Branthwaite, M. A. (1973).Thorax,28, 464-472. Detection of neurological damage during open-heart surgery. Cerebral activity during open-heart surgery has been recorded in 140 patients using a heavily filtered electroencephalograph, the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM). Unlike the conventional electroencephalogram the CFM record is recorded at slow speeds, is filtered to minimize electrical interference, and is easy to interpret. A high incidence (62·9%) of alteration in electrical activity was noted at the onset of perfusion, and several different patterns of change are described. Ten patients suffered neurological damage to a degree which produced physical signs in the postoperative period. In eight of these 10 cases, abnormal depression of the CFM record was noted during perfusion; the depression occurred at the onset on five occasions. Equivocal changes were noted at the onset of perfusion in one patient whose neurological lesion may have been related to a postoperative cardiac rhythm disorder. One patient sustained a midbrain lesion, probably at the onset of perfusion, and the CFM record during operation was unremarkable. The incidence of both neurological damage and depression of the CFM record at the onset of perfusion has decreased since filters for microemboli have been included in the perfusion circuit. It is concluded that the CFM is a useful means of detecting acute changes in cortical activity during open-heart surgery. The risk of cerebral damage is high at the onset of perfusion when both hypotension and microemboli from the extracorporeal circuit may contribute to the neurological lesion.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of this community-wide study was to describe a >2-decade-long experience (1975-97) in the incidence and death rates associated with complete heart block (CHB) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Limited population-based data exist describing recent, and changes with time therein, incidence and case-fatality rates associated with CHB complicating AMI.

METHODS
We conducted an observational study of 9082 metropolitan Worcester, Mass, residents (1990 census = 437,000) hospitalized with validated AMI in all greater Worcester hospitals during 11 1-year periods between 1975 and 1997.

RESULTS
Overall, CHB developed in 5.0% of patients with AMI. The incidence rates of CHB declined in the periods studied (6.0% in 1975/78 vs 3.1% in 1997). Declines in the occurrence of CHB were noted in patients with anterior or inferior/posterior MI. These trends remained after adjustment for other factors that might affect the risk of CHB. Patients in whom CHB developed experienced significantly higher hospital death rates than patients in whom CHB did not develop (46.8% vs 14.6%). However, improving trends in the hospital survival rate of patients with CHB were observed between 1975/78 (47.4% surviving) and 1997 (61.3% surviving). Patients in whom CHB developed during hospitalization were not at increased risk for dying after hospital discharge.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that the incidence of CHB complicating AMI has declined with time. The hospital prognosis of patients in whom CHB developed has improved, but these patients remain at an increased risk of hospital mortality. The long-term prognosis of patients with inferior MI and CHB is similar to that of patients in whom CHB did not develop. Patients with anterior MI and CHB may be at an increased risk of long-term mortality.


During the last decade, there has been worldwide concern with global climate change, which has been induced by greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to the use of fossil fuels. The CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion have been identified as the single most significant source of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Realising the need to control and regulate emissions of pollutants, the objective of the present study estimates the trend of CO2, SO2 and NOx between the periods 1991-92 and 1996-97. An input-output structural decomposition analysis approach is used to determine their sources of change. It also provides a set of alternative scenarios for the year 2001-2 and 2006-7. The sources of changes in the amount of CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions are categorised into four factors: the ecoefficiency, the structure of production, the structure of demand, and the volume of demand. Results indicate that the electricity sector contributes more towards direct, as well as indirect, emission coefficients. The petroleum product sector also contributes more in this respect. The dominant role is played by the structure of demand and the volume of demand.


We explore the impact of ∼500 MHz surface acoustic waves traveling across a commensurable plasmonic grating coupler. A stroboscopic technique involving surface acoustic waves synchronized to a modelocked optical source allows to time-resolve the dynamical impact of the electromechanically induced perturbation. The surface acoustic wave periodically enhances or decreases the surface ripple of the static grating. Most remarkably, the dynamic surface deformation deliberately modulates the coupler's efficiency by ±2% during the ∼2 ns acoustic cycle.


The operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in civil airspace is restricted by the aviation authorities, which require full compliance with regulations that apply for manned aircraft. This paper proposes control algorithms for a collision avoidance system that can be used as an advisory system or a guidance system for UAVs that are flying in civil airspace under visual flight rules. A decision-making system for collision avoidance is developed based on the rules of the air. The proposed architecture of the decision-making system is engineered to be implementable in both manned aircraft and UAVs to perform different tasks ranging from collision detection to a safe avoidance manoeuvre initiation. Avoidance manoeuvres that are compliant with the rules of the air are proposed based on pilot suggestions for a subset of possible collision scenarios. The proposed avoidance manoeuvres are parameterized using a geometric approach. An optimal collision avoidance algorithm is developed for real-time local trajectory planning. Essentially, a finite-horizon optimal control problem is periodically solved in real-time hence updating the aircraft trajectory to avoid obstacles and track a predefined trajectory. The optimal control problem is formulated in output space, and parameterized by using B-splines. Then the optimal designed outputs are mapped into control inputs of the system by using the inverse dynamics of a fixed wing aircraft.


The purpose of this chapter is to introduce an overall classification system for Serious Games. The intention of this classification is to guide people through the vast field of Serious Games by providing them with a general overview. For example, it may appeal to teachers who wish to find games with strong educational potential though they may be outside the "edugames" field. We will start by discussing the definition of Serious Games, and define them as having a combination of "serious" and "game" aspects. This theoretical framework will be used to review previous classification systems and discuss their limitations. We will then introduce a new classification that addresses a number of these limitations: the G/P/S model. This classifies games according to both their "serious-related" and "game-related" characteristics, and combines the strengths of several previous classification systems.


The complexity of power systems has increased in recent years due to the operation of existing transmission lines closer to their limits, using flexible AC transmission system devices (FACTS), and also due to the increased penetration of new types of generators that have more intermittent characteristics and lower inertial response, such as wind generators. This changing nature of a power system has considerable effect on its dynamic behaviours resulting in power swings, dynamic interactions between different power system devices and less synchronized coupling. This paper presents some analyses of this changing nature of power systems and their dynamic behaviours to identify critical issues that limit the large-scale integration of wind generators and FACTS devices. In addition, this paper addresses some general concerns towards high compensations in different grid topologies. The studies in this paper are conducted on the New England and New York power system model under both small and large disturbances. From the analyses, it can be concluded that high compensation can reduce the security limits under certain operating conditions, and the modes related to operating slip and shaft stiffness are critical as they may limit the large-scale integration of wind generation.


The effect of cationic, anionic and nonionic surface active additives, organic compounds and polymers on the electrodeposition of Zn-Mo coatings on steel substrate and detailed characterization in chosen optimal conditions was studied. The influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) various concentration, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), triton X-100, d-sorbitol, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), thiourea and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on the electrodeposition process was examined. The composition of deposits was defined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Results has shown that the current efficiency of the electrodeposition of Zn-Mo coatings is 71.4%, 70.7%, 66.7% for 1.5 g/dm3 PEG 20000, 0.1 g/dm3 Triton X-100 and 0.75 M D-sorbitol respectively. The surface topography and roughness of selected coatings on steel was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The attendance of D-sorbitol of 0.75 M in the solution cause clear reduction of grain size and the value of roughness parameter (Ra) in relation to SDS, PEG, Triton X-100 and the sample prepared without the additives. The morphology of electrodeposited layers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of selected additives to the electrolytic bath results in the formation of smoother, brighter and more compact Zn-Mo coatings in comparison to layers obtained from similar electrolytes but without the addition of surfactants. The optimal concentration of the most effective additives such as PEG 20000, Triton X-100 and D-sorbitol is 1.5 g/dm3, 0.1 g/dm3, 0.75 M respectively.


The role of magnetic helicity in astrophysical large-scale dynamos is reviewed and compared with cases where there is no energy supply and an initial magnetic field can only decay. In both cases magnetic energy tends to get redistributed to larger scales. Depending on the efficiency of magnetic helicity fluxes the decay of a helical field can speed up. Likewise, the saturation of a helical dynamo can speed up through magnetic helicity fluxes. The astrophysical importance of these processes is reviewed in the context of the solar dynamo and an estimated upper limit for the magnetic helicity flux of 1046 Mx2/cycle is given.


There are abundant studies on second/foreign language learners' identities. However, there appears to be insufficient longitudinal research on the construction of learners' L2 identities in systematic interactions between fixed dyads in an out-of-class context. Adopting a critical discourse analysis framework (Fairclough, 2003) and suitably informed by discourse theory (Philips & Jogensen, 2002), this article explores how Chinese college students discursively constructed English learner identities in and through processes of interaction and how English learner and user identity and learner language use were mutually constructed. Learners were found to exercise their own agency to establish multiple and changing identities. Such learner identities were found to be constructed through discursive strategies that established oppositions and differences and sometimes were crafted in situ to fit the contours of the interactive setting. This article begins with a discussion of the constructs that guide the study and then provides an interpretation of interactional, interview and diary texts that takes account of the sociocultural context from which these were generated.


Life cycle engineering, or integrated product and process development (IPPD), has gained much attention recently due to its significant applications to various products and systems in industry. The authors' previous work introduced an IPPD methodology as a systems approach to competitive and environmentally conscious product and process development. Different product development issues are formally described as constrained optimization problems and solved using a life locus tree. The paper extends the methodology to the development of manufacturing systems. In order to increase its modeling capability and decision accuracy, a time variable is introduced into the methodology. The execution duration of processes and their time-varying characteristics are considered. The methodology is then applied to the life cycle development of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). FMS machine selection and decisions along its life are optimally made. The latter includes how many times each FMS component should be upgraded and which end-of-life option it should take. Life cycle decision making is based on cost, benefit, and environmental impact of an FMS. The proposed approach provides a new way to develop cost-effective, high-quality, and environmentally conscious FMS.


fter World War II the number of births per woman rose above 3.0 and remained there until 1965. The peak of 3.6 was reached in 1961. Since 1961, falling birth rates and longer life spans have combined to produce a steadily ageing population. Women today are bearing around 1.75 children on average, a substantial fall from the three children produced by women in the 1950s. An Australian man born in 1920 could expect to live until the age of 59 years, while a woman could expect to live until age 63 years. Today, the average man can expect to live until 77 years and the average woman until 82 years (ABS, 2002). Australians retiring in their 50s and 60s can now expect to spend two to three decades in retirement. These trends mean that the proportion of the population who are aged 65 years and over will roughly double over the next 40 years, to almost one in every four Australians by 2042. At the same time, there will be almost zero growth in the number of Australians of workforce age. As a result, the elderly dependency ratio — people aged 65 years or more to the of working age (15-64 years) population — is projected to increase from 18 per cent in 2000 to over 37 per cent in 2050 (Table 1). In other words, in the future there will be fewer workers to support each retired person. The increasing elderly dependency ratio for Australia is not as severe as in some other countries (notably Italy, Germany and Japan) but it is still significant and the economic aspects are a major issue.


Astronautics Scientists and engineers are keen to explore our universe, carry out scientific investigations and make use of space resources. In the 60 or so years of robotic exploration of the solar system, this urge has pushed humanity forward and given us, among other things, a considerably enhanced understanding of our neighbourhood and of the origin of life on our planet. It comes, however, with a responsibility to avoid harmful contamination of outer space and the need to ensure safety of the Earth. The authors address the concerns and challenges of 'planetary protection'. investigations of the extraterrestrial samples and the trailing edge of an atypical flu season a coincidence? Has there been sufficient scrutiny of the lab's activities by public authorities and do we really know that the extraterrestrial material brought to Earth is not dangerous? This hypothetical scenario provides an understanding of the seriousness of what planetary protection stands for. It is precisely why planetary protection measures have been in place for more than half a century and why the COmmittee on SPAce Research (COSPAR) has a dedicated panel of experts who make recommendations for the maintenance and updating of these measures. P lanetary protection is a system of agreed international guidelines applied in the exploration and use of space in order to avoid contamination of the Earth or compromise the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. Let's imagine that a research laboratory, selected to make preliminary examinations of samples from Mars, finds that a number of its researchers begin developing flu-like symptoms. It is late winter and this is not uncommon, in particular in a campus-like environment, but after a few weeks more and more people show symptoms and this attracts the attention of local public health officials and the media. Are the first


Quranic discourse of miniature requires understanding the relationship between the text (Quran) and miniatures. Semiotics reveals the meaningful relationships of miniatures by discovering the relationship of signs with each other. Accordingly, the most important questions of the present research are: How did the counter-discourse or divine support mentioned in the Quran appear in the miniature of the two Prophets? And what pictorial relations reflect the Quranic discourse meaning? Aim: This study is an attempt to show how the meaning is received in a pictorial narrative provided by miniature; because divine counter-discourse is analyzable in miniatures of Prophets. Methodology: This study used discourse semiotics analysis as methodology and data were collected from available sources and two miniatures were selected from an English catalogue titled "Falnama" prepared by Masoumeh Farhad. Results: The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Discourse semiotics establishes a relationship between Quranic concepts and miniature. 2. Divine support from a Prophet is identified not only by presenting a miracle, but also divine support could appear in a dark prison or through swallowing by a whale. In this semantics, the conflict between the dark and halo around the head of the Prophet, the contradiction between the plans, the action and connection of the angels' hands with Prophet Jonah, the rotating composition and etc. are involved in understanding the interfacing factor.


ABSTRACT Polycomb-group (Pc-G) genes are required for the stable repression of the homeotic selector genes and other developmentally regulated genes, presumably through the modulation of chromatin domains. Among the Drosophila Pc-G genes,Enhancer of zeste [E(z)] merits special consideration since it represents one of the Pc-G genes most conserved through evolution. In addition, the E(Z) protein family contains the SET domain, which has recently been linked with histone methyltransferase (HMTase) activity. Although E(Z)-related proteins have not (yet) been directly associated with HMTase activity, mammalian Ezh2 is a member of a histone deacetylase complex. To investigate its in vivo function, we generated mice deficient for Ezh2. The Ezh2 null mutation results in lethality at early stages of mouse development. Ezh2 mutant mice either cease developing after implantation or initiate but fail to complete gastrulation. Moreover, Ezh2-deficient blastocysts display an impaired potential for outgrowth, preventing the establishment of Ezh2-null embryonic stem cells. Interestingly, Ezh2 is up-regulated upon fertilization and remains highly expressed at the preimplantation stages of mouse development. Together, these data suggest an essential role forEzh2 during early mouse development and genetically linkEzh2 with eed and YY1, the only other early-acting Pc-G genes.


This conference was organized in response to a surprising disconnect in Newfoundland and Labrador: while petroleum exploration and production are major, growing contributors to the provincial economy, there is very limited discussion of these impacts and their community economic development potential. The conference had two major objectives. It aimed to build awareness about the benefits of the oil and gas industry in the province, thereby informing a range of stakeholders about the opportunities and challenges for maximizing economic development benefits from this industry. Second, it aimed to initiate a realistic dialogue with an important cross-section of stakeholders on how the industry could be a priority for growing the provincial economy. Ultimately, however, the goal of the conference was to identify ways in which economic development from the oil industry is being fostered right now and specific new opportunities to make the most of the sector in the future.


The 2014 Daimler decision continues the lack of foundational analysis for general personal jurisdiction that has existed since the 1984 Helicol case. The "why" of general jurisdiction has been missing for three reasons. First, cert was granted only on extreme cases, easily reversed. Second, the Court abandoned normal minimum contacts analysis. This led to the third problem, a doctrinal vacuum, which the Court filled only with description and assertions rather than justification. These points are made in Part I. The way forward is to provide the missing "why" for the Court's correct holdings. These arguments are made in Part II. Limiting general jurisdiction to where a defendant is most at home, as Daimler requires, comes directly from International Shoe's total replacement of Pennoyer's overly broad authorizations. Shoe's minimum contacts test did not just allow service outside the forum. Shoe more importantly limited state power, as Shaffer v. Heitner made clear. Only a relationship between the defendant's forum contacts and what the litigation is about, i.e. regulatory legitimacy, not all-purpose presence, can support jurisdiction post-Shoe. General jurisdiction is not easily justified under Shoe's approach. General jurisdiction authorizes extraterritorial regulation of potentially any foreign conduct. Only the defendant's true home state can exercise such power over a defendant. Sovereigns are not required to wield general jurisdiction power, however, since they are not required extraterritorially to regulate. General jurisdiction is always surplusage. The place where the cause of action arose, the specific jurisdiction forum, is always the only sure place to sue in the post-Shoe world. When the Court realizes these points, it will not only be able to supply the missing "why" of general jurisdiction, but also be in a better position to evaluate all future personal jurisdiction cases.


This article examines the rise of gallium nitride as a major semiconductor material at the center of a new industry, solid-state lighting. It argues that the development of gallium nitride was shaped by the interplay of three contextual logics: material logic (the materiality of substances, tools, and fabrication techniques); market logic (the needs, demands, and interests of intended users); and competitive logic (the competitive tensions among laboratories, firms, and nations). For nearly forty years, chemists, physicists, and engineers in the United States and Japan struggled with the persistent material challenges presented by gallium nitride to meet the needs of potential markets in lighting and consumer electronics. Competition among firms and the technological and economic rivalry between the U.S. and Japan led to significant material developments and to the shaping of gallium nitride into a critical material for the manufacture of light emitting diodes. This article is intended to contribute to recent interest in the history of advanced materials and to the larger question of the determinants of innovation in technoscience.


Samples collected from the Guys Hill Formation (Yellow Limestone Group, middle Eocene) in the Seven Rivers region of northwestern Jamaica yielded a rich ostracode fauna, including eight new species. The samples were collected to determine the environment of deposition for the strata that contain both fully-terrestrial andmarine vertebrates, including seacows in the transition between land- and sea-faring morphologies. Adult and juvenile and male and female ostracode specimens were recognized, indicating an autochthonous thanatocoenosis. The dominance of cytherideid ostracodes, particularly the presence of significant numbers of noded cytherideids, indicates brackish conditions, at least during part of the chronostratigraphic interval, andmarine taxa, such as Orionina and Hemicythere, indicate fluctuating paleoenvironmental conditions,which is consistent with the range of vertebrate fossil faunas collected from the site. New species include Cytherelloidea nebuloreticulata, Paracytheridea jamaicaensis, P. inflata, Cythereis? iturraldei, Quadracythere robusta, Quadracythere polycosta, Hemicythere elongata, and Orionina anteroexposita.


We study the problem of diverse feature selection in linear regression: selecting a small subset of diverse features that can predict a given objective. Diversity is useful for several reasons such as interpretability, robustness to noise, etc. We propose several spectral regularizers that capture a notion of diversity of features and show that these are all submodular set functions. These regularizers, when added to the objective function for linear regression, result in approximately submodular functions, which can then be maximized by efficient greedy and local search algorithms, with provable guarantees. We compare our algorithms to traditional greedy and l1-regularization schemes and show that we obtain a more diverse set of features that result in the regression problem being stable under perturbations.


We consider a recently introduced framework in which fairness is measured by worst-case outcomes across groups, rather than by the more standard differences between group outcomes. In this framework we provide provably convergent oracle-efficient learning algorithms (or equivalently, reductions to non-fair learning) for minimax group fairness. Here the goal is that of minimizing the maximum loss across all groups, rather than equalizing group losses. Our algorithms apply to both regression and classification settings and support both overall error and false positive or false negative rates as the fairness measure of interest. They also support relaxations of the fairness constraints, thus permitting study of the tradeoff between overall accuracy and minimax fairness. We compare the experimental behavior and performance of our algorithms across a variety of fairness-sensitive data sets and show empirical cases in which minimax fairness is strictly and strongly preferable to equal outcome notions.


Background: Cancer cells have the ability to develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs, which then leads to a reduced effectiveness and success of the treatment. Multidrug resistance (MDR) involves the resistance in the same cell/tissue to a diverse range of drugs of different structures. One of the characteristics of MDR is an overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which causes the efflux of the accumulated drug out of the cell. The MDR human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line with a high P-gp expression level (A549RT-eto) was used to investigate the bioactive compounds capable of reversing the etoposide resistance in this cell line. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Tiliacora triandra were sequentially extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water. Only the hexane extract reduced the etoposide resistance of the A549RT-eto cell line, and was further fractionated by column chromatography using the TLC-pattern and the restoration of etoposide sensitivity as the selection criteria. Results: The obtained active fraction (F22) was found by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses to be comprised of a 49.5:19.6:30.9 (w/w/w) mixture of hexadecanoic: octadecanoic acid: (Z)-6-octadecenoic acids. This stoichiometric mixture was recreated using pure fatty acids (MSFA) and gave a similar sensitization to etoposide and enhanced the relative rate of rhodamine-123 accumulation to a similar extent as F22, supporting the action via reducing P-gp activity. In contrast, the fatty acids alone did not show this effect. Conclusion: This is the first report of the biological activity from the leaves of T. triandra as a potential source of a novel chemosensitizer.


EBNA-2 contributes to the establishment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency in B cells and to the resultant alterations in B-cell growth pattern by up-regulating expression from specific viral and cellular promoters. We have taken a comparative approach toward characterizing functional domains within EBNA-2. To this end, we have cloned and sequenced the EBNA-2 gene from the closely related baboon virus herpesvirus papio (HVP). All human EBV isolates have either a type A or type B EBNA-2 gene. However, the HVP EBNA-2 gene falls into neither the type A category nor the type B category, suggesting that the separation into these two subtypes may have been a recent evolutionary event. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences indicates 37% amino acid identity with EBV type A EBNA-2 and 35% amino acid identity with type B EBNA-2. To define the domains of EBNA-2 required for transcriptional activation, the DNA binding domain of the GAL4 protein was fused to overlapping segments of EBV EBNA-2. This approach identified a 40-amino-acid (40-aa) EBNA-2 activation domain located between aa 437 and 477. Transactivation ability was completely lost when the amino-terminal boundary of this domain was moved to aa 441, indicating that the motif at aa 437 to 440, Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe, contains residues critical for function. The aa 437 boundary identified in these experiments coincides precisely with a block of conserved sequences in HVP EBNA-2, and the comparable carboxy-terminal region of HVP EBNA-2 also functioned as a strong transcriptional activation domain when fused to the Gal4(1-147) protein. The EBV and HVP EBNA-2 activation domains share a mixed proline-rich, negatively charged character with a striking conservation of positionally equivalent hydrophobic residues. The importance of the individual amino acids making up the Pro-Ile-Leu-Phe motif was examined by mutagenesis. Any alteration of these residues was found to reduce transactivation efficiency, with changes at the Pro-437 and Phe-440 positions producing the most deleterious effects. Activation of the EBV latency C promoter by EBNA-2 was shown to be dependent on the presence of the carboxy-terminal activation domain. However, this requirement was generic, rather than specific, since the EBNA-2 activation domain could be replaced with those from the herpes simplex virus (HSV) VP16 protein or the EBV Rta protein. Potential karyophilic signals within EBNA-2 were examined by introducing oligonucleotides encoding positively charged amino acid groupings that might serve in this capacity into a cytoplasmic test protein, HSV delta IE175, and by examining the intracellular localization of the resulting proteins. This assay identified a strong nuclear localization signal between EBV amino acids (aa) 478 to 485, which was conserved in HVP, and a weaker noncanonical signal between EBV aa 341 to 355, which was not conserved in HVP.


Genome instability is a characteristic of almost all human cancers and is a prerequisite for acquisition of further hallmarks of cancer. While in hereditary cancers it arises due to mutations in DNA repair genes, in sporadic cancers it appears that oncogene-induced replication stress is the main cause for genomic instability. Hence, faithful DNA replication and repair are crucial to preserve genome integrity, thus contributing to cancer prevention, and to properly transmit genetic information across generations.
Dna2 is an essential enzyme that is conserved from yeast to humans and is involved in the maintenance of genome stability at multiple levels. It plays a role in unperturbed DNA replication as well as under conditions of replication stress. In addition, Dna2 functions together with Sgs1 (in yeast; Bloom or Werner in humans) in the repair of genotoxic double-strand DNA breaks, specifically in DNA end resection, which is the commitment step to mostly error-free homologous recombination pathway. Furthermore, Dna2 was described to be part of telomeric and mitochondrial DNA maintenance systems, and to mediate checkpoint activation in yeast.
During my PhD I was investigating the functions of Dna2 in Saccaromyces cerevisiae and was mainly working with purified yeast proteins. First, we expressed and purified yeast Dna2 and were able to show that it possesses not only a nuclease, but also a vigorous helicase activity. Then we set out to analyze the regulation of the two activities within the Dna2 protein. Using in vitro and in vivo approaches we show that yeast Dna2 is regulated by a post-translational modification termed sumoylation. On the biochemical level, sumoylation of the N-terminus of Dna2 selectively attenuated its nuclease activity, thus changing the balance between the helicase and the nuclease within the protein. In vivo, we show that sumoylation of Dna2 is increased in the late S/G2 phases of the cell cycle and appears to be involved in regulation of Dna2 upon treatment with alkylating agents.
Next, we addressed the essential function of Dna2 in lagging strand DNA replication, where it acts together with Fen1 (Flap endonuclease I) in the processing of long DNA flap structures arising during the maturation of Okazaki fragments. The nucleolytic cleavage of these flaps is required for removal of the potentially mutagenic RNA/DNA primer initially used for the synthesis of the Okazaki fragment and allows ligation of the neighboring fragments. While short flaps are processed by Fen1, long flaps that are bound by replication protein A (RPA) need sequential cleavage by both Dna2 and Fen1 enzymes. Using in vitro reconstitution assays, we show that Dna2 is capable of processing the long flaps to products that can be subsequently ligated by DNA ligase I and that Dna2 is highly efficient as a sole nuclease in Okazaki fragment maturation in concert with replication, without the requirement of a second nucleolytic activity of Fen1. We suggest that Fen1 processes most of the flaps in S phase, where it is mainly expressed, and Dna2 is responsible for the cleavage of DNA flaps at later replication time points or possibly also during post-replicative repair processes.
Furthermore, we examined the role of Dna2 motor activity in the context of DNA end resection, which initiates homologous recombination. Employing biochemical approaches we show that on long stretches of ssDNA the motor activity of Dna2 acts as a ssDNA translocase, especially in presence of RPA, and highly stimulates efficient DNA degradation, an effect that we also see when it acts together with Sgs1. We propose that in resection the motor activity of Dna2 functions as a ssDNA translocase, rather than a helicase, and is thus allowing Dna2 to keep up with Sgs1 and promoting efficient DNA degradation.
Moreover, in collaborative projects we were able to show that Dna2 is also involved in the processing of replication forks that reversed upon replication stress and provide further evidence that human DNA2 cooperates with BLM and WRN to promote long-range resection. Additionally, another collaboration yielded proof that the helicase activity of Dna2 is required for the response to replication stress and for the completion of replication. Lastly, single-molecule analysis of RPA association to forked DNA substrates done by our collaborators sheds light on its mechanistic role during DNA replication.


MINIMAIR, MANFRED. Resultants of Composed Polynomials. (Under the direction of Hoon Hong.) The objective of this research has been to develop methods for computing resultants of composed polynomials, efficiently, by utilizing their composition structure. By the resultant of several polynomials in several variables (one fewer variables than polynomials) we mean an irreducible polynomial in the coefficients of the polynomials that vanishes if they have a common zero. By a composed polynomial we mean the polynomial obtained from a given polynomial by replacing each variable by a polynomial. The main motivation for this research comes from the following observations: Resultants of polynomials are frequently computed in many areas of science and in applications because they are fundamentally utilized in solving systems of polynomial equations. Further, polynomials arising in science and applications are often composed because humans tend to structure knowledge modularly and hierarchically. Thus, it is important to have theories and software libraries for efficiently computing resultants of composed polynomials. However, most existing mathematical theories do not adequately support composed polynomials and most algorithms as well as software libraries ignore the composition structure, thus suffering from enormous blow up in space and time. Thus, it is important to develop theories and software libraries for efficiently computing resultants of composed polynomials. The main finding of this research is that resultants of composed polynomials can be nicely factorized, namely, they can be factorized into products of powers of the resultants of the component polynomials and of some of their parts. These factorizations can be utilized to compute resultants of composed polynomials with dramatically improved efficiency. RESULTANTS OF COMPOSED POLYNOMIALS


For the fourth time since 1997, a web-based survey of fiscal health was administered to administrative officials of Wisconsin cities and villages during the summer of 2010. A total of 195 municipalities responded to the survey. Of those administrative officials responding, 53 percent reported that their current revenue base was inadequate and more than 62 percent responded that their fiscal condition in five years will be inadequate. Some of the strategies most actively pursued in response to fiscal stress include the adoption or increase in user fees and charges, improved productivity through better management and pursuit of grants from federal/state governments. Strategies least likely to be pursued include laying off workers, increasing short-term debt and reducing hours of operation.


Abstract Felsic volcanic rocks exposed in the Frasnian Gafo Formation, in the Azinhalinho area of Portugal, display very similar geochemical signatures to volcanic rocks from the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), located immediately to the south. The similarities include anomalously low high field-strength elements (HFSE) concentrations, possibly caused by low-temperature crustal melting, which translate into classification problems. A geochronological study, using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA- ICP-MS) analyses of zircon grains from these rocks, has provided concordia ages of 356±1.5 Ma and 355±2.5 Ma for two samples of rhyodacite porphyry, and 356±1.4 Ma for a granular rhyodacite. These results show that volcanism at Azinhalinho was broadly contemporaneous with IPB volcanism, widely interpreted as being of Famennian to Visean age. Considering that the host rocks of the Azinhalinho volcanic rocks are Frasnian, and therefore deposited synchronously with the Upper Devonian Phyllite- Quartzite Group sedimentation in the IPB basin, the radiometric ages imply that the Azinhalinho felsic rocks are intrusive and likely represent conduits or feeders to the volcanism of the IPB.


Why are people loyal? How do groups form and how do they create incentives for their members to abide by group norms? Until now, economics has only been able to partially answer these questions. In this groundbreaking work, Paul Frijters presents a new unified theory of human behaviour. To do so, he incorporates comprehensive yet tractable definitions of love and power, and the dynamics of groups and networks, into the traditional mainstream economic view. The result is an enhanced view of human societies that nevertheless retains the pursuit of self-interest at its core. This book provides a digestible but comprehensive theory of our socioeconomic system, which condenses its immense complexity into simplified representations. The result both illuminates humanity's history and suggests ways forward for policies today, in areas as diverse as poverty reduction and tax compliance.


Research to date has not addressed the difficulties of coordinating across time zones in global software development. We present a preliminary collaboration model to help us understand the consequences of time separation on coordination costs. The model is for a team composed of dyads and each dyad consists of a task requestor and a task producer who have a sequential workflow dependency. The model is constructed with formulas for: production, coordination, and vulnerability costs for a number of: (1) collaboration modes; (2) time overlap conditions; (3) asynchronous and synchronous communications mechanisms, each of different quality and cost; and (4) production and delay cost rates. We describe the model and evaluate it with regression analysis using randomly generated observations. Our evaluation shows that the model adequately represents time-separated work and that time-separation effects are: (1) different and more complex than distance-separation effects; (2) asymmetric, depending on whether work time overlap between the two actors occurs at the beginning or end of an actor's day; and (3) dependent on the amount of this overlap.


Somatic KRAS mutations are highly prevalent in many cancers. In addition, a distinct spectrum of germline KRAS mutations causes developmental disorders called RASopathies. The mutant proteins encoded by these germline KRAS mutations are less biochemically and functionally activated than those in cancer. We generated mice harboring conditional KrasLSL-P34Rand KrasLSL-T58I knock-in alleles and characterized the consequences of each mutation in vivo. Embryonic expression of KrasT58I resulted in craniofacial abnormalities reminiscent of those seen in RASopathy disorders, and these mice exhibited hyperplastic growth of multiple organs, modest alterations in cardiac valvulogenesis, myocardial hypertrophy, and myeloproliferation. By contrast, embryonic KrasP34R expression resulted in early perinatal lethality from respiratory failure due to defective lung sacculation, which was associated with aberrant ERK activity in lung epithelial cells. Somatic Mx1-Cre–mediated activation in the hematopoietic compartment showed that KrasP34R and KrasT58I expression had distinct signaling effects, despite causing a similar spectrum of hematologic diseases. These potentially novel strains are robust models for investigating the consequences of expressing endogenous levels of hyperactive K-Ras in different developing and adult tissues, for comparing how oncogenic and germline K-Ras proteins perturb signaling networks and cell fate decisions, and for performing preclinical therapeutic trials.


INTRODUCTION US universities are increasingly unable to afford research journal subscriptions due to the rising prices charged by for-profit academic publishers. Open access (OA) appears to be the most backed option to disrupt the current publishing model. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors significant to the introduction of institutional OA policies at selected United States R-1 universities. METHODS An in-depth qualitative study, including interviews with stakeholders, was conducted on two R-1universities with OA policies that have been implemented for at least five years. results The results of this study reveal that while the perceived sustainability of the scholarly communication business model was an initial driver, open dissemination of knowledge was the primary factor for the development of institutional policies. discussion Open dissemination of knowledge aligns with the mission of both institutions. Interviewees believe that a wider and more open dissemination of the institution's research cost could positively affect their faculty's research impact, which could then affect the institution's reputation, rankings, classifications and funding. CONCLUSION While the initial driver for exploring OA scholarly communication for both institutions was the perceived unsustainability of the scholarly communication model, the most important factor that led to the creation of their policies was the desire to disseminate the faculty's scholarship.


Poor seed-set limits potential for soybean hybrid seed production. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different pollinators on the rate of seed set in three soybean cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, JLCMS9A, JLCMS82A, and JLCMS89A. The following five treatments were applied under net room isolation-conditions: (i) insecticide application and release of alfalfa leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata) during flowering; (ii) insecticide application in the absence of leafcutter bees; (iii) release of alfalfa leafcutter bees during flowering without insecticide application; (iv) the absence of insecticide or alfalfa leafcutter bees during flowering; (v) plants without a net cover and pesticide application. Results indicated that the rate of pod production and seed set differ significantly between CMS lines and between treatments. Alfalfa leafcutter bees were an effective pollinator as evidenced by increases in pod-bearing rate and seed-set rate respectively from 21.35 to 53.22% and from 19.91 to 58.77% in the three CMS lines. The three CMS lines also showed significant differences in seed set, with JLCMS82A exhibiting the highest rate in all five treatments, followed by JLCMS9A and then JLCMS89A. These results suggested that thrips (Sericothrips variabilis) might have some effect on soybean pollination, but did not elicit a major influence based on the low increases in seed production. The natural insect population served an important role in outcrossing and seed set in soybean.


This paper analyzes the history of federal intervention in corporate law and draws from it lessons for the future. We show that federal intervention has generally not alternated between tightening state law restrictions on corporate insiders and relaxing them. Rather, federal law has systematically replaced state law arrangements with ones imposing tighter constraints on insiders. Without federal intervention, state law would have produced a corporate system that provides substantially weaker investor protection than the United States enjoys today. We also show that federal interventions have systematically taken advantage of additional tools (including public enforcement, criminal sanctions, gatekeeper liability, and agency-based regulations) beyond those that state law has chosen or been able to use. Overall, unless one views existing levels of investor protection as substantially excessive, past patterns suggest that state competition on its own is unlikely to produce an adequate level of investor protection. Furthermore, the recurring need for federal officials to rectify state law failures in order to provide investors with adequate protection indicates that federal lawmaking should be proactive rather than reactive. We thus recommend that, going forward, federal policymakers examine in a systematic and comprehensive fashion which corporate law areas should be federalized either because tighter restrictions on insiders are needed or because the additional tools available to federal law would be useful.


This report describes the progress in fiscal year 2010 in developing the Waste Integrated Performance and Safety Codes (IPSC) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) Campaign. The goal of the Waste IPSC is to develop an integrated suite of computational modeling and simulation capabilities to quantitatively assess the long-term performance of waste forms in the engineered and geologic environments of a radioactive waste storage or disposal system. The Waste IPSC will provide this simulation capability (1) for a range of disposal concepts, waste form types, engineered repository designs, and geologic settings, (2) for a range of time scales and distances, (3) with appropriate consideration of the inherent uncertainties, and (4) in accordance with robust verification, validation, and software quality requirements. Waste IPSC activities in fiscal year 2010 focused on specifying a challenge problem to demonstrate proof of concept, developing a verification and validation plan, and performing an initial gap analyses to identify candidate codes and tools to support the development and integration of the Waste IPSC. The current Waste IPSC strategy is to acquire and integrate the necessary Waste IPSC capabilities wherever feasible, and develop only those capabilitiesmore » that cannot be acquired or suitably integrated, verified, or validated. This year-end progress report documents the FY10 status of acquisition, development, and integration of thermal-hydrologic-chemical-mechanical (THCM) code capabilities, frameworks, and enabling tools and infrastructure.« less


'A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive.' Hobson-Jobson is a unique work of maverick scholarship. Compiled in 1886 by two India enthusiasts, it documents the words and phrases that entered English from Arabic, Persian, Indian, and Chinese sources - and vice versa. Described by Salman Rushdie as 'the legendary dictionary of British India' it shows how words of Indian origin were absorbed into the English language and records not only the vocabulary but the culture of the Raj. Illustrative quotations from a wide range of travel texts, histories, memoirs, and novels create a canon of English writing about India. The definitions frequently slip into anecdote, reminiscence, and digression, and they offer intriguing insights into Victorian attitudes to India and its people and customs. With its delight in language, etymology, and puns, Hobson-Jobson has fascinated generations of writers from Rudyard Kipling to Tom Stoppard and Amitav Ghosh. This selected edition retains the range and idiosyncrasy of the original, and includes fascinating information on the glossary's creation and its significance for the English language. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


This thesis examines the evolution of presidentialism in contemporary France, with particular reference to the presidencies of Charles de Gaulle (1958-1969) and Francois Mitterrand (1981-88), as articulated in constitutional studies, political writings and speeches, electoral programmes and polemics, journalism and other sources. Since the foundation of the Fifth Republic in 1958, the nature and extent of presidential power in France have been the subject of intense critical scrutiny. While there is a growing corpus of writings reflecting the diverse interpretations of the President's function, no study has yet focused upon an analysis of the debate itself. The thesis is primarily a textual study, based upon a wide range of sources. It opens with a discussion of the 1958 Constitution, the texts on which it was based, the writings of those most closely involved in its drafting and the different historical, ideological and cultural considerations underlying the concept of presidential power which it articulates. The thesis then examines the body of opposition to this conception of the presidency, focused most sharply in the polemical writings of Francois Mitterrand in the 1960s and '70s. By exploring the evolution of Mitterrand's opposition to the style of presidentialism emerging under de Gaulle, Pompidou and Giscard d'Estaing, the study identifies the beginnings of the Left's reconciliation to the institutions of the Fifth Republic, whilst also highlighting the many tensions and ambiguities to which this evolving stance gave rise.

The thesis then goes on to consider how Mitterrand's tenure of the French presidency subjected that office to the most exacting interrogation since the foundation of the Fifth Republic. The study shows how Mitterrand's first septennate invites a fundamental re-appraisal of the nature and limits of preSidential power in contemporary France. In so dOing, it calls for a new understanding of an office subject to a range of constitutional, political, personal and Circumstantial factors. The study shows how, during his first term of office, Mitterrand explored the full spectrum of presidential power, from the confident interventionism ensured by the landslide SOCialist victory in 1981 to the tightly restricted 'cohabitation' with the right-wing government of Jacques Chirac. There is, the thesis argues, a whole tradition of French Socialist ideology bound up in Mitterrand's early critiques of the Gaullist presidency, while his first seven years in power brought about important shifts in his own perception of presidential power and redefined the terms in which the debate over presidential ism in France was to be conducted. The writings of such contemporary analysts as Avril, Gicquel, Duverger and Colombani attest to the complexity of the questions raised by this study and suggest ways in which Mitterrand's exercise of pre-Sidential power brought new dimensions to a debate that has been ongoing since 1958.


One of the most colourful and controversial figures in American intelligence, Herbert O. Yardley (1889-1958) gave America its best form of information, but his fame rests more on his indiscretions than on his achievements. In this highly readable biography, a premier historian of military intelligence tells Yardley's story and evaluates his impact on the American intelligence community. Yardley established the nation's first codebreaking agency in 1917, and his solutions helped the United States win a major diplomatic victory at the 1921 disarmament conference. But when his unit was closed in 1929 because "gentlemen do not read each other's mail", Yardley wrote a best-selling memoir that introduced - and disclosed - codemaking and codebreaking to the public. David Kahn describes the vicissitudes of Yardley's career, including his work in China and Canada, offers a capsule history of American intelligence up to World War I, and gives a short course in classical codes and ciphers. He debunks the accusations that the publication of Yardley's book caused Japan to change its codes and ciphers and that Yardley traitorously sold his solutions to Japan.


Customer movements in large tourism industries (such as public transport systems, attraction parks or ski resorts) can be understood as business processes. Their processes describe the flow of persons through the networked systems, while Information Systems log the different steps. The prediction of how large numbers of customers will behave in the near future is a complex and yet unsolved challenge. However, the possible business benefits of predictive analytics in the tourism industry are manifold. We propose to approach this task with the yet unexploited application of predictive process mining. In a prototypical use case, we work together with two major European ski resorts. We implement a predictive process mining algorithm towards the goal of predicting near future lift arrivals of skiers within the ski resort in real-time. Furthermore, we present the results of our prototypical implementation and draw conclusions for future research in the area.


Objective: The rehabilitation of stroke patients is complex. It is believed that there is a correlation between the quality of functional independence and degree of preserved executive and cognitive functions. The aim of this work was to investigate potential correlations between the quality of executive and cognitive functions and the achieved level of functional independence during the rehabilitation of stroke patients. Material and Methods: The study included 50 stroke patients evaluated during rehabilitation and 50 beneficiaries of the Gerontology Center as control subjects randomly chosen, with no diagnosed neurological damage. The following tests were used: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for executive function assessment, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive screening, and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) test for functional independence assessment. The statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney U test for comparisons between two independent samples, canonical correlation analysis, and χ2-test. Results: Our results show a statistically significant difference in all assessed functions between the two groups (p<.001). Furthermore, we show a positive correlation between executive functions and achieved functional independence in stroke patients (p<.001). Moreover, a positive correlation exists between cognitive functions and level of functional independence in stroke patients. Conclusion: Our results show that stroke patients with lower executive function scores achieve less functional independence. Stroke patients with existing cognitive impairment achieve less functional independence in all domains compared with stroke patients without cognitive impairment.


Spending on U.S. incarceration has increased dramatically over the last several decades. Much of this cost is on incarcerating pretrial detainees — inmates not convicted of a crime — which constitute the majority of individuals in our nation's jails. Current statutory schemes give judges almost complete discretion to order pretrial detention based on unexplained or unidentified factors. With this discretion, judges tend to make inconsistent decisions in every jurisdiction, some releasing almost all defendants — including the most dangerous — and others detaining most defendants — even those who are safe to release. There are constitutional and moral reasons to evaluate our current detention scheme, but even the fiscal impact of pretrial detention alone calls for an empirical analysis. Although legal scholarship has applied cost-benefit analysis to other areas of criminal law, this Article is the first attempt at conducting such analysis in the pretrial arena. This Article compares the risk posed by each defendant and the cost of any crimes they may potentially commit while released with the costs incurred by detaining these defendants. The results show that relying on the cost-benefit model provided here, judges could bring significant savings - approximately $78 Billion, increased safety, and potentially more equitable pretrial detention decisions.


NHTSA selected the vehicle footprint (the measure of a vehicle's wheelbase multiplied by its average track width) as the attribute upon which to base the CAFE standards for model year 2012-2016 passenger cars and light trucks. These standards are likely to result in weight reductions in new light duty vehicles. As part of its regulatory analysis, the government would like to estimate the effect of the new CAFE standards on safety in terms of crash injuries and fatalities. A number of fairly comprehensive statistical papers have been published analyzing associations between fatality/injury rates and vehicle weight, track width, and wheelbase. Many of the papers arrive at conclusions that are inconsistent. This report is a review of papers analyzing associations between crash/fatality outcome and vehicle weight and size. The various studies are based on different data sources, model assumptions, and methodologies. The authors of these studies represent a mix of those in government, research institutes, and academia, and have a broad range of professional backgrounds and philosophies. The goal of this report is to provide an independent review of the papers and to critically assess the methods and conclusions presented. The review is independent in the sense that it was conducted by a third party without any interest in the reported outcome. This review focuses on issues such as multicollinearity, data sources, the use of logistic regression, and induced exposure methods. Comments and suggestions are also made with regard to methods used in the various papers.


This study is about recent educational reforms in England and in
Brazil.
The general argument is that the symbolic universe of schools
normally offers resistance to proposals for curriculum change.
Following the Introduction, Chapter Two sets out the theoretical
basis for this study: Habermas' theory of democratic society. The
Chapter also singles out three core categories in Habermas' works:
knowledge, power and communication.
Chapter Three identifies in the literature, educational and
pedagogical traditions in England and Brazil that shape the patterns of
flow of knowledge, power and communication in schools in both
countries.
Chapter Four points out the differences in the style of elaboration
of the 1988 English National Curriculum and the 1987 Brazilian proposal
for curriculum change (Minas Gerais). The Chapter also analysis the
concepts of knowledge, power and communication built into the
curricula.
Chapter Five constructs ideal typical models of communicative
schools and informative schools as a methodological step to conduct
the investigation in the practice of the schools and to provide a
comparative basis for the study. The models are constructed taking into
consideration three categories: knowledge, power and communication.
Chapter Six covers the investigation carried out in four primary
schools in England (Reading) and Brazil (Minas Gerais). Seven
categories emerged from the analysis of data collected during the
empirical investigation of the symbolic universe of the schools: decisionmaking,
curriculum matters (curriculum planning and practice), beliefs (teaching/learning process), values (schooling), elaboration of norms
(school functioning), teaching styles and leadership styles.
In the Conclusion, the major outcomes of this study, based on
the evidence in the previous Chapters are brought together. A better
understanding of the characteristics, peculiarities and contradictions of
the symbolic universe of schools is provided. Recommendations for a
review of some important issues in the context of Brazilian education
are presented.


Catching the electron in action in real space inside a semiconductor Ge-Si core-shell nanowire field effect transistor (FET), which has been demonstrated (J. Xiang, W. Lu, Y. Hu, Y. Wu, H. Yan and C. M. Lieber, Nature, 2006, 441, 489) to outperform the state-of-the-art metal oxide semiconductor FET, is central to gaining unfathomable access into the origin of its functionality. Here, using a quantum transport approach that does not make any assumptions on electronic structure, charge, and potential profile of the device, we unravel the most probable tunneling pathway for electrons in a Ge-Si core-shell nanowire FET with orbital level spatial resolution, which demonstrates gate bias induced decoupling of electron transport between the core and the shell region. Our calculation yields excellent transistor characteristics as noticed in the experiment. Upon increasing the gate bias beyond a threshold value, we observe a rapid drop in drain current resulting in a gate bias driven negative differential resistance behavior and switching in the sign of trans-conductance. We attribute this anomalous behavior in drain current to the gate bias induced modification of the carrier transport pathway from the Ge core to the Si shell region of the nanowire channel. A new experiment involving a four probe junction is proposed to confirm our prediction on gate bias induced decoupling.


NaYbF(4):Tm3+@SiO(2) core-shell micro-particles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and subsequent ultrasonic coating process. Optical temperature sensing has been observed in NaYbF4: Tm(3+)@SiO(2)core-shell micro-particles with a 980 nm infrared laser as excitation source.The fluorescence intensity ratios, optical temperature sensitivity, and temperature dependent population re-distribution ability from the thermally coupled (1)D(2)/(1)G(4) and (3)F(2) /(3)H(4) levels of the Tm(3+) ion have been analyzed as a function of temperature in the range of 100~700 K in order to check its availability as a optical temperature sensor. A better behavior as a lowtemperature sensor has been obtained with a minimum sensitivity of 5.4 × 10(-4) K(-1) at 430 K. It exhibits temperature induced population re-distribution from (1)D(2) /(1)G(4) thermally coupled levels at higher temperature range.


ABSTRACT The importance of an integrated health promotion program has been proposed in recent years. However, the traditional program with lectures might decrease the effectiveness of learning. A game-based learning program provides a supportive social environment and further increases the quality of life and positive emotions. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed game-based health promotion program, KABAN!, to enhance health literacy, positive emotions, and quality of life for older adults. The proposed intervention included physical exercises, nutritional knowledge, social interaction, cognitive training, and oral health care skills. All activities were designed based on the gamification principles and experiential learning theory. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from participants and instructors. A total of 221 older adults were randomly recruited (age: mean = 71.1, SD = 7.1) as participants. To gather feedback on program implementation, 22 experienced instructors were selected based on the criteria of leading five or more sessions. Health literacy, quality of life, and emotional states before and after participation were collected. The instructors were invited to provide constructive feedback through open-ended survey questions. Analyses revealed that health literacy levels, positive emotions, and quality of life significantly increased after participation, while negative emotions remained identical. Further investigation of qualitative data via the constant comparison method showed positive feedback on instructors' perceived changes in participants. This study showed that participation in health promotion programs like KABAN! significantly enhanced older adults' health literacy, quality of life, and positive emotions.


A rich, but unexpected, source for research in African constitutional history is records of the U.S. Department of State at the National Archives. Because the State Department followed African constitutional politics, particularly as African nations moved toward independence in the 1950s and 60s, U.S. diplomatic records document African constitutional developments, and sometimes include local sources, such as competing constitutional proposals. Drawing upon her own research on constitutional politics in Kenya in the early 1960s, the author describes the sort of primary sources that might be found in U.S. diplomatic records. Because these sources are rarely used by legal scholars, this essay provides a practical guide to constitutional history research in U.S. diplomatic records.


Recent large language models have been trained on vast datasets, but also often on repeated data, either intentionally for the purpose of upweighting higher quality data, or unintentionally because data deduplication is not perfect and the model is exposed to repeated data at the sentence, paragraph, or document level. Some works have reported substantial negative performance effects of this repeated data. In this paper we attempt to study repeated data systematically and to understand its effects mechanistically. To do this, we train a family of models where most of the data is unique but a small fraction of it is repeated many times. We find a strong double descent phenomenon, in which repeated data can lead test loss to increase midway through training. A predictable range of repetition frequency leads to surprisingly severe degradation in performance. For instance, performance of an 800M parameter model can be degraded to that of a 2x smaller model (400M params) by repeating 0.1% of the data 100 times, despite the other 90% of the training tokens remaining unique. We suspect there is a range in the middle where the data can be memorized and doing so consumes a large fraction of the model's capacity, and this may be where the peak of degradation occurs. Finally, we connect these observations to recent mechanistic interpretability work - attempting to reverse engineer the detailed computations performed by the model - by showing that data repetition disproportionately damages copying and internal structures associated with generalization, such as induction heads, providing a possible mechanism for the shift from generalization to memorization. Taken together, these results provide a hypothesis for why repeating a relatively small fraction of data in large language models could lead to disproportionately large harms to performance.


We investigate whether nonlocal buyers of real estate pay different prices for similar assets as compared to local buyers. An efficient real estate market would operate against this but empirical studies leave the question unresolved. While some studies fail to detect or confirm price differences (Turnbull and Sirmans, 1993; Watkins, 1998; Clauretie and Thistle, 2007), other studies do detect them (Miller et al., 1988; Lambson et al., 2004; Ihlanfeldt and Mayock, 2012). Most studies of the question have utilized residential real estate and have focused on owner-occupiers. Two studies have used investors, but these have each considered only a single market (Phoenix; Las Vegas). We extend the literature in this study by examining investors in office properties across 138 US markets and, uniquely, by considering the question of price differences when investors sell as well as buy. We investigate this using a CoStar database of 10,971 purchases and 11,444 sales between 1996 and 2012. Aware of limitations in some previous studies, we use a propensity score matching approach to produce matched samples that reduce the potential effects of conflating factors such as selection bias, investor clienteles (Wiley, 2012) and marketing duration. We find nonlocal investors significantly overpay on purchase by an estimated 13.8% relative to similar assets purchased by local investors. We attribute this to a combination of information asymmetry and anchoring (by those investors from markets whose prices are higher than where they buy). We find that, upon exit, nonlocal investors sell a discount of 7% relative to similar assets sold by local investors. This is again attributable to information asymmetry but is not explicable by anchoring. Overall, nonlocal purchases and sales result in significant relative capital value underperformance.


Elastane containing denim fabrics which are known as "blue jeans" have always been popular. Denim fabrics are woven with white elastane-cotton weft yarns and 100% cotton indigo dyed warp yarns. The most distinctive feature of denim fabrics is those warp yarns' indigo color fading after washing processes which enhance the denim fabrics having unique structures. The elastane amount in the weft yarns determines the flexibility ratio of the denim fabric with its high recovery property. This study aims to investigate the denim fabrics produced at three different weft and warp density with different yarn counts and elastane ratios in terms of tenacity and stretching properties (elongation, permanent elongation, elastic recovery) considering the washing cycles of 0, 5 and 15. Three different denim fabrics with 100% cotton warp yarns and cottonelastane weft yarns were produced at the weft densities of 23,19, 24 (pick/cm) and at the warp densities of 33, 28 and 35 (end/cm) with three different elastane percentages of 4%, 1% and 2.5% respectively. The 2/1 twill denim fabrics were produced on dobby weaving machine. Home laundry process was applied at 30°C for 40 minutes by using 20 ml/kg standard reference detergent containing 5%-15% anionic surface active agents, <0.5% non-anionic surface active agents, soap, enzyme, preservatives and perfumes. Home drying process was applied for 40 minutes after each washing cycle. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties such as breaking tenacity and stretching; the testing devices of Shimadzu and Fyrma fabric extensometer devices were used. As a conclusion tensile and stretching properties of three different denim fabrics varied with the washing cycles.


Nature provides a range of benefits (ecosystem services) that underpin human and socio-economic well-being. Many of these benefits – and the associated economic values – are not acknowledged in decision-making. As a result, nature remains almost invisible in the political and individual choices made. This report presents a synthesis of the socio-economic importance of ecosystem services in the Nordic countries. The study was initiated by the Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM) and the NCM Finnish Presidency in 2011, following in the footsteps of The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative. The study reveals that Nordic ecosystems play an integral role in supporting socio-economic wellbeing. However, a number of gaps in the existing information base still need to be addressed to ensure that these benefits are fully integrated into the Nordic decision-making processes.


We show that learning algorithms satisfying a $\textit{low approximate regret}$ property experience fast convergence to approximate optimality in a large class of repeated games. Our property, which simply requires that each learner has small regret compared to a $(1+\epsilon)$-multiplicative approximation to the best action in hindsight, is ubiquitous among learning algorithms; it is satisfied even by the vanilla Hedge forecaster. Our results improve upon recent work of Syrgkanis et al. [SALS15] in a number of ways. We require only that players observe payoffs under other players' realized actions, as opposed to expected payoffs. We further show that convergence occurs with high probability, and show convergence under bandit feedback. Finally, we improve upon the speed of convergence by a factor of $n$, the number of players. Both the scope of settings and the class of algorithms for which our analysis provides fast convergence are considerably broader than in previous work.
Our framework applies to dynamic population games via a low approximate regret property for shifting experts. Here we strengthen the results of Lykouris et al. [LST16] in two ways: We allow players to select learning algorithms from a larger class, which includes a minor variant of the basic Hedge algorithm, and we increase the maximum churn in players for which approximate optimality is achieved.
In the bandit setting we present a new algorithm which provides a "small loss"-type bound with improved dependence on the number of actions in utility settings, and is both simple and efficient. This result may be of independent interest.


The seismic analysis and design of secondary attachments to buildings or industrial facilities is a topic of broad engineering interest, increasingly attracting the attention of researchers and practitioners. Examples of secondary systems include suspended ceilings and non-structural walls, piping systems and antennas, storage tanks, electrical transformers and glass façades. Although not part of the load bearing structure, their significance stems from the survivability requirement in the aftermath of a seismic event and their vast contribution to the overall construction costs. Nevertheless, past earthquakes have demonstrated that current methods for the seismic analysis and design of secondary structures lack the necessary rigor and robustness, resulting in expensive and often unreliable solutions. Secondary systems can be highly sensitive to accelerations and inter-story drifts, and their seismic performance is influenced by the primary-secondary dynamic interaction. In many situations however, the mass of the secondary system may be much lower than the mass of the floor at which it is connected and therefore a cascade approach is admissible. If the secondary system can be realistically modeled as a single-degree-offreedom (SDoF) system, then the floor response spectra could be a powerful tool for quantifying its seismic response. In this study, the performance of light secondary systems is examined in presence of uncertainties in the seismic input. A set of principal axes of ground shaking is initially identified and an ensemble of bi-directional time series is generated. The response of a set of SDoF secondary oscillators (i.e. linear, Bouc-Wen, sliding and rocking) attached to a representative primary structure is then investigated and their design spectra are established. As demonstrated with Monte Carlo simulations for the selected case study, the angle of seismic incidence causes the highest variations in the engineering demand parameters for the sliding oscillators, while the elasto-plastic oscillator with the Bouc-Wen model experiences the least variations. Furthermore, investigations at different elevations show higher variations in the sliding and linear oscillators, depending on the seismic input. As expected, the viscous damping ratio is found to significantly influence the response of secondary systems vibrating close to the fundamental frequency of the primary structure. Moreover, the peak response of sliding oscillators is shown to be a smooth function of the sliding friction coefficient, while the rocking spectra, due to the strong nonlinear dynamics of the rocking blocks, are characterized by large values of the coefficient of variations.


Every year, thousands of students go to university to study mathematics (single honours or combined with another subject). Many of these students are extremely intelligent and hardworking, but even the best will, at some point, struggle with the demands of making the transition to advanced mathematics. Some have difficulty adjusting to independent study and to learning from lectures. Other struggles, however, are more fundamental: the mathematics shifts in focus from calculation to proof, so students are expected to interact with it in different ways. These changes need not be mysterious mathematics education research has revealed many insights into the adjustments that are necessary but they are not obvious and they do need explaining. This no-nonsense book translates these research-based insights into practical advice for a student audience. It covers every aspect of studying for a mathematics degree, from the most abstract intellectual challenges to the everyday business of interacting with lecturers and making good use of study time. Part 1 provides an in-depth discussion of advanced mathematical thinking, and explains how a student will need to adapt and extend their existing skills in order to develop a good understanding of undergraduate mathematics. Part 2 covers study skills as these relate to the demands of a mathematics degree. It suggests practical approaches to learning from lectures and to studying for examinations while also allowing time for a fulfilling all-round university experience. The first subject-specific guide for students, this friendly, practical text will be essential reading for anyone studying mathematics at university.


Modern deep learning applications urge to push the model inference taking place at the edge devices for multiple reasons such as achieving shorter latency, relieving the burden of the network connecting to the cloud, and protecting user privacy. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the most widely used model family in the applications. Given the high computational complexity of the CNN models, it is favorable to execute them on the integrated GPUs at the edge devices, which are ubiquitous and have more power and better energy efficiency than the accompanying CPUs. However, programming on integrated GPUs efficiently is challenging due to the variety of their architectures and programming interfaces. This paper proposes an end-to-end solution to execute CNN model inference on the integrated GPUs at the edge, which uses a unified IR to represent and optimize vision-specific operators on integrated GPUs from multiple vendors, as well as leverages machine learning-based scheduling search schemes to optimize computationally-intensive operators like convolution. Our solution even provides a fallback mechanism for operators not suitable or convenient to run on GPUs. The evaluation results suggest that compared to state-of-the-art solutions backed up by the vendor-provided high-performance libraries on Intel Graphics, ARM Mali GPU, and Nvidia integrated Maxwell GPU, our solution achieves similar, or even better (up to 1.62×), performance on a number of popular image classification and object detection models. In addition, our solution has a wider model coverage and is more flexible to embrace new models. Our solution has been adopted in production services in AWS and is open-sourced.


I. INTRODUCTION Universities are organized to teach, research and produce knowledge. But knowledge is not produced in isolation, and knowledge about race and ethnic relations is no exception. Historically, social forces and events in Europe have given rise to policies to combat racism and racial discrimination. Among other things, racist events in Britain between 1958 and 1963 gave the United Kingdom the oldest and the most extensive anti-racism and anti-discrimination regulation in Europe (Miles and Phizacklea 1984; Small and Solomos 2006). The British Race Relations Act of 1965 was adopted before the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on 21 December 1965 (UN, document 27, 1965; see also UN Resolution 1904, XVIII). Antiracism and anti-discrimination regulations entered continental Europe via the United Nations in the 1970s. The British Race Relations Act 1965 went almost unnoticed in continental Europe. In the formulation of Stuart Hall, "Western Europe did not have, until recently, any ethnicity at all. Or didn't recognize it had any" (Hall 2004:256). In continental Europe, white middle class social upsurge in the form of university student revolts in May 1968 in Paris gained significant attention. The Paris student revolts had spinoffs in Amsterdam and elsewhere, which in turn facilitated the democratisation of the universities, gender 'equality' and democratisation of life-style. The counterpart of these upsurges in relation to race and ethnic relations in the Netherlands was the uprising of the Moluccans in 1976. Formal and systematic regulation of race and ethnic relations was in response to the Moluccan uprising and took the form of the establishment of the department of minorities affairs within the Dutch Ministry of Home Affairs, which in turn culminated in the publication of the ethnic minorities' policy document or report (Minderhedenbeleid) of 1983; this in turn laid the foundations of formal ethnic studies within the universities. In this paper I examine the nature and articulation of some of these processes in the Netherlands and document the small but rising body of institutional and ideological opposition to them. In this way I reveal the various knowledge production processes, the limitations of each, and the ways in which challenges are being mounted. I also reveal the ways in which international exchange, especially across programs with African Diasporic studies and other programs of critical analysis contribute to the developing patterns in Europe in general and the Netherlands in particular. II. SHADOWS OF FORTRESS EUROPE Fortress Europe overshadows ethnic studies in the European Union. The proliferation of race, ethnic and immigrant studies and research in the Netherlands took off after the establishment of the department of minorities' affairs within the Ministry of Home Affairs in the late 1970s. The active role of the government in institutionalizing research to support the development of Minorities' Policy is expressed in the notion of Minorities' Research (Minderhedenonderzoek). Virtually all research on ethnic minorities is funded directly by government departments or, indirectly, via (state-funded) University related institutes and professional NGOs. It is safe to assume that the majority of Dutch universities with major social science faculties conduct some studies on immigrants or ethnic minorities groups (Essed and Nimako, 2006). However the core of Dutch migration and ethnic studies are located in three centres or institutes within three universities, namely, the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) at the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER) at Utrecht University, and the Institute for Sociological and Economic Research (ISEO) at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. The Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) is the precursor of the Centre for Race and Ethnic Studies (CRES). …


The purpose of this paper is to develop a method of constructing density distribution charts in roundwood log based on the density values obtained with a resistograph. The problem of improving the performance properties of structures made of wood and wood-based composite materials and laminated products is particularly relevant for construction in the northern regions. The experience of building in Yakutia shows sufficient reliability and durability of structures made of larch wood, despite the fact that their use is associated with technological challenges: larch planks warp and crack during the drying process; rigidity of wood increases. These disadvantages are caused by the structural features of the wood material; the degree of their intensity is proportional to the index of wood density. This paper presents the methods and results of qualitative research on wood indices obtained in laboratory and field conditions, as well as the authors' methods of graphical representation of density distribution in the cross and axial sections of a tree trunk, which are based on measurements taken via the method of oriented drilling. In the experimental studies, we performed a comparative analysis of the two-dimensional charts of density distribution with the charts of velocity distribution of acoustic pulses produced by a sonic tomograph "Arbotom". The elaborated method of evaluating the quality indicators of forest resources contributes to the expansion of the boundaries of wood-based material utilization, reduces their cost and improves the quality of construction of wooden structures and buildings.


New innovations are called for to renew the European forest sector into bioeconomy. However, little research exists on how the industry innovativeness is publicly perceived. Using data collected with an online questionnaire in four European countries, we investigate perceptions related to forest sector innovations on 13 current and new bioeconomy-related products and services. Altogether, 218 valid responses were received in 2015, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics, performance-importance analysis, and Gartner's innovation hype cycle. Based on our results, the respondents were in the strongest agreement that the forest sector has since the year 2000 has produced innovations related to wood building systems, construction materials, and wood composites. In the next 15 years, they foresaw a decline in innovations related to biofuels and paper products. The European forest sector also has future potential in wood construction, which is likely related to international policy targets related to carbon mitigation and capture. The observed variation in perceptions among the respondents on forest sector innovativeness calls for strengthening industry R&D, as well as by improving societal awareness of ongoing innovation projects by developing better communication.


Ternary homogeneous nucleation (THN) of H2SO4, NH3 and H2O has been used to explain new parti- cle formation in various atmospheric regions, yet laboratory measurements of THN have failed to reproduce atmospheric observations. Here, we report first laboratory observations of THN made under conditions relevant to the lower tropo- sphere ((H2SO4) of 10 6 -10 7 cm 3 , (NH3) of 0.08-20 ppbv, and a temperature of 288 K). Our observations show that NH3 can enhance atmospheric H2SO4 aerosol nucleation and the enhancement factor (EF) in nucleation rate (J ) due to NH3 (the ratio of J measured with vs. without NH3) in- creases linearly with increasing (NH3) and increases with decreasing (H2SO4) and RH. Two chemical ionization mass spectrometers (CIMS) are used to measure (H2SO4) and (NH3), as well as possible impurities of amines in the nucle- ation system. Aerosol number concentrations are measured with a water condensation counter (CPC, TSI 3786). The slopes of Log J vs. Log (H2SO4), Log J vs. Log RH, and LogJ vs. Log (NH3) are 3-5, 1-4, and 1, respectively. These slopes and the threshold of (H2SO4) required for the unity nucleation vary only fractionally in the presence and absence of NH3. These observations can be used to improve aerosol nucleation models to assess how man-made SO2 and NH3 affect aerosol formation and CCN production at the global scale.


The performance of a Compton imager using a single three-dimensional position-sensitive LYSO scintillator detector was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The Compton imager consisted of a single LYSO scintillator with a pixelized structure. The size of the scintillator and each pixel were 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.3 cm3 and 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3 cm3, respectively. The order of γ-ray interactions was determined based on the deposited energies in each detector. After the determination of the interaction sequence, various types of reconstruction algorithms such as simple back-projection, filtered back-projection, and list-mode maximum-likelihood expectation maximization (LM-MLEM) were applied and compared with each other in terms of their angular resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for several γ-ray energies. The LM-MLEM reconstruction algorithm exhibited the best performance for Compton imaging in maintaining high angular resolution and SNR. The two sources of 137Cs (662 keV) could be distinguishable if they were more than 17° apart. The reconstructed Compton images showed the precise position and distribution of various radiation isotopes, which demonstrated the feasibility of the monitoring of nuclear materials in homeland security and radioactive waste management applications.


Privacy law has languished for decades while the other information law doctrines have flourished. This paradox can be explained by the relative weight assigned respectively to moral argument versus economic argument.Privacy law is unique in that it continues to be steered foremost by moral intuition. What qualifies as a "violation" of privacy is predicated largely on the moral reprehensibility of the act in question. By stark contrast, the intellectual property regimes have long since converted to being led primarily by economic considerations, and only secondarily by non-economic factors.That distinction is counterproductive and nonsensical. Personal data is an informational good like any other. The same economic justifications for intellectual "property" can be extended to intellectual "privacy" — nonexclusivity harms the incentives to generate new information that can further the progress of social knowledge. Where moral rhetoric has failed to advance robust recognition of privacy interests, economic reasoning may prove more effective. In particular, this Essay offers Edmund Kitch's prospect theory as an important counterweight to prior economic critiques of privacy, which have frowned on restraints on alienation of information. Prospect theory shows that the social value of recognizing exclusive claims is not just to shield information that already exists, but also to shield deeper investigations of that information to unearth further information that would not be otherwise discoverable.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how strategic alignment of the corporations' real estate with the organisational strategy may be used to facilitate change within an organisation's collaborative culture. The focus is on the interconnectedness between spatial and behavioural artefacts in the transition process to a new workplace concept.

Design/methodology/approach

The discussion builds on observational studies and semi-structured interviews with 65 employees in a Norwegian organisation.

Findings

The findings indicate that the physical change, when supported by behavioural artefacts as change management actions, paved way for a cultural change towards increased collaboration between employees and across hierarchical levels. However, misalignments between the new workplace concept and existing behavioural artefacts and cultural constructs also restricted the organisation in fully achieving the intended ends.

Research limitations/implications

Applying a socio-material perspective with explicit focus on issues such as management and culture in workplace studies is important to develop better models for strategic use of a corporations' real estate.

Originality/value

When new workplace concepts are implemented with the aim of effecting organisational change they require support of a focused change management process where both spatial and behavioural artefacts are designed to support employee adaptation to the new concept. By conducting the change as a continuous iterative process, extending beyond the moving process itself, the corporate real estate management (CREM) may add to the success by guiding and steering the organisation in the right direction.


Prebiotics are necessary additives to diet, which have a positive influence on human health. Top foods containing prebiotics are chicory root, garlic, onion, wheat bran, etc. Prebiotics are of the nature of oligosaccharides and are nondigestible dietary fiber, which reach up to the colon to be utilized as substrates by the useful gut microflora, namely Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. This results in further multiplication of these bacteria, which prevent colonization by enteric pathogens. Apart from this, several other beneficial effects due to prebiotics are documented: Increase in calcium absorption, potentiation of the immune system, reduction of risk of colorectal cancer and other inflammatory bowel disorders, antihypertensive effect, reduction of constipation, reduction of obesity, antidiabetic effect, etc. All these are attributed to increased production of short-chain fatty acids by the stimulated beneficial bacteria. As prebiotics are heat stable, they can be added to daily food choices like cereals, bread, biscuits, drinks, etc., converting them into functional foods. Addition of both prebiotics and probiotics to foods makes better functional foods. These foods are called synbiotic functional foods. Benefits of prebiotics are still being explored. There is a need to spread knowledge of prebiotics among the elite as well as general public, considering their beneficial effects on health.


Helix travelling-wave tubes (TWTs) are extensively employed as final power amplifiers in satellites. These applications demand low spectral noise and high efficiency across a broad band. Research has been carried out to achieve these criteria in a helix TWT design. A deeper understanding has been gained on how the basic parameters of a TWT affect its non-linear performance. By selecting and controlling the parameters that are critical to the amplifier's nonlinear performance the designs corresponding to the important and desired conditions have been identified. The main simulation tool for modelling the interaction processes in a generic helix TWT was a large-signal model (LSM). A helix slow-wave structure is normally tapered to maintain its phase relationship with the electron beam and to maximise its output RF power. By determining the sensitivity of the helix dimensions on the nonlinear performance at different regions along the tube, a non-uniform slow-wave structure design has been developed for a more linear performance. Since the conditions of high linearity and efficiency could not be achieved simultaneously, the best trade-off was attained. The performance across the frequency band of 10.7 to 12.75GHz was computed for the uniform and tapered helix designs. With the use of a simulated multi-stage collector with optimised electrodes, the overall TWT performance was determined. Further understanding has been gained on the fundamental processes in the tube that cause the generation of nonlinear transfer curves and spectral distortion. The modelling of RF beam current and helix voltage waveforms and their characteristics provided a unique insight. In addition, the formation and deceleration of the electron beam bunches have been shown for the various important conditions; revealing the desirable physical conditions within the beam.


We introduce an unsupervised co-hierarchical analysis of a set of shapes, aimed at discovering their hierarchical part structures and revealing relations between geometrically dissimilar yet functionally equivalent shape parts across the set. The core problem is that of representative co-selection. For each shape in the set, one representative hierarchy (tree) is selected from among many possible interpretations of the hierarchical structure of the shape. Collectively, the selected tree representatives maximize the within-cluster structural similarity among them. We develop an iterative algorithm for representative co-selection. At each step, a novel cluster-and-select scheme is applied to a set of candidate trees for all the shapes. The tree-to-tree distance for clustering caters to structural shape analysis by focusing on spatial arrangement of shape parts, rather than their geometric details. The final set of representative trees are unified to form a structural co-hierarchy. We demonstrate co-hierarchical analysis on families of man-made shapes exhibiting high degrees of geometric and finer-scale structural variabilities.