Extending the Local: Documentary Film Festivals in East Asia as Sites of Connection and Communication by Cheung Tit Leung Doctor of Philosophy East Asian cinema is receiving increasing global attention. This attention is not focused merely on the fiction and feature films produced in the region, but also on the documentaries produced there; films such as Petition (2009) by Chinese director Zhao Liang which premiered at Cannes Film Festival in 2009. This attention to East Asian documentary can be traced to the documentary film festivals organised in the region, particularly those that devote their programming to independent documentary productions from the region. These festivals open a window that enables such works to be exhibited for the rest of the world. But these festivals do not aim merely to exhibit and screen these works. They also pay attention to the filmmakers. The attendance of filmmakers at festivals has previously been assessed to be of low importance. By encouraging filmmakers to visit and participate the festivals examined here can be seen to represent shared concerns regarding the cultivation of documentary filmmaking in the Asian region. The four film festivals that serve to exemplify this are the Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival (YIDFF) in Yamagata, Japan; the Documentary Film Festival China (DOChina) in Beijing, China; the Taiwan International Documentary Festival (TIDF) in Taichung, Taiwan; and the Hong Kong's Chinese Documentary Festival (CDF). Each festival forms the basis of a case study in the hope that the context of documentary film festivals in the East Asia can be delineated. Particular aspects of the festivals are discussed in relation to a significant underlying dimension that is identified in each of the festivals in question: the emphasis on communication in YIDFF that enhances the sense of connectedness in the participating festival community; the independent and underground status of DOChina that is embedded in the festival as a form of resistance to the state government; the relocation of TIDF to a government-supported museum contextualises the festival and draws on the general functions and purposes of a museum: exhibition, education and collection. The fourth case study examines the multi-faceted nature of CDF through the previously examined concepts to demonstrate the generalisability of the concepts to, and the inherent complexity of film festivals. A common theme underlies all of these concepts: a sense of the local, of 'local-ness'. The 'local' here is a relative term that depends largely on where it is that these events regard as home. So, it is not merely the immediate locale of the festival that can be regarded as 'local'; the 'local' can be extended to encompass the nation or the entire region if that is where 'home' has been identified. Such an extensive and fluid understanding of 'local-ness' not only defines those areas to which the festivals pay specific attention, it also furthers understanding of the festivals' shared ambitions; ambitions rooted in the cultivation of a 'local' documentary filmmaking milieu.


When developing Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) initiatives it is increasingly important to assess their outcomes in order to justify the resources spent on those infrastructures. Many researchers throughout the world have been struggling with the issue of assessing SDIs. The task is difficult due to complex, dynamic and constantly evolving nature of SDI. As SDI can be treated as a Complex Adaptive System, the assessment should include strategies for evaluating those kinds of systems. One strategy is to use multiple assessment approaches and methods. The general evaluation research and experience provide additional motives for adopting such a strategy. We present the multi-view framework for assessing SDI initiatives around the world, and argue that the strength of this assessment design lies in its flexibility, its multidisciplinary view on SDI and a reduced bias in the assessment results. The multi-view framework contains methods that not only evaluate SDI performance, but also deepen our knowledge about SDI functioning, and may assist in its development. The article presents the assessment framework and describes its theoretical grounding in complexity theory and evaluation research. The application of the framework is beyond the scope of this paper.


Mainstream representations of trans people typically run the gamut from victim to mentally ill and are almost always articulated by non-trans voices. The era of user-generated digital content and participatory culture has heralded unprecedented opportunities for trans people who wish to speak their own stories in public spaces. Digital Storytelling, as an easy accessible autobiographic audio-visual form, offers scope to play with multi-dimensional and ambiguous representations of identity that contest mainstream assumptions of what it is to be 'male' or 'female'. Also, unlike mainstream media forms, online and viral distribution of Digital Stories offer potential to reach a wide range of audiences, which is appealing to activist oriented storytellers who wish to confront social prejudices. However, with these newfound possibilities come concerns regarding visibility and privacy, especially for storytellers who are all too aware of the risks of being 'out' as trans. This paper explores these issues from the perspective of three trans storytellers, with reference to the Digital Stories they have created and shared online and on DVD. These examplars are contextualised with some popular and scholarly perspectives on trans representation, in particular embodied and performed identity. It is contended that trans Digital Stories, while appearing in some ways to be quite conventional, actually challenge common notions of gender identity in ways that are both radical and transformative.


In many work and decision situations, realizing cooperation among individuals is important. However, decision making environments of individuals are far from stable, resulting in changes in task complexity and the social settings they encounter. We argue that past experiences with cooperative behavior can result in different cooperative norms and expectations about the behavior of others and will have an effect on an individual's subsequent behavior in new situations. This study experimentally investigates these dynamics of cooperative behavior in social dilemmas and addresses the role of communication to provide empirical evidence about a cognitive mechanism that may lead to these spillovers. Specifically, the experimental design randomly assigns subjects to one type of repetitive interactions in the first social dilemma (single partner or different partners) and we then examine how this impacts the propensity to behave cooperatively in subsequent social dilemmas with unfamiliar partners (either single or different). Because of the variety in complexity of decision-making environments in practice, we do so by examining behavioral spillovers across three different social dilemmas that vary in difficulty to make cooperation successful. Our findings show that individuals cooperate more during initial interactions with a single partner. More importantly, this has positive spillover effects for subsequent behavior and communication, even to settings without repeated interactions with a single partner. However, environmental conditions affect the ability to transfer established norms of cooperation to subsequent interactions, as an initially learned cooperative norm is gradually replaced by a more competitive attitude when individuals start to interact with unfamiliar others in a setting in which cooperative success is more difficult to achieve. Our findings illustrate the power of repeated interactions for establishing and sustaining cooperation in other settings and enhance understanding of how cooperative decisions can be shaped by both incentives and the broader behavioral context of individuals.


It has been hypothesized that Om mutability in Drosophila ananassae (involving spontaneous mutation at 20 loci, resulting in semidominant, nonpleiotropic eye morphology defects) was due to insertion of a transposable element, tom. One particularly unstable X-linked Om allele produced several derivatives, one of which has a more extreme Om phenotype and was accompanied by a singed bristle mutant, sn( 9g). DNA probes from the sn locus of D. melanogaster were used to clone the homologous region of D. ananassae. Analysis of sn(9g) DNA detected a 6.5-kb insert. Genomic Southern blotting and in situ hybridization techniques showed that this insert is repetitive and dispersed. The existence of the tom element is supported by genetic mapping that established homology between the 6.5-kb sn(9g) insert and Om mutants at the four X-linked loci tested.


Metallothioneins are usually low molecular weight metal binding proteins which were first discovered in the late 1950's following an intensive study of yeast, mammals and plants. Among the four subfamilies or classes of plant metallothioneins, Type 4 plant metallothioneins (PMT's), metallothioneins 4 (MT4) or early cysteine as popularly known, stands out to be the most intensively studied group in vitro, perhaps this is attributed to their peculiar structure and function coupled with ease of isolation and purification when compared to other metallothioneins (MT's). In a recent study on barley (Hordeum vulgare) a member of this group revealed that MT4 genes of the plant show local zinc binding in the grain aleuronic layer and act in putative storage. However, structural information and understanding of metal binding dynamics of these MT's are scanty, with early cysteine metallothioneins (MT) from wheat as the only PMT with crystal 3D structure currently available. This paper reviews the state of researches on the structure and functions of Type 4 plant metallothioneins and considering their proposed function which includes provision of Zn (II) to the relevant processes during seed germination, it will be interesting to find out about its ability to transfer Zn (II) ions to other molecules. Index Terms— Metallothioneins, metal binding proteins, Type 4 PMTs, metal binding dynamics.


Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) is the main driver of simulated climate in coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models. A reliable reconstruction of past SST is necessary to simulate past climate realistically. We here present a novel method for reconstructing SST on the basis of terrestrial Holocene palaeothermometer data such that a climate model is able to represent the climate mean state in the land temperature time series. For our study, we use the Earth system model of intermediate complexity Planet Simulator (PlaSim). The land climate is represented by the high-resolution and long-term palaeothermometer time series from Lake Ammersee (Southern Germany), where the temperature is derived from the stable δ18O isotope in ostracod valves. To provide a climate simulation which reflects the proxy-derived climate during the Holocene, we (i) determine the sensitivities of the terrestrial PlaSim climate with respect to SST anomalies for present day conditions; (ii) define the inverse of these sensitivities to find the SST conditions necessary for representing past land proxy climate; and (iii) reapply the climate model to this newly reconstructed SST. We iterate over steps (ii) and (iii) until the mean model and proxy climate converge. We demonstrate the applicability of this new method to reconstruct past climate by comparing the simulated land temperatures to an independent (pollen derived) proxy data set of land temperatures for Europe. The implementation of a wider range of terrestrial palaeotemperature information from proxy archives analogous to our method will foreseeably yield better reconstructions of past SST. These can, for example, be used to overcome many models' difficulties with simulations extending to the time before 8500 yr before present, when the North American (Laurentide) ice sheet caused a no-analogue climate.


This paper explores the form-meaning-referent relationship of a compound noun, gotoochi-kitii 'localized Hello Kitty', which denotes a small souvenir figurine featuring a Japanese commercial character, Hello Kitty. It argues that the diagrammatic iconicity observed in English noun-noun compounds (e.g. Ungerer 1999) is also at work in this recently coined Japanese compound. Further, iconicity plays an important part in the process of image construction. An iconic image of a local entity metonymically selected into the domain of gotoochi 'local area' (source) is mapped onto an image selected into the domain of Hello Kitty (target) based on kitty-is-an-agent (or ‑undergoer) metaphor. Deviation from the basic one-to-one mapping pattern leads to a creation of more complex images. Blending theory allows us to detail the mechanisms of this type of image construction.


This project interrogates a workshop leader and whole-meeting talk among a group of scientists gathered at a workshop to discuss cyberinfrastructure and the sharing of both 'light' and 'dark' data in the sciences. This project analyzes discourses working through the workshop talk to interrogate the social relations, interdisciplinary identities, concerns, and commonalities in the sciences and in relation to emerging opportunities for computing and data sharing in the cloud. The findings point to the efficacy of arranging scientists around data collection processes for collaborative work as opposed to groupings around data type, discipline, work sectors, or collection location. This research provides an opportunity to consider the democratization of data, academic boundaries in the sciences, as well as interdisciplinary and collaborative problem-solving processes that happen in groups across academic and applied contexts.


Programming Legend Charles Petzold unlocks the secrets of the extraordinary and prescient 1936 paper by Alan M. Turing Mathematician Alan Turing invented an imaginary computer known as the Turing Machine; in an age before computers, he explored the concept of what it meant to be computable, creating the field of computability theory in the process, a foundation of present-day computer programming. The book expands Turings original 36-page paper with additional background chapters and extensive annotations; the author elaborates on and clarifies many of Turings statements, making the original difficult-to-read document accessible to present day programmers, computer science majors, math geeks, and others. Interwoven into the narrative are the highlights of Turings own life: his years at Cambridge and Princeton, his secret work in cryptanalysis during World War II, his involvement in seminal computer projects, his speculations about artificial intelligence, his arrest and prosecution for the crime of "gross indecency," and his early death by apparent suicide at the age of 41.


In 1841 and 1842, eight states and the Territory of Florida defaulted on their sovereign debts. Traditional histories of the default crisis have stressed the causal role of the depression that began with the Panic of 1837, unexpected revenue shortfalls from canal and bank investments as a result of the depression, and an unwillingness of states to raise tax rates. This paper shows that none of these stylized facts fits the experience of states at all well. The majority of state debts in default in 1842 were contracted after the Panic of 1837; most states did not expect canal investments to return substantial revenues by 1841 and so could not experience unexpected shortfalls in those revenues; and, finally, most states were willing to raise tax rates substantially. The relationship between land sales and land values explains much of the timing of state borrowing and the default experience of western and southern states. Pennsylvania and Maryland defaulted because they postponed the imposition of a state property tax until it was too late.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the film-retake rates and causes in digital radiography comparison to conventional X-rays method.

STUDY DESIGN
Comparative study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Radiology Department, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2004 to December 2006.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
X-rays of different body parts, conducted during the year 2004, with conventional radiography (n=170300), and in 2006 with digital radiography (n=174550), were included in this study. Measurements were done for number of X-rays re-take due to different quality control reasons for both the conventional and digital radiography. Quality control reasons included underexposure, overexposure, positioning errors, patient movements, portable X-rays, grid cutoff, and others (i.e. equipment related) due to which X-ray quality was questionable. Results were expressed in percentages.

RESULTS
A total of 9423 X-rays (5.5%) were repeated in conventional radiography (n=170300) due to underexposure (38%), overexposure (28.5%), positioning errors (25%), portable procedures (4%), patient movement (2%), grid cut-off (0.5%), and others (2%). Underexposure was the most frequently responsible factor for the X-ray repetition as compared to other factors (p<0.001). In digital radiography (n=174550), 1464 X-rays (1%) needed to be repeated, which was significantly less in comparison to X-ray repetition in conventional method of radiography (5.5%) [p<0.001]. In digital radiography, the most frequent factor for X-ray re-take was positioning error (435, 30%).

CONCLUSION
Digital radiography is associated with significantly lesser number of re-take X-rays as compared to conventional radiography, hence minimizes the exposure of the patients to unnecessary radiations due to re-take X-rays. Positioning error remains a problem even in digital radiography, emphasizing training need for technologists.


Here I present a complete study of lattice dynamics of negative thermal expansion (NTE) material Scandium trifluoride (ScF3) and discovery of NTE in mercurous iodide (Hg2I2). An inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) study of ScF3 reveals copious evidence of an incipient soft-mode instability indicating that the T=0 state of ScF3 is very close to a structural quantum phase transition (SQPT). Is the anomalously strong and thermally persistent NTE behavior of ScF3 a consequence of the SQPT? In order to address that, we have explored the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and soft mode behavior of a second stoichiometric compound, situated near a SQPT. A detailed side-by-side comparison of the metal trifluorides and mercurous halides suggest strong similarities and a generic connection between the fluctuating ground state of incipient ferroelastic materials and SNTE. We find experimental evidences Sahan Handunkanda University of Connecticut 2018 for twodimensional nanoscale correlations exist at momentum-space regions associated with possibly rigid rotations of the perovskite octahedra of ScF3. The discussion is extended by addressing the extent to which rigid octahedral motion describes the dynamical fluctuations behind NTE by generalizing a simple model supporting a single floppy mode that is often used to heuristically describe instances of NTE. Temperature-dependent infrared reflection measurement on single crystal ScF3 is performed to understand the zone center lattice dynamics of ScF3. In addition, I also carried out an instrumentation development project in the laboratory at the Department of Physics which will be briefly discussed in the last chapter. Lattice Dynamics Studies of Negative Thermal Expansion Due to Two Low-temperature Lattice Instabilities


Z-pinning has been used to improve the delamination strength of laminated composites as has been shown in Mode-I and Mode-II fracture toughness. Additionally the degradation of in-plane properties has been studied in the past and documented in the literature. This paper presents a preliminary study on the use of zpinning to improve the delamination resistance against barely visible impact damage. Experimental results indicated that the use of pinning can considerably improve the compression strength after impact (CSAI). Non-destructive observations revealed a lower delamination area after impact when the samples were fully covered with zpins. Additionally, samples with a surrounding z-pin boundary were able to provide a containment mechanism for an area with sub-surface delamination. Computational models have been developed to help predict the delamination area and CSAI with impact damage.


The article launches the series of two articles linked by a common subjectmatter, i.e. the analysis of the regulation of the non bis in idem principle in the European Union (the EU) criminal law in order to elucidate the very essence of this regulation and the concept of the principle, to highlight the "added value" and the shortcomings of the regulation in question, and to assess the perspectives of the development. In this first article the authors analyse the relevant provisions of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 (the CISA) and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (the Court). While at the national level the non bis in idem principle is recognised as a fundamental principle of criminal law, its international application, whatever its importance from the point of view of human rights, is impeded by numerous obstacles, such as the jurisdictional considerations of the sovereign states, the lack of mutual confidence in foreign legal systems and the absence of common non bis in idem standards. Due to the decrease in the importance of these factors in the EU context, the establishment of the non bis in idem principle in the CISA seems to be the first successful attempt to "internationalize" this principle. While criticised for the application of some traditional restrictions (for example, the condition of enforcement and the possibility of "jurisdictional" derogations from non bis in idem rule), the current regulation of the principle affords a rather high level of protection. On the other hand, the broad application of the principle in the absence of common EU rules of jurisdiction in criminal matters may cause problems connected to an eventual justification of "accidental" or even "arbitrary" jurisdiction. However, until now the reform initiatives had not been successful. After having examined the legislative basis of the non bis in idem principle set out in the CISA, the authors proceed to the analysis of the case law of the Court concerning its interpretation. Although not large (just 9 judgements yet), this case law is essential for the development of the non bis in idem rule at EU level. Non bis in idem is recognised by the Court as a general principle of the EU law. The application of this principle is not conditional upon the harmonisation or approximation of the criminal laws of the Member States. The States must have mutual trust in their criminal justice systems and each of them should recognise the criminal law in force in the other States even when the outcome would be different if its own national law was applied. Therefore, the Court, despite some resistance of the Member States, consequently takes a broad approach to the interpretation of the elements of the non bis in idem, which is based on the priority of the objective of Article 54 of the CISA, ensuring the right to freedom of movement in the non bis in idem relevant context, over the formal elements varying between the Member States. The Court, thus, decided that the non bis in idem principle applies to certain procedures, whereby criminal proceedings are finally terminated by the prosecutor without the involvement of a court, once the accused has fulfilled certain obligations. The principle also applies in respect of an acquittal. The application of the principle is not likely to depend on whether the proceedings in the other Member State have involved the consideration of the merit of the case. However, the non bis in idem does not apply if due to such an application it would become impossible to actually penalise for an unlawful conduct in question in the Member States. Concerning the most complicated element of the non bis in idem, i.e. the notion of the "same acts", the Court had adopted the broad factual approach. The relevant criterion for the purposes of the application of the principle is the identity of the material acts understood as the existence of a set of facts which are inextricably linked together, irrespective of the legal classification or the legal interest protected. However, the definitive assessment in this regard is a matter for the competent national courts which must determine whether the material acts constitute a set of facts which are inextricably linked together in time, in space and by their subject-matter. The variety of the situations where this criterion was applied by the Court is analysed in the second part of the article. The authors make an attempt to distinguish the specific features of the "same acts" in the context of the trans-European non bis in idem principle in comparison with the purely national context and identify the eventual impact of the application of the transnational non bis in idem rule to the qualification of the offences.


Increasing globalization has promoted the spread of exotic species, including disease vectors. Understanding the evolutionary processes involved in such colonizations is both of intrinsic biological interest and important to predict and mitigate future disease risks. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a major vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, the worldwide spread of which has been facilitated by Ae. aegypti's adaption to human‐modified environments. Understanding the evolutionary processes involved in this invasion requires characterization of the genetic make‐up of the source population(s). The application of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to sequence data from four nuclear and one mitochondrial marker revealed that African populations of Ae. aegypti best fit a demographic model of lineage diversification, historical admixture and recent population structuring. As ancestral Ae. aegypti were dependent on forests, this population history is consistent with the effects of forest fragmentation and expansion driven by Pleistocene climatic change. Alternatively, or additionally, historical human movement across the continent may have facilitated their recent spread and mixing. ABC analysis and haplotype networks support earlier inferences of a single out‐of‐Africa colonization event, while a cline of decreasing genetic diversity indicates that Ae. aegypti moved first from Africa to the Americas and then to Asia. ABC analysis was unable to verify this colonization route, possibly because the genetic signal of admixture obscures the true colonization pathway. By increasing genetic diversity and forming novel allelic combinations, divergence and historical admixture within Africa could have provided the adaptive potential needed for the successful worldwide spread of Ae. aegypti.


Global environmental change is a one of humanity's greatest challenges affecting both current and future generations. Many world regions face this threat but are increasing rapidly especially in arid and semiarid climatic zones. As a case study, North Kordofan State of Sudan now has existing risks and vulnerabilities associated with many reasons; some areas affected by environmental and climatic impacts, in addition to ethnic conflicts between nomads and sedentary farmers, as well as with socio-ethnic and sociopolitical conflicts destabilizing the critical areas on the western and southern parts of the state. The study aimed to address the change during the past decade by overlaying maps of Land Use/ Land Cover (LU/LC) classes in the State acquired at different points in time, as well as to assess the vulnerability associated with the environmental change. Data were collected in two forms; socioeconomic data and multi-temporal satellite data (i.e. LANDSAT TM and ETM) to study the LU/LC changes. The result of the case studies reveals that, an intensive and dynamic rate of deforestation clearly related to admixture dynamic interactions between social and ecological systems. In sum, we urgently need rethinking about the serious threat of environmental change in these areas. Moreover, new strategies and research development are needed to cope with high levels of the change.


Solid dispersions have been employed as a method for improving the dissolution, and hence the bioavailability, and targeting the colon by Class II poorly-water soluble drugs. This project aims to enhance the solubility of the poorly water-soluble drug gefitinib (ZD), which is the first selective epidermal growth factor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks signal pathways implicated in solid tumour growth and metastasis. Furthermore, to target the colon to improve the efficacy and to reduce the adverse effects of ZD by formulation as solid dispersions using spray drying. Methylmethacrylate polymers such as Eudragit S 100 was used for colon targeting, and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were used to enhance the solubility of the drug.

A rapid, cost-effective and precise reverse phase HPLC method has been developed to quantify ZD in the formulated solid dispersions. This method was validated using the recommended procedure, and it met the pharmaceutical industry guidelines that are recommended by the ICH and FDA. The developed method of analysis was reproducible, specific, and has demonstrated a isocratic separation mode of ZD. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD_, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) were used to investigate the crystalline structure changes of ZD in the dispersion as well as the molecular interaction between the drug and polymer, Dissolution studies (DS) were performed across a range of pH values. Formulations were evaluated by cytotoxicity studies (MTT & Neural red tests) using Caco-2 cell line. A rotating modified cylinder method was used to evaluate the duration of adhesion of HPMC and PVP formulated solid dispersions to excised goat intestine.

DSC and XRPD studies confirmed that the spray dried dispersions were amorphous. Infrared spectroscopic experiments revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the drug and the two polymers used in the study. Dissolution studies showed a carrier controlled drug release that was achieved with solid dispersion containing a 10% drug loading with 80:20 PVP- Eudragit S 100, and HPMC- Eudragit S 100. The morphological differences between the pure drug, physical mixtures and solid dispersions were evident from the SEM images. The images revealed that the pure drug particles were needle shaped; the particle size was reduced in the solid dispersions that subsequently enhanced the drug dissolution profile. The formulated solid dispersions were subjected to accelerated storage conditions (40 [degrees]C [plus or minus] 2 [degrees] C/75%RH [plus or minus] 5%RH) over the period of 6 months. The presence of strong molecular interactions between drug and polymers and the high glass transition temperature of the resultant solid dispersions ensured they remained amorphous for at least six months under accelerated storage conditions. The mucoadhesion study showed that the HPMC solid dispersion formulations had a higher duration of adhesion than PVP solid dispersion formulation. The placebo formulation containing only the polymers showed no toxic effect on Caco-2 cell line in the cell viability assay. Therefore, it can be safely concluded that the formulated solid dispersions have no initial inhibitory effect compared to the pure drug.


Since the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), researchers have asked how intelligent computing systems could interact with and relate to their users and their surroundings, leading to debates around issues of biased AI systems, ML black-box, user trust, user's perception of control over the system, and system's transparency, to name a few. All of these issues are related to how humans interact with AI or ML systems, through an interface which uses different interaction modalities. Prior studies address these issues from a variety of perspectives, spanning from understanding and framing the problems through ethics and Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspectives to finding effective technical solutions to the problems. But what is shared among almost all those efforts is an assumption that if systems can explain the how and why of their predictions, people will have a better perception of control and therefore will trust such systems more, and even can correct their shortcomings. This research field has been called Explainable AI (XAI). In this studio, we take stock on prior efforts in this area; however, we focus on using Tangible and Embodied Interaction (TEI) as an interaction modality for understanding ML. We note that the affordances of physical forms and their behaviors potentially can not only contribute to the explainability of ML systems, but also can contribute to an open environment for criticism. This studio seeks to both critique explainable ML terminology and to map the opportunities that TEI can offer to the HCI for designing more sustainable, graspable and just intelligent systems.


Introduction: The efficacy of perioperative statin therapy in decreasing postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing valve replacements and repairs is unknown. The aim of our study was to determine whether or not the literature supports the hypothesis that statins decrease postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF), and hence improve short-term postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery. Method: We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on postoperative outcomes associated with statin therapy following isolated valve replacement or repair. The data was taken from published studies on valvular heart surgery patients. Participants were patients who underwent either isolated cardiac valve replacement or repair. Patients in the intervention group received statins prior to their surgery. Three databases were searched: Ovid Healthstar, 1966 to April 2012; Ovid Medline, 1946 to 31 May 2012; and Embase, 1974 to 30 May 2012. The meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager® version 5.1. Results: Statins did not decrease the incidence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing isolated cardiac valve surgery [odds ratio (OR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80– 1.77)], although there was significant heterogeneity for the outcome of postoperative AF (I2 55%, 95% CI: 27–72). Statins were associated with a decrease in 30-day mortality (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24–0.75). Conclusion: Although this meta-analysis suggests that chronic statin therapy did not prevent postoperative AF in unselected valvular heart surgical patients, the heterogeneity indicates that this outcome should be viewed with caution and further research is recommended.


This edited collection examines changes in national security culture in the wake of international events that have threatened regional or global order, and analyses the effects of these divergent responses on international security. Tracing the links between national security cultures and preferred forms of security governance the work provides a systematic account of perceived security threats and the preferred methods of response with individual chapters on Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, UK and USA. Each chapter is written to a common template exploring the role of national security cultures in shaping national responses to the four domains of security governance: prevention, assurance, protection and compellence. The volume provides an analytically coherent framework evaluating whether cooperation in security governance is likely to increase among major states, and if so, the extent to which this will follow either regional or global arrangements. By combining a theoretical framework with strong comparative case studies this volume contributes to the ongoing reconceptualization of security and definition of threat and provides a basis for reaching tentative conclusions about the prospects for global and regional security governance in the early 21st century. This makes it ideal reading for all students and policymakers with an interest in global security and comparative foreign and security policy.


When Elaine Morgan wrote The Descent of Woman in 1972, it sent shock waves around the world, and is now widely regarded as a key work on human evolution, and essential to any discussion of women's place in society. Now, with The Scars of Evolution, Morgan offers a pioneering look just where it was our earliest ancestors came from, and the legacy--not always advantageous--that they left us. As she sets out to solve one of the enduring riddles of our origins--to discover the evolutionary path that separated us from the rest of the animals--Morgan shows that many of the theories currently accepted by scientists cannot explain our unique features: they leave too many questions unanswered.Millions of years ago, something happened to our ape ancestors that did not happen to the forebears of gorillas and chimpanzees, something that made them walk on two legs, lose their fur, sweat, develop larger brains, and learn to speak. While scientists have visited many a dig and studied many a fossil for clues, Elaine Morgan argues that all of the facts about our mysterious origins are right in front of us--in the form of fundamental flaws in the human design. Our propensity to suffer from lower back pain, obesity, varicose veins, acne, even infant death syndrome, is essentially the result of a cataclysmic event in our distant past.Scientists have long observed that our spines were not made for upright walking. Yet natural selection--the basic tenet of evolutionary theory--dictates that enduring changes to a species occur because of the need to adapt to changes in the environment. While thousands of working hours are lost each year to "bad backs," at some point long ago it must have been an advantage to walk on two legs. The most common theory is that we became bipedal while hunting on the African savannah, needing our arms free for weapons, using an upright stance to see enemies from afar. But as Morgan points out, animals need more speed on the savannah, both for pursuit and flight, than two legs can offer. Her explanation: bipedalism emerged from life in an aquatic environment due to the flooding of the African rift valley millennia ago. The apes that suddenly found themselves stranded in swamp land (a swamp that remained for thousands of years) had to walk upright to keep from drowning. The human tendency toward obesity was once not an unsightly health problem, but rather a lifesaving form of insulation, one present in all aquatic mammals. And as Morgan carefully considers all of our other uniquely human traits--our relative hairlessness, our ability to control our breathing, our inability to maintain proper salt levels--a compelling case emerges for our human origins in a watery environment.Lively, controversial, and presented with a brilliant logic, The Scars of Evolution will change the way you think about the world--and our place in it.


Training neural network models with discrete (categorical or structured) latent variables can be computationally challenging, due to the need for marginalization over large or combinatorial sets. To circumvent this issue, one typically resorts to sampling-based approximations of the true marginal, requiring noisy gradient estimators (e.g., score function estimator) or continuous relaxations with lower-variance reparameterized gradients (e.g., Gumbel-Softmax). In this paper, we propose a new training strategy which replaces these estimators by an exact yet efficient marginalization. To achieve this, we parameterize discrete distributions over latent assignments using differentiable sparse mappings: sparsemax and its structured counterparts. In effect, the support of these distributions is greatly reduced, which enables efficient marginalization. We report successful results in three tasks covering a range of latent variable modeling applications: a semisupervised deep generative model, a latent communication game, and a generative model with a bit-vector latent representation. In all cases, we obtain good performance while still achieving the practicality of sampling-based approximations.


We discuss the transient effects associated with short-pulse propagation in a linearly dispersive medium by comparing optical precursors with 0π pulses. The classical and quantum effects were, in the past, treated independently due to the different time scales. Using results from recent studies [Phys. Rev. Lett.96, 143901 (2006)] as well as the discussions by Varoquaux et al. [Phys. Rev. B.34, 7617 (1989)] and Burck [Hyperfine Interact. 123, 483 (1999)], we show analytically that precursors and 0π pulses describe the same physical phenomenon. We also show that most published results of transient pulse propagation can be expressed using one overarching equation. Finally, we give a physical interpretation of the analogy between precursors and 0π pulses as a medium-impulse response using a Green's function.


In 1994, the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) was established by agreement between the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. Central to the agreement is the National Strategy for Vocational Education and Training (VET) which is organized around the four main themes of responsiveness, quality, accessibility and efficiency. To promote efficiency in the allocation of training resources, ANTA and a number of State government agencies responsible for VET planning take into account employment forecasts generated using the MONASH model of the Australian economy. To promote responsiveness to the needs of industry, a network of industry training and advisory bodies (ITABs) has been set up. The ITABs' responsibilities include the development of "industry-credible, high-quality industry training plans as frameworks for identifying training needs in each industry, and for considering resource requirements". In this paper we review some of the issues that arise in reconciling the information produced at these diverse levels of planning. In particular, we consider the role of the MONASH forecasting system as a planning framework for vocational education and training, and the caveats that must be borne in assessing the performance of the system in this role.


In this article, I consider the future of critical rhetoric, the responsibilities of the critic, and postcriticism tasks. I first describe the relationality and temporality of doing critical rhetoric. I then discuss how the concept of forgiveness is a relevant concept for critical rhetoric. I conclude with two examples that illustrate my use of critical rhetoric, relationality, temporality, and forgiveness.


In the not too distant future, internet access will be dominated by wireless networks. With that, wireless edge using optical core next-generation networks will become as ubiquitous as traditional telephone networks. This means that telecom engineers, chip designers, and engineering students must prepare to meet the challenges and opportunities that the development and deployment of these technologies will bring. Bringing together cutting-edge coverage of wireless and optical networks in a single volume, Internet Networks Wired, Wireless, and Optical Technologies provides a concise yet complete introduction to these dynamic technologies. Filled with case studies, illustrations, and practical examples from industry, the text explains how wireless, wireline, and optical networks work together. It also: Covers WLAN, WPAN, wireless access, 3G/4G cellular, RF transmission Details optical networks involving long-haul and metropolitan networks, optical fiber, photonic devices, and VLSI chips Provides clear instruction on the application of wireless and optical networks Taking into account recent advances in storage, processing, sensors, displays, statistical data analyses, and autonomic systems, this reference provides forward thinking engineers and students with a realistic vision of how the continued evolution of the technologies that touch wireless communication will soon reshape markets and business models around the world.


The design of legged robots is often inspired by animals evolved to excel at different tasks. However, while mimicking morphological features seen in nature can be very powerful, robots may need to perform motor tasks that their living counterparts do not. In the absence of designs that can be mimicked, an alternative is to resort to mathematical models that allow the relationship between a robot's form and function to be explored. In this paper, we propose such a model to co-design the motion and leg configurations of a robot such that a measure of performance is optimized. The framework begins by planning trajectories for a simplified model consisting of the center of mass and feet. The framework then optimizes the length of each leg link while solving for associated full-body motions. Our model was successfully used to find optimized designs for legged robots performing tasks that include jumping, walking, and climbing up a step. Although our results are preliminary and our analysis makes a number of simplifying assumptions, our findings indicate that the cost function, the sum of squared joint torques over the duration of a task, varies substantially as the design parameters change.


Reigitherium bunodontum (Mammalia, Docodonta, Reigitheriidae), from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) La Colonia Formation (Patagonia, Argentina), is the first known docodont mammal from the southern hemisphere Even though its lower dentition resembles more closely the North American Late Jurassic Docodon than other Eurasian docodonts (e.g., intermolar basins formed by the adjacent halves of molars, and vertical crenulations [or ribs and furrows]), it radically differs from Laurasian docodonts in that the crowns of the lower cheekteeth are transversely enlarged: several lingual cingular cusps are incorporated to the masticatory surface. The evolution of the reigitheriid lower molar pattern from the morganucodontid one seems to have involved three main modifications, resulting in a step-like process: 1) expansion of the lingual cingulum; 2) elevation of the lingual cingular cusps, becoming interconnected to each other by a crest high as or higher than the labial one, and enlargement of the masticatory surface by the close connection of both lingual and buccal crests; 3) aggregation of labial pillar-shaped cusps. Reigitherium bunodontum adds support to the hypothesis that Gondwanan land mammals evolved as vicariants of the Laurasian ones, and that in mammals the universal trend to increase the masticatory surface of the cheekteeth was also accomplished without passing through the reversed triangle stage that led to the tribosphenic pattern.


The Orkney granite complex dominates the outcropping basement on Orkney, Scotland. It comprises a grey and a pink variably foliated granite, and structurally younger pegmatites and aplites. Based on geochemical characteristics the granites are assigned to the Scottish high Ba–Sr granites. The granites are deformed by synmagmatic extensional east–west-trending mylonite zones. These are locally overprinted by similarly oriented extensional phyllonites and, in one case, by similarly oriented extensional faults. The grey and the pink granites are dated by zircon U–Pb CA-ID-TIMS to 431.93 ± 0.46 and 430.26 ± 0.92 Ma, respectively. An aplite cutting mylonitic granite and cut by phyllonite is dated to 428.50 ± 0.31 Ma. We interpret the shear zones to record north–south extension during emplacement and cooling of the granites, likely at a shallow crustal depth (4–12 km). The extension is best explained by a subsidiary pull-apart structure related to displacement on the Great Glen Fault. In this case, the Orkney granite complex dates transcurrent faulting to 432–429 Ma, coeval with the 431–429 Ma Moine Thrust. This indicates that strain partitioning and high Ba–Sr magmatism across the Scottish Highlands was an immediate response to attempted subduction of Avalonia beneath Laurentia during the Scandian collision. Supplementary material: Geochronological and geochemical data (Tables 1 and 2) as spreadsheets are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4304387


In this paper we discuss a data driven approach to select better phone model topologies, in particular to decide on the number of states for linear left-right continuous HMMs. The novel approach is based on a conditional probabilistic viterbi path estimation and operates on forward-backward trained multiple parallel-path HMMs consisting of two different topologies. We compare this conditional probabilistic viterbi path estimation with systematic, statistical and knowledge based designs of different monophone based continuous HMM topologies and evaluate them in a LVSRS system with speech data from the German Verbmobil corpus. We obtained a 5.8% of WER reduction compared to a system with uniform three-state length topologies and a 1.8% WER reduction compared with results of a knowledge based approach with heterogeneous selection of emitting HMM states.


A sizeable body of research and other literature has been developing about toxic leadership and workplace bullying.  Our earlier work found distinctions between tough bosses and true bullies in the workplace.  A later study showed that military officers were able to clearly identify differences between tough but effective leaders, and toxic leaders.  That work was extended into the organizational climates which seem to promote toxic leaders and bullies.  Other colleagues have explored potentials for changes in bullying behavior through executive coaching interventions, noting that some executives simply lack awareness of their behaviors, or the effects on those around them.  The focus of this paper is the synthesis of earlier findings, to begin a more systemic understanding about the relationships between individual, organizational, and societal behaviors with respect to bullying and toxic leadership.


The father of Communist Russia, Vladimir Ilych Lenin now seems to have emerged fully formed in the turbulent wake ofWorldWar I and the Russian Revolution. But Lenin's character was in fact forged much earlier, over the course of years spent in exile, constantly on the move, and in disguise. In Conspirator, Russian historian Helen Rappaport narrates the compelling story of Lenin's life and political activities in the years leading up to the revolution. As he scuttled between the glittering capital cities of Europe--from London and Munich to Vienna and Prague--Lenin found support among fellow emigres and revolutionaries in the underground movement. He came to lead a ring of conspirators, many of whom would give their lives in service to his schemes. A riveting account of Lenin's little-known early life, Conspirator tracks in gripping detail the formation of one of the great revolutionaries of the twentieth century.


We present a simple method with which to reconstruct wavefronts that are transilluminating supersonic jets through measurement of their local slopes. The wavefront slopes are measured in two orthogonal directions by use of the average displacements suffered by a random-dot pattern in its shadow cast by the wavefront in front of it. A smooth wavefront is estimated from its measured slopes by a least-squares curve fitting technique. The calculated wavefront distortion is tomographically inverted to yield the density distributions of the object. The results are comparable to that obtained by use of a phase-retrieval algorithm from axial intensity transport measurements.


To many, the EU's 1995 Directive has failed. While the global trend toward adopting laws similar to the Directive suggests that many nations value privacy rights, commentators and empirical studies reveal significant shortcomings. The Directive is simultaneously over-inclusive and under-inclusive. It outlaws harmless activities while allowing exceptions that threaten to swallow the rule. Edward Snowden revealed a disrupting example showing that national governments enjoy wide latitude to collect and use personal information under the guise of national security. The problem of protecting private information is exacerbated by technology that continues to leapfrog. Information privacy is made continually more difficult with each new app and innovation. The Internet of Things is more probable than speculative. Everyday objects — thermostats, garage doors, beer mugs — communicate with the Internet through sensors. Radio-frequency identification is a predicate to computer identification and assimilation of everyday physical objects, enabling the use of these objects to be monitored and inventoried by computers. Tagging and monitoring objects could similarly be accomplished by other technologies like near field communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking, raising the legitimate argument that informational privacy — at least as envisioned in the 1995 Directive's absolute terms — is impossible.Informational privacy cannot be accomplished by declaring it a fundamental right and outlawing all processing of personal information. To legally realize and enforce a privacy right in personal information, incremental, graduated, and practical legislation better achieve the goal than sweeping proclamations that have applications to actions unrelated to the harms associated with the absence of the right. With information privacy in particular, a capacious claim of right to all personal information undermines legal enforcement because the harms attending lack of privacy are too often ill-defined and misunderstood. This paper reviews the shortcomings of the EU Directive, reviews new privacy challenges posed by the Internet of Things, and posits a regulatory regime based on risk of harm.


Citizens who abstain from voting in consecutive elections and inequality in turnout in democratic elections constitute a challenge to the legitimacy of democracy. Applying the law of dispersion, which stipulates higher levels of turnout and higher levels of equality in turnout are positively related, we study turnout patterns across different types of elections in Denmark, a high-turnout European context. Across three different elections with turnout rates from 56.3% to 85.9%, we use a rich, nationwide panel dataset of 2.1 million citizens with validated turnout and high-quality sociodemographic variables. A total of 9% of the citizens are abstainers in the three consecutive elections, and these are disproportionately male, of non-Western ethnic background, with little education, and with low income. The law of dispersion finds support as inequalities in turnout increase when turnout decreases and vice versa. Furthermore, municipalities with lower turnout have higher inequalities in participation than high-turnout municipalities in local elections.


Soil erosion from cropland contributes significantly to reducing storage capacity in reservoirs. A model is developed for comparing economic desirability of various catchment level soil conservation practices. Results from an illustrative case study show that prevention of sediment accumulation can be much more economical than sediment removal at the reservoir level.


From the moment of arrest, people charged with crimes find themselves caught in a web of punitive sanctions, in danger of losing their jobs, homes, children, and right to live in this country. Politicians over the past thirty years, eager to be "tough on crime" at the expense of being smart on crime, have piled layer upon layer of these "collateral" consequences on even a person's most minor involvement in the criminal justice system.As this web grew to overshadow the traditional criminal sanctions for most offenses, criminal courts and practitioners struggled to create legal justifications for ignoring it. The "collateral consequences" doctrine resulted. Arising out of Fifth Amendment challenges to convictions on the theory that courts had not adequately notified people of this web at plea or sentencing, this doctrine draws a sharp but false distinction between "direct" consequences of criminal proceedings (such as incarceration) and "collateral" consequences (such as deportation).In a move last Term that shocked commentators and practitioners alike, the Supreme Court ignored decades of lower court case law to effectively repudiate this doctrine — which has been one of the most dominant (and most harmful) legal fictions of the criminal justice system. In Padilla v. Kentucky, the Court held that to provide effective assistance of counsel, a criminal defense attorney has an affirmative duty to give specific, accurate advice to noncitizen clients of the deportation risk of potential pleas. The majority's analysis, however, reaches far beyond advice on immigration penalties, extending to any and all penalties intimately related to criminal charges. The Court's recasting of Sixth Amendment jurisprudence will have significant ripple effects, leaving a rich set of legal issues for the courts to resolve in the coming years. These issues include those related to post-conviction relief, the Ex Post Facto Clause, Eighth Amendment definitions of punishment, the adequacy of defense funding, the expansion of the right to a jury trial, and the extension of the right to counsel.This Article examines the practical effect of Padilla for criminal defense attorneys currently working with clients on pending cases. Post hoc analysis of the failure to advise a client on a particular penalty presents doctrinal and factual hurdles (particularly in proving prejudice). But the penalty itself is already identified because it forms the basis for the post-conviction challenge. Defense attorneys face a more significant challenge in the first instance — teasing the threads of relevant penalties and risks from the immense web of "collateral" consequences. This Article uses the legal reasoning of Padilla to outline a structure for approaching the daunting process of identifying and adequately advising clients about the wide range of penalties resulting from criminal justice involvement. The Article focuses not on post-conviction relief, but on productive and proven strategies for improved trial level advocacy going forward. Part I parses the decision and describes the peculiar character of Padilla as both a clear application of existing law and a revolutionary shift in perspective and daily practice. Part II details the clearly mandated application of Padilla's Sixth Amendment advisement duty to a range of penalties beyond deportation. It describes a wide set of professional norms compelling this result, contrasted with the significant institutional incentives to ignore these standards. Part III proposes a new test to make these professional standards meaningful for practitioners in light of Padilla and the vast range of potential penalties for people charged with crimes. Part IV outlines the structure imposing these "enmeshed" penalties and discusses more concrete implications for realistic defense practice, including the benefits of holistic defense.


In this paper we present a new method to derive Boussinesq-type equations from a variational principle. These equations are valid for nonlinear surface-water waves propagating over bathymetry. The vertical structure of the flow, required in the Hamiltonian, is approximated by a (series of) vertical shape functions associated with unknown parameter(s). It is not necessary to make approximations with respect to the nonlinearity of the waves. The resulting approximate Hamiltonian is positive definite, contributing to the good dynamical behaviour of the resulting equations. The resulting flow equations consist of temporal equations for the surface elevation and potential, as well as a (set of) elliptic equations for some auxiliary parameter(s). All equations only contain low-order spatial derivatives and no mixed time–space derivatives. Since one of the parameters, the surface potential, can be associated with a uniform shape function, the resulting equations are very well suited for wave–current interacting flows. The variational method is applied to two simple models, one with a parabolic vertical shape function and the other with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure. For both, as well as the general series model, the flow equations are derived. Linear dispersion and shoaling are studied using the average Lagrangian. The model with a parabolic vertical shape function has improved frequency dispersion, as compared to classical Boussinesq models. The model with a hyperbolic-cosine vertical structure can be made to have exact phase and group velocity, as well as shoaling, for a certain frequency. For the model with a parabolic vertical structure, numerical computations are done with a one-dimensional pseudo-spectral code. These show the nonlinear capabilities for periodic waves over a horizontal bed and an underwater bar. Further some long-distance computations for soliton wave groups over bathymetry are presented.


Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatments (given for rheumatological manifestations) in reducing uveitis flares in patients with spondylarthropathy in daily practice. Methods: A retrospective observational study of all patients with spondylarthropathy with at least one uveitis flare treated with anti-TNF in one centre (December 1997–December 2004). The number of uveitis flares per 100 patient-years was compared before and during anti-TNF treatment; each patient was his or her own control. The relative risk (RR) and the number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated. Results: 46 patients with spondylarthropathy treated with anti-TNF drugs had at least one uveitis flare (33 treated with anti-TNF antibodies, infliximab or adalimumab, and 13 with soluble TNF receptor, etanercept). The mean age at first symptoms was 26 years, 71% were men. Patients were followed for 15.2 years (mean) before anti-TNF versus 1.2 years during anti-TNF treatment. The number of uveitis flares per 100 patient-years before and during anti-TNF were, respectively: for all anti-TNF treatments,—51.8 v 21.4 (p = 0.03), RR = 2.4, NNT = 3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2 to 5); for soluble TNF receptor—54.6 v 58.5 (p = 0.92), RR = 0.9; and for anti-TNF antibodies—50.6 v 6.8 (p = 0.001), RR = 7.4, NNT = 2 (95% CI 2 to 5). Conclusion: Anti-TNF treatments were efficacious in decreasing the number of uveitis flares in patients with spondylarthropathy. Anti-TNF antibodies decreased the rate of uveitis flares, whereas soluble TNF receptor did not seem to decrease this rate. These results could have consequences for the choice of anti-TNF treatment in certain patients.


This thesis explores the relationship between textuality and travel in the writings of a key selection of eighteenth-century and Romantic authors. While existing critical work on the travel literature of this period tends to concentrate only on published versions of texts and does not fully address issues of form and textual status (Korte. 2000; Blanton, 2002; Thompson, 2007); this study focuses on composition, editing and publication, and considers important questions about the relationship between the experience of travel and its expression in certain textual forms - journals, letters and poetry. How is a writer's relationship with travel articulated at the compositional stage through the use of particular forms and generic spaces? To what extent does the private or public status of a text determine a writer's engagement with travel? How does the physical act of travelling impact on the creative process? What effect does editing and publication - authorial and non-authorial - have on the experience of travel represented in a text? What are the implications for modem editors and critics? This study aims to answer these questions through a series of writer-specific case studies, informed by the work ot Donald Reiman (1983; 1997), Jack Stillinger (1991; 1994; 1999) and Jerome McGann (1983, 1991). The first of two chapters on Thomas Gray examines the relationship between letter writing, poetry and place in his Grand Tour correspondence with Richard West (1739-1741); while the second explores the evolution of his Lake District Journal (1769) from private document to public Picturesque work. The third chapter considers travel as a context for textual self- translation in Mary Wollstonecraft's letters to Gilbert Imlay and Letters Written During A Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark (1796). The penultimate case study concentrates on exile and poetic composition in Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage I-III(1816); while the final chapter examines shared writing and travel in Percy and Mary Shelley's History of a Six Weeks' Tour (1817). These particular case studies have been selected because they reveal how the dynamic between textuality and travel operates: an understanding that can fundamentally alter critical perceptions of these writers and their texts.


Debates about the obligation to obey the law have been around for literally thousands of years, but the empirical side has received much less attention. Moreover, most of the existing empirical work has focused on citizens and not officials, and consequently we know little about the extent to which law qua law motivates official action. This paper, presented as the John A. Sibley Lecture at the University of Georgia School of Law, draws on the jurisprudential and philosophical literature to frame the question of obedience to law, and then seeks to encourage empirical inquiry into the particular question of whether officials obey the law as law, independent of the content of the law and independent of the possibility of sanctions for non-compliance. It offers the hypothesis that although there is much talk about official obligation to the law, in fact officials rarely obey the law just because it is the law, and are rarely politically punished for engaging in sanction-free illegal actions when their constituents approve their first-order substantive decisions. For official behavior, therefore, there may be considerably less internalization of law than is commonly supposed. And if this hypothesis turns out to be true, the implications for public law may be considerable. Moreover, if sanction-free internalization of law is less common than many commentators believe, it would be appropriate to give renewed attention to the role of sanctions and coercion not only in securing compliance with law, but also in understanding the nature of law itself.


This paper investigates the drivers of growth and prosperity in a group of eleven European countries -- Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia (the EU11). Since the EU11 began the transformation process, this group of emerging countries has made impressive strides as developing market economies and is anchoring development in European Union institutions. There are reasons to believe that the convergence of EU11 income per capita to Western European levels will continue, but will proceed more slowly. The paper concludes that trade and financial integration have sped along at a spectacular pace in the EU11 in the recent past, although trade in modern services and the integration of government bond and equity markets are somewhat behind. As in the rest of Europe, demographic developments will pose huge challenges for the sustainability of public finance in the EU11 economies. In the next several decades, the EU11 labor force is expected to contract more than labor forces in the rest of the European Union, making it even more urgent that countries in the region reform pension systems, change migration policy, and find incentives to attract talent to the region. Closing the gap with the rest of the European Union in educational attainment levels and improving education quality might significantly soften the constraints imposed by the demographic threats and produce sizable returns in terms of additional income convergence.


Section 117 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) requires the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to estimate human-caused marine mammal mortality and serious injury. Data from documented interactions between human activities and pinnipeds or cetaceans belonging to stocks which appear in the Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) were compiled for the 5-year period from 2012 through 2016. A total of 797 unique interactions with potential evidence of human-caused mortality or injury were reviewed and are summarized in this report. Details regarding each interaction were assessed for evidence of human-caused injury to the marine mammal. Injury severity determinations were made for those injuries likely to be human-caused. Injury determination details regarding the injury source, type, severity, and criteria supporting the determination are presented in the appendices. Records of mortality are also included in this report, and assigned to source. Mortality and injury values were assigned to each interaction for comparison with the potential biological removal (PBR) levels for each stock calculated under the MMPA and appearing within the Alaska SARs. The mortality and serious injury values included in this report are derived solely from documented interactions. Not all human-caused mortality and serious injury to marine mammals is documented, this report represents a minimum count of human-caused mortality and serious injury to Alaska marine mammal stocks.


"Please don't wake up," I plead silently to my 10-month-old son as I log into another Zoom meeting from my tiny New York City apartment. I use a virtual background—a picture of my university office—to hide the fact that I'm in my kitchen, where it's easier to avoid the loud calls for "Mama!" from my 3-year-old daughter and the hunger cries of my infant son. Such meetings—a byproduct of the COVID-19 pandemic—add to the stress I feel as a working mom, trying to hide the messy reality of my life as a parent. It has led to a unique type of Zoom burnout, one I fear is specific to working mothers.

> "The anxiety I experience during Zoom meetings compounds other stressors in my life."

I've always tried to hide my motherhood duties from plain view. I don't have photos of my children on display in my university office, even though some of my male colleagues clearly feel comfortable doing so. I'm keenly aware of the bias mothers experience in the workplace, and I haven't wanted my colleagues to view me as less committed to my work because I have children. But now, working from home, I feel unable to control whether my children are visible.

My workdays are filled with meetings to discuss research projects with collaborators and mentees. When the pandemic started and the meetings switched to Zoom, I felt an unspoken pressure to turn my camera on. Almost everyone else had their camera on, and I feared that if I kept mine off, I wouldn't be viewed as "present."

As a result, I spent most meetings fretting my daughter would waltz in, sit on my lap, and ask, "Mama, are those your co-workers?" It happened more than once, nullifying my futile attempts to hide my home life with a virtual background. Meanwhile, my husband—a motion graphic designer at an advertising agency—never sweats it when the children intrude. He has even voluntarily taken our son on camera to let his co-workers swoon over him.

I've encountered difficulties even when my children have stayed off camera. For instance, I was taken aback recently when a colleague brought our meeting to an abrupt end. As my son screamed in the background, he told me, "It sounds like someone needs mommy; I'd better let you go." Later, I ran the story by my husband, who was shocked. He has never once received comments indicating a child of ours might need him—their father—as they scream in the background.

My husband's more positive experiences could be due to his personality or his different profession. But I think a major contributing factor is gender inequities in how parents are perceived: I'm the distracted and much-needed mother, whereas he's the professional who also happens to be the father of two cute little kids.

The anxiety I experience during Zoom meetings compounds other stressors in my life. We haven't had child care for much of the pandemic. My husband has been a wonderful partner—splitting child care duties—but the reality is that he simply can't perform some tasks, such as nursing our infant son. I am in demand by my family and my job, and that makes my daily life as a working mother incredibly challenging.

One strategy that makes it all easier to juggle is to take work calls and even join Zoom meetings by phone. I started to do this a few months into the pandemic, when it was clear I was burning out and needed a different strategy. I realize colleagues might perceive me as less engaged when I'm not on camera, but the payoff—reduced anxiety and a chance to take care of household duties while still contributing to the meeting—is worth it to me.

I offer this advice to colleagues of working mothers: Understand that many of us are burnt out. Allow flexibility in how we call into meetings, outlining the policy with explicit language. Avoid making us feel uninvolved or not committed to our work when our cameras are turned off. And think carefully about whether you are treating us differently, perhaps by asking yourself, "Would I say the same thing to a father?"


This text provides an overview of bi- and multilingualism as a worldwide phenomenon. It features comprehensive discussions of many of the linguistic, social, political, and educational issues found in an increasingly multilingual nation and world. To this end, the book takes the Chicano-Latino community of Southern California, where Spanish-English bilingualism has over a century and a half of history, and presents a detailed case study, thereby situating the community in a much broader social context. Spanish is the second most-widely spoken language in the U.S. after English, yet, for the most part, its speakers form a language minority that essentially lacks the social, political, and educational support necessary to derive the many cognitive, socioeconomic, and educational benefits that proficient bilingualism can provide. The issues facing Spanish-English bilinguals in the Los Angeles area are relevant to nearly every bi- and multilingual community irrespective of nation, language, and/or ethnicity.


The pattern of zero entries in the inverse covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution corresponds to conditional independence restrictions between variables. Covariance selection aims at estimating those structural zeros from data. We show that neighborhood selection with the Lasso is a computationally attractive alternative to standard covariance selection for sparse high-dimensional graphs. Neighborhood selection estimates the conditional independence restrictions separately for each node in the graph and is hence equivalent to variable selection for Gaussian linear models. We show that the proposed neighborhood selection scheme is consistent for sparse high-dimensional graphs. Consistency hinges on the choice of the penalty parameter. The oracle value for optimal prediction does not lead to a consistent neighborhood estimate. Controlling instead the probability of falsely joining some distinct connectivity components of the graph, consistent estimation for sparse graphs is achieved (with exponential rates), even when the number of variables grows as the number of observations raised to an arbitrary power.


The Karmoy ophiolite is a remnant of Early Ordovician oceanic crust which is thought to have formed in a supra-subduction zone environment, and undergone development in a back-arc basin before its final emplacement on the Baltic craton. The uppermost sections of this ophiolite are exposed in the study area; the rock types are gabbros. sheeted dykes, plagiogranites, and lesser amounts of pillow lavas, diorites, volcaniclastic sediments, and breccias. -- Contained within these rocks are two sulfide deposits, the Visnes massive l-c-Cu /.n sulfide deposit and the Feoy massive Fe-Cu-Ni-PGB sulfide deposit. While they arc spatially quite closely related, these deposits record two distinctly different periods of mineralization during the evolution of the ophiolite complex. -- The Visnes deposit formed as a result of sub-seafloor alteration of basaltic rocks of the Visnes High Level Complex. Rocks of this complex are altered to spilites on a regional scale. Geochemically, alteration of the sheeted dykes is defined by: a relative loss of K2O, CaO, MnO, A1O203, MgO, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Sr; a relative gain of TiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O and Zr, and; variable changes in P2O5 and SiO2 relative to unaltered rocks from similar tectonic environments. -- More local zones of intense alteration and mineralization within the sheeted dykes are called "epidosite zones", and these represent flowthrough zones for highly corrosive, magma-influenced hydrothermal fluids. "Epidotites", or deuterically formed rocks composed of nearly 100% coarse crystalline epidote, are closely associated with such zones, and their presence suggests that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of epidosite zones may well have had a direct magmatic water input. However, oxygen isotope evidence from epidotites and plagiogranites suggest that the magmatic fluids may ultimately have been derived from magma-chamber assimilation of seawater altered roof rocks. -- The Feoy deposit is a small, orthomagmatic Ni-sulfide body which appears to have very few known analogues elsewhere in the world. Petrogenetic modelling using Platinum Group Element (PGE) abundances and sulfur isotopes indicates that the sulfides precipitated from an already-depleted partial melt during its ascent from a mantle source. The deposit is predominantly a massive pyrrhotite/chalcopyrite deposit with minor pyrite and pentlandite. It is unique in its high concentrations of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM's); this is a reflection of the PGE-enriched nature of the residual sulfide fraction present in an already-depleted (previously melted) mantle parent. -- The co-magmatic silicate host rocks for the Feoy deposit are high-Mg basalt dykes, and these contain Ni-sulfides interstitial to silicate minerals. The host rocks can be petrogenetically modelled using PGE's, and as expected show PGE patterns indicative of formation from a second stage melt, or from partial melting of an already-depleted mantle. -- The Feoy deposit formed later than the Visnes deposit; rocks associated with the Visnes deposit are spilitized, and are dated al ca. 493ma (using Pb/Pb Zircon dating techniques); rocks associated with the Feoy deposit (high-Mg dykes. Type 2 plagiogranites and clinopyroxene-phyric intrusions in the Feoy area) are not spilitized, and are dated at ca. 470ma. -- All rocks in the study area are variably altered and deformed. It appears that such deformation post-dates formation of both sulfide deposits as well, since they have both been mobilized along shear zones. Also, volcaniclastic sediments of the Torvastad Group, which are compositionally and genetically related to late clinopyroxene-phyric intrusions in the area, and which represent a period of arc-basin formation following arc-volcanism, are themselves quite deformed and cut by shear zones. -- The occurrence of tourmaline-bearing breccias in the Feoy area is an intriguing addition lo the study of late deformation features. Breccia, containing rounded Ni-sulfide and tourmalinite fragments in a hydrothermal cement matrix, is found in the Feoy area. Textural, isotopic and chemical analysis of the breccia and tourmaline strongly suggests that it formed as a result of the forceful intrusion of a hydrous granitic body into the surrounding country rocks. This may well represent part of the nearby West Karmoy Igneous Complex, which is a large granitic pluton that intrudes all rocks of the Karmoy ophiolite. Indeed, shear zone formation in the study area may also be related to this late, post-emplacement event.


Abstract: This study is about course evaluation in Swedish higher education. Performing course evaluation is regulated in Swedish law. Despite this, only half of the courses are evaluated. The aim of this study is to understand why satisfactory course evaluations not are performed. Problems are identified from a student perspective and the paper provides proposals for reducing the problems. In order to tackle the problems an evaluation process model consisting of five phases is proposed. A main message is that there is need for an increased government from the university's management levels to revise the incentives for performing a satisfactory course evaluation.


Coral reef organisms are increasingly and simultaneously affected by global and local stressors such as ocean acidification (OA) and reduced light availability. However, knowl- edge of the interplay between OA and light availability is scarce. We exposed 2 calcifying coral reef species (the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora and the green alga Halimeda opuntia) to combinations of ambient and increased pCO2 (427 and 1073 µatm, respectively), and 2 light inten- sities (35 and 150 µmol photons m �2 s �1 ) for 16 d. We evaluated the individual and combined effects of these 2 stressors on weight increase, calcification rates, O2 fluxes and chlorophyll a con- tent for the species investigated. Weight increase of A. millepora was significantly reduced by OA (48%) and low light intensity (96%) compared to controls. While OA did not affect coral calcifica- tion in the light, it decreased calcification in the dark by 155%, leading to dissolution of the skele- ton. H. opuntia weight increase was not affected by OA, but decreased (40%) at low light. OA did not affect algae calcification in the light, but decreased calcification in the dark by 164%, leading to dissolution. Low light significantly reduced gross photosynthesis (56 and 57%), net photosyn- thesis (62 and 60%) and respiration (43 and 48%) of A. millepora and H. opuntia, respectively. In contrast to A. millepora, H. opuntia significantly increased chlorophyll content by 15% over the course of the experiment. No interactive effects of OA and low light intensity were found on any response variable for either organism. However, A. millepora exhibited additive effects of OA and low light, while H. opuntia was only affected by low light. Thus, this study suggests that negative effects of low light and OA are additive on corals, which may have implications for management of river discharge into coastal coral reefs.


In this chapter, I will focus on the female participation in what became known as 'The Retomada do Cinema Brasileiro', or the Brazilian Film Revival, by thinking beyond differences of gender, class, age and ethnicity. I will first re-consider the Retomada phenomenon against the backdrop of its historical time, so as to evaluate whether the production boom of the period translated into a creative peak, and, if so, how much of this carried onto the present day. I will then look at the female participation in this phenomenon not just in terms of numerical growth of women film directors, admittedly impressive, but only partially reflective of the drastic changes in the modes of production and address effected by the neoliberal policies introduced in the country in the mid 1990s. I will argue that the most decisive contribution brought about by the rise of women in Brazilian filmmaking has been the spread of team work and shared authorship, as opposed to a mere aspiration to the auteur pantheon, as determined by a notoriously male-oriented tradition. Granted, films focusing on female victimisation were rife during the Retomada period and persist to this day, and they have been, and continue to be, invaluable for the understanding of women's struggles in the country. However, rather than resorting to feminist readings of representational strategies in these films, I will draw attention to other, presentational aesthetic experiments, open to the documentary contingent and the unpredictable real, which, I argue, suspend the pedagogical character of representational narratives. In order to demonstrate that new theoretical tools are needed to understand the gender powers at play in contemporary world cinema, I will, to conclude, analyse an excerpt of the film, Delicate Crime (Crime delicado, Beto Brant, 2006), where team work comes out as a particularly effective female, and feminist, procedure.


Mice rely heavily on pheromones--nonvolatile biochemicals that animals use for communication. By recording from single neurons in a part of the brain called the accessory olfactory bulb while one mouse was interacting with other mice, Luo et al. found that some neurons responded specifically to male mice, other neurons to female mice, and still others could distinguish members of the same species from those of other species. Thus, the pheromone system allows mice to distinguish essential characteristics of other mice with one sniff. M. Luo, M. S. Fee, L. C. Katz, Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. Science 299, 1196-1201 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Experiencing Questionnaire (EQ) is a 58-item instrument recently developed to assess some relatively uncommon but theoretically significant types of reading experience. Derived from the phenomenological conception of "experiencing," it promises psychometrically sound access to the generative and self-altering aspects of literary reading. Results of preliminary studies indicate that EQ scales are reliable, that profiles of EQ scales differentiate theoretically relevant orientations toward literary reading (e.g., objective engagement, subjective engagement, secular enactive engagement, spiritual enactive engagement), and that the interactive combination of selected EQ scales reflects apex moments (sublime disquietude, sublime enthrallment) during literary reading.


We present a simple and automatic method for determining the uncertainty in the retrieved intensity and phase versus time (and frequency) due to noise in a frequency-resolved optical-gating trace, independent of noise source. It uses the "bootstrap" statistical method and also yields an automated method for phase blanking (omitting the phase when the intensity is too low to determine it).


Performance assessment is a system used to evaluate the results of organization activities or organization performance. Performance assessment can be measured by the quality of activity that has been carried out to achieve the goal. KPPN Surabaya II is a government institution who carries out services in the field of disbursement of APBN fund. So that the performance of KPPN must be well measured. This research is used to analyze the quality of KPPN Surabaya II performance period IV, 2018. Performance assessment in this research based on several perspectives, namely stakeholder, customer, internal business, learning and growth. The method used to analyze performance assessment in this study is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), this method is used because it can solve the multi-criteria problem, that is performance assessment. Based on the result of this research obtained that the organization's performance of KPPN Surabaya II has good value and classified on the good quality range and fulfill expectation.


The paradigm of Open-Innovation allows software companies new forms of interactive innovation and its diffusion across socio-cultural boundaries. This process constitutes and is constituted by a heterogeneous network of interacting actors. In this interaction, seeds for innovation will be created and have to be adopted by the participants of the respective network. This paper studies the concept of Open Innovation from a dialectic perspective on innovation seeds, which regards diffusion and adoption as intertwined. Traditionally, innovation research mainly focuses on transferring processes, but in order to reflect on the interactive character of Open Innovation across socio-cultural boundaries, one has to enlarge this perspective. In this paper we have developed a theoretic model which integrates also the aspect of translation and transformation. Based on this theoretical understanding we have figured out competences to adopt innovation seeds that have been developed in a crosscultural setting. At the end of the paper we show how this model can be used to study empirically the behavior of a software company adopting externally created seeds.


Financial sector foreign direct investment in emerging market economies has surged over the past decade. While the benefits of heightened financial sector efficiency and better risk management are widely acknowledged, foreign ownership poses challenges for host countries due to the migration of decision-making and the incongruence of the organisational structures of foreign-owned banks and host country legal and regulatory systems. Many of these challenges will be best met by global coordination on the part of supervisors and central banks.


The book titled The Collaborative Economy in Action: European Perspectives is one of the important outcomes of the COST Action CA16121, From Sharing to Caring: Examining the Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy (short name: Sharing and Caring; sharingandcaring.eu) that was active between March 2017 and September 2021. The Action was funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology - COST (www.cost.eu/actions/CA16121). The main objective of the COST Action Sharing and Caring is the development of a European network of researchers and practitioners interested in investigating the collaborative economy models, platforms, and their socio-technological implications. The network involves scholars, practitioners, communities, and policymakers. The COST Action Sharing and Caring helped to connect research initiatives across Europe and enabled scientists to develop their ideas by collaborating with peers. This collaboration opportunity represented a boost for the participants' research, careers, and innovation potential. The main aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the collaborative economy (CE) in European countries with a variety of its aspects for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. For this reason, in July 2017, an open call for country reports was distributed among the members of the COST Action Sharing and Caring. Representatives of the member countries were invited to produce short country reports covering: definition(s) of the CE; types and models of the CE; key stakeholders involved; as well as legislation and technological tools relevant for the CE. Submitted reports varied in length and regarding the level of detail included, in accordance with how much information was available in each respective country at the time of writing. Editors of the book have compiled these early reports into a summary report, which was intended as a first step in mapping the state of the CE in Europe. The Member Countries Report on the Collaborative Economy, edited by Gaia Mosconi, Agnieszka Lukasiewicz, and Gabriela Avram (2018) that was published on the Sharing and Caring website, represented its first synergetic outcome and provided an overview of the CE phenomenon as interpreted and manifested in each of the countries part of the network. Additionally, Sergio Nassare-Aznar, Kosjenka Dumancic, and Giulia Priora compiled a Preliminary Legal Analysis of Country Reports on Cases of Collaborative Economy (2018). In 2018, after undertaking an analysis of the previous reports' strengths and weaknesses, the book editors issued a call for an updated version of these country reports. Prof. Ann Light advised the editorial team, proposing a new format for country reports and 4000 words limit. The template included: Introduction, Definition, Key Questions, Examples, Illustration, Context, Developments, Issues, Other Major Players, and Relevant Literature. The new template was approved by the Management Committee in October 2018. The task force that had supported the production of the first series of country reports (Dimitar Trajanov, Maria del Mar Alonso, Balint Balazs, Kosjenka Dumancic, and Gabriela Avram) acted as mentors for the team of authors in each country. The final reports arrived at the end of 2018, bringing the total number of submissions to 30 (twenty-nine European countries plus Georgia). A call for book editors was issued, and a new editorial team was formed by volunteers from the participants of the COST Action: Andrzej Klimczuk, Vida Cesnuityte, Cristina Miguel, Santa Mijalche, Gabriela Avram, Bori Simonovits, Balint Balazs, Kostas Stefanidis, and Rafael Laurenti. The editorial team organized the double-blind reviews of reports and communicated to the authors the requirements for improving their texts. After reviews, the authors submitted updated versions of their country reports providing up-to-date interdisciplinary analysis on the state of the CE in 2019, when the reports were collected. During the final phase, the chapters were again reviewed by the lead editors together with all editorial team members. At the time, the intention was to update these reports again just before the end of the COST Action Sharing and Caring in 2021 and to produce a third edition. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed these plans. Thus, this final volume was created by 82 scholars-editors and contributors-and consists of reports on 27 countries participating in the COST Action.


Bluecoat, Liverpool's Centre for the Contemporary Arts, welcomes American-British artist Alexis Teplin to the gallery this autumn, with her largest UK solo show to date.

Teplin, known for her large abstract canvases of fragmented colour and poetic
performance works, will exhibit newly commissioned painting, performance and
videos.

Teplin's new work is rooted in the discipline of painting. Blocks of colour dance
across her canvases, oscillating between ground and foreground. The artist often
hints at figuration and familiarity in her paintings, overridden by Teplin's adherence to the rhythms of playful abstraction. Many of Teplin's paintings move beyond traditional canvas and are instead painted on a patchwork of different material,including linen and decorative antique fabrics. At Bluecoat, visitors will weave their way through Teplin's dramatic, freestanding paintings which will transform the gallery to create a new, encompassing architecture.

The exhibition will feature three performances devised by the artist, which will see the performers interact with the artworks on display. The seductive quality of Teplin's painting flows into her performance works. The sense of patchwork also follows into Teplin's performances through a fragmented script. Gestures, movements and dialogue from avant-garde European film are woven in with poetic phrases borrowed from modernist literature and everyday dialogue between people. Conversational phrases are mixed together with the glamour and exquisite phrasing of the silverscreen. Like her paintings, Teplin's performances hint towards the familiar and recognisable whilst consistently pushing into abstraction and alluring rhythms.

Teplin will also premiere two new video works in the exhibition, situated within an installation of her paintings and objects. These video works tie her performances to the history of cinema from which she borrows dialogue and movements, as well as including references to other artworks within the exhibition. As with painting, cinema carries the weight and baggage of its own history, conventions and tropes.

Through Teplin's exhibition, the medium of film and painting are brought into
dialogue, reflecting the inherent qualities of each other; the composition of the films following the composition of paintings, discrete gestures, acts, brush strokes and phrases combined to form an atmosphere that compels the viewer to reflect on the nature of painting, film and performance.


A common test for spatial dependence in regression analysis with continuous dependent variables is the Moran's I. For limited dependent variable models, the standard definition of a residual breaks down because yi is qualitative. Efforts to correct for potential spatial effects in limited dependent variable models have relied on ad-hoc methods such as including a spatial lag variable or using a regular sample that omits neighboring observations. Kelejian and Prucha have recently developed a version of Moran's I for limited dependent variable models. We present the statistic in a more accessible way and use it to test the value of previously-used ad-hoc techniques with a specific data set. Keywords: Morans I, Spatial Autocorrelation, Limited Dependent Variable Models, Land-Use Change, Geographical Information Systems (GIS),