Since the early '70s vertical ground movements at Mount Vesuvius area have been investigated and monitored by the Osservatorio Vesuviano (Isti-tuto Nazionale di Geofisica Vulcanologia - Osservatorio Vesuviano since 2001). This monitoring began with the installation of a high-precision leveling line in the region at medium-high elevations on the volcano. The deformation pattern and expected strain field assessment methods in the volcanic structure induced by inner sources has demanded in subsequent years the expansion of the leveling network up to cover the whole volcanic area, enclosing part of leveling lines of other institutions. As a result of this expansion, the Mt. Vesuvius Area Leveling Network (VALN) has today reached a length of about 270 km and consists of 359 benchmarks. It is configured in 21 circuits and is connected, westward, to the Campi Flegrei leveling network and, northward, to the Campania Plain leveling network. The data collected have been carefully re-analyzed for random and systematic errors and for error propagation along the leveling lines to identify the areas affected by significant ground movements. For each survey, the data were rigorously adjusted and vertical ground movements were evaluated by differentiating the heights calculated by the various measurements conducted by the Osservatorio Vesuviano from 1973 to 2009.


Purpose: This study aimed to test whether (and how) somatosensory feedback signals from the vocal tract affect concurrent unimodal visual speech perception.Method: Participants discriminated pairs of silent visual utterances of vowels under three experimental conditions: (1) normal (baseline) and while holding either (2) a bite block or (3) a lip tube in their mouths. To test the specificity of somatosensory-visual interactions during perception, we assessed discrimination of vowel contrasts optically distinguished based on either their mandibular (English /ɛ/-/æ/) or labial (English /u/-French /u/) postures. In addition, we assessed perception of each contrast using dynamically-articulating videos and static (single-frame) images of each gesture (at vowel midpoint). Results: Engaging the jaw selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of jaw height, whereas engaging the lips selectively facilitated perception of the dynamic gestures optically distinct in terms of their degree of lip compression and protrusion. Thus, participants perceived visible speech movements in relation to the configuration and shape of their own vocal tract (and possibly their ability to produce covert vowel-production-like movements). In contrast, engaging the articulators had no effect when the speaking faces did not move, suggesting that the somatosensory inputs affected perception of time-varying kinematic information rather than changes in "target" (movement end-point) mouth shapes.Conclusions: These findings suggest that orofacial somatosensory inputs associated with speech production "prime" pre-motor and somatosensory brain regions involved in the sensorimotor control of speech, thereby facilitating perception of concordant visible speech movements.


Aero-elastic instability is often a constraint on the design of
modern high by-pass rat.io aero engines. Unstalled supersonic flutter
is an instability which can be encountered in shrouded fans, in which
mechanical vibrations give rise to unsteady aerodynamic forces which
couple further energy into the mechanical vibration. This phenomenon
is particularly sensitive to the deflection shape of the mechanical
vibration,
A detailed measurement of the vibrational deflection shape of a
test fan undergoing supersonic unstalled flutter was sought by the author.
This measurement was required in order to assess the current theoretical
understanding and modelling of unstalled fan flutter, The suitability
of alternative techniques for this measurement was assessed, Pulsed
holographic interferometry was considered optimum for this study because
of its full field capability, large range of sensitivity, high spatial
resolution and good accuracy. A double pulsed holographic system,
employing a rnirror~Abbe image rotator, was built specifically for this
study, The mirror-Abbe unit was employed to rotate the illuminating
beam and derotate the light returned from the rotating fan. This
therefore maintained correlation between the two resultant holographic
images. The holographic system was used to obtain good quality interferograms
of the 0.86m diameter test fan when rotating at speeds just
under 10 000rpm and undergoing unstalled flutter. The resultant interferograms
were analysed to give the flutter deflection shape of the fan.
The study of the fan in flutter was complemented by measurement of the
test fan's vibrational characteristics under non-rotating conditions.
The resultant experimental data were in agreement with the current
theoretical understanding of supersonic unstalled fan flutter. Many of
the assumptions employed in flutter prediction by calculation of unsteady
work were experimentally verified, The deflection shapes of the test
fan under non-rotating and flutter conditions were compared with those
predicted by a finite element model of the structure and reasonably good
agreement was obtained.


This paper builds on a general typology of textual communication (Aarseth 1997) and tries to establish a model for classifying the genre of "games in virtual environments"— that is, games that take place in some kind of simulated world, as opposed to purely abstract games like poker or blackjack. The aim of the model is to identify the main differences between games in a rigorous, analytical way, in order to come up with genres that are more specific and less ad hoc than those used by the industry and the popular gaming press. The model consists of a number of basic "dimensions", such as Space, Perspective, Time, Teleology, etc, each of which has several variate values, (e.g. Teleology: finite (Half-Life) or infinite (EverQuest. Ideally, the multivariate model can be used to predict games that do not yet exist, but could be invented by combining the existing elements in new ways.


BACKGROUND
We have recently shown that during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), cerebral autoregulation has a positive slope such that for every 10 mm Hg change in pressure, a 0.86 mL.100 g-1.min-1 change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) is predicted. The purpose of this study was to define the influence of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) on CBF during normothermic CPB.

METHODS AND RESULTS
CBF was measured by use of 133Xe washout and alpha-stat blood gas management during nonpulsatile CPB. CBF measurements were made at a pump flow of 2.4 L.min-1.m-2 at stable normothermia and approximately 15 minutes later after the MAP was increased or decreased > or = 20%. A third data set was recorded after the pressure was returned to the initial value. Forty-five patients were entered into the study. Temperature was held constant. We found a significant effect (P = .016) of change in MAP on change in CBF during normothermic CPB. For a 10 mm Hg increase in MAP, an increase in CBF of 1.78 mL.100 g-1.min-1 is predicted. Along with change in CBF, significant increases in both cerebral metabolic rate and cerebral oxygen delivery were observed.

CONCLUSIONS
This information, along with our previous data shows that autoregulation during CPB has a positive slope that is greater with normothermia than hypothermia. Although it is unlikely that these small changes in flow are an important primary effect in the development of hypoperfusion, increased metabolic rate with increased CBF may indicate pressure-dependent collateral flow potentially in regions embolized during CPB.


Human rights education has significant relevance to women's inalienable right to an education that encompasses the knowledge and skills that will enable them to contribute economically and socially to their communities continues to be impeded by systemic discrimination. Drawing on interviews with seven Australian women whose entry to university was delayed by up to seventeen years this paper contrasts the position of women in Australia and Uganda and offers a new application of human rights education to gender discrimination. The resulting analysis suggests that while overt discrimination against women in Australian education is uncommon, subtle forms of misogyny continue to deter low socioeconomic status, ethnic minority and marginalised women from entering university. This has significant implications for human rights education and gender.


In this chapter, we describe the potential significance of student peer effects for the economic structure of and behavior in higher education. Their existence would motivate much of the restricted supply, student queuing, and selectivity and institutional competition via merit aid and honors colleges that we see in American higher education; their (appropriate) non-linearity could justify the resulting stratification of higher education as an efficient way to produce human capital. In addition, we use data from the College and Beyond entering class of 1989, combined with phonebook data identifying roommates, to implement a quasi-experimental empirical strategy aimed at measuring peer effects in academic outcomes. In particular, we use data on individual students' grades, SAT scores, and the SAT scores of their roommates at three schools to estimate the effect of roommates' academic characteristics on an individual's grades. The results suggest that, for two of the three schools used, students in the middle of the SAT distribution do somewhat worse in terms of grades if they share a room with a student who is in the bottom 15 percent of the SAT distribution. Students in the top of the SAT distribution appear often not to be affected by the SAT scores of their roommates. These results are similar to those reported in earlier research using data from Williams (Zimmerman) and Dartmouth (Sacerdote).


China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) hopes to deliver trillions of dollars in infrastructure financing to Asia, Europe, and Africa. If the initiative follows Chinese practices to date for infrastructure financing, which often entail lending to sovereign borrowers, then BRI raises the risk of debt distress in some borrower countries. This paper assesses the likelihood of debt problems in the 68 countries identified as potential BRI borrowers. We conclude that eight countries are at particular risk of debt distress based on an identified pipeline of project lending associated with BRI.Because this indebtedness also suggests a higher concentration in debt owed to official and quasi-official Chinese creditors, we examine Chinese policies and practices related to sustainable financing and the management of debt problems in borrower countries. Based on this evidence, we offer recommendations to improve Chinese policy in these areas. The recommendations are offered to Chinese policymakers directly, as well as to BRI's bilateral and multilateral partners, including the IMF and World Bank.


Human figure models included with today's high-end simulation systems are widely used for ergonomic analysis. Male and female figures can be scaled by inputting standard anthropometric dimensions, such as stature, body weight, and limb lengths to represent a large range of body sizes. However, the shapes of these scaled figures are often unrealistic, particularly for extreme body types, because only a relatively few dimensions of the figures are adjusted. Several software packages have the capability of adjusting the figure to match a body surface scan of an individual, but this capability is insufficient when individuals with a wide range of attributes must be simulated. We present a new figure generation capability in the Jack human modeling software based on a statistical analysis of laser scans of hundreds of men and women. A template mesh based on the Jack figure model was fitted to each scan, and a statistical shape model was created using principal component analysis and regression. The model was integrated within the Jack software to create Jack figures with highly realistic body shapes, usable natively with all simulation and analysis features.


A review of the clinical findings in six infants with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency seen during the last 10 years was undertaken and an attempt made to obtain long-term neurologic follow-up. There was a consistent clinical pattern in vitamin B12-deficient infants; irritability, anorexia, and failure to thrive were associated with marked developmental regression and poor brain growth. Two of the four patients who qualified for long-term review had a poor intellectual outcome. Although early response to treatment is satisfying, the long-term consequences of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in infants emphasize the need for prevention or early recognition of this syndrome. (J PEDIATR 4992;121:710-4)


For the last 30 years, an increasing proportion of development assistance funds has been allocated to non-governmental organisations (NGOs), often in OECD countries. The received wisdom is that NGO programmes make an important contribution to development. However, whilst many funds are given to Northern NGOs, increasingly development projects are implemented by Southern NGOs. Many Southern NGOs secure most of their income from Northern NGOs, often with few alternative sources of funds. This study draws on the literature on relations between Northern and Southern NGOs, theories about inter-organisational relationships and six detailed case studies of such relationships in Nairobi (Kenya) to understand current experiences, to explore the problems that exist and to analyse how agencies are responding to their situation. The research findings suggest that Southern NGOs are generally dependent on a small number of Northern NGOs for most of their income. Despite this situation, Southern NGOs seek to secure their autonomy in establishing their goals and activities through three strategies: donor management, donor diversity and donor independence. A further finding is that Northern NGOs are encouraging the formalization of Southern NGO administration, with potential detrimental effects for their relationship with target groups. Northern NGOs are themselves constrained by their need to identify a Southern NGO that shares their objectives. For this reason, half the Northern NGOs contacted in the study are directly initiating or encouraging the formation of new Southern NGOs. In this way, Northern NGOs are influencing the development of the NGO sector as well as the work of individual agencies. Further analysis suggests the existence of three types of relationships between Northern and Southern NGOs, with Northern NGO's attitudes being a critical determining factor: shared values (close alignment of mission), common agenda (time-bound agreements between agencies with mutual respect) and coincidental interest (temporary alliances to address different but overlapping interests).


This thesis deals with the development and application of Monte Carlo simulations to study electron transport in bulk GaN in the wurtzite crystal structure and the properties of field effect transistors made from the material. There is a particular emphasis on transport in the high electric field regime and transistors operating at high voltages. The simulation model includes five sets of non-parabolic conduction band valleys which can be occupied by electrons during high field transport. The effects on electron transport of impurities and the relevant phonon scattering mechanisms have been considered. Results for electron transport at both low and high electric field are presented and compared with the properties of GaN in the zincblende structure, of other group-III nitride semiconductors, and of GaAs. The dependence of the transport properties on the material parameters is discussed and also with regard to the temperature, donor concentration and electric field magnitude and direction. The transport properties of electrons in wurtzite GaN n+-i(n)-n+ diodes are also explored, including the effect of the upper valleys and the temperature on hot electron transport. Simulations have also been carried out to model the steady-state and transient properties of GaN MESFETs that have recently been the subject of experimental study. It has been suggested that traps have a substantial effect on the performance of GaN field effect transistors and we have developed a model of a device with traps to investigate this suggestion. The model includes the simulation of the capture and release of electrons by traps whose charge has a direct effect on the current flowing through the transistor terminals. The influence of temperature and light on the occupancy of the traps and the /- V characteristics are considered. It is concluded that traps are likely to play a substantial role in the behaviour of GaN field effect transistors. Further simulations were performed to model electron transport in AlGaN/GaN hetero-junction FETs. So called HFET structures with a 78 nm Alo.2Gao.8N pseudomorphically strained layer have been simulated, with the inclusion of spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization effects in the strained layer. The polarization effects are shown to not only increase the current density, but also improve the electron transport by inducing a higher electron density close to the positive charge sheet that occurs in the channel.


Relay-assisted free-space optical (FSO) transmission exploits the fact that atmospheric turbulence fading variance is distance dependent and yields significant performance gains by taking advantage of the resulting shorter hops. In this paper, we investigate how to determine optimal relay locations in serial and parallel FSO relaying so as to minimize the outage probability and quantify performance improvements obtained through optimal relay placement. We further present a diversity gain analysis for serial and parallel FSO relaying schemes and quantify their diversity advantages in terms of the number of relays and channel parameters.


This work consists of an examination and revision of some of the main theses of Speech Act Theory in relation to the problem of ideology and action-guiding language. Starting from the idea that linguistic philosophy must take into account how the social structure of the linguistic community may influence and direct the way its language is used, a critical method of analysis is proposed, developing Speech Act Theory in a way suitable for this purpose. The main guideline of this proposal is the consideration that a theory of action rather than a theory of meaning should be taken as central in the analysis of language. The notion of illocutionary force, the problem of intentions and conventions in the constitution of speech acts, the definition of context, and the classification of speech acts, are then discussed. Based on the conclusions of this discussion a pragmatic method for the analysis of language is formulated.


ABSTRACT This paper examines how the use of multiple platforms is tied to awareness of algorithms. It builds on the premise that users interact with ecologies or environments of technologies rather than single platforms. The study also supplements work on algorithmic awareness by implementing a mixed-method study to account for how Costa Rican users of Netflix and Spotify understood and related to the algorithms of these platforms. This study combined a survey of 258 participants and 21 in-depth semistructured interviews. Findings demonstrate that multi-platform users were more aware of algorithms and carried out more practical actions to obtain algorithmic recommendations than single-platform users. Although user type did not predict participants' attitudes towards algorithmic recommendations, higher levels of awareness were associated with more positive attitudes towards algorithms. The study also shows that differences in levels of awareness explained users' emotional arousal derived from algorithms.


Background Electronic data capture (EDC) tools provide automated support for data collection, reporting, query resolution, randomization, and validation, among other features, for clinical trials. There is a trend toward greater adoption of EDC tools in clinical trials, but there is also uncertainty about how many trials are actually using this technology in practice. A systematic review of EDC adoption surveys conducted up to 2007 concluded that only 20% of trials are using EDC systems, but previous surveys had weaknesses. Objectives Our primary objective was to estimate the proportion of phase II/III/IV Canadian clinical trials that used an EDC system in 2006 and 2007. The secondary objectives were to investigate the factors that can have an impact on adoption and to develop a scale to assess the extent of sophistication of EDC systems. Methods We conducted a Web survey to estimate the proportion of trials that were using an EDC system. The survey was sent to the Canadian site coordinators for 331 trials. We also developed and validated a scale using Guttman scaling to assess the extent of sophistication of EDC systems. Trials using EDC were compared by the level of sophistication of their systems. Results We had a 78.2% response rate (259/331) for the survey. It is estimated that 41% (95% CI 37.5%-44%) of clinical trials were using an EDC system. Trials funded by academic institutions, government, and foundations were less likely to use an EDC system compared to those sponsored by industry. Also, larger trials tended to be more likely to adopt EDC. The EDC sophistication scale had six levels and a coefficient of reproducibility of 0.901 (P< .001) and a coefficient of scalability of 0.79. There was no difference in sophistication based on the funding source, but pediatric trials were likely to use a more sophisticated EDC system. Conclusion The adoption of EDC systems in clinical trials in Canada is higher than the literature indicated: a large proportion of clinical trials in Canada use some form of automated data capture system. To inform future adoption, research should gather stronger evidence on the costs and benefits of using different EDC systems.


Recommendations for Interdisciplinary Design of Buildings and Other Facilities in Rural East Africa David Anthony Kugler Lambert Development and aid focused non-governmental organizations operating in rural East Africa face unique challenges in the design and construction of buildings and other facilities in support of their efforts. Failure to address these issues can result in financial consequences hindering success and there is very little information available providing recommendations or guidelines. A summary of the design of the Same Polytechnic, a vocational training school located in northern Tanzania, details the comprehensive process involving the multiple parties of an interdisciplinary design team each requiring specific information to evaluate the many factors involved. The lessons learned and information gathered during the design process will serve as a set of basic guidelines that will help future projects address the more serious challenges encountered when building in rural East Africa.


Pressure sore is a serious problem for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Many kinds of pressure-relieving cushions have been developed to distribute the weigh evenly and widely. We measured the buttock pressure distribution on five kinds of wheelchair cushions in six SCI patients using the Tekscan pressure measurement system. We calculated total weight, high-pressure area, and maximum and average pressure to evaluate the function of the cushions. As for pressure distribution, the air cushion is the best of the five cushions. In the air cushion, the maximum pressure is influenced by the total weight, contact area, and the quantity of air in the cushion. Further, we measured the buttock pressure distribution on the air cushion in 13 SCI patients. The maximum pressure is one of the most important parameters in the adjustment of the air quantity in the air cushion. After using the multiple regression analysis, it has been shown that the maximum pressure is influenced by both the total weight and the total area.


Drugs play a pivotal role in the functioning of gangs, motivating deviant behaviour and meeting members' physiological and belonging needs. To understand the process of engaging in and disengaging from a gang, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was utilised. The ecological perspective was used to identify various systems that influence the individual, whilst Maslow's motivational theory was used to explain intrinsic needs that motivate human behaviour. The findings of the study reveal that gang members present with unique physiological and belonging needs, which must be understood by social workers in order to gain optimum results with intervention.


In recent years numerous films, television series, comic books, graphic novels and video games have featured time travel narratives, with characters jumping backward, forward and laterally through time. No rules govern time travel in these stories. Some characters move by machine, some by magic, others by unexplained means. Sometime travelers can alter the timeline, while others are prevented from causing temporal aberrations. The fluid forms of imagined time travel have fascinated audiences and prompted debate since at least the 19th century.

What is behind our fascination with time travel? What does it mean to be out of one's own era? How do different media tell these stories and what does this reveal about the media's relationship to time? This collection of new essays—the first to address time travel across a range of media—answers these questions by locating time travel narratives within their cultural, historical and philosophical contexts. Texts discussed include Doctor Who, The Terminator, The Georgian House, Save the Date, Back to the Future, Inception, Source Code and others.


The mechanism of the organic pesticides of Bintaro plant extract (Cerbera manghas) in reducing the insect pest population needs to be continuously studied. The study aims to determine the Repelence (ability to resist) of bintaro plant extracts against brown ladybugs (Riptortus linearis). The factorial experiment with the first-factor treatment was extracted Bintaro plant organs, namely leaf extract, stem bark extract, fruit pulp extract and bintaro seed extract, while the second treatment factor was the extract concentration (w/v), namely a concentration of 2,5%, a concentration of 7,5%, and a concentration of 12,5%. The experimental variables were the chemical compound content of each Bintaro plant part extract, insect mortality, length of each instar and stadia, and development into the next instar or stadia. The research results showed that Bintaro plants (leaves, fruit, seeds and bark) contain ingredients that can be used as organic pesticides. Bintaro plant extract has an effect on the mortality and development of Riptortus linearis insects. The results of the Bintaro plant extract test on the mortality and development of Riptortus linearis insects are less significant if it will be used to suppress the population, but the application of organic pesticides in the field is proven to be able to suppress the population, reduce the level of crop damage and increase crop production.


Unsupervised two-view learning, or detection of dependencies between two paired data sets, is typically done by some variant of canonical correlation analysis (CCA). CCA searches for a linear projection for each view, such that the correlations between the projections are maximized. The solution is invariant to any linear transformation of either or both of the views; for tasks with small sample size such flexibility implies overfitting, which is even worse for more flexible nonparametric or kernel-based dependency discovery methods. We develop variants which reduce the degrees of freedomby assuming constraints on similarity of the projections in the two views. A particular example is provided by a cancer gene discovery application where chromosomal distance affects the dependencies between gene copy number and activity levels. Similarity constraints are shown to improve detection performance of known cancer genes.


Adaptive routing is an efficient congestion avoidance mechanism for modern Data enter and HPC networks. Congestion detection traditionally relies on the occupancy of the router queues. However, this approach can hinder performance due to coarse-grain measurements with small buffers, and potential routing oscillations with large buffers. We introduce an alternative mechanism, labelled Contention-Based Adaptive Routing. Our mechanism adapts routing based on an estimation of "network contention", the simultaneity of traffic flows contending for a network port. Our system employs a set of counters which track the demand for each output port. This exploits path diversity thanks to earlier detection of adversarial traffic patterns, and decouples buffer size and queue occupancy from contention detection. We evaluate our mechanism in a Dragonfly network. Our evaluations show this mechanism achieves optimal latency under uniform traffic and similar to best previous routing mechanisms under adversarial patterns, with immediate adaptation to traffic pattern changes.


We study the effects of Canadian Indian residential schooling on two anthropometric measures of health during childhood: adult height and body weight. We use repeated crosssectional data from the 1991 and 2001 Aboriginal Peoples Survey and leverage detailed historical data on school closures and location to make causal inferences. We find evidence that, on average, residential schooling increases adult height and the likelihood of a healthy adult body weight for those who attended. These effects are concentrated after the 1950s when the schools were subject to tighter health regulations and students were selected to attend residential school based partly on their need for medical care that was otherwise unavailable. Residential schooling is only one policy in Canada that impacted status First Nations peoples' health, so our results must be understood in the broader social context. Taken in context, our results suggest that health interventions in later childhood can have significant impacts on adult health. We also document significant increases in height and body weight for status people born after the 1960s, suggesting substantial changes in diet and living conditions during this time period.


Background. There is increasing evidence that sedentary behaviour during the workday is associated with negative health effects. In this context, interventions to reduce total sedentary time and breaking up periods of continuous sitting during computerized office work are urgently needed. Several reviews conclude that introducing sit-stand stations may lead to positive effects, but they also state that long-term interventions in real occu-pational settings are still rare. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate usage of sit-stand tables among Brazilian office workers during an intervention lasting two months.Methods.Nine office workers (6 females, 3 males; age 42 [SD 12] years) participated. The workers received traditional sit-stand tables and ergonomics information. They then used the workstation for two months. The tables were furnished with a system that recorded and kept track of table use during the intervention period. Table use early and late in the intervention period was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for repeated measurements.Results. In the beginning of the eight-week intervention period, workers, in median, changed table position 2.4 (1.9 – 4.7) times per day, decreasing to 2.3 (1.0 – 3.3) times at the end (P=0.09). Moreover, we also found a non-significant decrease in total time stand-ing per day, from 88.6 (67.4 – 94.3) minutes to 58.8 (33.1 – 95.7) minutes (P=0.31).Discussion. Two months after introducing sit-stand tables, some decrease in usage could be seen, if not statistically significant. Based on this, we emphasize that introduction of sit-stand tables should be accompanied by continued encouragement of the workers, preferably informed by a personalized follow up of actual use.


Microtubules (MT) outline and maintain the overall shape of cells and can reorganize cellular membranes to serve as sites of RNA virus replication. Here, we provide data on involvement of an MT-associated protein in infection of plants with a potyvirus, Potato virus A (PVA), representing the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses. Our results showed that helper-component proteinase (HCpro)-interacting protein 2 (HIP2) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an MT-associated protein similar to Arabidopsis SPR2. Virus-induced silencing of HIP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in a spiral-like growth phenotype, similar to the Arabidopsis spr2 mutant, and the spr2 phenotype in Arabidopsis was complemented with potato HIP2. HCpro of PVA interacted with HIP2 of potato and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The interaction was detected by bimolecular fluorescence complementation in PVA-infected leaves on MT and MT intersections at the cell cortex. HIP2-HCpro interaction was determined by the C-proximal α-helix-rich domain of HIP2, whereas the N-proximal putative TOG domain and the central coiled-coil domain of HIP2 controlled HIP2 dimerization and binding to MT. Accumulation of PVA was significantly reduced in the HIP2-silenced leaves of N. benthamiana, which indicates that HIP2-HCpro interactions are important for virus infection.


A common approach to innovation, parallel search, is to identify a large number of opportunities and then to select a subset for further development, with just a few coming to fruition. One potential weakness with parallel search is that it permits repetition. The same, or a similar, idea might be generated multiple times, because parallel exploration processes typically operate without information about the ideas that have already been identified. In this paper we analyze repetition in five data sets comprising 1,368 opportunities and use that analysis to address three questions: (1) When a large number of efforts to generate ideas are conducted in parallel, how likely are the resulting ideas to be redundant? (2) How large are the opportunity spaces? (3) Are the unique ideas more valuable than those similar to many others? The answer to the first question is that although there is clearly some redundancy in the ideas generated by aggregating parallel efforts, this redundancy is quite small in absolute terms in our data, even for a narrowly defined domain. For the second question, we propose a method to extrapolate how many unique ideas would result from an unbounded effort by an unlimited number of comparable idea generators. Applying that method, and for the settings we study, the estimated total number of unique ideas is about one thousand for the most narrowly defined domain and greater than two thousand for the more broadly defined domains. On the third question, we find a positive relationship between the number of similar ideas and idea value: the ideas that are least similar to others are not generally the most valuable ones.

This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.


In the stochastic Lagrange model for ocean waves the vertical and horizontal movements of surface water particles are modeled as correlated Gaussian processes. In this paper we investigate the statistical properties of wave characteristics related to wave asymmetry in the 3D Lagrange model. We present a modification of the original Lagrange model that can produce front-back asymmetry both of the space waves, i.e. observation of the sea surface at a fixed time, and of the time waves, observed at a fixed measuring station. The results, which are based on a multivariate form of Rice's formula for the expected number of level crossings, are given in the form of the cumulative distribution functions for the slopes observed either by asynchronous sampling in space, or at synchronous sampling at up-crossings and down-crossings, respectively, of a specified fixed level. The theory is illustrated in a numerical section, showing how the degree of wave asymmetry depends on the directional spectral spreading and on the mean wave direction. It is seen that the asymmetry is more accentuated for high waves, a fact that may be of importance in safety analysis of capsizing risk in connection with extreme waves.


One of the major challenges for energy companies is to adapt their process plants to
the continuous improvements of available technologies, so as to make their old plants
as competitive and cost-efficient as the new ones. Along these lines, process stream
data was recently collected for analysing opportunities for improved process
integration of the Hydrocracker Unit of a major oil refinery located in Lysekil on the
West Coast of Sweden. However, inconsistencies in the process data measurements,
e.g. energy balances that do not add up, made the study cumbersome. For analysing
heat exchanger networks it is essential to establish sets of process data with balanced
heat balances for the existing heat exchangers. The aim of this thesis project was to
develop a computer-based solution for systematic analysis, identification and
correction of the "raw" data obtained from process data measurements in order to
acquire such a consistent set of data.
With this purpose, a tool for Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection for
process stream data was developed using Visual Basic in Microsoft Excel. The tool is
based on the Modified Iterative Measurement Test. A second tool, which is easier for
handle large data sets and especially designed for networks with non-linear constraints
was also developed. This second tool is only able to solve Data Reconciliation
problems, so it is targeted for sets of data where there are exclusively random errors.
Both developed tools were used to analyse the data set collected from the refinery's
Hydrocracker Unit with the purpose of generating a consistent set of data with
balanced heat exchangers. The solution proposed is an energy balanced network,
where from the 32 temperature measurements, all the reconciled values, except two,
are within the specified bounds indicated. The two reconciled temperatures outside
the bounds are the ones in which the presence of a gross error has been confirmed.
Since this is a preliminary study, the solution proposed must be taken as a
recommendation.


This table contains a list, in chronological order according to the date of signature, of the treaties referred to in the decisions printed in the present volume. It has not been possible to draw a helpful distinction between treaties judicially considered and treaties which are merely cited. In the case of bilateral treaties, the names of the parties are given in alphabetical order and references to the texts of treaties have been supplied, including wherever possible at least one reference to a text in the English language unless these are known to be included in the Flare Index to Treaties available at http://ials.sas.ac.uk/treatyindex.htm. Multilateral treaties, all included in the Flare index, are referred to by the name by which they are believed commonly to be known.


Abstract There are two main aims of this research. The primary aim is to develop a reliable and valid anxiety scale to determine writing anxiety levels of prospective teachers. The secondary aim is to determine what variables explain anxiety levels of students to what extent, by determining whether writing anxiety levels of prospective teachers significantly varied in terms of various variables. The study consisted of 202 junior students from Departments of Classroom Teaching, Elementary School Mathematics Teaching and Turkish Language Teaching at a Turkish university in the spring term of 2008-2009 academic year. The data were collected using Writing Anxiety Scale which was developed by the authors to measure writing anxiety levels of students and personal forms to describe personal traits of the students. The data were analyzed by SPSS 13.00 and LISREL 8.70 package programs. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it was found out that there was a single dimension. Besides, 49% of the total variance in the 35-item-scale was measuring was explained by the scale items. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the construct obtained by exploratory factor analysis. There were not statistically significant correlations between writing anxiety levels of university students and gender and educational background of parents. As a result of stepwise regression analysis, used to determine the predictive variables of writing anxiety levels in terms of personal traits, it was seen that out-of-school writing practice, in-class writing activities by 1-8 grade teachers, amount of time spent watching television, and gender were significant predictive variables and those variables explained only 9.5% of writing anxiety Key Words Writing Anxiety, Regression Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Reading and writing skills in mother tongue are learned beyond acquisition. As these two skills have many things in common, it seems sensible to suggest these skills develop parallel to each other and affect one another positively or negatively. However, individuals gain reading skills in academic life followed by effective written text production skills, yet it is known that many students cannot gain effective written text production skills (Enginarlar, 1994; Huber & Uzun, 2001; Ruhi, 1994). This case might be mainly caused by the fact that written text production is complex by nature and requires plenty of cognitive procedures (Grabe & Kaplan, 1996). Related studies make a reference to the fact that writing anxiety occurs because of language complexity in general and complexity of writing as a skill in particular (Balemir, 2009; Bruning & Horn, 2000; Schweiker-Marra & Marra, 2000).Thus, it will be a great mistake to assume writing process is only cognitive. In other words, the effect of anxiety as an affective property in writing process must not be ignored. Because, according to Cheng, Horwitz and Schallert (1999), there is a relationship between foreign language classroom anxiety and foreign language writing anxiety Students with writing anxiety find all the stages of writing process extremely demanding and challenging. In addition, they feel anxious about the perception of the outcome of writing process. Hence, such an anxiety appears to be the fear of negative evaluation (Madigan, Linton, & Johnson, 1996). Some factors, such as classroom, teacher, exam, and personality traits, lead to anxiety (Young, 1991). As a result, anxiety adversely affects written text production. Many studies in the literature have also noted that (Daly, 1977, 1978; Faigley, Daly, & Witte, 1981; Hurd, 1985; Veit, 1980). Therefore, anxiety is a critical and decisive notion in language learning process and writing process. The aim of studies on writing anxiety is to measure writing anxiety in second language learning and writing anxiety in mother tongue. For instance, Writing Apprehension Test, WAT, developed by Daly and Miller, is frequently used to measure writing anxiety. …


We prove perturbative renormalizability of projectable Hogravity. The key element of the argument is the choice of a gauge which ensures the correct anisotropic scaling of the propagators and their uniform falloff at large frequencies and momenta. This guarantees that the counterterms required to absorb the loop divergences are local and marginal or relevant with respect to the anisotropic scaling. Gauge invariance of the counterterms is achieved by making use of the background-covariant formalism. We also comment on the difficulties of this approach when addressing the renormalizability of the nonprojectable model.


We explore the use of social learning - improving knowledge skills by observing peer behavior - in the domain of Web search skill acquisition, focusing specifically on co-located classroom scenarios. Through a series of interviews, pilot studies, and classroom deployments, we conclude that a peripheral display of Web search activity within a classroom facilitates both social learning and teacher-led discourse. We present the ClassSearch system for shared awareness of Web search activity, which embodies principles gleaned from our iterative design process, and show results from a ClassSearch deployment in twelve middle-school classroom sessions. Finally, we highlight design suggestions and opportunities for future work while taxonomizing the space of co-located search pedagogies.


We have used transient expression assays to identify a cis-acting region in the 5' flanking sequence of murine c-mos which, when deleted, allows expression from the c-mos promoter in NIH 3T3 cells. This negative regulatory sequence, located 400 to 500 nucleotides upstream of the c-mos ATG, also inhibited expression from a heterologous promoter. In addition to NIH 3T3 cells, the c-mos negative regulatory sequence was active in BALB/3T3 cells, PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells, and A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Site-specific mutagenesis identified three possibly interacting regions that were involved in negative regulatory activity, located around -460, -425, and -405 with respect to the ATG. RNase protection analysis indicated that once the negative regulatory sequences were deleted, transcription in NIH 3T3 cells initiated from the same transcription initiation sites normally utilized in spermatocytes, approximately 280 nucleotides upstream of the ATG. Deletions beyond the spermatocyte promoter, however, allowed transcription initiation from progressively downstream c-mos sequences. Deletion or mutation of sequences surrounding the oocyte promoter at -53 also had little effect on expression of c-mos constructs in NIH 3T3 cells. Therefore, the major determinant of c-mos expression in NIH 3T3 cells was removal of the negative regulatory sequence rather than the utilization of a unique promoter. The c-mos negative regulatory sequences thus appear to play a significant role in tissue-specific c-mos expression by inhibiting transcription in somatic cells.


The near-equatorial earth observation satellite is a new-generation optical satellite that is expected to cater to the needs of many countries located in or near the equator. It does not move in a fixed row and path during capturing time. Therefore, in each visit,the images exhibit differences depending on the viewing angle, time, illumination, sun zenith and azimuth angles, sensor zenith and azimuth angles, altitude, and attitude (roll, yaw, and pitch) of the satellite. These factors result in near-equatorial imagery having:(a) mis-registration bands, (b) no geometric matching between features located in the sequences of two images even though they are captured from the same strip, and (c) no reflectance (radiometric) matching between features located in two images captured in the same area at different times. Conventional modeling does not able to process the near equatorial satellite images. The research aims is study the near equatorial satellite images and develop models that can overcome the difficulties that facing processing of near equatorial satellite imagery as follow: (1) To develop band to band registration model for near equatorial image, to overcome the highly nonlinear band shifting of the near equatorial image bands. (2) To develop geometric correction model for near equatorial images, to reduce the highly geometric correction between the near equatorial imagery. (3) To design and implement remote sensing goniometer to simulate NEqO system images, to simulate the near equatorial satellite image. (4) To develop relative radiometric normalization model for NEqO images, to normalize the near equatorial images that have been captured at different time. A new technique to overcome band-to-band registration through the automatic generation of control points from satellite images via scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) is proposed in this study. The SIFT generated control points are utilized to perform registration with first- and second-order polynomials and spline transformations to correct the misregistration between near-equatorial orbit (NEqO) image bands. The image employed in this study is provided by Malaysian National Space Agency (ANGKASA) it was captured by the RazakSAT satellite. An accuracy assessment is performed by comparing the result of the proposed method with the result of both automatic and manual transformations using polynomial transformation. The root mean square errors of the first- and second-order polynomial transformations are 4 and 3 m, respectively. Moreover, the spline transformation produces RMSE 1.1 × 10-6 m. A new technique is developed to improve the automatic extraction of control points. The technique is then utilized to perform geometric correction of near-equatorial images. The method, which is called refine and, improves scale-invariant feature transform (RI-SIFT). RazakSAT and SPOT-5 images are used. The proposed approachbegins by selecting the reference and sensed images. Then, grayscale and image compression are performed. Automatic control point extraction is then performed to generate control points automatically. The generated control points are refined by using the sum of absolute difference algorithm (SAD), with the help of an empirical threshold and control point locations to avoid obtaining inaccurate control points. The refined control points are applied in spline transformation to overcome the geometric errors of near-equatorial orbit (NEqO) images. Validation is then performed by comparing the result of the proposed approach with that of direct geometric correction through the use of polynomial transformation. Results show that the accuracy values obtained from using the refine transformation (RI-SIFT with spline) and polynomial transformation are 7.08 × 10-9 m and 104 m, respectively. The proposed model exhibits accuracy and precision. A relative radiometric normalization model is implemented in three stages. First, a goniometer is designed and built to simulate near-equatorial images and perform relative radiometric normalization. Second, the goniometer is used to collect images with different illumination to conduct radiometric normalization. In the third stage, the refine and improve scale-invariant feature transform method is developed to extract automatically radiometric control points over the image bands. The method aims to acquire the intensity values of the control points to use as pseudo invariant features (PIFs) between the reference and sensed image bands. The next step is to perform statistical linear regression on the control points of the reference and sensed image bands to generate regression transformation functions for use in normalizing the sensed image bands to reference image bands. The proposed model is validated by determining the correlation between the normalized and reference image bands. The correlation range is 0.69–0.85 over the bands of the slave image.


Econometric estimation of production functions is one of the most common methods in applied economic production analysis. These studies usually apply parametric estimation techniques, which obligate the researcher to specify the functional form of the production function. Most often, the Cobb-Douglas or the Translog production function is used. However, the specification of a functional form for the production function involves the risk of specifying a functional form that is not similar to the "true" relationship between the inputs and the output. This misspecification might result in biased estimation results—including measures that are of interest of applied economists, such as elasticities. Therefore, we propose to use nonparametric econometric methods. First, they can be applied to verify the functional form used in parametric estimations of production functions. Second, they can be directly used for estimating production functions without specifying a functional form and thus, avoiding possible misspecification errors. We use a balanced panel data set of farms specialized in crop production that is constructed from Polish FADN data for the years 2004-2007. Our analysis shows that neither the Cobb-Douglas function nor the Translog function are consistent with the "true" relationship between the inputs and the output in our data set. We solve this problem by using non-parametric regression. This approach delivers reasonable results, which are on average not too different from the results of the parametric estimations but many individual results are rather different.


ABSTRACT To better understand fabrics in dolomitized carbonates, aragonitic ooids were replaced with dolomite in laboratory experiments. Recent ooids from Cat Cay were reacted in a solution of 0.5 M MgCl2 and 0.4 M CaCl2 in Teflon-lined stainless steel bombs at 200°C and equilibrium vapor pressure. X-ray diffraction and petrographic study were used to characterize compositional and textural changes during dolomitization. Reaction progressed from aragonite through unordered Ca-Mg carbonate to ordered dolomite within 180 hr. Reaction products are texturally identical irrespective of composition and order. We believe that near-stoichiometric compositions and ordering were achieved by microscale dissolution and reaction of intermediate phases. Dolomitization occurred by dissolution of aragonite concurrent with precipitation of rhombohedral Ca-Mg carbonate. Dolomitization occurs first at ooid surfaces, where microsucrosic crystals precipitated and coalesced to form a rind. With time, reaction preferentially proceeded into discrete zones of ooid microporosity, where dolomite successively replaced algal borings, outer ooid cortices, and inner ooid cortices. Precipitation and coalescence of dolomite crystals in cortical laminae closely mimics original ooid structure. Comparison of experimental fabrics with calcitized, partially dolomitized, and completely dolomitized aragonite ooids of the late Proterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite indicates that mimetic concentric fabric originates by aragonite dissolution and early dolomite precipitation within porous cortical laminae. Importantly, these experimental and natural "replacement" fabrics show that fine-scale dolomite ooid fabrics are not indicative of "primary" dolomite precipitation. Isotopic compositions of Beck Spring mimetic dolomite ooids are enriched relative to other dolomitized metastable marine components, including acicular cement (aragonite), carbonate mud (aragonite-rich), and columnar cement (magnesian calcite). These data suggest that (1) initial reaction of aragonite ooid cortices occurred early in the diagenetic history in marine-dominated fluid, and (2) selective reaction of aragonite ooid cortices was promoted by a combination of high solubility, high cortical porosity, and high reactant surface area relative to other metastable components. Accordingly, textural and chemical data gathered from mimetic concentric dolomite ooids may be useful indicators of precursor aragonite and early dolomitization events.


A significant hurdle for analyzing big data is the lack of effective technology and statistical inference methods. A popular approach for analyzing data with large sample is subsampling. Many subsampling probabilities have been introduced in literature (Ma, \emph{et al.}, 2015) for linear model. In this dissertation, we focus on generalized estimating equations (GEE) with big data and derive the asymptotic normality for the estimator without resampling and estimator with resampling. We also give the asymptotic representation of the bias of estimator without resampling and estimator with resampling. we show that bias becomes significant when the data is of high-dimensional. We also present a novel subsampling method called A-optimal which is derived by minimizing the trace of some dispersion matrices (Peng and Tan, 2018). We derive the asymptotic normality of the estimator based on A-optimal subsampling methods. We conduct extensive simulations on large sample data with high dimension to evaluate the performance of our proposed methods using MSE as a criterion. High dimensional data are further investigated and we show through simulations that minimizing the asymptotic variance does not imply minimizing the MSE as bias not negligible. We apply our proposed subsampling method to analyze a real data set, gas sensor data which has more than four millions data points. In both simulations and real data analysis, our A-optimal method outperform the traditional uniform subsampling method.


In much of our conversation, we assume that speakers and listeners are generally cooperating with each other. However, in some circumstances, a speaker intends to communicate more than is said, that something must be more than just what the words mean. It is an additional meaning, called conversational implicature. Conversational implicature is an interesting thing where it is not a matter of a sentence but instead of an utterance?s meaning. Therefore, in this study, the writer is interested in analyzing the implicature found the utterances of the three main characters, the types of implicatures, and produced the most frequently. The writer chose Taxi because it is a good film with an intelligent plot in which it is not predictable what will happen next (Gavez, 2004). The writer used Grice?s theory of conversational implicature as the basis of the analysis of the study. The utterances containing implicature fall into two categries: generalized and particularized conversational implicature. From the findings, the writer found 70 implicatures from the three main characters: Belle, Washburn, and Marta. Between the two types, generalized and particularized conversational implicature, generalized conversational implicature takes a bigger percentage, namely 51.43%. It means 36 out of the 70 implicatures are generalized ones. To follow, when it comes to the other type, 34 out of the 70 implicatures found are about particularized conversational implicature. It then indicatives that 48.57 % of the total implicatures are about particularized conversational implicature. This study also reveals significant finding that may contribute to the theory of implicature itself and its applications so that it will be useful for further reference. Firstly, the study reveals that one single utterance can have two types of conversational implicature. It means a single utterance may license both a generalized and a particularized conversational implicature. To add, the use of indefinite article `a/an? in a sentence can actually function as cardinal number as it actually refers to `one?. Lastly, the theory of an indefinite article of the type `a/an X?, is typically interpreted according to the generalized conversational implicature that: an X +> not speaker?s X cannot be generalized in this study since it can be interpreted as the speaker?s X. This fact, indeed, contradicts with the theory proposed by Yule (1996).


OBJECTIVE
This analysis examines the role of alcohol consumption in success at quitting smoking.

METHOD
Participants were 3,977 men and women in the Lung Health Study, a prospective investigation of the effect of smoking cessation and an inhaled bronchodilator on the airways of smokers with mild lung function impairment. Participants reporting more than 25 drinks per week, or 8 or more drinks per occasion once a month or more, or alcoholics who drank in the past year were excluded from the sample.

RESULTS
There was no relationship between amount of alcohol consumed at baseline and smoking status after 1 year. Among both men and women receiving a smoking cessation intervention, those who drank eight or more drinks per occasion (binge drinkers) were more likely to be current smokers after 1 year, and to smoke more cigarettes per day than those without a history of binge drinking. These relationships were largely absent among control participants. Participants who identified themselves as former or recovering alcoholics at baseline did not differ from the other participants in their smoking behavior after 1 year. When volume of drinking and drinking of eight or more drinks per occasion were compared in polychotomous ordinal logistic regressions, only binge drinking predicted failure at smoking cessation.

CONCLUSIONS
Binge but not volume of drinking was related to failure in attempts to quit smoking. The common factor may be that binge drinking and relapse to smoking both represent loss of control.


Nature (Universe) Life, Death (Generality) (Character) bubble (The Contradictory Unity) Tenactity Struggling for Existing Illusion Three months before the Tianamen Square uprising in 1989, a group of Chinese visual and performance artists organized the China/Avant-Garde exhibition in Beijing. Three hours after the doors opened, artists Xiao Lu and Tang Song took out pistols and shot at reflections of themselves in a mirror. The mirror was placed between two telephone booths containing two painted views of the backs of a male and female student, talking to each other on the phone. After the shots were fired, the Beijing authorities moved swiftly to shut down the exhibition. This event marked a defining moment in the development of a new form of Chinese art practice. Dynamic changes in the social and economic fabric of Chinese society have dramatically influenced the development of contemporary Chinese culture. Since the late 1970s, Chinese artists have redrawn the traditional boundaries of Chinese culture, this experimentation reflects a synthesis of practices blending Chinese and Western modernist and postmodernist forms. In the mid-1980s, Chinese visual artists began experimenting with conceptual performance art; Chinese painters and sculptors moved out of the state controlled gallery system and began creating confrontational work in the public sphere. This work focused on the antagonistic relationship between the individual and the state mandated "collective." The development of performance art in China mirrors in many respects the same creative impulses that gave birth to the conceptual performance art movement in the West in the early 1960s. Painters, poets, sculptors, and musicians, no longer satisfied with the formalistic relationship defined by the page or the museum wall, began to "act out" their art. In both China and the West, the performance art movement grew out of an intensely political environment. The Chinese term for performance art is xingwei yishu, which loosely translated means "behavior art." According to contemporary Chinese art critic and curator Guo Minglu, This concept of "behavior" is not limited to the physical actions of the individual but also encompasses the moral sense of the individual expressing one's self in a community or within a social structure. In the Chinese Confucian tradition, there is no such thing as purely individual behavior, all individual behavior is social and all behavior reflects some type of social relationship. In June of 1989, Western journalists recorded the image of a Chinese man standing alone on a road in Beijing. He was dressed in a white shirt and dark pants and wore a white glove on one hand. He was blocking the path of four military tanks. The tanks paused for a moment, befuddled by the presence of this man who stood alone against the Chinese Military. Several days later, a hastily constructed sculpture of the body of the Statue of Liberty was erected in Tiananmen Square; the torso was ripped and then torched. These two images reflect a form of "behavioral" performance played out on the stage of world politics. These "acts" used the body as a means to articulate resistance and served to influence the Chinese performance art movement of the 1990s. The Tiananmen Square tragedy temporarily halted all unofficial art practice. Exhibitions of contemporary art were completely banned until late 1990, and the Chinese performance art movement lay dormant. Performance artist Sheng Qi, who had organized large scale performance pieces on the Great Wall in the 1980s, severed a finger from his left hand in protest of the Tiananmen massacre, planted it in a flowerpot, and left the country. But by 1991, contemporary Chinese artists began exhibiting again both underground and overseas. Visits to China by Western performance artists provided the impetus to a younger generation of emerging Chinese performance artists to create new work. …


This paper presents a study investigating seated subjects' perception of railway induced groundborne vibration in the vertical direction. Previous studies into the perception of railway induced vibration have treated this phenomenon as a unidimensional problem. The aim of the study detailed in this paper is to determine if the perception of railway induced groundborne vibration is multidimensional in nature and if the resulting perceptual dimensions can be related to a measure of annoyance. Twenty-one subjects took part in paired comparison tests of similarity and annoyance. These tests were conducted using fourteen measured vibration stimuli selected to be representative of groundborne vibration induced by railway activities in the United Kingdom. Through multidimensional scaling analysis, it is shown that the perception of railway induced vibration is dependent on up to four perceptual dimensions. These dimensions relate to energy in the 16 Hz 1/3 octave band (α 16Hz), energy in the 32 Hz 1/3 octave band (α 32Hz), the duration of the train passage (T 10dB), and the modulation frequency of the envelope of the signal (f mod). These perceptual dimensions are shown to be related to single figure Perceived Annoyance Ratings (α) by the following relationship: A = −0.40+4.57α 16Hz+3.18α 32Hz+0.02T 10dB+0.02f mod. Finally, the single figure Perceived Annoyance Ratings are related to categorical ratings of annoyance via a logistic regression model. These findings confirm the hypothesis that the perception of complex vibration stimuli is multidimensional and can be described by a small number of perceptual dimensions.


The purpose of this paper is to address the problem of maintaining coherent perceptual information in a mobile robotic system working over extended periods of time, interacting with a user and using multiple sensing modalities to gather information about the environment and specific objects. We present a system which is able to use spatial and olfactory sensors to patrol a corridor and execute user requested tasks. To cope with perceptual maintenance we present an extension of the anchoring framework capable of maintaining the correspondence between sensor data and the symbolic descriptions referring to objects. It is also capable of tracking and acquiring information from observations derived from sensor-data as well as information from a priori symbolic concepts. The general system is described and an experimental validation on a mobile robot is presented.


In June 2012, Barclays Bank PLC entered into a settlement agreement with the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority and the United States' Commodities Futures Trading Commission that settled Barclays's role in manipulating the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR. The Barclays episode, and related scandal, provides an opportunity to examine approaches to financial regulation in the United Kingdom and the United States. This Note uses that opportunity to compare and contrast the approach to financial regulation in the United Kingdom and the United States. In particular, this Note contends that the LIBOR scandal reveals three problems with the then-existing approaches to financial regulation in the United Kingdom and United States. The three issues presented are 1) a problem with the people involved in setting LIBOR; 2) a problem with the publicity that banks face when they submit their rates to LIBOR; and 3) a problem with the way LIBOR is calculated that allows it to diverge too far from market realities. This Note also argues that the "light-touch" approach that characterizes financial regulation in the United Kingdom should be combined with the more intensive approach to regulation found in the United States. The Wheatley Review of LIBOR is held up as an example of this hybrid approach. This Note proceeds by first briefly presenting the history of LIBOR as well as presenting an account of the manipulation. The Note then reviews the structure of financial regulation in the United Kingdom, with special attention paid to the recent Wheatley Review of LIBOR. This Note presents a similar account of financial regulation in the United States, before comparing and contrasting the two approaches. This comparison generates the primary thrust of this Note's argument that the two approaches should be combined. Before concluding, this Note deals with several counter-arguments. The conclusion then explains how the Wheatley Review embodies the hybrid approach advocated in this Note. * J.D. 2014, Northwestern University School of Law; B.A. 2001, The Ohio State University; M.A. 2006, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary; B.A. 2008, The University of Massachusetts Amherst; M.A. 2010, Ohio University. I thank the editorial staff of the Journal of International Law and Business for their helpful suggestions and guidance. Most importantly, I thank my wife Sandi for her boundless patience and encouragement, both in my writing this Note and in our journey together. HALL_FINAL_34.1.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 3/12/14 9:25 PM Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 34:153 (2013) 154 TABLE OF CONTENTS


The role of parasites as agents of selection on their hosts has been well established, but less is known about how parasites facilitate divergence among host populations. In this thesis, I used the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, as a model organism to explore spatial variation in host-parasite interactions and the consequences for divergence of host traits. First, I established the extent of spatial variation in natural infection in the study system, North Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, by conducting a survey of macroparasite communities in twelve freshwater lochs over two years. I found substantial geographic variation in parasite communities that was remarkably stable in time. Assuming that differences in parasite community composition correspond to differences in parasite-mediated selection, it suggests that North Uist stickleback populations experience divergent parasite-mediated selection that is consistent in time. Next, I carried out a series of artificial infection experiments with lab-reared sticklebacks from five populations using three widespread macroparasite species (Gyrodactylus gasterostei, Diplostomum spathaceum and Schistocephalus solidus), to assess geographic variation in parasite resistance and a component of the innate immune system, the respiratory burst response. There was significant variation among populations in resistance to G. gasterostei and D. spathaceum, and the innate immune response. To some extent the variation was related to natural infection levels, suggesting that divergent parasite-mediated selection may drive investment in these traits. Lastly, I conducted a growth experiment with the five stickleback populations and showed that there was significant population-level variation in juvenile growth rate, an important life history trait. In spite of considerable variation in all traits, I found no evidence for genetic trade-offs across populations between juvenile growth rate, and macroparasite resistance or the innate immune response. This thesis adds to a growing body of work that emphasises the importance of space in shaping host-parasite interactions.


This study examines the factors that drive technology utilisation, learning and transfer among women farmers in Nigeria. It assesses both modern and indigenous technologies used in farming activities. Three states were purposively selected from the six that comprise the South West geopolitical zone of the country. Structured questionnaire was administered to 180 women smallholder farmers who were randomly selected in equal proportion across the three states. Some 128 copies of questionnaire were retrieved representing a response rate of about 71%. The study reveals that majority of the women (about 67%) use indigenous technologies while only a few (17%) and 16% use modern technologies and a combination of both respectively. Family and friends are the main source of learning indigenous technologies while extension agents are the major source of modern. The study uses spearman correlation to determine the drivers of the dependent variables. Age, level of education, years of experience and learning intensity are significantly correlated with technology utilisation at 1% level of confidence while primary occupation and learning have significant correlation with technology learning at 5% and 1% confidence level respectively. The study also reveals that farmers' age, experience and availability of learning system are have significant correlation with technology transfer. The study advocates the introduction of need and gender-specific new technologies. There is the need for integration of indigenous technologies into research so that it can be attractive to the older women. Also, farmers should be integrated into the technology development process. This will help in sustaining the rising interest of younger women in adapting modern and indigenous technologies in agriculture. The study also advocates the need for deeper and broader interactions among key actors, such as, R&D institutions, extension agents, NGOs, CBOs and farmers on the effectiveness and variety of channels used in technology learning, utilisation and transfer. Appropriate public policy interventions should also be introduced to develop 'smallholder-friendly' technologies, especially among women, to curb market failures in technology adoption.


ABSTRACT Thirteen types of stomata along with 18 subtypes and 3 intermediate subtypes between brachyparahexacytic monopolar and dipolar are reported here to be present in the leaves of Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. var. alata and Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Br. var. irregularis (W. W. Sm.) Deb & S. K. Basu. The foliar epidermal cells are either polygonal, rectangular, or triangular, having either straight anticlinal walls or sinuous to undulate walls, and isodiametric in surface view. The observed stomata are amphibrachyparacytic, amphicyclocytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, anomotetracytic, brachyparacytic, brachyparahexacytic, brachyparatetracytic, cyclocytic, paracytic, parahexacytic (dipolar), paratetracytic and stephanocytic. Besides these, the presence of giant stomata is a significant finding. Cuticular striations are present on the subsidiary cells, epidermal cells and sometimes even on guard cells.


We are being increasingly exposed to ideas of perfect sleep in fiction and journalism. This paper explores the notion of a modern self-consciousness surrounding sleep and sleeplessness, and the ways in which this obsession creates a kind of performance anxiety when it comes to achieving sleep of a recommended quality. By analysing journal articles and fictional texts in which the importance of a sleep standard is emphasised, this paper discusses the various situations in which we can fail to sleep, or how sleep can fail us. It will first examine the pressures of performing for ideal rest by investing in and manipulating sleep. This paper will then observe the act of detaching ourselves from the force of sleep, mythologizing and externalising the experience. Finally, by analysing the presentation of insomnia in Jonathan Coe's The House of Sleep (1997), this paper will suggest that erratic sleeping habits can sometimes be a necessary failure, and that the modern preoccupation with sleep is placing too much focus on an otherwise natural and unpredictable process.


A 40-year-old man with no history of neuropsychiatric illness was taking one 250-mg tablet of mefloquine (MFQ) weekly for malaria prophylaxis while in Tanzania. He experienced no adverse reaction in association with his first two doses. Concurrently with both his third and his fourth dose he consumed about half a litre of whisky. On both occasions he experienced hallucinations, paranoid delusions and suicidal ideation. Thereafter he continued taking the MFQ, abstained completely from ethanol ingestion and had no recurrence of psychiatric symptoms. It is hypothesized that the combination of MFQ and ethanol caused the two episodes of severe psychiatric disturbance.


Government action is essential to increase the healthiness of food environments and reduce obesity, diet‐related non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), and their related inequalities. This paper proposes a monitoring framework to assess government policies and actions for creating healthy food environments. Recommendations from relevant authoritative organizations and expert advisory groups for reducing obesity and NCDs were examined, and pertinent components were incorporated into a comprehensive framework for monitoring government policies and actions. A Government Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food‐EPI) was developed, which comprises a 'policy' component with seven domains on specific aspects of food environments, and an 'infrastructure support' component with seven domains to strengthen systems to prevent obesity and NCDs. These were revised through a week‐long consultation process with international experts. Examples of good practice statements are proposed within each domain, and these will evolve into benchmarks established by governments at the forefront of creating and implementing food policies for good health. A rating process is proposed to assess a government's level of policy implementation towards good practice. The Food‐EPI will be pre‐tested and piloted in countries of varying size and income levels. The benchmarking of government policy implementation has the potential to catalyse greater action to reduce obesity and NCDs.


Additive Manufacturing (AM) through the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) route offers ample scope for producing geometrically complex parts compared to the conventional subtractive manufacturing strategies. Nevertheless, the residual stresses which develop during the fabrication can limit application of the SLM components by reducing the load bearing capacity and by inducing unwanted distortion, depending on the boundary conditions specified during manufacturing.
The present study aims at characterizing the residual stress states in the SLM parts using different diffraction methods. The material used is the nickel based superalloy Inconel 718. Microstructure as well as the surface and bulk residual stresses were characterized. For the residual stress analysis, X-ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction methods were used. The measurements were performed at BAM, at the EDDI beamline of -BESSY II synchrotron- and the E3 line -BER II neutron reactor- of the Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Materialien und Energie (HZB) Berlin.
The results reveal significant differences in the residual stress states for the different characterization techniques employed, which indicates a dependence of the residual state on the penetration depth in the sample. For the surface residual stresses, longitudinal and transverse stress components from both X-ray and synchrotron agree well and the obtained values were around the yield strength of the material. Furthermore, synchrotron mapping disclosed gradients along the width and length of the sample for the longitudinal and transverse stress components. On the other hand, lower residual stresses were found in the bulk of the material measured using neutron diffraction. The longitudinal component was tensile and decreased towards the boundary of the sample. In contrast, the normal component was nearly constant and compressive in nature. The transversal component was almost negligible. The results indicate that a stress re-distribution takes place during the deposition of the consecutive layers. Further investigations are planned to study the phenomenon in detail.


We consider sensor networks that measure spatio-temporal correlated processes. An important task in such settings is the reconstruction at a certain node, called the sink, of the data at all points of the field. We consider scenarios where data is time critical, so delay results in distortion, or suboptimal estimation and control. For the reconstruction, the only data available to the sink are the values measured at the nodes of the sensor network, and knowledge of the correlation structure: this results in spatial distortion of reconstruction. Also, for the sake of power efficiency, sensor nodes need to transmit their data by relaying through the other network nodes: this results in delay, and thus temporal distortion of reconstruction if time critical data is concerned. We study data gathering for the case of Gaussian processes in one- and two-dimensional grid scenarios, where we are able to write explicit expressions for the spatial and time distortion, and combine them into a single total distortion measure. We prove that, for various standard correlation structures, there is an optimal finite density of the sensor network for which the total distortion is minimized. Thus, when power efficiency and delay are both considered in data gathering, it is useless from the point of view of accuracy of the reconstruction to increase the number of sensors above a certain threshold that depends on the correlation structure characteristics.


Each year Forbes bestows a handful of "edu-preneurs" with the 30 Under 30 Award in Education (Under30), designating those individuals as the best hope for revolutionizing and reforming education. Boasting low recipient rates, Forbes elevates the manufactured expertise of awardees and the importance of their organizations and ventures. Further, Forbes employs the language and norms of neoliberalism to articulate a pro-market vision of education reform. This social network analytic (SNA) study seeks to untangle the edu-preneur network and critically examine the connections between awardees, their organizations, judges, and the larger education reform network. To this end, we utilized descriptive analyses and SNA. We find evidence that Under30 serves as a mechanism for promoting social closure and ideological homophily within education reform networks. Further, we consider the policy implications that such awards may have on public discourse and policy creation.


Sublethal toxicity tests successfully measured the improved quality of pulp mill effluents from the first cycle of environmental effects monitoring (1992‐1996) to the second cycle (1997‐2000). Test endpoints showed notable shifts to higher concentrations (less toxic). During the second cycle of monitoring, significantly more tests showed no effect in full-strength effluent. Five case studies were considered as part of this exercise. Most of the improvement came with installation of secondary treatment. Twelve Ontario mills with secondary treatment showed reduced toxicity, compared to results with primary treatment. All 29 sets of sublethal data showed higher IC25s during the second cycle, and 23 of these differences were statistically significant. Any other changes between the two cycles of study caused only marginal overall improvement in toxicity, judging by 12 freshwater mills in British Columbia which had secondary treatment during both cycles. Sublethal tests successfully predicted the zone of potential effect in receiving water, agreeing with effects observed in biological surveys. Overlapping zones from multiple discharges could also be demonstrated. In a situation near Niagara Falls, sublethal tests estimated the proportions of toxic loading that four mills contributed to one water body. The prediction was realistic; the actual toxicity found for a mixed effluent was 57% of that predicted from separate toxicities. The conservative prediction agrees with the usual less-than-additive sublethal action of combined toxicants.


WiFi interface is known to be a primary energy consumer in mobile devices, and idle listening (IL) is the dominant source of energy consumption in WiFi. Most existing protocols, such as the 802.11 power-saving mode (PSM), attempt to reduce the time spent in IL by sleep scheduling. However, through an extensive analysis of real-world traffic, we found more than 60 percent of energy is consumed in IL, even with PSM enabled. To remedy this problem, we propose Energy-Minimizing idle Listening (E-MiLi) that reduces the power consumption in IL, given that the time spent in IL has already been optimized by sleep scheduling. Observing that radio power consumption decreases proportionally to its clock rate, E-MiLi adaptively downclocks the radio during IL, and reverts to full clock rate when an incoming packet is detected or a packet has to be transmitted. E-MiLi incorporates sampling rate invariant detection, ensuring accurate packet detection and address filtering even when the receiver's sampling clock rate is much lower than the signal bandwidth. Further, it employs an opportunistic downclocking mechanism to optimize the efficiency of switching clock rate, based on a simple interface to existing MAC-layer scheduling protocols. We have implemented E-MiLi on the USRP software radio platform. Our experimental evaluation shows that E-MiLi can detect packets with close to 100 percent accuracy even with downclocking by a factor of 16. When integrated with 802.11, E-MiLi can reduce energy consumption by around 44 percent for 92 percent of users in real-world wireless networks.


Nitrogen collisional cross sections (CCSs) of hybrid and complex glycans released from the glycoproteins IgG, gp120 (from human immunodeficiency virus), ovalbumin, α1-acid glycoprotein and thyroglobulin were measured with a travelling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometer using dextran as the calibrant. The utility of this instrument for isomer separation was also investigated. Some isomers, such as Man3 GlcNAc3 from chicken ovalbumin and Man3 GlcNAc3 Fuc1 from thyroglobulin could be partially resolved and identified by their negative ion fragmentation spectra obtained by collision-induced decomposition (CID). Several other larger glycans, however, although existing as isomers, produced only asymmetric rather than separated arrival time distributions (ATDs). Nevertheless, in these cases, isomers could often be detected by plotting extracted fragment ATDs of diagnostic fragment ions from the negative ion CID spectra obtained in the transfer cell of the Waters Synapt mass spectrometer. Coincidence in the drift times of all fragment ions with an asymmetric ATD profile in this work, and in the related earlier paper on high-mannose glycans, usually suggested that separations were because of conformers or anomers, whereas symmetrical ATDs of fragments showing differences in drift times indicated isomer separation. Although some significant differences in CCSs were found for the smaller isomeric glycans, the differences found for the larger compounds were usually too small to be analytically useful. Possible correlations between CCSs and structural types were also investigated, and it was found that complex glycans tended to have slightly smaller CCSs than high-mannose glycans of comparable molecular weight. In addition, biantennary glycans containing a core fucose and/or a bisecting GlcNAc residue fell on different mobility-m/z trend lines to those glycans not so substituted with both of these substituents contributing to larger CCSs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Lignin-rich pulps, like TMP, have been limited to the manufacture of short-life papers like
newsprint. This is because the lignin in these pulps tends to yellow rapidly and
extensively when exposed to sunlight (reversion). Researchers have attempted to inhibit
this reversion. Some mercaptans exhibit excellent inhibition abilities, but little is known
about the mechanism. This thesis explores the inhibition of photo-induced reversion of
TMP and model lignin compounds (MLCs) using mercaptans, along with some
mechanisms for this inhibition.
Inhibition studies required a quick and accurate simulation of the natural reversion
process. Ultravitalux sunlamps were shown to induce rapid photo-reversion of TMP and
peroxide bleached TMP (BTMP) handsheets, closely matching sunlight-induced
reversion.
Mercaptans, particularly ethylene glycol bisthioglycolate (EGB), efficiently inhibited this
reversion. Their initial bleaching effect resembled hydrogen peroxide bleaching, possibly
via removal of coniferaldehyde structures. Inhibition required the mercaptans to remain
within the paper sheet during irradiation, and for unbleached TMP results indicated that
this inhibition occurred mainly via a removal of yellow irradiation products as they were
formed.
Studies on model lignin compounds (MLCs) extended knowledge of both reversion
processes, and modes of mercaptan inhibition. Studies confirmed that a free phenolic
hydroxyl group was essential for reversion. A C=C or C=0 group, in conjunction with
the phenolic hydroxyl group, may have sensitised reversion. When C=C and C=0 groups
were conjugated on a side chain, however, reversion was found to be blocked (e.g. 3-
methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde).
Mercaptan inhibition of photo-induced reversion in MLCs was shown to be diverse.
While some MLCs were completely inhibited (e.g. guaiacol), others were only partially
inhibited (e.g. vanillin), or not inhibited at all (e.g. eugenol). For compounds containing a
side chain C=C-C=0 conjugation (e.g. 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cimiamaldehyde),
mercaptan treatment actually enabled reversion, by destroying the conjugation which had
previously blocked reversion.
This diversity in MLC inhibition suggests that mercaptans are likely to inhibit via several
modes, which are determined by interacting species. This was confirmed by different
mechanistic studies. For example, three mercaptans had a strong potential to inhibit reversion of isoeugenol mainly by removing coloured products of irradiation as they
formed. For methoxyhydroquinone and acetovanillone, such a mechanism was supported
in only two mercaptans, while for other MLCs (e.g. vanillic acid) this mechanism was
possible only as a partial mode of inhibition.
An alternative mode was also found to occur. This involved an inhibition of photosensitising
reactions, and results again reflected a diversity in effectiveness. For example,
while two photo-sensitisers (acetophenone and acetoveratrone) sensitised and enhanced
photo-reversion of guaiacol, EGB inhibited only one of these photo-sensitisers
(acetoveratrone).
A third mechanism was also demonstrated, which involved a "UV-shielding" effect.
Here, the mercaptan did not require contact with the MLC to inhibit reversion. Again,
results were varied. Whereas each mercaptan shielded vanillin, no mercaptan shielded
guaiacol. Furthermore, EGB shielded methoxyhydroquinone, but the other two
mercaptans did not.
Thus, the inhibition of reversion by mercaptans was shown to be a complex process,
involving several different modes of action, which are prevalent or not, depending on both
the mercaptan and the species it is inhibiting.


American evangelicalism often appears as a politically monolithic, textbook red-state fundamentalism that elected George W. Bush, opposes gay marriage, abortion, and evolution, and promotes apathy about global warming. Prominent public figures hold forth on these topics, speaking with great authority for millions of followers. Authors Stephens and Giberson, with roots in the evangelical tradition, argue that this popular impression understates the diversity within evangelicalism - an often insular world where serious disagreements are invisible to secular and religiously liberal media consumers. Yet, in the face of this diversity, why do so many people follow leaders with dubious credentials when they have other options? Why do tens of millions of Americans prefer to get their science from Ken Ham, founder of the creationist Answers in Genesis, who has no scientific expertise, rather than from his fellow evangelical Francis Collins, current Director of the National Institutes of Health? Exploring intellectual authority within evangelicalism, the authors reveal how America's populist ideals, anti-intellectualism, and religious free market, along with the concept of anointing - being chosen by God to speak for him like the biblical prophets - established a conservative evangelical leadership isolated from the world of secular arts and sciences. Today, charismatic and media-savvy creationists, historians, psychologists, and biblical exegetes continue to receive more funding and airtime than their more qualified counterparts. Though a growing minority of evangelicals engage with contemporary scholarship, the community's authority structure still encourages the 'anointed' to assume positions of leadership.


Abstract Many dung mosses (Splachnaceae) are characterized by insect-mediated spore dispersal. All of the entomophilous species are coprophilous, whereas anemophilous species are humicolous or epiphytic. The three species of the Voitioideae are coprophilous but are distinguished from other members of the family by sporangia that remain closed (cleistocarpous) and lack a peristome. Spores are released when the sporangial wall disintegrates. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences of the trnL-trnF region and the rps4 locus (cpDNA) for 25 species of Splachnaceae suggest that this combination of characters arose twice within the Splachnaceae and that Voitia grandis is more closely related to species of Tayloria subgenus Tayloria rather to the other species of Voitia, which are nested within the genus Tetraplodon. Hence the new combination Tayloria grandis (Long) Goffinet & Shaw is made. Although the optimal trees were left unrooted, our results resolve the Voitioideae (i.e., the genus Voitia) as nested within the Splachnoideae. The phylogenetic significance of sporophytic characters within the family Splachnaceae is briefly discussed. Communicating Editor: Aaron Liston


Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. Analyses of 17 placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks) in these subjects revealed a risk of death in the drug-treated subjects of between 1.6 to 1.7 times that seen in placebo-treated subjects. Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated subjects was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia) in nature. INVEGA (paliperidone) Extended-Release Tablets is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.


This paper focused on are the results of research into the freshwater springs occurring in the crystalline and compact sedimentary rocks in the Sudeten Mountains. The research consisted of three series of measurements taken in the hydrological year 2013 in four test catchments (Machowski Stream, Inflow at the foot of Mount Grodziec, Podgorna, Mostowy Stream). Data analysis indicated that the number of springs, spring discharge and physicochemical properties of the water were subject to significant temporal variation. The temporal variability of the spring density index ranged from 7 to 31%. Temporal variations in the total yield of the springs fluctuated between 34 and 63% and the minimum discharge variability index exceeded 100%. The study indicated that water flow in areas consisting of compact sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and marl is much more diffuse than in areas that are comprised primarily of crystalline rocks, which accounts for a lower yield and a decrease in temporal spring discharge variability. In areas made up of crystalline rocks, the higher yield and the higher spring discharge variability index point to cracks and fissures as the main recharge component, a feature characteristic of aquifers with high conductivity and low storage capacities.


Recently, research efforts aiming to improve energy efficiency of wastewater treatment processes for large centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been increasing. Global warming impacts, energy sustainability, and biosolids generation are among several key drivers towards the establishment of energy-efficient WWTPs. WWTPs have been recognized as major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions as these are significant energy consumers in the industrialized world. The quantity of biosolids or excess waste activated sludge produced by WWTP will increase in the future due to population growth and this pose environmental concerns and solid waste disposal issues. Due to limited capacity of landfill sites, more stringent environmental legislation, and air pollution from incineration sites, there is a need to rethink the conventional way of dealing with wastewater and the sludge production that comes with it. This book provides an overview of advanced biological, physical and chemical treatment with the aim of reducing the volume of sewage sludge.

Provides a comprehensive list of processes aiming at reducing the volume of sewage sludge and increasing biogas production from waste activated sludge.
Includes clear process flowsheet showing how the process is modified compared to the conventional waste activated sludge process.
Provides current technologies applied on full scale plant as well as methods still under investigation at laboratory scale.
Offers data from pilot scale experience of these processes