The confident high-throughput identification of small molecules remains one of the most challenging tasks in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. SIRIUS has become a powerful tool for the interpretation of tandem mass spectra, and shows outstanding performance for identifying the molecular formula of a query compound, being the first step of structure identification. Nevertheless, the identification of both molecular formulas for large compounds above 500 Daltons and novel molecular formulas remains highly challenging. Here, we present ZODIAC, a network-based algorithm for the de novo estimation of molecular formulas. ZODIAC reranks SIRIUS' molecular formula candidates, combining fragmentation tree computation with Bayesian statistics using Gibbs sampling. Through careful algorithm engineering, ZODIAC's Gibbs sampling is very swift in practice. ZODIAC decreases incorrect annotations 16.2-fold on a challenging plant extract dataset with most compounds above 700 Dalton; we then show improvements on four additional, diverse datasets. Our analysis led to the discovery of compounds with novel molecular formulas such as C24H47BrNO8P which, as of today, is not present in any publicly available molecular structure databases.


We propose a novel solution for states that wish to tax interstate e-commerce based on fully and adequately compensating remote vendors for all tax compliance costs. We argue that our proposed solution is compatible with the Quill framework for when states can constitutionally impose burdens on remote vendors. We argue that unlike our proposed solution, the recent state attempts to tax interstate e-commerce through so-called "Amazon laws†are unconstitutional, ineffective, or both. We thus urge the states to adopt our proposed approach as the best way forward for state taxation of interstate e-commerce.


This study provides a unique insight into the impact and experience of maltreatment in elite adult sport, which to date has had limited consideration within the sporting literature. The evidence suggests that elite adult athletes can experience maltreatment in high performance environments and such treatment has the potential to have long-term negative effects on athlete wellbeing and continued participation in sport. However, to date, much of the guidance on protecting and supporting athletes has been directed toward child athletes or those under the age of 18. There remains much to be understood about the experience of maltreatment into adulthood if adult safeguarding and protection in sport are to be enhanced. The aim of this study is to explore elite adult athletes' experiences of maltreatment in high performance sport. In order to meet the aim of this research, athlete narratives of maltreatment gained through in-depth interviews were completed in order to capture the experiences of both male and female elite athletes. The participants of this study were 12 elite athletes between the ages of 19 and 35 years (mean = 27 years), who had competed in the United Kingdom and had represented England, Wales and/or Great Britain within their chosen sport. A variety of sports and sports types were included within the sample with participants from eleven different sports (hockey, volleyball, archery, rugby, cricket, football, eventing, handball, beach volleyball, taekwondo and tennis), and both team and individual sports were represented. Five main themes were identified: becoming an athlete, being an athlete, being maltreated, the perceived impact of maltreatment and coping with maltreatment. The findings suggest that maltreatment in sport is complex and multifaceted, and has the potential to pose a significant threat to athlete wellbeing. Prior to this study, existing research had failed to explore maltreatment as an overarching phenomenon and instead sought to examine individual types of maltreatment. While this has increased understanding, the complexity of experience is lost when individual maltreatment types are explored in isolation. This study underlines the co-occurring nature of maltreatment as well as the diverse nature of the experience of maltreatment. In addition, taking a broader approach has enabled an understanding of maltreatment types that have not previously been systematically explored. This study therefore extends knowledge about and understanding of the experience of maltreatment in high performance environments. A conceptual framework is presented to demonstrate how athletes experience maltreatment in sport. This study supports the need to further explore the impact on and consequences of maltreatment for athletic experience. Implications for practice and future research directions are outlined in order to identify the scope of work yet to be explored in this area. This study makes an important contribution to knowledge as the first piece of research that seeks to illuminate the experience of maltreatment in high performance sport.


We present a theoretical analysis and experimental results for a two-electrode (200 /spl mu/m/spl times/300 /spl mu/m) 1.5-/spl mu/m semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) used in photodetection. The experimental results show that at a particular operating point regarding current and optical input power, a sign reversal of the photodetected signal response, and a frequency bandwidth shape modification are obtained at the SOA front contact. These results are confirmed by simulation and explained by the developed theoretical photodetection expression obtained by small signal analysis from the rate equation.


Abstract. During three summer campaigns in January/February 2000, 2001 and 2002 the ionic compo-sition of the aerosol at the EPICA deep-drilling site at Kohnen Station was measured in daily resolution. In 2000 and 2002 we observed mean (±std) non-sea salt sulfate (nss-SO42-) con-centrations of 353±100 ng m-3 and 320±250 ng m-3, as well as methane sulfonate (MS) con-centrations of 59±36 ng m-3 and 74±80 ng m-3, respectively. For the summer campaign in 2001, significantly lower nss-SO42- and MS levels of 164±150 ng m-3 and 19±12 ng m-3, respectively, were typical. The mean MS/nss-SO42- ratio ranged from about 0.1 to 0.2. MS and nss-SO42- concentrations and their variability were roughly comparable to coastal stations at summer. Supported by air mass back trajectory analyses this finding documented an effi-cient long-range transport to Kohnen via the free troposphere. MS/nss-SO42- ratios exhibited a strong dependence on the MS concentration with systematically higher ratios at higher MS concentrations, a peculiarity which is also evident in a firn core drilled at this site.


ABSTRACT: In aero engine bearing chambers oil is supplied for lubrication and cooling. Oil travels to the chamber outer walls creating films that transport heat away from the hot surfaces. High speed oil droplets within the core flow impact onto surfaces and films during engine operation. To model this type of flow, there is a need to be able to account for the multiple impacting droplets and the resulting cooling film. Resolving the droplets explicitly is not yet computationally feasible for a full bearing chamber. A coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian methodology is therefore presented to describe the phenomenon at an affordable cost. The droplets are assumed to be point particles and coupled with the Eulerian phase upon impact. Test cases reported here compare well with published literature.


The problem of representing decision making behaviour in discrete event simulation was
investigated. Of particular interest was modelling variety in the decisions, where
different people might make different decisions even where the same circumstances hold.
An initial investigation of existing and alternative approaches for representing decision
making was carried out. This led to the suggestion of using a neural network to
represent the decision making behaviour in the form of a multi-criteria probability
distribution based on data of observed decision making.
The feasibility of the stochastic neural network approach was investigated. Models were
fitted using artificial data from discrete and continuous distributions that included the
shape parameters as inputs, and tested against known results from the distributions. Also
a bank simulation was used to collect data from volunteers who controlled the queuing
decisions of customers inside the bank. Models of their behaviour were created and
implemented in the bank simulation to automate the decision making of customers.
The investigation established the feasibility of the approach, although it indicated the
need for substantial amounts of data showing examples of decision making. A hybrid
model that combined the stochastic neural network approach with a rule-based approach
allowed the development of more general models of decision making behaviour.


We deal with content-based image indexing and category retrieval in general databases. When large categories are searched, systems must explore the database. We introduce an interactive retrieval strategy designed for database exploration. The technique is based on a compound query and a dedicated similarity function. The usual strategy based on a similarity score ranking is replaced by a stochastic image selection process. A competition between feature spaces for the similarity measure refinement is also included in the strategy. A quality assessment is realized on a general database of 6000 images in order to illustrate and validate our approach.


Throughout its history, debate has swirled around the impact of the European Union on sovereignty, territorial control, and state impact. Typically, such debates have centered on the impacts of these issues on member states and member populations. Indeed, these debates – and related debates – are still very much alive in legal and political circles today.However, little attention has been paid to the impact of the European Union on sovereignty, territorial control, and state impact in areas other than member states. A recent decision by Hoganas, a town in Sweden, suggests that more attention should be paid to such impacts. Sweden is not a part of the European Union's Eurozone and, as such, does not use or accept the Euro as a state currency. This is national legal policy. Hoganas has an economy which is heavily dependent upon tourism, especially tourism from states which are part of the European Union and which use the Euro. In an effort to protest the Swedish legal position and to increase its tourism trade, Hoganas had declared that it will accept the Euro as a valid means of payment within its borders. This paper will address the legal issues raised by Hoganas' actions as they relate to the concept of territory and sovereignty in modern international law. The paper will argue that, more than just an act of defiance or financial pragmatism, Hoganas exemplifies a sense of territorial fluidity under which small political units may elect to take their own course of action, even against their own state. The cultivation of this fluidity raises important questions for law and also for society in general in terms of its impact on the concept of belonging and statehood.


Mobile speed cameras were deployed at an urban 50 km/hr speed limit site, an urban 70 km/hr speed limit site and a site on a rural two lane, two way road with a 100 km/hr speed limit. Both unmarked vans and marked camera vehicles were used. Speeds were measured in the vicinity of the sites with and without the presence of camera vans. The extent of time and distance halo effects was investigated as was the effectiveness of marked and unmarked camera vans in reducing speeds. Both marked and unmarked cameras, as they were used at the locations surveyed are effective in reducing speeds in their immediate vicinities with evidence that marked cameras were more effective at the urban (50km/hr and 70km/hr limits) sites. There was little difference in effectiveness between marked and unmarked deployments at the rural (100 km/hr location).The study indicated a time halo of around an hour in the urban sites while speeds began to increase when the camera deployment terminated at the rural site. The best estimates of a distance halo are around 500 metres for the urban sites and 1 kilometre for the rural site. There was no strong evidence that halo effects differed between marked and unmarked vehicles.


This article compares one-dimensional and multi-dimensional dialogue act tagsets used for automatic labeling of utterances. The influence of tagset dimensionality on tagging accuracy is first discussed theoretically, then based on empirical data from human and automatic annotations of large scale resources, using four existing tagsets: DAMSL, SWBD-DAMSL, ICSI-MRDA and MALTUS. The Domi- nant Function Approximation proposes that automatic dialogue act taggers could focus initially on finding the main dialogue function of each utterance, which is empirically acceptable and has significant practical relevance.


Formal methods and testing are two important approaches that assist in the development of high quality software. For long time these approaches have been seen as competitors and there was very little interaction between the two communities. In recent years a new consensus has developed in which they are seen as more complementary. In this report we present an approach based on the ASD(Analytical Software Design) suite by Verum and the Microsoft Spec Explorer Model Based Testing(MBT) tool. ASD is a model-based design approach that can produce verified software components that can be combined into complete systems. However, ASD cannot verify existing components, nor complex component interactions involving data transfers. We have developed a tool that allows us to convert ASD models to Spec Explorer, allowing us to do more complete verification of software systems using dynamic testing at little additional cost and effort. We demonstrate this by applying our approach to an industrial-size case study. Keywords: Model Based Testing, Formal Verification, Dynamic Testing, Static Verification, EMF, ASD, Spec Explorer


Degenerate primers-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are commonly used for isolation of unidentified gene sequences in related organisms. For designing the degenerate primers, we propose the use of local alignment search method for searching the conserved regions long enough to design an acceptable primer pair. To test this method, a WD40 repeat-containing domain protein from Beauveria bassiana was used as reference sequence to find out a group of homologous gene sequences similar to some closely related to Verticillium dahliae. The retrieved sequences from Genbank amino acid sequence databases were analyzed for designing degenerate primers. The Multiple allignments of the selected sequences revealed two highly conserve motif regions of amino acids that enabled us to design a degenerate primers. Forward and reverse degenerate primers for amplification of the related WD40 repeat-containing domain gene were designed from an alignment of the translated sequences from some other fungi. By using two rounds of Touchdown Semi-Nested RT- PCR, a partial 249 bp PCR products were isolated and sequenced. The results showed that the amplified fragment between two motifs from V. dahliae with the reference protein has 66.3% similarities at the amino acid level. However, this value when the entire of both sequences were compared is 81.9% . These data suggested that homologues transcripts encoded to WD40 repeat-contaning protein can be isolated from V. dahliae using degenerate primers from the common motif regions through a local allignment search method.


Between 1981 and 1989 in Wroclaw Poland, in an atmosphere in which dissent was forbidden and martial law a reality, the art-activist Orange Alternative movement developed and deployed their "socialist sur-realism" in absurd street-painting and large-scale performances comprising tens of thousands of people dressed as dwarves, in an effort to destabilize the Communist government. It worked. Beginning with the 'dialectical painting' of dwarves onto the patches of white paint all over the city's walls, which uncannily marked the censorship of opposition slogans, the group moved on to both stage happenings and over-enthusiastically embrace official Soviet festivals in a way that transformed both of these into mass expressions of dissent. They illegally restaged the mass spectacle of the storming of the Winter Palace on the anniversary of the October Revolution using their own homemade tanks; organized patriotic gatherings in which anyone waving red flags or wearing red (or eating red borscht, or covering oneself in ketchup) was arrested; and inspired other Orange Alternative groups to appear across the country. Although the group existed to the left of the mainstream opposition of Solidarity, their art was a key, acknowledged factor in the overthrow of the Communist government.

Lives of the Orange Men tells the story of the movement's main protagonists, and is the first stand-alone English-language account of the Orange Alternative, written autobiographically by is central figure, and featuring an appendix of newly translated key texts including Major's "Manifesto of Socialist Surrealism," a timeline of every Orange Alternative happening, and a new foreword from the Yes Men.


For centuries, certain moral philosophers have maintained that morality is an illusion, comparable to talking of ghosts or unicorns. These moral skeptics claim that the world simply doesn't contain the sort of properties (such as moral badness, moral obligation, etc.) necessary to render moral statements true. Even seemingly obvious moral claims, such as "killing innocents is morally wrong" fail to be true. What would lead someone to adopt such a radical viewpoint? Are the arguments in its favor defensible or plausible? What impact would embracing such a view have on one's practical life?

Taking as its point of departure the work of moral philosopher John Mackie (1917-1981), A World Without Values is a collection of essays on moral skepticism by leading contemporary philosophers, some of whom are sympathetic to Mackie's views, some of whom are opposed. Rather than treating moral skepticism as something to dismiss as quickly as possible, this anthology is a comprehensive exploration of the topic, and as such will be a valuable resource for students of moral philosophy at all levels, as well as professionals in the field of meta-ethics. A World Without Values presents state-of-the-art arguments that advance the ongoing philosophical debate on several fronts, and will enjoy an important place on any meta-ethicist's bookshelf for some years to come.


An analysis of the literature on the theory and methodology of physical education reveals that in the theory of sports (wrestling, etc.) and in separate articles, the authors have described explosive power as a physical quality. The manifestation of explosive force is the mechanism of its activation. As the burst time of the muscle decreases, the intensity of the bursting force increases. However, the intensity of the explosive force can also be increased by increasing the magnitude of the absolute force of the muscle. Summarizing the above points, it can be concluded that the study of the features of the methodological basis of the formation of explosive mobility in athletes in fast-paced sports plays a certain role in solving important vital issues in sports.


Abstract. This paper presents some preliminary results from research on monitoring the urban growth of Shenzhen in China. Agriculture is still the pillar of national economies in many countries including China. Thus, agriculture contributes to population growth. Population growth follows either exponential or logistic growth models. These models can be examined using a time-series of geospatial data, mainly historical earth observation imagery from satellites such as LANDSAT. Such multitemporal data may provide insights into settlement analysis as well as on population dynamics and hence, quantify the loss of agricultural land. In this study, LANDSAT data of ten dates, at approximately five yearly intervals from 1977 to 2017 were used. The remote sensing techniques used for analysis of data for 40 years were image selection, then followed by geometric and radiometric corrections and mosaicking. Also, classification, remote sensing image fusion, and change detection methods were used. This research extracted the information on the amount, direction, and speed of urbanization, and hence, the number of hectares of agricultural land lost due to urban expansion. Several specific elements were used in the descriptive model of landscape changes and population dynamics of the city of Shenzhen in China. These elements are: i) quantify the urban changes, from a small town (37.000 people in the early 1970's) to the megalopolis of around 20 million habitants today. ii) Examining the rate of urban extension on the loss of agricultural landscape and population growth. iii) The loss of food production was analysed against the economic growth in the region. iv) The aspects of loss of agricultural land, area of built-up urban land, and increase in population are studied quantitatively, by the temporal analysis of earth observation geospatial data. The experimental results from this study show that the proposed method is effective in determining loss of agricultural land in any city due to urbanization. It can be used by town planner and other stakeholders such as land surveyors and agriculture experts to mitigate the mushrooming of unplanned settlements in many town / villages and loss of land for agriculture which might cause problems in food security.


The development of the fast reactor (FR) cycle is being advanced to utilize plutonium and transuranium (TRU) in Japan. In the fabrication process, it is considered that a fuel pin spirally wrapped with a thin wire is laid horizontally. Then, cooling air flows vertically from the bottom side into the gap of the pin bundle so as to suppress the temperature increase due to decay heat. From the viewpoint of safety assessment during the fabrication, a thermal hydraulic analysis method plays an important role in investigating the maximum temperature and the temperature distribution of the fuel pins. In the present paper, a subchannel analysis tool has been developed. Using the developed tool, the benchmark analysis of the mocked up experiment has been carried out, as well as the numerical investigation of a multidimensional effect of fuel cladding thermal conductivity on the maximum temperature. It is demonstrated that the multidimensional effect of the cladding thermal conductivity is not negligible in the analysis. A good agreement is achieved in the case of a comparatively large clearance size between the side wall and the pin bundle when one considers a natural convection heat transfer at the outermost boundary with a comparatively low computational cost.


This short summary presents latest measurements of the nuclear modification factor, RAA, for R = 0.4 jets in Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The analysis is performed over a large range of transverse momentum, up to pT = 1 TeV, and differentially in jet pT, rapidity, and collision centrality. The jet RAA is measured also differentially in the jet mass, m, which provides new information on the dependence of the energy loss on the substructure of jets. Latest results by ATLAS on the dijet momentum balance in Xe+Xe collisions at √ sNN = 5.44 TeV are presented and compared to the same quantity measured in Pb+Pb collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV. These recent measurements should help us understand mechanisms of parton energy loss and properties of hot and dense matter created in heavy-ion collisions.


Recently proposed distance dependent Chinese Restaurant Process (ddCRP) generalizes extensively used Chinese Restaurant Process (CRP) by accounting for dependencies between data points. Its posterior is intractable and so far only MCMC methods were used for inference. Because of very different nature of ddCRP no prior developments in variational methods for Bayesian nonparametrics are appliable. In this paper we propose novel variational inference for important sequential case of ddCRP (seqddCRP) by revealing its connection with Laplacian of random graph constructed by the process. We develop efficient algorithm for optimizing variational lower bound and demonstrate its efficiency comparing to Gibbs sampler. We also apply our variational approximation to CRP-equivalent seqddCRP-mixture model, where it could be considered as alternative to one based on truncated stick-breaking representation. This allowed us to achieve significantly better variational lower bound than variational approximation based on truncated stick breaking for Dirichlet process.


An outline is given of simple evaluation models for a recriticality in an attempt to construct a fast reactor core that has high potential to terminate an accident and prevent its progression, under postulated core-damage conditions, into further disruption of the degraded core and into possible recriticality leading to an energetic power excursion. The basic idea to prevent recriticality events is to remove a certain amount of fuel material out of the core in order to keep the core subcritical. Based on the simplified models, general guidelines are given that minimize the amount of fuel removal necessary to avoid recriticality events. Multigroup two-dimensional diffusion calculations are also performed to ascertain the tendency obtained by the simple model for the reactivity insertion due to a core collapse. In the sense of controlled material relocation, the fraction of core materials is identified that should be preferentially removed out of the core to eliminate the recriticality potential.


This article uses three sets of cases from the War of 1812 to illustrate three problems with how modern courts have approached the detention of "enemy combatants" in the United States. The War of 1812 cases show that modern courts have relied too heavily on deference-based reasoning, and have failed to adequately consider both international law and congressional authorization when upholding the detentions as constitutional. The War of 1812, termed "Mr. Madison's War" by contemporary opponents, was fought largely on our own territory against a powerful foreign enemy, making it an especially rich source for comparison to the modern war on terrorism. It is the only declared war of the new republic that offers founding-era views on military authority under the Constitution. And the cases themselves have not been overruled or rendered obsolete in the intervening years; instead they illustrate the enduring importance of congressional authorization and international law in setting the scope of the President's war powers. Considered as a whole, the War of 1812 cases thus provide strong reasons to reconsider the courts' recent enemy combatant jurisprudence.


When one thinks of Frank Sinatra, numerous images come to mind. Some will think of the young crooner, heartthrob to countless bobbysoxers; some will think of the cocky leader of the so-called Rat Pack. There is the bellicose casino owner daring the authorities to shut him down after it is reported that a well-known Mafioso had visited the property. There is the man of great philanthropy, and great cruelty. There is the liberal star challenging the McCarthyism of the nation's capital, the active democrat supporting John Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election, and the Reagan Republican campaigning for the "great communicator" in the 1980 election. There is the unrepentant womanizer, and the spurned lover. There is the broken man, nevertheless persevering to once again scale the heights of success. For most people, one's recollections of Frank Sinatra share at least one essential feature: they are based upon media constructs, the product of media industries promulgating information satisfying various agendas and paymasters. As such, the meanings of texts comprising those media constructs are of paramount concern for any analysis of Sinatra's cultural importance. This article focuses on national media coverage of Sinatra, from his first appearance in a national magazine, Newsweek in March 1943, through his "fall from grace" during the late 1940s and early 1950s, to his eventual and ultimate rise back to the top of the entertainment industry following his Oscar-winning success for From Here to Eternity (1953). The media images that came to dominate the national discourse on Sinatra throughout his career were the products of specific organizations operating at a particular time. It is the thesis of this study that the Sinatra known to millions that is, Sinatra's image-was promulgated through a national yet New York-centered media that, ensconced in an environment alive with both nativist and progressive rhetoric, presented Frank Sinatra, implicitly and explicitly, in ways consistent with local representations of Italian Americans. That is, the national media disseminated, through Sinatra's image, stereotypes of Italians and Italian Americans that originally circulated in local press items and progressive literature focused primarily upon migration of southern Italians to the United States from 1890 to 1920. Within this context, this study provides an analysis of Sinatra's image, with particular reference to the American myth of success. Texts, Terms, and Concepts Texts This study addresses the dissemination of stereotypes in the national mass media. Hence, Time magazine, "perhaps the most often-read newsmagazine in the United States" (Noune and Nourie 495), was chosen because of its status as a "gatekeeper" for information distributed to the public. It was, and remains, among the most read magazines in the nation. Newsweek was chosen for similar reasons. This study, however, while focused upon Time and Newsweek, integrates analysis of materials appearing in other national publications, the vast majority of which were published in New York City (see Appendix). Seventy-one articles published were analyzed, fiftyseven of which were published in New York. Embedded within these texts is a star-making apparatus that had been perfected in Hollywood's promotion of its product and had developed its own values and themes. Of all of the conventions present in the star image, perhaps none is as ubiquitous as that of the American myth of success, and it is to this myth that we now turn. The American Myth of Success For Richard Weiss, author of The American Myth of Success (1969), the eponymous myth is among the "most enduring expressions of American popular ideals," the notion that "ours is an open society, where birth, family, and class do not significantly circumscribe individual possibilities": "The belief that all men, in accordance with certain rules, but exclusively by their own efforts, can make of their lives what they will has been widely popularized for well over a century. …


This new edition of "Teaching Disability Sport: A Guide for Physical Educators "is loaded with five new chapters, more than 200 games and skills, and everything that future and current teachers need to plan and implement sport skill-related lessons in an inclusive physical education program. Published in its first edition as "Inclusion Through Sports," this rendition places greater emphasis on preparing future physical education teachers to use disability sport in their programs. It offers instruction on the various aspects of disability sport, how to teach it, and how to improve programming for students, regardless of ability or disability. This new edition includes the following features: - A DVD that contains video clips of activities as well as assessment forms and other reproducible forms - Templates for and guidance in creating individualized education programs (IEPs), lesson plans, assessments, and unit plans - One new sport chapter (on boccia) - Four new chapters discussing how to use the achievement-based curriculum (ABC) model to integrate disability sport into physical education classes This book and DVD package is the ideal resource for physical education teachers who want to incorporate inclusive sport skill instruction through sports traditionally identified with disability sport programs. The sports featured in this book are wheelchair basketball, wheelchair indoor soccer, sitting volleyball, wheelchair tennis, goalball, slalom, and boccia. The games are organized by skill, so teachers can select games based on the skills they want to teach. The skills for each sport are task analyzed to help teachers address the needs of students with disabilities. Teachers will learn how to make psychomotor modifications to games to include students with and without disabilities; teachers will also learn how to involve all students in making decisions about the modifications. The book's ABC model guides readers through the stages of program planning, implementation planning, teaching, assessment, and evaluating. Readers are also shown how to use IEPs and develop goals and objectives for lesson plans. In addition, "Teaching Disability Sport "provides instruction on wheelchair selection and fitting, equipment concerns, and Web addresses for adapted sports and activities. And an inclusion index makes selecting the right sports and games easy. The 200+ games and activities are cross-referenced to functional profiles (low, medium, high) of students with disabilities. Teachers have the choice of which disability sports to implement and to what level. With "Teaching Disability" "Sport," kids both with and without disabilities win!


When developing an analysis model, the notation itself does not suffice for determining the content of the analysis model and the end of the analysis process. For this, the goals and intents of the analysis model are used, either implicitly or explicitly. In this report we take a look at various possibilities to define the term analysis and the goals of the analysis model. We start with considering the reference model of the problem solving cycle. We examine the definitions that refer to analysis as the "what" in opposite to the "how", or as the problem definition phase of a problem solving cycle. We then continue with a discussion of various criteria (like technology independence, real word model, unambiguous or essential model) that are often used to specify the goals of an analysis model. Difficulties that arise with these criteria are that they cannot be combined arbitrarily and that some of them are very vague; we propose therefore also some more concrete formulations. In the last part of the report we take a closer look at some misconceptions and intent clashes that are due to a too idealistic model of the software development process. Objective real world models, analysis models that are stable after the analysis phase and analysis models that are equal to the high-level view of the final software system are often attempted, but are normally not realistic. This leads to intent clashes with the desire for a seamless and easy controllable development process. We explain these intent clashes and we also describe the three different approaches taken by software development methods to cope with these intent clashes.


In recent years, the reliability and safety requirements of ship systems have increased drastically. This has prompted a paradigm shift toward the development of prognostics and health management (PHM) approaches for these systems' critical maritime components. In light of harsh environmental conditions with varying operational loads, and a lack of fault labels in the maritime industry generally, any PHM solution for maritime components should include independent and intelligent fault detection algorithms that can report faults automatically. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised reconstruction-based fault detection algorithm for maritime components. The advantages of the proposed algorithm are verified on five different data sets of real operational run-to-failure data provided by a highly regarded industrial company. Each data set is subject to a fault at an unknown time step. In addition, different magnitudes of random white Gaussian noise are applied to each data set in order to create several real-life situations. The results suggest that the algorithm is highly suitable to be included as part of a pure data-driven diagnostics approach in future end-to-end PHM system solutions.


Background: Benign breast diseases are much common than malignancy however not all of them are reported. The most alarming symptoms that are investigated include breast lumps and bloody nipple discharge while other symptoms like mastalgia and skin induration are commonly ignored by the patients or treated medically. Hence the true incidence of breast diseases is much higher than recorded. In this study the frequency of various benign breast diseases occurring in Hazara division are studied. Methods: This was a retrospective study of breast biopsy specimens received over a period of five years from June 2012 to June 2017 at Histopathology Department at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. All cases diagnosed with ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS), malignancies and lesions in the male breast were excluded from this study. The data was analyzed using SPSS-19. Results: Benign breast disease was diagnosed in 188 (59%) of the total 317 cases. The ages of patients ranged from 13–75 years with a mean age of 29±13 years. The most common lesion was fibroadenoma present in 97 (51%) followed by inflammatory lesions and then fibrocystic disease. Conclusion: Benign breast disease, although more frequent, remains under reported as patients do not seek medical help unless the symptoms are problematic. Fibroadenoma was the most frequent lesion occurring in the second decade.


Binge drinking among young people in Australia is an "epidemic" (Rudd, 2008 p 1). That is the Australian federal government's official stance, although similar constructions of youth alcohol consumption as pathological are common in other countries. Such constructions are undoubtedly based on research such as that which suggests that binge drinking tends to be the norm among Australian youth (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Alongside pathological constructions, contradictory societal messages linking drinking with pleasure and hedonism are often juxtaposed (Measham & Brain, 2005; O'Malley & Valverde, 2004: Szmigin et al., 2008). Whilst it is clear that societal messages regarding drinking are contradictory, what is unclear is how drinkers themselves construct their consumption. In this study, eight focus groups were conducted with 30 young people to uncover some possible interpretative repertoires that drinkers themselves use to construct personal behaviour that experts might label "binge drinking" or drinking to intoxication (DTI). Three main interpretative repertoires were recurringly used by participants. These were labelled: Recreation, Self-Therapy and Addiction. Each repertoire was examined using the principles of Discursive Psychology (Edwards & Potter, 2001) to illustrate its deployment and use, the alternatives it was constructed against, as well as the problems that it could present and their resolution. The repertoire of recreation allowed the construction of DTI as a pleasurable pastime. The repertoire of self-therapy facilitated the construction of DTI as a response to a stressful event. Lastly, the repertoire of addiction positioned repeated DTI as symptomatic of what May (2001) has called a "hypothesised pathological mechanism" (p. 385). Comparisons with other literature indicate that similar constructions are often used to construct involvement with practices that may be deemed "risky" such as smoking and self-injecting. These findings have important implications for the communication of public health messages to young people.


We experimentally demonstrate that a type-II pulsed optical parametric amplifier operated in a phase-insensitive configuration works as a near-perfect classical optical amplifier whose noise figure approaches 3 dB at high gains. We further demonstrate that, when operated in a phase-sensitive configuration, this amplifier works as a quantum-optical amplifier whose noise figure goes below 3 dB and approaches 0 dB at high gains. The noise figure of 1.45 ± 0.2 dB, measured for a gain of 9 dB, is clearly in the quantum regime.


To increase efficiency in the prevention of varicella, this study conducted in-depth research to unravel the reasons for outbreak of epidemic varicella among people who had received single dosage of varicella vaccine. There were 1377 students out of total 1450, who were inoculated with single dosage of varicella vaccine (94.97%). Statistical analysis of probability of getting varicella during outbreak epidemic varicella showed that 74 people (5.1%) had the disease. Out of the 74, there were 67 people who had been previously inoculated with a single dosage of varicella vaccine, indicating that there was significant correlation between vaccination and probability of getting varicella during outbreak period. This implied that vaccinated individuals still had high risk of getting the disease. The number of skin lesions was significantly different (t=-10.68, p<0.0001) between the different groups. Although single dosage of vaccine could not effectively protect people from varicella, those who had been inoculated with the vaccine lived higher quality lives than those who had never been inoculated. Thus, varicella-infected individuals vaccinated with a single dose of varicella vaccine had milder symptoms, indicating alleviation of the suffering of the patients.


Abstract This paper discusses how foreign firms enter and operate in a turbulent Russian market. Following the internationalisation process model, this paper is based on the assumption that current business activities are a driving force of internationalisation. Since planning in highly turbulent and uncertain markets is difficult, the IP model with its emphasis on gradual learning provides a good starting point. When foreign markets are assumed to be rather static, experiential knowledge can be easily utilised in subsequent actions. However, the Russian market is highly turbulent, which questions the value of experiential knowledge and seems to challenge the validity of the IP-model. In an attempt to address this problem, the paper suggests to deconstruct the concept of current business activities, so that it becomes more powerful in explaining the behaviour of firms in the markets characterised by high turbulence. Drawing on the Austrian Economics, this paper suggests that current business activities in a foreign market can conveniently be seen as consisting of two fundamental processes-search and discovery. The search process occurs when a firm already has knowledge about what it is looking for, but has to search for it. The discovery process initiates as searching for something known, but the turbulence turns it into a discovery of something else. Since the market conditions change rapidly and the knowledge is imperfectly distributed, discovery is an essential part of the firm's business activities in the Russian market. In the end, the paper discusses the implications of search and discovery processes for firms both entering and participating in the Russian market. Finally, it advances relationship as a mechanism to handle the market turbulence.


How does securitization affect issuers' asset risk? And how do capital markets respond to securitization? We answer these questions by examining changes in the asset values of the sponsors of Japanese Real Estate Investment Trusts (J-REITs) before and after the announcements of the establishment of J-REITs. To this aim, we precisely estimate the sponsors' asset values and compare their levels, volatilities, and comovements with the market index of the real estate industries. While no consistent change is found for the levels and volatilities of asset values, a negative effect of the announcement of J-REITs is consistently found for the comovements with the market index of the real estate industries. Furthermore, for the sponsors that do not fall in the real estate industries, the comovements with their own industries are found likely to be larger after the announcement of J-REITs.


The market for investment products, including both securities and investment funds, is fraught with difficulties for consumers in terms of the ease of comparing products, trust in suppliers and consumer satisfaction. A comprehensive approach to investor protection, developed around the lifecycle of a financial product, may offer the investor greater protection during an investment's life span. This paper proposes a new approach to investor protection, building on a review of major market failures affecting the origination, distribution and sale of financial products and based on a review of the relevant scientific literature and country experiences. The application of a 'know-your-product' principle at origination, a narrower 'default rule' for best execution and an ex-ante distinction between advice and 'information-only' services are among the options discussed in this paper to enhance the investor protection framework over the lifecycle of a financial product.


Objective: To investigate the presence of voids in bulk fill flowable composites. Methods: This study investigated two well-known bulk-fill flowable composites, Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR) (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, Germany) and Filtek bulk fill flowable (FBF) (3M ESPE, Minnesota, USA). Three ampules of each material were randomly selected. The ampules were subjected to 3D Micro-CT (General Electric Phoe-nix V|Tome|X L240) reconstruction in order to assess the presence of any voids within the ampules. Results: Voids were present in all the ampules. The total void percentage for each group of three ampules was found to be SDR : 1.147 % and FBF : 0.0424 %. There was a significant difference between the volume of voids for SDR and FBF, p-value=0.003924. Conclusion: Voids were found in the randomly selected samples of bulk-fill flowable composites. This is undesir-able and manufacturers should be urged to ensure that no voids are present, or at least are minimized in the ampules of material.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether the CMS and Premier Inc. Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (PHQID), a hospital-based pay-for-performance (P4P) and public quality reporting program, caused participating hospitals (1) to avoid treating minority patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, and pneumonia and (2) to avoid providing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) to minority patients diagnosed with AMI.

DATA SOURCES
One hundred percent Medicare inpatient claims, denominator files, and provider of service files from 2000 to 2006.

STUDY DESIGN
We test for differences in the conditional probability of receiving care at PHQID hospitals for AMI, heart failure, and pneumonia before and after implementation of the PHQID between white and minority patients. We also test for differences in the conditional probability that white and minority patients diagnosed with AMI receive CABG in hospitals participating, and not participating, in the PHQID before and after the implementation of the PHQID.

DATA EXTRACTION METHODS
Data were obtained from CMS.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We find little evidence that the PHQID reduced access for minority patients: only "Other Race" beneficiaries had a significant reduction in adjusted admissions to PHQID hospitals in the postperiod, and only for AMI. Only marginally significant ( p<.10) evidence of a reduction in CABG was found, also occurring for Other Race beneficiaries.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite minimal evidence of minority patient avoidance in the PHQID, monitoring of avoidance should continue for P4P programs.


As is known, polymeric polyelectrolyte hydrogels are superabsorbents that are capable of absorbing moisture in amounts many times greater than their own mass. Numerous studies have shown that besides water absorption and retention, they can also be effectively used as sorbents to purify water from heavy metals. In many works, attempts are made to improve the sorption properties of polyelectrolyte hydrogels by creating polymer composites based on them. Organic/inorganic composite materials frequently exhibited desired hybrid performance superior to their individual components and cost-efficient characteristics. The composites derived from natural polysaccharides and inorganic clay minerals are of special interest by virtue of their unique commercial and environmental advantages, which means that the design and development of environmentally friendly superabsorbents, introducing natural ingredients, have long been necessary. In this paper, we consider polymer hydrogels based on a copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide filled with pectin and bentonite. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of chemical conditions on hydrogels and their composites, kinetic, and absorption behavior toward metal ions in the presence of the chelating agent. In this chapter, an investigation of the kinetic patterns of swelling, deswelling, and sorption of the hydrogels and their composites will be presented.


All Teachers want motivated students who strive for and reach increasingly challenging goals. But perhaps everybody does not realise that motivation and goals are not something inherent to students.This info sheet presents motivational climate characteristics that are taskinvolving and ego-involving and explores the importance of motivational theories in the supporting of young musicians and dancers.


Simultaneous removal of selenate (SeO42−), nitrate (NO3−) and sulfate (SO42−), typically present in Se-contaminated wastewaters, by Eerbeek anaerobic granular sludge, was investigated in batch and continuous bioreactor experiments. Batch experiments showed that SeO42− removal was enhanced to 91% in simulated wastewater with SeO42− + NO3− + SO42− (1 : 40 : 100 SeO42− : NO3− : SO42− molar ratios) compared to simulated wastewater with SeO42− alone (67%). SeO42− removal was severely impacted by high concentrations of SO42− (SeO42− : SO42− > 1 : 300). Removal of SeO42−, NO3− and SO42− at a 1 : 40 : 100 ratio was studied in a 2 L lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor operated at 20 °C, a 24 h hydraulic retention time and a 2 g COD L−1 day−1 organic loading rate using lactate as the electron donor. The removal efficiencies were stabilized at 100, 30 and 80% for NO3−, SO42− and total Se, respectively, during 92 days of UASB operation. The total Se removal efficiencies dropped to 47% or even to a negative value when, respectively, SO42− and NO3− were sequentially excluded from the influent. Speciation of Se, particularly the microbial production of colloidal Se0 levels, was influenced by both SO42− and NO3−. The results presented here demonstrate that UASB reactors are capable of removing SeO42− in the presence of millimolar concentrations of NO3− and SO42− typically found in Se-contaminated wastewaters.


The issue of fair representation will take center stage as U.S. congressional districts are reapportioned based on the 2000 Census. Using U.S. history as a guide, the authors develop a theory of fair representation that establishes various principles for translating state populations --or vote totals of parties --into a fair allocation of congressional seats. They conclude that the current apportionment formula cheats the larger states in favor of the smaller, contrary to the intentions of the founding fathers and compromising the Supreme Court's ""one man, one vote"" rulings. Balinski and Young interweave the theoretical development with a rich historical account of controversies over representation, and show how many of these principles grew out of political contests in the course of United States history. The result is a work that is at once history, politics, and popular science. The book --updated with data from the 1980 and 1990 Census counts --vividly demonstrates that apportionment deals with the very substance of political power.


We report the use of rigorous coupled-wave diffraction analysis in conjunction with the simulated annealing optimization method for performing optimal design of binary-level surface-relief diffractive elements with subwavelength, submicrometer features that exhibit quasi-linear-phase transmittance. An element designed for operation at 1.55 μm has been fabricated and is characterized.


A comparison was made between the effects of leaf shading and cluster shading on grape composition and fruit and wine sensory properties. The experimental design permitted selective natural shading of grapevines while maintaining identical vine vigor and viticultural practices. The rates of berry growth and sugar accumulation were slower in fruit from vines with shaded leaves. Leaf shading also decreased both the rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation and the rate of post-veraison malate decline. Malate, potassium, and pH were higher in fruit from the leaf shading treatments at harvest. Shading clusters did not affect sugar, acid, or potassium accumulation, but anthocyanins and total soluble phenols were lower in fruit that developed in shade. Total vine shading slowed the rate of tartrate accumulation but did not affect the final tartrate content at harvest. Neither leaf nor cluster shading alone affected tartrate accumulation. Sensory evaluation of the aroma of crushed fresh grapes detected differences between the aroma of the control and each of the shade treatments. Similarly, wines made from fruit of the control treatment were significantly different in aroma and flavor from wines made from the three shading treatments.


Over a two-year period, 2949 non-sputum specimens were cultured on two slopes of Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium, two bottles of Kirchner liquid medium, made selective by adding polymyxin B, carbenicillin, trimethoprim and amphotericin B, and a selective 7H11 agar slope. Pus and CSF were inoculated into this set without prior treatment, but other specimens were decontaminated with sulphuric acid. Tissues and fluids were also inoculated without decontamination into additional selective media. The use of the selective media as well as the LJ slopes increased the yield of specimens with cultures of tubercle bacilli from 34 to 53 and decreased specimens with all media contaminated from 34 to 2. Results almost as good, 52 positive specimens and five totally contaminated, would have been obtained by the addition of a single selective Kirchner bottle to the two LJ slopes, and this is recommended for routine use.


Background: Fisetin is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of fisetin in alleviating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced brain injury. Methods: Mouse ICH models were constructed using the collagenase-induction method. ICH mice received fisetin treatment at the dose of 10–90 mg/kg, followed by the evaluation of neurological deficit through neurologic severity scores (mNSS), brain water content and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling analysis of cell apoptosis. Cytokine levels were also assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The activation of astrocytes and microglia was evaluated through S100 staining and Western blot analysis of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 respectively. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling was also evaluated by Western blot. Results: ICH mice demonstrated dramatic increase in mNSS, brain edema and cell apoptosis, indicating severe brain deficit. Fisetin treatment lowered these parameters, suggesting the alleviation of brain injury. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were reduced, accompanied by a prominent decrease in activated astrocytes and microglia. NF-κB signaling was also attenuated by fisetin treatment. Conclusion: Fisetin effectively alleviates ICH by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines and attenuating NF-κB signaling. These data suggest fisetin as a valuable natural flavonol for clinical management of ICH-induced brain injury.


OBJECTIVE
To review the scientific literature on several dietary supplements and herbal products commonly promoted for weight loss.

DATA SOURCES
Recently published articles and abstracts identified through PubMed (May 1987-May 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966-May 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970-May 2003), and Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (January 1995-May 2003) using the search terms supplement, herbal, weight loss, obesity, overweight, conjugated linoleic acid, ephedra, ephedrine, chromium, Garcinia cambogia, hydroxycitric acid, chitosan, and pyruvate.

STUDY SELECTION
Performed manually by the authors.

DATA EXTRACTION
Performed manually by the authors. Only single-agent, randomized, blinded, controlled studies with sufficient scientific rigor in overweight or obese subjects were included.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Approximately 50 individual supplemental products and hundreds of combination products are promoted for weight loss. As a result, much confusion exists among health care professionals regarding the efficacy and safety of these products. Results for conjugated linoleic acid were positive in three clinical studies, with few adverse effects. Ephedra has been shown to be effective in promoting weight loss, especially when combined with caffeine, but it has a high adverse effect risk profile. The data regarding ephedra and ephedra combinations are conflicting, and many of the studies were poorly designed. Garcinia and chitosan have not shown much promise for weight loss, but little research has been done. Pyruvate has consistently shown positive weight loss effects.

CONCLUSION
Overall, herbal products and dietary supplements promoted for weight loss lack sufficient supporting efficacy and safety data. More research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. Conjugated linoleic acid and pyruvate have the best supporting evidence, but larger and better-controlled trials are needed before pharmacists should recommend these agents to patients seeking to lose weight.


In rainfall–runoff modeling, Design Event Approach is widely adopted in practice, which assumes that the rainfall depth of a given annual exceedance probability (AEP), can be converted to a flood peak of the same AEP by assuming a representative fixed value for the other model inputs/parameters such as temporal pattern, losses and storage-delay parameter of the runoff routing model. This paper presents a case study which applies Monte Carlo simulation technique (MCST) to assess the probabilistic nature of the storage delay parameter ( kc ) of the RORB model for the Cooper's Creek catchment in New South Wales, Australia. It has been found that the values of kc exhibit a high degree of variability, and different sets of plausible values of kc result in quite different flood peak estimates. It has been shown that a stochastic kc in the MCST provides more accurate design flood estimates than a fixed representative value of kc . The method presented in this study can be adapted to other catchments/countries to derive more accurate design flood estimates, in particular for important flood study projects, which require a sensitivity analysis to investigate the impacts of parameter uncertainty on design flood estimates.


A number of novel doped glasses have been studied for their potential as infrared amplifier materials. Optical amplifiers which operate outside of the C-band are likely to form part of future optical telecoms systems. This work is focused on transition metal and rare earth-doped materials which could provide gain in the telecoms S-band.Nickel and Vanadium-doped gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) glasses were identified as possible new amplifier materials. Emission was observed at 1200nm from Ni-doped GLS and at 1400nm for V-doped GLS. The FWHM of the emission from V-doped GLS was 450 nm, making it particularly attractive for a broadband optical amplifier. Low temperature emission spectra from V-doped GLS suggest that it is not affected by nonradiative decay to the same extent as Cr-doped GLS.Thulium and erbium-doped tin silicate glass-ceramics produced by the sol-gel method were studied for as potential amplifier materials. The addition of tin oxide to these glasses makes them photosensitive and is shown in this work to increase fluorescence lifetimes. However, the addition of >5% SnO2 causes increased infrared absorption which would outweigh advantages gained by the increased lifetime. Thulium-doped tin silicate glass-ceramics were investigated for the first time, and show a broad fluorescence band at 1470 nm with a FWHM of ~120 nm. The maximum lifetime of the 3F4 level was 37 µs, which is higher than in Tm-doped silica.Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 (YAS) glass was investigated as a low phonon silicate host for a thulium-doped fibre amplifier. Raman and FTIR measurements showed that the maximum phonon energy can be reduced by increasing the yttria:alumina ratio and decreasing the silica content. This was confirmed by emission lifetime measurements of the 3F4 level, which showed an increase in lifetime of 20% over the range studied. A Tm-doped YAS fibre was successfully drawn from a glass of the composition 17.4% Y2O3, 22.5% Al2O3 and 60% SiO2. 7.5 m of continuous unclad fibre was fabricated with a diameter of 150-350 µm at a temperature of 1150°C. The minimum loss in the fibre was measured to be 3.6 dB/m at 1360 nm. This material is shown to have good potential for use in S-band fibre amplification.


In recent years an increasing activity in the field of modeling of development processes on the regional, national, and global level can be observed.

In global models a descriptive approach is commonly used while in the regional and national models an attempt is being made to employ the normative concepts which are regarded as rather useful tools for long-range planning purposes.

It is a general belief that the long-range planning and forecasting on the regional, national and (probably in the future) global level could be much improved if the existing models could be linked and fitted together. That requires, however, that the model aggregation and decomposition techniques or linkage methodology exists and can be used effectively, employing the available data bank.

In the present paper, an effort has been made to show that such a technique exists and can be used effectively for the construction of a class of models on the regional, national and global levels. Using that technique, we have already been able to construct (at the Institute of Organization and Management of the Polish Academy of Sciences) a class of models called the DR series. The core model (MRI) enables us to make long-range projections of national development in fifteen sectors of the Polish economy. Using the core model, a number of more specialized models (used for regional, environmental, education, R&D etc. -- projections) could be constructed. It is hoped that the model can be linked to the international trade model. As the data base, the Statistical Year Book published each year by the Polish Main Statistical Office has been used. The model accuracy, tested in historical runs has proved to be encouraging to further development.


Vision is the most versatile and efficient sensory system. So, it is not surprising that images contribute an important role in human perception. This is analogous to machine vision such as shape recognition application which is an important field nowadays. This paper describes implementation of image processing on embedded platform and an embedded application, a robot capable of tracking an object in 3-dimensional environment. It is a real time operating system (RTOS) based embedded system which will run the Digital Image Processing Algorithms to extract the information from the images. The camera connected on USB bus is used to capture images on the ARM9 core running RTOS. Depending upon the information extracted, the locomotion is carried out. The camera is a simple CMOS USB-camera module which has a resolution about 0.3MP. Video4Linux API's provided by kernel are used to capture the image, and then it is decoded, and the required object location is detected using image processing algorithms. The actuations are made so as to track the object. The embedded Linux kernel provides support for multitasking and ensures that the task is performed within the real time constraints. The OS makes system flexible for changes such as interfacing new devices, handling the file system and memory management for storage of data.


Abstract The focus of this paper is on the doctoral research training experienced by one of the authors and the ways in which the diverse linguistic and disciplinary perspectives of her two supervisors (co-authors of this paper) mediated the completion of her study. The doctoral candidate is a professional translator/ interpreter and translation teacher. The paper describes why and how she identified her research area and then focused on the major research questions in collaboration with her two supervisors, who brought their differing perspectives from the field of linguistics to this translation research, even though they are not translators by profession or disciplinary background and do not speak Korean. In addition, the discussion considers the focus, purpose and theoretical orientation of the research itself (which addressed questions of readability in translated English-Korean texts through detailed analysis of a corpus and implications for professional translator training) as well as the supervisory and conceptual processes and practices involved. The authors contend that doctoral research of this kind can be seen as a mutual learning process and that inter-disciplinary research can make a contribution not only to the development of rigorous research in the field of translation studies but also to the other disciplinary fields involved.


For centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Maya Indians of Central America lived as one of the most advanced civilizations of the New World. In spite of the conflict the Maya have faced because of the Conquest and civil war, they continue to represent the majority of the Guatemalan population and have maintained much of their heritage. As the ladino world continues to progress around them, however, the Maya are faced with the struggle between cultural maintenance and the need for progress and modernization. The decisions they make on key issues such as language, dress, and lifestyle will shape the way their descendants will reflect their Mayan heritage. In the best of situations, the Maya could find a balance between their cultural ties and the progressing world by maintaining their unique ancestral links while also benefiting from modern society. If they do not, the Maya could continue as a marginalized society, or they could loose their unique heritage altogether.


The pacta sunt servanda is one of universally recognized legal principles by which its existence has been known. Its mere relevance is related to treaty since this principle determines that agreed stipulations concluded among parties become legally binding and cause rights and duties to be fulfilled in good faith manner. As it is recognized and accepted among parties to the treaty, it becomes integral part of the law of the treaty particularly of the law of international treaty. The preamble and Article 26 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty and the 1986 Vienna Convention reiterate its legal existence as the guiding principle to make and to implement international treaty. In the Indonesian legal system, the existence of that principle inspires the formation of Article 1338 of Indonesian Civil Code and of Article 4 (1) the Law Number 24 of 2000. It can be concluded firmly that the existence of the pacta sunt servanda has formed and evolved as a legal system including the international law legal system today.


The prevalence of obesity in children has dramatically increased over the last few decades and physical inactivity has been identified as a main contributor. Schools are an ideal setting for children to engage in physical activity. Unfortunately, opportunities for children to participate in physical activity during the school day have decreased as more emphasis has been placed on academic work. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a before school physical activity program on elementary school-aged children's physical activity levels and on-task behavior. The First-Class Activity Program (First-Class) was implemented utilizing the HOPSports Training System. HOPSports is an interactive multi-media system that utilizes DVR technology to engage large numbers of students in physical activity. Physical activity levels were measured with accelerometers and on-task behavior was observed at three different time periods (i.e., baseline, intervention, post-intervention). Twenty-seven students attended the program during the intervention data collection period. During First-Class, children spent an average of 46.4% of time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to examine differences in physical activity and on-task behavior between baseline, intervention, and post-intervention for varying intensity levels (i.e., sedentary behavior, and light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity). Effect sizes (ES) were calculated using Cohen's delta to estimate the size of the mean differences. As hypothesized, no significant differences (p > .05) in school day physical activity [not including activity during First-Class] were found between the three time periods. For on-task behavior, significant differences (p < .01) were found among baseline, intervention, and post-intervention measures. Fisher's LSD post hoc tests indicated that on-task behavior increased from baseline to intervention (p < .01; ES = 1.17) and decreased from intervention to post-intervention (p < .01; ES = 0.95). Overall, there was an 18% increase in on-task behavior from the baseline to the intervention data collection period. In conclusion, a before school activity program can have positive effects on physical activity and classroom behavior in elementary school-aged children. Children did not compensate by decreasing physical activity levels during the school day on days they attended First-Class. Additionally, children had higher percentages of on-task behavior on days they attended First-Class compared to days they did not attend First-Class. This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of a before school program on physical activity and on-task behavior. A before school activity program does not interfere with academic time and may help students meet physical activity recommendations, while preparing them to learn.


Wireless LAN discovery through the use of applications such as NetStumbler, DStumbler, Wellenreiter and others is an increasingly popular technique for network penetration. The discovery of a wireless LAN might be used for seemingly innocuous Internet access, or to be used as a "backdoor" into a network to stage an attack. This paper reviews some of the tactics used in wireless LAN network discovery and attempts to identify some of the fingerprints left by wireless LAN discovery applications, focusing on the MAC and LLC layers. This fingerprint information can then be incorporated into intrusion detection tools capable of analyzing data-link layer traffic.


The freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to the North Atlantic Ocean carries extensive but poorly documented volumes of sediment. We develop a suspended sediment concentration (SSC) retrieval algorithm using a large Greenland specific in situ data set. This algorithm is applied to all cloud-free NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Terra images from 2000 to 2012 to monitor SSC dynamics at six river plumes in three fjords in southwest Greenland. Melt-season mean plume SSC increased at all but one site, although these trends were primarily not statistically significant. Zones of sediment concentration > 50 mg L −1 expanded in three river plumes, with potential consequences for biological productivity. The high SSC cores of sediment plumes ( > 250 mg L −1 expanded in one-third of study locations. At a regional scale, higher volumes of runoff were associated with higher melt-season mean plume SSC values, but this relationship did not hold for individual rivers. High spatial variability between proximal plumes highlights the complex processes operating in Greenland's glacio–fluvial–fjord systems.


Knowledge acquisition is the most important part in the development of expert system. It deals with extracting knowledge from sources of expertise and transferring it to a knowledge base. Knowledge acquisition is major research field in knowledge engineering and still the most difficult and error-prone task for knowledge engineer while building an expert system. This situation influences the performance of the knowledge due to the quality of information and the reduction of error possibility. It is not an easy task to acquire knowledge from human expert not trained in knowledge engineering. The performance of the knowledge is performed by interaction between experts and knowledge engineer or machine during acquisition process. In most rule-based expert system, building of rules can easily be done. Knowledge Engineer or expert does not have to do any work specifying rules and how they are linked to each other. Sometime the knowledge engineer or expert can reference rules or facts that have not yet been created. It seems to be a simple and an instant work. The problem due to the performance of the knowledge will not occur until the number of rules is getting higher. Some problem may appear in the form of inconsistent rules, unreachable rules, redundant rule and rotating chain of rules. In order to solve that problem and to achieve that mentioned performance, a rule-based knowledge acquisition system using Ternary Grid is developed. This system acquires knowledge from human expert using grid or matrix system. Ternary Grid represents a model of rule-based knowledge in a grid or matrix format.


In disordered alloys, atoms belonging to the same chemical element will exhibit different environments. This leads to variations in the atoms' local electronic structures, which in turn leads to variations in the binding energies of their core levels. These binding energies can be measured experimentally using core level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Therefore, in theory at least, core level XPS can be used to resolve different environments in alloys. However, to make this a reality one must understand how an atom's local electronic structure, and hence the binding energies of its core levels, are affected by local environment. In this thesis, two simple phenomenological models are explored which purport to correctly describe the local electronic structure of disordered alloys. The first model which we consider has its roots in chemical intuition; specifically, the notion that pairs of unlike atoms, i.e. atoms belonging to different chemical elements, transfer a certain quantity of charge, while like atoms do not. Using this model known as the optimised linear charge model (OLCM) the relationship between an atom's local electronic structure, core level binding energies, and its environment is explored in detail, both in the bulk of disordered alloys and near their surfaces. As well as 'homogeneous' disordered alloys, in which the concentrations of the alloy's constituent elements are the same throughout the entire alloy, various 'inhomogeneous' disordered alloy systems are considered. These include alloys exhibiting surface segregation in which the concentrations at the surface differ from those in the bulk as well as interfaces between two metals with various levels of intermixing. The results of our investigation of bulk inhomogeneous alloys are compared to analogous ab initio results, which confirms the model's viability as a tool for rationalising the relationship between local electronic structure, core level binding energies, and environment. More generally, our results also reveal a number of interesting new phenomena. Firstly, the widths of spectra in inhomogeneous disordered alloys are significantly larger in some cases than is possible in any analogous homogeneous disordered alloy. Secondly, differences between the concentrations of each element at the surface and deep within the bulk cause a shift in the work function of the alloy under consideration. The latter results in qualitatively different trends than one i would expect if this phenomenon was ignored, and prompts an alternative interpretation of the results of a recent experimental study. The second model which we consider is a particular case of the charge-excess functional model, in which the realised charges on all atoms are those which minimise a particular expression for the total energy of the system, and whose accuracy has been well established. The underlying assumptions and properties of this model are explored in detail, adding insight into the nature of the screening and inter-atomic interactions in disordered alloys. The model is shown to be equivalent to the OLCM for the case of binary alloys, and can therefore be considered to be the generalisation of the OLCM for alloys containing more than two chemical elements. The model is also used to derive analytical expressions for various physical quantities for any alloy, including the width of core level XPS spectra and the Madelung energy. These expressions are then used to investigate how the physical quantities to which they pertain vary with the concentrations of each element in a homogeneous disordered alloy consisting of three elements. Among other things, it was observed that the width of the core level XPS spectra is maximised when the concentrations of the two elements in the alloy with the largest electronegativity difference have equal concentrations, while the remaining element has a vanishing concentration.


The purpose of the article is to present the logics, course and outcomes of the analysis of the matter of entrepreneurship which was carried out within the doctoral research "The development of students' enterprise in study process" conducted in the University of Latvia (2004-2009). The methodology comprises literature analysis and inductive qualitative content analysis of the text of fifty interpretations of the matter of entrepreneurship and enterprise by using Phillip Mayring's 'Step model of inductive category development' (Mayring, 2000) and AQUAD 6.0 (Analysis of Qualitative Data) software (Huber & Gurtler, 2004). The scientific aim is to analyze literature on entrepreneurship; classify the variety of approaches to the comprehension of entrepreneurship, admitted in different regions of the world; determine the structure of entrepreneurship and the components which have entrepreneurial behaviour triggering effect. The findings reveal a number of paradoxes and contradictions between different entrepreneurship schools and approaches, which are to be overcome by maximal integration of these positions into a holistic system. Concerning the structure of entrepreneurship, some components which previously haven't been paid worthy attention to, were determined and analysed in the context of today's topicality of developing students' entrepreneurial mindsets and behaviours. Conclusions made concern the restrictions of the EU comprehension of entrepreneurship as one of the eight lifelong learning key competences consisting of knowledge, skills and attitudes. It was shown that the concept of entrepreneurship should be complemented with behavioural and motivational components, which play a crucial role as elements of an entrepreneurship triggering and developing mechanism. As for the content of entrepreneurial knowledge, it remains vague and still ought to be researched additionally.


BACKGROUND
Body mass index (BMI) can be used to group individuals in terms of their height and weight as obese. However, such a distinction fails to account for the variation within this group across other factors such as health, demographic and behavioural characteristics. The study aims to examine the existence of subgroups of obese individuals.

METHODS
Data were taken from the Yorkshire Health Study (2010-12) including information on demographic, health and behavioural characteristics. Individuals with a BMI of ≥30 were included. A two-step cluster analysis was used to define groups of individuals who shared common characteristics.

RESULTS
The cluster analysis found six distinct groups of individuals whose BMI was ≥30. These subgroups were heavy drinking males, young healthy females; the affluent and healthy elderly; the physically sick but happy elderly; the unhappy and anxious middle aged and a cluster with the poorest health.

CONCLUSIONS
It is important to account for the important heterogeneity within individuals who are obese. Interventions introduced by clinicians and policymakers should not target obese individuals as a whole but tailor strategies depending upon the subgroups that individuals belong to.


The milliped fauna of Florida consists of 8 orders, 18 families, 34 genera, and 51 species and subspecies; it comprises six elements: widespread species occurring widely in Florida, northern species reaching their southern limits in north Florida, neotropical species occurring naturally in Florida or adventive there, oriental adventives, Florida endemics, and southeastern endemics. A complete listing of these taxa is provided, with published and new records from the state, synonyms, and type localities. Georgiulus paynei Hoffman, Cleidogona alata Causey, and Pseudopolydesmus serratus (Say) are newly recorded from the state, and Eurymerodesmus serratus Shelley is deleted; Pseudojulus obtectus (Bollman) is recorded from Alabama.


Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) differ from conventional solar cells in that they rely on a large area nanoparticle network to achieve sufficient absorption of sunlight. Although highly successful to date, this approach limits the opportunities to further increase DSSC power efficiency because it necessarily restricts the choice of redox shuttles to those compatible with the long electron transit times and ample recombination opportunities inherent to the nanoparticle-based architecture. Here, we use a resonantly coupled cavity scheme to demonstrate planar, thin-film DSSCs with a polarized, monochromatic incident photon to current efficiency of 17% from a single monolayer of a conventional Ru-dye. Upon illumination on resonance we observe open-circuit voltages that reach 1 V and thereby approach the theoretical limit for open-circuit voltage set by the dye and redox shuttle energy levels. The results supply new insight into processes presently limiting DSSCs and point to novel strategies to overcome these losses.


The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cachexia in patients with prostate cancer. TNF levels were determined in 110 serum samples from prostate cancer patients by an enzyme immunoassay. Serum TNF activity was positive in 76% of the patients with relapsed disease, whereas only 11% of the untreated patients and 0% of the patients in remission as a result of endocrine therapy were positive. The serum total protein and albumin levels, hemoglobin levels, and body mass index of the patients with elevated serum TNF levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values in patients with undetectable serum TNF levels. The serum TNF levels of patients with serum albumin levels of <3.5 g/dl, serum total protein levels of <7.0 g/dl, hemoglobin levels of <11.0 g/dl, and a body mass index of <21 kg/m2 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values in their respective counterparts. There was a significant correlation between the detectability of serum TNF and performance status (P < 0.05). Patients with elevated serum TNF levels had a significantly higher mortality rate (P < 0.05) than those with undetectable serum TNF levels. These findings suggest that TNF may be one of the factors contributing to the complex syndrome of cachexia in patients with prostate cancer.


The moir\'e pattern induced by lattice mismatch in transition-metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers causes the formation of flat bands, where interactions dominate the kinetic energy. At fractional fillings of the flat valence band, the long-range electron interactions then induce Wigner-Mott crystals. In this Letter we investigate the nontrivial electronic phases appearing away from commensurate fillings. Here, competing phases arise that are either characterized as doped Wigner-Mott charge transfer insulators or alternatively, a novel state with frozen charge order yet is conducting: the 'electron slush'. We propose that an extremely spatially inhomogeneous local density of states can serve as a key signature of the electron slush.


The differing bioconjugation efficiencies of quantum dots (QDs) are a practical obstacle to their popularization. Differences in bioconjugation efficiency based on immunostaining the same targeted molecules using different batches of QDs need to be evaluated prior to their application. In this paper, a quantitative method for evaluating the efficiency of QDs in staining tissues has been developed based on Hadamard transform (HT) spectral imaging. Proliferating cell nuclear antigens (PCNA) in breast cancer tissues were labeled with bioconjugated QD bioprobes using a 454 nm laser as the light source for fluorescence spectral imaging. Four-dimensional (4D) spectral imaging analysis of PCNA in cell nuclei was carried out using HT spectral microscopy based on immunostaining with different batches of QDs. The fluorescence intensity distributions in the cell nuclei were collected from the 4D images. Based on the information obtained from microscopic spectra and 4D images, differences in the bioconjugation efficiency among different batches of QDs were evaluated. The results demonstrate that it is possible to maintain uniform bioconjugation efficiencies with different QD bioconjugation processes in order to obtain accurate and reliable results in biomedical analysis and cancer diagnosis.


Background: The risk of acquiring transfusion transmissible viral infections is said to be higher in patients requiring regular blood transfusions such as those with sickle cell disease (SCD). Aim: We determined the seroprevalence of blood transfusion viral markers among our patients with SCD. Subjects and Methods: This a case–control analytical study consisting of 82 confirmed SCD patients on routine follow-up at our facility in steady state and 90 age-matched controls. Demographic and transfusion history were recorded while 5 ml of blood was drawn for hematocrit levels, and serum tested for transfusion transmissible viral markers for hepatitis B, (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg], hepatitis B surface antibody [HBsAb], hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg], hepatitis B e antibody [HBeAb], hepatitis B core antibody [HBcAb]), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) using the rapid test kits. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board and each participant gave informed consent. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg, HBsAb, and HBeAg in cases was 2 (2.4%), 7 (8.5%), and 0 (0.0%), respectively, whereas it was 7 (8.5%), 11 (13.4%), 6 (7.3%), and 2 (2.4%) for HBeAb, HBcAb, HCV, and HIV antibodies. Compared to the controls, cases had higher prevalence rate of HBeAb ( P = 0.005). No significant difference was observed in those with or without low hematocrit (≤18%) or those that received blood transfusion and those that did not ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that blood transfusion did not significantly increase the seroprevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible viral infection in SCD patients.


All insurance has coverage limits, and insurers usually control whether a case is settled or tried. If the insurer rejects a within-limits settlement offer, the insured bears the risk of an above-limits verdict. In response, virtually every state has imposed a "duty to settle" on insurers, which creates incentives for plaintiffs to make at-limits offers and for insurers to accept those offers when expected damages exceed limits. We study the association between the duty to settle, settlement at limits, claim duration, and defense costs using detailed data from Texas for 1988-2005 on closed, commercially insured personal injury claims. We focus principally on medical malpractice suits against physicians, but find consistent evidence for other types of cases. We find strong evidence that the duty to settle affects settlement dynamics. Essentially all physician-defendant cases that settle at-limits are preceded by an at-limits demand. Roughly 20% of physician-defendant cases settle at 90-100% of policy limits ("broad at-limits") and 13% settle exactly at limits ("exact at-limits"). Broad- and exact-at-limits cases close about five months faster than similar "below-limits" cases -- a roughly 20% shorter time from suit to settlement, controlling for payout and type of harm. Broad- and exact-at-limits cases also have substantially lower defense costs, controlling for case duration and complexity. More broadly, as the payout/limits ratio approaches 1 from below, duration declines (controlling for payout) and defense costs decline (controlling for payout and duration). Payouts above-limits are uncommon; when they occur, insurers are the primary payers. Policy limits alone cannot explain these results; most likely reflect a combination of policy limits and the duty to settle.


Similar to other countries in North Africa, Morocco's economic model finds itself at a crossroads. The uprisings and subsequent revolutions in many Arab countries in the wake of the 2011 "Arab Spring" have shown that the social contract prevailing in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has ultimately failed. Although to varying degrees, the states of the region find themselves in need of redefining their relationships with society and developing long-term strategies to better meet the demands of their constituents. We argue that industrial policy can provide a valuable contribution to establishing a new and better social contract by addressing economic problems, such as job creation and growth, as well as by paving new ways of collaboration between government, business and non-business actors, and thus higher inclusion. This, we argue, can be achieved if key criteria related to embedded autonomy, specifically extensive cooperation across stakeholders, as well as monitoring and evaluation of outcomes are fulfilled. Our findings suggest that the policy-making process in Morocco is becoming systemic in nature, values dialogue with the private sector, and places a stronger focus on industrialisation through dynamic competitive advantage, which might set it apart from other countries in the region. However, some hurdles still need to be appropriately addressed, most particularly to satisfy the second criteria of monitoring and evaluation, which still exhibits major shortcomings, but also concerning deeper inclusion and a more systematic implementation. Yet, although challenges remain, Morocco has taken a promising direction towards addressing the weaknesses of previous policies. If the identified weaknesses are addressed, industrial policy might well prove itself as valuable contribution to a new social contract within the country.


LMA CTrach TM enables ventilation and intubation with the same device while visualising the process of intubation. The manufacturer produced silicone wire reinforced tubes are recommended for intubation through this device. Objective: The intubation success rates with polyvinyl chloride tube and silicone wire reinforced tubes while intubating through LMA CTrach TM was compared. Study design: One hundred patients of ASA physical status 1 and 2 who were undergoing procedures under general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups. In one group silicone wire reinforced tubes and in the other group polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes were used for intubation through LMA CTrach TM . The success, number of attempts, time taken and the ease of intubation along with any incidence of airway trauma were recorded. Results: The overall success rate of intubation was 100% in both groups. The first attempt success of intubation was significantly higher in silicone tube group (98%) as compared to polyvinyl chloride tube group (84%). The ease of intubation was significantly higher in silicone tube group (98% versus 80%). The time taken for intubation was longer with polyvinyl chloride tube group by a mean of 10 seconds. The incidence of airway trauma was comparable in both groups. Conclusion: Polyvinyl chloride tracheal tubes can be used instead of the silicone wire reinforced tubes for intubating through LMA CTrach TM with a similar overall success rate and incidence of airway trauma. However, the first attempt success rate of intubation and ease of intubation were higher with the silicone wire reinforced tube.


Environmental awareness and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have promoted the use of green energy sources such as Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The Type 4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) with a Full-Scale Converter has grown to be a preferred choice among WECS. Conventionally these WECS are modeled as fixed PQ injections in distribution system analysis studies and for that reason they are not accurately represented. This inaccuracy is accentuated given the large-scale of integration of WECS. To overcome this limitation, this thesis proposes to develop a steady-state model for the Type 4 PMSG WECS to be used in unbalanced three-phase distribution load flow programs. The proposed model is derived from the analytical representation of its six main components: (1) the wind turbine, (2) the synchronous generator, (3) the diode-bridge rectifier, (4) voltage source inverter, (5) the dc-link with a boost converter that connects them, and (6) control mode action. This proposed model is validated through mathematical analysis and by comparing with a Matlab/Simulink model. Subsequently, the proposed model is integrated into a three-phase unbalanced load flow program. The IEEE 37-bus test system data is used to benchmark the results of the power flow method.