Abstract Impregnation with high initial concentration is fast and efficient, leading to a homogeneous delignification in the subsequent cook, resulting in improved screened pulp yield. To obtain high initial alkali concentration, the white liquor flow needs to be significantly increased. The moisture content of the wood chips and the alkali concentration of the white liquor limit the initial alkali concentration of the impregnation liquor that can be reached. It is therefore of interest to evaluate the possibility to implement high alkali impregnation (HAI) industrially and the consequences this would have on the mill system. The effect of HAI on mass and energy balances in a kraft pulp mill has been studied using mill model simulations. The sensitivity to disturbances in important parameters for process control has been compared to impregnation scenarios used industrially. It was shown that high initial alkali concentration can be achieved on industrial scale by increased white liquor flow. HAI has a positive effect on recovery flows and reduces the need for make-up chemicals. The HAI concept is less sensitive to variations in process parameters, such as chip moisture and white liquor concentration, thus diminishing the risk of alkali depletion in chip cores.


FTA bilateral and regional negotiations in Asia have developed quickly in the past decade moving Asia ever closer to an economic union. Unlike Europe with the EU and the 1997 treaty of Rome and the 1993 NAFTA in North American, Asian economic integration does not involve a comprehensive trade treaty, but an accelerating process of building one bilateral agreement on another. For countries in Asia there is negotiation of a China-Japan-Korea agreement, a China-India agreement, a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, and a Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This paper uses a fifteen-country global general equilibrium model with trade costs to numerically calculate Debreu distance measures between the present situation and potential full Asia integration in the form of a trade bloc. Our results reveal that these large Asia economies can be close to full integration if they act timely in agreements through negotiation. All Asia countries will gain from Asia trade bloc arrangements except when the Asia FTA can only eliminate tariffs. These countries' gain will increase as bilateral non-tariff elimination deepens. Larger countries will gain more than small countries. Asia FTA, Asia Union and RCEP will benefit member countries more than ASEAN+3. Global free trade will benefit all countries the most.


We propose a new DSP block for use in modern high-performance FPGAs. Current DSP blocks contain fixed-bitwidth multipliers that can be combined efficiently to form larger multipliers. Our approach is similar, but includes a bypass layer following the partial product generator that exposes the compressor tree used for partial product reduction directly to the user. As a consequence, the proposed DSP block can accelerate multi-input addition operations in addition to multiplication. To increase the flexibility of the device, the partial product reduction tree used within our DSP block uses a fixed-function compression logic along with a field programmable compressor tree (FPCT), the latter of which is user-configurable to meet the needs of the application at hand. Multi-input addition operations can be mapped directly onto the FPCT without compromising any of the other functionality of the DSP block.


An erbium doped fiber ring laser achieving soliton mode locking by the use of an intra-cavity all-fiber polarization interference filter (AFPIF) has been demonstrated. To incorporate an AFPIF with relative narrow transmission bandwidth, the laser has produced clean soliton pulses of 1.2 ps duration at a repetition rate of 14.98 MHz with a polarization extinction ratio up to 25.7 dB. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the operating wavelength of the mode locking laser can be tuned over 20 nm range from 1545 to 1565 nm by thermally tuning the AFPIF cavity.


Diagnostics and prognostics have made revolutionary changes with the advent of Micro RNA (miRNA) biomarker based detection of diseases. Currently, much research attention is on designing and developing suitable microfluidic platforms for lab-on-chip type configuration of diagnostic devices. In this paper, a microfluidic nanoscale fluid mixer for hybridizing target miRNA with its conjugate probe was designed and its performance was evaluated. In a microfluidic channel, the fluid flow is laminar, and mixing can happen by way of convection and diffusion. The governing equations of low Reynolds number flows in microchannel include additional terms to the continuity equation and the classical Navier-Stokes equations to incorporate mass transfer effects. Moreover, since there is a diffusion component in the continuity, momentum and energy equations, they need to be solved as simultaneous equations. Comsol Multiphysics 5.2a is capable of modeling such flows and is used for the simulation of the mixer. The principle used for detection of target miRNA is based on fluorescence detection upon hybridization with a quenched probe. In this study, mixers were designed aiming at better hybridization by adding mechanical structures to increase the interaction between the fluid streams and improve the convective contribution to the mixing process. Three types of microfluidic mixers were designed and fabricated with pillar structures for altering the flow pattern in different manners to enhance the hybridization for detection of target miRNA and the performance is compared with a plain T mixer. The design parameter of interest is the length of the channel which is sufficient for hybridization for a chosen flow rate. A study is performed to assess the mixing effectiveness at various lengths for a channel of fixed length. The major conclusion is that the mixer with zig-zag structure provides the best mixing among the three structures tested, where convection and diffusion were both contributing to mixing, with the convective component significantly enhanced compared to the plain T mixer. The fabricated devices were Y type for simplicity.


Background: Danger sign of pregnancy was a sign that someone who pregnant have a serious  problem with the mother or fetus. Contact at least 4 times during pregnancy (K4) was the fourth contact of pregnant women with the medical employee  (or more), to obtain antenatal care according to established standards, provided that at least one contact in the first trimester, one contact on the second trimester and two contact times in the third trimester. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between knowledge pregnant women about the danger signs of pregnancy with the achievement of K4.Methods: The research method was using analytical research design type of cross sectional correlation. The subjects in this study was the entire third trimester pregnant women in the Selopanggung Village Semen District Regency of  Kediri  as many as 12 people, sampling technique using saturation sampling and research in March until April 2019. Measuring instrument used was questionnaire and book KIA. Data analysis was using Fisher Probability Exact Test. Results: The results showed all third trimester pregnant women have a good knowledge (100%) and as much as 33% of pregnant women can achieve K4. The analysis showed that the calculated p value was 1 greater than 0.01 so there wasn't correlation between knowledge pregnant women about the danger signs of  pregnancy with the achievement of K4. Conclusion: This research was expected to increase further-enhance-the-achievement-of-K4 by medical employee with_home_visit.


Setting this article against a background of recent academic work, the author reviews the highlights of these studies, emphasizing issues that are particularly relevant for portfolio construction. First, he discusses recent evidence of the 'disposition effect,' meaning 'the disposition to sell winners too early and to hold on to losers too long.' The helps him present recent evidence on the disposition effect and introduce some of the basic concepts from behavioral finance for those new to the subject. Next, the author addresses the issue of overconfidence, one of the most prevalent behavioral phenomena. He reviews these findings which are based on recent studies about the forecasts, trades, and performances of participants in investment clubs. Finally, he examines two issues that are specifically relevant for retirement portfolios, although they also have more general implications. The first involves naive diversification and the second pertains to the rules investors use to determine how quickly retirement nest eggs are spent.


Over the past thirty years, whilst Japan has produced a diverse set of youth cultures which have had a major impact on popular culture across the globe, it has also developed a succession of youth problems which have led to major concerns within the country itself. Drawing on detailed empirical fieldwork, the authors of this volume set these issues in a clearly articulated 'social constructionist' framework, and put forth a sociology of Japanese youth problems which argues that there is a certain predictability about the way in which these problems are discovered, defined and dealt with.

The chapters include case studies covering issues such as:

Returnee children (kikokushijo)

Compensated dating (enjo kosai)

Corporal punishment (taibatsu)

Bullying (ijime)

Child abuse (jido gyakutai)

The withdrawn youth (hikikomori) and

NEETs (not in education, employment or training)

By examining these various social problems collectively, A Sociology of Japanese Youth explains why particular youth problems appeared when they did and what lessons they can provide for the study of youth problems in other societies.

This book will be of huge interest to students and scholars of Japanese society and culture, the sociology of Japan, Japanese anthropology and the comparative sociology of youth studies.


We characterized the DC transport response of a diode embedded in a THz quantum cascade laser as the laser current was changed. The overall response is described by parallel contributions from the rectification of the laser field due to the non-linearity of the diode I-V and from thermally activated transport. Sudden jumps in the diode response when the laser changes from single mode to multi-mode operation, with no corresponding jumps in output power, suggest that the coupling between the diode and laser field depends on the spatial distribution of internal fields. The results demonstrate conclusively that the internal laser field couples directly to the integrated diode.


INTRODUCTION: The umbilicus is essential for the aesthetic appearance of the abdomen, the vertical, long and deep shape is desired by the patients, however, in traditional aesthetic abdominal surgery, the rectus sheath around umbilicus is not plicated, the ring of umbilicus is not reduced, staying a gap of weakness, and the navel is widened and flat. OBJECTIVE: The authors present a technique for aesthetic and functional repair of umbilicus, its efficacy and specially the safety, are analyzed. METHODS: The technique consists in approach the umbilicus with a "U' shape suture across the umbilicus, plicating the rectus sheath, reducing the ring of the umbilicus, and deepening its base. It's made a retrospective study of 30 female patients, with the age between 26 and 59 years, media of 42.1 years, in the period of one year, all of them were submitted a abdominoplasty, except one which is made treatment of isolated diastasis and hernia. RESULTS: All the patients were satisfied about the size and the shape of the umbilicus, there is no recurrence of diastasis or hernias, no ischemic complications was presented, nor scars contractions. CONCLUSIONS: The technique is simple, efficient with good functional and aesthetic results, and overall safe, without ischemic complications.


This Article explores the extent to which the dispute settlement system of the WTO would be suitable in resolving competition-related cases. It first recalls that under existing trade rules, national competition law and practice are not exempt from, but rather subject to, the application of the dispute settlement system. Both competition laws as such and their application in individual cases must comply with the current, substantive standards of the WTO Agreement, and complaints can be brought against both. Extending the application of the dispute settlement system to a new agreement to be negotiated in the area of competition would produce no qualitative innovation. Drawing a parallel to the area of trade remedies, this Article further argues that the standard of review applied in WTO dispute settlement would also be appropriate for competition cases. This standard of review excludes de novo review, but sets rather high standards for the national authorities' duties of investigation and explanation. The dispute settlement system, however, shows significant weaknesses in connection to the fact-finding conducted by panels. Competition-related cases–as is usual in the area of economic law in general, and of trade remedies in particular–are very fact-intensive. In the dispute settlement system of the WTO, it is the task of the panels to establish the facts, whereas the Appellate Body addresses only questions of law. In order to achieve the objective of establishing the relevant facts of a case, panels can resort to experts. They can also seek information from WTO Members, who must respond, lest they should face the risk of negative inferences being drawn from their behavior. A serious weakness, however, exists with regard to the treatment of confidential information, for which no generally applicable rules of procedure exist to date. For the dispute settlement system to be able to apply effectively to a review of individual decisions under a future WTO competition agreement, it would be important to overcome this impediment, which, already today, regularly creates significant practical problems. Another weakness is rooted in the non-permanent character of the panels. A body composed of ad hoc selected members cannot be expected to conduct fact-finding with the same determination as a permanent body. It would therefore be beneficial to increase the structural independence of panel members.


Here we report that aloe-emodin (AE), a hydroxyanthraquinone present in Aloe vera leaves, has a specificin vitro and in vivo antineuroectodermal tumor activity. The growth of human neuroectodermal tumors is inhibited in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency without any appreciable toxic effects on the animals. The compound does not inhibit the proliferation of normal fibroblasts nor that of hemopoietic progenitor cells. The cytotoxicity mechanism consists of the induction of apoptosis, whereas the selectivity against neuroectodermal tumor cells is founded on a specific energy-dependent pathway of drug incorporation. Taking into account its unique cytotoxicity profile and mode of action, AE might represent a conceptually new lead antitumor drug.


The Piagetian account of development has been extremely influential in the deliberative democracy literature. It has been either explicitly or implicitly assumed by the majority of theorists working in this area. It encourages deliberative democrats to make at least four key assumptions about the development of deliberative citizens and their capacities. Firstly, that development is an organic process. Secondly, that it is a universal process. Thirdly, that it is an evolutionary or stage-centric process. And finally, that it is a process which is best encouraged through facilitative teaching methods. In this paper I will suggest that this Piagetian influence on deliberative democracy is not as positive as it is often assumed to be. It encourages a laissez faire attitude to development and does not properly explain how we can create deliberative citizens with a wide range of deliberative capacities. However, there is an alternative account of development which I believe offers a much stronger basis for the development of deliberative citizens. It was originally proposed by Piaget's great rival, the Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky. He provides four corresponding ideas about development that could also be applied to the development of deliberative citizens. Firstly, development is primarily a cultural process. Secondly it is contextual process. Thirdly, it is a revolutionary or crisis ridden process. And finally, it is a process which is best encouraged through direct and mediatory educational techniques. In this paper I will show how this alternative developmental perspective can provide a much stronger foundation for the cultivation of deliberative minds.


Oral history is a relatively new technique in historical research. Some of the first efforts in oral history (of former slaves and poor rural white populations in the southeastern United States) were sponsored by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s. (1) Allen Nevins started the oral history program at Columbia University in 1948, (2) and in 1966, the Oral History Association was formed. (3) A primary purpose of oral history has been to document memories and reflections of past events as seen through the eyes of a particular person. Oral history differs from a traditional autobiography in that the interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee serves to draw out memories and clarify issues provided by the interviewee. (4) The result of this process is the creation of a primary source document that can be used by other historical researchers. Several oral history projects have been conducted in music and in music education. Musical figures such as Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, and Charles Leonhard have been studied using these techniques. (5) One of Charles Leonhard's former students was Joseph Anthony Labuta, who followed his mentor's example and also became a leader in the music education profession. He is the focus of this oral history project. The purpose of this study was to create a preliminary biography on Dr. Joseph A. Labuta, one of the major figures in American music education during the second half of the twentieth century. Labuta's recalled memories were used to explore selected aspects of music education history during that period. Labuta, professor emeritus of music education at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, has written four well-known music education textbooks that are still currently in use, as well as influential articles and monographs. (6) He has been a leader in the field of music education in the United States, holding a number of offices at the state and national levels of MENC: The National Association for Music Education.(7) Over the course of his career, Labuta has left a legacy of more than 900 music education and conducting students who have benefited through his teaching. (8) Method Labuta was contacted by the study author and agreed to participate in the project. Dates for the face-to-face interviews were set, and Labuta provided the researcher with preliminary written material to assist in the preparation of the interviews. Oral history "life interview" techniques were used to create the materials for this project. (9) A series of autobiographical interviews were conducted with Labuta, focusing on a variety of topics related to his career. Bennett's 1992 oral history project on Charles Leonhard served as a model for the selection of interview topics. (10) The list of topics below was agreed upon by the researcher and Labuta. 1. General Life Overview 2. Public School Teaching 3. University of Illinois 4. Central Methodist College/Shepherd College 5. Leonhard and University of Illinois 6. Early Articles 7. Wayne State University, 1967-1977 8. Wayne State, 1977-1987 9. Wayne State, 1987-present (retirement) 10. Courses 11. Books: Teaching Musicianship in the High School Band 12. Books: Basic Conducting Techniques 13. Books: A Guide to Accountability in Music Instruction 14. Books: Music Education: Historical Contexts and Perspectives 15. Articles 16. Journal of Research in Music Education (JRME) Editorial Committee 17. Professional Activities (officer, clinician, conductor) 18. Student Accomplishments An open-ended format was used, based on the outline prepared for each interview session. (11) Neutral, open-ended questions were used to elicit responses from Labuta and were organized either by chronology or by general topic area. …


The chromosomal region 15q11-q13 contains 47 copies of a brain-specific small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), HBII-52. Kishore et al. now show that this snoRNA regulates alternative splicing of a specific pre-messenger RNA encoding a serotonin receptor by masking an exonic silencer. This snoRNA is not expressed in patients suffering from Prader-Willi syndrome and causes patients to express different isoforms of this serotonin receptor. Previously, it has been unclear how the loss of the Prader-Willi-imprinted region causes the disease, because most of its genes do not encode protein. S. Kishore, S. Stamm, The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C. Science 311, 230-232 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Using a bivariate probit model, the study jointly determines the factors underlying the probability of Bangladeshi farmers adopting a diversified cropping system and/or modern rice technology. Results reveal that the availability of irrigation is the single most important determinant of the decision to adopt modern rice technology, and adoption is higher among the tenant farmers. The exact opposite is true for the likelihood of adopting a diversified cropping system, which is significantly higher in areas with no irrigation as well as among the owner-operators. Furthermore, the diversified cropping system has a significantly higher rate of adoption in regions with developed infrastructure. Farmers' education, farming experience, farm asset ownership, and non-agricultural income all positively influence crop diversification. Also, small farmers are more likely to adopt a diversified cropping system. Significant regional variation exists in the level of crop diversification as well. The decision to adopt a diversified cropping system and/or modern rice technology is significantly correlated, implying that a univariate analysis of such decision is biased. Crop diversification can be promoted by investing in farmers' education as well as rural infrastructure development. Also, land reform policies focusing on delegating land ownership to landless and marginal farmers, and tenurial reforms are noteworthy.


As I write this editorial, we're planning a memorial service for my mother-in-law, a kind and gracious woman who passed from this life at home with her daughter at her side. Although her body failed her and she endured the full gamut of the healthcare system, her mind remained sharp and her spirit strong for all of her 85 years. She always served as a wonderful role model to me. But as we gently sorted through the treasures she left behind, I gained even more valuable insights about living. Perhaps they'll resonate with you in your personal and professional life. With a bachelor's degree in history, Mom Jones was the consummate historian. She kept detailed notes about the family genealogy dating back to the 1600s. Pictures were carefully annotated with names, dates, and significant events. A box held news clippings, family trees, and an ancient family bible, along with fascinating anecdotes neatly preserved for future generations. She researched facts, even visiting cemeteries to confirm dates of birth and death. Her work immortalized many individuals whose lives might have been otherwise forgotten amid the frenzied pace of today's world. Her efforts revealed to me the value of savoring the past as a legacy for the future. Going through the box brought the family together in a way that allowed us to celebrate our family heritage. In fact, those moments helped to heal grief and strengthen family ties. Her work reminded me of the need to spend quality time talking to loved ones about their life experiences and really listening to their stories. Recorded, they're a gift to future generations. Another insight involves discovering the uniqueness of each individual while we still can. We might think we know a person, but there's probably more that just might surface with the right conversation. Finding a picture of my conservative father in a grass skirt doing a native dance while he was stationed in New Guinea during World War II comes to mind. So does finding evidence of Mom Jones' early artistic talent for drawing and painting. Unfortunately, I never learned of these experiences and talents during their lives. What conversations we could've had! Though it's often tough given life's demands, we'd benefit from periodically tuning out our present world with all of its distractions, at least for a short time, and reaching into the past. It's a means of better appreciating today and grounding us for the future. Rest in peace, Mom. Until next time— ®


Microspore embryogenesis is a process of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition and embryogenesis initiation, induced in vitro by stress treatments and widely used in plant breeding for rapid production of doubled-haploids, but its regulating mechanisms are still largely unknown. Increasing evidence has revealed epigenetic reprogramming during microspore embryogenesis, through DNA methylation, but less is known about the involvement of histone modifications. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of histone H3K9 methylation, a major repressive modification, as well as the effects on microspore embryogenesis initiation of BIX-01294, an inhibitor of histone methylation, tested for the first time in plants, in Brassica napus and Hordeum vulgare. Results revealed that microspore reprogramming and initiation of embryogenesis involved a low level of H3K9 methylation. With the progression of embryogenesis, methylation of H3K9 increased, correlating with gene expression profiles of BnHKMT SUVR4-like and BnLSD1-like (writer and eraser enzymes of H3K9me2). At early stages, BIX-01294 promoted cell reprogramming, totipotency and embryogenesis induction, while diminishing bulk H3K9 methylation. DNA methylation was also reduced by short-term BIX-01294 treatment. By contrast, long BIX-01294 treatments hindered embryogenesis progression, indicating that H3K9 methylation is required for embryo differentiation. These findings open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency in recalcitrant species through pharmacological modulation of histone methylation by using BIX-01294.


A critical survey of the recent literature on the labor theory of value is offered, focusing upon the view of Marnian labor theory of value as a macroeconomic theory of exploitation within the money circuit of capita L The traditional and the 'new" solutions of the so-called transformation problem are rejected, and it is argued that the purely monetary reading of value and the revived clasical Marxist approach have mirror-like weaknesses. The paper claims that Rubin's insight - that in the end value is created in exchange but that the substance of value is latently present in production - can be pursued within a theory of money as a symbol. In this perspective the concept of exploitation as the extraction of surplus labor can be seen to be compatible with the concept of a non-commodity money. This reading of abstract labor theory of value argues that the quantitative aspect of Manes argument is relevant not for the setting of prices of production but rather for shedding light on the actual process of incessant change in the economic structure.


We have developed a function-level power estimation methodology for predicting the power dissipation of embedded software. For a given microprocessor core, we empirically build the "power data bank", which stores the power information of the built-in library functions and basic instructions. To estimate the average power of an embedded software on this core, we first get the execution information of the target software from program profiling/tracing tools. Then we evaluate the total energy consumption and execution time based on the "power data bank", and take their ratio as the average power. High efficiency is achieved because no power simulator is used once the "power data bank" is built. We apply this method to a commercial microprocessor core and get power estimates with an average error of 3%. With this method, microprocessor vendors can provide users the "power data bank" without releasing details of the core to help users get early power estimates and eventually guide power optimization.


Within a relevance-theoretic inferential framework, the present corpus-based study
offers an explanatory account of how English noun phrases are interpreted in discourse
with particular regard to generic reference. Relevance pragmatics pays special attention
to the process of discovering the proposition expressed by an utterance as a direct speech
act and therefore it provides us with tools to explain how the interpretation of noun
phrases contributes to the recovery of the proposition, especially how inference is being
carried out. Two sets of features developed in this thesis capture the mechanism of
interpreting NPs in general and generic reference in particular. One set applies to
nominal expressions which belong to a discoursal network, specifying their relations and
thereby enabling us to establish the network. When the NP in question is an
introductory expression, another set of features, which has therefore become more
important, is used to indicate the clues used in establishing a mental representation of its
interpretation. With the help of these two feature-based systems, cognitively significant
clues to the interpretation of an NP and its discoursal relations can be caught, including
those for deciding whether a certain NP is to be interpreted generically or not. This
study also investigates the four types of generics discussed in the linguistic literature:
member generics, class generics, sub-class generics, and the generic use of pronouns.
With the help of the one-million-word ICE-GB and other authentic sources, a
comprehensive classification of discoursal relations and types of generic referents is
established, which will serve as a basis for future research.


The simultaneous effect of temperature (5, 7, 10 and 13°C) and light on the rates of oxy- gen consumption and ammonia excretion of larval and early juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was examined. Larvae increased their mean dry body mass by 2000 times within 48 d. Instantaneous growth rate exceeded 30% d -1 towards the end of the study period, and proportionality of growth fol- lowed a triphasic pattern, during which body water content significantly declined but no inflection could be detected in the metabolic exponents. Data were rigorously tested via Model-I (least squares) and Model-II (geometric mean) regression techniques, and the aerobic metabolic rate was found to scale allometrically with both dry and wet body mass. The metabolic exponent was not affected by increasing temperature, but was significantly decreased by the presence of light (b = 0.88 to 0.89 for light-adapted larvae; b = 0.90 to 0.91 for dark-adapted larvae). The effect of light on small larvae (4 to 7 mm standard length, SL) caused a 30 to 40% increase in metabolic rate, while no effect was observed in larger juveniles (40 to 60 mm SL). Acute temperature acclimation of Atlantic cod of 4 to 60 mm SL (0.04 to 350 mg dry mass) demonstrated normal thermal sensitivity with Q10 values of 2.4 for dark-adapted larvae and 2.6 for light-adapted larvae. Rates of ammonia excretion also scaled allo- metrically with wet and dry body mass and showed greater variability in dark-adapted compared to light-adapted larvae. Comparison of the molar rates of ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption revealed that Atlantic cod larvae have a high reliance on amino acids as fuel for energy dissipation. With lipids as the assumed co-substrate, amino acids were estimated to account for 70 to 95% of total substrate oxidation for larvae up to 7 mm SL (first 3 to 4 wk of post-hatch development). Beyond 7 mm SL, the reliance on amino acids as fuel began to decline, but even in juveniles of 40 to 60 mm SL, amino acids still represented the dominant source of fuel. For juveniles of between 10 and 20 mm SL, both the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion remained unaffected by the presence of food in the gut. For short-term fasted juveniles (35 to 60 mm SL), however, a substantial decline in the rate of ammonia excretion was observed. This indicates that during short-term fasting (8 to 12 h) early juvenile Atlantic cod conserve amino acids, rather than funneling them into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.


This research outlines studies about the relationship between social integration process of Japanese immigrants in Sweden and how social media assists in this process. The purpose of this research includes: To find out the reasons of migration to Sweden for six Japanese immigrants, any difficulties that they faced at the beginning of their immigration process and/or any positive qualities that they found in living in Sweden, whether they have accessed social media since they have moved in, if they do so, how the social media has been used and also, whether the social media has had a role to play in contributing to help their social integration process. In addition, it has been considered whether the participants have plans to return to Japan. In Sweden, there is relatively small Japanese migrant population. This social science research paper is the first in Sweden which explores the immigration process of Japanese migrants into Sweden. This research will help to deepen the understanding of Japanese migrants' experiences and contributes in assisting the social services community as well as other migrants.


This article studies the impact of reputation on market entry in public procurement. Based on the observation of a French firm with a strong reputation, we demonstrate a significant effect of the difference in public contracts won between date t-1 and date t. Our model provides empirical proof that selection of a supplier with a strong reputation does not hinder entry in public procurement nor does it prevent free competition. This result thus questions the justification for the European Union regulation that limits the use of information on past performance to select suppliers in public markets. The findings also suggest that reputation mechanisms can help reduce uncertainty during contract execution.


Biometrics-based personal identification is regarded as an effective method for automatically recognizing, with a high confidence, a person's identity. This paper presents a new biometric approach to online personal identification using palmprint technology. In contrast to the existing methods, our online palmprint identification system employs low-resolution palmprint images to achieve effective personal identification. The system consists of two parts: a novel device for online palmprint image acquisition and an efficient algorithm for fast palmprint recognition. A robust image coordinate system is defined to facilitate image alignment for feature extraction. In addition, a 2D Gabor phase encoding scheme is proposed for palmprint feature extraction and representation. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.


We present a multi-cohort shape heritability study, extending the fast spherical demons registration to subcortical shapes via medial modeling. A multi-channel demons registration based on vector spherical harmonics is applied to medial and curvature features, while controlling for metric distortion. We registered and compared seven subcortical structures of 1480 twins and siblings from the Queensland Twin Imaging Study and Human Connectome Project: Thalamus, Caudate, Putamen, Pallidum, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Nucleus Accumbens. Radial distance and tensor-based morphometry (TBM) features were found to be highly heritable throughout the entire basal ganglia and limbic system. Surface maps reveal subtle variation in heritability across functionally distinct parts of each structure. Medial Demons reveals more significantly heritable regions than two previously described surface registration methods. This approach may help to prioritize features and measures for genome-wide association studies.


My research project is focused around a specific gene - cytosolic carboxypeptidase 5 (CCP5). Previous research suggests that the CCP5 gene is essential for the modification of alpha-tubulin which is necessary for normal growth of cilia in the olfactory pit of zebrafish. Using a CCP5-MO to knockdown the gene I was able to compare the resulting phenotype to that of a control specimen in order to determine any visible differences with respect to cilia morphology. Through analysis by scanning electron miscroscopy I wasw able to that cilia morphology did appear to be effected by the knockdown of CCP5. However, similar results were also displayed by one of our control groups unaffected by CCP5-MO, there fore no conclusive results could be drwan from this experiment.


Your children are not your children. They are the sons and daughters of life's longing for itself. They come through you but not from you, And though they are with you yet they belong not to you. You may give them your love but not your thoughts, For they have their own thoughts,. You may house their bodies but not their souls, For their souls dwell in the house of tomorrow, Which you cannot visit, not even in your dreams. (Khalil Gibran, The Prophet)


We conduct a modified dictator game in order to analyze the role self-image concerns play in other-regarding behavior. While we generally follow Konow (2000), a cognitive dissonance-based model of other-regarding behavior in dictator games, we relax one of its assumptions as we allow for individual heterogeneity among individuals' standards of behavior. Subjects' self-image, their belief regarding the average socially appropriate behavior of others and our proxies for the cognitive dissonance costs are positively correlated with the dictator game choices.We also find that subjects whose choices involve two psychologically inconsistent cognitions indeed report higher levels of experienced conflict and take more time for their decisions (our proxies for cognitive dissonance).


Globalisation has been accompanied by, inter alia, the movement of people from their countries of nationality or citizenship to other countries in search of better opportunities. Some of these people have been convicted of offences and sentenced to imprisonment in countries of which they are non-nationals. Because of the increase in the number of foreign nationals in prisons of different countries, initiatives have been taken at international, regional and national levels to transfer these offenders to their countries of nationality (administering countries) to serve sentences imposed by courts in a foreign country (sentencing countries). The effect is that the imposition of the sentence is governed by the laws of the sentencing country and the administration of the sentence is governed by the laws of the administering country. Therefore, the offender is governed by laws of different countries. Apart from the laws of the sentencing and the administering states, there are cases where these offenders are also governed by international law and in particular international human rights law. Although the rights of foreign offenders are increasingly receiving attention in the transfer discourse, one right that appears not to have been emphasised in Africa and other parts of the world is the right to family life and how seriously it should be taken by those responsible for transferring offenders before they make a decision. The purpose of this article is to argue that the right to family life should be taken seriously in deciding whether or not an offender should be transferred if the transferred offender is to be rehabilitated and ultimately reintegrated into society.


Lowell Mason (1792-1872) was an influential figure in the development of American music in the nineteenth century. In addition to being one of the first advocates for teaching music in public schools, Mason was also an accomplished organist and choirmaster. Furthermore, he was one of the earliest to promote congregational singing in church services, and he also spent much of his life collecting, arranging, and publishing hymn tunes. Many of his hymn tunes are still included in the core repertoire of American hymnody. During the course of his career, Mason wrote over 1200 hymn tunes, including Bethany, Hamburg, Missionary Hymn, Olivet, and Uxbridge. The purpose of this study was to arrange and present in a performance edition five brass quintet settings of Lowell Mason's hymn tunes Bethany, Hamburg, Missionary Hymn, Olivet, and Uxbridge. A secondary purpose of this study was to present information about Mason to provide a historical context in which the tunes were composed. This document includes a brief biographical sketch of Mason, a discussion of his compositional style, historical information about the selected hymn tunes, and the settings of the hymn tunes for brass quintet. The settings of Bethany, Hamburg, Missionary Hymn, Olivet, and Uxbridge for brass quintet were created using the versions of the hymn tunes found in The Sabbath Hymn and Tune Book (1850) as starting points. Scored for two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba, the arrangements are rhythmically and harmonically more varied than the original versions found in The Sabbath Hymn and Tune Book, and they are intended for concert performance. The settings of the five hymn tunes bring together traditional and historically significant works in a viable and expansive harmonic presentation suitable for either the worship service or the concert stage.


Asymmetric cell division is essential for the generation of diversity during development and the function of stem cell lineages. The Caenorhabditis elegans zygote is an attractive model to investigate the mechanisms of spindle positioning during asymmetric cell division. In this polarized cell, the asymmetric distribution of cortical force generators along the antero-posterior axis and pulling on astral microtubules leads to the unequal cleavage of the one-cell embryo. The mechanisms underlying such cortical force generation are thought to act strictly at the protein level. In this thesis work we report that the mRNA encoding the cortical force generator component LIN-5 is enriched around centrosomes in early embryos, in a manner that depends on microtubules and dynein. We established that the lin-5 coding sequence is necessary and sufficient for mRNA enrichment around centrosomes in C. elegans. In addition, we found that lin-5 mRNA is mislocalized in lin-5(ev571) mutant embryos, which harbor a 9 nucleotide insertion in the coding sequence. Moreover, an intragenic revertant of lin-5(ev571), lin-5(ev571he63), also exhibits mislocalized lin-5 mRNA distribution. We demonstrated that this is accompanied by diminished pulling forces on the posterior spindle pole, suggesting that centrosomal localization of lin-5 mRNA is important for robust pulling forces. We found also that lin-5 mRNA centrosomal enrichment is slightly asymmetric during anaphase, with more transcripts present on the anterior side. We developed a novel FRAP-based assay, which revealed that lin-5 is translated/folded preferentially in the cytoplasm compared to centrosomes. Furthermore, we found that morpholino-mediated inhibition of lin-5 translation diminishes pulling forces on the posterior side during anaphase. Together, these findings lead us to propose that preferential translation/folding of lin-5 in the posterior cytoplasm following release of the mRNA from the posterior centrosome contributes to asymmetric cortical distribution of force generators, and thus to proper spindle positioning. Moreover, we found that the mRNA of an uncharacterized gene, era-1 is enriched on the anterior side of the zygote and is inherited by the anterior blastomeres. Similar to era-1 mRNA, a YFP fusion of ERA-1 protein is also asymmetrically distributed. Moreover, asymmetric distribution of both era-1 mRNA and YFP-ERA-1 protein requires the era-1 3'UTR. Furthermore, the RNA-binding protein MEX-5 is needed for both asymmetric era-1 mRNA localization and for its translational activation. Furthermore, we report that the clathrin heavy chain CHC-1 negatively regulates pulling forces acting on centrosomes during interphase and on spindle poles during mitosis in one-cell C. elegans embryos. We establish a similar role for the cytokinesis/apoptosis/RNA-binding protein CAR-1 and uncover that CAR-1 is needed to maintain normal levels of CHC-1. We demonstrate that CHC-1 is necessary for proper organization of the cortical acto-myosin network and for full cortical tension. Furthermore, we establish that the centrosome positioning phenotype of embryos depleted of CHC-1 is alleviated by stabilizing the acto-myosin network. Conversely, we demonstrate that slight perturbations of the acto-myosin network results in excess centrosome movements. Overall, our findings lead us to propose that clathrin plays a critical role in centrosome positioning by promoting acto-myosin cortical tension.


In Article 2 & 3 of this work, we showed how existence, by forming relationships with itself repetitively and progressively, evolves into a relational structure that functions as the framework of reality. However, what we have described so far as the relational structure of reality, including the differentiation of that relational structure, explains only the fundamental behavior of, and some of the intrinsic relationships within, what we experience and are aware of as physical reality. What we have described so far doesn't explain why there exists physical experience itself or why there exists an awareness of physical experience. To present a more complete, unified model of reality, it's necessary to explain not only why physical reality behaves as it does but also, within the context of that same model, explain why we experience physical reality as we do, as well as why we're aware or conscious of our experience, since experience, awareness, and consciousness are themselves integral parts of our reality. In that same vein, mental and emotional experiences are also integral parts of our reality and so must also be integrated into any model of reality that seeks to account for reality as a whole. The purpose of this article and the next article of this work, then, is to explain within the context of the same unified model of realty that was developed in Articles 2 & 3 of this work, how experience, awareness, and consciousness are all related, and in the process demonstrate that the physical, mental, and emotional experiential realities in which we find ourselves immersed can be understood in terms of a singular or unitary existence existing in relation to itself. Toward that end, we will now begin to explore how evolving existence, by existing in relation to itself at yet another level, becomes aware of physical, mental, and emotional experiences.


The Consequences of Plant Species Diversity and Genetic Diversity for Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems by Kerri Margaret Crawford Plant species diversity plays an important role in structuring communities and mediating ecosystem processes. Experiments have shown increasing plant species richness increases primary productivity, arthropod species richness, nutrient cycling, and community stability. Because effects of diversity are driven by variation among individuals, it is expected that genetic diversity within a species may mimic the effects of species diversity. Indeed, recent experimental evidence has confirmed this prediction. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated the effects of plant species diversity and genetic diversity in the same system. Therefore, the relative importance of species diversity and genetic diversity for community structure and ecosystem processes remains unresolved, and, importantly, potential interactions between levels of diversity have rarely been investigated. Interactive effects between genetic diversity and species diversity are particularly important to investigate, as natural systems are composed of several genotypes of many different species. Here, I investigated how plant species diversity and genetic diversity influenced populations, communities, and ecosystems. First, I tested whether genetic diversity within populations of a weedy annual plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, influenced population success. Increasing genetic diversity increased several measures of population viability, including seedling emergence, biomass production, flowering duration, and seed set. This result suggests that highly genetically diverse populations, such as populations created from multiple introductions, may be more able to colonize novel environments than less genetically diverse populations. Next, I simultaneously manipulated plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant plant species in a common garden. This experiment addressed how both levels of diversity influenced a key ecosystem process, primary productivity. Plant species diversity and genetic diversity interactively influenced biomass production, with productivity increasing the most with genetic diversity when high levels of species diversity were present. Finally, I explored how plant diversity in the common garden influenced arthropod community composition, and found that genetic diversity influenced arthropods more strongly than plant species diversity. Altogether, my work underscores the importance of understanding how plant species diversity and genetic diversity interactively influence ecological communities in order to gain a more holistic view of how communities are structured and what factors control ecosystem


Author(s): Less, Brennan; Ticci, Sara | Abstract: Past field research and simulation studies have shown that high performance homes experience elevated indoor humidity levels for substantial portions of the year in humid climates. This is largely the result of lower sensible cooling loads, which reduces the moisture removed by the cooling system. These elevated humidity levels lead to concerns about occupant comfort, health and building durability. Use of mechanical ventilation at rates specified in ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013 are often cited as an additional contributor to humidity problems in these homes. Past research has explored solutions, including supplemental dehumidification, cooling system operational enhancements and ventilation system design (e.g., ERV, supply, exhaust, etc.). This project's goal is to develop and demonstrate (through simulations) smart ventilation strategies that can contribute to humidity control in high performance homes. These strategies must maintain IAQ via equivalence with ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2013. To be acceptable they must not result in excessive energy use. Smart controls will be compared with dehumidifier energy and moisture performance. This work explores the development and performance of smart algorithms for control of mechanical ventilation systems, with the objective of reducing high humidity in modern high performance residences. Simulations of DOE Zero-Energy Ready homes were performed using the REGCAP simulation tool. Control strategies were developed and tested using the Residential Integrated Ventilation (RIVEC) controller, which tracks pollutant exposure in real-time and controls ventilation to provide an equivalent exposure on an annual basis to homes meeting ASHRAE 62.2-2013. RIVEC is used to increase or decrease the real-time ventilation rate to reduce moisture transport into the home or increase moisture removal. This approach was implemented for no-, one- and two-sensor strategies, paired with a variety of control approaches in six humid climates (Miami, Orlando, Houston, Charleston, Memphis and Baltimore). The control options were compared to a baseline system that supplies outdoor air to a central forced air cooling (and heating) system (CFIS) that is often used in hot humid climates. Simulations were performed with CFIS ventilation systems operating on a 33% duty-cycle, consistent with 62.2-2013. The CFIS outside airflow rates were set to 0%, 50% and 100% of 62.2-2013 requirements to explore effects of ventilation rate on indoor high humidity. These simulations were performed with and without a dehumidifier in the model. Ten control algorithms were developed and tested. Analysis of outdoor humidity patterns facilitated smart control development. It was found that outdoor humidity varies most strongly seasonally—by month of the year—and that all locations follow the similar pattern of much higher humidity during summer. Daily and hourly variations in outdoor humidity were found to be progressively smaller than the monthly seasonal variation. Patterns in hourly humidity are driven by diurnal daily patterns, so they were predictable but small, and were unlikely to provide much control benefit. Variation in outdoor humidity between days was larger, but unpredictable, except by much more complex climate models. We determined that no-sensor strategies might be able to take advantage of seasonal patterns in humidity, but that real-time smart controls were required to capture variation between days. Sensor-based approaches are also required to respond dynamically to indoor conditions and variations not considered in our analysis. All smart controls face trade-offs between sensor accuracy, cost, complexity and robustness.


Until recently, historians have paid little attention to the subject of property ownership among African-American women (or any women for that matter) during the nineteenth century. Early studies of slavery concentrated primarily on their role as "matriarchs" of slave families, while later investigations during the 1970s often focused on "black culture" and "black consciousness," emphasizing how, despite being sexually exploited by their white masters, African-American women played an important role in passing down a unique set of cultural values from one generation to the next. 2 Similarly, the literature on free African-Americans—from the early twentieth century university studies, to Carter G. Woodson and his followers, to the growing number of dissertations, articles, and books written during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s—contains information on a broad range of subjects but only fleeting references to the special economic role of women. 3
During the 1980s, this has slowly begun to change as scholars have turned their attention to the "internal slave economy" and free blacks in an urban setting. In their articles on slave property holding and market networks, historians Philip Morgan and Lawrence T. McDonnell have showed how some female slaves became actively engaged in buying and selling various goods. In her important analysis of free women of color in Petersburg, Virginia, Suzanne Lebsock noted that among the free blacks who managed to accumulate property, "a high proportion-40 to 50 percent—were women." In their studies of urban free blacks, Leonard Curry and Whittington B. Johnson discovered that black women were "quite visible" as property owners in Charleston, Louisville, Baltimore, Savannah, and other cities. In addition, Morgan, McDonnell, and others have examined the motives that prompted women to acquire property: slaves could provide better shelter and clothing for their children, add fruits and vegetables or store-bought items (coffee, tea, sugar, liquor) to their diets, travel by horse or wagon to visit relatives; a few could achieve a measure of autonomy within the "peculiar institution" or save enough to purchase themselves or loved ones out of slavery; free women of color could better defend themselves against the oppressive laws and institutions, seek legal redress within the court system, and sometimes secure white guardians and "protectors." They, too, were sometimes able to purchase loved ones out of bondage.


Health care, as a universal issue, is at a cross-road. The United States is grappling with the introduction of new policies and structures to make basic health care accessible to the majority of the population. South Africa, along with many other countries, is facing the same problems and challenges. The root cause in all these scenarios is the ever increasing cost of health care services. As a result new solutions are constantly being sought, and amongst these solutions, an area
that is becoming increasingly important is ambulatory medicine.


We find that diverse nonlinear waves, such as soliton, Akhmediev breather, and rogue waves (RWs), can emerge and interplay with each other in a two-mode coupled system. It provides a good platform to study interaction between different kinds of nonlinear waves. In particular, we obtain dark RWs analytically for the first time in the coupled system, and find that two RWs can appear in the temporal-spatial distribution. Possible ways to observe these nonlinear waves are discussed.


Transportation accidents and the resulting fires are an important field of study. At the University of Waterloo Live Fire Research Facility (UWLFRF), an experiment was conducted in partnership with Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This experiment was designed to simulate an aircraft accident where fuel is spilled on the runway and is subsequently ignited. A crosswind pushes the 2.0 m diameter pool fire towards the aircraft fuselage and the conditions around the fire are monitored. Literature on the subject is examined first, examining the relationship between the fire, the crosswind, and the 2.7 m diameter blocking object (aircraft fuselage). A full wind characterization is then presented of the UWLFRF both with and without the blocking object in place, using five distinct wind speeds ranging from 3 m/s to 13.5 m/s. Turbulence intensity measurements are made on the centerline of the facility when possible. Details about the two sets of live fire tests are presented, a control experiment without the blocking object in place and then fire tests with the blocking object in place. Additionally, the control experiment has two different setups, one involving a floor surround in order to diminish the effect of the forward facing step on the front of the fuel pan. The fuel regression rate, the wind speed, the ambient conditions and the heat flux near the fuel pan are monitored during each live fire test. The fuel regression rate, defined as the rate at which the height of the liquid fuel level decreases as the fire burns, is then analyzed versus all other monitored variables. During no blocking object tests, trends of increasing wind speed and increasing heat flux on some gauges and decreasing flux on others was observed with increasing fuel regression rate when the floor surround was in place. During no blocking object tests without the floor surround and tests with the blocking object in place, no strong trends were observed when comparing the monitored variables. The ambient conditions were not observed to have an effect on any test. The average fuel regression for tests without the blocking object in place is 4.0 mm/min without the floor surround, and 4.4 mm/min with it in place. With the blocking object in place the average fuel regression rate was measured to be 4.8 mm/min using load cells and 4.1 mm/min using the sight glass.


The intellectual response to the Great Depression is often portrayed as a battle between the ideas of Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes. Yet both the Austrian and the Keynesian interpretations of the Depression were incomplete. Austrians could explain how a country might get into a depression (bust following a credit‐fueled investment boom) but not how to get out of one (liquidation). Keynesians could explain how a country might get out of a depression (government spending on public works) but not how it got into one (animal spirits). By contrast, the monetary approach of Gustav Cassel has been ignored. As early as 1920, Cassel warned that mismanagement of the gold standard could lead to a severe depression. Cassel not only explained how this could occur, but his explanation anticipates the way that scholars today describe how the Great Depression actually occurred. Unlike Keynes or Hayek, Cassel analyzed both how a country could get into a depression (deflation due to tight monetary policies) and how it could get out of one (monetary expansion).


The concept of neutral evolutionary networks being a significant factor in evolutionary dynamics was first proposed by Huynen {\em et al.} about 7 years ago. In one sense, the principle is easy to state -- because most mutations to an organism are deleterious, one would expect that neutral mutations that don't affect the phenotype will have disproportionately greater representation amongst successor organisms than one would expect if each mutation was equally likely. So it was with great surprise that I noted neutral mutations being very rare in a visualisation of phylogenetic trees generated in {\em Tierra}, since I already knew that there was a significant amount of neutrality in the Tierra genotype-phenotype map. The paper reports on an investigation into this mystery.


iCourts is a centre of excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation. Its research focus is on the ever growing role of international courts, their place in a globalising legal order and their impact on politics and society at large. To understand these crucial and contemporary interplays of law, politics and society, iCourts hosts a set of deeply integrated interdisciplinary research projects on the causes and consequences of the proliferation of international courts.


We introduce a variational time discretization for the multidimensional gas dynamics equations, in the spirit of minimizing movements for curves of maximal slope. Each time step requires the minimization of a functional measuring the acceleration of fluid elements, over the cone of monotone transport maps. We prove convergence to measure-valued solutions for the pressureless gas dynamics and the compressible Euler equations. For one space dimension, we obtain sticky particle solutions for the pressureless case.


We present a discourse model integrated with a case-based reasoning dialogue system which learns from experience. The discourse model is capable of solving references, manage sub dialogues and respect turn takings in a dialogue in natural language. The framework is flexible enough not to disturb the learning functions, but allows dynamic changes to a large extent. The system is tested in a traffic surveillance domain together with a simulated UAV and is found to be robust and reliable.


Aims. We investigated the magnetic properties of radio relics located at the peripheries of galaxy clusters at high radio frequencies, where the emission is expected to be free of Faraday depolarization. The degree of polarization is a measure of the magnetic field compression and, hence, the Mach number. Polarization observations can also be used to confirm relic candidates. Methods. We observed three radio relics in galaxy clusters and one radio relic candidate at 4.85 and 8.35 GHz in total emission and linearly polarized emission with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope. In addition, we observed one radio relic candidate in X-rays with the Chandra telescope. We derived maps of polarization angle, polarization degree, and Faraday rotation measures. Results. The radio spectra of the integrated emission below 8.35 GHz can be well fitted by single power laws for all four relics. The flat spectra (spectral indices of 0.9 and 1.0) for the so-called Sausage relic in cluster CIZA J2242+53 and the so-called Toothbrush relic in cluster 1RXS 06+42 indicate that models describing the origin of relics have to include effects beyond the assumptions of diffuse shock acceleration. The spectra of the radio relics in ZwCl 0008+52 and in Abell 1612 are steep, as expected from weak shocks (Mach number ≈2.4). Polarization observations of radio relics offer a method of measuring the strength and geometry of the shock front. We find polarization degrees of more than 50% in the two prominent Mpc-sized radio relics, the Sausage and the Toothbrush, which are among the highest percentages of linear polarization detected in any extragalactic radio source to date. This is remarkable because the large beam size of the Effelsberg single-dish telescope corresponds to linear extensions of about 300 kpc at 8.35 GHz at the distances of the relics. The high degree of polarization indicates that the magnetic field vectors are almost perfectly aligned along the relic structure, as expected for shock fronts that are observed edge-on. The polarization degrees correspond to Mach numbers of >2.2. Polarized emission is also detected in the radio relics in ZwCl 0008+52 and, for the first time, in Abell 1612. The smaller sizes and lower degrees of polarizations of the latter relics indicate a weaker shock and/or an inclination between the relic and the sky plane. Abell 1612 shows a complex X-ray surface brightness distribution, indicating a recent major merger and supporting the classification of the radio emission as a radio relic. In our cluster sample, no wavelength-dependent Faraday depolarization is detected between 4.85 GHz and 8.35 GHz, except for one component of the Toothbrush relic. Faraday depolarization between 1.38 GHz and 8.35 GHz varies with distance from the center of the host cluster 1RXS 06+42, which can be explained by a decrease in electron density and/or in strength of a turbulent (or tangled) magnetic field. Faraday rotation measures show large-scale gradients along the relics, which cannot be explained by variations in the Milky Way foreground. Conclusions. Single-dish telescopes are ideal tools to confirm relic candidates and search for new relic candidates. Measurement of the wavelength-dependent depolarization along the Toothbrush relic shows that the electron density of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) and strength of the tangled magnetic field decrease with distance from the center of the foreground cluster. Large-scale regular fields appear to be present in intergalactic space around galaxy clusters.


The recently evolving global financial crisis reveals both the fragile state of the global economy and the major long-term implications of an increasingly unfair global economy for global health and human flourishing. We are also at a critical juncture in world history in relation to understanding and endeavoring to counteract the adverse effects of modern life on climate change and our natural environment. If the growing world-wide interest and apparent commitment to global health and environmental security are to have a significant impact it will be necessary for us be deeply introspective about our value system and reconsider what needs to be done to ensure long-term and secure human flourishing in an interdependent world. It is proposed that belief in endless economic growth and emphasis on an entirely medicalized approach to health needs to be replaced by a vision of healthy human life that is achievable and sustainable for a greater proportion of the world's population.


Background: Skin diseases account for 2% of the Out Patient Department based consultations in general practice worldwide, which includes diseases like, Dermatitis, Eczema, Acne, Urticaria, Psoriasis, skin allergy etc. Corticosteroids are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the skin diseases. Collection of data on the utilization of drugs at the hospital outpatient level has been shown to be an effective tool to constitute guidelines for improving utilization patterns. Objectives: Present study was designed to study utilization pattern of corticosteroid drugs with special emphasis on their adverse effects in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: Prescriptions from department of dermatology were evaluated to know current trends. Results: Out of total 756 patients, 56.34% were male and 43.65 % were females. Corticosteroids were most commonly prescribed for Eczema (27.38%). 28.43 % of the drugs were prescribed from WHO essential drugs list. Corticosteroids were most commonly prescribed by topical route (86.48%). Diagnosis was included in 92.72 % of the prescriptions, while strength of the topical corticosteroidal was mentioned in 84.78 % of the prescriptions. Strength of the topical corticosteroidal was mentioned in 84.78 % of prescriptions. High potency topical corticosteroids were prescribed most frequently (63.72%). Total 32 steroid related adverse drug reactions were reported, Prednisolone was most commonly associated with adverse drug reactions. Conclusions: Present study reports use of High potency corticosteroids more frequently than others and emphasizes need of rational and complete prescribing of steroids in dermatology


Highly N- and O-doped carbons were prepared from pine tannins by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and subsequently applied as materials for supercapacitor electrodes. Pine tannins were transformed into carbon materials by using environment-friendly solvents (water or ammonia) without applying any activation or functionalisation post-treatment. Depending on the solution used for extracting tannins and on the HTC method, carbons with different physicochemical and electrochemical properties were obtained. The material prepared from the water-extracted tannin and subjected to HTC in ammonia displayed a porous texture composed of: (a) low ultramicroporosity and well-developed mesoporosity; (b) a hydrophilic surface with a high density of surface functionalities; and (c) a high nanotextural order. These features accounted for the excellent electrochemical performance of the resultant carbon electrode in terms of high rate capability up to 1 V s−1, high energy density up to ∼1500 mA g−1, low cell resistance and fast frequency response, making it a suitable material for practical supercapacitors.


Investigating out-of-equilibrium dynamics with two-dimensional (2D) systems is of widespread theoretical interest, as these systems are strongly influenced by fluctuations and there exists a superfluid phase transition at a finite temperature. In this work, we realise matter-wave interference for degenerate Bose gases, including the first demonstration of coherent splitting of 2D Bose gases using magnetic trapping potentials. We improve the fringe contrast by imaging only a thin slice of the expanded atom clouds, which will be necessary for subsequent studies on the relaxation of the gas following a quantum quench.


Gender issues in academia continue to warrant attention. We are two women academics who migrated to Australia and who work at different universities in Melbourne, Australia. We are reflecting on our experiences of the social, political and intellectual realities of academic life, presenting ourselves as objects of research and analysing our stories in an iterative process of recorded conversations made over six months. Through dialogue, we construct a rhythm of duo-ethnographic exploration, hearing our voices as versions of ourselves, our truths and our place in the academic world. Ideally, this lens offers a nuanced account of self and identity, drawing on multiple accounts of what it has felt like and still feels like being an academic, and in such a way that an extended ethnography of that community may be heard. We create a community-building practice through which we can view the experiences of 'the other'. We hope this story might open spaces for other migrant women academics to share their experiences and offer evidence of hope, whilst establishing an invitation to engage with women academic insiders and outsiders.


SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN  (SSM) is a multidisciplinary research journal, publish monthly in English, Hindi , Gujarati & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects. Aims : SHODH SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN is a monthly international journal publishing double blind peer - reviewed research in multidisciplinary it is publish in English, Hindi , Gujarati & Marathi our aim is worldwide recognition and fast publication. SSM makes readers of the change happening in higher education and society as well as research an end us. our journal helps in providing a convenient, reliable as we as cost effective solution of processing and delivering the publication to the door step of our readers. Obejctives : To publish high quality research papers. To publish original innovative and novel research articles. A Scholar double blind review process. To stimulate Indian Streams Research Writing. Fast publication & Open Access. Motto : To recognition World Wide. To publish high quality research papers Expert double blind peer - Reviewer. Fast and Quality publication. Stimulate young researchers Research articles recognize world wide Mission : The Mission of Shodh Samiksha aur Mulyankan is multidisciplinary research journal, publish monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi, is provides for academic, university's students to publish current and significant research as well as publication activities. This journal accepts research article on all areas of higher education. There is no deadline for article submission


Building on prior thinking about political representation in democratic deliberation, we argue for four ideals of inclusion, each of which is most appropriate to a different situation. These principles of inclusion depend not only on the goals of a deliberation, but also on its level of empowerment in the political system, and its openness to all who want to participate. Holistic and open deliberations can most legitimately incorporate and decide for the people as a whole if they are open to all who want to participate and affirmatively recruit perspectives that would be underrepresented otherwise. Chicago Community Policing beat meetings offer an example. Holistic and restricted forums (such as the latter stages of some participatory budgeting processes) should recruit stratified random samples of the demos, but must also ensure that problems of tokenism are overcome by including a critical mass of the least powerful perspectives, so that their views can be aired and heard more fully and effectively. Forums that aim to improve relations between social sectors and peoples should provide open access for all who are affected by the issues (relational and open), if possible, or recruit a stratified random sample of all affected, when necessary (relational and restricted). In either case, proportional representation of the least advantaged perspectives is necessary. However, when deliberation focuses on relations between a disempowered group and the rest of society, or between unequal peoples, it is often most legitimate to over-sample the least powerful and even to create opportunities for the disempowered to deliberate among themselves so that their perspectives can be adequately represented in small and large group discussions. We illustrate this discussion with examples of atypical Deliberative Polls on Australia's reconciliation with its indigenous community and the Roma ethnic minority in Europe.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted considerable research interest owing to their exciting properties and potential for a wide range of applications. However, major challenges must be overcome before these applications can be realised. As-prepared CNT material contains a significant proportion of impurities, such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes and metal catalyst particles. The raw CNT material must be purified before the CNTs can be studied and utilised. Also, CNTs tend to aggregate into bundles or "ropes", and have poor solubility in common solvents, making their handling and processing extremely difficult. Also, many applications require individually separated CNTs. To improve the solubility of CNTs, and amenability to processing on a large scale, chemical modification of CNT surfaces is necessary. To this end, non-covalent as well as covalent strategies have been developed. However, chemical modification may perturb the electronic structure of CNTs, thereby compromising their interesting properties. The challenge, therefore, is to develop chemical modification routes that improve CNT solubility while not seriously affecting their properties. In this work, we firstly study the problem of purification of as-produced CNT material. We have resolved a major controversy concerning the use of oxidising acids for purifying CNTs, which has profound implications for the spectroscopy and subsequent chemical modification of the CNTs. Secondly, we have developed a route for the non- covalent modification of CNTs by tertiary phosphines. This method has the advantages of significantly improving the solubility of CNTs in organic solvents while being extremely simple, not seriously perturbing the CNT electronic structure, as well as not rendering large areas of the CNT inaccessible^ Thirdly, we describe a method for the covalent derivatisation of CNTs based on reduction, followed by electrophilic substitution. This route is considerably more facile and versatile than other covalent functionalisation methods reported to date, and does not cause significant disruption of the CNT electronic structure. Finally, we demonstrate the covalent attachment of formyl (-CHO) groups to CNT walls, which could potentially open the gateway for a plethora of of coupling and modification reactions.


Globally, sickness absenteeism is a contemporary public health problem, particularly in developing countries. However, very few studies had addressed the theoretical and methodological aspects of health related absenteeism among University workers. A retrospective study of sickness records of 4447 employees of University of Ibadan made available at the University Staff Clinic (Jaja). The health records of each staff for the whole 12 months in 2007 were reviewed. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Poisson distribution model was used in the data modeling. The prevalence of sick-off leave at the staff clinic was 4.7%. Also, 12.4% of all the staff had been sick at least once during the study period. There was a slight differential in absent rate by sex, age, marital status and years of service. However, differential existed in absent rate among subgroup of workers by different occupational groups and staff category. Majority of the spells lasted for between one and two days. The Poisson regression model showed that staff category and occupational group are the only predictors of days sick-off. Among the dependent variables considered, only sick-off days followed Poisson distribution model. Also, Poisson regression model is adequate to describe and predict the pattern of sickness absenteeism in the study area.


Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a family member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-?) superfamily and firstly recognized in early embryonic and postnatal development. BMP-2 has been reported to have crucial role in bone and cartilage formation, tissues and organs development, regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, morphogenesis, chemotaxis, cellular survival and apoptosis. The BMPs are also identified as factors in tumor development and propagation; distinctly associated to diverse sides of carcinogenesis. The theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesized that only a small hierarchical organization of cells is assisting tumorigenesis and inheriting cellular heterogeneity throughout long-life primary tumor. Reprogramming of CSCs using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) approach possibly benefits in identifying the CSCs-related oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and interactions between CSCs-related genes and the cancer microenvironment. Moreover, the reprogramming technology may provide crucial information related to cancer initiation and progression. This review will be focusing on BMP-2 signaling in modulating normal cells, human diseases, and cancer progression and suppression. Furthermore, this review will provide summary of updated reports on the role of BMP-2 in the developments of CSCs and its possible role as therapy through reprogramming technology by BMP-2 as an important regulatory factor in modulating the proliferation and aggressive properties of CSCs


Dryden Goodwin in Conversation with Barnaby Dicker Abstract Dryden Goodwin's frame-based films both challenge and reaffirm the principles and conventions of animation. A fundamental component of his wider artistic project, this form of filmmaking is intertwined with his other concerns, which include drawing, portraiture and notions of 'series'. In this interview, Barnaby Dicker invites Goodwin to discuss, from a number of perspectives, his approach to frame-based cinematography and how it relates to his work in general. Dicker finds this a rich and important but neglected topic in animation studies; a problem the present interview aims to contribute to correcting. The interviewer is particularly interested in the links between Goodwin's work and 19th-century chronophotography, which he proposes is more usefully applicable here as photochronography — Etienne-Jules Marey's original term for the process. A further link is drawn between the 'documentary' aspects of Goodwin's art and Jean-Louis Comolli's theory of direct cinema. Although the two would seem to be poles apart, the interviewer finds a number of Comolli's remarks exemplified through Goodwin's approach. Other themes running through the interview include the role of film within gallery and installation contexts and the relationships between classical and contemporary art practices and technologies.


ABSTRACT:This essay argues that the preconsumption cycle of material creation and supply exerted powerful effects as periodicals journeyed from paper mill to reader. So powerful were these effects that they generated a "seriality dividend," or a return on financial and cultural investment whose impact went beyond the significance of individual or groups of periodical titles, or their content, and turned the periodical into a cultural form of such significance that it produced effects larger than the sum of its parts. Periodicals became prosperous cultural forms in the nineteenth century because their serial production generated a capacity and scale that other forms, including books, could not match. The seriality dividend consolidated the periodical as a cultural form with structural significance. Focusing on literary periodicals and their relation to literary culture more generally, this essay argues that the dividend from magazine seriality helped establish the infrastructure—the publication outlets, jobs, careers, connections, and networks—that allowed literary culture to develop in America's major geographical centers, where the seriality dividend exerted its effects most powerfully.


We describe an accelerated maximum entropy algorithm with wide usefulness in digital image processing. Illustrations to be described in this talk include applications to extend depth of field, imaging through turbulence, and imaging through tissue. We have found that image quality obtained is substantially better than that using inverse filter.


In nineteenth-century Eastern Europe, the Jewish-run tavern was often the center of leisure, hospitality, business, and even religious festivities. This unusual situation came about because the nobles who owned taverns throughout the formerly Polish lands believed that only Jews were sober enough to run taverns profitably, a belief so ingrained as to endure even the rise of Hasidism's robust drinking culture. As liquor became the region's boom industry, Jewish tavernkeepers became integral to both local economies and local social life, presiding over Christian celebrations and dispensing advice, medical remedies and loans. Nevertheless, reformers and government officials, blaming Jewish tavernkeepers for epidemic peasant drunkenness, sought to drive Jews out of the liquor trade. Their efforts were particularly intense and sustained in the Kingdom of Poland, a semi-autonomous province of the Russian empire that was often treated as a laboratory for social and political change. Historians have assumed that this spelled the end of the Polish Jewish liquor trade. However, newly discovered archival sources demonstrate that many nobles helped their Jewish tavernkeepers evade fees, bans and expulsions by installing Christians as fronts for their taverns. The result-a vast underground Jewish liquor trade-reflects an impressive level of local Polish-Jewish co-existence that contrasts with the more familiar story of anti-Semitism and violence. By tapping into sources that reveal the lives of everyday Jews and Christians in the Kingdom of Poland, Yankel's Tavern transforms our understanding of the region during the tumultuous period of Polish uprisings and Jewish mystical revival.


Studies of the electrodynamics of the high latitude ionosphere contribute to the understanding of the coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and upper atmosphere. This thesis describes an experimental investigation of high latitude E-region convection flows carried out with the Sweden ^ d Britain auroral ^dar Experiment (SABRE). The ionospheric observations have been related to satellite measurements of the interplanetary medium and hence interpreted in terms of models of solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes. A close relationship has been established between various solar wind parameters and the daily mean SABRE backscatter intensity, a quantity which is rarely employed in geophysical studies. Empirical IMF-dependent models of the convection flows observed by SABRE are developed and statistical studies of the occurrence time of the Harang discontinuity are presented. High spatial resolution, two dimensional maps of the ionospheric projection of the dayside merging region, for both polarities of the azimuthal component of the IMF, are obtained for the first time. Two examples of strong nightside convection flows observed throughout the SABRE latitude range indicate that the convection flows may penetrate at least as far south as 61.5° N, geomagnetic latitude, during strongly northward IMF. The study indicates that, in the long term, the structure of the solar wind can be deduced from the mean backscatter intensity measured by a SABRE radar. In addition, the azimuthal component of the IMF exherts a crucial influence on the convection flows observed by SABRE in the cusp region. This effect is not confined to the noon sector but is also apparent in the vicinity of the Harang discontinuity. In general, the convection pattern exhibits a dependence on the north-south component of the IMF consistent with established reconnection mechanisms. However, there is evidence that existing models are insufficient to explain the anomalous convection flows observed under conditions of strongly northward IMF.


As a lingual feature, 'swearing' has been presented since long among different cultures with various conceptual and linguistic realizations. In this study an attempt has been made to represent a comprehensive taxonomy of swear expressions in contemporary Persian language. Data were collected from the actual performance of speakers in their daily conversations and undertakings. The corpus yielded itself to a taxonomy including 15 categories and 7 subcategories. From among more than 250 natural instances of swear expressions about 45 instances have been provided in the form of sentences in the body of the article and at a table in the Appendix. The research findings made it clear that religious oaths, swearing by holy times, foods and meals, parts of body, and family members were respectively the top most frequent categories of Persian swear expressions in the context of research.


Neoproterozoic successions are major hydrocarbon producers around the world. In North Africa, large basins with significant surface outcrops and thick sedimentary fills are widespread. These basins are now emerging as potential sources of hydrocarbons and are attracting interest from geological researchers in academia and the oil and gas industry. This volume focuses on recent developments in the understanding and correlation of North African basin fills and explores novel approaches to prospecting for source and reservoir rocks. The papers cover aspects of petroleum prospectivity and age-equivalent global petroleum systems, Neoproterozoic tectonics and palaeogeography, sequence stratigraphy, glacial events and global climatic models, faunal and floral evolution and the deposition of source rocks. The broader aim of this volume is to compare major environmental change, the emergence of life, the global carbon cycle and the implications for hydrocarbon exploration of well-studied Neoproterozoic successions worldwide.


There are several rules of thumb regarding the minimum sample size or ratio of sample size to estimated coefficients in structural equation models. for example, Bentler and Chou (1985) argue that the ratio of sample size to estimated parameters should be minimum 5:1. To examine under what conditions this rule-of-thumb holds, we ran Monte-Carlo simulations for a structural-equation model with three exogenous latent variables that predicted a dependent variable via an endogenous regressor. We varied (a) the number of observations (from 40 to 200 by increment of 20), (b), the number of latent variables indicators (from 2 to 6 in increment of 1), and (c) the correlations between independent variables, ranging from low to highly collinear (i.e., from .1 to .8 by increment of .1). Our results show that ml estimates are still consistent even in very small sample conditions; however, model convergence rates were very low in low sample size conditions. We found that the chi-square test of model fit tends to over-reject correctly specified models when the parameter to sample size ratio is very small. We also found that a correction to the chi-square proposed by Swain (1975) better approximates the chi-square distribution at small sample sizes and reduced rejection rates close to the type i error rate; that is, across all sample conditions, 5.01% of correctly specified models were rejected using the Swain-corrected statistic whereas rejection rates for the chi-square averaged 14.32%. at the smallest sample size to parameter ratio (i.e., n=40 with 6 indicators), the average rejection for the Swain-correct chi-square was 11.92%; however, it was 76.81% for the chi-square test. Finally, we examined the power of the Hausman (1978) test to detect endogenous regressors. We found that the test has a very low power at small sample sizes. Based on these results we make several recommendations for applied researchers.


We build a model of credit card pricing that explicitly takes into account credit functionality. We show that a monopoly card network always selects an interchange fee that exceeds the level that maximizes consumer surplus. If regulators only care about consumer surplus, a conservative regulatory approach is to cap interchange fees based on retailers' net avoided costs from not having to provide credit themselves. In the model, this always raises consumer surplus compared to the unregulated outcome, often to the point of maximizing consumer surplus.


Notch signaling plays an essential role in the proliferation, differentiation and cell fate determination of various tissues, including the developing pancreas. One regulator of the Notch pathway is GDE2 (or GDPD5), a transmembrane ecto-phosphodiesterase that cleaves GPI-anchored proteins at the plasma membrane, including a Notch ligand regulator. Here we report that Gde2 knockdown in zebrafish embryos leads to developmental defects, particularly, impaired motility and reduced pancreas differentiation, as shown by decreased expression of insulin and other pancreatic markers. Exogenous expression of human GDE2, but not catalytically dead GDE2, similarly leads to developmental defects. These data reveal functional conservation between zebrafish and human GDE2, and suggest that strict regulation of GDE2 expression and catalytic activity is critical for correct embryonic patterning. In particular, our data uncover a role for GDE2 in regulating pancreas differentiation.


Perfective aspect is the unmarked form of the Wolof verbal system. It is analyzed here as an aspectual by-product of the conjugation's core meaning, induced by three different configurations: resulting state (Perfect), temporal presupposition (focusing conjugations), and a comprehensive view of the process (Null tense and Presentative). The primary conjugations enter into secondary oppositions by means of aspectual and temporal suffixes. Alongside the expected aspectual and temporal effects for the imperfective suffix, the Wolof aspectual system reveals a remarkable shift, conditioned by Aktionsarten, from a temporal to a modal meaning. The imperfective suffix has a predicative variant. These two variants are used to produce two distinct future tenses. They also combine to form imperfective compound conjugations referring to occasional events.


Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook is a book of exercises and language tasks for all learners of Mandarin Chinese. Divided into two sections, the Workbook initially provides exercises based on essential grammatical structures, and moves on to practise everyday functions such as making introductions, apologizing and expressing needs. With a comprehensive answer key at the back to enable students to check on their progress, main features include: * exercises graded according to level of difficulty * cross-referencing to the related Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar * topical exercises that develop students' vocabulary base. Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook is ideal for all learners of Mandarin Chinese, from beginner to intermediate and advanced students. It can be used both independently and alongside the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar.


In April 1913 a letter arrived at the Main Post Office in Vienna's Fleischmarkt addressed poste-restante to a Mr Nikon Nizetas. It was postmarked Eydtkunen, a German provincial town near the Russian border. After remaining for the maximum period allowed, it was returned to Eydtkunen and thence to Berlin to be returned to the sender. When it was opened, however, it aroused suspicion: it contained no less than 6,000 Austrian Kronen (today worth about £8,000) and the address of the sender was in Geneva. The letter was therefore passed on to German intelligence who traced the address to a retired French officer who was active in espionage. The Austrians too, were immediately informed and the man who took charge of investigations in Vienna was the head of military counter-intelligence there, Major Max Ronge. He had occupied the post for almost a year, having taken over from Colonel Alfred Redl, who had been temporarily reassigned to active duties as Chief of Staff of the Eighth Army Corps in Prague.


Clustering by jointly exploiting information from multiple views can yield better performance than clustering on one single view. Some existing multi-view clustering methods aim at learning a weight for each view to determine its contribution to the final solution. However, the view-weighted scheme can only indicate the overall importance of a view, which fails to recognize the importance of each inner cluster of a view. A view with higher weight cannot guarantee all clusters in this view have higher importance than them in other views. In this paper, we propose a cluster-weighted kernel k-means method for multi-view clustering. Each inner cluster of each view is assigned a weight, which is learned based on the intra-cluster similarity of the cluster compared with all its corresponding clusters in different views, to make the cluster with higher intra-cluster similarity have a higher weight among the corresponding clusters. The cluster labels are learned simultaneously with the cluster weights in an alternative updating way, by minimizing the weighted sum-of-squared errors of the kernel k-means. Compared with the view-weighted scheme, the cluster-weighted scheme enhances the interpretability for the clustering results. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


A first version of nationally covering hydrological statistics for Sweden based on the S-HYPE hydrological model for the period 1961-2010 is described. A key feature of the proposed method is that observed data are used as input wherever such data are available, and the model is used for interpolation in between stations. Short observation records are automatically extended by the use of the model. High flow statistics typically differed by about +/- 10% from observations. The corresponding number for low flow was about +/- 30%. High flow peaks were usually simulated slightly too low whereas low flows were too high. In a relative sense low flows were more uncertain than high flows. The mean flow was relatively certain. The annual maximum values were fitted to a Gumbel distribution, by the method of moments, for each subbasin. Flood statistics were then calculated up to a return period of 50 years. According to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, less than 1% of the fitted distributions were rejected. Most rejections occurred in regulated systems, due to difficulties in simulating regulation strategies, but also due to uncertainties in the precipitation input in the mountainous region. Results at small scale are very uncertain. The proposed method is a cost-effective way of calculating hydrological statistics with high spatial resolution.