Estimates of the costs incurred by a data breach can vary enormously. For instance, a 2015 Congressional Research Service report titled "The Target and Other Financial Data Breaches: Frequently Asked Questions" compiled seven different sources' estimates of the total losses resulting from the 2013 Target breach, ranging from $11 million to $4.9 billion. The high degree of uncertainty and variability surrounding cost estimates for cybersecurity incidents has serious policy consequences, including making it more difficult to foster robust insurance markets for these risks as well as to make decisions about the appropriate level of investment in security controls and defensive interventions. Multiple factors contribute to the poor data quality, including that cybercrime is continuously evolving, cyber criminals succeed by covering their tracks and victims often see more risk than benefit in sharing information. Moreover, the data that does exist is often criticized for an over-reliance on self-reported survey data and the tendency of many security firms to overestimate the costs associated with security breaches in an effort to further promote their own products and services.
While the general lack of good cost data presents a significant impediment to informed decision-making, ignorance of the economic impacts of data breaches varies across categories of costs, events, and stakeholders. Moreover, the need for precision, accuracy, or concurrence in data estimates varies depending on the specific decisions the data is intended to inform. Our overarching goals in this paper are to clarify which types of cybersecurity cost data are more easily collected than others; how policymakers might improve data access and why previous policy-based efforts to do so have largely failed; and what differential ignorance implies for cybersecurity policy and investment in cyber defenses and mitigation.
Our prognosis is that important data gaps, especially as those relate to the $-impacts of cybercrime, including data breaches, will endure and are not fully solvable. Certain cost categories are relatively easily estimated, while others will forever remain difficult if not impossible to estimate precisely. Furthermore, much of the best data that will exist will in the hands of Information Security (InfoSec) and Cybersecurity Insurance (CyberIns) providers and will remain private. We do not view this as a problem in need of correction; however, we do see a role for government in helping make some of this cybersecurity market intelligence data available to other market participants. Although data gaps for publicly available data will continue to remain severe, in many cases, this will not be an impediment to evidence-based decision-making so long as the government can encourage a flow of good third-party research.


The aim of this research was to investigate how growth hormone (GH) cortisol and some haematochemical parameters could be modified by the stress caused by the stages of shearing in Sarda breed sheep. Five groups of 10 sheep each were formed. Group A, only separated from the flock; Group B, only tied; Group C, both tied and shorn (animals in these three groups were ewe lambs shorn for the first time); Group D, adult females both tied and shorn; and Group E, adult entire males both tied and shorn (animals in these two groups had been shorn previously). Five blood samples were taken from each animal: the day before treatment (first sample); at the start of the treatment (second sample); in the middle of shearing for Groups C, D and E, 10 min after separation in Group A and 10 min after tying in Group B (third sample); at the end of treatment (fourth sample); and on the day after treatment (fifth sample). Plasma GH levels showed a decrease (P < 0.01) in Groups A, B, C and D during treatment (third and fourth samples), while Group E only at the end of shearing (fourth sample). In the third sample, the highest GH levels were recorded for Group E (P < 0.05), while it was recorded in the fourth sample for Groups A and E (P < 0.05). Cortisol levels showed a clear increase (P < 0.01) in all groups during treatment, but Group A showed a decrease in the fourth sample in comparison to the third sample. Males in the second, third and fourth sample and Group A only in the fourth sample showed lower cortisol levels when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma glucose levels showed an increase (P < 0.01) in all groups during treatment but Groups B, C and E showed the highest values (P < 0.05). Magnesium (Mg) showed an increase in all groups in the third and fourth sample, while sodium (Na), in the same samples, only in Groups B, C and D. Potassium (K) values showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) only in Groups C and D at the end of shearing. These results show that GH secretion is influenced by all the stress procedure: separation, tying and shearing. Shearing, even if necessary for animals, causes a significant change of the blood parameters involved in the stress response.


The purpose of this commentary is threefold. First, to review the origins and definitions of the concept of social capital as it has developed in the recent literature. Second, to examine the limitations of this concept when interpreted as a causal force able to transform communities and nations. Third, to present several relevant examples from the recent empirical literature on Latin American urbanisation and migration. These examples point to the significance of social networks and community monitoring in the viability of grass-roots economic initiatives and the simultaneous difficulty of institutionalising such forces. Current interest in the concept of social capital in the field of national development stems from the limitations of an exclusively economic approach toward the achievement of the basic developmental goals: sustained growth, equity, and democracy. The record of application of neoliberal adjustment policies in less developed nations is decidedly mixed, even when evaluated by strict economic criteria. Orthodox adjustment policies have led to low inflation and sustained growth in some countries, while in others they have failed spectacularly, leading to currency crises, devaluations, and political instability. The 'one-size-fits- all' package of economic policies foisted by the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury on countries at very different levels of development have led to a series of contradictory outcomes that orthodox economic theory itself is incapable of explaining.


INTRODUCTION
Advanced paternal age (APA) is a reported risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring. We performed a meta-analysis of this association, considering the effect of gender and study design.

METHODS
We identified articles by searching Pub Med, PsychInfo, ISI, and EMBASE, and the reference lists of identified studies. Previously unpublished data from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966) study were also included.

RESULTS
There were 6 cohort studies and 6 case-control studies that met the inclusion criteria. In both study designs, there was a significant increase in risk of schizophrenia in the offspring of older fathers (≥30) compared to a reference paternal age of 25-29, with no gender differences. The relative risk (RR) in the oldest fathers (≥50) was 1.66 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.46-1.89, P < 0.01]. A significant increase in risk was also found for younger fathers (<25) in males (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02-1.14, P = 0.01) but not females (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.97-1.14, P = 0.28). The population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) was 10% for paternal age ≥30 and 5% for paternal age <25.

DISCUSSION
Both APA (≥30) and younger paternal age (<25) increase the risk of schizophrenia; younger paternal age may be associated with an increased risk in males but not females. This risk factor increases the risk of schizophrenia as much as any single candidate gene of risk. The mechanism of these associations is not known and may differ for older and younger fathers.


All and Nothing Entanglement, where a system can be in a superposition of a number of distinct states simultaneously, is a principle at the foundation of quantum mechanics (recall Schrödinger's cat, which is both dead and alive). It can also be used in many applications—imaging, communication, patterning, and metrology—with the effect being amplified by entangling larger systems. However, the systematic generation of "large" entangled systems is challenging. Afek et al. (p. 879; see the Perspective by Wildfeuer) present a technique for generating many-photon entanglement in so-called NOON states, where there are two possible paths and N photons in one path and 0 in the other—the system being a superposition of "all and nothing" states. Mixing of entangled pairs with classical light at a beam splitter formed up to five photon-entangled states. The technique should be generally applicable to generate higher-order entangled states. Adding photons to an entangled photon pair at a beam splitter can produce multiphoton entangled states. Precision measurements can be brought to their ultimate limit by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics. In optics, multiphoton entangled states, known as NOON states, can be used to obtain high-precision phase measurements, becoming more and more advantageous as the number of photons grows. We generated "high-NOON" states (N = 5) by multiphoton interference of quantum down-converted light with a classical coherent state in an approach that is inherently scalable. Super-resolving phase measurements with up to five entangled photons were produced with a visibility higher than that obtainable using classical light only.


This course portfolio examines student experiences while taking Visualization Studio and illustrates the various drawing and design projects they complete. While this document illustrates the overall course experience it focuses on student perceptions of learning to draw the human form by two students. Student A, Alesha, demonstrates a high pass example and student B, Mallory, demonstrates a mid pass example. I feel it is obvious to compare high and low pass samples but the difference between high and mid is much harder to differentiate. Key elements are highlighted to identify the differences between them. Although final course grades were close between each student their perceived learning varies greatly. This conundrum is caused by the difference between the experiences of each student. Student A felt she had a lot of experience entering the course while Student B felt she had no experience and therefore had learned more. The question is: should the instructor grade for improvement or for actual skill in a course with students who have little to no experience in art, drawing or designing?


We consider a world capital market in which the investor population is heterogenous. Investors of different countries differ in the prices of goods at which they consume the income from their investments. In such a setting, the international CAPM incorporates rewards for exchange rate risk, in addition to the traditional reward for market-covariance risk. The aim of the paper is to determine whether these additional risk premia empirically playa significant role in the pricing of securities. The test being conducted is a test of a conditional version of the CAPM. It builds on the recent empirical literature which points out that stock market returns may, to some extent, be predicted on the basis of a number of instrumental variables, such as interest rates and dividend yields. All previous tests of the international CAPM with exchange risk premia have been tests of the unconditional version and have been inconclusive.


By their nature information infrastructures require the co-operation of a broad range of diverse stakeholders and interests in order emerge and evolve over-time. Boundary objects provide a means through which those from different social worlds can collaborate without having to reach a consensus in order to do so. In this article we explore the role of such objects, whose infrastructural properties have often been overlooked. We respond to calls to examine the different types of objects used to elicit feedback from potential users and other stakeholders in complex information system projects. Our focus is specifically on health information systems and in particular those involving the implementation of electronic record systems at a national or regional scale. Such projects are notoriously complex and are frequently marked by a diversity of intentions and lack of agreement. When attempted at a national scale at least, they typically fail to meet intended objectives and projects are often abandoned altogether. We suggest that understanding how different types of boundary object—repositories or ideal types—inhibit infrastructural development can assist in understanding these difficulties and point to ways of better supporting the generativity required for the infrastructuralisaton of complex information systems.


Study of collective behavior is to understand how individuals behave in a social networking environment. Oceans of data generated by social media like Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube present opportunities and challenges to study collective behavior on a large scale. To learn to predict collective behavior in social media. In particular, given information about some individuals, how to infer the behavior of unobserved individuals in the same network? A social-dimension-based approach has been shown effective in addressing the heterogeneity of connections presented in social media. However, the networks in social media are normally of colossal size, involving hundreds of thousands of actors. The scale of these networks entails scalable learning of models for collective behavior prediction. To address the scalability issue, an edge-centric clustering scheme to extract sparse social dimensions. With sparse social dimensions, the proposed approach can efficiently handle networks of millions of actors while demonstrating a comparable prediction performance to other non-scalable methods.


Featherstars, comatulid crinoids that shed their stalk during their ontogeny, are the most species‐rich lineage of modern crinoids and the only ones present in shallow water today. Although they are of considerable palaeontological interest as a 'success story' of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, their fossil record is relatively species‐poor and fragmentary. New Spanish fossils of the Cretaceous featherstar Decameros ricordeanus preserve the shape and configuration of nervous and circulatory anatomy in the form of infilled cavities, which we reconstruct from CT scans. The circulatory system of D. ricordeanus was relatively extensive and complex, implying a pattern of coelomic fluid flow that is unique among crinoids, and the peripheral parts of the nervous system include linkages both to the circulatory system and to the surface of the body. A phylogenetic analysis (the first to include both living and fossil featherstars and which includes characters from internal anatomy) recovers D. ricordeanus among the lineage of featherstars that includes Himerometroidea, Tropiometra and 'Antedonoidea', among others. D. ricordeanus is larger than almost any modern featherstar, and its elaborate coelomic morphology appears to be a consequence of positive allometry. All featherstars with coelomic diverticula are shown to belong to a single comatulid subclade, and this feature may constitute a synapomorphy of that group. Some preservation of cavities corresponding to soft tissue is probably not exceptional in fossil crinoids, providing an opportunity to study the diversity and evolution of extinct anatomical systems typically only preserved in Lagerstätten.


Synchrony in demographic rates between spatially disjunct populations is a widespread phenomenon, although the underlying mechanisms are often not known. This synchrony and its spatial patterns can have important consequences for the long-term persistence of metapopulations and can also be used to infer drivers of population dynamics. Here, we examined spatial patterns of synchrony in the breeding success of black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla in the UK, using an extensive dataset on kittiwake breeding success and 2 different ways of measuring synchrony: one reflecting synchrony in inter-annual fluctuations only (rdiff) and one reflecting synchrony in both inter-annual fluctuations and long-term trends (r). We found that between-colony synchrony in breeding success decreased with distance up to just over 200 km but that some colony pairs showed stronger or weaker synchrony than expected based on distance. This was also reflected in the configuration of spatially coherent clusters of kittiwake colonies with synchronous breeding success. Further, we compared the support for different drivers of these spatial patterns, including trophic interactions and weather conditions. We found that the spatial dynamics of the kittiwakes' main prey in this region, the lesser sandeel Ammodytes marinus, appeared to play some role in generating synchrony in long-term patterns, but their role in generating synchrony in inter-annual fluctuations was less clear. The study shows that examining spatial patterns in synchrony can provide useful information for inferring potential drivers and the spatial scale over which they are acting.


Graffiti knitting, the practice of knitting objects and installing them without permission in public, is part of a larger craftivist turn in contemporary activism. It builds on a feminist history of activist knitting and resonates today because of its synthesis of the material and the affective, and through these means crafting a more participatory politics. This approach has facilitated, however, blindness to the racial politics of a largely White feminist appropriation of graffiti. This works against craftivism's political potential and mirrors larger concerns about participatory politics. As a scholar-activist, I critique graffiti knitting to point toward ways for it to evolve and become a more intersectional activist practice.


The Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei (Silsilah Raja-raja Brunei) introduces an alleged Chinese ancestor whose name has been transcribed as Ong Sum Ping. Ong is said to have been related to the imperial family of China, to have ruled over Sabah in northern Borneo, and having provided his sister as spouse to one of the early sultans of Brunei. The current paper examines Ong Sum Ping and his various appearances under different names in especially Chinese texts from the twentieth century. These texts emphasise early Chinese influence on northern Borneo. Sometimes Ong Sum Ping is linked to Manarejiana, a Boni chieftain, who visited Nanjing, the capital of the Ming empire in 1408 to pay tribute and his respects to the Yongle emperor (r. 1402–1424). Through the association of the chieftain with the Ming empire, some writers suggest that Ong Sum Ping may have been an admiral of Zheng He's fleet who came to Brunei and stayed there. At the core of the paper is an examination of modern assumptions about: (1) the identity of Ong Sum Ping; (2) the existence of a Chinese province in northern Borneo; and (3) the likelihood of an appearance of the Treasure Fleet of Zheng He in Brunei in the early fifteenth century. I argue that with the extant Chinese textual sources none of these claims can be verified, and that therefore they are reflecting local oral traditions.


Alexey Bessudnov - DPhil, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of Exeter (United Kingdom). Address: Amory Building 341, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ UK. E-mail: email@example.com Kurakin - Candidate of Sciences (Sociology), Director of the Center for Cultural Sociology and Anthropology of Education, Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20 Myasnitskaya St., 101000 Moscow, Russian Federation. E-mail: email@example.com Malik - Leading Expert, Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20 Myasnitskaya St., 101000 Moscow, Russian Federation. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com It is widely believed that higher education in Russia has become almost universal and more people go to universities compared to most European countries. In this paper we explore this issue empirically with the Russian and European census data and data from the Trajectories in Education and Careers (TREC), a longitudinal cohort study. According to the 2010 census, only 34% of people aged between 25 and 34 in Russia have university degrees, which is nearly the same as in most Eastern European countries and slightly fewer than in Western Europe. The TREC data show that only about 50% of 2012 ninthgrade graduates were university students in 2015. The expansion of higher education in Russia has been in line with the overall European trends. Similar to other countries, there have been changes to the gender composition of university students in Russia over the last two decades, with girls being more likely to attend university than boys. The analysis of social backgrounds of students with different educational trajectories reveals a onsiderable social inequality within the Russian education system. Eighty-four percent of school graduates with university-educated parents are admitted to university, as compared to only 32% of children from less-educated families. Graduation from ninth grade represents an educational fork that is crucial for inequality, as children from less socially advantaged families tend to opt for vocational education at this stage. Graduation from eleventh grade is a less important educational transition: at least 80% of high school students get admitted to university after graduating from 11th grade.


A method for measuring flow velocity distribution in the interior of a transparent fluid is proposed. The method utilizes a thin sheet of laser light, which illuminates fluid containing small scattering particles. A double-exposure hologram is made with the scattered light as a signal wave. In the reconstructed image we can observe interference fringes which correspond to the distribution of particle displacements between the two exposures and consequently to the distribution of flow velocity. Simple experiments were performed that confirmed the usefulness of the method. A discussion of the relation of this method to laser Doppler velocimetry shows that the two methods utilize different aspects of the same phenomenon.


The teaching process is actually a communication one. It could be interesting or not, pleasant or woeful etc. depending mainly on the teacher's attitude, his/her verbal expression and nonverbal behavior performed in the classroom. Especially, in children of preschool and early primary school ages, the words a teacher uses in an everyday chat or discussion with students during teaching, the tone of his/her voice and nonverbal behavior may create a positive or negative classroom climate which affects relationships among him/her and the students. This study, based on observations of teachers' communication behavior during teaching process, focuses on the way they choose to communicate with children and on their verbal expressions in regard to classroom climate conditions. Also, the study focuses on teachers' nonverbal behaviors, which like nonverbal communication aspects, affect the relationships among classroom participants in school environment. Emphasis is given on teachers' verbal expressions and nonverbal behaviors that may lead to communication violence and bullying because teachers are more than often behavioral patterns especially for preschoolers and very young elementary school children (pupils).


Most style factor exchange-traded funds (ETFs) use some simple heuristic method of portfolio construction, such as equal weighting or capitalization weighting. This inevitably results in inefficient portfolios that are likely to have significant unintended factor bets, and the returns to these can easily dominate the returns to the chosen style factor. The author uses a simple stock selection rule to create different style factor ETFs using a number of heuristic portfolio construction methods, including equal weighting, capitalization weighting, attribute weighting, inverse volatility, risk parity, and Markowitz optimization. The author also introduces a modified version of Markowitz optimization that identifies the most inefficient holdings in an existing portfolio and only allows limited trading in those stocks; the purpose is to gain a significant improvement in overall efficiency without too much turnover. Each of the strategies is rebalanced quarterly from the beginning of 2006 to 2019. Because the stock selection is always the same, the resulting differences in performance and turnover are due entirely to the different methods of portfolio construction. TOPICS: Portfolio construction, exchange-traded funds and applications Key Findings • Style factor ETFs purport to offer investors the opportunity to capture the factor risk premium of the target style. • However, if these portfolios are not constructed efficiently, the contribution of the target style factor premium to the overall return on the portfolio is very likely to be dominated by other, unintended factor bets. • Smart portfolio optimization can maximize the effect of the target style factor premium on the return to the ETF portfolio and minimize all other effects.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows.

DESIGN
Prospective study.

ANIMALS
5 lactating dairy cows.

PROCEDURE
After collection of baseline milk samples, 300 mg (6 mL) of ceftiofur was infused into the left front and right rear mammary gland quarters of each cow. Approximately 12 hours later, an additional 300 mg of ceftiofur was administered into the same mammary gland quarters after milking. Milk samples were collected from each mammary gland quarter every 12 hours for 10 days. Concentrations of ceftiofur and its metabolites in each milk sample were determined to assess the rate of ceftiofur elimination.

RESULTS
Although there were considerable variations among mammary gland quarters and individual cows, ceftiofur concentrations in milk from all treated mammary gland quarters were less than the tolerance (0.1 microg/mL) set by the FDA by 168 hours (7 days) after the last intramammary administration of ceftiofur. No drug concentrations were detected in milk samples beyond this period. Ceftiofur was not detected in any milk samples from nontreated mammary gland quarters throughout the study.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Ceftiofur administered by the intramammary route as an extra-label treatment for mastitis in dairy cows reaches concentrations in milk greater than the tolerance set by the FDA. Results indicated that milk from treated mammary gland quarters should be discarded for a minimum of 7 days after intramammary administration of ceftiofur. Elimination of ceftiofur may be correlated with milk production, and cows producing smaller volumes of milk may have prolonged withdrawal times.


Recent developments in nanoscale electronics allow current wireless technologies to function in nanoscale environments. Especially due to their incredible electrical and electromagnetic properties, carbon nanotubes are promising physical phenomenon that are used for the realization of a nanoscale communication paradigm. This provides a very large set of new promising applications such as collaborative disease detection with communicating in-vivo nanosensor nodes and distributed chemical attack detection with a network of nanorobots. Hence, one of the most challenging subjects for such applications becomes the realization of nanoscale ad hoc networks. In this article, we define the concept of carbon nanotube-based nanoscale ad hoc networks for future nanotechnology applications. Carbon nanotube-based nanoscale Ad hoc NETworks (CANETs) can be perceived as the down-scaled version of traditional wireless ad hoc networks without downgrading its main functionalities. The objective of this work is to introduce this novel and interdisciplinary research field and highlight major barriers toward its realization.


This study examined the effect of dexamethasone (DEX), 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days, on [3H]taxol metabolism in liver microsomes and hepatocytes of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In control rats, two isomeric monohydroxylated metabolites, M1 and M2, were formed. The formation of both metabolites was 2-3 times greater in the male than in the female animals. After DEX treatment, M1 increased 2.6-fold in the male animals and 6.5-fold in the female animals. This was accompanied by similar increases in hepatic cytochrome P4503A protein and testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation. Three additional metabolites (U1, U2, and U3) were formed in the DEX-treated animals only. Isolation of these metabolites from rat hepatocyte incubates by reversed-phase HPLC permitted structure identification of U2 and U3, using tandem MS. The mass spectrum of U3 was consistent with deacetylation of taxol, whereas the mass spectrum of U2 was consistent with deacetylation of the monohydroxylated taxol metabolite M2. A comparison of HPLC and MS data for U3 with those of standard 10-deacetyltaxol suggested that the site of deacetylation might be the 4-position of the taxane ring. Preliminary observations indicate that the deacetylation is caused by a DEX-inducible cytochrome P450.


Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: (PFD) encompasses symptoms that rarely occur in isolation and include urinary and faecal incontinence, rectal evacuatory dysfunction and pelvic organ prolapse. It impacts on the quality of life of at least one third of adult women, with recent reviews suggesting that pelvic floor prolapse may occur in up to 50% of parous women. PFD is associated with a delay in seeking help. Why women with PFD seek or do not seek help for their symptoms has been unclear but is recognised as being multi-factorial.

Aim: to learn from women with PFD, to understand the coping mechanisms they develop to live with PFD, and the triggers which prompt their seeking help.

Methodology: this study, grounded in the naturalist paradigm, was a micro-ethnographic study focusing on the emic perspective of a defined group, women diagnosed with PFD, who presented to an East London Hospital for treatment. Leininger's Culture Care theory and ethno-nursing methods were used to facilitate knowledge generation. The study took place in three consecutive phases, each informing the next phase. Phase 1 - One Life Health Care History. This was an instrumental case study which obtained a personalised and longitudinal account of the woman's health, care and illness experiences from a lifetime perspective. Phase 2 - Eight semi structured interviews; these focussed on the themes generated from a review of the literature pertaining to coping and help seeking behaviour, and themes generated from Phase 1, which were continued until saturation was achieved. Phase 3 - Focus groups from three cultures (Turkish, Orthodox Jewish and African) which represent the ethnic mix of the local population. These explored universality and diversity amongst different cultural groups with respect to coping and help seeking behaviour.

Results: this study has identified universality and diversity in coping and help seeking behaviour in women with PFD. Personality and culture have a significant impact on coping and help seeking behaviour, and lack of knowledge is a barrier to help seeking. Social taboo and the role of women in society influenced the coping behaviours of women. Women developed masking and containment strategies, and avoided aspects of social interaction to ensure their PFD problems remained secret. The fear of disgrace (opprobrium) and the delay in seeking help is linked to the woman's position in her society, and the degree to which women appropriate opprobrium is dependent on their personality and their cultural feelings of self-worth as women in their own communities.

Recommendations: if women are to be encouraged and supported to seek help for their PFD, it will be imperative to raise public knowledge and awareness of PFD. Public Health Departments, in conjunction with GP practises, will be key in promoting awareness and advertising integrated PFD services, ensuring posters and information leaflets are translated and displayed in facilities frequently used by women. Facilitating ease of access to PFD services will require the development of integrated PFD services, with community based self referral clinics or drop-in clinics being made available. Health care providers need education and support to ensure they empower women to seek help by giving them permission to discuss any PFD concerns they may have.

Conclusions: the contribution to knowledge from this study include the lay care practices that women with PFD employ in order to cope with the problem, and an appreciation of the laycare practices utilised by women. Understanding of care influencers has facilitated recommendations for service and practice development. Areas for further research have been identified. The increasing prevalence of PFD is well known, with studies suggesting that over the next 30 years the number of women seeking help for PFD symptoms will increase at twice the population growth rate. Knowledge and understanding of women's coping and help seeking behaviour is essential if services are to be developed to meet this growing need. Knowledge generated from this research in relation to opprobrium appropriation makes a unique contribution to the discipline of nursing.


Mechanical low back pain is one of the most common clinical disorders that most people seek help for (Painting et al. 1998:110). Epidemiological studies indicate a lifetime prevalence of low back pain ranging from 60 to 80% with an annual incidence of approximately 30% (Mosheni-Bandepi et al., 1998). The Sacroiliac (S.I.) joint is a significant source of pain in patients with chronic low back pain and it therefore warrants further study (Schwarzer et al. 1995:31). S.I. syndrome is defined as pain over the S.I. joint in the region of the posterior superior iliac spine, which may be accompanied by referred pain over the buttock, greater trochanter, groin, posterior thigh, knee, and occasionally to the postero-lateral calf, ankle and foot (Kirkaldy-Willis, 1992:123). Research indicates that there seems to be a correlation between low back pain, more specifically S.I. pain and hip rotation (Ellison et al. 1990, Cibulka et al. 1999, Fairbank et al. 1984). Cibulka et al. (1998) found that patients with lower back pain who were classified as having signs suggestive of S.I. regional pain had significantly more external rotation than internal rotation on the posterior innominate side i.e. side of S.I. dysfunction (approximately a 20 difference). Manipulation is recognised as an effective means of treating mechanical low back pain, with respect to both Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome and S.I. Joint Syndrome (Assendelft et al. 1992 and Koes et al. 1996). Kirkaldy- Willis (1992:123) states that manipulation is the most certain way of relieving the symptoms of S.I. syndrome. This investigation aimed to determine the effect of a sacroiliac joint manipulation on hip rotation ranges of motion (active and passive motion) in patients with chronic sacroiliac syndrome in terms of objective measures.


There has been considerable recent interest in pa- leoclimate reconstructions of the temperature history of the last millennium. A wide variety of techniques have been used. The interrelation among the techniques is sometimes unclear, as different studies often use distinct data sources as well as distinct methodologies. Here recent work is re- viewed and some new calculations performed with an aim to clarifying the consequences of the different approaches used. A range of proxy data collections introduced by different au- thors is used to estimate Northern Hemispheric annual mean temperatures with two reconstruction algorithms: (1) inverse regression and, (2) compositing followed by variance match- ing (CVM). It is found that inverse regression tends to give large weighting to a small number of proxies and that the second approach (CVM) is more robust to varying proxy in- put. The choice of proxy records is one reason why differ- ent reconstructions show different ranges. A reconstruction using 13 proxy records extending back to AD 1000 shows a maximum pre-industrial temperature of 0.25 K (relative to the 1866 to 1970 mean). The standard error on this estimate, based on the residual in the calibration period, is 0.14 K. Instrumental temperatures for two recent years (1998 and 2005) have exceeded the pre-industrial estimated maximum by more than 4 standard deviations of the calibration period residual.


Despite their learning advantages in theory, marking menus have faced adoption challenges in practice, even on today's touchscreen-based mobile devices. We address these challenges by designing, implementing, and evaluating multiple versions of M3 Gesture Menu (M3), a reimagination of marking menus targeted at mobile interfaces. M3 is defined on a grid rather than in a radial space, relies on gestural shapes rather than directional marks, and has constant and stationary space use. Our first controlled experiment on expert performance showed M3 was faster and less error-prone by a factor of two than traditional marking menus. A second experiment on learning demonstrated for the first time that users could successfully transition to recall-based execution of a dozen commands after three ten-minute practice sessions with both M3 and Multi-Stroke Marking Menu. Together, M3, with its demonstrated resolution, learning, and space use benefits, contributes to the design and understanding of menu selection in the mobile-first era of end-user computing.


Introduction : The first occupational therapy (OT) undergraduate programme in Brazil opened in 1956 in Rio de Janeiro by the " Associacao Brasileira Beneficente de Reabilitacao" , as a technical educational course. It became a university undergraduate programme only in 1969. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the development of OT undergraduate programmes in Brazil. In addition, a mapping of the distribution of existing educational courses in Brazil will be reported through an historical overview. From 1958 until 1986, 15 undergraduate programmes were identified. Between 1987 and 1999, this number increased to 24 and finally between 2000 and 2011 this number was raised to 75 across the whole country. There are some significant differences between the OT courses, depending on the region of the country. The lecturing laboratory spaces that drew the most attention were the Assistive Technology Laboratories, which only began to appear in the middle of the 2000s.  Conclusion : There was a marked increase throughout the last decade in the number and the quality of OT undergraduate programmes in Brazil, which consequently enhanced the number of occupational therapists in the country, improved standards within the profession and brought advances in the field of practice. In order to understand the role of the practitioners in the contemporary world a dialogue between different countries and continents plays an important role when reflecting on the OT undergraduate programmes.  Keywords: occupational therapy, undergraduate programmes, educational institutions.


In the last years of his life, Richard Wright, the fierce and original American novelist known for Native Son and Black Boy, wrote over four thousand haiku. In Richard Wright and Haiku, Yoshinobu Hakutani considers Wright the poet and his late devotion to the spare, unrhymed verse that dwells on human beings' relationship to the natural world rather than on their relationships with one another, a strong departure from the intense and often conflicted relationships that had dominated his fiction. Wright was not the only famous American author to be attracted to the art of haiku. Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation novelist known for On the Road and The Dharma Bums, also explored the form and wrote many haiku. For guidance Wright and Kerouac both turned to the four-volume critical history and collection Haiku by R. H. Blythe. Wright went on to emulate such classic haiku poets as Basho, Buson, and Issa as well as the modernist Shiki. Richard Wright and Haiku is presented in two parts. In the first, Hakutani traces the genesis and development of haiku in Japan, discusses the role of earlier poets, including Yone Noguchi and Ezra Pound, in the verse's development in Japan and in the West, and deals with both haiku and haiku criticism written in English. He goes on to describe how Wright acquired the theory and technique of haiku composition and offers a historical and critical study of Wright's haiku. Integral to Hakutani's analysis is an exploration of what Wright in his Black Power: A Record of Reactions in the Land of Pathos called "the African primal outlook upon life." Hakutani delves into how this view inspired Wright to turn to first the study of and then the writing of haiku. In the final chapter of the first part, Hakutani invites readers to try seeing Wright's haiku as "senryu," or humorous haiku. This departure from the relentlessly serious lens through which nearly all of Wright's work is viewed by critics helps to expand readers' perspectives on the poems and on Wright himself. In part two, Hakutani presents a selection of Wright's poems from Haiku: This Other World. Each of the selected haiku is accompanied by a note that will provide assistance in interpretation and offers such additional information as definitions of critical or technical terms and bibliographical details. Richard Wright and Haiku is a valuable addition to the critical discussion of the life and works of Richard Wright as well as a welcome contribution to scholarship on haiku in the West.


OBJECTIVES
To assess an intervention derived from self-regulation theory (SRT) to promote well-being for individuals with advanced lung cancer.

SAMPLE & SETTING
45 adults with advanced lung cancer who were receiving chemotherapy at an ambulatory cancer center.

METHODS & VARIABLES
Participants were randomized to the intervention group or usual care control group. Feasibility assessment focused on recruitment, retention, design, methods, and fidelity. Outcome measures of quality of life, symptoms, and distress were collected at four time points. The main research variables were symptoms, quality of life, and distress.

RESULTS
The participation rate was 79%, and the retention rate was 62%. Participant loss was most often because of progressive disease and occurred early in the study. High fidelity was noted for delivery of the intervention as planned and outcome data collection by telephone. The mean number of interventions delivered was 5.5 of a planned 8. A high level of acceptability was reported for participants completing the intervention.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Although delivering the SRT-derived intervention with fidelity was possible, feasibility findings do not warrant intervention replication in this population.


Rumenic acid (RA; 18:2 cis-9, trans-11), a known conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), possesses anticarcinogenic and antiatherogenic properties and has a strong nutraceutical potential. Our research group recently demonstrated the occurrence of a conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) in milk fat, and for which we proposed rumelenic acid as a trivial name (RnA; 18:3 cis-9, trans-11, cis-15). In order to study physiological effects of RnA and in order to compare with those of RA, chemical synthesis of RA and RnA were developed. RA was prepared by direct dehydration of Castor oil (Ricinus communis) which contained 88,7 % of ricinoleic acid (RiOH : 18:2 cis-9, 12-OH). RiOH was first convert to a mesylate (RiOMs; 18:2 cis-9, 12-OMes). RiOMs was then eliminated by the nitrogen base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) to produce a CLA mixture comprising 74,9 % of RA. Molecular structures were determined by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) using a 120 m capillary column (BPX-70®). The method allowed synthesis of CLA directly as triglycerides from Castor oil. Experimental conditions and yield fully satisfied large scale conditions. RnA was prepared by the following procedure. α-Linolenic acid (LnA; 18:3 9-cis, 12-cis, 15-cis) was concentrated at 84,3 % from saponified linseed oil (LnA = 55,3 %). Urea complexation allowed separation of saturated fatty acids (16:0 et 18:0) and monoenes (18:1 cis-9, et 18:1 cis-11) in the adduct fraction (AF) from LnA and linoleic acid (LA) in the non adduct fraction (NAF). Alkali isomerization (1700C, 2h) of the concentrated LnA yield RnA at 24,6 % of purity. Molecular structures of CLnA were determined by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GG-MS). Purification of isomerised products was carried out by preparative chromatography using a reverse phase column (RP-18) and lead to production on a gram scale of RnA at 46,65 % purity. An isomer of LnA (18:3 cis-9, trans-13, cis-15), produced during alkali isomerization in a 1:1 ratio with RnA, limited purity of RnA of the resulting product at 50% for the purification method used. Both methods for preparation of RA and RnA and purification step of the latter will permit in vivo physiological studies of RnA.


Introduction Daniel Douek We are very fortunate to introduce two poems from two great immunologists, Alex Whelan and Irun Cohen. Alex's poem, titled "Aleppo," is a stark insight into the horrors which scar the population of that blighted city. Irun has written a haiku in response which evokes the interminable nature of that horror. When I walked into Irun's lab at the age of 18, one of the technicians took one look at me and said in Arabic " Enta Halabi " —You are from Aleppo. And indeed, without knowing who I was, he recognized that I have the features of an Aleppine Jew. My great-great-grandfather was the chief rabbi of that city's once flourishing Jewish community. As for the great synagogue from which he preached—I do not know if it exists today. And if it does exist today, I do not know if it will exist tomorrow.


Previous studies have shown that low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can prevent orthodontically induced teeth root resorption (OITRR) in human. Also, stem cells have been used to treat different types of bone defects. Severe OITRR is still untreatable problem in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of local injection of osteogenically induced gingival stem cells (OIGSCs) and LIPUS on periodontal ligament (PDL) during tooth movement that induces OITRR in beagle dogs. We hypothesized that local injection of OIGSCs and LIPUS can enhance PDL metabolism and hence enhances the reparative effect of OITRR. Seven adolescent beagle dogs were used and their third and fourth premolars were moved orthodontically. Gingival stem cells were isolated, characterized by flowcytometry and were differentiated into osteoblast -like cells using osteogenic medium to produce osteogenically induced gingival cells (OIGCs). OIGSCs were then re-injected into the alveolar bone in the proximity of the roots of the orthodontically moved teeth. Premolars were randomly divided into five groups. 1) Negative control (OITRR only); 2) Local injection of BMP; 3) OIGSCs; 4) LIPUS and 5) LIPUS +OIGSCs. In LIPUS groups, premolars were treated for four weeks. Animals were then euthanized and tissue blocks were processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Cementum thickness, PDL thickness and PDL cell number were counted using Metamorph software. Measurements were made at three levels of the tested roots. Level 1 is the coronal level 9towards the crown); level 2 (middle level of the root) and level 3 (apical, towards the apex of the roots). Variables were compared between groups by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test using SPSS statistical package. Results showed that LIPUS, BMP2 and LIPUS+OIGCs significantly increased cementum thickness compared to control group in the apical area of the teeth roots (P<0.05). There was statistically significant increases in PDL thickness and PDL cell count in all groups compared to control group (P<0.05). The combined LIPUS+OIGCs showed the highest cell count between al the groups. Conclusion: LIPUS + OIGCs showed the highest PDL regeneration potential and may be used in clinical cases with severe OITRR.


The University of British Columbia Regime Model (UBCRM) is based on rational regime theory. A feature of the model is that it quantifies the effect of bank vegetation and its effect on channel geometry. Three bank vegetation models can be applied to gravel bed rivers with either noncohesive, cohesive, or composite banks. Simplified dimensionless equations for width and slope derived using the UBCRM are applied to a site on the Coldwater River, British Columbia. Between 1953 and 2003, there were significant land use changes that included riparian and floodplain clearing. The observed widening and steepening can be explained by a reduction in bank strength and that changes in the sediment load, discharge, or grain size do not appear to be significant. Applied correctly, the UBCRM can provide qualitative and quantitative insight into the primary causes of historic disturbance and can serve as an aid in restoration design. Because of the physically based nature of the parameters in the UBCRM, analysis and design are directly linked to fluvial processes including flow resistance, sediment transport, and bank stability.


The history of the twentieth century can be summarized excessively briefly in five propositions: First, that the history of the twentieth century was overwhelmingly economic history. Second, that the twentieth century saw the material wealth of humankind explode beyond all previous imagining. Third, that because of advances technology, productivity, and organization and the feelings of social dislocation and disquiet that these advances generated the twentieth century's tyrannies were the most brutal and barbaric in history. Fourth, that the twentieth century saw the relative economic gulf between different economies grow at a rapid pace. Fifth and last, the economic policy the management of their economies by governments in the twentieth century was at best inept. Little was known or learned about how to manage a market or mixed economy.


Recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing and engineering technologies have led to the inclusion of more than one CPU core in a single physical processor package. This, popularly known as Chip Multi Processing (CMP), allows multiple instruction streams to execute at the same time. CMP is in addition to today's Simultaneous Multi Threading (SMT) capabilities, like Intel R © Hyper-Threading Technology which allows a processor to present itself as two logical processors, resulting in best use of execution resources. With CMP, today's Linux Kernel will deliver instantaneous performance improvement. In this paper, we will explore ideas for further improving peak performance and power savings by making the Linux Kernel Scheduler CMP aware.


Immediate type allergic reactions to vitamin B12 is a rarely encountered condition. Commercial preparations of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin) can lead to Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Allergic reactions to vitamin B12 may consist of urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis. Some patients develop an allergic reaction to a derivative of vitamin B12 and can tolerate the other commercial form. Allergic reactions may sometimes occur against both compounds of vitamin B12. We presented a case of cyanocobalamin allergy who could tolerate hydroxycobalamin. Cyanocobalamin allergy and hydroxycobalamin tolerance was demonstrated by provocation tests. In this case report, it is emphasized that an allergic evaluation including provocation tests should also be done in patients with suspected allergy to vitamin B12 in addition to skin prick tests and intradermal (ID) tests.


The k-means method is one of the most widely used clustering algorithms, drawing its popularity from its speed in practice. Recently, however, it was shown to have exponential worst-case running time. In order to close the gap between practical performance and theoretical analysis, the k-means method has been studied in the model of smoothed analysis. But even the smoothed analyses so far are unsatisfactory as the bounds are still super-polynomial in the number n of data points.
 In this article, we settle the smoothed running time of the k-means method. We show that the smoothed number of iterations is bounded by a polynomial in n and 1/σ, where σ is the standard deviation of the Gaussian perturbations. This means that if an arbitrary input data set is randomly perturbed, then the k-means method will run in expected polynomial time on that input set.


1. Introduction Machine translation (MT) became widely used by translation companies to reduce their costs and improve their speed. Therefore, the demand for quick and accurate machine translations is growing. Machine translation (MT) systems often produce incorrect output with many grammatical and lexical choice errors. Correcting machine-produced translation errors, or MT Post-Editing (PE) can be done automatically or manually. The availability of annotated resources is required for such approaches. When it comes to the Arabic language, to the best of our knowledge, there is no MT manually post-edited corpora available to build such systems. Therefore, there is a clear need to build such valuable resources for the Arabic language. In this abstract, we present our guidelines and annotation procedure to create a human corrected MT corpus for the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). The creation of any manually annotated corpus usually presents many challenges. In order to address these challenges, we created a comprehensive and simplified annotation guidelines which were used by a team of five annotators and one lead annotator. In order to ensure a high annotation agreement between the annotators, multiple training sessions were held and regular inter annotator agreement (IAA) measures were performed to check the annotation quality 2. Corpus We collected a corpus of 100K of English news article taken from the collaborative journalism Wikinews website. Afterwards, the corpus collected was automatically translated from English to Arabic using the Google Translate API paid service. 3. Guidelines In order to annotate the MT corpus, we use the general annotation correction guidelines we designed previously for L1 described in Zaghouani et al. (2014) and we add specific MT post-editing correction rules. In the general correction guidelines we place the errors to be corrected into seven categories: spelling, word choice, morphology, syntax, proper names, dialectal usage and punctuation. We refer to Zaghouani et al. (2014) for more details about these errors. In the MT post-editing guidelines, we provide the annotators with detailed annotation procedure and explain how to deal with borderline cases. We include many annotated examples to illustrate some specific cases of machine translation correction rules. Since there are equally-accurate alternative ways to edit the machine translation output, all being considered correct, some using fewer edits than others, we explained in the guidelines that the machine translated texts should be corrected with a minimum number of edits necessary to achieve an acceptable translation quality. However, correcting the accuracy errors and producing a semantically coherent text is more important than minimizing the number of edits and therefore, the annotators were asked to pay attention to the following three aspects: accuracy, fluency and style. 4. Annotation Pipeline The annotation team consisted of a lead annotator and six annotators. The lead annotator is also the annotation workflow manager of this project. He frequently evaluate the quality of the annotation, monitor and report on the annotation progress. A clearly defined protocol is set, including a routine for the Post-editing annotation job assignment and the inter-annotator agreement evaluation. The lead annotators is also responsible of the corpus selection and normalization process beside the annotation of the gold standard to be used to compute the Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA) portion of the corpus. The annotation itself is done using an in house built web annotation framework built originally for the manual correction of errors in L1 and L2 texts (Obeid et al., 2013). This framework includes two major components: 1. The annotation management interface which is used to assist the lead annotator in the general work-flow process, it allows the user to upload, assign, monitor, evaluate and export annotation tasks. 2. The MT post-editing annotation interface is the actual annotation tool, which allows the annotators to do the manual correction of the MT Arabic output. 5. Evaluation The low average WER of 4.92 obtained show a high agreement with the post-editing done in the first round between three annotators. The results obtained with the MT are comparable to those obtained with the L2 corpus, this can be explained by the difficult nature of both corpora and the multiple acceptable corrections for both. 6. Related Work Large scale manually corrected MT corpora are not yet widely available due to the high cost related to building such resources. For the Arabic language, we cite the effort of Bouamor et al. (2014) who created a medium scale human judgment corpus of Arabic machine translation using the output of six MT systems and a total of 1892 sentences and 22k rankings. Our corpus is a part of the Qatar Arabic Language Bank (QALB) project, a large scale manually annotated annotation project (Zaghouani et al., 2014; Zaghouani et al., 2015). The project goal was to create an error corrected 2M-word corpus for online user comments on news websites, native speaker essays, non-native speaker essays and machine translation output. 7. Conclusion We have presented in detail the methodology used to create a 100K word English to Arabic MT manually post-edited corpus, including the development of the guidelines as well as the annotation procedure and the quality control procedure using frequent inter-annotator measures. The created guidelines will be made publicly available and we look forward to distribute the post-edited corpus in a planned shared task on automatic error correction and getting feedback from the community on its usefulness as it was in the previous shared tasks we organized for the L1 and L2 corpus (Mohit et al., 2014; Rozovskaya et al., 2015).We believe that this corpus will be valuable to advance research efforts in the machine translation area since manually annotated data is often needed by the MT community. We believe that our methodology for guideline development and annotation consistency checking can be applied in other projects and other languages as well. 8. Acknowledgement This project is supported by the National Priority Research Program (NPRP grant 4-1058-1-168) of the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of the Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. 9. References Obeid, O., Zaghouani, W., Mohit, B., Habash, N., Oflazer,K., and Tomeh, N. (2013). A Web-based Annotation Framework For Large-Scale Text Correction. In The Companion Volume of the Proceedings of IJCNLP 2013: System Demonstrations, Nagoya, Japan, October. Mohit, B., Rozovskaya, A., Habash, N., Zaghouani, W., and Obeid, O. (2014). The first QALB shared task on automatic text correction for Arabic. ANLP 2014, page 39. Rozovskaya Alla; Houda Bouamor; Nizar Habash; Wajdi Zaghouani; Ossama Obeid; Behrang Mohit. The Second QALB Shared Task on Automatic Text Correction for Arabic. In Proceedings of the ACL 2015 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP), Beijing, China, July 2015. Zaghouani, W., Mohit, B., Habash, N., Obeid, O., Tomeh,N., Rozovskaya, A., Farra, N., Alkuhlani, S., and Oflazer, K. (2014). Large scale Arabic error annotation: Guidelines and framework. In International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014). Zaghouani, W., Habash, N., Bouamor, H., Rozovskaya, A., Mohit, B., Heider, A., and Oflazer, K. (2015). Correction annotation for non-native Arabic texts: Guidelines and corpus. Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop, pages 129-139.


Patterns of climate‐forced range shift in the marine environment are informed by investigating the population dynamics of an ecologically important sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii– Diadematidae) across its newly extended range in Tasmania (southeastern Australia). A growth model of C. rodgersii is developed allowing estimation of a sea urchin age profile and, in combination with abundance data, we correlate the sea urchin population dynamic with respect to environmental signals across the range extension region. Growth patterns did not vary across the extension region; however, there was a strong pattern of decreasing sea urchin age with increasing distance from the historic range. The sequential poleward discovery of the sea urchin, a pattern of declining age and a general poleward reduction in abundance along the eastern Tasmanian coastline are consistent with a model of range extension driven by recent change in patterns of larval dispersal. We explore this hypothesis by correlating C. rodgersii population characteristics with respect to the East Australian Current (EAC), i.e. the chief vector for poleward larval dispersal, and reveal patterns of declining sea urchin age and abundance with increasing distance from this oceanic feature. Furthermore, C. rodgersii is generally limited to sites where average winter temperatures are warmer than the cold threshold for its larval development. Potential dispersal and physiological mechanisms defining the range extension appear to be strongly coupled to the EAC which has undergone recent poleward advance and resulted in coastal warming in eastern Tasmania. Predicted climate change conditions for this region will favour continued population expansion of C. rodgersii not only via atmospheric‐forced ocean warming, but also via ongoing intensification of the EAC driving continued poleward supply of larvae and heat.


Conjugation of Nedd8 (neddylation) to Cullins (Cul) in Cul-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) stimulates ubiquitination and polyubiquitination of protein substrates. CRL is made up of two Cul-flanked arms: one consists of the substrate-binding and adaptor proteins and the other consists of E2 and Ring-box protein (Rbx). Polyubiquitin chain length and topology determine the substrate fate. Here, we ask how polyubiquitin chains are accommodated in the limited space available between the two arms and what determines the polyubiquitin linkage topology. We focus on Cul5 and Rbx1 in three states: before Cul5 neddylation (closed state), after neddylation (open state), and after deneddylation, exploiting molecular dynamics simulations and the Gaussian Network Model. We observe that regulation of substrate ubiquitination and polyubiquitination takes place through Rbx1 rotations, which are controlled by Nedd8-Rbx1 allosteric communication. Allosteric propagation proceeds from Nedd8 via Cul5 dynamic hinges and hydrogen bonds between the C-terminal domain of Cul5 (Cul5CTD) and Rbx1 (Cul5CTD residues R538/R569 and Rbx1 residue E67, or Cul5CTD E474/E478/N491 and Rbx1 K105). Importantly, at each ubiquitination step (homogeneous or heterogeneous, linear or branched), the polyubiquitin linkages fit into the distances between the two arms, and these match the inherent CRL conformational tendencies. Hinge sites may constitute drug targets.


Recent experimental work shows that ferroelectric switching can occur in large jumps in which ferroelastic superdomains switch together, rather than having the numerous smaller ferroelectric domains switch within them. In this sense, the superdomains play a role analogous to that of Abrikosov vortices in thin superconducting films under the Kosterlitz-Thouless framework, which control the dynamics more than individual Cooper pairs within them do. Here, we examine the dynamics of ferroelastic superdomains in ferroelastic ferroelectrics and their role in switching devices such as memories. Jamming of ferroelectric domains in thin films has revealed an unexpected time dependence of t−1/4 at long times (hours), but it is difficult to discriminate between power-law and exponential relaxation. Other aspects of this work, including spatial period doubling of domains, led to a description of ferroelastic domains as nonlinear processes in a viscoelastic medium, which produce folding and metastable kinetically limi...


The need for learning the Thai language as a foreign language has shown why this learning is important. Some of the important considerations are the challenges of globalisation, the need to facilitate communication with a society that is using the Thai language, to gain knowledge, for personal use, for social, economic, and political use and to deepen knowledge about the structure of the Thai language. Yet from the research that has been conducted, it has been discovered that there were a few problems faced by the students who are learning the Thai language. This paper will identify the learning problems faced by Thai language students at Universiti Putra Malaysia by using the questionnaires and interview methods. Learning problems are surveyed from the phonology, morphology and syntax aspects. Futher, the research will discuss the appropriate approach to be used to increase the learning of Thai language as a foreign language, the teaching tools, language proficiency aspects that need to be controlled and activities that can be done in order to increase the effectiveness of the education in the Thai language.


Use of Node-ID based Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Hello
messages is implied in a number of cases, e.g., when data and control
planes are separated, when TE links are unnumbered. Furthermore, when
link level failure detection is performed by some means other than
exchanging RSVP Hello messages, use of a Node-ID based Hello session
is optimal for detecting signaling adjacency failure for Resource
reSerVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE). Nonetheless, this
implied behavior is unclear, and this document formalizes use of the
Node-ID based RSVP Hello session in some scenarios. The procedure
described in this document applies to both Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) capable nodes.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]


This article describes a flexible track system model (FTSM) that represents the track structure for a typical ballasted track, taking into account the flexibility of the rails, the sleeper mass and the resilience of the pad/fastening elements, as well as the ballast support stiffness condition. The detailed track model is integrated into a commercial railway vehicle dynamics software, thus allowing for any vehicle to be simulated onto the flexible track while at the same time taking into account the detailed calculation of the non-linear wheel—rail contact interaction. As an example, the application of the FTSM to the study of hanging sleepers, with respect to the UK Railway Group Standard limits, is presented. This example shows the impact of forces because of hanging sleepers on the vehicle and on the track, and attempts at quantifying the damage made to the track components for the specific conditions simulated.


This paper defines the extensive-form correlated equilibrium (EFCE) for extensive games with perfect recall. The EFCE concept extends Aumann's strategic-form correlated equilibrium (CE). Before the game starts, a correlation device generates a move for each information set. This move is recommended to the player only when the player reaches the information set. In two-player perfect-recall extensive games without chance moves, the set of EFCE can be described by a polynomial number of consistency and incentive constraints. Assuming P is not equal to NP, this is not possible for the set of CE, or if the game has chance moves.


Summary Aim Differentiating familial cranial diabetes insipidus (CDI) from primary polydipsia can be difficult. We report the diagnostic utility of genetic testing as a means of confirming or excluding this diagnosis. Patient and methods The index case presented at 3 months with polydipsia. He was diagnosed with familial CDI based on a positive family history combined with what was considered to be suspicious symptomatology and biochemistry. He was treated with desmopressin (DDAVP) but re-presented at 5 months of age with hyponatraemia and the DDAVP was stopped. Gene sequencing of the vasopressin gene in father and his offspring was undertaken to establish the underlying molecular defect. Results Both father and daughter were found to have the pathogenic mutation c.242T>C (p.Leu81Pro) in exon 2 of the AVP gene consistent with a diagnosis of familial diabetes insipidus. The index case did not have the pathogenic mutation and the family could be reassured that he would not require intervention with DDAVP. Conclusions Gene sequencing of AVP gene can have a valuable role in predicting whether or not a child is at risk of developing CDI in future. This can help to prevent family uncertainty and unnecessary treatment with its associated risks. Learning points Differentiating patients with familial cranial diabetes insipidus from those with primary polydipsia is not always straightforward. Molecular genetic analysis of the vasopressin gene is a valuable way of confirming or refuting a diagnosis of familial CDI in difficult cases and is a valuable way of identifying individuals who will develop CDI in later childhood. This information can be of great value to families.


A non-invasive view of the brain with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is invaluable for studying pathological processes during autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Several MRI technologies are available that can be employed to study inflammation within the brain. These include labeling of inflammatory cells with paramagnetic contrast agents (such as USPIO/SPIO/VSOP iron-oxide or perfluoro carbon (PFC)-rich nanoparticles) and new tools that facilitate high resolution imaging particularly MR microscopy (µMRI, microscopic MRI; MR histology). In this review we will go into both MRI technologies, with a special focus on their applicability in studying brain inflammation in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Regarding cell labeling we will focus on PFC nanoparticles and fluorine (19F) MRI since these have introduced a number of advantages over T2*-weighted MRI with paramagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles. Another MRI technology that we will be discussing is high resolution µMRI with cryogenically-cooled RF coils. This technology will enable neuroscientists to achieve a comprehensive, detailed and non-invasive view of the brain within short acquisition times: an important practical consideration when conducting longitudinal studies on the kinetics and dynamics of immune cell infiltration into the brain.


Background: Diabetic nephropathy is principle cause of end stage kidney failure worldwide. Numerous research studies documented that 25(OH) vitamin D has numerous extra skeletal effects including glycemic control and diabetic nephropathy complication. Objectives: To compare the level of 25(OH) vitamin D between Type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy complication and healthy subjects, and to assess the relationship between 25(OH) vitamin D level with glycemic control and nephropathy complication. Materials and Methods: This is cross-sectional case control study conducted on 40 diabetics with nephropathy complication, 40 control diabetics without nephropathy complication and 40 control healthy subjects, were compared in term of 25(OH) vitamin D, HbA, microalbumin, FBS and C-peptide. Results: There is significant decrease in the mean of serum 25(OH) vitamin D (11.5 ± 3.4 versus 20.4 ± 3.1, p ≤ 0.00) and C-peptide (1.14 ± 0.2 versus 2.23 ± 0.23, p=0.00), with significant increase in HbA1c (10.4 ± 1.6 versus 8.5 ± 1.2, p ≤ 0.00) microalbumin (144.5 ± 16.3 versus 8.5 ± 1.3, p ≤ 0.00), FBS (206.4 ± 32.9 versus 182.9 ± 29.1, p ≤ 0. 01) in the study group when compared with their control group. According to serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels, HbA1c, microalbumin and FBG levels were significantly elevated in patient with deficiency 25(OH) vitamin D level than in patients with insufficiency level (p ≤ 0.05) in the study group. The study recorded significant negative correlation between serum 25-OH vitamin D level with disease duration, (r=0.333, p=0.00) and FBG (r= -0.43, p=0.01) with insignificant correlation with age, (r=0.025, p=0.405) and c-peptide (r= -0.12, p=0.54). Also, serum 25(OH) vitamin D level is inversely correlated with HbA1c (r= -0.37, p=0.03), and microalbumin (r= -0.29, p=0.05) in diabetic patient with nephropathy complication. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that low 25(OH) Vitamin D level is inversely correlated with glycemic control and nephropathy complication in Type 2 Diabetes. Vitamin D supplementation benefits for glycemic control and prevention of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.


Abstract The study of programming with and reasoning about inductive datatypes such as lists and trees has benefited from the simple categorical principle of initial algebras. In initial algebra semantics, each inductive datatype is represented by an initial f-algebra for an appropriate functor f. The initial algebra principle then supports the straightforward derivation of definitional principles and proof principles for these datatypes. This technique has been expanded to a whole methodology of structured functional programming, often called origami programming. In this article we show how to extend initial algebra semantics from pure inductive datatypes to inductive datatypes interleaved with computational effects. Inductive datatypes interleaved with effects arise naturally in many computational settings. For example, incrementally reading characters from a file generates a list of characters interleaved with input/output actions, and lazily constructed infinite values can be represented by pure data interleaved with the possibility of non-terminating computation. Straightforward application of initial algebra techniques to effectful datatypes leads either to unsound conclusions if we ignore the possibility of effects, or to unnecessarily complicated reasoning because the pure and effectful concerns must be considered simultaneously. We show how pure and effectful concerns can be separated using the abstraction of initial f-and-m-algebras, where the functor f describes the pure part of a datatype and the monad m describes the interleaved effects. Because initial f-and-m-algebras are the analogue for the effectful setting of initial f-algebras, they support the extension of the standard definitional and proof principles to the effectful setting. Initial f-and-m-algebras are originally due to Filinski and Støvring, who studied them in the category Cpo. They were subsequently generalised to arbitrary categories by Atkey, Ghani, Jacobs, and Johann in a FoSSaCS 2012 paper. In this article we aim to introduce the general concept of initial f-and-m-algebras to a general functional programming audience.


ABSTRACT The 'dream of the butterfly,' which seals the second chapter of the Zhuangzi, is often interpreted as undergirded by the bipolarity of dreaming and awakening or by the elusive interchange of identities between Zhuangzi and the butterfly, dreamer and dreamed. In this paper I argue that the underlying structure of the story may be better interpreted as exhibiting not two, but three stages of development, consistently echoing other tripartite parables in the Zhuangzi. In my reinterpretation I rely on the phenomenology of dreams proposed by the Spanish philosopher María Zambrano, which distinguishes among three states: the primal dream, characterized by atemporality and wholeness; wakefulness, characterized by temporality and analytic thinking; and the creative dream, in which reality discloses itself as a meaningful, holistic unity. I suggest that Zhuangzi's parable describes a similar self-transformative threefold process culminating in the joyous freedom of a shifting multifaceted subjectivity centered in the timeless pivot of the Dao.


Solar irradiance variations over solar rotational timescales are largely determined by the passage of magnetic structures across the visible solar disk. Variations on solar cycle timescales are thought to be similarly due to changes in surface magnetism with activity. Understanding the contribution of magnetic structures to total solar irradiance and solar spectral irradiance requires assessing their contributions as a function of disk position. Since only relative photometry is possible from the ground, the contrasts of image pixels are measured with respect to a center-to-limb intensity profile. Using nine years of full-disk red and blue continuum images from the Precision Solar Photometric Telescope at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, we examine the sensitivity of continuum contrast measurements to the center-to-limb profile definition. Profiles which differ only by the amount of magnetic activity allowed in the pixels used to determine them yield oppositely signed solar cycle length continuum contrast trends, either agreeing with previous results and showing negative correlation with solar cycle or disagreeing and showing positive correlation with solar cycle. Changes in the center-to-limb profile shape over the solar cycle are responsible for the contradictory contrast results, and we demonstrate that the lowest contrast structures, internetwork and network, are most sensitive to these. Thus the strengths of the full-disk, internetwork, and network photometric trends depend critically on the magnetic flux density used in the quiet-Sun definition. We conclude that the contributions of low contrast magnetic structures to variations in the solar continuum output, particularly to long-term variations, are difficult, if not impossible, to determine without the use of radiometric imaging.


PURPOSE
Skeletal disease causes significant morbidity in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), and bone remodeling processes in MPS have not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to determine if biomarkers of bone turnover are abnormal in children with specific MPS disorders (i.e. MSP-I, MPS-II, and MPS-VI) compared to healthy children.

METHODS
A cross-sectional study was performed of serum biomarkers of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BSAP], osteocalcin) and urine biomarkers of bone resorption (pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline) in MPS and healthy controls. Measures of physical function and pain were obtained using the Children's Health Questionnaire (CHQ).

RESULTS
The cohort consisted of 39 children with MPS (MPS-I=26; MPS-II=11; MPS-VI=4) and 51 healthy children. Adjusting for sex and Tanner stage group, MPS individuals had statistically significant increases for osteocalcin (p< 0.001), with trends toward higher BSAP (p=0.054) and urinary pyridinoline (p=0.084). These biomarkers were not significantly associated with CHQ bodily pain and physical-function scores.

CONCLUSION
Osteocalcin was increased in children with MPS disorders, with trends for increases in BSAP and urinary pyridinoline, suggesting that bone remodeling is altered in children with MPS. Future studies to assess the ability of these biomarkers to quantify and monitor MPS skeletal disease in response to therapy are needed.


: Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) has attracted significant attention because it can prevent data leakage from external devices, e.g., on clouds. SSE appears to be effective to construct such a secure system; however, it is not trivial to construct such a system from SSE in practice because other parts must be designed, e.g., user login management, defining the keyword space, and sharing secret keys among multiple users who usually do not have public key certificates. In this paper, we describe the implementation of two systems based upon the state-free dynamic SSE (DSSE) (Watanabe et al., ePrint 2021), i.e., a secure storage system (for a single user) and a chat system (for multiple users). In addition to the Watanabe et al. DSSE protocol, we employ a secure multipath key exchange (SMKEX) protocol (Costea et al., CCS 2018), which is secure against some classes of unsynchronized active attackers. It allows the chat system users without certificates to share a secret key of the DSSE protocol in a secure manner. To realize end-to-end encryption, the shared key must be kept secret; thus, we must consider how to preserve the secret on, for example, a user's local device. However, this requires additional security assumptions, e.g., tamper resistance, and it seems difficult to assume that all users have such devices. Thus, we propose a secure key agreement protocol by combining the SMKEX and login information (password) that does not require an additional tamper-resistant device. Combining the proposed key agreement protocol and the underlying state-free DSSE protocol allow users who know the password to use the systems on multiple devices.


Various security models have been proposed for different types of applications and numerous types of execution environments. These models are typically reinforced by adding code to the application, which authenticates principals, authorises operations and establishes secure communication among distributed software components (e.g., clients and servers). This code is often application and context-specific, which makes it difficult to integrate an application with other each other.In this paper we propose a new unified access control mechanism that supports most of the existing security models and offers a number of additional controls that are not normally provided by security mechanisms. Moreover, the proposed mechanism integrates well with existing programming paradigms for distributed application, e.g., client/server technology and component based programming. This means that it can be seamlessly integrated with most existing distributed applications. We have implemented the proposed mechanism in a framework, that can be instantiated to implement different security models and policies. We present a qualitative evaluation that demonstrates the framework's ability to support a wide range of security policies and a preliminary performance evaluation of the framework.


We use a Born-Markov approximated master equation approach to study the symmetrized-in-frequency current noise spectrum and the oscillator steady state of a nanoelectromechanical system where a nanoscale resonator is coupled linearly via its momentum to a quantum point contact (QPC). Our current noise spectra exhibit clear signatures of the quantum correlations between the QPC current and the back-action force on the oscillator at a value of the relative tunneling phase (\eta = -\pi/2) where such correlations are expected to be maximized. We also show that the steady state of the oscillator obeys a classical Fokker-Planck equation, but can experience thermomechanical noise squeezing in the presence of a momentum-coupled detector bath and a position-coupled environmental bath. Besides, the full master equation clearly shows that half of the detector back-action is correlated with electron tunneling, indicating a departure from the model of the detector as an effective bath and suggesting that a future calculation valid at lower bias voltage, stronger tunneling and/or stronger coupling might reveal interesting quantum effects in the oscillator dynamics.


As the alternative investment industry grows, the boundaries between hedge funds and private equity firms are starting to blur. Currently, there are approximately 9,000 hedge funds with almost $1 trillion in assets compared to the 3,000 private equity funds, with $150 billion of capital. Cash flushed hedge funds are moving into private equity investments, which have the ability to return cash when many other investment vehicles become stagnant. This increased competition in the buyout sector may place a higher value on transparency as a key element in vying for investors' money. Despite these developments there is still no replacement for a strong track record—experience and returns are still king.


Glasses prepared by physical vapour deposition have been shown to be remarkably more stable than those prepared by standard cooling protocols, with properties that appear to be similar to systems aged for extremely long times. When subjected to a rapid rise in temperature, ultrastable glasses anneal towards the liquid in a qualitatively different manner than ordinary glasses, with the seeming competition of different time and length scales. We numerically reproduce the phenomenology of ultrastable glass annealing with a kinetically constrained model, a three dimensional East model with soft constraints, in a setting where the bulk is in an ultrastable configuration and a free surface is permanently excited. Annealing towards the liquid state is given by the competition between the ballistic propagation of a front from the free surface and a much slower nucleation-like relaxation in the bulk. The crossover between these mechanisms also explains the change in behaviour with film thickness seen experimentally.


From Dal Ponte to Bassano. The Legacy of Jacopo, the Shops of His Sons and the Artistic Identity of Michele Pietra, 1578–1656.
The article reconstructs the history, evolution and organisation of the Bassano workshops across the broad span of their existence from 1578 to 1656. Careful historical reconstruction has outlined the profiles of four workshops on the basis of documents, many of which were hitherto unknown and/or unpublished.
The first bottega, directed in Bassano by Jacopo, was supplemented by parallel, yet interconnected, enterprises that were established in Venice by his sons Francesco (1578–1592) and Leandro (1587–1621). Upon Jacopo's death, his other two sons, Giambattista and Girolamo, took over the family business (1592–1606), whose commercial position was progressively supported and improved as a result of Leandro's leadership in the Venetian art market. Francesco died only a few months after his father and his shop was inherited by and divided among his three brothers.
The evolution of such a family business was not at all a natural or painless process, as traditionally suggested. It was, instead, the result of Jacopo's careful and flexible planning, as well as of legal arbitration between father and sons, a complicated procedure that has been discussed in detail in the article.
At the very beginning of the third decade of the seventeenth century, Girolamo's workshop, which he had meanwhile set up in Venice (1606–1621), was re-capitalised unexpectedly by one of his collaborators, Michele Pietra. Pietra extended his artistic services to include restoration and possibly the production of forgeries of works by famous painters of the sixteenth century (Bassano and Titian included). The analysis of unpublished documentation illuminates the role and importance of Pietra's shop in terms of commercial strategies and the volume of production.
The article also takes into consideration the appreciation of the style and manner promoted by the four workshops. In particular, the study and attribution of new works, as well as the examination of key commissions, have presented the contributions of the various painters in a new historical perspective. But, more importantly, the paper also demonstrates how a style, which once belonged to Jacopo alone, came to be associated with a distinctive manner – the brand – of an entire clan of artists.


In this paper the author analyzes the presence of ancient Egyptian shabtis discovered around Europe. These are commonly related to the diffusion of ancient Egyptian cults during the Late and Greco-Roman periods. The first section discusses the role of shabtis in Egyptian religious and funerary custom. The second describes the production of shabtis. The third deals with the so-called forgeries from the Greco-Roman period. The fourth discusses the diffusion of shabtis during this period, and the fifth offers hypotheses about their use in the Mediterranean world. The sixth analyzes various examples of shabtis discovered in Europe.


Abstract This is part B of a paper in which we defend a semantics for counterfactuals which is probabilistic in the sense that the truth condition for counterfactuals refers to a probability measure. Because of its probabilistic nature, it allows a counterfactual 'if A then B' to be true even in the presence of relevant 'A and not B'-worlds, as long such exceptions are not too widely spread. The semantics is made precise and studied in different versions which are related to each other by representation theorems. Despite its probabilistic nature, we show that the semantics and the resulting system of logic may be regarded as a naturalistically vindicated variant of David Lewis' truth-conditional semantics and logic of counterfactuals. At the same time, the semantics overlaps in various ways with the non-truth-conditional suppositional theory for conditionals that derives from Ernest Adams' work. We argue that counterfactuals have two kinds of pragmatic meanings and come attached with two types of degrees of acceptability or belief, one being suppositional, the other one being truth based as determined by our probabilistic semantics; these degrees could not always coincide due to a new triviality result for counterfactuals, and they should not be identified in the light of their different interpretation and pragmatic purpose. However, for plain assertability the difference between them does not matter. Hence, if the suppositional theory of counterfactuals is formulated with sufficient care, our truth-conditional theory of counterfactuals is consistent with it. The results of our investigation are used to assess a claim considered by Hawthorne and Hájek, that is, the thesis that most ordinary counterfactuals are false.


Abstract This article examines the formation of the animal collection at the Tel Aviv zoological garden. Using Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia, the article analyzes the images and practices of animal importation. It shows that in spite of the importance of Zionist enthusiasm in driving the establishment of the Tel Aviv zoo, and the attribution of Zionist vocabulary to animals living in it, its significance cannot be reduced to Zionist ideology and practice. The zoo's animal collection was the product of the specific historical, colonial-imperial circumstances formed under the British Mandate. The gathering of the animals reflects the indispensable British contribution to the development of cultural endeavors in Palestine, and the coexistence of British and Zionist aspirations.


Background and study aims: The clinical impact of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) remains undetermined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical impact of VCE in patients with OGIB using a nationwide registry. Patients and methods: Data from 305 patients who underwent VCE for OGIB from 13 hospitals in Korea between January 2006 and March 2009 were analyzed. Prospectively collected VCE registry data were reviewed, and follow-up data were collected by chart review and telephone interviews with patients. Multivariate regression analyses using hazard ratios (HR) were performed to determine risk factors for rebleeding. Results: Significant findings were detected in 157 patients (51.5 %). After VCE, interventional treatment was performed in 36 patients (11.8 %). The overall rebleeding rate was 19.0 % during a mean (± SD) follow-up of 38.7 ± 26.4 months. Rebleeding rate did not differ by positive VCE results or application of interventional treatment. Multivariate analysis revealed that angiodysplasia (HR 1.82; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.04 – 3.20; P = 0.037) and duration of OGIB > 3 months (HR 1.64; 95 %CI 1.10 – 2.46; P = 0.016) were independent prognostic factors associated with rebleeding. In a subgroup analysis of patients taking anticoagulants, patients who discontinued drugs after VCE showed a lower rebleeding rate than those who did not discontinue this therapy (P = 0.019). Conclusions: VCE did not have a significant impact on the long-term outcome of patients with OGIB. Patients with angiodysplasia on VCE or OGIB > 3 months need to be closely followed even after interventional treatment. In patients who are taking anticoagulants, discontinuation of drugs is necessary in order to lower the risk of rebleeding.


Flight control systems can benefit by being designed to emulate functions of natural intelligence. Intelligent control functions fall into three categories. Declarative actions involve decision making, providing models for system monitoring, goal planning, and system/scenario identification. Procedural actions concern skilled behavior and have parallels in guidance, navigation, and adaptation. Reflexive actions are more or less spontaneous and are similar to inner-loop control and estimation. Intelligent flight control systems will contain a hierarchy of expert systems, procedural algorithms, and computational neural networks, each expanding on prior functions to improve mission capability, to increase the reliability and safety of flight, and to ease pilot workload. >


Gene therapy offers
important perspectives in current and future medicine but suffers from
imperfect vectors for the delivery of the therapeutic gene. Most preclinical
and clinical trials have been based on the use of viral vectors, which have
evident advantages but also some serious disadvantages. In the past decade the use of DNA transposon-based systems for
gene delivery has emerged as a non-viral alternative. DNA transposon
vector engineering remains largely in a preclinical phase but some interesting
results have been obtained. This mini-review aims to provide the current state
of the art on DNA transposon vectors used in a gene therapy perspective.


Abstract The field experience component in the four–year Bachelor of Education programme (Primary) at The Hong Kong Institute of Education offers a number of opportunities for students to observe or teach in a school. The aim of this article is to analyse the learning of the student–teachers and the supporting teachers during the field experience period in the second and the final years of the programme and to explain this learning using a sociocultural view of learning. Student–teachers and their supporting teachers in their second year of study in 1999–2000 as well as those in their final year of study in 2001–02 were interviewed. The findings describe the professional development of the student–teachers and the construction of knowledge in teaching. The article analyses the role of supporting teachers as social agents, and describes their use of mediational means, including teaching resources, and information about pupils' abilities and habits, in facilitating the learning of the student–teachers. The findings also compare the sharing of aims between the lecturers and the supporting teachers. Finally, the paper summarizes suggestions on how professional development of the student–teachers during the field experience may be analysed by adopting a sociocultural view of learning.


BACKGROUND
The relationship between clinical judgment and the pneumonia severity index (PSI) score in deciding the site of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has not been well investigated. The objective of the study was to determine the clinical factors that influence decision-making to hospitalize low-risk patients (PSI ≤2) with CAP.

METHODS
An observational, prospective, multicenter study of consecutive CAP patients was performed at five hospitals in Spain. Patients admitted with CAP and a PSI ≤2 were identified. Admitting physicians completed a patient-specific survey to identify the clinical factors influencing the decision to admit a patient. The reason for admission was categorized into 1 of 6 categories. We also assessed whether the reason for admission was associated with poorer clinical outcomes [intensive care unit (ICU) admission, 30-day mortality or readmission].

RESULTS
One hundred and fifty-five hospitalized patients were enrolled. Two or more reasons for admission were seen in 94 patients (60.6%), including abnormal clinical test results (60%), signs of clinical deterioration (43.2%), comorbid conditions (28.4%), psychosocial factors (28.4%), suspected H1N1 pneumonia (20.6%), and recent visit to the emergency department (ED) in the past 2 weeks (7.7%). Signs of clinical deterioration and abnormal clinical test results were associated with poorer clinical outcomes (P<0.005).

CONCLUSIONS
Low-risk patients with CAP and a PSI ≤2 are admitted to the hospital for multiple reasons. Abnormal clinical test results and signs of clinical deterioration are two specific reasons for admission that are associated with poorer clinical outcomes in low risk CAP patients.


Despite extensive research into attitudes and practice surrounding the uptake of off-site production technologies, there is limited understanding of how best to integrate their use into business processes at the organizational level. Drawing on an action-research case study with a leading U.K. house-building organization, this paper scrutinizes the processes through which off-site technologies were adopted and utilized. The use of off-site methods was fundamentally framed by the key stages and business milestone reviews of the house-building process, which together represented a complex and multilayered structure of business management. Five off-site reviews were aligned with the business processes. Strategies for integrating the use of off-site technologies are examined. It was crucial to establish an overall off-site strategy and integrate it into the process from land acquisition on. Organizational learning embraced the adoption of off-site methods, whereas extra reporting and management efforts introduced bureaucracy. Culture change was commonly perceived as difficult and painful. Earlier engagement with supply chains was advocated for favoring the off-site approach and improving business efficiency, whereas it also demanded greater commitment of the house builder to specific supply chains and therefore exposed the business to risks associated with planning and market changes. The strategies should facilitate building companies' strategic management of off-site technology.