized.


English is one of the most spoken languages in the world and widely accepted as a foreign language in many parts of the world. However, though there has been a high demand for English as a foreign language in the 21st century, it has still been taught or learned through traditional methods and conventional pedagogical approaches. In the digital age, learner characteristics, learning environments, and learner needs have significantly changed and new pedagogical approaches or learning systems have emerged as a natural result of the paradigm shift. In this article, these changes were explained and suggestions were made for foreign language learning and acquisition based on the networked learning and the connectivist approach to learning.


Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 measured in Antarctic ice cores shows a natural variability of 80 to 100 ppmv during the last four glacial cycles and variations of approximately 60 ppmv in the two cycles between 410 and 650 kyr BP. We here use various paleo-climatic records from the EPICA Dome C Antarctic ice core and from oceanic sediment cores covering the last 740 kyr to force the ocean/atmosphere/biosphere box model of the global carbon cycle BICYCLE in a forward mode over this time in order to interpret the natural variability of CO2. Our approach is based on the previous interpretation of carbon cycle variations during Termination I (Kohler et al., 2005a). In the absense of a process-based sediment module one main simplification of BICYCLE is that carbonate compensation is approximated by the temporally delayed restoration of deep ocean [CO32−]. Our results match the low frequency changes in CO2 measured in the Vostok and the EPICA Dome C ice core for the last 650 kyr BP (r2≈0.75). During these transient simulations the carbon cycle reaches never a steady state due to the ongoing variability of the overall carbon budget caused by the time delayed response of the carbonate compensation to other processes. The average contributions of different processes to the rise in CO2 during Terminations I to V and during earlier terminations are: the rise in Southern Ocean vertical mixing: 36/22 ppmv, the rise in ocean temperature: 26/11 ppmv, iron limitation of the marine biota in the Southern Ocean: 20/14 ppmv, carbonate compensation: 15/7 ppmv, the rise in North Atlantic deep water formation: 13/0 ppmv, the rise in gas exchange due to a decreasing sea ice cover: −8/−7 ppmv, sea level rise: −12/−4 ppmv, and rising terrestrial carbon storage: −13/−6 ppmv. According to our model the smaller interglacial CO2 values in the pre-Vostok period prior to Termination V are mainly caused by smaller interglacial Southern Ocean SST and an Atlantic THC which stayed before MIS 11 (before 420 kyr BP) in its weaker glacial circulation mode.


The Review of Litigation is pleased to present Part Two of the Symposium Remedies: Justice and the Bottom Line. This Symposium "is the fruit of an all-day workshop on Remedies at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools."1 Part One contains articles on damages, 2 injunctions,3 and restitution.4 Part Two presents articles on remedies as a field and reparations, and then revisits the field of damages. In Part One, Douglas Laycock, who served as chair of the planning committee for the workshop, provided an introduction to all the articles appearing in this Symposium.5 He introduced the articles appearing in Part Two as follows: V. REMEDIES AS A FIELD My own contribution to this Symposium will review the history of how remedies became a field.6 The short explanation is that courses in damages, equity, and restitution were combined into a single course in remedies. But this consolidation took many years, with some of the key steps emerging in unpublished casebooks. "Remedies" also meant the forms of action, and it meant civil procedure, and each of these meanings lasted well into the second half of the twentieth century. The AALS section on Remedies dealt with civil procedure and evidence for fifty years, until modern remedies teachers took over the section in 1972. To help me make sense of what I found in the archives, I interviewed the surviving founders of the field-John Cribbet, Kenneth York, John Bauman, and Dan Dobbs-and both the archives and the interviews are summarized here. This emergence of the remedies course flowed seamlessly into a proliferation of remedies courses, with different emphases and distinct but overlapping coverage choices. Considering the many options for teaching the remedies course, Russell Weaver and David Partlett propose that we think of it as a capstone course that helps students pull together the rest of the curriculum.7 Because the remedies course is inherently transsubstantive, students can be asked to solve problems that cut across the lines that separate courses in the rest of the curriculum, to focus on the needs of the client rather than on doctrinal categories, and to evaluate choices among causes of action and choices among remedies. Such a course should be offered in the third year, when students have taken most of the other courses. VI. REPARATIONS Natsu Taylor Saito considers the problem of remedies for massive wrongs that tend to escape the ordinary legal process. Famous examples in American history are African-American slavery, the seizure of Indian lands, Japanese internment, and the overthrow of native Hawaiian government. She resists the common tendency to say that legal remedies are impractical in such cases and that victims must look to the political process. This reaction leads to a perverse de facto principle: the greater the wrong, the lesser the remedy. She argues that only if there is full legal process, including an assessment of damages, can we even know the extent and magnitude of the wrong. And she argues that statutes of limitation and similar rules designed to regulate the workings of the legal system should be modified as necessary where they prevent the legal system from even considering the most egregious wrongs.9 [DAMAGES REVISITED] Ellen Pryor assesses the law of compensatory damages for personal injuries in light of its interaction with our many other compensation schemes: workers' compensation, Social security disability insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, programs for particular industries, such as Longshore Harbor Workers Compensation, and private medical insurance.10 These multiple programs present important issues of coordination. Recent legislation limiting tort recoveries, and changes in medical insurance practices, have affected these coordination issues in ways not yet fully understood. Payment of settlements often awaits further litigation on these coordination issues; repeal of the collateral source rule may not have repealed anything in many states; federal Medicaid law requires new hearings not provided for in any state's tort law; and managed care creates fundamental ambiguity about the cost and value of medical services. …


Given the global challenges of security, both in physical and cyber worlds, security agencies must optimize the use of their limited resources. To that end, many security agencies have begun to use "security game" algorithms, which optimally plan defender allocations, using models of adversary behavior that have originated in behavioral game theory. To advance our understanding of adversary behavior, this paper presents results from a study involving an opportunistic crime security game (OSG), where human participants play as opportunistic adversaries against an algorithm that optimizes defender allocations. In contrast with previous work which often assumes homogeneous adversarial behavior, our work demonstrates that participants are naturally grouped into multiple distinct categories that share similar behaviors. We capture the observed adversarial behaviors in a set of diverse models from different research traditions, behavioral game theory and Cognitive Science, illustrating the need for heterogeneity in adversarial models.


The achievement of a company is often associated with the performance of its employees. The performance of the employees have a very important role for the achievement of a company. Effective or whether or not the performance of an employee affected by the decisions taken by a leader. A wise leader provides the space to develop its employees, but in the rules that apply in overseas. The purpose of this research is to test the influence of the democratic leadership to the effectiveness of employees's performance (study on Bank Jatim's employees in branch offices Lamongan). The type of this research is research causation, with quantitative approach. This research analysis using simple regression method. This research using samples as much as 64 respondents taken from all the Bank employees in East Java branch offices Lamongan. The measurement of the scale in this research using likert scale. The results of the study showed that there is a significant direct influence on the democratic leadership variables on the effectiveness of employees's performance with the value of 0.43. Keywords: Democratic leadership style and effectiveness of the performance of Employees


We consider the possibility that sterile neutrinos exist and admit a description as unparticles; we call these unsterile neutrinos. We then examine the nature of neutrino oscillations in a model where an unsterile can mix with two active flavors with a very simple mass matrix of the seesaw type. Despite these simplifications, we find a number of remarkable features, all of which will occur generically when more realistic cases are considered. These include momentum dependent mixing angles, invisible decay widths for the unsterile-like mode, as well as the inheritance of a nonvanishing spectral density for the massive activelike modes. We also obtain the disappearance and appearance probabilities for the activelike neutrinos and find remarkable interference effects between the active and unsterile neutrinos as a consequence of threshold effects, yielding new oscillatory contributions with different oscillation lengths. These effects are only measurable on short baseline experiments because there both probabilities are suppressed as compared to mixing with a canonical sterile neutrino, thereby providing a diagnostics tool to discriminate unsterile from canonical sterile neutrinos. We conclude with a discussion of whether these new phenomena could aid in the reconciliation of the LSND and MiniBooNE results.


In this paper, we study image captioning as a conditional GAN training, proposing both a context-aware LSTM captioner and co-attentive discriminator, which enforces semantic alignment between images and captions. We empirically focus on the viability of two training methods: Self-critical Sequence Training (SCST) and Gumbel Straight-Through (ST) and demonstrate that SCST shows more stable gradient behavior and improved results over Gumbel ST, even without accessing discriminator gradients directly. We also address the problem of automatic evaluation for captioning models and introduce a new semantic score, and show its correlation to human judgement. As an evaluation paradigm, we argue that an important criterion for a captioner is the ability to generalize to compositions of objects that do not usually co-occur together. To this end, we introduce a small captioned Out of Context (OOC) test set. The OOC set, combined with our semantic score, are the proposed new diagnosis tools for the captioning community. When evaluated on OOC and MS-COCO benchmarks, we show that SCST-based training has a strong performance in both semantic score and human evaluation, promising to be a valuable new approach for efficient discrete GAN training.


The Mary River catchment, Northern Territory, is a multiple-use region which has significance not only as highly productive pastoral land but also for conservation values. Concerns have been raised in recent years regarding the spread of exotic pasture grasses, particularly gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) and para grass (Urochloa mutica), from pastoral properties into natural habitats and their possible threat to biological diversity. The comprehensive field surveys of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the floodplain and savanna woodland habitats within the catchment provide the first quantitative evidence on the ecological effects of para grass and gamba grass. The findings of my research indicate that the conversion of native vegetation to communities dominated by dense para grass or gamba grass, could lead to a substantial loss of plant and animal biodiversity, as well as reductions in the size of some animal populations currently present in the catchment. In the floodplain habitat, 87% of native plant and 66% of native animal species were not recorded in areas where para grass cover was greater than 40%. In the savanna woodland habitat, a similar although less pronounced result was observed, with 47% of native plant, 18% of native vertebrate species not recorded in either woodland areas with a dense gamba grass understorey (i.e. >70% of the total ground-level plant cover) or paddocks of gamba grass. Many individual species (mostly small reptiles and birds) were shown to decline in abundance as the cover of para grass or gamba grass increased. Management responses at a range of levels, in conjunction with monitoring to assess the efficacy of any action, are required if conservation goals for the catchment are to be realised. The eradication of para grass and gamba grass on conservation reserves within the Mary River catchment should become a high priority. Efforts to contain these exotic pasture grasses on unreserved land, particularly pastoral properties bordering conservation reserves, need to be intensified. A monitoring program that involves a combination of direct monitoring of the exotic grasses (e.g. aerial surveys), and on-ground flora and fauna surveys (possibly streamlined to target indicator groups only) is recommended.


Most organizations that seek to change fail. The central reason: employees are relying on obsolete "mental maps" that prevent them from observing changes in their business environment, responding effectively, or following through on changes they've begun. In Leading Strategic Change, two leading organizational consultants and researchers offer a start-to-finish strategy for helping employees redraw their mental maps -- and unleashing their power to support effective change.


Since World War II, mass tourism has been one of the key industries promoted by governments all over the world. In modern times, many developments such as economic globalization have given sustainable tourism a sizeable push forward. Although tourism currently plays a relatively small role in the economy of some developing countries such as Iran, it is projected today as an engine of economic growth and an instrument for eliminating poverty, curbing unemployment problems, opening up new fields of activity, and enhancing the quality of life particularly among the most vulnerable sectors of society. New opportunities are being tapped to extend cultural, adventurous, rural, health, and medical tourism. With the number of foreign tourists on the rise and also domestic tourism gaining popularity, public and private sector bodies are actively involved in promoting tourism in almost all developing states. Furthermore, the international and regional dimensions of tourism are also receiving due recognition and, accordingly, tourism has been instrumental in softening the relations among nations towards peace. Seeking primarily an economic and sociological analysis of indigenous handicrafts while not overlooking these products in terms of their artistic and anthropological value, this paper will uncover the complexity involved in the promotion of cultural assets of the tourism industry. It aims to explore new strategies that would protect the sustainability of people's livelihoods, identity, and also increase knowledge for encouraging, supporting, and developing tourism and crafts promotion. The specific objectives of this paper include identifying the handicrafts that affect the sustainable development of respective tourism industries, evaluating the sufficiency of handicrafts in attaining sustainable tourism development; and suggesting ways of improving handicrafts to guarantee further sustainable development of tourism.


An interview in seven sessions in October and November 1986 and January and February 1987 with Robert B. Leighton, William L. Valentine Professor of Physics, emeritus, in the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy. Dr. Leighton received his BS in electrical engineering from Caltech in 1941, then switched to physics (MS 1944; PhD 1947). He joined the Caltech faculty in 1949, becoming a full professor in 1959 and Valentine Professor in 1984.

He recalls growing up in Los Angeles during the Depression; his early interest in mechanical things; his undergraduate and graduate years at Caltech; influence of W. V. Houston and W. R. Smythe; work on aircraft rocket launchers. Recollections of Willy Fowler, Charles Wilts, Paul Epstein, Carl Anderson, Fred Hoyle. Discusses his work on the mesotron (muon); cloud chamber experiments on strange particles; writing Principles of Modern Physics. Postwar rebuilding of Caltech physics: Robert Bacher; R. A. Millikan's attitude toward theoretical physicists; Robert F. Christy; J. R. Oppenheimer; Richard P. Feynman's first visit to Caltech.

Photographing the sun and planets with Mount Wilson 60-inch telescope; Fritz Zwicky's differential photography method; study of Zeeman and Doppler effects; discoveries of solar oscillations and supergranulation; search for a new solar observatory site; choice of Big Bear. Collaboration with Gerry Neugebauer on infrared sky survey; discovery of "dark brown" stars; work on Mariner Mars missions. Recalls his teaching; editing the Feynman lectures with Matt Sands; Feynman as lecturer; difficulties in editing Feynman's lectures; recollections of Feynman.

Discusses his instrumentation for millimeter and submillimeter astronomy; establishing Caltech Submillimeter Observatory at Mauna Kea; Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Concludes by commenting on his plans for improvements on Mauna Kea.


The American Legacy Foundation funded 13 state health departments for their Statewide Youth Movement Against Tobacco Use in September 2000. Its goal was to create statewide tobacco control initiatives implemented with youth leadership. The underlying theory behind these initiatives was that tobacco control efforts can best be accomplished by empowering youth. To evaluate these initiatives, the authors developed a conceptual framework for youth empowerment that was used as a guide in developing standardized cross-site measures. This article describes the domains and attributes used to operationalize psychological empowerment as an outcome of youth involvement in these initiatives and presents results of our two-stage structural equation modeling. We conclude with a summary of lessons learned to date and recommendations for applying these findings to work in the field.


We show how the beam dynamics of non-Hermitian PT-symmetric sinusoidal optical lattices can be approached from the point of view of the equivalent Hermitian problem, obtained by an analytic continuation in the transverse spatial variable x. In this latter problem the eigenvalue equation reduces to the Mathieu equation, whose eigenfunctions and properties have been well studied. That being the case, the beam propagation, which parallels the time-development of the wave-function in quantum mechanics, can be calculated using the equivalent of the method of stationary states. We also discuss a model potential that interpolates between a sinusoidal and periodic square well potential, showing that some of the striking properties of the sinusoidal potential, in particular birefringence, become much less prominent as one goes away from the sinusoidal case.


The smallest bodies of our Solar System, such as asteroids and comets, are characterised by very irregular sizes and shapes and therefore, very irregular gravitational fields. Moreover, asteroids are also found in binary or multiple systems, which allow for complicated dynamics with coupling between translational and rotational motion. Classical problems used to study astrodynamics such as Kepler's problem, Hill's equations or the Restricted Three Body Problem cannot describe the dynamics near asteroids and comets as they do not take into account the non-spherical shape of the bodies. In this thesis, the non-linear dynamical environment around rotating non-spherical bodies or around binary systems when at least one of the bodies is not spherical has been studied. The study consists of the analysis of different mathematical models that can be used to describe the movement of massless particles, such as dust or a spacecraft, orbiting an elongated body, the dynamics between the components of a binary system, or a spacecraft orbiting the vicinity of a binary asteroid. In order to do this an analysis and development of gravitational potentials has been performed. A gravitational potential that takes the shape of the non-spherical bodies into account has allowed us to describe the movement of the dusty environment of an asteroid, to design trajectories to approach and observe an asteroid, and even land on it. Furthermore, the effect of the shape and rotation period of asteroids and binaries on the dynamics has been studied. The fact that asteroids and comets are not point masses but elongated irregular bodies leads to rich dynamics around them. Equilibrium points, periodic orbits and invariant manifolds exist in their vicinity. These are used in this thesis to design low cost landing missions to asteroids, understand the dynamics of binary systems or to explain a possible mechanism for the accretion of mass and formation of the Solar System.


Since its establishment on the eve of the inauguration of the Suez Canal (1869) opening up the route for a privileged sea passage towards the Orient – as it was then called – the Royal Superior School of Commerce of Venice adopted the ambitious and farsighted policy of making it 'unique in its genre' by promoting the teaching of foreign languages, particularly the teaching of Oriental languages. The launching of a Japanese language course taught by a native speaker five years after the School's creation inaugurated a season of relations between Ca' Foscari and Japan. The year of the Venetian School's foundation coincides with the beginning of the Meiji period in Japan (1868-1912), which saw its transformation into a modern and industrialised country. The Regia Scuola also entertained direct and indirect relations with similar schools in Japan, exchanging alumni bulletins and scientific publications with them. Many students of Japanese in Venice would spend periods of time in Japan, while native Japanese instructors in Venice, once back in Japan, would transmit knowledge acquired in Venice, sometimes even becoming teachers of Italian in Japan. Scholarships for commercial practice allowed some Venetian alumni to reach Japan, while others were hired by new Japanese educational institutions or attached to the Italian diplomatic and consular missions in Japan. Most of them maintained close ties with Ca' Foscari by sending postcards, photographs, letters and often detailed reports on Japan to their alma mater, thus helping to increase knowledge of a far and still little-known country, in Venice as well as in the rest of Italy. Young Japanese scholars and prominent professors visited the Regia Scuola, often documenting memories of their Venetian experience in their writings. Following the traces left by some of these characters, the essay aims at reconstructing the many threads of the relationships between the Regia Scuola and Japan in the first six decades of its foundation.


Much of the work exploring video-enhanced alternatives to traditional methods employed in teaching and learning has examined the provision of learning materials to scaffold the learning experience; there are case studies which have investigated the use of instructional tutorial videos, and more recently emerging pockets of work have explored the use of video to present learners with generic feedback in response to summative assessment.

While integrated approaches with the potential to inform the development of video-based strategies currently remain under-represented in the literature, the award-winning VELOCITy strategy interweaves three strands of video-based activity to form a coordinated, holistic approach to the integration of video technologies within an overarching framework.

This paper presents findings from doctoral research underpinning the development of the VELOCITy strategy, exploring how asynchronous video technologies were leveraged to enhance learner engagement on an undergraduate course in the Informatics department of a UK HEI, and examining how key elements from these video-enhanced learning opportunities combined to form an integrated pedagogic strategy.

A design-based research methodology, incorporating aspects of Mayer's Multimedia Theory of Learning and Laurillard's Conversational Framework, provided the backdrop for an integrated series of projects in which learners engaged with video-technologies.

Three phases of video-based activities saw the learning experience first scaffolded by a series of instructional tutorials embedded within an e-portfolio system, and then supported and nurtured through an approach to the provision of video-based formative feedback situated within a conversational framework. Concurrently, learners documented the development of a portfolio of work using short video-diary entries, reporting on their progress by reflecting on the development of personal and technical competencies as part of the personal development planning process, and culminating in a summative, reflective self-assessment of achievement over an academic year.

A mixed methods approach to data collection and analysis was employed; primarily qualitative data were collected using online surveys, direct and indirect observation, semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and analysis conducted using a combination of thematic coding and direct interpretation. The validity of the findings was further strengthened using methodological triangulation which focused on an analysis of further data derived from online surveys, server logs, the results of the NSS survey, and records of academic achievement.

The findings suggest that VELOCITy promotes deeper learner engagement with the assessment and feedback process, facilitates greater opportunities for reflexive learning, and offers the potential for improved rates of learner satisfaction and retention.


Written by a public health practitioner and a medical historian, Viral Pandemics explores the terrifying world of viruses as the cause of all acute pandemics since 1900, including the COVID-19 pandemic The book illuminates the critical dual roles of viral biology and increasing global interconnectedness that have resulted in an escalating pandemic spiral Viral Pandemics is the first book to focus exclusively on pandemics caused by viruses and the first to report the COVID-19 pandemic In each chapter, the historiographic narrative follows the path of the virus from its original detection through its first appearance as the cause of disease, to its emergence as an explosive pandemic Scientific information is presented in an accessible, straightforward style in compelling narratives that introduce the extraordinary universe of diverse, opportunistic viruses whose remarkable capacities make them formidable adversaries The book makes it clear that global viral disease challenges are a persistent reality with the potential to cause catastrophic loss of life and major social and economic damage A summary chapter draws together lessons learned and develops a proposed multidisciplinary global response Viral Pandemics is the only book that provides a complete historical narrative focused on viral pandemics This comprehensive survey is designed for students and scholars in biology, epidemiology, public health, global history and the history of medicine, as well as general readers interested in the science of pandemics © 2021 Rae-Ellen W Kavey and Allison B Kavey


Over the last generation, the concept of diversity has become commonplace and taken-for-granted in discourses ranging from law to education to business. In higher education, for example, it is hard to imagine a faculty job search or a student admissions discussion that was not heavily laden with talk of diversity, in the sense of the representative inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities in a group or organization. In this paper we present the results of an interview-based study of the discourse of diversity in a particular business setting: the corporate boardroom. Our principal observation is that - thirty-one years after the Supreme Court's Bakke decision introduced the term into public discourse - corporate insiders appear not to have arrived at a master narrative to explain the pursuit of diversity on boards of directors. Instead, their accounts stress a variety of factors and feature few concrete examples.


Article III:4 of the GATT requires the Members of the WTO to accord imported products treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like domestic products. Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement imposes the same obligation in respect of technical regulations. In a series of cases, the Appellate Body has ruled in essence that imported and domestic products are 'like products' within the meaning of Article III:4 of the GATT if they directly compete in the market and that the imported product is accorded 'less favourable treatment' within the meaning of that provision if it is accorded less favourable competitive opportunities.Regulations that distinguish between different types of products and accord one of them less favourable treatment are typically adopted precisely because the market does not make the distinction that the regulator considers necessary. Many, if not most, regulations are thus likely to be inconsistent with Article III:4 according to the Appellate Body's jurisprudence. The ten policy goals listed in Article XX of the GATT do not comprise all legitimate policy goals that Members pursue through measures covered by Article III. There is consequently a range of perfectly legitimate internal regulations that are not applied so as to afford protection but are nevertheless not justifiable under Article XX. This includes all regulations that distinguish between competing products for the purpose of harmonising standards, improving the efficiency of production, reducing transaction costs for consumers or preventing deceptive practices. They distinguish between groups of competing products, treat one group less favourably than the other and serve a purpose not listed in Article XX. The Appellate Body's market-oriented approach renders all of them inconsistent with Article III:4 and gives Article XX a function that it cannot fulfill.


In culture supernatants of both Listeria ivanovii and Listeria monocytogenes Sv4b, for the first time a hemolysin of molecular weight 58 kDa was identified, which had all the characteristics of an SH-activated cytolysin, and which was therefore identified as listeriolysin O (LLO). In the case of L. ivanovii a second major supernatant protein of molecular weight 24 kDa co-purified with LLO. However, the function of this protein has to be determined. In culture supernatants of L. ivanovii a sphingomyelinase and a lecithinase activity could be detected, both enzymatic activities together contributing to the pronounced hemolysis caused by L. ivanovii. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of LLO and the 24 kDa from L. ivanovii are shown.


Background: Bacterial species from the ESKAPE group (i.e. Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) are frequently resistant to antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to monitor the incidence of ESKAPE pathogens at the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital in Monterrey, Mexico. Methods: All clinically relevant organisms isolated from June 2011 to June 2012 were included. Identification and susceptibility testing was performed using panels from Sensititre. Resistance to oxacillin, for S. aureus, and the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), for K. pneumonia, were determined as defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Also, the presence of vanA and vanB genes was determined in E. faecium vancomycin (VAN)-resistant isolates. Results: The majority of pathogens (64.5%) isolated in the ICU unit were from the ESKAPE group. The organisms most frequently isolated were A. baumannii (15.8%) and P. aeruginosa (14.3%). A high resistance to carbapenems was detected for A. baumannii (75.3%) while 62% of S. aureus isolates were confirmed to be methicillin resistant. Of the K. pneumoniae isolates, 36.9% were ESBL producers. We detected three E. faecium VAN-resistant isolates, all of which contained the vanA gene. Conclusion: The presence of the ESKAPE group of pathogens is a major problem in the ICU setting. The results of this study support the implementation of special antimicrobial strategies to specifically target these microorganisms.


When psycholinguists study the bilingual lexicon, they use priming procedures in their investigations. This paper proposes an application of priming to develop a prompting-based means of optimizing access to the bilingual lexicon during translation, applying what we know about priming for the specific purpose of supporting the translator. The function of prompting would be to help translators find "shortcuts" to the target language words they are seeking. The concepts of priming and prompting presented in the first section of the paper are put to the test in two experiments that form the content of the second section. They provide empirical evidence that, indeed, prompting has a facilitative effect during the online translation of single word false cognates and noncognates.


This paper combines firm-level data from 89 countries with updated country-level data on financial structure, and uses two estimation approaches. It finds that in low-income countries, labor growth is swifter in countries with a higher level of private credit/gross domestic product; the positive effect of bank credit is especially pronounced in industries that depend heavily on external finance; and banking development is positively associated with more physical and human capital investment. These findings are consistent with predictions from new structural economics. In high-income countries, labor growth rates are increasing in the level of stock market capitalization, which is also consistent with predictions from new structural economics, although the analysis is unable to provide evidence that the association is causal. It finds no evidence that small-scale firms in low-income countries benefit most from private credit market development. Rather, the labor growth rates of larger, capital-intensive firms increase more with the level of private credit market development, a finding consistent with the history-based political economy view that banking systems in low-income countries serve the interests of the elite, rather than providing broad-based access to financial services.


War-torn societies are often racked with generalized distrust, both among citizens and between citizens and the state. Even long after conflict ends, former combatants who participated in violence and challenged the state's monopoly on the legitimate use of force may have an especially unsettled relationship with the state. After demobilization, their potential relapse into armed struggle is thought to pose a severe risk to security and stability. What factors determine ex-combatants' degree of trust in the state after their demobilization? We present the first empirical examination of this question through a survey of 1,485 former members of paramilitary and guerrilla groups in Colombia. We find limited support for social theories of trust: our analysis indicates that participation in civic and association life has no discernible impact on ex-combatants' trust in the state. However, contrary to the warnings of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) practitioners, continuing connection between former fighters has a neutral to positive impact on trust, especially for former guerrilla. We find that intense socialization within the armed group during wartime has a corrosive impact on trust in the state, even years after demobilization. This finding suggests that the formation of "anti-social capital" may be difficult to reverse. With respect to institutional theories of trust, ex-combatants who perceive that the state performs well in important policy areas, such as the protection of civil and political rights, exhibit stronger trust. However, while conventional wisdom holds that ex-combatants are principally interested in material benefits we find no relationship between individual measures of well-being, including unemployment, and lower levels of trust in the state.