An Ancient Jewish Christian Source on the History of Christianity: Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27-71, by F. Stanley Jones. Texts and Translations 37; Christian Apocrypha Series 2. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Pp. xiv + 208. $39.95. The Pseudo-Clementine literature is a main source for our knowledge of several forms of early Jewish Christianity. The Tubingen School saw it as a key piece of evidence for a split between Petrine and Pauline Christianity from earliest times. Its literary and historical relationships, both internally between its Recognitions and Homilies and externally with other witnesses to Jewish Christianity, have long been debated. While interest in this rather arcane but significant area of early Christian history has grown and receded over the last century and a half, recent scholarship has seen a modest increase of interest. Now we are fortunate to have in published form this contribution from a leading specialist in this literature. Jones's work is a revision of his 1989 Vanderbilt University Ph.D. dissertation directed by Gerd Ludemann, "Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27-71: Early Jewish Christian Perspectives on the Nature and History of Christianity." For this volume, Jones has updated the bibliography and added an English translation of the Latin version of Recognitions, putting his translation of the Syriac and Latin versions, with occasional Armenian fragments in translation, in parallel columns for ready comparison. Other than these additions, the main lines and the detailed content are largely the same. Nonetheless, that this book is a revision of the author's dissertation is nowhere stated; that it has been substantially complete from 1989 is implied on p. 31. In chapter 1, Jones surveys scholarship on his topic for the last century and a half, especially with an eye to source-critical issues, contending that the source-critical conclusions of Georg Strecker have become dominant without adequate examination. Chapter 2 examines the problem of evaluating the two complete versions, Latin and Syriac, of the lost Greek original of Book 1 of the Recognitions, concluding that both are of the same value. Chapter 3 features side-by-side English translations of the Syriac, Latin, and fragmentary Armenian texts of R 1.27-71. In chapter 4, the heart of the book, a special source is identified in R 1.27.1-44.1, 53.4-71.6. Jones argues that although this source shares some key themes with the Ascents of James witnessed by Epiphanius, it is not to be identified with it, directly or indirectly. Chapter 5 concludes by identifying the author of this source as a Jewish Christian of about 200 CE, possibly a Jewish-Christian presbyter or bishop in Jerusalem. He appreciates astrology, views Jewish Christianity as the only true form of Judaism, and is concerned for the Christian inheritance of the land of Israel. The volume ends with a bibliography and indexes of passages, modern authors, and subjects, this last unusually detailed and helpful. In general, Jones's scholarship is careful and complete, and his writing style is clear. Chapter 1 raises well the issue of reexamining the current source-critical consensus. …


The seed of Moringa oleifera (MO) is a well-known coagulant used in water and wastewater treatment, especially in developing countries. The main mechanism of MO seed extract in coagulation is the positive protein component for charge neutralization. The method for efficient extraction of MO seed is very important for high coagulation activity. In this study, the effects of extraction mixing speed and extraction time of MO on coagulation activity were evaluated using a distilled water extraction method. Although the rotation per minute for extraction did not affect the coagulation efficiency, the extraction time strongly affected the coagulation efficiency of the extract. To evaluate the characteristic change of MO extract by extraction time, the charge of MO extract and protein characteristic in MO extract were analysed. As the extraction time was short, more positive charge and higher protein content were observed. For detailed protein analysis, the fluorescence spectroscopic study (EEM analysis) was performed. The tryptophan-like peak increased at longer extraction times. For efficient extraction of MO seed, a short extraction time is strongly recommended.


The rapid pace and scale of urbanization represents a considerable challenge for water resources management, the delivery of essential water and sanitation services and environmental protection. To help meet these challenges there is a need to adopt an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach which explicitly recognises the complex sets of interdependency relationships which exist within and between human and environmental systems. This need arises because of the negative externalities created by the uncoordinated use of water and land resources and by the uncoordinated provision of interdependent basic services; the opportunity costs of employing scarce water, land and capital for low value purposes; and the cost savings which can occur by widening the range of provision or management options. An IWRM approach when applied in an urban context cannot simply consider matters within the built up area itself. It must recognise intersectoral competition for resources (physical, social and financial), the role of the urban sector in meeting national developmental priorities, and negative impacts of urban provision practices on other parts of the economy. IWRM does not imply the creation a vast bureaucracy attempting to coordinate everything, rather it involves the creation of an institutional framework within which water relevant roles and functions are performed at an appropriate spatial scale and which helps ensure that decision makers have incentives to take the social costs of their actions into account. There is evidence to suggest that in some countries decentralised urban water services have the advantages of allowing more demand responsive provision, greater accountability, and technical flexibility without significant losses of economies of scale and scope. However, such decentralized systems have to operate within a strong strategic and regulatory framework. Moreover, institutions to promote coordination and cooperation between sectoral actors and across jurisdictional boundaries will need to be put in place. In developing the strategic framework within which different sectoral and spatial actors operate it is important to consider the policy tools available at different levels of government and governance. Furthermore an instrument (or policy mix) will need to be developed, not only to meet different policy goals, but also to ensure that local or sectoral actors do not operate in narrowly self interested ways. There are relatively few urban management tools which are automatically compatible with the efficiency, equity and environmental sustainability objectives of IWRM. Implementation practice is crucial.


We estimate CO2 implicitly contained in traded commodities based on the GTAP 7 data: While net carbon imports into the industrialized countries amount to 15% of their total emissions, net carbon exports of the developing countries amount to 12% of their total emissions, and net carbon exports of China amount to 24% of China's total emissions. We also analyze policies under a global per capita emissions based contraction and convergence regime with emission trading: When China joins the regime, the developing countries will benefit, while the industrialized countries will be almost unaffected. When China does not join the regime and instead a carbon content based border tax is imposed, the industrialized countries will significantly benefit, while China will be significantly worse off. The effect of the border tax adjustment on the global carbon price and on global emissions seems negligible.


A method for creating digital image copyright protection is proposed in this paper. The proposed method in this paper is based on visual cryptography defined by Noor and Shamir. The proposed method is working on selection of random pixels from the original digital image instead of specific selection of pixels. The new method proposed does not require that the watermark pattern to be embedded in to the original digital image. Instead of that, verification information is generated which will be used to verify the ownership of the image. This leaves the marked image equal to the original image. The method is based on the relationship between randomly selected pixels and their 8-neighbors' pixels. This relationship keeps the marked image coherent against diverse attacks even if the most significant bits of randomly selected pixels have been changed by attacker as we will see later in this paper. Experimental results show the proposed method can recover the watermark pattern from the marked image even if major changes are made to the original digital image.


Simultaneous remote measurements of temperature and humidity using a narrow-linewidth, continuously tunable, LiNbO(3) optical parametric oscillator as a transmitter source are reported. Relative measurement errors of 1.0 degrees C for temperature and better than 1% for humidity over a 45-sec averaging time are observed. The absolute accuracy is limited by the accuracy of available spectroscopic data.


Model quantization is a widely used technique to compress and accelerate deep neural network (DNN) inference. Emergent DNN hardware accelerators begin to support flexible bitwidth (1-8 bits) to further improve the computation efficiency, which raises a great challenge to find the optimal bitwidth for each layer: it requires domain experts to explore the vast design space trading off among accuracy, latency, energy, and model size, which is both time-consuming and sub-optimal. Conventional quantization algorithm ignores the different hardware architectures and quantizes all the layers in a uniform way. In this paper, we introduce the Hardware-Aware Automated Quantization (HAQ) framework which leverages the reinforcement learning to automatically determine the quantization policy, and we take the hardware accelerator's feedback in the design loop. Rather than relying on proxy signals such as FLOPs and model size, we employ a hardware simulator to generate direct feedback signals to the RL agent. Compared with conventional methods, our framework is fully automated and can specialize the quantization policy for different neural network architectures and hardware architectures. Our framework effectively reduced the latency by 1.4-1.95x and the energy consumption by 1.9x with negligible loss of accuracy compared with the fixed bitwidth (8 bits) quantization. Our framework reveals that the optimal policies on different hardware architectures (i.e., edge and cloud architectures) under different resource constraints (i.e., latency, energy and model size) are drastically different. We interpreted the implication of different quantization policies, which offer insights for both neural network architecture design and hardware architecture design.


The ability to manipulate and sort droplets is a fundamental issue in droplet-based microfluidics. Various lab-on-a-chip applications can only be realized if droplets are systematically categorized and sorted. These micron-sized droplets act as ideal reactors which compartmentalize different biological and chemical reagents. Array processing of these droplets hinges on the competence of the sorting and integration into the fluidic system. Recent technological advances only allow droplets to be actively sorted at the rate of kilohertz or less. In this review, we present state-of-the-art technologies which are implemented to efficiently sort droplets. We classify the concepts according to the type of energy implemented into the system. We also discuss various key issues and provide insights into various systems.


The current literature on consumption inequality treats all adults within the household equally, making the implicit assumption that all consumption inequality is between, not within, households. However, increased marital sorting on earnings and the subsequent rise in the share of women's income in the household may have important implications for consumption inequality measured at the individual level. We use an extension of the collective framework of Chiappori to estimate a rule for assigning resources to individual household members. We then construct a measure of individual level inequality by looking at implied changes in intra-household allocations and explore the implications of our framework for the measurement of individual level, versus household level, consumption inequality. Our analysis, which is based on households comprising one or two adults, suggests that the conventional approach of ignoring intra-household allocations underestimates the level of cross-sectional consumption inequality by 30% and overstates the trend by two-thirds. Our findings also indicate that increases in marital sorting on wages and hours worked can simultaneously explain virtually all of the decline in within household inequality and a substantial fraction of the rise in between household inequality in the UK since the 1970s.


This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 18351 "Modeling for Sustainability", August 26–31, 2018.

Many different kinds of models, from engineering models to scientific models, have to be integrated and coordinated to support sustainability systems such as smart grid or cities, i.e., dynamically adaptable resource management systems that aim to improve the technoeconomic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Scientific models help understand sustainability concerns and evaluate alternatives, while engineering models support the development of sustainability systems. As the complexity of these systems increases, many challenges are posed to the computing disciplines to make data and modelbased analysis results more accessible as well as integrate scientific and engineering models while balancing trade-offs among varied stakeholders. This seminar explored the intrinsic nature of both scientific and engineering models, the underlying differences in their respective foundations, and the challenges related to their integration, evolution, analysis, and simulation including the exploration of what-if scenarios. Sustainability systems must provide facilities for the curation and monitoring of data sets and models and enable flexible (open) data and model integration, e.g., physical laws, scientific models, regulations and preferences, possibly coming from different technological foundations, abstractions, scale, technological spaces, and world views. This also includes the continuous, automated acquisition and analysis of new data sets, as well as automated export of data sets, scenarios, and decisions. The main function is to support the generation of what-if scenarios to project the effects on the different sustainability dimensions, and support the evaluation of externalities, especially for non rapidly renewable resources. Since the predictions are necessarily probabilistic, the system must be able to assess the uncertainty inherent in all its actions and provide suitable representations of uncertainty understandable by users. In addition to generating what-if scenarios to explore alternate model instantiations, the tool should be capable of generating suggestions for how to reach user-specified goals including quantifiable impacts and driving the dynamic adaptation of sustainability systems. These powerful services must be made accessible to the population at large, regardless of their individual situation, social status, and level of education. This seminar explored how Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) will help to develop such an approach, and in particular i) how modeling frameworks would support the integration of the various heterogeneous models, including both engineering and scientific models; ii) how domain specific languages (DSLs) would (a) support the required socio-technical coordination, i.e., engage engineers, scientists, decision makers, communities, and the general public; and (b) integrate analysis/probabilistic/ user models into the control loop of smart CPS (cyber physical system). DSLs are also supposed to provide the right interface (in terms of abstractions/ constructs) to be used as tools for discovering problems and evaluating ideas. The seminar served to identify critical disciplines and stakeholders to address MDE for sustainability and the research roadmap of the MDE community with regards to the development of sustainability systems. In particular, the seminar identified and explored four key areas: 1) research challenges relevant to modeling for sustainability (M4S); 2) a multidisciplinary collection of relevant literature to provide the foundation for exploring the research challenges; 3) three case studies from different application domains that provide a vehicle for illustrating the M4S challenges and for validating relevant research techniques; and 4) the human and social aspects of M4S. The cumulative results of the work performed at the seminar and subsequent collaborations will help to establish the required foundations for integrating engineering and scientific models, and to explore the required management facilities for evaluating what-if scenarios and driving adaptive systems. In addition, we envision to produce as an outcome of the seminar a representative case study that will be used by the community to assess and validate contributions in the field of modeling for sustainability.


As more organizations are focusing on systemic and controllable business risks, as well as Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), a question emerges as to how this fits within a public sector organization managing its strategic objectives. Moreover, how does a public sector organization manage 'strategic risks'? It is unclear from the literature exactly what constitutes strategic risk or how it is managed by organizations. This prompts the need for a common understanding of strategic risk within the domain of the public sector.

From a regional policy development perspective, public sector organizations in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador will be facing substantial risks in the coming years in how to best allocate resources emerging from natural resources royalties as well as understanding the twin factors of a declining birth rate and out-migration. Should resources be invested in municipal governments that cannot be economically and administratively sustainable? What are the risks in not managing the potential 'windfall' from oil and gas revenue? Moreover, what should the role of public sector managers at both the municipal and provincial levels be in addressing these risk questions?

Using content analysis and semi-structured interviews, we use a mixed methodology approach to explore the question of barriers and key success factors of strategic risk management within municipal governments and the public sector. Specifically our research collates information on public sector risk management while addressing the practice of public sector strategic risk management through a series of semi-structured interviews and content analysis of municipal plans. Finally, we explored the potential barriers and key success factors to addressing strategic risk management in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Findings included a wide range of risks being identified in the municipal plans within the province`s municipal plans. It is noted that there were some specific barriers to municipal strategic risk management including the state of municipal planning documents, lack of clear implementation plans and an apparent non-identification of flood risk.

Two major themes emerged, the importance of risk culture and methodologies as well as risk management processes and models. We believe these two major themes have significant implications on public sector risk management as well as for researchers in this area. We conclude that this is an area that needs further research including understanding how risk management varies across different public sector activities. We found that risk decisions and organizational cultures are complex processes and systems. The need for a common methodology and approach to address risk management at all levels of the public sector is noted. Other recommendations emerging from the research include better risk identification, the use of third parties in assisting the development of municipal plans and dealing with specific risks that are relevant to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador including flood and economic risks.

Examining public sector risk management is an opportunity for researchers as well as the university. Better understanding and management of strategic risk can lead to more effective strategy development and planning ultimately leading to the betterment of communities and the province.


Healthy diet is highly important, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Proper nutrition provides the energy to perform everyday activities, prevents infection, builds muscle, and helps to prevent kidney disease from getting worse. However, what does a proper diet mean for a CKD patient? Nutrition requirements differ depending on the level of kidney function and the presence of co-morbid conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The diet of CKD patients should help to slow the rate of progression of kidney failure, reduce uremic toxicity, decrease proteinuria, maintain good nutritional status, and lower the risk of kidney disease-related secondary complications (cardiovascular disease, bone disease, and hypertension). It has been suggested that plant proteins may exert beneficial effects on blood pressure, proteinuria, and glomerular filtration rate, as well as results in milder renal tissue damage when compared to animal proteins. The National Kidney Foundation recommends vegetarianism, or part-time vegetarian diet as being beneficial to CKD patients. Their recommendations are supported by the results of studies demonstrating that a plant-based diet may hamper the development or progression of some complications of chronic kidney disease, such as heart disease, protein loss in urine, and the progression of kidney damage. However, there are sparse reports suggesting that a vegan diet is not appropriate for CKD patients and those undergoing dialysis due to the difficulty in consuming enough protein and in maintaining proper potassium and phosphorus levels. Therefore, this review will focus on the problem as to whether vegetarian diet and its modifications are suitable for chronic kidney disease patients.


This publication covers basic statistical data on the Indonesia economic condition. Various economic aspects are presented here, including wholesale price index, foreign exchange, finance and banking, investment, agricultural products, mining, balance of payments, export and import, consumption, transportation, hotels and tourism, and national income.


Barley and cereal yellow dwarf are the most important cereal diseases causing serious damages worldwide. Limited number of resistance and tolerance genes, their inefficiency and their complex inheritance justifies the adoption of the pathogen derived resistance approaches. In the present study, three types of constructs including sense, antisense and intron hairpin-loop (ihp-loop) were prepared from a sequence of BYDV-PAV polymerase gene and cloned into pWBVec8 binary vector. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of mature embryos of bread wheat Alvand was carried out using the three types of constructs in the optimized culture media supplemented with hygromycin as a selective marker. The transformed explants were evaluated by ELISA, polymerase chain reaction, and dot blot assay using a nonradioactive probe. Artificial inoculation of plants was carried out employing BYDV-PAV viruliferous aphids. The average rates of transformation were evaluated as 1.8, 1.3 and zero percent for ihp-loop, sense and antisense constructs, respectively, based on ELISA values. Transformed plants remained healthy while control plants developed yellow dwarf symptoms after artificial inoculation of BYDV-PAV.


Characterising the metabolic response to an intervention can be challenging due to the large inter-subject variation. Because traditional chemometric approaches such as OPLS -DA do not take into account the paired data structure in these studies, we have adopted multivariate paired data analysis (MVPDA) to enhance the recovery of metabolic biomarkers from sheep subjected to surgically-induced osteoarthritis (OA). Sheep underwent one of three types of surgical procedure (sham (control), meniscal destabilisation, MD or anterior cruciate ligament transaction, ACLT), and for every animal a serum sample was collected prior to being operated on and at sacrifice. 1D 1H NMR spectra were acquired from each sample at 800 MHz. Results from traditional chemometric techniques (PCA, OPLS-DA) were compared and contrasted with MVPDA, which displayed enhanced classification and interpretability. MVPDA showed all types of surgical procedure were associated with elevated lactate and deceased TMAO/betaine. Serum from sheep that underwent ACLT was additionally characterised by elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and decreased histidine, consistent with previous findings. There was no observable change in BCAAs for the MD cohort indicating that different OA subtypes were associated with unique metabolic fingerprints. This study reinforces the utility of MVPDA for datasets with a paired structure, and offers new insights into the metabolic consequences of OA.


Throughout the Northern Ireland transition, discussions of amnesty have been controversial and in some cases have undermined political stability. While no formal amnesty has been adopted in the current peace process, there have been repeated processes to limit the liability of particular groups to criminal investigation or punishment. Furthermore, between Partition and the peace process, amnesties were used on several occasions for a range of purposes. Given the controversy surrounding the term amnesty, this report begins by defining the key measures that have been proposed or employed including amnesties, sentence reductions and use immunities. It then explores their historical use by reviewing measures including the Early Release Scheme, the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains, the 'On-the-Runs' scheme, use immunity offered by public inquiries, and proposals relating to amnesty and immunity made by the Consultative Group on the Past, the Haass-O'Sullivan draft agreement, and the Stormont House Agreement. The report concludes that these experiences illustrate that different forms of amnesty and immunity can encourage stakeholders to engage with peacebuilding and truth recovery programmes. However, these past experiences also provide lessons for the proposed Independent Commission on Information Retrieval. On this basis, the report recommends that any new legislation incorporating immunity provisions should be debated openly from the start, and that guarantees of immunity should be sufficiently robust to ensure that those with knowledge of past crimes can engage with the process without fear of prosecution. This report is produced as part of AHRC-funded project on Amnesties, Prosecutions, and the Public Interest in the Northern Ireland Transition.


Abstract:This paper describes the ways that Black millennial women have come to acknowledge the role of voice and to recognize the sociolinguistic traumas that they experience in and outside of digital spaces. The lived experiences of Black millennial women within the digital landscape are best viewed via the standpoint of constructivism, where individuals make meaning and come to knowledge of the world through their public and private communicative practices (Hancock 2015). The author shares findings from six ethnographic interviews carried out through a pilot study with Black millennial women. The interviews centered the thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and ideologies of these millennials about their social media use in relation to themes of language, race, culture, identity, and health. Black millennial women come to know their experiences on- and off-line as real because of the collective and individual stories that they live. They realize that the reconciliatory space of "being" a Black millennial woman within the context of the digital landscape has sociocultural implications and consequences. Based on what was shared by participants, it's clear that they live through systems of oppression that reproduce practices of marginalization, silence, and erasure. To counter this, they embrace and reproduce narratives of resilience that remain pervasive in cultural and subcultural locales of their lives while also "speaking truth to power" where they work to confront their pain via radical digital self-care practices.


Redox mechanisms are emerging as essential to stem cell function given their capacity to influence a number of important signaling pathways governing stem cell survival and regenerative activity. In this context, our recent work identified the reduced expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, or Nrf2, in mediating the decline in subventricular zone neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) regeneration during aging. Since Nrf2 is a major transcription factor at the heart of cellular redox regulation and homeostasis, the current study investigates the role that it may play in the aging of NSPCs that reside within the other major mammalian germinal niche located in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Using rats from multiple aging stages ranging from newborn to old age, and aging Nrf2 knockout mice, we first determined that, in contrast with subventricular zone (SVZ) NSPCs, Nrf2 expression does not significantly affect overall DG NSPC viability with age. However, DG NSPCs resembled SVZ stem cells, in that Nrf2 expression controlled their proliferation and the balance of neuronal versus glial differentiation particularly in relation to a specific critical period during middle age. Also, importantly, this Nrf2-based control of NSPC regeneration was found to impact functional neurogenesis-related hippocampal behaviors, particularly in the Morris water maze and in pattern separation tasks. Furthermore, the enrichment of the hippocampal environment via the transplantation of Nrf2-overexpressing NSPCs was able to mitigate the age-related decline in DG stem cell regeneration during the critical middle-age period, and significantly improved pattern separation abilities. In summary, these results emphasize the importance of Nrf2 in DG NSPC regeneration, and support Nrf2 upregulation as a potential approach to advantageously modulate DG NSPC activity with age.


In a Mediterranean climate where much of the precipitation falls during winter, snowpacks serve as the primary source of dry season runoff. Increased warming has led to significant changes in hydrology of the western United States. An important question in this context is how to best manage forested catchments for water and other ecosystem services? Answering this basic question requires detailed understanding of hydrologic functioning of these catchments. Here, we depict the differences in hydrologic response of 10 catchments. Size of the study catchments ranges from 50 to 475 ha, and they span between 1,782 and 2,373 m elevation in the rain‐snow transitional zone. Mean annual streamflow ranged from 281 to 408 mm in the low elevation Providence and 436 to 656 mm in the high elevation Bull catchments, resulting in a 49 mm streamflow increase per 100 m (R2 = 0.79) elevation gain, despite similar precipitation across the 10 catchments. Although high elevation Bull catchments received significantly more precipitation as snow and thus experienced a delayed melt, this increase in streamflow with elevation was mainly due to a reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) with elevation (45 mm/100 m, R2 = 0.65). The reduction in ET was attributed to decline in vegetation density, growing season, and atmospheric demand with increasing elevation. These findings suggest changes in streamflow in response to climate warming may likely depend on how vegetation responds to those changes in climate.


There is little hope of reconstructing by means of comparative or typological studies a lingua adamica essentially different from present-day languages. The distant preverbal past is however still present in live speech. Phonetic, syntactic and semantic rule transgressions, far from being products of a deficient output, are governed by a universal iconic apparatus , a sort of 'anti-grammar' or 'proto-grammar' which enables the speaker and the poet to express preconscious and subconscious mental contents that could not be conveyed by means of the grammar of any language. Secondary messages, generated by the proto-grammar are integrated into the primary grammatical message. The two messages whose structural and semantic divergence represents a chronological distance of hundreds of thousands of years, constitute a dialectic unity which characterize natural languages. The evolutive approach offers a different, perhaps better understanding of questions related to dynamic synchrony, vocal and verbal style, poetic language, language change.Chapters on: Diversity of the lexicon; Dual encoding: vocal style; Syntactic gesturing; Syntactic regressions; Prosodic expression of emotions; Poetry and vocal art; Situation and meaning; A hidden presence: verbal magic; Playing with language: joke and metaphor; Metaphor: a research instrument; Dynamics of poetic language; Semantic structure of possessive constructions; Semantic structure of punctuation marks; Why gestures?; Between acts and words; Language within language: dynamics, change and evolution.


The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 37: 4 March to 30 June 1802. Edited by Barbara B. Oberg and others. (Princeton and Oxford, Eng.: Princeton University Press, 2010. Pp. 1, 791. $115.00, ISBN 978-0-691-15001-7.) In 1943 the Thomas Jefferson Bicentennial Commission asked its historian, Julian P. Boyd (1903-1980), librarian of Princeton University, to investigate the processes and resources required to produce a new edition of the writings of Thomas Jefferson. In 1944 Time magazine reported, "The new edition--costs of $344,300 to be shared by the New York Times and Princeton--will consist of 50 richly designed volumes" ("All of Jefferson," Time, 43 [January 3, 1944], 71). The first volume of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson appeared in 1950, followed by nineteen more edited by Boyd and his assistants. The volumes revealed extraordinary care in presenting documents with their original spelling and, wherever possible, noting variants, errors, and corrections. New in degree if not kind were contextual explanations and selected incoming correspondence. The Jefferson project inspired a new generation of superb historical editing, mainly of the papers of political leaders in the early American republic. Volume 21 served as a cumulative index; all subsequent volumes have had their own. Following Boyd, Charles T. Cullen served as editor in chief for Volumes 22-23, and John Catanzariti for Volumes 24-28. Between 1983 and 1997, the Jefferson Papers brought out a collection called the Second Series, and now sometimes referred to as "special volumes," of works that stand alone: Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels (edited by Dickinson W. Adams [Princeton, 1983]); Jefferson's Memorandum Books." Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826 (edited by James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton [2 vols.; Princeton, 1997]); Jefferson's Literary Commonplace Book (edited by D. L. Wilson [Princeton, 1989]); and Jefferson's Parliamentary Writings (edited by Wilbur Samuel Howell [Princeton, 1987]). Barbara B. Oberg's editorship began with Volume 29 (Princeton, 2001). She introduced a further improvement--English translations of foreign-language documents in addition to the originals. Meanwhile, J. Jefferson Looney assumed editorial responsibility for The Papers of Thomas Jefferson." Retirement Series (8 vols. to date; Princeton, 2004-), with a separate staff and headquarters in Charlottesville, Virginia. Thus far the Retirement Series has published Jefferson's papers from March 4, 1809, through August 1815. Altogether we now have at this writing some fifty-one volumes of Jefferson's papers from the various projects, which are estimated to be complete in perhaps eighty volumes. Oberg "hopes the project will be finished by July 4, 2026, the bicentennial of Jefferson's death." In an appreciative 2003 essay on the Papers, Mark F. Bernstein reflects, "Those who have labored on the project, in other words, have found themselves crawling through Jefferson's life in something very close to real time" ("History, Letter by Letter," Princeton Alumni Weekly, May 14, 2003). …


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are highly integrated technologies applying sensor technology, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless networks technologies. They are widely used in many applications to acquire and process information. Many routing protocols are proposed for controlling the networks. The main problem, which the WSN protocols face, is that the sensors" limited batter energy. Then the protocols have to be energy efficient to prolong the networks lifetime. Nowadays, there are several routing protocols which are designed to prolong the network life. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is an outstanding and commonly used protocol designed for this purpose. To be energy efficient, the protocol applies cluster organization on the networks. It divides the sensor nodes into several clusters, and sends fusion cluster data through a cluster head, which is a representative node of one region. In this thesis, we propose the method which improves the LEACH algorithm. The proposed method firstly defines the fix round time. During the fixed round time, if a cluster head indicates lower energy level than the defined threshold, the cluster head will be transferred to another cluster member owning largest energy, and then the new cluster head continues to work until the round time is end. Therefore, the method avoids the unnecessary re-clustering of the whole network. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs better on prolonging the lifetime of a network than LEACH. In a random distribution, the proposed method prolongs the lifetime of the network almost more 20% rounds than LEACH does. While in an unbalanced distribution, the proposed performs much better, prolonging about 33% in our simulation.


This short paper presents the experiences of several Dutch projects in their application of the xAPI standard and different design patterns including the deployment of Learning Record Stores. In this paper we share insights and argue for the formation of an international Special Interest Group on interoperability issues to contribute to the Open Analytics Framework as envisioned by SoLAR and enacted by the Apereo Learning Analytics Initiative. Therefore, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the current xAPI standard by presenting projects that applied xAPI in very different ways followed by the lessons learned.


Schrödinger's cat has always been an elusive beast, but physicists may have finally trapped one in the laboratory. In the great Austrian physicist's thought experiment, the fate of a cat was linked to the quantum indeterminacy of a radioactive atom—half decayed, half undecayed. The cat, as a result, was both alive and dead. Now physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, report in this issue ( p. 1131) that they have created what one observer calls a "Schrödinger's kitten," in which they excite an atom into a superposition of quantum states, then ease those two states apart so that the atom appears to be in two distinct physical locations simultaneously.


The simulation models used in mobile ad hoc network research have been criticised for lack of realism. While credited with ease of understanding and implementation, they are often based on theoretical models, rather than real world observations. Criticisms have centred on radio propagation or mobility models. In this work, we take an integrated approach to modelling the real world that underlies a mobile ad hoc network. While pointing out the correlations between the space, radio propagation and mobility models, we use mobility as a focal point to propose a new framework, MIRRORS, that captures real world behaviour. We give the formulation of a specific model within the framework and present simulation results that reflect topology properties of the networks synthesised. Compared with the existing models studied, our model better represent real world topology properties and presents a wider spectrum of variation in the metrics examined, due to the model encapsulating more detailed dynamics. While the common approach is to focus on performance evaluation of existing protocols using these models, we discuss protocol design opportunities across layers in view of the simulation results.


The goal of this research work is to help and to contribute toward the minimization and the control of manmade water pollution on land and in marine environment. Since oil spill is a major environmental polluter and causes server damage to natural habitats, the oil separation from aqueous phase using polyolefin-bound magnetic nanoparticles with superhydrophobic or water repellent properties has become a promising area of research that is worth exploring. Perfectly designed, functionalized polyisobutylene (PIB) bound iron magnetic nanoparticle could be utilized for facile separation of complex pollutants (crude oil), diesel, gasoline and organic solvents (petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform) from aqueous polluted environment conditions. 80–90% of recovery of pollutants by external magnetic field was easily reached and resuse of polyisobutylene-catechol bound to magnetic nanoparticle was investigated in detail. Polyisobutylene-catechol grafting on iron magnetic nanoparticle obtained 42–52%. Stability of the terminally functionalized polyisobutylene-catechol bound to iron oxide was confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopy studies. Moreover, these experiments suggest that this work might provide promising candidate for environmental remediation including oil spill. This research work is an eco-friendly process and high oil absorption materials and can have wide applications in heterogenous and homogenous catalysis.


Osteosarcoma is one of the most malignant tumors in adolescents with severe outcomes while fluoride is one of the most abundant elements in the environment. Epidemiological evidence has elucidated the relationship between fluoride and osteosarcoma, but the molecular mechanisms are extremely complicated. Microarray profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the progression of fluoride‐affected osteosarcoma. The functional enrichment analysis was performed, a protein‐protein interaction network, a microRNA‐messenger RNA (mRNA) and a transcription factors‐mRNA regulatory network were constructed and performed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape. A total of 171 DEGs were identified. The functions and pathways of the DEGs were enriched in nucleolus, protein ubiquitination, protein binding, RNA transport, and the spliceosome. Eighteen hub genes were identified and functional analysis revealed that these genes are mainly enriched in protein binding, nucleoplasm, and ribosomal RNA processing. Survival analysis showed that the hub genes may be involved in the invasion or recurrence of osteosarcoma. In conclusion, the DEGs and hub genes with their regulatory elements identified in this study will help us understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fluoride‐affected osteosarcoma and provide candidate targets for future research.


This special 40th anniversary issue edited by Ploughshares co-founder DeWitt Henry features new work from former guest editors like Alice Hoffman, Sue Miller, and Maxine Kumin; an interview with Richard Yates from the archives; and poems and stories from emerging writers like James Scott and Laura van den Berg, introduced by prominent authors including James Alan McPherson and Elizabeth Spires.


A hierarchy of diffusive partial differential equations is derived by a moment method and a Chapman–Enskog expansion from the semiconductor Boltzmann equation assuming dominant collisions. The moment equations are closed by employing the entropy maximization principle of Levermore. The new hierarchy contains the well-known drift-diffusion model, the energy-transport equations, and the six-moments model of Grasser et al. It is shown that the diffusive models are of parabolic type. Two different formulations of the models are derived: a drift-diffusion formulation, allowing for a numerical decoupling, and a symmetric formulation in generalized dual-entropy variables, inspired by nonequilibrium thermodynamics. An entropy inequality (or H-theorem) follows from the latter formulation.


We address the problem of learning classifiers using several kernel functions. On the contrary to many contributions in the field of learning from different sources of information using kernels, we here do not assume that the kernels used are positive definite. The learning problem that we are interested in involves a misclassification loss term and a regularization term that is expressed by means of a mixed norm. The use of a mixed norm allows us to enforce some sparsity structure, a particular case of which is, for instance, the Group Lasso. We solve the convex problem by employing proximal minimization algorithms, which can be viewed as refined versions of gradient descent procedures capable of naturally dealing with nondifferentiability. A numerical simulation on a Uci dataset shows the modularity of our approach.


Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare pathological syndrome, sometimes fatal that arises as an obstetric complication during vaginal delivery, caesarean, immediate postpartum or during pregnancy. It remains as an important cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The authors present a clinical report of a young woman who developed an acute respiratory failure during labour demanding invasive mechanical ventilation and an urgent caesarean. In spite of early medical intensive therapy, hypoxemia was refractory and had a progressive worsening leading to multi-organ failure and ultimately to death. Diagnosis was confirmed through the identification of fetal material in the lumen of maternal pulmonary microcirculation.


'Parametricism' has come to play a major role in contemporary architectural design and is now considered the dominant style for avant-garde practice. This thesis argues that despite parametricism's unique capacity to articulate programmatic complexity, visual and intellectualized imperatives at the loss of experiential imperatives have limited parametricism as a medium through which architecture is produced, promoted, and evaluated. Architect Juhani Pallasmaa believes that this leads to the deprivation of vital human existential questions that enable us to relate to our built environment and that provide meaning to that environment. This thesis explores how parametric architecture can further develop by addressing the deficiencies that Pallasmaa has described, to further incorporate a sense of temporality, experiential depth and personal belonging. Based on these critical examinations, the second half of the thesis includes design experiments which test the integration of sensory experiences within parametric design. Archives New Zealand has been selected as the vehicle for this design exploration because throughout history, archives have symbolically represented important spaces in cities to express the re-connection of our history and culture. Today, however archives are often perceived as little more than secular storage for objects and documents. The thesis tests how the interior design of a nation's archives can be conceived through parametricism, while also incorporating symbolic and phenomenological imperatives. This thesis concludes with five interior design experiments that are each derived from this experimental design process. The five interiors illustrate the mediation between parametric and phenomenal imperatives. These experiments conclude that through critical application of sensory imperatives, we may reconnect our human existence within the parametric world.


Grinding set-up in America's Cup sailing provides the power behind tacking and gybing, where the yacht crosses the wind to change direction. Grinding is also used for trimming the sails, which changes the angle on which the yacht is headed. This study provided a descriptive biomechanical overview of grinding on an America's Cup class yacht, and experimentally evaluated the influence of technique instruction on backward grinding performance. Inter-subject differences in body position (technique) throughout the grinding cycle, the ability to alter grinding technique within an eight-day technique intervention period, and the effect of technique on grinding performance as determined by power output were assessed. The quasi-experimental design, in which each of eleven Team New Zealand America's Cup grinders served as their own control, assessed four trials of backward grinding at baseline and post-biomechanical technique intervention testing sessions. Each trial was a maximal effort performed against a high load (250 W) and sustained over a period of eight seconds. Sagittal plane video was used to analyse joint kinematics (elbow, shoulder, trunk, hip, knee, ankle angles and joint centre positions) and to calculate the centre of body mass relative to the grinder pedestal. Height, weight, and limb lengths were obtained from each grinder using the ISAK protocol. Current backward grinding technique employed by the majority of grinders did not optimally use biomechanical principles. Recommendations for improvement were specific to each individual but focused on lowering trunk position and distancing the trunk from the grinding pedestal. Real-time visual feedback was provided to the grinder operators with the main focus being the position of their hip joint (viewed in the sagittal plane), and lowering the shoulder to be vertically level with the apex of the grinding handle cycle. During the intervention the grinders were given added correctional instruction relating to their body position according to perceived technique requirements. Recommendations were based on biomechanical principles regarding body position, and how body position could be altered to optimise the contribution of body weight and force production by the muscles of the upper limb in order to improve the torque applied to the handles. iv Altering grinding technique according to biomechanical principles produced 4.7% (p = 0.012) greater power during five seconds of grinding performance. Muscular strength, when measured using a 1RM bench pull (116.4 ± 9.8 to 117.3 ± 10.3), was unaffected by the intervention program, thus not contributing to the increased power output observed during grinding. Moderate changes to body position were observed after the eight-day intervention. Forward lean of the trunk decreased from 25° to 17° (p = 0.028) due to a lower hipy position (-0.09 m to -0.16 m below hub, p = 0.019). The more vertical trunk alignment resulted in the shoulderx position being further from the hub (0.33 m to 0.41 m, p = 0.013), producing a greater line of pull due to a more efficient shoulder vector angle (47° to 36°, p = 0.009). Variability (standard deviation and confidence intervals) decreased in all but four kinematic measures (which exhibited no change) indicating improved consistency in grinding technique. Regression analysis indicated the best predictors for high-load backward grinding performance were COMx position relative to the grinding pedestal and maximal strength. Changes in COMx position explained 40% (p = 0.166) of the variation in grinding performance, while maximal strength showed a relationship of 0.23% (p = 0.144) increase in performance per kilogram of bench pull 1RM. A one standard deviation difference in maximal strength altered the effect of COMx position by 0.26% per centimetre (p = 0.008). Weaker predictive factors were body weight, standing height, and pull angle, while brachial index did not appear to have any substantial influence on backward grinding performance. For future research greater subject numbers should enable more conclusive findings, especially in terms of the technique mechanisms and their relative levels of influence on performance.


Recent popular works have represented Muslim fertility as dangerously high, both a cause and consequence of religious fundamentalism. This article uses comparative, statistical methods to show that this representation is empirically wrong, at least in West Africa. Although religion strongly inflects reproductive practice, its effects are not constant across different communities. In West African countries with Muslim majorities, Muslim fertility is lower than that of their non-Muslim conationals; in countries where Muslims are in the minority, their apparently higher reproductive rates converge to those of the majority when levels of education and urban residence are taken into account. A similar pattern holds for infant mortality. By contrast, in all seven countries, Muslim women are more likely to report that their most recent child was wanted. The article concludes with a discussion of the relationship between autonomy and fertility desires.


Decades of systemic failure to take environmental protection seriously has brought Northern Ireland to the brink of environmental, and now political and economic disaster. This article will consider the reasons why environmental governance in this jurisdiction has continued to be so problematic and the cost of government failure in this context for the people of Northern Ireland. It will set out the environmental, economic and socio-political consequences of the epic failures of successive devolved administrations to take environmental governance seriously, to respond to critiques of the performance of the environmental regulator and to ensure the effective enforcement of environmental law. Finally, it will consider options for dealing with this ongoing problem in a turbulent political environment where collapsing political institutions at Stormont and wider constitutional issues associated with the UK's plans to leave the EU may continue to stymie reform or present a unique opportunity to reinvent environmental governance and begin the process of remedying the damage caused by years of neglect.


Spermatozoa from the sea urchin, Colobocentrotus atratus, were partially demembranated by extraction with solutions containing Triton X-100 at a concentration which was insufficient to solubilize the membranes completely. The resulting suspension was a mixture containing some spermatozoa in which a proximal, medial, or distal portion of the flagellum was membrane-covered, while the remaining portion was naked axoneme. In reactivating solutions containing 12 µM ATP, only the naked portions of the flagellum became motile. In reactivating solutions containing 0.8 mM ADP, the membrane-covered regions became motile and beat at 6-10 beats/s, while the naked regions remained immobile, or beat very slowly at about 0.3 beat/s. Activation of membrane-covered regions in ADP solutions probably results from the membrane restricting the diffusion of ATP which is formed from ADP by the axonemal adenylate kinase. The results indicate that any region of the flagellum has the capacity for autonomous beating, and that special properties of the basal end of the flagellum are not required for bend initiation. However, the beating of different regions of the flagellum is not completely independent, for in a fair number of spermatozoa the beating of the distal, membrane-covered region in 0.8 mM ADP was intermittent, and was turned on and off in phase with the much slower bending cycle in the proximal region of naked axoneme.


Damages in infrastructure due to moisture amount to billions of Euros every year. For a more predictive structural health monitoring in civil engineering, the detection and monitoring of hazardous moisture in steel reinforced concrete constructions is of high interest. The sensors have to be wireless, elsewise they weaken the concrete cover of the rebars. The lifetime of such constructions is normally decades, thus the sensors have to be battery-free and fully passive. Considering these requirements, passive RFID-based sensors are developed. Communication and energy supply are realized wireless via the electromagnetic field of a RFID transmitter. The passive RFID-based sensors are embedded into the concrete to enable the monitoring of moisture transport in porous materials. Results of the hydration process are shown.


Since the inception of the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group, the jihadist landscape in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Af-Pak) has transformed subtly. IS has captured the imagination of the younger generation of jihadists in the two countries, triggering defections in the form of allegiances to the so-called caliphate. This has resulted in turf wars between IS and the Taliban-Al-Qaeda duo over recruitment, resources and the loyalties of the local militant groups. The Af-Pak jihadist groups have responded to IS efforts to penetrate the jihadist community with open rejection of the caliphate or its acceptance as well as adopting a hedging attitude. This article maps out IS presence in the two countries and its operational capabilities. IS has forged alliances with like-minded Sunni extremist groups and cultivated ideological constituency among the educated urban youth. This has complicated the militant landscape, contributed to the expansion of Sunni-Shia conflict and lowered the threshold of online radicalization.


As innovation processes become increasingly collaborative, new relationships among players in the innovation space emerge. These developments demand new legal structures that allow horizontally integrated, open and shared use of intellectual property (IP). This book examines the fundamental issues regarding the collaborative use of IP and discusses emerging trends including: the interpretation of FRAND terms in the context of standard essential patents; secondary liability of technology providers; contractual arrangements in trademark law, and the treatment of IP issues in specific emerging industries.


Leprosy was a well-recognized and dreaded disease in medieval Europe. The disease is reported to have reached Germany with the Roman invasion and it was present in Scandinavia in the first centuries AD. This paper estimates and analyzes the frequency of leprosy among adult people buried in one of five medieval cemeteries in the city of Schleswig. Seven different dichotomous osteological lesions indicative of leprosy were analyzed, and it was possible to score at least one of these conditions on 350 adult skeletons (aged 15 or older). The scores were transformed to a statistic indicating the likelihood that the person to whom the skeleton belonged suffered from leprosy. It was found that the frequency of leprosy in the five cemeteries varied between 9 and 44%. Four of the five cemeteries showed frequencies ranging from 35 and 44% and with no statistically significant differences among them. The fifth cemetery showed a significantly lower frequency of leprosy (9%). The distribution of female age at death does not appear to be affected by leprosy status. This means that females experienced a considerably elevated risk of dying once they had contracted leprosy as the disease usually has a mid-adulthood age of onset. In four of the five cemeteries males with leprosy died in higher ages than men without leprosy--in two of the cemeteries the difference was statistically significant. This indicates that leprosy usually added less to the risk of dying among men than among women in medieval Schleswig.


Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a technique that uses light to noninvasively obtain a volumetric measurement of an organ with each cardiac cycle. A PPG-based system emits monochromatic light through the skin and measures the fraction of the light power which is transmitted through a vascular tissue and detected by a photodetector. Part of thereby transmitted light power is modulated by the vascular tissue volume changes due to the blood circulation induced by the heart beating. This modulated light power plotted against time is called the PPG signal. Pulse Oximetry is an empirical technique which allows the arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 – molar fraction) evaluation from the PPG signals. There have been many reports in the literature suggesting that other arterial blood chemical components molar fractions and concentrations can be evaluated from the PPG signals. Most attempts to perform such evaluation on empirical bases have failed, especially for components concentrations. This paper introduces a non-empirical physical model which can be used to analytically investigate the phenomena of PPG signal. Such investigation would result in simplified engineering models, which can be used to design validating experiments and new types of spectroscopic devices with the potential to assess venous and arterial blood chemical composition in both molar fractions and concentrations non-invasively.


Mutagenesis screens to isolate a variety of alleles leading to null and non-null phenotypes represent an important approach for the characterization of gene function. Genetic schemes that use visible markers permit the efficient recovery of chemically induced mutations. We have developed a universal reporter system to visibly mark chromosomes for genetic screens in the mouse. The dualcolor reporter is based on a single vector that drives the ubiquitous coexpression of the enhanced GFP (EGFP) spectral variants yellow and cyan. We show that widespread expression of the dual-color reporter is readily detected in embryonic stem cells, mice, and throughout developmental stages. CRE-loxP- and FLPe-FRT-mediated deletion of each color cassette demonstrates the modular design of the marker system. Random integration followed by plasmid rescue and sequence-based mapping was used to introduce the marker to a defined genomic location. Thus, single-step placement will simplify the construction of a genomewide bank of marked chromosomes. The dual-color nature of the marker permits complete identification of genetic classes of progeny as embryos or mice in classic regionally directed screens. The design also allows for more efficient and novel schemes, such as marked suppressor screens, in the mouse. The result is a versatile reporter that can be used independently or in combination with the growing sets of deletion and inversion resources to enhance the design and application of a wide variety of genetic schemes for the functional dissection of the mammalian genome.


Children with SLI manifest difficulties with tense, however it is not clear whether it is limited to morphosyntax or extends to semantics. Typically-developing children show a bias towards using the telicity of predicates to guide their use of grammatical aspect and tense – possibly for information processing reasons (Wagner 2009). Using a comprehension experiment, with a sample of 53 monolingual Spanish-speaking children, 20 of whom are diagnosed with SLI, we investigate the degree to which children with SLI follow this pattern. Our results show that they do not, confirming for Spanish the English findings of Leonard et al. (2007) and Leonard and Deevy (2010), and suggesting that SLI is a deficit not only of the morphology and syntax of tense, but also of its semantics. Keywords: finiteness; tense; SLI; child language; Spanish; aspect first hypothesis; comprehension; optional infinitive


One of the most pressing issues in patent and antitrust law involves agreements by which brand-name drug companies pay generic firms to delay entering the market. In FTC v. Actavis, Inc., the Supreme Court held that these settlements could violate the antitrust laws. And while the Court introduced a blueprint for analyzing the agreements, it anticipated that the lower courts would play a crucial role in elaborating the framework.Along these lines, two recent district court decisions portend ominous difficulties for this area. In fact, if the rulings in In re Lamictal Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litigation and In re Loestrin 24 FE Antitrust Litigation are affirmed and adopted by other courts, plaintiffs will face nearly insurmountable hurdles, rendering the landmark Actavis decision nothing more than a dead letter. This Essay shows that the Lamictal and Loestrin courts erred in (1) applying a framework never anticipated in Actavis, (2) ignoring crucial holdings from Actavis, and (3) amassing unjustified powers for themselves.In blocking affordable generic prescription drugs, "exclusion payment" settlements cost consumers billions of dollars and have profound consequences for public health. But if the trend unleashed by the Lamictal and Loestrin cases is not quickly reversed, courts will be relegated to the role of traffic cops waving anticompetitive settlements through flashing green lights of judicial "scrutiny."


Background and Objectives Impaired cholesterol and fat metabolism contributes to obesity, type 2 diabetes and atherogenic cardiovascular disease; major chronic conditions that are increasingly prevalent in Qatar. There is thus an urgent need for new treatment modalities to combat the rise in these diseases. Understanding how cholesterol/lipid homeostasis is achieved and maintained is among the very first critical steps towards developing new strategies for better treatments. Despite the intricate underlying mechanisms, many regulatory factors have been found to be involved in the metabolic regulation of lipids. Recent studies found that microRNAs (miR), short 22-nucleotide RNA molecules that control gene expression by silencing target mRNAs at the translational level, hold promise as therapeutic targets since they contribute to the etiology of many pathological conditions. We found that microRNA 33a (miR-33a) embedded within the intronic sequence of SREBP-2 gene, the master regulator of cholesterol metabolism, acts as a key modulator of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways. Here, we report our new findings on the 5p and 3p strands of miR-33a (miR-33a-5p and miR-33a-3p) in regulating cholesterol homeostasis. Methods Using computational algorithms we identified potential target genes of both strands of miR-33a that are involved in cholesterol metabolism. We then used luciferase reporter assays, wherein the 3'-UTR of the target gene was fused to a luciferase reporter gene, to validate the predicted targets of miR-33a. Positive associations between the microRNAs and their targets were further confirmed by mutating the binding sites on the target gene 3'-UTR and performing luciferase assays with the mutant constructs. Overexpression and knockdown of the microRNAs in human liver cell lines were carried out with mimics and inhibitors, respectively, and their effect on target gene expression was studied by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Cholesterol uptake and efflux assays in hepatocytes were exploited to better assess the functional roles of miR-33a. Results Intriguingly, we found that in addition to our pervious discovery of miR-33a-5p reducing cholesterol efflux from hepatocytes and macrophages, miR-33a-3p promotes intracellular cholesterol uptake. While miR-33a-5p inhibits ABCA1, a cholesterol efflux pump instrumental in raising plasma HDL-cholesterol levels and reverse cholesterol transport, miR-33a-3p activates LDL-receptor (LDLR) by repressing both Idol and PCSK9, two major negative regulators of LDLR. Accordingly, in an SREBP-2 active condition antisense-mediated inhibition of miR-33a-3p, but not miR-33a-5p, led to decreased LDLR expression and LDL uptake in human hepatocytes. Conclusions Mutations in the LDLR gene are well known to be highly associated with atherosclerosis and familial hypercholesterolemia. Our data unravels a novel regulatory circuit by which LDLR, which is transcriptionally activated by SREBP-2, is further protected from degradation at the post-translational level by miR-33a-3p. This indicates that both the 5p and 3p strands of miR-33a are mutually exclusive in elevating intracellular cholesterol levels along with their SREBP-2 host gene. These findings provide impetus for further characterization and development of new therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular disease.


The predominant philosophy underlying most environmental modelling is a form of pragmatic realism. The limitations of this approach in practical applications are discussed, in particular, in relation to questions of scale, nonlinearity, and uniqueness of place. A new approach arising out of the concept of equifinality of models (structures and parameter sets) in application is outlined in the form of an uncertain "landscape space" to model space mapping. The possibility of hypothesis testing within this framework is proposed as a means of refining the mapping, with a focus on the differentiation of function within the model space. The approach combines elements of instrumentalism, relativism, Bayesianism and pragmatism while allowing the realist stance that underlies much of the practice of environmental modelling as a fundamental aim. It may be an interim philosophy that is awaiting developments in measurement technique to allow further refinement, but allows some coherent guidance about how to be specific in presenting predictions to end-users.


Although brain tumors are rare and combined with other nervous system tumors account for ~ 2% of all cancers, they are the second most common type of pediatric cancer. The etiology of brain tumors, known as multifactorial traits, is poorly understood. In this thesis we aimed at identifying genetic risk factors for pediatric brain tumors by investigating the association between adult glioma susceptibility loci and risk of pediatric brain tumors. Phacomatoses are a series of rare genetic syndromes that predispose individuals to development of nervous system tumors. The etiology of de novo occurrence of phacomatoses is also largely unknown. It is hypothesized that de novo phacomatoses and nervous system tumors might share common risk factors. Therefore, in this thesis, we also assessed the association between parental age and risk of de novo phacomatoses in offspring. Study I is a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies investigating the association between germ-line single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DNA repair genes and glioma risk. In total, 105 SNPs in 42 DNA repair genes were identified of which 10 SNPs in 7 DNA repair genes were evaluated in at least 4 studies and therefore were included in our meta-analysis. Based on the findings of this study we can conclude that lowpenetrance susceptibility loci for glioma are located on ERCC1, ERCC2 (XPD), and XRCC1 while variations in DNA repair genes MGMT and PARP1might protect against glioma risk. Studies II and III are based on the CEFALO study which is a population-based multicenter case-control study of children and adolescents diagnosed with intracranial central nervous system tumors aged 7-19 years at diagnosis. In total, saliva DNA from 245 cases and 489 controls was included in these two studies. In Study II saliva DNA was genotyped for 29 SNPs identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on adult glioma. The findings of this study indicate that the adult glioma GWAS susceptibility loci at 5p15.33 (TERT), 8q24.21 (CCDC26), 9p21.3 (CDKN2A-CDKN2B), and 20q13.33 (RTEL1) are also associated with pediatric brain tumor risk. In Study III saliva DNA was genotyped for 68 SNPs identified by candidate-gene association studies of adult glioma related to DNA repair, cell cycle, metabolism, and inflammation pathways. In total, 63 SNPs were satisfactorily genotyped. This study provides evidence that of the investigated genetic variations, variants in EGFR, ERCC1, CHAF1A, XRCC1, EME1, ATM, GLTSCR1, and XRCC4, belonging to DNA repair and cell cycle pathways, known to be associated with adult glioma, are also associated with pediatric brain tumors risk. The findings of Studies II and III together indicate that adult and pediatric brain tumors probably have some genetic risk factors in common. Study IV is a nested case-control study within the Swedish population. By using the Patient register, 4625 phacomatosis cases were identified and further classified as familial or nonfamilial. Ten controls per case were randomly selected from the eligible population. Analyses were performed for neurofibromatosis alone and other phacomatoses combined. This study indicates that advanced paternal age increases the risk of de novo occurrence of phacomatoses in offspring with the most pronounced effects on neurofibromatosis. This thesis provides evidence that adult and pediatric brain tumors probably have common genetic risk factors and might share similar etiological pathways. Moreover, this thesis provides evidence of an increased risk of de novo neurofibromatosis by increasing paternal age, suggesting an increasing rate of de novo mutations in the NF1 and NF2 genes in older fathers' sperm. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS This thesis is based on the following articles/manuscripts which will be referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I. Adel Fahmideh M, Schwartzbaum J, Frumento P, Feychting M. Association between DNA repair gene polymorphisms and risk of glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2014 Jun;16(6):807-14. II. Adel Fahmideh M, Lavebratt C, Schüz J, Röösli M, Tynes T, Grotzer MA, Johansen C, Kuehni CE, Lannering B, Prochazka M, Schmidt LS, Feychting M. CCDC26, CDKN2BAS, RTEL1 and TERT polymorphisms in pediatric brain tumor susceptibility. Carcinogenesis. 2015 Aug;36(8):876-82. III. Adel Fahmideh M, Lavebratt C, Schüz J, Röösli M, Tynes T, Grotzer MA, Johansen C, Kuehni CE, Lannering B, Prochazka M, Schmidt LS, Feychting M. Common genetic variations in cell cycle and DNA repair pathways associated with pediatric brain tumor susceptibility. Oncotarget. 2016 Sep 27;7(39):63640-63650. IV. Adel Fahmideh M, Tettamanti G, Lavebratt C, Talbäck M, Mathiesen T, Lannering B, Johnson K.J., Feychting M. Parental age and risk of genetic syndromes predisposing to nervous system tumors: nested case-control study. Submitted CONTENTS


Abstract Adopting a materialist approach to the mind has far reaching implications for many presuppositions regarding the properties of the brain, including those that have traditionally been consigned to "the mental" aspect of human being. One such presupposition is the conception of the disembodied self. In this article we aim to account for the self as a material entity, in that it is wholly the result of the physiological functioning of the embodied brain. Furthermore, we attempt to account for the structure of the self by invoking the logic of the narrative. While our conception of narrative selfhood incorporates the work of both Freud and Dennett, we offer a critique of these two theorists and then proceed to amend their theories by means of complexity theory. We argue that the self can be characterised as a complex system, which allows us to account for the structure of the material self.


Humans have an incredible capacity to learn properties of objects by pure tactile exploration with their two hands. With robots moving into human-centred environment, tactile exploration becomes more and more important as vision may be occluded easily by obstacles or fail because of different illumination conditions. In this paper, we present our first results on bimanual compliant tactile exploration, with the goal to identify objects and grasp them. An exploration strategy is proposed to guide the motion of the two arms and fingers along the object. From this tactile exploration, a point cloud is obtained for each object. As the point cloud is intrinsically noisy and un-uniformly distributed, a filter based on Gaussian Processes is proposed to smooth the data. This data is used at runtime for object identification. Experiments on an iCub humanoid robot have been conducted to validate our approach.


This paper consists of a summary of the results of two separate research exercises. In the first part, the relationship between astronomical night-time viewing statistics (Seeing and Photometric Night Fraction) from ESO Paranal-La Silla observatories and thirty-five ERA-40 and NCEP-NCEP re-analyses variables (available with the FriOWL software) were examined for correlation, using data from the re-analysis model gridpoint closest to the two observatories. The results confirm that the photometric night fraction datasets of both observatories are better described than are the seeing datasets. The strongest relationships are found at La Silla due to its more southerly, baroclinic location. Interestingly, the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) dataset performs equally well, or better than its equivalent ERA40 re-analyses cloud cover dataset. In second part of this study, the FriOWL tool was used in an analysis of the climatology of northern Chile region, to help determine the cause of a deterioration in astronomical seeing conditions at Paranal from 1998 onwards. The results show that an exceptional increase in 1000hPa geopotential height has occurred to the south-east of Paranal over the 1998–2007 period, when compared to the previous nine-year period. This increase is not replicated at the 700, 500 or 200 hPa levels, however. A shift south in the axis of near-surface geopotential heights from 21 � S to 25–27 � S has also occurred over the same period. Furthermore, there appears to be a link between phase shifts of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, and atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Pacific region.


Background and Aim: It has been known for many years that there is a high risk of relapse after treatment of drug abuse. This has made addiction more complicated. Knowledge of related factors allows the health care professionals to initiate much broader, client – centered, relapse prevention strategies. Materials and method: This study had a descriptive design. The sample comprised 200 addicts who all were male and had at least one relapse episode after treatment. Data were collected by structured face-to-face interviews. The related factors to relapse are divided in two groups as individual and environmental factors. The intensity of related factors was asked as "not any", "a little", "medium" and "very much". Results: The results showed that 33.5% of the subjects had 1 relapse, 38% 2-3 relapse and 28.5% more than 3 relapse. (cid:4)Also, 53% of them relapse in less than 3 month after treatment. Only 12% could avoid drug use for more than 1 year. The mean time of abstinence was 6.3±3 month. According to Friedman test, insomnia and temptation were the most important individual factors (P<0.000), and simple access to drugs, family conflicts and noncompliance with treatment were the most important environmental factors (P<0.000). Conclusion: With respect to results, since psychological factors were the most important (mean= 1.6 ± 0.5), mere detoxification is not efficient enough and may end in client's relapse. Treatment services should be developed further and strengthen relapse prevention and relapse coping skills among drug misuser's and pschological health is the first thing that should be notified by them.


The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of British surfers toward their environment. Eight surfers were interviewed and their views analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis to explore their perceptions of the factors that have influenced their engagement in proenvironmental behaviors. The findings suggest that surfers (in this sample), while motivated to engage in proenvironmental behaviors, are also influenced by a range of factors and appear to be primarily motivated by their identification and a need to maintain their experience of that sport. This reveals an inherent dilemma. Through their sport surfers are able to observe the effects of environmental degradation on the environment (e.g., polluted water), the ecosystem, and on their personal health. However, they are also aware of the trade-offs required in pursuing their sport that may damage the environment (e.g., toxic material involved in sport kit manufacture). When questioned, surfers stated they would be unwilling to give up their sport even at the cost of the environment in which those activities are experienced. This highlights a possibly common problem among environmentally minded outdoor enthusiasts: when do personal benefits outweigh the responsibilities of environmental stewardship? The value of these findings is discussed in relation to the promotion of proenvironmental behaviors and engagement with proenvironmental groups.


The Ross of Mull Igneous Complex consists of a suite of syn-post tectonic lamprophyric-dioritic-microdioritic-monzogranitic calc-alkaline bodies emplaced hito Moinian metasediments (P=2-3 kbar) throughout the closing stages of the Caledonian orogeny (414±3 Ma; Halliday et al., 1979). The pluton occupies an area approximately 140 km[sup]2, of which only half is exposed on the mainland - the rest is submerged. Microdioritic and dioritic bodies are confined to the core of the pluton and occupy topographic lows, while granites occupy the highs. The distribution of these plutonic rocks is interpreted as a compositionally zoned (reversed) magma chamber. Prior to and throughout the main phase of monzogranite emplacement, a series of basaltic (alkalic) magma pulses intruded the monzogranitic magma chamber, inducing mechanical mixing, homogenisation and the production of a hybrid porphyritic monzogranite. Binary mixing equations allow the proportions of granitic magma involved in the mixing event to be estimated, which vary between 66-80%. Continued injection of basaltic magma into the evolving, crystal-ladden, porphyritic monzogranitic magma chamber resulted in the fragmentation of the basaltic magma and the formation (preservation) of megacrystic, microdioritic enclaves. On the basis of alkali feldspar crystal growth rates in granitic magmas, as well as thermodynamical considerations (e.g. Furman & Spera, 1985), the time elapsed between the formation of the porphyritic monzogranite and the injection of additional basaltic magma pulses was approximately 15000 years. Based on detailed field mapping and petrographic analysis, microdioritic enclaves can be subdivided into four texturally distinct populations, depending on their megacrystic mineralogy. The mineralogy and textures of the enclaves reflect and record the point at which the basaltic magma intruded the crystallising porphyritic monzogranitic magma chamber. Generally, highly megacrystic microdiorites are interpreted as having been intruded relatively early in the crystallisation history of the porphyritic monzogranite. Microdioritic enclaves with fewer megacrysts are likely to have been emplaced late in the crystallisation of the granite, when the rheological differences between the two magmas would have inhibited mingling.
In exceptional circumstances, microdioritic bodies and enclaves become veined by thin (c. 5 mm wide) leucocratic (monzonitic) veins composed of plagioclase + alkali feldspar ± quartz. Typically, these veins occupy 5-30% volume of the microdiorite. Field and mineralogical evidence cannot equivocally explain the formation of the monzonitic veins. Partial melting experiments on megacryst-free microdioritic enclaves at crustal pressures and temperatures (i.e. 750-950 °C, 50 MPa), have therefore been carried out in order to shed light on the origin of the veining phenomena. The composition of the melt generated during these experiments requires high (950 °C) temperatures and is less sodic but richer in quartz than that of the leucocratic veins. Integrated field, mineral chemistry and geochemical data suggests that mechanical mixing of basaltic and porphyritic monzogranite magma (at depth or in a conduit) produced a heterogeneous mixture which was injected into a porphyritic monzogranitic magma chamber. The higher liquidus of the basaltic magma coupled with the input of additional heat from new basaltic magma pulses induced fluid-present partial melting of the more fusible components in the mixture (i.e. the granitic end-member). Where the mixture was almost crystalline prior to incorporation into the porphyritic monzogranite, re-heating of the mixture caused recrystallisation of the microdioritic matrix, partial melting of the granitic material and thermal expansion leading to the formation of a feldspar-rich, pseudo-polygonal monzonitic vein network (e.g. pink veined microdiorites). However, in the case where the mixture was still ,largely molten prior to incorporation into the porphyritic monzogranite, fluid-present partial melting of the granitic material in the mixture caused the formation of feldspar + quartz-rich leucocratic veins without recrystallisation of the microdiorite matrix (e.g. white veined microdiorites). As melting of the granitic magma ensued, monzonitic melt exfiltrated through the partially molten microdiorite matrix via porous flow and deformation enhanced melt segregation mechanisms.
The topology of the vein network will have a fundamental bearing on the efficacy of chemical homogenisation within the microdiorites, as well as controlling the rate of material transport (advection) within the veins. Leucocratic veins are clearly linked in three dimensions and in order to quantify the pore structure of the
veins, a veined microdioritic enclave was collected for serial sectioning. Image analysis software and 3D modelling packages were then used to reconstruct the vein network in 3D. The results show that the vein network posseses a high effective porosity (17%), as well as a complex bifurcating and branching network. Based on the 3D topology, the specific permeability (k) of the vein network has been estimated and ranges from 8x10[sup]-7 to 1x10[sup]-12 m[sup]2. Based on these permeabilities and estimates of granitic melt viscosities (10[sup]4 to 10[sup]8 Pas), Darcian flow velocities range from 10[sup]-6 to 3 m[sup]2 yr[sup]-1. The extensive connectivity of the channel network in the veined microdiorites suggests that element mobility during active flow would have been extensive.


Legionella pneumophila is an aquatic bacterium and is responsible for Legionnaires' disease in humans. Free-living amoebae are parasitized by legionellae and provide the intracellular environment required for the replication of this bacterium. In low-nutrient environments, however, L. pneumophila is able to enter a non-replicative viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. In this study, L. pneumophila Philadelphia I JR 32 was suspended in sterilized tap water at 10(4) cells/ml. The decreasing number of bacteria was monitored by CFU measurements, acridine orange direct count (AODC), and hybridization with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. After 125 days of incubation in water, the cells were no longer culturable on routine plating media; however, they were still detectable by AODC and by in situ hybridization. The addition of Acanthamoeba castellanii to the dormant bacteria resulted in the resuscitation of L. pneumophila JR 32 to a culturable state. A comparison of plate-grown legionellae and reactivated cells showed that the capacity for intracellular survival in human monocytes and intraperitoneally infected guinea pigs, which is considered a parameter for virulence, was not reduced in the reactivated cells. However, reactivation of dormant legionellae was not observed in the animal model.


While some of the most commonly investigated - and most notorious - chemicals in the world are alkaloids, many modern medicines are also based on alkaloid structures. Chemists continue to explore new synthetic routes and alkaloid derivatives in search of drug candidates for fighting disease. Drawn from the venerable Dictionary of Natural Products, the second edition of the Dictionary of Alkaloids categorizes all known alkaloids, presenting concise chemical, structural, and physical data. The addition of an authoritative foreword, written by Geoffrey Cordell, eminent alkaloid chemist and Editor-in-Chief of the prestigious series The Alkaloids, Chemistry and Biology, sets the scene for this fascinating subject. Now More than Double the Size of the Previous Edition The dictionary embraces a wide definition of alkaloid so that non-basic alkaloidal amides are also comprehensively covered. Grown in number from the prior edition, the number of alkaloids documented is now more than doubled to over 20,000. For this new edition, every existing entry has been inspected for accuracy and the great majority are updated. The extensive introduction has been completely rewritten and expanded to give a concise, authoritative, and fully referenced account of the different types of alkaloids. The editorial team has been enhanced by the addition of Professor Laszlo Szabo, a renowned expert on the indole alkaloids. The presentation and classification of this large and complex class of alkaloids has been completely revamped. Reflects Groundbreaking New Developments in the Field Some notable shifts in emphasis reflect the changes in the field since the first edition was published in 1989. The main areas of new information concern novel and improved synthetic methods, and the isolation of new alkaloids of unprecedented structure from a variety of organisms, some of them resulting from the participation of newly recognized enzyme types, such as the Diels-Adler enzymes. The text also reflects new understanding of the interrelatedness of ecosystems and the way in which alkaloids and other metabolites may be passed to and metabolized by predators. An important feature of the dictionary is its classification scheme for Type of Compound. These codes are designed to complement substructure searching. Each heading merges all of the alkaloids thought by specialists to be bio-genetically related, even those that don't share the same carbon skeleton. Includes a Fully Searchable CD-ROM Accompanying this dictionary is a fully searchable CD-ROM. The two media offer the luxury of choice between the sophisticated and user-friendly search possibilities presented in the electronic version or the ability to thumb through the highly browsable print version. Either way, readers will find access to data unparalleled both in scope and depth.


Successful negotiation of everyday life would seem to require people to possess insight about deficiencies in their intellectual and social skills. However, people tend to be blissfully unaware of their incompetence. This lack of awareness arises because poor performers are doubly cursed: Their lack of skill deprives them not only of the ability to produce correct responses, but also of the expertise necessary to surmise that they are not producing them. People base their perceptions of performance, in part, on their preconceived notions about their skills. Because these notions often do not correlate with objective performance, they can lead people to make judgments about their performance that have little to do with actual accomplishment.


The Research Process R-1 Choosing a Topic R-2 Researching a Topic R-3 Preparing a Bibliography and a Preliminary Thesis R-4 Taking Notes and Outlining Citing Sources and Academic Honesty C-1 Documentation Systems C-2 In-Text Citations C-3 Avoiding Plagiarism C-4 Practice in Recognizing Plagiarism C-5 Additional Practice in Recognizing Plagiarism Summarizing S-1 When to Summarize S-2 Documenting Summaries S-3 Practice in Summarizing S-4 Practice in Documenting Summaries S-5 Practice in Writing and Documenting Summaries Paraphrasing P-1 When to Paraphrase P-2 Documenting Paraphrases and Using Lead-Ins P-3 Practice in Paraphrasing P-4 Practice in Documenting Paraphrases P-5 Practice in Writing and Documenting Paraphrases P-6 Additional Practice in Writing and Documenting Paraphrases Direct Quotations Q-1 When to Use Direct Quotations Q-2 Documenting and Integrating Direct Quotations Q-3 Rules for Punctuating Quotations Q-4 Practice in Punctuating Quotations Q-5 Additional Practice in Punctuating Quotations Q-6 Practice in Creating Lead-Ins for Quotations Q-7 Practice in Integrating, Punctuating, and Documenting Quotations Q-8 Additional Practice in Integrating, Punctuating, and Documenting Quotations Q-9 Common Errors in Citing Sources Works Cited and References W-1 MLA and APA W-2 General Guidelines W-3 Citing Electronic Information W-4 Sample Works Cited and References with Exercises (Electronic Sources) W-5 Sample Works Cited and References with Exercises (Non-Electronic Sources) W-6 Arranging a Works Cited or References List with Electronic Sources W-7 Arranging a Works Cited or References List with Print and Electronic Sources Sample Student Research Papers SP-1 Sample Student Research Paper in MLA Format with Annotated Bibliography SP-2 Excerpt of Student Research Paper in APA Format SP-3 Excerpt of Student Research Paper in CMS Format Writing Documented Essays Revision Checklist Quick Review: Writing with Precision WP-1 Review: Elements of the Essay WP-2 Review: Major Usage Errors Answer Key Sample Chicago Manual of Style Entries Sample APA Entries Sample APA Entries for Electronic Sources Sample MLA Entries Sample MLA Entries for Electronic Sources Index Inside back cover


Trans fatty acids (TFA) are found naturally in ruminant foods (R-TFA) by biohydrogenation in ruminant animals or industrially produced oils (IP-TFA) by partial hydrogenation of vegetable or fish oils. The intake of TFA mainly IP-TFA is associated with an elevated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), while some prospective cohort studies showed that R-TFA were associated with a lower risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Our case-control study showed that trans-C18:2 isomers (IP-TFA) were significantly higher, and palmitelaidic acid (R-TFA) levels were lower in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with healthy men. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have different effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) is a key enzyme in the conversion of linoleic acid and alpha-linoleneic acid to arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA, respectively. Previous studies reported that low D5D estimated from the ratio of AA to dihomo-gamma linolenic acid predicts the incident cardiovascular disease. In our cross-sectional study with 436 men with ACS, various atherogenic lipid markers such as small dense LDL cholesterol and malondialdehyde-modified LDL were significantly inversely associated with D5D activity. We found that the EPA/AA may be a superior risk marker than DHA/AA in terms of correlation with atherogenic lipid profiles.


Thomas Cranmer was the architect of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. He was the Archbishop who guided England through the early Reformation, and Henry VIII through the minefields of divorce. This is the first major biography for more than three decades, and the first for a century to exploit rich new manuscript sources in Britain and elsewhere. Diarmaid MacCulloch, one of the foremost scholars of the English Reformation, traces Cranmer from his east-midland roots to early Tudor Cambridge, into the household of the family of Anne Boleyn, and through the political labyrinth of the Henrician court. By then a major English statesman, living the life of a medieval prince-bishop, Cranmer navigated the church through the king's vacillations and finalized two successive English Prayer Books. MacCulloch skillfully reconstruction the crises which Cranmer negotiated, from his compromising association with three of Henry's divorces, the plot by religious conservatives to oust him, his role in the attempt to establish Lady Jane Grey as Queen, to the vengeance of the Catholic Mary Tudor. In gaol after Mary's accession, Cranmer nearly succumbed to recant his life's achievements, but was able to turn the very day of his death at the stake into a dramatic demonstration of his Protestant faith. From this vivid and fascinating account Cranmer emerges a more sharply-focused figure than before, more conservative early in his career than admirers have allowed, more evangelical than Anglicanism would later find comfortable.


Research findings indicate that children construct integrated metacognitive theories about cognitive processes. These theories have been hypothesized to play a major role in learning and development. In the present study, the development of children's metacognitive theories about the causes, manifestation, and remediation of reading difficulties was investigated. Twenty-one subjects from each of grade 1, 3, 5, and 7 participated in two experimental sessions. Each subject was presented with four short stories (i.e., two stories per session). Each story depicted a child of the same sex and age as the subject who is a poor reader. The intellectual ability (high versus low) of the depicted children was varied systematically across the four stories. Following Each story presentation subjects' memory for the story propositions was assessed. Next, subjects were asked to determine (1) the cause of the depicted child's reading difficulty; (2) the manifestation (i.e., specific aspect(s) of the reading process affected) of the reading difficulty; and (3) remediation strategies. The major findings were that, regardless of age, or the ability and effort levels depicted in the stories, subjects (1) primarily attributed the cause of reading difficulties to either insufficient effort or specific cognitive problems (e.g. inadequate attentional processing); (2) considered that reading difficulties may be manifested in either word identification or comprehension problems; and (3) recommended an increase in effort as the primary remediation strategy. The implications of these findings, for both learning to read and for the social consequences of reading difficulties in school, are discussed.