Objectives This article analyzes how couples allocate housework against the backdrop of three questions: (1) Does an individual's income—both in absolute and relative terms—influence his or her contribution to housework? (2) If so, does the magnitude of this influence differ by gender? and (3) How important are traditional gender roles on housework allocation? Methods We apply panel regression techniques to longitudinal German household data. Results We find that as both the share and absolute level of income increase, the amount of housework undertaken by wives and husbands decreases. Traditional gender roles also underpin housework allocation, which is evidenced by women increasing their housework if they earn more than their partner. Conclusion While we find a negative association between earnings and housework, policy measures to ease the double burden borne by working women may have only a modest effect owing to the persistence of traditional gender conceptions.


The aim of this article is to analyze the development of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a research domain over the period 1966-2016. Using bibliometric methods, the publication pattern will be analyzed with a focus on journal articles and sources. Furthermore, we will analyze the development of clinical research and map the general content of the publications. The data set consist of 105 216 publications, that have Complementary Therapies as their MeSH major topic, in the Medline database. The expansion of CAM research took place in the late 1990s. At the end of the time period about 20 percent of the publications were classified as clinical trials, but relatively few according to clinical phase. A majority of the core journals, defined by the Bradford law of scattering, showed a focus on CAM. The impact of these journals, measured by SNIP values, were close to the average. The analysis of MeSH terms revealed that the dominating therapies were Muscoskeletal manipulations, Acupuncture Therapy and Mind Body Therapies. The co-word analysis of author keywords showed that Acupuncture were the largest single node. Furthermore, it was possible to detect a specific CAM cluster. CAM has developed to a small but distinct research domain. There are signs of specialization in/about CAM as well as integration in other medical sub-fields. Furthermore, there are signs of a young medical domain, characterized by small and exploratory clinical studies.


In her 2007 column "Academic Libraries and Extracurricular Reading Promotion" (RUSQ 46:3), Julie Elliott looked at the history of Readers' Advisory (RA) and extracurricular reading in academic libraries, and made a cogent argument for the reintegration of readers' services into academic libraries. In the following column, she expands on this concept, exploring some of the barriers that are faced in offering or expanding RA services in colleges and universities. As in her earlier article, Elliott surveys practitioners in academic institutions where RA is not currently practiced in any focused fashion. She outlines the issues surrounding establishment of leisure reading promotion and makes suggestions for ways to take advantage of existing collections as well as to work collaboratively to expand the opportunities for promoting and supporting extracurricular reading among college and university students. Elliott organizes the One Book, One Campus events at Indiana University-South Bend as well as the library's speaker series. She is an active participant in the promotion of RA services, and she serves on RUSA's Collection Development and Evaluation Section (RUSA CODES) Readers' Advisory Committee. Elliott also edits the "By the Book" column for Public Libraries and currently serves on ALA's Notable Books Council.--Editor While I noted in my earlier article, "Academic Libraries and Extracurricular Reading Promotion," (RUSQ 46:3), that many colleges are finding ways to promote reading to their students, many students are not taking advantage of these services. A study by the National Endowment of the Arts (NEA) found that 65 percent of college freshmen spend less than an hour a week on leisure reading, and by the time they are seniors, one in three of them will do no leisure reading at all. (1) The Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2007 American Time Use Survey found that, on weekends, people aged 15 to 19 spent approximately 16 minutes reading for pleasure. Adults aged 20 to 24 spend approximately 7 minutes on the weekend doing leisure reading. (2) This is a significant drop from the 2006 survey, where adults aged 20 to 24 were spending 14 minutes reading for pleasure during the weekends. (3) With new technologies creating myriad ways for young adults to get their information, why should reading books outside of their curriculum matter at all? One reason is that literacy rates for college students are on the decline. A 2005 survey done by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) found that the average prose literacy scores for adults with bachelor's degrees had dropped 11 points since 1992; adults with graduate degrees fared worse, dropping 13 points. Prose literacy is defined as "It]he knowledge and skills needed to perform prose tasks (i.e., to search, comprehend, and use information from continuous texts)." (4) The same survey found that only 31 percent of current college graduates could be considered "proficient" in reading prose, and only 41 percent of those with graduate degrees would be considered "proficient." (5) Being "proficient" in reading prose meant that a person could "compare viewpoints in two editorials." (6) Furthermore, 3 percent of college graduates in 2003 were considered to have "below basic" skills in prose literacy. (7) Colleges should be concerned with declining literacy among their graduates because college graduates who are considered "proficient" in prose literacy are more likely to be employed than those who have only basic literacy skills. (8) In addition, a study by the NEA found that active readers are more likely to vote and to volunteer in their community. (9) Every college wants to graduate students who are proficiently literate, can successfully gain employment, and are civically engaged. It should be noted that there are barriers that can keep college libraries from adding extracurricular reading promotion to their already lengthy list of priorities. …


Purpose: To describe the case and the follow-up of an inadvertently damaged XEN gel implant during needling procedure. Methods: Case report. Results: A 60-year-old African American patient underwent an uncomplicated combined phacoemulsification with the insertion of a XEN gel implant. Two months postoperatively, a needling procedure was required. During the needling procedure, a fragment of the XEN gel implant was inadvertently damaged. One month postoperatively, the intraocular pressure was still controlled and the bleb was functioning well. Conclusion: This case report reveals a previously unreported complication concerning XEN gel implant. It is important for the surgeon to pay attention during needling procedure, especially if there is a subconjunctival hemorrhage impairing the view, to defer the procedure until good visibility exists.


Law enforcement currently uses cognitive computers to conduct predictive and content analytics and manage information contained in large police data files. These big data analytics and insight capabilities are more effective than using traditional investigative tools and save law enforcement time and a significant amount of financial and personnel resources. It is not farfetched to think law enforcement's use of cognitive computing will extend to using thinking, real-time robots in the field in the not-so-distant future. IBM's Watson currently uses its artificial intelligence to suggest medical diagnoses and treatment in the healthcare industry and assists the finance industry in improving investment decisions. IBM and similar companies already offer predictive analytics and cognitive computing programs to law enforcement for real-time intelligence and investigative purposes. This article will explore the consequences of predictive and content analytics and the future of cognitive computing, such as utilizing "robots" such as an imaginary "Officer Joe Roboto" in the law enforcement context. Would our interactions with Officer Joe Roboto trigger the same Fourth Amendment concerns and protections as those when dealing with a flesh-and-blood police officer? Are we more afraid of a "robotic" Watson, its capabilities, and lack of feeling and biases, compared to a human law enforcement officer? Assuming someday in the future we might be able to solve the physical limitations of a robot, would a "robotic" officer be preferable to a human one? What sort of limitations would we place on such technology? This article attempts to explore the ramifications of using such computers/robots in the future. Autonomous robots with artificial intelligence and the widespread use of predictive analytics are the future tools of law enforcement in a digital age, and we must come up with solutions as to how to handle the appropriate use of these tools.


We give a new proof that the axioms of left-handed Kleene algebra are complete with respect to language containments. This proof is significantly simpler than both the proof of Boffa (which relies on Krob's completeness result), and the more recent proof of Kozen and Silva. Our proof builds on a recent non-wellfounded sequent calculus which makes it possible to explicitly compute the invariants required for left-handed Kleene algebra.


The High Performance Light Water Reactor (HPLWR) design is one of the concepts chosen for Generation IV reactors; however, the material requirements for HPLWR offer challenges because of the extreme operating temperatures and pressures. Consequently, general corrosion rates were studied in water at 300 to 650°C at supercritical pressure using weight gain measurements. Oxide thicknesses were determined from cross-section samples. The compositions of the oxide layers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in conjuction with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The surface layers of selected samples were analyzed also by X-ray diffraction. The test matrix included ten materials from four alloy classes: ferritic/martensitic steels, oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels, austenitic stainless steels, and nickel-base alloys. A high oxidation resistance was seen in Ni-base alloy 625, austenitic stainless steels with high Cr content (>18 wt% Cr), and an ODS steel containing 20% Cr at all applied test temperatures (300 to 650°C). The oxidation rates of austenitic stainless steels with lower Cr content, 15 to 18%, increase considerably at temperatures >500°C. The oxidation rates of 9% Cr ODS steels were moderate or high at all temperatures. Ferritic/martensitic steels showed high oxidation rates at all temperatures.


Abstract In the present work, two geometrically similar passive geometries with dumbbell shape were designed to perturb the dominating viscous forces in the low Reynolds number (Re) flows of the fluids. The geometries were designated as PDM-I and PDM-II, in which all the linear dimensions were related by a constant scale factor of two. Mixing efficiencies and pressure drops of the species at various Reynolds number (Re) were calculated to estimate the scaling effect validations. Finally, the geometrically similar PDM geometries were fabricated in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer to evaluate the scaling effect on the mixing efficiencies of the dyes and validated with the simulation results of species mixing.


In recent years, 'nudge units' or 'behavioral insights teams' have been created in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and other nations. All over the world, public officials are using the behavioral sciences to protect the environment, promote employment and economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase national security. In this book, Cass R. Sunstein, the eminent legal scholar and best-selling co-author of Nudge (2008), breaks new ground with a deep yet highly readable investigation into the ethical issues surrounding nudges, choice architecture, and mandates, addressing such issues as welfare, autonomy, self-government, dignity, manipulation, and the constraints and responsibilities of an ethical state. Complementing the ethical discussion, The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science contains a wealth of new data on people's attitudes towards a broad range of nudges, choice architecture, and mandates.


Grain yields of dryland (nonirrigated) grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a major crop in the southern Great Plains, more than tripled in studies at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Lab., Bushland, TX, during the period from 1939 to 1997. Our objectives were to document the yield increases that occurred and to determine factors primarily responsible for the yield increases. Factors evaluated were annual precipitation, growing-season rainfall, soil water content at planting, soil water use, growing-season evapotranspiration, and year of record. For the report, we assembled 502 treatment-years of grain yield data from 37 studies. For the 1939-1997 period, grain yields increased about 50 kg ha -1 annually. Yields increased 139% during the 1956-1997 period, with 46 of those percentage units resulting from use of improved hybrids, based on results of a uniformly managed 40-year study. The remaining 93 percentage units for that period were attributed to other factors, primarily to soil water at planting. Increases in soil water at planting resulted from changes in management practices with time, mainly the adoption of improved crop residue management practices after about 1970.


PURPOSE
To study the feasibility of using an in-beam PET with depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement to improve beam-range verification for proton therapy.

METHODS
A compact prototype PET with dual rotating DOI-measurable detector panels was developed based on using solid-state photomultiplier (SSPM) arrays to read LYSO scintillators with parallel readout ASIC electronics. The system had a 44mm diameter trans-axial and 30mm-axial field of view (FOV). A 36mm diameter PMMA phantom was placed inside FOV. Both PET and phantom axes were aligned with collimated 200 MeV beams. The Bragg peak was located within the axial FOV by adjusting phantom position. A total of 9 beams irradiated the phantom with a 20-40 minutes beam separation; each beam delivered ∼50 spills (0.5 sec spill and 1.5 sec inter-spill time, 800 MU); data from each beam were acquired with detectors at a certain angle; 9 datasets for 9 beams with detectors at 9 different angles over 180o were acquired; each dataset collected both in-beam and 5 min after-beam data. Beam-range was measured from the PET image reconstructed from all 9 datasets, and compared to the results from simulated images. Additionally, a Na-22 disk-source was also acquired after each beam to measure the impact of neutrons on system performance.

RESULTS
PET performed well except energy photo-peak positions were reduced slightly after each beam, presumably secondary to neutron exposure of the SSPM. This minor effect was corrected with a shifting 350-650 keV energy window for each dataset. The difference between measured and simulated beam-ranges was within 1.0 mm, and this can be achieved with in-beam data alone. DOI-measurement provided uniform resolutions and high sensitivity to improve the accuracy of range verification.

CONCLUSION
A SSPM-based DOI-measureable PET capable of in-beam imaging may offer significant improvements in the accuracy of proton beam-range verification. This project is supported by award RP120326 from the Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas.


Stress and strain play a central role in semiconductors, and are strongly manifested at the nanometer-scale regime. Piezoelectricity and magnetostriction produce internal strains that are anisotropic and addressable via a remote electric or magnetic field. These properties could greatly benefit the nascent field of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), which promises to impact a variety of sensor and actuator applications. The piezoelectric semiconductor GaAs is used as a platform for probing novel implementations of resonant nanomechanical actuation and frequency control. GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures can be grown epitaxially, are easily amenable to suspended nanostructure fabrication, have a modest piezoelectric coefficient roughly twice that of quartz, and if appropriately doped with manganese, can form dilute magnetic compounds. In ordinary piezoelectric transducers there is a clear distinction between the metal electrodes and piezoelectric insulator. But this distinction is blurred in semiconductors. An integrated piezoelectric actuation mechanism is demonstrated in a series of suspended anisotype GaAs junctions, notably pin diodes. A dc bias was found to alter the resonance amplitude and frequency in such devices. The results are in good agreement with a model of strain based actuation encompassing the diode's voltage-dependent carrier depletion width and impedance. A bandstructure engineering approach is employed to control the actuation efficiency by appropriately designing the doping level and thickness of the GaAs structure. Actuation and frequency are also sensitively dependent on the device's crystallographic orientation. This combined tuning behavior represents a novel type of depletion-mediated electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric semiconductor nanostructures. All devices are actuated piezoelectrically, whereas three techniques are demonstrated for sensing: optical interferometry, piezoresistance and piezoelectricity. Finally, a nanoelectromechanical GaMnAs resonator is used to obtain the first measurement of magnetostriction in a dilute magnetic semiconductor. Resonance frequency shifts induced by field-dependent magnetoelastic stress are used to simultaneously map the magnetostriction and magnetic anisotropy constants over a wide range of temperatures. Owing to the central role of carriers in controlling ferromagnetic interactions in this material, the results appear to provide insight into a unique form of magnetoelastic behavior mediated by holes.


Clinical rickets has not been reported previously in Embu district, Kenya. Baseline clinical assessments performed for a nutrition intervention study in preschool children (n=324) identified 28 cases of rickets (8.6% of study sample). Clinical characteristics included: delays of sitting, walking, and teething; bone and chest deformities; widened wrists and ankles; and bowed lower extremities. Risk factors identified were short duration of breastfeeding with feeding of cereal-based supplements with little or no milk, low calcium intake, limited sunlight exposure. Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies likely contributed to these cases. Treatment with Vitamin D3 and milk resulted in clinical improvement.


Three gaps in the Kyoto Protocol most badly need to be filled: the absence of emission targets extending far into the future, the absence of participation by the United States, China, and other developing countries, and the absence of reason to think that members will abide by commitments. To be politically acceptable, any new treaty that fills these gaps must, we believe, obey certain constraints regarding country-by-country economic costs. We offer a framework of formulas that assign quantitative allocations of emissions, across countries, one budget period at a time. The two-part plan: (i) China and other developing countries accept targets at BAU in the coming budget period, the same period in which the US first agrees to cuts below BAU; and (ii) all countries are asked in the future to make further cuts in accordance with a formula which sums up a Progressive Reductions Factor, a Latecomer Catch-up Factor, and a Gradual Equalization Factor. An earlier proposal for specific parameter values in the formulas – Frankel (2009), as analyzed by Bosetti, et al (2009) – achieved the environmental goal that concentrations of CO2 plateau at 500 ppm by 2100. It succeeded in obeying our political constraints, such as keeping the economic cost for every country below the thresholds of Y=1% of income in Present Discounted Value, and X=5% of income in the worst period. In pursuit of more aggressive environmental goals, we now advance the dates at which some countries are asked to begin cutting below BAU, within our framework. We also tinker with the values for the parameters in the formulas. The resulting target paths for emissions are run through the WITCH model to find their economic and environmental effects. We find that it is not possible to attain a 380 ppm CO2 goal (roughly in line with the 2°C target) without violating our political constraints. We were however, able to attain a concentration goal of 460 ppm CO2 with looser political constraints. The most important result is that we had to raise the threshold of costs above which a country drops out, to as high as Y =3.4% of income in PDV terms, or X =12 % in the worst budget period. Some may conclude from these results that the more aggressive environmental goals are not attainable in practice, and that our earlier proposal for how to attain 500 ppm CO2 is the better plan. We take no position on which environmental goal is best overall. Rather, we submit that, whatever the goal, our approach will give targets that are more practical economically and politically than approaches that have been proposed by others.


Jews have been well represented in the cinema industry from the beginning of the film era: behind the screen, as producers, distributors, directors, script-writers, composers, set designers; and on the screen, as Jewish actors and as named Jewish characters in the film's plot. Some of these characters are fictional; others, ranging from Rabbi Loew of Prague to Ferdinand Lassalle and Alfred Dreyfus, have a historic original. This book examines how a variety of German and Austrian films treat aspects of Jewish life, at home and in the synagogue, and Jewish interaction with fellow Jews in different cultural environments; conflicts and accommodations between Jews and non-Jews at various times, ranging from the medieval to the contemporary. The author, one of the best known scholars in film history, theory and criticism, offers the reader a rich panorama of the many Jews involved in all spheres of the cinema and who, as the author reminds us repeatedly, together with their non-Jewish contemporaries, created a great industry and new forms of art. S. S. Prawer is a Fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford, the British Academy, and the German Academy of Language and Literature.


The problem of fractal modeling is very simple when we know the mathematical description of a fractal. We just apply one of the well-known algorithms. The inverse problem of finding the mathematical description for given fractal is not so trivial and we do not know any general method to solve this problem. So there are several approaches to this problem e.g. via Bézier curves, fractal compression. In this paper we present automatic method for finding fractal description of 2D contours. Our algorithm uses fractal interpolation for this purpose. We also present some of practical examples. AMS Subject Classification: 68U05, 68P30, 28A80, 41A05


This paper contributes to a theory of the behaviour of "finite-state" systems that is generic in the system type. We propose that such systems are modeled as coalgebras with a finitely generated carrier for an endofunctor on a locally finitely presentable category. Their behaviour gives rise to a new fixpoint of the coalgebraic type functor called locally finite fixpoint (LFF). We prove that if the given endofunctor preserves monomorphisms then the LFF always exists and is a subcoalgebra of the final coalgebra (unlike the rational fixpoint previously studied by Adamek, Milius and Velebil). Moreover, we show that the LFF is characterized by two universal properties: 1. as the final locally finitely generated coalgebra, and 2. as the initial fg-iterative algebra. As instances of the LFF we first obtain the known instances of the rational fixpoint, e.g. regular languages, rational streams and formal power-series, regular trees etc. And we obtain a number of new examples, e.g. (realtime deterministic resp. non-deterministic) context-free languages, constructively S-algebraic formal power-series (and any other instance of the generalized powerset construction by Silva, Bonchi, Bonsangue, and Rutten) and the monad of Courcelle's algebraic trees.


Body weight is an issue of growing concern in Western societies, and dieting is an increasingly popular means of weight loss and weight control. However, most dieters are not able to maintain their weight loss in the long term, and people with a chronic dieting goal (i.e., restrained eaters) tend to respond with food cravings and overeating when confronted with attractive food cues. The present dissertation introduces a novel approach to such failures of self-regulation by proposing that restrained eaters' problem might lie in their sensitivity to the hedonic aspects of food and the resulting inhibition of their dieting goal. A goal conflict model is presented that integrates recent findings on hedonic sensitivity in eating regulation with social-psychological research on nonconscious goal pursuit. Restrained eaters are suggested to hold two conflicting goals with regard to eating: the goal of enjoying good food, and the goal of weight control. The perception of attractive food cues in the environment triggers hedonic thoughts about the pleasures of food, which in turn leads to the inhibition of the mental representation of the conflicting dieting goal. Subsequent cognition and behavior will then be dominated by a hedonic orientation towards food, rather than by the dieting goal. The present dissertation presents empirical studies showing that restrained eaters, but not unrestrained eaters, spontaneously activate hedonic thoughts about food when they are confronted with attractive food cues. Once triggered, this hedonic orientation towards food influences restrained eaters' cognitive processes by directing their visual attention towards preferred food items. However, it was also found that this attentional bias for attractive food does not occur when restrained eaters are subtly reminded of their dieting goal. This provides further evidence for the conflicting relationship between a hedonic orientation towards food and the dieting goal. While restrained eaters have in general been found to be rather unsuccessful dieters, the present dissertation also presents empirical findings suggesting that successful restrained eaters exist, too. Whereas unsuccessful restrained eaters inhibit the mental representation of the dieting goal upon the perception of an attractive food cue, successful restrained eaters activate their dieting goal in response to food cues. This differential response to tempting food is also reflected in restrained eaters' behavior. Whereas for unsuccessful restrained eaters, there is no association between dieting intentions and actual dieting behavior, successful restrained eaters were found to translate their intentions into behavior much more consistently. This might be due to the fact that only for successful restrained eaters, the dieting goal is cognitively accessible in tempting situations to guide their behavior with regard to attractive food. By examining restrained eaters' failure of self-regulation from a social-cognitive perspective, the present work provides new insights into the processes that translate the perception of environmental food cues into eating and dieting behavior. The goal conflict model examined here can accommodate earlier research findings in the area of eating behavior, but it is also relevant for understanding attempts at resisting temptations more generally.


The objective of this work of thesis is the refined estimations of source parameters. To such a purpose we used two different approaches, one in the frequency domain and the other in the time domain.
In frequency domain, we analyzed the P- and S-wave displacement spectra to estimate spectral parameters, that is corner frequencies and low frequency spectral amplitudes. We used a parametric modeling approach which is combined with a multi-step, non-linear inversion strategy and includes the correction for attenuation and site effects. The iterative multi-step procedure was applied to about 700 microearthquakes in the moment range 1011-1014 N•m and recorded at the dense, wide-dynamic range, seismic networks operating in Southern Apennines (Italy).
The analysis of the source parameters is often complicated when we are not able to model the propagation accurately. In this case the empirical Green function approach is a very useful tool to study the seismic source properties. In fact the Empirical Green Functions (EGFs) consent to represent the contribution of propagation and site effects to signal without using approximate velocity models. An EGF is a recorded three-component set of time-histories of a small earthquake whose source mechanism and propagation path are similar to those of the master event.
Thus, in time domain, the deconvolution method of Vallee (2004) was applied to calculate the source time functions (RSTFs) and to accurately estimate source size and rupture velocity. This technique was applied to 1) large event, that is Mw=6.3 2009 L'Aquila mainshock (Central Italy), 2) moderate events, that is cluster of earthquakes of 2009 L'Aquila sequence with moment magnitude ranging between 3 and 5.6, 3) small event, i.e. Mw=2.9 Laviano mainshock (Southern Italy).


A motor illusion was created to separate human subjects' perception of arm movement from their actual movement during figure drawing. Trajectories constructed from cortical activity recorded in monkeys performing the same task showed that the actual movement was represented in the primary motor cortex, whereas the visualized, presumably perceived, trajectories were found in the ventral premotor cortex. Perception and action representations can be differentially recognized in the brain and may be contained in separate structures.


: Sydney rock oysters Saccostrea glomerata are among the most important estuarine species on the eastern coast of Australia and also the basis of a major aquaculture industry. The industry now largely relies on Sydney rock oysters that have been selectively bred for fast growth and disease resistance. Selectively bred S. glomerata are currently farmed in estuaries that also sustain wild populations of Sydney rock oysters, providing the opportunity for interbreeding. This has led to concern that gene flow from farmed, selectively bred oysters could alter the genetic variability of wild oyster populations. Here, we use next-generation genotype-by-sequencing to test for genetic introgression between wild and farmed, selectively bred (B2 line) Sydney rock oysters from 2 sites in the Georges River, NSW. Strong genetic partitioning was identified between the wild and selectively bred populations. There was no evidence of gene flow in the form of introgression, even though selectively bred B2 oysters have been farmed in the Georges River since the early 1990s. Contrary to our expectations, we also found significantly higher levels of genetic diversity and heterozygosity in the selectively bred population relative to the wild population. The relatively low level of genetic diversity that we detected in wild oysters may be particularly relevant to the adaptive capacity of this species in the wild.


Density-functional theory (DFT) is the most widely used method of modern computational chemistry. All practical implementations of DFT rely on approximations to the unknown exchange-correlation functional. These approximations may be devised in terms of energy functionals or effective potentials. In this thesis, several approximations of the latter type are presented. Given a set of canonical Kohn–Sham orbitals, orbital energies, and an external potential for a many-electron system, one can invert the Kohn–Sham equations in a single step to obtain the corresponding exchange-correlation potential, vXC(r). We show that for orbitals and orbital energies that are solutions of the Kohn–Sham equations with a multiplicative vXC(r) this procedure recovers vXC(r) (in the basis set limit), but for eigenfunctions of an orbital-specific one-electron operator it produces an orbital-averaged potential. In particular, substitution of Hartree–Fock orbitals and eigenvalues into the Kohn–Sham inversion formula is a fast way to compute the Slater potential. In the same way we obtain, for the first time, orbital-averaged exchange and correlation potentials for hybrid and kinetic-energy-density-dependent functionals. We also show how the Kohn–Sham inversion approach can be used to compute functional derivatives of explicit density functionals and to approximate functional derivatives of orbital-dependent functionals. Motivated by the absence of an efficient practical method for computing the exactexchange optimized effective potential (OEP) we devised the Kohn–Sham exchangecorrelation potential corresponding to a Hartree–Fock electron density. This potential is almost indistinguishable from the OEP and, when used as an approximation to the OEP, is vastly better than all existing models. Using our method one can obtain unambiguous, nearly exact OEPs for any finite one-electron basis set at the same low cost as the Krieger–Li–Iafrate and Becke–Johnson potentials. For all practical purposes, this solves the long-standing problem of black-box construction of OEPs in exact-exchange calculations.


This article provides a new approach to modeling dependent defaults in a portfolio. Our top-down approach involves modeling the defaults of a set of firms and then allocating the aggregate default risk in each set to the individual firms in the set. The major advantage of our approach is that we can easily incorporate economic factors that lead to high correlations in default intensities. Once we obtain a measure of default risk for a set of firms we apply a process called random thinning to characterize the default intensity of a single firm that is a member of the set. Each firm is assigned a portion of its set's default risk based on firm characteristics such as leverage, asset volatility, and asset correlation. This allows both pricing of portfolios and single name credits with the ease of a reduced form model and the economic motivation of a structural model. Furthermore, we do comparative static exercises to show how the model behaves and we conduct simulations to compare it to the reduced form and structural models' predictions of single and multi-name credit derivative prices.


The neutralization of acid mine drainage (AMD) using calcareous sandstone (CSS) aggregates have been investigated in the laboratory through batch experiments. Three AMD samples, namely AMD1, AMD2 and AMD3 collected from Mamut Copper Mine (MCM), Ranau were used in this study. The pH and total acidity of the AMD samples were in the range of 2.84-3.06 and 370 -1386 mg CaCO³/L, respectively. The experimental results showed that the pH of the AMD samples exhibited an overall increase upon mixing with CSS aggregates. Except for AMD1, the other AMD samples (i.e AMD2 & AMD3) showed a strong pH buffering at pH a€œ4.0 during the
first 60 minutes contact time. In the case of AMD1, the pH showed a gradual increase with contact time. Depending on the type of AMD and number of CSS aggregates, the final pH attained after 4 hours contact time ranged from 4.5-7.2.
The higher the number of aggregates the higher was the final pH, while the final pH attained for AMD1>AMD2>AMD3. The resistance of the AMD to pH changes is in agreement with the titration data and dependent on the total acidity. Comparatively, the final pH attained for AR-CaCO₃₋AMD mixtures was higher while the increase was faster, irrespective of type of AMD. Repeated exposures of CSS aggregate on AMD resulted in final pH in the range 2.84-4.90 (i.e <5.0). Overall, the effectiveness of CSS aggregate as a neutralizing material for AMD, among others, is dependent on
characteristics of the AMD.


Purpose: Family is treated as a basic unit of community life. Its development and conditions determine the development of the state. These premises encouraged the authors to take up research in the discussed subject-matter. Their main goal is to establish families' conditions in Poland and the relevant aims of a family policy. The authors focused on establishing whether and to what degree tax instruments may act as mechanisms for Poland's families. The authors intend to formulate de lege lata and de lege lata conclusions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted based on the interpretation of applicable laws. The normative material and views of legal scholars and commentators were analyzed. Findings: The research results allowed the formulation of a conclusion that the contemporary Polish tax system cannot be considered pro-family, and tax instruments for supporting families are used to an insufficient degree. Relevant postulates addressed to the legislator were formulated. Practical Implications: The research results may be used in the process of constructing pro-family tax solutions. These, in turn, are an essential element of reducing unfavorable demographic trends. Originality/value: The literature to date lacks studies addressing the subject-matter in question. Therefore, this study fills the existing information gap.


The article examines the size and growth of governments in the United States. The three different measures are used to define the size of government: the number or government units, their expenditures, and the number of people they employ. The number of different government units changes over time. The number of townships has been shrinking while the number of municipalities has been growing, an indication of increasing urbanization and the incorporation of previously unincorporated areas. The number of special districts shoes rapid growth, a reflection of the continuous creation of intergovernmental arrangements to perform various functions in metropolitan areas. As a result, and reversing a prolonged decline that resulted fr om the consolidation of school districts, the total number of government units is growing again. While the total number of governments has been growing slowly in recent decades, their expenditures have been growing rapidly. Total spending by all levels of government in the United States in 1996 was $2.993 trillion. This does not include "off-budget spending," that is, outstanding federal loans, guaranteed loans, and borrowing by federally sponsored enterprises. In less than 40 years, measured in constant dollars, expenditures have more than quadrupled, almost tripled on a per capita basis, and grown by more than half as a fraction of gross domestic product (GDP), to 32.2 percent. Another measure of the size and growth of government in the United States is the number of employees. In 1995, the number of full-time-equivalent employees, not counting the military, was 19.5 million, about 1 out of every 7 nonagricultural civilian workers. In the forty-five years between 1950 and 1995, the government workforce grew at a compounded annual rate of 2.8 percent, more than four times that of the population as a whole (0.6 percent) and more than that of private-sector employment (2.1 percent). By 1992, more people were working in government than in manufacturing. Three major factors have contributed to the growth of government: (1) increased demand for government services, by current and would-be service recipients; (2) increased supply of government services, by serviceproducers; and (3) increased inefficiency, which results in more government staffing and spending to provide the same services. The demand for government services has increased for several reasons: demographic changes in the population; income growth; income-redistribution policies; the desire to rectify societal ills, avoid risk, and promote culture; fiscal illusion; and preservation of existing programs. Wh ereas increased demand provides the "pull" for more government services, the desire by producers to supply more services provides a "push." It means gaining votes, budgetary imperialism, enlarging campaign staffs, the problem-finding elite, the therapeutic state, command-and-control policies, government monopolies, employee voting, demand for government jobs and overproduction. A third major factor that accounts for the growth of government is growing inefficiency: spending more money and employing more people to do the same work (overstaffing, overpaying, overbuilding). The three factors discussed in article – recipient demands, producer pressure, and inefficiency – are closed linked. Governments grow in response to public demands, in response to the desires of service producers to supply more services, and as a consequence of inefficiency. If unchecked, these factors would lead to an unstable and uncontrollable spiral of continued growth: the bigger the government, the greater force for even bigger government. Budgets would expand, resulting in the appointment of more officials and the hiring workers. The forecast would appear ominous: sooner or later, everyone will be working for government and government will absorb and spend all of the nation's gross domestic product.


Abstract The identification of randomness and nonrandomness is a perennial problem in evolutionary research. Stochastic thinking in evolutionary biology and paleobiology has solidified the use of a statistical notion of chance, but the idea of chance in evolutionary studies goes beyond statistics. A duality arises from the use of a statistical meaning on the one hand, and a more strictly evolutionary meaning on the other. The former implies a combination of indiscriminate sampling and unpredictability due to multiple causes; the latter codifies independence from adaptation and the directionality imposed by natural selection. Often these meanings are kept separate in evolutionary research, used in isolation according to the empirical situation or the goal of the investigator (recognition of pattern versus process). I argue that evolutionary studies in general and paleobiological studies in particular can benefit from the simultaneous application of statistical and evolutionary notions of chance. Following some background on the notion of chance and its use, I discuss a series of examples in which insight can be gained by explicit consideration of both meanings. Thus, typologies of extinction become clearer when phenomena like wanton extinction are made explicit; exaptive radiations are exposed as an alternative to adaptive radiations; the possible nonadaptive nature of deterministic chaos becomes sensible; the nonrandomness of community-assembly is put into question; parallel taxonomies of sorting rooted in different notions of nonrandomness are suggested as a means of facilitating understanding of relationships across the hierarchy; developmental constraints and self-organization are more easily distinguished from selective constraints; and a new term, "incidentals," is suggested to refer to both exaptations and nonaptations. Finally, I point to ways in which the dichotomy between chance and necessity can be approached in evolutionary theory, by showing that the dual nature of chance in evolution entails a distinction between functional and structural necessity, and that chance ultimately becomes a unifying concept for a number of criticisms to neo-Darwinism.


The works of William Rowan Hamilton in Geometrical Optics are presented, with emphasis on the Malus-Dupin theorem. According to that theorem, a family of light rays depending on two parameters can be focused to a single point by an optical instrument made of reflecting or refracting surfaces if and only if, before entering the optical instrument, the family of rays is rectangular (\emph{i.e.}, admits orthogonal surfaces). Moreover, that theorem states that a rectangular system of rays remains rectangular after an arbitrary number of reflections through, or refractions across, smooth surfaces of arbitrary shape. The original proof of that theorem due to Hamilton is presented, along with another proof founded in symplectic geometry. It was the proof of that theorem which led Hamilton to introduce his \emph{characteristic function} in Optics, then in Dynamics under the name \emph{action integral}


If the logo is the face of a company, its stationery might be its makeup. The right choice of a suitable colour, typography or dimensions to speak for the brand enhances its essential values, philosophy and concept. "Designing Your Identity" brings together utterly fresh and creative stationery materials produced by designers from all over the world. The projects featured range from business cards and letterheads to CD packaging, memoranda and notepads. This book shows that a successful corporate identity depends on the details and it will undoubtedly help entrepreneurs to make a statement when starting a new business venture in a highly competitive environment.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate, under field conditions, the effects of a commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on mortality rate and growth performance in a herd infected with PCV2 that had a history of porcine circovirus disease.

DESIGN
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

ANIMALS
485 commercial, cross-bred, growing pigs.

PROCEDURES
Prior to weaning, pigs were randomly assigned within litter to a vaccination or unvaccinated control group. Pigs in the vaccination group were given a commercial PCV2 vaccine at weaning and 3 weeks later. Mortality rate was recorded, and pigs were weighed prior to vaccination, when moved from the nursery, and prior to marketing. Infection status was assessed by serologic testing and detection of viral DNA in serum.

RESULTS
Compared with control pigs, pigs vaccinated against PCV2 had a significantly lower mortality rate during the finishing phase, significantly higher average daily gain during the finishing phase, and significantly lower likelihood of being lightweight at the time of marketing. For vaccinated pigs, overall mortality rate was reduced by 50% and average daily gain during the finishing period was increased by 9.3%. At the time of marketing, vaccinated pigs weighed an average of 8.8 kg (19.4 lb) more than control pigs, without any difference in days to marketing. Serum PCV2 antibody titers increased in control pigs, and PCV2 DNA was detected, indicating active PCV2 infection.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggested that vaccination against PCV2 was effective at reducing mortality rate and improving growth performance among pigs in a herd infected with PCV2.


In this article we investigate the importance of mass transfer effects in the effective acoustic properties of diluted bubbly liquids. The classical theory for wave propagation in bubbly liquids for pure gas bubbles is extended to capture the influence of mass transfer on the effective phase speed and attenuation of the system. The vaporization flux is shown to be important for systems close to saturation conditions and at low frequencies. We derive a general expression for the transfer function that relates bubble radius and pressure changes, solving the linear version of the conservation equations inside, outside and at the bubble interface. Simplified expressions for various limiting situations are derived in order to get further insight about the validity of the common assumptions typically applied in bubble dynamic models. The relevance of the vapour content, the mass transfer flux across the interface and the effect of variations of the bubble interface temperature is discussed in terms of characteristic non-dimensional numbers. Finally we derive the various conditions that must be satisfied in order to reach the low-frequency limit solutions where the phase speed no longer depends on the forcing frequency.


Introduction Re-ablement services are in a period of strong development, but the terms and definitions used remain unclear, and the scientific evidence is still weak. The aim of this systematic review was to obtain an overview of the scientific literature in this evolving research area, and investigate whether there is scientific evidence for positive effects of re-ablement services for older community-living people. Method The systematic literature search was conducted in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and Svemed+(Swemed) and covered the years 2000–2014. Owing to the heterogeneity in the included studies, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results Eight original publications were found eligible and included in the systematic review. When addressed, terms and definitions varied among the papers. Effects such as less use of home care, higher likelihood to live at home, improved activities of daily living (ADL) skills, quality of life and physical health, increased physical activity and lower costs compared to conventional home care were reported. Conclusion More high-quality research is needed to strengthen the evidence-base regarding re-ablement services. The specific roles of various professional and staff groups are often insufficiently described, as are the interventions as such, and there is a lack of attention to person-centered aspects such as the meaningfulness of the specific activities.


The article deals with the institutional prerequisites for the formation of the national fiscal system environmental management, focuses on the excessive uniformity of the vast majority of tax instruments and tools, isolation view of fiscal controls processes reform of ownership of natural resources. The expediency of forming a fundamentally new model of fiscal environmental management that encourage prudent use of components of natural capital and act as an important factor in increase of financial self-sufficiency of the state and the individual regions. Attention is paid to the fact that the current system of fiscal environmental management is not fully implementing its inherent classical functions: fiscal, regulatory and incentive. According to the authors, the fiscal system of environmental management should be considered, on the one hand, as a central element of the entire system of economic regulation, on the other – as a coherent set of fiscal incentive regulators, restrictive and free direction that will form the institutional basis for the diversification of the regulators as on charges for special use and redistribution of natural resources and pollution of the environment. An important issue is the nature of fiscal adjustments that fee revenues and fees for the special nature of the general funds of the respective budgets dissolves them in a shared revenue basket and fully ensure their proper use. Found that the system of fiscal adjustment should include a set of tax and non-tax payments and fees to redistribute in favour of budgets of different levels of rental income and provide compensation anti rent arising from negative anthropogenic and man-caused influence on the environment. It is proved that the formation of a new model of fiscal environmental management should be based on the principles of rational and sustainable use of nature, not to make significant destructive to the development of ecological-economic systems, and the principles that take into account the specific use of financial instruments regulating economic development of natural resources . These principles are: the principle of convergence, the principle of continuity of institutional change, the principle of transforming the negative into positive externalities, the principle of maximum harmonization of fiscal, budgetary and environmental legislation, the principle of differentiation fiscal payments at various stages of the vertical nature of the product, the principle of selective screening imported institutions, the principle focus of rent the principle of a global financial preferences, the commitment to fiscal optimum principle of levelling stereotype «gratuitousness» of natural resources, the principle of relevance behaviour of sellers and consumers in the market of natural resources. The upgraded system of fiscal environmental management should include an additional burden on the natural resources, dangerous and exhausting work which leads to the violation of environmental rules and limits excess consumption levels in adjacent natural product vertical. The criterion for selection of imported fiscal institutions environmental management should be prevention of institutional gaps in the system of economic development and redistribution of natural resources as a result of fiscal excesses and inadequate redistribution of the tax burden between natural resources. The increase in fiscal pressure for the special use of natural resources and environmental pollution should be accompanied by simultaneous decrease in accruals for payroll that does not lead to leaching of working capital of businesses and encourage them to pay on time the natural resource and environmental charges. Established that the tax law does not allow accumulating some natural resource payments in special accounts of agencies that implement policy on the use of land, water and forest resources, which makes it impossible to accumulate the investment base play and improve environmental infrastructure mode involving natural resources in the reproductive process. An important stimulus for increasing of the volume of recycling and the use of technologies that contribute to saving natural raw materials would be a substantial increase in charges for the special use of natural resources. Despite the general upward trend in nominal income dynamics fees for special use of natural resources and basic natural resource payment, which is the land tax, the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine for the period 1999 - 2012 bienniums, significant progress on increasing the real income of these payments did not happen. In general, for all environmental sectors characterized by a diminished level of charges for the special use of natural resources, artificially narrowed base collection of relevant fees, no operational relationship between these natural resource monitoring and administration fees for a special nature, imperfect intergovernmental relations regarding the distribution of type of payment. There is significant potential for additional revenues natural resource payments to the budgets of different levels in the case of making a number of amendments to the Budget, Tax, Land, Water, Forest Code, the Code of Ukraine on Mineral Resources and other regulations.


Purpose

The current work aims to present a parallel code using the open multi-processing (OpenMP) programming model for an adaptive multi-resolution high-order finite difference scheme for solving 2D conservation laws, comparing efficiencies obtained with a previous message passing interface formulation for the same serial scheme and considering the same type of 2D formulations laws.

Design/methodology/approach

The serial version of the code is naturally suitable for parallelization because the spatial operator formulation is based on a splitting scheme per direction for which the flux components are numerically computed by a Lax–Friedrichs factorization independently for each row or column. High-order approximations for numerical fluxes are computed by the third-order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) interpolation schemes, assuming sparse grids in each direction. The grid adaptivity is obtained by a cubic interpolating wavelet transform applied in each space dimension, associated to a threshold operator. Time is evolved by a third order TVD Runge–Kutta method.

Findings

The parallel formulation is implemented automatically at compiling time by the OpenMP library routines, being virtually transparent to the programmer. This over simplifies any concerns about managing and/or updating the adaptive grid when compared to what is necessary to be done when other parallel approaches are considered. Numerical simulations results and the large speedups obtained for the Euler equations in gas dynamics highlight the efficiency of the OpenMP approach.

Research limitations/implications

The resulting speedups reflect the effectiveness of the OpenMP approach but are, to a large extension, limited by the hardware used (2 E5-2620 Intel Xeon processors, 6 cores, 2 threads/core, hyper-threading enabled). As the demand for OpenMP threads increases, the code starts to make explicit use of the second logical thread available in each E5-2620 processor core and efficiency drops. The speedup peak is reached near the possible maximum (24) at about 22, 23 threads. This peak reflects the hardware configuration and the true software limit should be located way beyond this value.

Practical implications

So far no attempts have been made to parallelize other possible code segments (for instance, the ENO|-WENO-TVD code lines that process the different data components which could potentially push the speed up limit to higher values even further. The fact that the speedup peak is located close to the present hardware limit reflects the scalability properties of the OpenMP programming and of the splitting scheme as well. Consequently, it is likely that the speedup peak with the OpenMP approach for this kind of problem formulation will be close to the physical (and/or logical) limit of the hardware used.

Social implications

This work is the result of a successful collaboration among researchers from two different institutions, one internationally well-known and with a long-term experience in applied mathematics for industrial applications and the other in a starting process of international academic insertion. In this way, this scientific partnership has the potential of promoting further knowledge exchange, involving students and other collaborators.

Originality/value

The proposed methodology (use of OpenMP programming model for the wavelet adaptive splitting scheme) is original and contributes to a very active research area in the past years, namely, adaptive methods for conservation laws and their parallel formulations, which is of great interest for the entire scientific community.


Abstract. This publication intends to prove that a network of low-cost local area weather radars (LAWR) is a reliable and scientifically valuable complement to nationwide radar networks. A network of four LAWRs has been installed in northern Germany within the framework of the Precipitation and Attenuation Estimates from a High-Resolution Weather Radar Network (PATTERN) project observing precipitation with a temporal resolution of 30 s, a range resolution of 60 m and a sampling resolution of 1° in the azimuthal direction. The network covers an area of 60 km × 80 km. In this paper, algorithms used to obtain undisturbed precipitation fields from raw reflectivity data are described, and their performance is analysed. In order to correct operationally for background noise in reflectivity measurements, noise level estimates from the measured reflectivity field are combined with noise levels from the last 10 time steps. For detection of non-meteorological echoes, two different kinds of clutter algorithms are applied: single-radar algorithms and network-based algorithms. Besides well-established algorithms based on the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field (TDBZ) or sign changes in the reflectivity gradient (SPIN), the advantage of the unique features of the high temporal and spatial resolution of the network is used for clutter detection. Overall, the network-based clutter algorithm works best with a detection rate of up to 70%, followed by the classic TDBZ filter using the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field. A comparison of a reflectivity field from the PATTERN network with the product from a C-band radar operated by the German Meteorological Service indicates high spatial accordance of both systems in the geographical position of the rain event as well as reflectivity maxima. Long-term statistics from May to September 2013 prove very good accordance of the X-band radar of the network with C-band radar, but, especially at the border of precipitation events, higher-resolved X-band radar measurements provide more detailed information on precipitation structure because the 1 km range gate of C-band radars is only partially covered with rain. The standard deviation within a range gate of the C-band radar with a range resolution of 1 km is up to 3 dBZ at the borders of rain events. The probability of detection is at least 90%, the false alarm ratio less than 10% for both systems. Therefore, a network of high-resolution low-cost LAWRs can give valuable information on the small-scale structure of rain events in areas of special interest, e.g. urban regions, in addition to the nationwide radar networks.


Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel non-thermal technology with potential applications in inactivating microorganisms in food products. However, its impact on food quality is not yet fully understood. The aim of this research is to study the impact of in-package plasma technology on the stability of cholesterol and total lipid in four different types of meat (beef, pork, lamb and chicken breast). Additionally, any changes in the primary or secondary lipid oxidation, which is undesirable from a health perspective, is investigated. CAP was not found to have any impact on the cholesterol or lipid content. However, higher peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were found for the treated samples, indicating that plasma can induce the acceleration of primary and secondary lipid oxidation. Finally, color was not affected by the treatment supporting the suitability of the technology for meat products.


Data from mouse knockouts suggested that c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 and 2 (JNK1 and JNK2) exhibited opposing effects, with JNK1 stimulating the JNK pathway and JNK2 inhibiting the pathway. Jaeschke et al. challenge this result using a chemical genetics approach in which JNK2 activity is acutely inhibited in cells expressing a mutant form of JNK2 (JNK2MG) that is sensitive to derivatives of the protein kinase inhibitor PP1. The authors genetically engineered mice to be either JNK1+/+, JNK2MG/MG, or JNK1−/−, JNK2MG/MG. In multiple assays, in the presence of the inhibitor, the response of the JNK1+/+, JNKMG/MG mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) was the same as that of wild-type MEFs, suggesting that JNK1 and JNK2 are redundant activators of the pathway. Furthermore, the responses of the JNK1−/−, JNK2MG/MG MEFs to activation of the JNK pathway in the presence of the inhibitor were decreased. This was unexpected, given that JNK1+/+, JNK2−/− MEFs showed enhanced responses and JNK1−/−, JNK2+/+ MEFs showed decreased responses to activators of the JNK pathway, such as ultraviolet radiation, which suggested a negative role for JNK2. The authors showed that JNK2−/− MEFs exhibited enhanced JNK1 activity, suggesting that under the chronic absence of JNK2, there is a compensatory increase in JNK1, which explains why JNK signaling appears to be enhanced in the absence of JNK2 activity. This compensatory increase in JNK1 does not occur when the chemical genetics approach is used to modulate the activity of JNK2, because both enzymes are present at wild-type abundance and only the activity of JNK2 is acutely inhibited, allowing the contribution of this protein to be assessed in a more normal environment. A. Jaeschke, M. Karasarides, J.-J. Ventura, A. Ehrhardt, C. Zhang, R. A. Flavell, K. M. Shokat, R. J. Davis, JNK2 is a positive regulator of the cJun transcription factor. Mol. Cell 23, 899-911 (2006). [Online Journal]


INTRODUCTION: While it has been associated with several factors like there is approximately 25% of head and neck cancer that can be attributed to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) especially HPV 16. HPV associated cancer has been associated with a better prognosis as compared to HPV negative cancers. It has also been shown in previous studies that HPV-negative African Americans have a higher mortality rate as compared to HPV associated cancers in European Americans and HPV-negative European Americans patients. The three states of HPV associated cancers have been compared, which included HPV active, HPV inactive and HPV negative. AIM: The study aims include: 1) Compare the differences in the gene expression profiles of HPV negative HNSCC in AA from EA patients, and determine the differences in their biological make up. 2) Explore and compare the genetic expression profiles of HPV-active, HPV-inactive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer patients. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was conducted on 36 oropharyngeal cancer tissues samples with different HPV status (HPV-active, HPV-inactive and HPV- negative). ANOVA was conducted in R to compare all the three groups from each other and identify the genes that were differentially expressed. Bayes Moderated paired t-test was used to compare two groups of HPV-negative European Americans with HPV-negative African Americans. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that the genes that were differentially expressed in HPV-active and HPV-negative analysis were different from HPV-active and HPV-inactive analysis. Our analysis also identified genes that were differentially expressed in African Americans as compared to European Americans. DISCUSSION: This study provides the genetic expression profiles in different groups (European Americans and African Americans) based on different HPV stages. Despite the small sample size of our data, we were able to identify the genes that were differentially expressed amongst different conditions in patients who had oropharyngeal carcinoma. We were also able to identify The results depicted subtle differences in the gene expression profiles of HPV-inactive and HPV-negative samples and HPV-negative European Americans and African Americas whereas there was more difference to be seen between HPV-active and HPV-inactive, and HPV-active and HPV-negative samples.


This study examines school performance of migrant children with good school adaptation, deeply analyzes the influencing factors, and tries to obtain enlightenment, in order to find the strategy to improve the school adaptation of early-grade migrant children. This study chooses 4 migrant children as examples, by evaluation. observation and interview to get data. These children have good interpersonal skills, can finish study task with high efficiency, and have certain capability of self evaluation and emotion and behavior control. Their own positive qualities are the key of good school adaptation, a more suitable home environment laid a foundation for their school adaptation, and relatively reasonable school characteristics promote their school adaptation. Based on positive perspective, migrant children need better social support and mental environment, including: focus on the individual differences within migrant children group, make sure the comprehensiveness and balance of education content, improve the construction of inclusive schools, encourage the cultures integration of different groups, and perfect the social support system of migrant family.


The association between symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) and corals extends to subtropical and temperate regions, where sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are generally lower than in the tropics and can vary substantially over the course of the year due to seasonal changes. These high latitude coral-dinoflagellate symbioses might be better able to withstand thermal variability and might be particularly well equipped to cope with lower SSTs compared to their tropical relatives. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the cellular mechanisms that underlie heat and/or cold tolerance in a range of reef-building corals (Acropora yongei, Acropora solitariensis, Isopora palifera, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites heronensis and Stylophora sp.), as well as the symbiotic sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor. In particular, the study focussed on protective mechanisms in their dinoflagellate symbionts as a potential determinant of thermal sensitivity (i.e. bleaching) or resistance of the intact symbiosis. High latitude reef-building corals were analyzed at the world's southernmost coral reef at Lord Howe Island, while E. quadricolor was sampled at the subtropical coral community at North Solitary Island; both sites are located in New South Wales, Australia. The specific objectives were to assess the roles of: (1) xanthophyll deepoxidation; (2) thylakoid fatty acid composition; (3) Symbiodinium superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity; and (4) D1 repair on the photophysiology, bleaching susceptibility and survivorship of a range of high-latitude coral-Symbiodinium associations from Lord Howe Island when exposed to elevated or decreased temperature. Furthermore, I aimed to: (5) characterise Symbiodinium diversity in the anemone E. quadricolor on the west coast of Australia; and (6) measure the dynamics of Symbiodinium ITS2 populations and SOD activity in two E. quadricolor phenotypes (green and pink colour phenotypes) in response to elevated temperature. I showed that thermal responses in high latitude corals and their dinoflagellate symbionts are highly variable, depending on host species (or phenotype) and Symbiodinium genotype, and that the activation of protective mechanisms in Symbiodinium was not necessarily correlated with sub-lethal bleaching susceptibility or survivorship of their coral hosts. More specifically: (1) In response to short-term heat stress and cold stress, xanthophyll de-epoxidation increased in some but not all bleaching susceptible (e.g. P. damicornis) and bleaching tolerant (P. heronensis) corals; (2) overall unsaturated thylakoid fatty acids increased in symbionts of a bleaching tolerant coral association, yet was not correlated with PSII photochemical efficiency; and (3) SOD and APX activity remained unchanged in the majority of Symbiodinium types regardless of bleaching susceptibility of the coral host, but decreased in bleaching susceptible Pocillopora damicornis when exposed to short-term heat stress. Elevated temperatures resulted in enhanced D1 turnover in two warm-water bleaching susceptible Symbiodinium-host combinations; however a direct link between increased dependence on D1 turnover and bleaching susceptibility was not demonstrated. From the results obtained it seems unlikely that the specific cellular adaptations in Symbiodinium alone determine the tolerance of Lord Howe corals to thermal variations. In contrast, the results highlight the significance of the particular host-symbiont combination and it appears that the host is important in determining, at least in part, the thermal response of the coral. Additionally, this study revealed a high diversity of Symbiodinium ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) types in E. quadricolor from five locations on the west coast of Australia. E. quadricolor predominantly associated with six types of clade C (four of which were novel) and most anemones harboured multiple types simultaneously. At North Solitary Island, anemones simultaneously harboured Symbiodinium C25 and C3.25 (a novel variant of C3). Experimentally, I showed that anemones shuffled the relative proportions of C25 and C3.25 in response to elevated temperature, but not in both anemone colour phenotypes analyzed. Furthermore, baseline photobiological characteristics were distinct in the two different anemone colour morphs but were not correlated with the ratio of Symbiodinium C25 to C3.25, suggesting that host mechanisms such as pigmentation were involved in regulating light utilization by the symbionts. My hypothesis that symbiont shuffling was related to SOD activity, as such that those symbionts with enhanced SOD activity and increased capability to scavenge superoxide anion would increase in relative abundance in response to short-term heat stress, could not be proved. In summary, this thesis provides detailed information on some key cellular mechanisms that could underpin thermal sensitivity and resistance in high latitude Symbiodinium, and most importantly highlights the significance of the host-symbiont combination in determining the response to thermal stress. The various mechanistic findings described here further our understanding of the coral bleaching process in general and particularly give insight into physiological and cellular responses to coldwater stress in reef-building corals at high-latitude sites. The results of this thesis indicate that in light of ongoing climate change, as episodes of cold-water and warm-water anomalies will become more frequent, branching corals such as Acropora yongei or Pocillopora damicornis and their symbionts will experience physiological stress more frequently than massive species such as Porites heronensis. This might have profound impacts on the long-term stability and species composition of high latitude coral reefs.


The Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) provides support to marine traffic in congested waters to ensure safe and smooth vessel movement in the waters under its purview. The VTS operators monitor the traffic with the decision support system at hand and talk to the ships on the Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Safe channel navigation is proactively achieved by interaction and communication on the radio. Thus traffic management within the VTS domain is a complex joint activity, in which diverse stakeholders (bridge teams, VTS operators, pilots etc.) adopt one or more available communicative roles within technologically-mediated interactions to achieve safe and fluent traffic movement. This paper argues that the communicative achievement of channel navigation is a complex joint activity requiring the building up and active sustenance of common ground to promote teamwork and contribute to safe and efficient vessel movements. Monitoring common ground is integral to monitoring oceangoing traffic. This paper draws upon data from the audio recordings of the working channel of the VTS in a major South Asian world port. The authors argue that the proactive, real-time dynamic management of common ground contributes to enhanced situational awareness and sustains safe channel navigation.


Terrestrial carbon (C) cycling in high Arctic tundra depends on ecosystem responses to climatic warming and concurrent changes in environmental conditions. There are very few studies to quantify long‐term C budget in high Arctic tundra due to lack of sufficient measurements. Here based on well‐established multiyear measurements, we calibrated a process‐oriented model (CoupModel) to quantify various components of the C budget at a Cassiope tetragona heath ecosystem in northeast Greenland. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) for 2000–2014 was estimated at −15 ± 10 g C m−2 yr−1. Ecosystem respiration (ER) for nongrowing seasons was estimated at 10.3 ± 5.3 g C m−2 yr−1, representing around 13% of the annual ER. Significant trends for interannual variations of aboveground and belowground C fluxes and stocks were found for the subperiods (i.e., 2000–2008 and 2008–2014) but not for the entire period. Interannual variations of NEE largely relied on the response of gross primary production (GPP) and ER to seasonal changes in climate. Moreover, the model showed that interannual variations of GPP, ER, and NEE had a much higher linear correlation with July temperature and annual maximum thawing depth (ALDmax) than other climatic and site characteristics. ALDmax had the highest correlation with the decomposition rate of humus C. Overall, this modeling study suggests that a sink‐source transition of the studied ecosystem depends on ecosystem responses to interannual variations of climate and that the net C balance may be sensitive to summer warmth and active layer thickness.


Abstract:Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow, Philip Roth, and their critics embraced the notion that their work displayed an affinity to Russian and Yiddish literature, especially to the work of Fyodor Dostoevsky, Nikolai Gogol, and Sholem Aleichem. Like these writers, the prominent American Jewish writers of the 1960s were understood as producing writing that emerged from their authentic, often negative emotions, work that voiced complaints. I first describe this generation's playful claiming of a Russian and Jewish genealogy, their definition of the Russian and Yiddish writers as a collective worthy of copying. I then use close readings of six passages to evaluate the American writers' assertions about their influence by the Russian and Yiddish ones. I compare the inset oral and written complaints in Roth and Bellow with those in Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Sholem Aleichem, both acknowledging their striking formal similarities and distinguishing the comic, satirically presented literary complaints of prerevolutionary Russia from the potentially more therapeutically oriented—albeit still satirical—literary complaints of postwar America. Finally, I look outside the literary texts to understand why it was appealing to 1960s American writers to think of themselves as influenced by prerevolutionary Russian and Yiddish verbal art. This article situates the American Jewish writers and their critics in an aural environment where Russian and Yiddish sounds were increasingly available in entertainment and where they were associated with authenticity and political opposition. In spite of the formal parallels among the American Jewish, Russian, and Yiddish literary complaints, and in spite of Roth and Bellow representing themselves compellingly as imitators, I argue that they need to be understood instead in their own national and temporal communicative context.


This article aims to reopen the debate about public order policing in South Africa. Rising levels of violent localised protest and increased brutality in policing such events, as well as recent draft policy guidelines on restructuring public order policing by the Ministry of Police, necessitates informed debate. Protest events, in particular violent and localised protests, are likely to increase in the years to come; it is thus an appropriate time to engage in a serious reconsideration of the best approaches to policing these events. This article offers recommendations for a model of public order policing in South Africa that is more effective and respectful of human rights.


The important advantage of zeolite applied to water treatment is its high porosity when comparing to other minerals. The porosity results in good hydrodynamic properties (the increase in the pressure loss on the zeolite filters is 1.5-2.0 times smaller than in the case of sand filters) and adsorption roperties, and in turn high capacity which allows for adsorption of contaminants (a clinoptilolite filter allows for removal of phytoplankton and bacteria). The increase in the application of artificial fertilizers and gradual contamination of water resulted from discharging industrial wastewater into the environment led to the contamination of the environment by nitric compounds. Wastewater contains about 15-50 mg dm of nitric compounds (based on nitrogen) – ammonia salts constitute about 55-60% whereas organic forms of proteins, pesticides and aminoacids about 40-50%. Natural clinoptilolite could be applied to remove ammonium ions from water and wastewater. The ammonium ion uptake behaviour of clinoptilolite is connected to the processes of ion exchange. The main aim of this investigation is to evaluate the adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite towards ammonium ions. According to the obtained results the adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite for the removal of ammonium ions demonstrates its potential application in the treatment of water, wastewater and sanitary landfill leachate contaminated with ammonia. The highest adsorption capacity of clinoptilolite towards ammonium ions of 3.79 mg g was found for the initial concentration of 300 mg L. The highest removal level reached by clinoptilolite for ammonium was of 99.74% for the initial concentration of ammonia of 50 mg L. The effect of exposure time on maximum uptake of ammonia was found to be insignificant.


Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a ubiquitous on-policy reinforcement learning algorithm but is significantly less utilized than off-policy learning algorithms in multi-agent settings. This is often due to the belief that PPO is significantly less sample efficient than off-policy methods in multi-agent systems. In this work, we carefully study the performance of PPO in cooperative multi-agent settings. We show that PPO-based multi-agent algorithms achieve surprisingly strong performance in four popular multi-agent testbeds: the particle-world environments, the StarCraft multi-agent challenge, Google Research Football, and the Hanabi challenge, with minimal hyperparameter tuning and without any domain-specific algorithmic modifications or architectures. Importantly, compared to competitive off-policy methods, PPO often achieves competitive or superior results in both final returns and sample efficiency. Finally, through ablation studies, we analyze implementation and hyperparameter factors that are critical to PPO's empirical performance, and give concrete practical suggestions regarding these factors. Our results show that when using these practices, simple PPO-based methods can be a strong baseline in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning. Source code is released at \url{https://github.com/marlbenchmark/on-policy}.


Automatic saliency prediction in 360° videos is critical for viewpoint guidance applications (e.g., Facebook 360 Guide). We propose a spatial-temporal network which is (1) weakly-supervised trained and (2) tailor-made for 360° viewing sphere. Note that most existing methods are less scalable since they rely on annotated saliency map for training. Most importantly, they convert 360° sphere to 2D images (e.g., a single equirectangular image or multiple separate Normal Field-of-View (NFoV) images) which introduces distortion and image boundaries. In contrast, we propose a simple and effective Cube Padding (CP) technique as follows. Firstly, we render the 360° view on six faces of a cube using perspective projection. Thus, it introduces very little distortion. Then, we concatenate all six faces while utilizing the connectivity between faces on the cube for image padding (i.e., Cube Padding) in convolution, pooling, convolutional LSTM layers. In this way, CP introduces no image boundary while being applicable to almost all Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures. To evaluate our method, we propose Wild-360, a new 360° video saliency dataset, containing challenging videos with saliency heatmap annotations. In experiments, our method outperforms baseline methods in both speed and quality.


Due to the large transmission speeds and enormous volume of transferred data, network reliability performance and cost-efficiency are among the key concerns in optical network design. Reducing the number of used optical components with higher failure probability within nodes represents a promising approach for achieving reliable and cost-effective optical network operation as it reduces the correlated risk of connection failures and enables reusing idle components as redundancy for failure recovery. This can result in greater overall network availability and lower loss of data and related revenue. Recently introduced synthetic network function programmable optical nodes implemented by architecture on demand (AoD) support the aforementioned approach by offering high levels of flexibility, modularity, and scalability. In AoD nodes, an optical backplane (i.e., optical switch) hosts optical components and enables arbitrary node configurations by cross-connecting attached modules. As a result, each lightpath passing through the node uses only the components necessary for fulfilling the switching and processing requirements. AoD nodes can perform switching at the wavelength and waveband granularity and also support switching of lightpaths at the fiber level by connecting an input fiber directly to the targeted output, referred to as fiber switching (FS). The latter functionality is particularly beneficial for the availability aspect, as it helps decrease the number of failure-prone components traversed by each lightpath, allowing them to be reused as redundancy. In this paper we demonstrate and evaluate self-healing capabilities of AoD nodes arising from their flexibility and ability to employ idle components for failure recovery. To improve efficiency of self-healing by increasing the number of idle components within nodes, we propose a routing algorithm which obtains a targeted portion of lightpaths switched at the fiber level, called the enforced FS (EFS) algorithm. We study the impact of AoD on network availability at different traffic switching granularities and compare it to traditional hard-wired node architecture via simulation. The results show significant improvements of availability and recovery time due to node-level restoration, with reduced network outage time and operator revenue losses. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time we experimentally demonstrate two novel hard-wired and synthetic reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer architectures with redundancy and all-optical self-healing capabilities.


Since September 11, calls for a hybrid national security court to handle special terrorism cases have taken on a new-found prominence, as courts and policymakers alike have struggled with the complex series of legal and logistical problems posed by the U.S. government's detention of enemy combatants, especially the hundreds of non-citizens so detained at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. National security courts are, for many, an increasingly attractive compromise solution to the seemingly irreconcilable division between those who believe that terrorism suspects are not entitled to the traditional criminal process and those who believe not only that they are, but that any other system is categorically unconstitutional. And in the aftermath of the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Boumediene this June, holding that the Guantanamo detainees have a constitutional right to petition the federal courts for writs of habeas corpus, such a compromise solution has become all the more appealing, given both the judicial review that Supreme Court's decision mandates and the complexity of the issues that it nevertheless leaves unresolved. As popular as such proposals have been, though, there has been little sustained discussion of their details - which have seldom been fleshed out. Even with respect to those calls for national security courts including some discussion of the specifics, the proposals vary widely both substantively and procedurally. For example, some proponents have called for national security courts for detention decisions - i.e., to review whether a particular terrorism suspect can be held as an enemy combatant without criminal charges. Others have called for such tribunals as a forum in which to criminally prosecute suspected terrorists - i.e., as an alternative either to the traditional Article III criminal process or to trial by military commission pursuant to the controversial Military Commissions Act of 2006. Whatever the merits of each individual proposal, little has been written about the broader implications of such a third way.In the paper that follows, I attempt to provide a comprehensive introduction to the various proposals for a national security court and to both their pros and their cons. Ultimately, I argue that proposals for national security courts are dangerously myopic proxies for larger debates that must be resolved first, including, most prominently, the debate over the extent to which the government should be able to detain terrorism suspects without trial, and the equally significant definitional question of just who qualifies as such an individual. Until and unless meaningful progress is made on these issues, calls for national security courts are little more than form without substance.


Abstract Following a series of high-profile attacks in Beijing, Kunming and Urumqi by Uyghur militants, the Chinese party-state declared a "war on terror" in 2014. Since then, China's Xinjiang region has witnessed an unprecedented build-up of what we describe as a multi-tiered police force, turning it into one of the most heavily policed regions in the world. This article investigates the securitization of Xinjiang through an analysis of official police recruitment documents. Informal police jobs, which represent the backbone of recent recruitment drives, have historically carried inferior pay levels. Yet, advertised assistant police positions in Xinjiang now offer high salaries despite low educational requirements, thereby attracting lesser-educated applicants, many of whom are ethnic minorities. Besides co-opting Uyghurs into policing their own people, the resulting employment is in itself a significant stability maintenance strategy. While the known numbers of violent attacks have subsided, China's heavy-handed securitization approach risks alienating both minority and Han populations.


BACKGROUND
The efficacy of chlorpromazine, a benchmark antipsychotic, has not been fully assessed in direct comparison with different individual antipsychotics. Penfluridol is another old antipsychotic with a long half-life so one oral dose may last up to one week. This could confer advantage.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the clinical effects of chlorpromazine compared with penfluridol for adults with schizophrenia.

SEARCH METHODS
On 31 March 2017, we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Study-Based Register of Trials which is based on regular searches of CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials. There are no language, date, document type, or publication status limitations for inclusion of records in the register.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included all randomised clinical trials focusing on chlorpromazine versus penfluridol for adults with schizophrenia or related disorders. Outcomes of interest were death, service utilisation, global state, mental state, adverse effects and leaving the study early. We included trials meeting our selection criteria and reporting useable data.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We extracted data independently. For binary outcomes, we calculated risk ratio (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), on an intention-to-treat basis. For continuous data, we planned to estimate the mean difference (MD) between groups and its 95% CI. We employed a fixed-effect model for analyses. We assessed risk of bias for included studies and created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE.

MAIN RESULTS
The review includes three studies with a total of 130 participants. Short-term results for hospital admissions showed no clear difference between chlorpromazine and penfluridol (1 RCT, n = 29, RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.01 to 3.60, low-quality evidence). No clear difference in the incidence of akathisia was found at medium term (2 RCTs, n = 85, RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.06, low-quality evidence), and similar numbers of participants - nearly half - from each treatment group left the study early (3 RCTs, n = 130, RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.77, low-quality evidence). The risk of needing additional antiparkinsonian medication was less in the chlorpromazine group (2 RCTs, n = 74, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.95). No useable data reported clinically important change in global or mental state. No data were reported for relapse. No deaths were reported by the trials.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Only three small studies provided data and the quality of reporting and evidence is low. Limited data indicate the efficacy and adverse effects profiles of chlorpromazine and penfluridol are generally similar. Penfluridol, however, may confer advantage by needing to be given only once per week. Firm conclusions are not possible without good-quality trials, and where these treatments are used, such trials are justified.


In this paper we perform application-level energy minimization through the control of the CPU power states during the program execution. To attain this goal we model the program and the underlying architecture with Markov Decision Process (MDP) models. The MDP model augments the program CFG with probabilities of how likely is to take the conditional branches and costs expressing how long and how much energy it takes to execute the various regions of code. We learn the models through program profiling, obtain offline an optimal solution, apply the solution to the existing program and then run the program to validate that the theoretical results are met. Using this method we are able to minimize the average total energy of the program, while keeping the average execution time below a given threshold. In certain cases we are also able to obtain better program Energy Delay Product (EDP) when following the standard optimal MDP policy than with other standard assignments of CPU power states. For example, the program EDP of the optimal solution can be 30% less than the EDP for the maximum performance power state. We also develop some new algorithms to tackle the problem of non-negligible CPU transition latencies with MDP optimization. This is but an instance of quantitative analysis and optimization. We can apply this method as well for the analysis and control of the Quality of Results (QoR) or the memory used by the software.


In this study, the composition, size, and number of large non‐metallic inclusions (>20 μm) are investigated in a commercial refined FeTi70R alloy, which is used for deoxidation and alloying of different industrial high‐quality steels. It is found that this ferroalloy contains different complex oxide inclusions, which sizes vary from 20 to 260 μm. These different complex inclusions contain mostly CaO, SiO2, and TiOx. When adding FeTi70R alloy in the steel during the final stage of ladle treatment, these large size inclusions can significantly decrease the cleanliness and mechanical properties of steel. Therefore, the evolution and behavior of these inclusions after addition of this ferroalloy into the liquid iron or Fe–40Ni–20Cr steel are investigated in laboratory experiments. In addition, the results from the laboratory scale experiments are compared to results obtained from industrial heats using Alloy 825. A consideration of the evolution mechanism of large inclusions after an addition of a FeTi70R alloy helps to understand their behavior in the melt. It also helps to estimate their possible harmful effects on the quality of this steel grade during commercial production.


The impact of rainfall is usually significant to human life and other living especially an extreme rainfall. It is important to find a method, such as statistical downscaling, which can predict rainfall to anticipate the possible impact. This method develops a linear regression model that relates functionally local scale data as response variable to global scale data as predictor variables in order to predict local scale data.The local scale data are rainfall and the global scale data are precipitation data of General Circulation Model (GCM) output. The characteristics of GCM output are usually multidimensional and multicollinearity which could be the problem in modeling. The addition of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) and ridge regularizations into the model can overcome the problem. The coefficient of lasso is determined based on cross validation method. However, according to Roberts and Nowak in 2013, this method usually results in unstable values and the instability is solved using a percentile technique called percentile-lasso. The optimum lasso coefficient is determined based on the values of quantiles Q(0.75), Q(0.90), and Q(0.95). This paper discusses the use of percentile-ridge in statistical downscaling model and this technique is compared to the percentile-lasso. Percentileridge (RMSEP=71.11 mm/month; r=0.75) is better than percentile-lasso (RMSEP=72.51 mm/month; r=0.74) in predicting rainfall .


Under the guise of compelling multinational enterprises (MNEs) to pay their fair share of income taxes, the OECD and other multinational agencies have introduced proposals to prevent MNEs from eroding the income tax base of developed economies by continuing to shift income artificially to low or zero tax jurisdictions.  Some of the proposals have garnered substantial multinational support, including recent support from the new U.S. presidential administration for a global minimum tax.  This Article reviews many of those international proposals.  The proposals tend to concentrate the incremental tax revenue from the prevention of base erosion into the treasuries of the developed economies although the minimum tax proposal known as GloBE encourages low tax countries to adopt the minimum rate.  The likelihood that and zero tax countries will transition successfully to imposing the minimum tax seems uncertain.
Developed economies lack a compelling moral claim to incremental revenue so this Article argues that collecting a fair tax from MNEs and other taxpayers should be a goal that is independent of claims on that revenue.  The Article maintains that to prevent tax base erosion, the income tax base and administration must be uniform across national borders and the Article recommends applying uniform rules administered by international taxing agency.  The Article explores the convergence of tax rules under such an international taxing agency.
Distribution of tax revenue by the international agency should follow contextualized need.  In addressing the conundrum of absolute poverty in the undeveloped and developing world vis á vis relative poverty in the developed world, the Article proposes that the taxing agency should distribute all incremental revenue from the uniform tax where the need is greatest to ameliorate absolute poverty and improve living standards without regard to income source.  The location of income production, destination of the produced goods and services generating the income, and residence of the income producers should not determine the tax revenue distribution.  Rather, the use of contextualized need for distribution determination will enable developed economies to receive sufficient revenue to maintain their existing infrastructures and governmental services.  Developed economies should forego new revenue, for which they have not budgeted, in favor of improving worldwide living conditions for all.  The proposals for uniform, worldwide taxation and revenue sharing based on contextualized need are admittedly aspirational and utopian but designed to encourage debate on sharing of resources in our increasingly globalized world.