This study examines how audit-partner gender-diversity impacts audit quality, using data from China, where two partners are assigned to lead each engagement. Female and male partners bring different resources, in the form of information, expertise, experience, and perspectives that could result in higher professional skepticism and better audit quality. The beneficial effect of gender diversity on audit quality is likely to be stronger when the two partners have similar authority or collaborated before, resulting in effective inter-partner communication, and in complex engagements where different perspectives are more valuable. Using the propensity to issue modified audit opinions as a proxy for audit quality, we provide evidence supporting these propositions. Additional analyses show that dyads of gender-diverse partners are less likely to be sanctioned and can charge higher audit fees. These findings further support the hypothesis that partner gender diversity enhances audit quality.


The historical purpose of American immigration policy was to provide a haven for those fleeing persecution and those seeking prosperity, as well as to satisfy workforce and frontier-expansion needs. However, a survey of U.S. immigration policy reveals that this historical purpose has been distorted and abandoned, if in fact it ever represented our nation's goal. This essay evaluates and critiques the effect that race and politics have had on immigration policy and enforcement, and on the public opinion that shapes our immigration priorities. This essay specifically questions whether immigration laws are equitably applied, without regard to the race or ethnicity of the


In this article we present extensions of our earlier work on data-driven haptic rendering. Haptic feedback is generated directly by interpolating measured data. The selection of appropriate data dimensions is guided by the structure of the generalized Maxwell model. Material elasticity and viscosity are reproduced, including transient material effects like stress relaxation. All these properties can be nonlinear and mutually dependent. Besides visco-elastic bodies, we also apply our method to viscous fluids. We present results for several materials and compare the errors of the interpolated forces with perceptual thresholds reported in the literature. Moreover, we examine how these errors behave if different subjects perform the recordings on which the data-driven haptic feedback is based.


We present a study of the cold gas contents of the ATLAS early-type galaxies, in the context of their optical colours, near-UV colours, and Hβ absorption line strengths. Early-type (elliptical and lenticular) galaxies are not as gas-poor as previously thought, and at least 40% of local early-type galaxies are now known to contain molecular and/or atomic gas. This cold gas offers the opportunity to study recent galaxy evolution through the processes of cold gas acquisition, consumption (star formation), and removal. Molecular and atomic gas detection rates range from 10% to 34% in red sequence early-type galaxies, depending on how the red sequence is defined, and from 50% to 70% in blue early-type galaxies. Notably, massive red sequence early-type galaxies (stellar masses > 5×10 M", derived from dynamical models) are found to have H I masses up to M(H I)/M! ∼ 0.06 and H2 masses up to M(H2)/M! ∼ 0.01. Some 20% of all massive early-type galaxies may have retained atomic and/or molecular gas through their transition to the red sequence. However, kinematic and metallicity signatures of external gas accretion (either from satellite galaxies or the intergalactic medium) are also common, particularly at stellar masses ! 5 × 10 M", where such signatures are found in ∼ 50% of H2-rich early-type galaxies. Our data are thus consistent with a scenario in which fast rotator early-type galaxies are quenched former spiral galaxies which have undergone some bulge growth processes, and in addition, some of them also experience cold gas accretion which can initiate a period of modest star formation activity. We discuss implications for the interpretation of colour-magnitude diagrams.


This book explores the nature of the Crown in its legal and political context. Here the term The Crown is being used, not as a direct reference to the Queen but, as a reference to the central power of the State which exercises legal and political authority. It is a surprising fact that the nature of the Crown has not been the object of extensive literature with pride of place on constitutional law courses. The nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is so fundamental and in part because many academics have no idea what the term The Crown amounts to. This book aims to redress this state of affairs by drawing together in one book a collection of essays that explores what the Crown is, or might be, and the critical issues relating to it. The Crown refers to the authority of Government and the very entity of Government. All the people going about the Governments business, Ministers of the Crown and civil servants do so under the cloak of the Crown with its powers and immunities. The idea of democracy may appear central to our political arrangements but the legal facts are that the Crown subsists not merely as the power: it is the state. If the legal facts of our political arrangements clash with our individual beliefs about democracy then that clash is of the highest importance.


Numerical methods for solving Cauchy's problem for a system of differential-algebraic equations constructed by implicit Runge-Kutta methods using methods such as simple iteration, the modified Newton's method and Newton's method are considered. Convergence theorems for these combined methods are proved and estimates for the accuracy of the solution are obtained. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical examples.


Biomass and nutrient cycling are evaluated in sites of Ammophila arenaria and Ononisvaginalis which are among the most common species growing on the coastal dunes of the western desert of Egypt. Both species accumulate N to higher levels than Ca, although growing on calcareous soil, and exhibit faster turnover rates. Uptake and accumulation of nutrients in different organs seem to be a function of phenology. The uptake rate is also affected by carbohydrate supply as an energy source for transport. Large quantities of N and K uptaken by Ammophila are retained in its perennating organs, while Ca exhibits a similar trend in Ononis. The mineralomass amounts to about 35 kg/ha for the former and about 40kg/ha for the latter species. The high concentration of nutrients in phytomass and necromass of both species compared to that in soil suggest that plants in deserts may represent the main bulk of the available nutrients. While the withdrawal of critical nutrients from dying parts of both species may reflect a conservation strategy for more efficient growth.


The term "work ready graduates" is commonly used by Universities to describe students who have been well prepared and who can seamlessly enter professional practice. It is an ideal that is simpler said than achieved in reality. Students in construction management often work and study concurrently but this is often undertaken in an ad hoc way that does not derive the benefits of the potential synergy between the two. The paper explores the need to create such synergy by operationalising Work Integrated Learning concepts and the issues and conditions involved in implementing at the study-work interface for construction management students. The extant literature is used to build the case and identify relevant issues that need to be addressed in the context of contemporary higher education thinking. Research findings are presented from the perspective of the university sector, the student and the industry. Based on findings and insights from these stakeholders, the paper proposes a means of enabling Work Integrated Learning via a structured student-industry network. The brief for such a network is introduced with a view to real world application.


Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive prion disease that causes deficits involving movement, cognition, and mental status. The clinical heterogeneity of the disease can make diagnosis difficult. Thorough neurologic, cognitive, and psychiatric examinations are necessary for observing its clinical features. In this case report we describe a 62-year-old male patient who was initially followed with a diagnosis of depression and later was diagnosed with CJD. The patient had a one-year history of anhedonia, loss of interest, social withdrawal, anxiety and decrease in speech and was given paroxetin 20 mg/day with a diagnosis of depression. During follow up, neurological symptoms including ataxia and rigidity became evident and dementia and akinetic mutism developed in a rapidly progressive course. Although electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed nonspecific findings initially, typical findings for CJD were seen during the follow up. The positive 14-3-3 protein in CSF supported the diagnosis. The aim of this report is to emphasize the fact that CJD may present with different psychiatric symptoms and can be initially misdiagnosed. CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have focal neurological signs in addition to psychiatric symptoms. Repeated neurological examinations, EEG and cranial MRI may help in the diagnosis of these patients.


While internationalisation in higher education has become increasingly common, research and the various chapters of internationalisation experiences across the globe in this book indicate that international students continue to face a number of challenges while studying abroad (De Vita, 2001; Kondakci, Broeck, & Yildirim, 2008; Rienties, Heliot, & Jindal-Snape, 2013; Zhou, Jindal-Snape, Topping, & Todman, 2008). In Chapter 1, we argue that international students experience triple transitions: moving to a new country, moving to a new educational system and moving to higher educational degree programmes. Within these triple transitions, international students experience differences in the social and organisational cultures, dealing with daily life issues, languages, academic as well as interpersonal expectations and realities (Jindal-Snape & Ingram, 2013; Rienties, Beausaert, Grohnert, Niemantsverdriet, & Kommers, 2012; Rienties, Hernandez Nanclares, Jindal-Snape, & Alcott, 2013). Research suggests that any mismatch between expectations and realities for instance, can be stressful (Zhou, Topping, & Jindal-Snape, 2011).

The bulk of research on internationalisation has focussed on determining how "individual" characteristics, such as affective, behavioural and cognitive (ABC) factors, influence international students' learning and adjustment to the host-institution and host-country (De Vita, 2001; Ward, Bochner, & Furnham, 2001; Ward, Okura, Kennedy, & Kojima, 1998; Wilson, Ward, & Fischer, 2013; Zhou et al., 2008). However, in line with the theoretical work by Bethel, Szabo and Ward in Chapter 2, a limited number of studies (e.g., Hendrickson, Rosen, & Aune, 2011; Rienties, Hernandez Nanclares, et al., 2013) have moved beyond individual characteristics of international students and focussed on how social relations of international and host-national students influence students' abilities to interact both in- and outside the university settings. In addition, we and other researchers (Hendrickson et al., 2011; Kimmel & Volet, 2012; Montgomery & McDowell, 2009; Rienties, Heliot, et al., 2013; Rienties, Hernandez Nanclares, et al., 2013; Rienties & Nolan, 2014; Zhou et al., 2011) have found that support networks are of particular importance to international students. For example, Mittelmeier and Kennedy discuss (see Chapter 10) how co-national networks helped Chinese international students to feel supported and more in control in a US setting, which explains why students often turn to co-national friends when their family and home friends are far away.


1. The physiological responses to exercise of two groups of industrial workers with moderate and severe anaemia were measured and compared with a group of matched controls, working and living under similar conditions. Exercise was performed on a stationary bicycle ergometer at five consecutive work loads. During the final minute of each exercise periods, oxygen intake, minute ventilation volume, and cardiac and respiratory frequencies were measured. On a separate occasion, blood haemoglobin concentration was measured at rest and cardiac output and blood and plasma volumes were estimated while subjects exercised at a fixed percentage of the maximum aerobic power for 6 min. 2. Oxygen intake for a given work load and ventilation rate was similar in all subjects studied but exercise cardiac output was elevated in the anaemic group. The increased cardiac output was due to an increased heart rate, the stroke volume being similar in the anaemic and control subjects. There was a marked decrement (∼34%) in maximum aerobic power and some evidence of a raised plasma volume in the severely anaemic group. 3. These results suggest that anaemia impairs performance during moderate and near maximum exercise. There is an associated rise of cardiac output and plasma volume.


The basic entity in phenomenology is the phenomenon. Knowing the phenomenon is another issue. The phenomenon has been described as the real natural object or the appearance directly perceived in phenomenology and analytic philosophy of perception. Within both traditions, philosophers such as Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Russell and Wittgenstein have considered that perceptual experience demonstrates what a phenomenon is on the line between the mind and the external world. Therefore, conceptualizing the phenomenon is based on the perceptual evidence. However, if the belief that perception is "theory-laden" is true, then perception can also be "philosophy-laden." These philosophers have not noticed whether perceptual knowledge is independent of philosophies. If perceptual knowledge is not independent of philosophies, a philosopher's background philosophy can influence what he or she claims to know about the phenomenon. For Husserl, experience is direct evidence of what exists. The textual evidence shows that Sartre rejects the distinction between appearance and reality based on the assumption of the phenomenon. By examining Husserl's Ideas and Sartre's Being and Nothingness I conclude that these philosophers' philosophical languages influence their perceptual knowledge. Philosophical traditions affect the thoughts of perception.


This article describes elements of an approach to research and development called design-based implementation research. The approach represents an expansion of design research, which typically focuses on classrooms, to include development and testing of innovations that foster alignment and coordination of supports for improving teaching and learning. As in policy research, implementation is a key focus of theoretical development and analysis. What distinguishes this approach from both traditional design research and policy research is the presence of four key elements: (a) a focus on persistent problems of practice from multiple stakeholders' perspectives; (b) a commitment to iterative, collaborative design; (c) a concern with developing theory related to both classroom learning and implementation through systematic inquiry; and (d) a concern with developing capacity for sustaining change in systems.


GRAPH BASESD WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION FOR CLINICAL ABBREVIATIONS USING APACHE SPARK Identification of the correct sense for an ambiguous word is one of the major challenges for language processing in all domains. Word Sense Disambiguation is the task of identifying the correct sense of an ambiguous word by referencing the surrounding context of the word. Similar to the narrative documents, clinical documents suffer from ambiguity issues that impact automatic extraction of correct sense from the document. In this project, we propose a graph-based solution based on an algorithm originally implemented by Osmar R. Zaine et al. for word sense disambiguation specifically focusing on clinical text. The algorithm makes use of proposed UMLS Metathesaurus as its source of knowledge. As an enhancement to the existing implementation of the algorithm, this project uses Apache Spark A Big Data Technology for cluster based distributed processing and performance optimization.


Network Alignment (NA) is a generalization of the graph isomorphism problem for non-isomorphic graphs, where the goal is to find a node mapping as close as possible to isomorphism. Recent successful NA algorithms follow a search-based approach, such as simulated annealing. We propose to speed up search-based NA algorithms by pruning the search-space based on heuristic rules derived from the topological features of the aligned nodes. We define several desirable properties of such pruning rules, analyze them theoretically, and propose a pruning rule based on nodes' degrees. Experimental results show that using the proposed rule yields significant speedup and higher alignment quality compared to the state of the art. In addition, we redefine common NA objective functions in terms of established statistical analysis metrics, opening a wide range of possible objective functions.


One tool for health self-management is self-assessment, which enables people to evaluate their health conditions. Risk tests increase knowledge, but they can also motivate people to contact healthcare. This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing survey study on the use of eHealth, focusing on the experiences and opinions regarding a diabetes risk test online (in particular). According to the findings, demographic factors have links to eHealth use, as women were more willing to use online services and higher education partly motivated people to adopt the services. In addition, usefulness and ease of use can contribute to perceiving risk tests positively, which in turn may influence user behavior. If the risk test would show an elevated risk for developing diabetes, it was most common for the respondents to seek more information from several sources or to make changes on their diet. The results could be beneficial for those working with eHealth development.


Bilirubin and other organic anions are transported in serum avidly bound to albumin from which they are extracted and transferred into the hepatocyte where they bind to cytosolic proteins. Two abundant organic anion binding proteins, ligandin and Z‐protein, were previously purified from liver cytosol and characterized. Other studies in isolated perfused rat liver revealed that selectively increased cytosolic ligandin concentration, following phenobarbital treatment or thyroidectomy, directly correlated with net bilirubin uptake which resulted from reduced bilirubin efflux. To clarify the role of Z‐protein in hepatic organic anion transport, we have now determined the kinetics of bilirubin and bromosulfophthalein (BSP) uptake in isolated perfused liver of normal rats and compared results to rats in which Z‐protein, but not ligandin, was selectively increased following treatment with clofibrate (ethylchlorophenoxy‐isobutyrate). These studies revealed that despite a 147% induction of Z‐protein in treated animals, there was no effect on influx or efflux of tracer doses of bilirubin or BSP. Addition of albumin to the protein‐free 10% fluorocarbon perfusate reduced influx of 3H‐bilirubin (p < 0.03) and tended to reduce influx of BSP. In this situation, there was still no influence of Z‐protein concentration on efflux. These studies indicate that Z‐protein does not appear to play a role in the hepatic uptake of bilirubin and BSP.


Author(s): Pritoni, M; Nordman, B; Piette, MA | Abstract: A key issue for saving energy in buildings is to assure that delivery of energy services matches building occupancy as closely as possible, to assure that energy is not wasted providing the services to empty rooms or buildings, and to assure that needed services are provided during all times when desired. Accomplishing this to date has been significantly hampered by a lack of inexpensive mechanisms to obtain and use building-wide and more granular data about occupancy. In recent years, the concept of inferential (or implicit) sensing has been proposed and explored to use data from IT systems that already exists in most buildings, to obtain data that are not perfect, but are nearly free to obtain. Past work by LBNL and others has primarily demonstrated the principle and potential for this, with a primary focus on data from Wi-Fi networks as the best near-term opportunity for inferential sensing from IT networks. This is due to its near-ubiquity, ease of explanation to many audiences, relative uniformness in deployment, low latency of detection, clear ways to mitigate privacy and security, and other benefits (Price et al., 2015). While the potential and value are clear, researchers or building managers who want to obtain the data lack a source of information to understand what data might exist, what devices may have it, and what mechanisms are available to obtain the data. The purpose of this report is to fill that gap. The report begins with a review of institutional issues in collecting such data, including very real concerns about privacy and IT security. It then describes the various system architectures used in Wi-Fi systems in commercial buildings today, and a variety of mechanisms that can be used to obtain information from them, including examples of how to use them, and sample output. Next is a summary of how to use such data for several different purposes, from retrospective analysis to dynamic building operation, and a conclusion. An appendix provides additional detail on specific mechanisms available from major equipment manufacturers. The mechanisms specified in this report can be used by building owners and operators to confirm proper operation and uncover any issues or unexpected conditions as a resource for building owners and researchers interesting in utilizing inferential sensing data.


Pi suppression and resupply effects were studied on nitrogen metabolism by means studied of evaluating on nitrogen biological fixation (N2), GS, Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT activities in alfalfa cv. Florida 77 plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti in different vegetative (V3 and V4) and reproductive (R6 and R8) stages. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the plants cultivated in nutritive solution. The Pi ten days suppression period decreased Pi levels in leaves and nodules in all growth stages, whereas in the roots this decrease was observed only in the vegetative stages.After Pi resupply to the nutritive solution during a similar period, ten days, it was observed Pi levels recovery in stages R6 and R8 for leaves, V3 and V4 for roots and V3 for nodules. Pi suppression significantly reduced total amino acids levels in leaves and roots in all growth stages, indicating that there was some alteration in the N2 fixation process.  After Pi resupply to the nutritive solution, total amino acids levels in roots in all growth stages reached similar values when compared to the control.  Whereas in leaves this only happened in the vegetative stages. Xylem sap aminoacids composition did not alter as a function of either the Pi suppression or resupply. GS and Fd-GOGAT in the nodules decreased only in stages V3 and R8, whereas with the resupply there was no Fd-GOGAT recovery. Nonetheless, there was recovery of GS activity in R8.  In the leaves, GS activity was significantly altered in all stages, while Fd-GOGAT was altered only in V3 and V4. After the resupply there was no GS and Fd-GOGAT recovery in V3. The NADH-GOGAT in leaves and nodules was significantly reduced in tratments  that suppressed Pi in all stages evaluated. Therefore, there was no recovery after resupply. NADH-GOGAT was quite sensible to low Pi availability. Pi suppression seems to exert control over those enzymes activities throughout all different growth stages.


The paper aimed to discuss the growth of mobile platforms and the emergence of the user counter-power in these environments. In that respect, we intended to reflect upon jailbreaking practices from the users' point of view. The study is based on a qualitative approach that examined critical incidents and included interviews with Cydia Store users from Brazil, the primary jailbreak apps store available to users of iOS devices. We discuss how the users of jailbroken handsets articulate the tensions between jailbreaking practice and market constraints, as well as the trade-offs and paradoxes (e.g. security versus openness, stability versus freedom) the users have to deal with in the jailbreaking scene. Our findings suggest that even though jailbreaking practices reflect social counter-power, it emerges from a free culture logic that legitimates the freedom to access, distribute or modify content and creative work, and not from an explicit political motivation.


The ongoing increase in software and hardware complexity poses a challenge for researchers, system architects and software developers who need to understand a system's runtime behavior. Traces of executed code paths and memory references as well as interesting events for example in the area of resource management are frequently used to support development and debugging as they provide a valuable insight into the execution. Memory traces place an extraordinary demand on the tracing components due to the fact that the rate at which the processor accesses main memory is inherently higher than the rate of function calls, MPI messages or other system events. While many tracing frameworks for memory traces have been proposed in the past, a major limitation of these frameworks is their restriction to track only selected processes and their inability to monitor privileged system components. Profiles generated with these tools therefore do not encompass memory references performed by the operating system (OS), system daemons or (kernel-mode) drivers. In this white paper, we present Simutrace, a tracing framework for efficient full system memory tracing. Simutrace captures memory accesses at the hardware level, using functional full system simulation for holistic memory traces. Simutrace incorporates an aggressive but fast compressor, making full length, no-loss memory traces of long-running workloads possible.


Long-term coastal processes [9, 10) usually consist in slight net morphological changes that result from large positive and negative oscillations occuring to a much shorter time-scale. As soon as one is not interested in these short-term variations, one may perform a preliminary time averaging of the basic waterflow and sediment transport equations in order to obtain a much simpler and manageable model for long-term simulations E6]. Long-term mathematical models, in fact, not only require much less computer time, but can run without knowing the detailed time history of all the boundary conditions (which on the contrary is absolutely needed by short-term mathematical models). Averaging of non-linear equations, on the other hand, produce residqal terms that either may be neglected or should be expressed, in some convenient way, as a function of the averaged quantities. The procedure, indeed, is analogous to the averaging of the Navier-Stokes equations in order to eliminate turbulence pulsations, where the Reynolds stresses should be conveniently expressed in terms of averaged velocity. In the case of long-term morphological models of tidal lagoons, semi-empirical expressions of the residual terms can be found. The relative calibration coefficients may be then identified by comparison with field data and/or with a limited number of simulations carried out on short-term models. In some previous papers, long-term morphological models of a tidal lagoon have been developed with different spaceresolution (zero-dimensional [4] and two-dimensional [5] approach) by considering only one equivalent (uniform) sediment grainsize. The zero-dimensional procedure, in particular, has been applied to the Lagoon of Venice [8]. In the present paper the two-dimensional model is reconsidered and extended to the case of particles with different grainsize, ranging from sand to silt.


A comparison of reliable experimental data with the prediction of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package for the flow over and through the upstream hull and inlet duct of a water-jet geometry has been carried out. The flow solver algorithm used is based on the incompressible, three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent flow with ?-? a turbulence model. A detailed series of wind tunnel tests of a representative water-jet geometry have been carried out for a range of duct exit velocity to ship speed ratios. Detailed surface pressure measurements and velocity profiles within the duct were obtained. A multi-block grid generator was used to produce a computational mesh of the water-jet inlet duct and wind tunnel working section which represented the ship hull. Solutions were obtained for comparable conditions to those tested. It was found that both the surface pressure varitations and velocity profiles along and around the duct were well predicted as was the influence of operating condition. The differences found were principally attributed to the lack of grid resolution for the boundary layers and in areas of rapidly changing curvature. The CFD working section was then changed for a flat plate surrounding the duct inlet. This model was used to study the influence of pitch and yaw on the pressure distributions along the duct and velocities at the impeller face place. The results were promising and the predicted trends were as expected. In addition, modelling the influence of a simple hull shape on the flow through the water-jet inlet has been investigated. The ability of the flow solver to obtain reasonably accurate solutions was demonstrated, allowing predictions to be made of the total force distribution on both the hull surface in the vicinity of the duct and on the inlet duct itself. It is concluded that it is possible to model the water-jet system at present and obtain practical design information. However, significant improvements are still required to the methods by which complex three-dimensional shapes are defined in order to allow rapid parametric studies.


Postoperative pain is a common concern among patients and their families.
Pain levels should be assessed objectively by using pain scales.
Opioids are often avoided because of fears of side-effects or addiction, both of which are rare in postoperative patients.
In the management of postoperative pain, the intention is to target different mechanisms of pain with different analgesics (multimodal analgesia) by combining analgesics with different modes of action.
The patient should be informed about the expected level of postoperative pain associated with the operation, and about the methods of providing analgesia.
One of the objectives of premedication is to initiate analgesic management before surgical tissue damage has occurred.
After all surgical procedures, the aim is to achieve a pain score of 4 or less.
If severe postoperative pain is anticipated the preferred management is by means of an epidural catheter or continuous plexus anaesthesia, or, if unavailable, by patient-controlled analgesia using intravenous morphine.
Anti-emetic therapy is required if opioids are used to control postoperative pain.
Patients are entitled to high-quality postoperative management which is possible to achieve with current techniques.


An algebraic approach is formulated in the harmonic approximation to describe a dynamics of two-fermion systems, confined in a three-dimensional axially symmetric parabolic potential, in an external magnetic field. The fermion interaction is considered in the form UM(r)=αMr−M?> (αM > 0, M > 0). The formalism of a semisimple Lie group is applied to analyse symmetries of the considered system. Explicit algebraic expressions are derived in terms of the system's parameters and the magnetic field strength to trace the evolution of the equilibrium shape. It is predicted that the interplay of classical and quantum correlations may lead to a quantum shape transition from a lateral to a vertical localization of fermions in the confined system. The analytical results demonstrate a good agreement with the numerical results for two-electron quantum dots in the magnetic field, when classical correlations dominate in the dynamics.


What is it like to make millions before you turn 20? What drives City traders to excess in their quest for extreme wealth? And what happens when they lose it all overnight? This is the first account of life in today's Square Mile, laying bare the tricks, lifestyles and minds of the men who gamble with millions and influence all our lives. It's a thrilling insider story, full of anecdotes and personalities in the style of "Liar's Poker" and "Kitchen Confidential".


This report presents the findings from a study investigating homosexually active men's awareness
and access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following potential sexual exposure to HIV. The
study consisted of two arms. In the first, identical questions on PEP were asked in the Gay Men's Sex
Survey in 2003 and 2005 to examine population level and sub-group changes in awareness over a
period where the public profile of PEP was increased. In the second part, men who had at least one
experience of attempting to access PEP took part in detailed one-to-one interviews. This qualitative
data offers a detailed insight into men's awareness of the treatment, what prompted them to seek
help, their satisfaction with the clinical experience and follow-up, and their subsequent behavioural
intentions and practices in relation to HIV risk.
The remainder of this chapter offers a brief introduction to PEP and its use, by reviewing existing
academic research and commentary on PEP (mainly focussing on its use outside of the occupational
setting). It also provides background information on developments relating to PEP following sexual
exposure in the UK context. Chapter 2 presents the quantitative data, and Chapter 3 presents a
thematic analysis of the information gained from the one-to-one interviews. In the final chapter, we
present conclusions drawn from the findings of both arms of this investigation, as well as practical
recommendations regarding meeting the PEP-related needs of individual men at risk of HIV
exposure, and the needs of professionals working towards full implementation of the UK guidelines
on PEP following sexual exposure to HIV.


"The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884)" was a provocative and profoundly influential critique of the Victorian nuclear family. Engels argued that the traditional monogamous household was in fact a recent construct, closely bound up with capitalist societies. Under this patriarchal system, women were servants and, effectively, prostitutes. Only Communism would herald the dawn of communal living and a new sexual freedom and, in turn, the role of the state would become superfluous.


Disinfection processes such as chlorination, chloramination, and ozonation are a crucial measure to provide safe drinking water because they effectively inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. However, these processes can also lead to the formation of harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). NDMA is primarily formed during chloramination of wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters, where natural organic materials and anthropogenic pollutants serve as NDMA precursors. A better understanding of NDMA precursors and various formation pathways is vital for developing appropriate mitigation strategies. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) can be used to both allocate sources of organic contaminants in the environment and elucidate their (trans)formation pathways. The goal of this dissertation was to explore the use of CSIA for assessing NDMA formation mechanisms and identifying reactive precursor moieties from stable isotope fractionation trends. In laboratory model systems, NDMA formation was studied during chloramination of secondary and tertiary amines, which are relevant precursor compounds in natural waters. Reaction kinetics and stoichiometries were determined to elucidate poorly characterized reaction steps of the NDMA formation pathway involving chloramine, molecular oxygen, and intermediate species. Although molar NDMA yields from the selected precursors differed significantly (1% - 90%), one O2 molecule was consumed per N(CH3)2 moiety of the precursor. This observation indicates that the reaction of O2 with secondary and tertiary amines proceeded via the same mechanism, but did not control the molar NDMA yield. NDMA formation coincided with the disappearance of the precursor, demonstrating that (oxygen) intermediates were highly reactive and short-lived. Changes of 18O/16O isotope ratios in aqueous O2 revealed that oxygen reacted with radical species, which was confirmed by additional experiments with radical scavengers (tert-butanol, ABTS, and trolox). Based on these results, a NDMA formation mechanism was proposed involving N-centered aminyl radicals. To investigate whether changes of the natural isotopic composition of NDMA can provide additional insights into the NDMA formation mechanism, an analytical method for the accurate determination of C, H, and N isotope ratios of NDMA was developed using solid-phase extraction coupled to gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (SPE-GC/IRMS). During chloramination of tertiary amines, C and H isotope ratios of NDMA remained widely unaltered. Along with quantitative deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, this result demonstrated that the N(CH3)2 moiety of NDMA originated from the tertiary amine precursor. In contrast, the N atom of the nitroso group of NDMA stemmed from NH2Cl as inferred from experiments with 15N-enriched NH2Cl. N isotope ratios of NDMA increased significantly during its formation meaning that 14N reacted preferentially to NDMA. Several steps of the reaction sequence leading to NDMA can be responsible for this observable N isotope fractionation. Trends in correlated C and N isotope ratios of NDMA were nevertheless characteristic for chloramination of four tertiary amines and might serve as probes for this class of precursors. This important proof-of-concept work is a first step towards applying CSIA to reveal relevant NDMA precursors in water treatment processes.


Abstract The SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) is one of the candidates for the fourth-generation nuclear power plant, and it uses light water as a coolant. Heat transfer between a fuel assembly and water may degrade at certain conditions of supercritical pressure flows. Therefore, accurate and reliable estimation of heat transfer coefficients is necessary for the design of the fuel assembly and the reactor core. A series of heat transfer tests has been carried out at a test facility named SPHINX by using carbon dioxide as a stimulant of water. The tests produced heat transfer data of the supercritical pressure flows inside a circular tube of 4.4-mm inside diameter at varying operating pressures, mass fluxes, and wall heat fluxes. The test range of the mass flux was 400 to 1200 kg/m2 s, and the maximum heat flux was 150 kW/m2. The operating pressures were 7.75, 8.12, and 8.85 MPa in the tests. The test results were compared with estimations of the existing correlations for supercritical pressure flows. The comparison showed reasonable agreement between our data and the correlations. However, a rather large departure from the normal heat transfer correlations was observed near pseudocritical temperatures. Besides the comparison of the normal heat transfer coefficients, the onset of heat transfer deterioration was compared between the test cases and two existing criteria. One of the criteria was derived from experiments by using Freon but with a test section of identical geometry while the other criterion was for a flow of carbon dioxide in a larger bore channel than ours. Both criteria showed fair agreement with our experiment. Most test cases with noticeable heat transfer degradation were located in the region of deterioration predicted by the criteria.


The development of an effective target for therapeutic intervention remains a critical part of the drug discovery process. One such target class is the P-type ion translocating ATPases, which include the Na + ,K + -ATPase of cardiac cells and the H + ,K + -ATPase of gastric parietal cells. These enzymes serve as selective targets for digoxin and omeprazole, which are used to treat heart disease and gastrointestinal ulcers, and are two of the leading prescribed therapeutics worldwide. It is the exquisite selectivity that can be achieved between family members that continues to make the P-type enzymes desirable targets for developing new therapeutics including a new generation of antiulcer therapeutic and a new class of antifungal therapeutic.


Ganga Basin is the repository of ground water in the Indian sub continent. The area is subject to frequent drought. Tubewell development both in the state and private sectors has been vigorously pursued in the area. Over pumping has resulted in ground water lowering in many areas. It was suggested that ground water development should generally be integrated with surface water development to provide a comprehensive system. Ground water was operated as a reservoir with heavy pumping during drought, and light pumping during periods of ample surface supplies. Past development of water resources has led to the suggestion that the effects of future drought might be mitigated by artificial recharge of ground water and improving the whole ecological system. Intensive use of the ground water basis required off takes in excess of natural or induced renewal rate by addition of water through recharge. It was suggested that water which was availalble intermittently could be stored with the view of using it later at rates in excess of the natural replacement rate.


The cloud computing is the development of distributed computing, parallel computing and grid computing, or defined as the commercial implementation of these computer science concepts. One of the fundamental issues in this environment is related to task scheduling. Cloud task scheduling is an NP-hard optimization problem, and many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed to solve it. A good task scheduler should adapt its scheduling strategy to the changing environment and the types of tasks. This paper proposes a cloud task scheduling policy based on Load Balancing Ant Colony Optimization (LBACO) algorithm. The main contribution of our work is to balance the entire system load while trying to minimizing the make span of a given tasks set. The new scheduling strategy was simulated using the CloudSim toolkit package. Experiments results showed the proposed LBACO algorithm outperformed FCFS (First Come First Serve) and the basic ACO (Ant Colony Optimization).


The Internet offers tremendous opportunities for information sharing and content distribution. However, without proper filtering, the large amount of information may likely swarm the users rather than benefit them. Collaborative filtering is a technique for extracting useful information from the large information pool generated by interconnected online communities. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic collaborative filtering algorithm, which is based on ordered logistic regression and takes into account both similarities among the users and similarities among the items. We make inference with maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, and propose a Markov Chain Monte Carlo based Expectation Maximization algorithm to optimize model parameters. The power of our proposed algorithm is its extensibility. We show that it can incorporate content and contextual information. More importantly, it can be easily extended to include the trustworthiness of users, thus being more robust to malicious data manipulation. The experimental results on a real world data set show that our proposed algorithm with the trust extension is robust under different types of attacks in recommendation systems.


In February, 2003, the Sudanese Liberation Army in Darfur (the western region of Sudan) after years of oppression took up arms against the Sudanese government. The government and allied militias answered the rebellion with mass murder, rape and the wholesale destruction of villages and livelihood, resulting in one of the world's largest humanitarian and political crises. Up to 2 million people were displaced; 400,000 people killed. In October and November, 2004, after watching woefully inadequate media coverage on the crisis in Darfur, a team of three independent filmmakers trekked to Darfurian refugee camps in eastern Chad and crept across the border into Darfur. They met dozens of Darfurians, and spoke with them about their history, hopes and fears, and the tragedy they are living. Refugees and displaced peoples, civilians and fighters resisting the Sudanese government, teachers, students, parents, children and community leaders provide the heart of Darfur Diaries. Their stories and testimonies, woven together through the personal experience of the filmmakers, and conveyed with political and historical context, provide a much-needed account to help understand Darfur. These are people whose lives, homes, safety and rights deserve to be protected as vigilantly as those of peoples all over the world.


This chapter focuses on the linguistic representation of environmental landmarks and topographical coordinates in two unrelated cultures, Eipo and Dene. It explores the degree to which environmental experience of landmarks and spatial orientation are reflected as cognitive maps. Furthermore, topographical information of the immediate environment is represented as cognitive maps of topographical coordinates. These coordinates constitute a regional-specific gestalt. The data shows the influence and constructive process of environmental landmarks and cultural heritage (e.g. practices, myths) on the shaping of spatial categorization. Landmarks, defined as any kind of cultural-specific environmental reference points (mountains, rivers, houses, trees, or rocks) are used as proximate course-maintaining devices in the encoding of figure-ground asymmetries and they determine detailed topographical cognitive maps of the environment.


The Relationship Between Microbiota, Diet, and Energy Production in the Alpaca Courtney Carroll Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, BYU Master of Science The alpaca is a small South American camelid (SAC) that is an important production animal in Peru, especially among the highly impoverished communities of the high Andes, and raised for its fiber and meat. Alpacas are highly reliant on the microbes within their digestive tracts to digest the plant material they consume; volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are released as a byproduct of this microbial fermentation and used as a major source of energy by the alpaca. To explore optimal parameters for alpaca microbiome analysis, performed 16S rRNA gene surveys on alpaca C1 and fecal samples that had been extracted using one of three different DNA extraction methods (PowerFecal® DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO); ZR Fecal DNA MiniPrepTM (Zymo); and a non-commercial extraction method called salting out) and amplified using one of two different polymerase enzyme mixes (AccuPrimeTM Pfx SuperMix and 5 PRIME HotMasterMix). We found that choice of polymerase enzyme had a profound effect on the recovered microbiome, with the majority of 5 PRIME-amplified fecal samples failing to amplify. Extraction method had an effect on the recovered microbiome of fecal samples (but not C1 samples), with samples extracted using the MO BIO kit and the salting out method recovering different communities. The Zymo extraction kit returned microbial communities comparable to each of the other extraction methods. These results suggested that the AccuPrime enzyme and either the MO BIO or Zymo kits were optimal for alpaca gut microbiome analysis. We also performed two 16S rRNA gene surveys, the first from alpacas fed either a grass hay (GH) or alfalfa hay (AH) diet, and the second a C1 survey of alpacas fed two-week periods of mixed grass hay plus one of four supplements. We discovered body site and diet effects on the microbiota of alpacas fed either the GH or AH diet, with samples grouping by general body site (C1, small intestine, and distal intestine) and diet. However, we found no significant effect on the C1 microbiome of alpacas administered grain supplements. To study how energy extraction related to the microbiome, we correlated OTUs from GH/AH-fed alpaca with C1 VFA abundances. We discovered no significant correlations, and a 16S survey of low body condition (LBC) and good body condition (GBC) alpacas showed no difference in C1 microbial communities. We concluded that the microbiota of the alpaca digestive tract follow trends seen in microbiome studies of ruminants, but found no evidence of a relationship between body condition, energy extraction, and the C1 microbiome in alpacas.


This paper creates a new series of the FOMC*s Target for the federal funds rate for the period September 27, 1982 through December 31, 1993. The creation of this series was motivated by Thornton (2005). Analyzing the verbatim transcripts of the FOMC, Thornton finds that most of the FOMC believed they began targeting the funds rate even before it deemphasized M1*s role in the Fed*s daily operating procedure. The new series was constructed using the verbatim transcripts of FOMC meetings, the FOMC Blue Book, the Report of Open Market Operations and Money Market Conditions, and data that the author obtained from the Desk for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York dealing with open market operations over the period March 1984 through December 1996. The new series compared with another widely used series presented in Thornton and Wheelock (2000). There are some differences in the dating and magnitude of target changes between the two series prior to but not after August 1989.


This paper reports on an exploratory study of information seeking and use in high school students with a low level of information skills and academic competency. Seven students in the 11th grade Remedial Education Program class in American Literature and Composition completed a class project that involved somewhat comprehensive information seeking and use. Data were collected through observation and interview (with students, the teacher, and two library media specialists). All documents each student produced in completing the class project were gathered for data analysis. The preliminary findings of the study indicated that students experienced a great deal of difficulty in the cognitive and affective demands that their tasks required and suggested that technological and instructional mediation would motivate the students' interest in their information seeking and use. The paper concludes with some important implications that can provide a basis for de! signing information literacy instructions for low-level students.


The purpose of this study is to examine the Grievances of librarians of Govt. College Libraries .It explains and presents an analysis of 60 Government Librarian of Degree College Libraries in Western in the field of research have various Grievances. Government's academic, special and Public libraries have always been playing a vital role in supporting the teaching, learning, research and several others Socio-cultural aspects. However, these institutions are now facing many problems. The present study significantly displays and elaborates the various aspects of the research  papers from the ground of systematic outlook, such as  Job satisfaction, UGC Scale of Salary, Promotion, Infrastructure of Libraries, Satisfaction with Govt. Policies, Think about Colleagues, Consider as the Staffs and Traditional Pattern of Librarianship, etc. The prediction of the authors gives a contribution to the area of LIS research by assisting the researchers, librarians and professionals as a whole.


In The Budha of Suburbia, Hanif Kureishi, one of the post-colonial authors, raises a problem that is encountered by most ex-colonized people after the colonial period. Confusion and need for identity are experienced by these ex-colonized people as the effect of colonialism either in the ex-colonized country or the mother country. In this novel, Haroon and Karim, the main male characters, are used by Kureishi to describe the condition of a person who faces identity crisis for his being `hybrid?. Haroon, an Indian comes to England to get higher education, undergoes a crisis of identity as a result of the colonial education he got during his childhood. He becomes a person with the physical look of an Indian and the manner, the taste and the thought of an Englishman. While his son, Karim, faces crisis identity as a result of his condition as a ?hybrid?. This agony leads both Karim and Haroon to search for identity. Identity becomes a key word in this work. Therefore, the thesis writer wants to analyze the efforts of both Karim and Haroon in searching for identity. Since this work talks about the problems dealing with the search for identity of the ex-colonized in contemporary Britain, the thesis writer analyzes the efforts of Karim and Haroon in the form of cultural approach using post-colonial theories which are also supported by historical fact especially the history of colonial education and the history of immigrant and the discrimination in Britain. After analyzing the efforts, it can be seen that although Karim and Haroon are both `hybrid?, they have different efforts in searching for their identities. In addition, it is only through a long process of searching for identity that both Karim and Haroon are able to find identity they desire. Finally, it can be concluded that searching for identity is a typical post-colonial problem because one?s identity is shaped by colonization that always produces a ?hybrid`.


Almost all cancers are diagnosed through visual examination of microscopic tissue samples. Visual screening of cell samples, so called PAP-smears, has drastically reduced the incidence of cervical cancers in countries that have implemented population wide screening programs. But the visual examination is tedious, subjective and expensive. There has therefore been much research aiming for computer assisted or automated cell image analysis systems for cancer detection and diagnosis. Progress has been made but still most of cytology and pathology is done visually. In this presentation I will discuss some of the major issues involved, examine some of the proposed solutions and give some comments about the state of the art.


Women empowerment is important for the development of our country. A majority of the Indian women live in villages. Therefore, the development of rural women empowerment is necessary for the true development of our countries economy. The Government of India and the Planning commission of India acknowledged that rural women empowerment is to be promoted for the economic development. The rural women of India are trying to foray into entrepreneurship for their empowerment. However, the problems encountered by the rural women entrepreneurs is completely different from those of their urban counterparts. ICT sector can provide lot of chances for the rural women development through entrepreneurship. This phenomenon of contemporary practices in ICT sector is deliberated about in this study bringing forward the case study of rural women entrepreneurs of West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh in ICT sector. The focus of the present paper is to gain insight into the concept of rural women entrepreneurship in ICT sector focussing on to examine the need of rural women entrepreneurs in ICT's, barriers as well as difficulties experienced by rural women, issues and challenges in contemporary practices in ICT's and to suggest measures for women empowerment from ICT's.


Monetary policy has become a key component of economic policies. Modern monetary policy has been shaped by a substantial amount of theoretical and empirical research over the past few decades. The thesis focuses on three particular areas where the influences of monetary policy have become of great importance over the recent decades. While the 1st chapter sets out the backdrop, the 2nd chapter focuses on exchange rate pass through elasticities and their macroeconomic determinants. Pass through is a source of inflation through imports in open economies and has reportedly been declining in a number of countries since the 1980s for aggregate prices level. Low average and persistent inflation has been suggested as one of the main reasons for this decline. Pass through is influenced by the monetary policy regimes. We first estimate the pass through elasticities and verify the evidence of declining pass through across different monetary policy regimes for 39 countries over the period 1981 to 2010 by constructing some relevant indices. We find the evidence of declining pass through over the period. Secondly, we verify the important macroeconomic determinants by including some macroeconomic variables and monetary policy regimes. Our findings reaffirmed the importance of inflation in determining pass through elasticities and suggest that inflation targeting monetary policy regime and greater central bank autonomy reduce pass through elasticities. In the 3rd chapter, we first provide a classification of de facto monetary policy regimes for 124 countries, which includes 7 exchange rate regimes and 4 inflation targeting and monetary targeting regimes. The previous studies had only classified de facto exchange rate regimes and ignored the underlying monetary policy frameworks in their classifications exercises. However, the outcome of such classifications will not be accurate, as some of the identical exchange rate regimes will have different monetary policy frameworks, such as inflation targeting, which needs to be taken into account in any proper assessment of the impact of the regimes on growth and inflation. Secondly, we evaluate the regime performances on growth and inflation by using pooled mean group (PMG) estimation method instead of GMM. PMG is more suitable for panel analysis with a large number of time series observations (T) and the number of groups(N). The findings suggest that monetary policy with nominal anchors is more conducive to growth. The 4th chapter focuses on the relationship between financial development and economic growth in terms of both the quality and volume of financial development in eight Asian and south east Asian emerging economies for the period 2003 to 2012. We have estimated the cost and profit efficiencies of the banks in these countries for the first time to measure the quality of financial institutions. Broad money growth and bank credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP have been used for the volume measures. The findings suggest the importance of both the volume and the quality of financial development for growth in these countries. The 5th and the final chapter concludes.


In identity retrieval from crime scene images, the outer ear (auricle) has ever since been regarded as a valuable characteristic. Because of its unique and permanent shape, the auricle also attracted the attention of researches in the field of biometrics over the last years. Since then, numerous pattern recognition techniques have been applied to ear images but similarly to face recognition, rotation and pose still pose problems to ear recognition systems. One solution for this is 3D ear imaging. the segmentation of the ear, prior to the actual feature extraction step, however, remains an unsolved problem. In 2010 Zhou at al. have proposed a solution for ear detection in 3D images, which incorporates a nave classifier using Shape Index Histogram. Histograms of Categorized Shapes (HCS) is reported to be efficient and accurate, but has difficulties with rotations. In our work, we extend the performance measures provided by Zhou et al. by evaluating the detection rate of the HCS detector under more realistic conditions. This includes performance measures with ear images under pose variations. Secondly, we propose to modify the ear detection approach by Zhou et al. towards making it invariant to rotation by using a rotation symmetric, circular detection window. Shape index histograms are extracted at different radii in order to get overlapping subsets within the circle. The detection performance of the modified HCS detector is evaluated on two different datasets, one of them containing images n various poses.


Should retributivists reject capital punishment? It is easy to see how those holding different theories of punishment might oppose it. For example, a deterrence proponent could argue that capital punishment lacks a deterrent effect and, thus, it is unjustified. This seems a far more difficult task for a retributivist. I will argue that retributivists should reject capital punishment for murderers. My argument will accept several concessions. First, I accept that capital punishment may be proportionate to the crime of murder. Thus, my claim is not that capital punishment should be rejected because it is disproportionate to murder. Secondly, I accept that capital punishment need not be cruel nor unusual punishment. This is an area of wide disagreement, but I do not wish to be distracted by these debates here. Note that I am not defending any particular method of execution. I simply assume that a method may be satisfactory. Thirdly, I also accept that capital punishment is not barbaric nor uncivilized. Some philosophers, such as Kant, rejected punishments for some crimes on the grounds that doing so might itself be a crime against humanity. This also an area of wide disagreement I wish to avoid. In summary, these three concessions are accepted up front purely for the sake of argument. My claim is that retributivists should reject capital punishments for murderers even if they believed it proportionate for murderers, it was not cruel nor unusual to impose capital punishment on murderers, and capital punishment was not barbaric nor uncivilized.


MJP: Where did you do your undergraduate study and your dissertation:? Jane Flax: I did my undergraduate study at Berkeley, I graduated in 1969. Then I went to Yale and did my graduate work. I got my PhD in 1974 Both degrees were in political science. MJP: Was your early research in mainstream political science? Jane Flax: No, I always did political theory, that was my great love. When I lived at Berkeley I was very fortunate because there were wonderful political theorists who were there at the time. When I was at Yale, I also did political theory and philosophy. My interests have always tended more towards the philosophic and I actually wrote my dissertation on the relationship between politics and knowledge. And that was before I'd even read Foucault. I've had a pretty constant set of interests, I would say, since I was in graduate school. MJP: Don't you wish you had have got in before Foucault; "I was before Foucault"? Jane Flax: Foucault was way ahead of me, I'm afraid. The only book of his I had read at the time was The Archeology of Knowledge. It wasn't until later, probably until 1982 or 1983, that I really started reading him seriously. I was certainly interested in psychoanalysis early on because I did my dissertation on the critical theorists - Horkheimer, Adorno and Marcuse - so that I got into psychoanalysis because I wanted to try to understand what they were doing. You can't really do that unless you know a lot about psychoanalysis. So that was sort of my route into studying Freud. MJP: The issues that you have written about appear to be very much a continuation of that ... Jane Flax: Yes, it is really. I think even in undergraduate school I was very interested in philosophies of knowledge. When I was in graduate school I continued to be interested in philosophies of knowledge and I was always interested in relationships of power, too. When I was in graduate school the women's movement started up again and that was a very strong reason for pursuing that. So I got interested in gender, although I didn't really write about that in my dissertation. After I got my dissertation I started writing about gender issues. So my interests in knowledge and subjectivity and power have been really long-standing issues. I just seem to explore them in a variety of ways, but they were certainly the three central issues that I worked with. MJP: There is also a major concern in your work with the difficulty of finding perspectives for theory and practice. This is noticeable particularly in relation to feminism ... Jane Flax: Yes, yes. This is one of the reasons that I have a lot of empathy for Foucault. I think that it's very easy to become a prisoner of a certain kind of theory, and then it actually blocks you from thinking. And you become so invested in the theory that the theory comes up like a blender where everything gets processed through, no matter what. I have a very restless mind in that way. What I usually do is try to get very much inside a theory and work with it in a very empathic way. But then I begin to see its intrinsic difficulty and I need some other way to think, and so I take up some other theory. I look at theories more as tools, as ways of helping me to formulate questions or think about issues, not as things in themselves that you want to be committed to. MJP: How do you situate yourself in relation to the current conflict in feminist theory with the issue of "identity politics"? Do have a need to situate yourself within this debate? Jane Flax: Yes. I've written a lot about this issue and I have a lot of trouble with identity politics for a number of reasons. One is, of course, I think identity is so complicated and multiply determined that I think that it's hard to figure out any kind of straightforward identity to begin with. I think that it's a great mistake to think that having some sort of solid identity gives you any kind of stable place to operate from. …


Background The NICE 2007 guidelines for antenatal and postnatal mental health suggested that women are screened by midwives at booking to identify a past history or ongoing history of perinatal mental ill-health.1 We hypothesised that the main barrier to accurate identification was a lack of confidence in the clinical pathway, as opposed to lack of skill in asking the questions.2,3 We introduced a simplified and formalised triage system at St. Michael's Hospital, Bristol, in 2012. Method An "at risk" fax notification form was completed by midwives for those women who screened positive using the 'Whooley' questions. This information was triaged and streamlined patients to either an antenatal appointment or to the appropriate support services. Referral data were analysed from January 2012 to July 2013. Results The most common conditions referred included depression (55%), anxiety (19%), eating disorders (6%) and bipolar disorder (5%). 68% were referred onto a consultant-led antenatal clinic, 26% were for information only and a letter sent to the midwife to refer back if necessary and 5% were referred to the New Horizon Mother and Baby Centre. During the period January 2013 to July 2013 there were a total of 158 referrals using the 'at risk' notification form compared with 53 referrals in the previous 6 months. The number of words per referral increased significantly demonstrating an increase in the detail recorded. Conclusion We concluded that when midwives have confidence in the referral pathway they were more empowered to identify women at risk of perinatal mental ill-health. References Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health. The NICE guideline on clinical management and service guidance. The British Psychological Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2007 Ross-Davie M, Elliott S, Sarkar A, Green L. A public health role in perinatal mental health. Are Midwives ready? British Journal of Midwifery, 2006 Jun;14(6):330–334 McCauley K, Elsom S, Muir-Cochrane E, Lynehm J. Midwives and assessment of perinatal mental health. J Pschiatr Mental Health Nurs. 2011 Nov;18(9):786–95


This paper proposes a new analysis of person and number agreement in Georgian, which combines the locality-based syntactic account of Be jar (2000) with the discontinuous bleeding mechanism proposed by Noyer (1997). Following Be jar (2000, 2003); Be jar and Rezac (2003), we argue that phi-feature checking and realization is sensitive both to locality and to markedness of features. Contra these previous approaches, however, we propose that the morphological real- ization of these checking relations is constrained by a morphological template which restricts the number of positions-of-exponence available in the Georgian verb, in the spirit of analyses proposed in Noyer (1997); Carmack (1997); and Hale (2001), and, in a way, by Harris (1981). Our central claim is that the cyclic, phase-dependent nature of Spell-Out interacts with the positions available in the template to produce the complex patterns of blocking observed, without recourse to extrinsic rule-ordering or a presyntactic level of paradigmatic structure (see, e.g. Stewart 2001). This approach easily accounts for the number sensitivity of the first person prefixes, and naturally extends to predict the forms of the inverse paradigm, given certain syntactic assumptions about the location of arguments in the tree structure in the relevant constructions. We also treat the agreement patterns of complex verbs, containing both the verb stem and a dummy auxiliary. We claim that these forms are distinct from the simplex forms in lacking a phase boundary which is present in the simplex forms.


In recent years, through the development and implementation of programs specifically designed to assist self-represented litigants (SRLs), courts across the United States have demonstrated a renewed commitment to the principle of equal access to justice.  The steady growth in the number of litigants representing themselves presents a challenge; courts, however, are increasingly relying upon technology to meet the needs of this growing population.  This article offers an in-depth examination of the People's Law Library (PLL), a statewide legal information and self-help website maintained by the Maryland State Law Library that seeks to connect SRLs with a wide range of resources to help them better understand the legal issues relevant to their situation as well as the court processes and procedures that must be followed. Based upon data collected through interviews with PLL stakeholders and a review of documents related to the development and implementation of PLL, this case study is guided by two key research questions:1) How does PLL facilitate self-represented litigants' access to legal information, and 2) What challenges has PLL faced in facilitating this access? The paper then offers several recommendations, based upon findings from this study, for using statewide legal information websites to facilitate improved access to legal information by SRLs in the United States.


Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) has come to mean many things. Yet, scratch the surface of the multitude of realisations, and there is great commonality between them. This paper investigates this commonality, turning it into a mathematically coherent and practical FRP realisation that allows us to express the functionality of many existing FRP systems and beyond by providing a minimal FRP core parameterised on a monad. We give proofs for our theoretical claims and we have verified the practical side by benchmarking a set of existing, non-trivial Yampa applications running on top of our new system with very good results.


One of America's great poets writes of his father, lost through death and discovered again through insistent recollection. A death in the family forces a re-sorting and reshaping of all that we can recall of times and people gone from us as we measure our identities by their remembered images. While prowling in the past, Warren is drawn to likenesses between himself and his father, between himself and others of his family. The poet finds that his father too, in his long silent youth, ventured into the writing of poetry, as have so many, but in time put it away for other things. Gradually this elegy for his father becomes Warren's reverie on the many Warrens and Penns who live now only in his memory. We encounter his mother and his mother's mother, his father's Warren line thrown back over three generations, as he draws forth sameness, giving shape and full form and then sharp recognition to family members who were and must yet remain mysteries. Then we see that Warren is delineating the tenuous threads of all our many unsettled and fragmentary American family histories, that he is tracing all our steps from the coast over mountain trails into the dark wilderness to the west. With him, when we stop to consider our loved and lost ones, we realize the delicacy of our accepted relationships. In this autobiographical essay and the accompanying poem sequence that echoes it, ""Mortmain,"" Warren's look into the mystery of the past evokes for us the loss and recovery and wonder that death brings.


Fisherman's life is generally synonymous with poverty, this can be seen from the slum state of residence and the houses of a waterless stage and poor health environment and the low education of the fishermen. The problems of this research are. a. How is the life of fishermen in Secanggang village Langkat, b. how the government's role in tackling the life of fishermen in a cleavage c. What should the government do for the future of fishermen in Secanggang village langkat. This research is a juridical descriptive whose data source is done by field research and documentation, data collecting is done by interview, quieter, observation, research result, fisherman at Secanggang village Langkat still using traditional fishing gear and 35% fishermen do not have fishing facilities especially bots, fishermen live depending on weather and natural conditions, and sea waves, to sustain family life the fishermen have to borrow money at collector which will be paid later with the catch of the fish. The children in Secanggang village Langkat do not criticize education because they prefer to catch fish and get money and the children just finish junior high school to continue to high school is very difficult because of unfavorable economic conditions and transportation costs are quite high.


Picturing Peace is an ArtsBridge collaboration in which K-12 students learn to use digital cameras to communicate their feelings and ideas about peace. The photographs of three student cultures were analyzed. Both local and universal symbols of peace were found, such as nature, light, community, environment, peace signs, play, spiritual symbols, diversity, body and innocence.Picturing Peace is an inter-university knowledge transfer, research and educational art project. This multi-faceted project examines the positive effects that abstract image making has on 4th grader's conceptual thinking. The project also uses art and digital photography to foster students' thinking about peace. The project is based in two primary schools in California and two in North Belfast. The team in NI include students from University of Ulster School of Art and Design along with students, teachers and principals from Ligoniel Primary and St Vincent de Paul Primary schools. The project requires ongoing liaison with schools in California and researchers at Artsbridge America at the University of California Irvine. Jonathan Cummins is project director in Northern Ireland and co-investigator with lead researcher Robert Beck and Jasmine Yep. The project in Northern Ireland received US$16,000 from the funders Citizen Peace Building Programme at University of California Irvine. The project has the active support and involvement of many institutions such as the Da Vinci Research Center for Learning Through the Arts, Citizen Peace Building Programme, Artsbridge America at University of California Irvine. Seeds of Hope in Northern Ireland, the University of Ulster, Lawrence University, Ligoniel Primary School, St. Vincent de Paul Primary School and the Hewlett Packard Corporation.The project has had a number of outcomes: Journal article'Picturing Peace: An Analysis of Student Photographs in Three Cultures'. Authors: Robert Beck, Jonathan Cummins and Jasmine Yep. Journal for Learning through the Arts: A Research Journal on Arts Integration in Schools and Communities, Center for Learning through the Arts and Technology, University of California Irvine. Vol 1, No 1, Dec 2005. Summer/Fall 2005. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nb7r9d4Artsbridge America Annual Conference, 2005Conference paper and keynote address by Jonathan Cummins. Artsbridge America Conference, March 2005, University of California, San Diego. Title: 'Picturing Peace: Visualizing Northern Ireland through the Eyes of Children.Curriculum and WorkshopsAs part of the project, a curriculum was designed to further children's literacy and photography skills. In addition to the curriculum, three workshops were held at the University of Ulster, which were attended by children from Ligoniel and St Vincent de Paul primary schools. The workshops focused on technology, critical analysis of photographs and peace. ExhibitionAn exhibition of 48 photographs made by children from Ligoniel and St Vincent de Paul Primary Schools was held in Belfast City Hall in April 2006. The children, their families and teachers attended the exhibition, which was opened by the City Mayor.


A fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based probe is developed by designing a novel double fiber structure to make the probe sensitive to both axial and radial contact displacements. A matched FBG pair interrogation system for the probe is modeled, and the best matched initial condition is found to make the probing system work in the linear and most sensitive mode. Actual measurements of ring gauges and fuel injection nozzles indicate that, for a microhole with an aspect ratio of greater than 14∶1, an axial resolution of 8 nm and a radial resolution of 30 nm can be achieved with the developed probe. It is therefore concluded that the double fiber probe with a single FBG developed can be used to measure high aspect ratio microholes.


The Indian buffet process is a stochastic process defining a probability distribution over equivalence classes of sparse binary matrices with a finite number of rows and an unbounded number of columns. This distribution is suitable for use as a prior in probabilistic models that represent objects using a potentially infinite array of features, or that involve bipartite graphs in which the size of at least one class of nodes is unknown. We give a detailed derivation of this distribution, and illustrate its use as a prior in an infinite latent feature model. We then review recent applications of the Indian buffet process in machine learning, discuss its extensions, and summarize its connections to other stochastic processes.


High aspect-ratio (HAR) micropillar arrays are important for many applications including, mechanical sensors and actuators, tunable wetting surfaces and substrates for living cell studies. However, due to their mechanical compliance and large surface area, the micropillars are susceptible to deformation due to surface forces, such as adhesive force and capillary force. In this thesis we have explored the capillary force driven mechanical instability of HAR micropillar arrays. We have shown that when a liquid is evaporated off the micropillar arrays, the pillars bend and cluster together due to a much smaller capillary meniscus interaction force while still surrounded by a continuous liquid body, rather than due to often reported Laplace pressure difference because of isolated capillary bridges. We have studied both theoretically and experimentally, the capillary force induced clustering behavior of micropillar arrays as a function of their elastic modulus. To this end, we have developed a modified replica molding process to fabricate a wide range of hydrogel micropillar arrays, whose elastic modulus in the wet state could be tuned by simply varying the hydrogel monomer composition. By minimizing the sum of capillary meniscus interaction energy and bending energy of the pillars in a cluster, we have derived a critical micropillar cluster size, which is inversely proportional to elastic modulus of micropillars. The estimated cluster size as a function of elastic modulus agrees well with our experimental observation. We have also explored the utility of the clustered micropillar arrays as ultrathin whitening layers mimicking the structural whitening mechanism found in some insects in nature. Finally, we have theoretically studied the capillary force induced imbibition of a liquid droplet on a model rough surface consisting of micropillar arrays. Our theoretical model suggests that due to shrinking liquid droplet, the imbibition dynamics does not follow the diffusive Washburn dynamics but progressively becomes slower with time. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Materials Science & Engineering First Advisor Shu Yang


Secular mindfulness has come into the education sector. Although acknowledging the source as the Buddhist teachings, it is very different. This paper looks at the original scriptures and draws out 5 misconceptions in practice and why they may be harmful to those who undertake them. These five areas of misconceptions are; history is not important (using the example of physics to begin with); the understanding of the difference between concept and reality is not necessary; the mental phenomena in this world are not conditioned; the purpose of mindfulness is to be calm and have less stress; wrong mindfulness will not harm you. The study will also show how the right understanding of mindfulness can be incorporated into the existing curriculum; as a starter in KS4 Biology, KS4 Physics, A level Medical physics and in PSHE /Citizenship and RE by exploring the understanding that attachment conditions aversion. These 5 misconceptions can show us another meaning of spirituality. We do not understand reality as it is, so we are attached and so suffer and cause others suffering.


The key advantage of smart meters over traditional metering devices is their ability to transfer consumption information to remote data processing systems. Besides enabling the automated collection of a customer's electricity consumption for billing purposes, the data collected by these devices makes the realization of many novel use cases possible. However, the large majority of such services are tailored to improve the power grid's operation as a whole. For example, forecasts of household energy consumption or photovoltaic production allow for improved power plant generation scheduling. Similarly, the detection of anomalous consumption patterns can indicate electricity theft and serve as a trigger for corresponding investigations. Even though customers can directly influence their electrical energy consumption, the range of use cases to the users' benefit remains much smaller than those that benefit the grid in general. In this work, we thus review the range of services tailored to the needs of end-customers. By briefly discussing their technological foundations and their potential impact on future developments, we highlight the great potentials of utilizing smart meter data from a user-centric perspective. Several open research challenges in this domain, arising from the shortcomings of state-of-the-art data communication and processing methods, are furthermore given. We expect their investigation to lead to significant advancements in data processing services and ultimately raise the customer experience of operating smart meters.


We address the problem of vision-based multi- person tracking in busy inner-city locations using a stereo rig mounted on a mobile platform. Specifically, we are interested in the application of such a system for autonomous navigation and path planning. In such a scenario, semantic information about the moving scene objects becomes important. In order to esti- mate this robustly, we combine classical geometric world map- ping with multi-person detection and tracking. In this paper, we refine an approach presented in earlier work, which jointly estimates camera position, stereo depth, object detections, and trajectories based only on visual information. We analyze the influence of the trajectory generator, which forms part of any tracking-by-detection system, and propose a set of measures to improve its performance. The extensions are experimentally evaluated on challenging, realistic video sequences recorded at busy inner-city locations. The results show that the proposed extensions significantly improve overall system performance, making the resulting detecting and tracking capabilities an interesting component of future navigation system for highly dynamic scenes.


Polyparasitism is common in the developing world. We have previously demonstrated that schistosomiasis-positive (SP) Malian children, aged 4–8 years, are protected from malaria compared to matched schistosomiasis-negative (SN) children. The effect of concomitant schistosomiasis upon acquisition of T cell memory is unknown. We examined antigen-specific T cell frequencies in 48 Malian children aged 4–14 to a pool of malaria blood stage antigens, and a pool of schistosomal antigens, at a time point during a malaria episode and at a convalescent time point ~6 months later, following cessation of malaria transmission. CD4+ T cell-derived memory responses, defined as one or more significant cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and/or IL-17A) responses, was measured to schistoma antigens in 18/23 SP children at one or both time points, compared to 4/23 SN children (P < 0.0001). At the time of malaria infection, 12/24 SN children and 15/23 SP children (P = 0.29) stimulated with malaria antigens demonstrated memory recall as defined by CD4-derived cytokine production. This compares to 7/23 SN children and 16/23 SP children (P = 0.009) at the convalescent timepoint. 46.2% of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells expressed a single cytokine after stimulation with malaria antigen during the malaria episode. This fell to 40.9% at follow-up with a compensatory rise of multifunctional cytokine secretion over time, a phenomenon consistent with memory maturation. The majority (53.2–59.5%) of responses derived from CD45RA−CD62L− effector memory T cells with little variation in the phenotype depending upon the time point or the study cohort. We conclude that detectable T cell memory responses can be measured against both malaria and schistosoma antigens and that the presence of Schistosoma haematobium may be associated with long-term maintenance of T memory to malaria.


In this paper we study the integral of type
\[_{\delta,a}\Gamma_{\rho,b}(x) =\Gamma(\delta,a;\rho,b)(x)=\int_{0}^{\infty}t^{x-1}e^{-\frac{t^{\delta}}{a}-\frac{t^{-\rho}}{b}}dt.\] Different authors called this integral by different names like ultra gamma function, generalized gamma function, Kratzel integral, inverse Gaussian integral, reaction-rate probability integral, Bessel integral etc. We prove several identities and recurrence relation of above said integral, we called this integral as Four Parameter Gamma Function. Also we evaluate relation between Four Parameter Gamma Function, p-k Gamma Function and Classical Gamma Function. With some conditions we can evaluate Four Parameter Gamma Function in term of Hypergeometric function.


In today�s increasingly globalised yet disconnected world, especially in the contemporary context of a turbulent political landscape, there has been an increasing effort made by socio-political leaders at solidifying alliances and drawing support from different corners of the world in order to neutralize policies. Drawing on a multidimensional framework, in particular, critical discourse analysis and membership categorization analysis, this paper explores the various strategies employed by political leaders, attempting to reconcile disparate perspectives in the face of increasing socio-economic inter-connection and political dependence. More often than not, it was discovered, political leaders drew upon the somewhat "illusory" notion of "international community", turning it into a tool of persuasion and membership category. In doing so, this paper aims to illustrate how the creation of illusive categories and perceptions are intended as a means of drawing support from diverse political leaders and projecting a united front before scrutinizing press and public.


We propose to present how the socio-political context can influence the success/recognition or failure of a creature as well as the value of an artist, in this case the playwright Pierre-Augustun Caron de Beaumarchais. Its existence and creative activity took place during the French Enlightenment, a period with many ideological and aesthetic changes. If, through the social order, part of his creation was forbidden and accepted after several revisions, full success was through taking over and transfiguration into the work of creation. We especially refer to Figaro's Wedding and Barber of Seville, comedies that have been translated into opera pages by composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Gioacchino Antonio Rossini and Giovanni Paisiello.


A growing body of literature on the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is becoming available, but a synthesis of available data has not been conducted. We performed a scoping review of currently available clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and chest imaging data related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus and LILACS from 01 January 2019 to 24 February 2020. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted using the clinical and laboratory data, and random-effects models were applied to estimate pooled results. A total of 61 studies were included (59,254 patients). The most common disease-related symptoms were fever (82%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%–99%; n = 4410), cough (61%, 95% CI 39%–81%; n = 3985), muscle aches and/or fatigue (36%, 95% CI 18%–55%; n = 3778), dyspnea (26%, 95% CI 12%–41%; n = 3700), headache in 12% (95% CI 4%–23%, n = 3598 patients), sore throat in 10% (95% CI 5%–17%, n = 1387) and gastrointestinal symptoms in 9% (95% CI 3%–17%, n = 1744). Laboratory findings were described in a lower number of patients and revealed lymphopenia (0.93 × 109/L, 95% CI 0.83–1.03 × 109/L, n = 464) and abnormal C-reactive protein (33.72 mg/dL, 95% CI 21.54–45.91 mg/dL; n = 1637). Radiological findings varied, but mostly described ground-glass opacities and consolidation. Data on treatment options were limited. All-cause mortality was 0.3% (95% CI 0.0%–1.0%; n = 53,631). Epidemiological studies showed that mortality was higher in males and elderly patients. The majority of reported clinical symptoms and laboratory findings related to SARS-CoV-2 infection are non-specific. Clinical suspicion, accompanied by a relevant epidemiological history, should be followed by early imaging and virological assay.


Assemblages of reef corals through the Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene Seroe Domi Formation in Curacao are described and statistically analyzed to document patterns of change in these associations during a Late Pliocene Caribbean-wide episode of accelerated faunal turnover. The data are based on large field collections made systematically at 73 localities within a sequence of bedded siliciclastics and coralgal limestones near Sint Michielsberg. Geologic age dates are newly determined for the sequence using high-resolution chronostratigraphic methods including paleomagnetics and strontium-isotope analyses, and the localities are subdivided into five locality-groups--Middle Miocene flatiron, Late Miocene salina-base, Mio-Pliocene salina-top, Early to Late Pliocene ridges, and Late Pliocene sea-cliff. Using a consistent set of morphologic characters, a total of 99 species are identified in the collections, and their occurrences are compared with first and last species occurrences reported elsewhere in the Caribbean. Frequencies of Stylophora, Acropora, and extant species are compared among the five locality-groups using non-parametric statistical tests. Occurrence matrices (99 speciesX35 localities) are assembled for the collections using both relative abundance codes and presence-absence data, and average linkage cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis are performed to further examine the nature of the differences in the fauna among locality-groups. Interpretations of the results suggest that assemblages in the three older locality-groups (flatiron, salina-base, salinatop) are composed of >75% pre-turnover species, whereas assemblages in the youngest group (sea-cliff) are composed of 63% post-turnover species. The ridges localities (44% post-turnover species) represent a transitional step between the two extremes and contain assemblages in which dominant members of the old and new faunas co-occurred. Age estimates for the transition correspond generally with those reported for a similarly prolonged faunal transition in the Limon Group of Costa Rica. The flatiron localities differ distinctively in faunal composition from the other four locality-groups, which overlap in composition. Wide variation is observed within each locality-group. This variation is unrelated to stratigraphy and can be only partially attributed to environmental and taphonomic factors. Instead, it appears to be caused by the irregular, patchy local distributions often characteristic of reef-builders and, together with the overlap among locality-groups, suggests that faunal change was not coordinated and that species were independently distributed through the sequence.


Review: Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime: Food Security and Globalization by C. Ford Runge, Benjamin Senauer, Philip G. Pardey, and Mark W. Rosegrant C. Ford Runge, Benjamin Senauer, Philip G. Pardey, and Mark W. Rosegrant. Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime: Food Security and Globalization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2003. 288 pp. ISBN 0-8018-7725-3 (cloth); ISBN 0- 8018-7726-1 (paperback). US$55.00 cloth; US$19.95 paperback. Alkaline paper. Rarely can-and with great caution, should-a book be described as a genuine service to our world and our capacity for sympathies and connections. Yet Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime: Food Security and Globalization overcomes the natural skepticism attendant to such an appellation and should inspire readers to think of ending hunger as not only a moral imperative but also an attainable goal. In Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime, authors C. Ford Runge, Benjamin Senauer, Philip G. Pardey, and Mark W. Rosegrant write clearly about the experiences of the world's hungry and the local, national, and global factors that figure in and bode for their situation. Furthermore, Ending Hunger in our Lifetime is not only extremely informative on food policy and security, but it also offers an illuminating non-doctrinaire grasp of globalization and the institutions, forces, and defaults that shape it. The actual predicament of hungry people who toil day after day is never absent in this very policy-oriented book. With an early depiction of the Hassan family-the authors' given name for a real Bangladesh family known by a International Food Policy Research Institute survey (p. 237, n. 1)- Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime offers a compelling understanding of how a subsistence farm family suffers under a calorie intake that is less than necessary to maintain basic health and a sufficient energy level for work. Family life characterized by incidents of infant mortality, toiling hours of labor, under-education (especially for females), ill-health, and the overwhelming share of income going for basic food stuffs marks the world of the Hassan's. Typifying the subsistence farm family's need for supplemental work, Mr. Hassan has side work pulling a rickshaw-a job that demands a level of caloric intake Mr. Hassan cannot approach and is emblematic of the Hassan's family overwhelming situation. In addition to this personal emphasis, the more technical information Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime provided from the United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization and other international organizations regarding nutritional requirements and the state of health of hungry people enhances the book's compelling argument for making a committed response to world hunger. The context for this response to global hunger is globalization, and Ending Hunger in Our Lifetime sets this context down early in the book, with a continuous exposition of globalization as the reality principle that will bear on all opportunities. As the authors state: "We accept globalization as a reality that will shape our responses to hunger at every level, including the local one. To deny both its creative and destructive possibilities is like denying the coming of the monsoon" (p. 6). Nevertheless, globalization, like domestic commerce, is malleable and should be subject to civic notions of public goods. Affirming "the essential civic nature of international food security, environment, and health" (p. 6), the authors call upon international institutions, national governments, and private aid programs to ensure amenable access to food security by developing nations and their people. Importantly, and pertaining to the globalization context, food security for poor people will not entail a rejection of global trade but rather greater market access and fairer terms for less developed countries. Making a fundamental point, the authors write: " More open trade in agriculture smoothes out the bumps and gyrations in markets, rather than aggravating them as is popularly believed. …