The
 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, at the University of
Missouri-Columbia, houses the Stephenson Collection-over 70 document
cartons the size of standard file-drawers. Among this material is
Tribute to Melanie Klein which, from evidence in the text, appears to
have been drafted for The Journal of the Melanie Klein Society in about
1988. While it is evidently not a finished piece, I have elected to
leave the manuscript essentially intact. It provides strong indication
that, near the end of his life, Stephenson was actively revisiting his
unpublished books, Intimations of Self and Psychoanalysis and
Q-methodology. In a 1985 note accompanying a gift of 10 unpublished book
 manuscripts to the Journalism School library at Columbia, Stephenson
indicated that these two were not yet ready for readers. Stephenson
envisaged that Tribute to Melanie Klein would include 10 "segments,"
five of which are reproduced here: Segments I-IV for the first time, and
 Segment X, 'Intentionality: or how to buy a loaf of bread', which is
reprinted from Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4), pp. 69-90.


This article describes what a private agency expended while addressing the transitional needs of former long-term foster youth and examines the association between expenditures and adult outcomes. Not all young adults accepted supports extended to them. In the sample, 41% of the young adults incurred expenses after age 19. Of those using supports, about two-thirds incurred expenses for higher education, and slightly fewer for continued housing support. Median expenses were generally stable or declining between ages 19 and 21, although almost all declined after age 22. Young adults who received extended supports tended to be better off at follow-up, although some troubled young adults used extensive, expensive services.


The EHRO-N team provides the EC with essential data related to supply and demand for nuclear experts based on bottom-up information from the nuclear industry. The current report deals with an alternative approach to derive figures for the demand side information of the nuclear workforce. Complementary to the bottom-up approach taken by the EHRO-N team at JRC-IET, a top-down modeling approach extrapolation of nuclear energy demand scenario's is followed here in addition to the survey information. In this top-down modeling approach, well accepted nuclear energy demand data is used to derive the number of nuclear power plants that are in operation and under construction as a function of time from 2010 up to 2050 assuming that the current reactor park will be replaced by generic third generation reactors of 1400 MWe or 1000 MWe. Based on workforce models for operation and construction of nuclear power plants, the model allows a prediction of these respective workforces.


This document seeks to establish a contemporary record of the nineteenth-century masonry fortifications of the Third System whose continued existence in Southeastern Louisiana is in peril. Designed and implemented in the years following the invasion of Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812 by Napoleon Bonaparte's chief engineer, Louisiana's coastal forts represent the pinnacle of European, pre-modern-warfare military architecture. With their obsolescence secured by advances in technology in the mid to late nineteenth century, each was abandoned or decommissioned following the American Civil War. These historic constructed spaces that are each uniquely adapted to the land they occupy have never been formally or comprehensively photographed, though they have existed in varying states of ruin and decay for well over a century. Continued hurricane damage, neglect, lack of funding and public disinterest contribute to their impending non-existence. The series Danger Shelter Opportunity endeavors to preserve the physical appearance of these places and the nature of their entropy through photography.


We found that interactive services at Bing have highly variable datacenter-side processing latencies because their processing consists of many sequential stages, parallelization across 10s-1000s of servers and aggregation of responses across the network. To improve the tail latency of such services, we use a few building blocks: reissuing laggards elsewhere in the cluster, new policies to return incomplete results and speeding up laggards by giving them more resources. Combining these building blocks to reduce the overall latency is non-trivial because for the same amount of resource (e.g., number of reissues), different stages improve their latency by different amounts. We present Kwiken, a framework that takes an end-to-end view of latency improvements and costs. It decomposes the problem of minimizing latency over a general processing DAG into a manageable optimization over individual stages. Through simulations with production traces, we show sizable gains; the 99th percentile of latency improves by over 50% when just 0.1% of the responses are allowed to have partial results and by over 40% for 25% of the services when just 5% extra resources are used for reissues.


Objective: A study on indoor air play important roles in human health by polluted indoor labrotory and causes some diseases such as infections skin, eyes, respiratory system , allergy and biotoxicity. Air is made up of enormous of microorganisms mainly bacteria. Their estimation is important as an indication of cleanliness of any particular environment. The presence both bacteria and fungi in indoor air is problem of health protection due to a long time period that workers and students stay indoors. Determination of level microbial pollution indoors is necessary to assess the health hazard for indoor air quality control. This study provides information on microbial contamination level of indoor air of biological labrotary was estimated. Material and Methods: Collected air samples from seven bio-laboratories and low, up corridors locations during April-June 2019. Air samples were taken three months : in the in the afternoon. Results: The higher of percentage of isolated airborne bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis, it was 58.57% and 26.84% for all biological laboratories respectively at study location, while the lowest percentage were Klebsiella sp. and Protus sp., it was 11.98% and 4.29% for all biological laboratories, respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded from the current study that is advisable that estimate to check microorganisms loads in Laboratories and prevent their increase and spread.


The logistic model has been very effective in forecasting many technological forecasting patterns. However, it has the characteristic of underestimating the forecasts in many situations. This is mainly due to the constraints imposed by the constant saturation level of the logistic growth curve. This paper proposes a variable asymptote logistic (VAL) model for forecasting electricity consumption in New Zealand. The saturation level of electricity consumption is found by the respective degree of correlation with the population of the country and the price of electricity. This is used as a variable asymptote in this logistic model and hence the name variable asymptote logistic (VAL) model. The VAL model gave lower forecasting errors than the logistic model and gave future forecasts that are higher than the logistic model. The software package MATLAB is used in all stages of the simulation.


Buried beneath the conversation or, if preferred, the simmering debate about if and how we should be teaching English - in some form, to some end – around the world, is the fact that many of our students are not the least bit interested in what we have to teach them. Should we care?At the heart of the problem, and of this paper, is motivation. Should we not look at our students first, rather than continue to hand down and implement policy from on high, from elsewhere? Should we try to imagine what our students' future professional and personal lives will be like and how one of the current 'World Englishes' might be of use to them, one day? A great motivator is culture, in its broadest sense.This paper nods in passing to the theme of 'interdisciplinarity,' considered vital, as well as to that of 'teaching and learning in the digital age,' the latter seen as a boon not a bane. The author, nonetheless, feels piques of conscience about the stealth role of English in what is, gaily and glibly, called 'globalized contexts'. What if our pedagogic success comes back and bites us? What if, when we succeed in motivating our students, we are actually playing a dangerous game of acculturation? Inside the lining of success in English, have we sewn cultural hegemony? This paper suggests possible equipoises and pragmatic safeguards.


The High Court of Australia, in pursuing coherence between common law and statute law, has limited itself to ensuring that the rules of common law and statute law should be free of contradiction. The Court does not appear to have embraced the idea, which lies at the core of some major theories of private law, that a set of rules is coherent only if the set can be explained as the outworking of a single principle. Applying that idea to the relationship between common law and statute law is confronted by some serious challenges. In the past, coherence as non-contradiction (combined with the idea of parliamentary supremacy) has worked well as a means of reconciling common law with statute law, but the proliferation of legislation in recent years and the character of much modern legislation has drawn attention to the limitations of such an approach to the question. A more exacting approach to coherence of common law and statute law, on the other hand, would require the revision of some widely held assumptions about the nature of law, such as the core assumption of legal positivism that the ultimate criterion of the authority of the law is its pronouncement by an authoritative institution.


The Chinese dairy industry is growing rapidly. Since 1980, the rate of increase in dairy cattle in China's dairy industry (+210,000 cows per year) is 1.7 times higher than the rate of decline of dairy cattle in the US dairy industry (-124,000 cows per year). If the current trends do not change, there will be as many dairy cows in China as in the US-approximately 7.45 million cows in 2012. This two-part Discussion Paper presents the context in which the Chinese dairy industry is developing (Part I) and a study of the Dairy Farm systems and case studies of five farms in the Province of Yunnan, the city of Beijing and the province of Heilongjiang (Part II).


With the recent advent of cloud computing technologies, a growing number of content distribution applications are contemplating a switch to cloud-based services, for better scalability and lower cost. Two key tasks are involved for such a move: to migrate the contents to cloud storage, and to distribute the web service load to cloud-based web services. The main issue is to best utilize the cloud as well as the application provider's existing private cloud, to serve volatile requests with service response time guarantee at all times, while incurring the minimum operational cost. While it may not be too difficult to design a simple heuristic, proposing one with guaranteed cost optimality over a long run of the system constitutes an intimidating challenge. Employing Lyapunov optimization techniques, we design a dynamic control algorithm to optimally place contents and dispatch requests in a hybrid cloud infrastructure spanning geodistributed data centers, which minimizes overall operational cost over time, subject to service response time constraints. Rigorous analysis shows that the algorithm nicely bounds the response times within the preset QoS target, and guarantees that the overall cost is within a small constant gap from the optimum achieved by a T-slot lookahead mechanism with known future information. We verify the performance of our dynamic algorithm with prototype-based evaluation. Keywords-content distribution network (CDN), National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST), DCN (Data Center Network).


This chapter deals with the development of modern cosmology as a consequence of relativity theory testing and the space race during the Cold War. The chapter describes the dynamics of competition and collaboration among the two blocs with emphasis on the sectors of Soviet radio astronomy and space science. Developments of both fields are analysed in relationship with the military context and the technological development taking place in the USA. The chapter also takes into account the relationship between the two blocs and other Countries, such as France and Australia in order to show how the transfer of knowledge and know-how played a role in the extraordinary impulse that cosmology received during the Cold War.


The division of labor between and within countries is driven by two fundamental forces, comparative advantage and increasing returns. We set up a simple Ricardian model with a Marshallian input sharing mechanism to study their interplay. The key insight that emerges is that the interaction between agglomeration economies and comparative advantage involves a fundamental tension which is intricately affected by trade costs. A reduction of trade costs fosters the dispersive impact of comparative advantage in sectors governed by this force whilst the impact of agglomeration economies is enhanced by trade cost reductions in the increasing returns sector. The key implication for international trade is that the wage ratio between large and small economies is not only shaped by the primitives that determine agglomeration economies and comparative advantage but also, and differentially, by the sectoral levels of trade costs. The fundamental implication for an economic geography context where labor is mobile across locations is that partial agglomeration emerges when agglomeration economies are strong relative to comparative advantage, and this is more likely the lower are trade costs in increasing returns sectors and the higher are trade costs in sectors governed by comparative advantage. The model may serve as a foundation for an urban system where the endogenously emerging larger city exhibits more diversity in production.


This thesis deals with the asymptotic behaviour of stochastic difference and functional differential equations
of Itˆo type. Numerical methods which both minimise error and preserve asymptotic features of the underlying continuous equation are studied. The equations have a form which makes them suitable to model financial markets in which agents use past prices. The second chapter deals with the behaviour of moving average models of price formation. We show that the asset returns are positively and exponentially correlated, while the presence of feedback traders causes either excess volatility or a market bubble or crash.
These results are robust to the presence of nonlinearities in the traders' demand functions. In Chapters 3 and
4, we show that these phenomena persist if trading takes place continuously by modelling the returns using
linear and nonlinear stochastic functional differential equations (SFDEs). In the fifth chapter, we assume
that some traders base their demand on the difference between current returns and the maximum return over
several trading periods, leading to an analysis of stochastic difference equations with maximum functionals.
Once again it is shown that prices either fluctuate or undergo a bubble or crash. In common with the earlier
chapters, the size of the largest fluctuations and the growth rate of the bubble or crash is determined. The
last three chapters are devoted to the discretisation of the SFDE presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 highlights
problems that standard numerical methods face in reproducing long–run features of the dynamics of
the general continuous–time model, while showing these standard methods work in some cases. Chapter 7
develops an alternative method for discretising the solution of the continuous time equation, and shows that
it preserves the desired long–run behaviour. Chapter 8 demonstrates that this alternative method converges
to the solution of the continuous equation, given sufficient computational effort.


Performance unpredictability is a major roadblock towards cloud adoption, and has performance, cost, and revenue ramifications. Predictable performance is even more critical as cloud services transition from monolithic designs to microservices. Detecting QoS violations after they occur in systems with microservices results in long recovery times, as hotspots propagate and amplify across dependent services. We present Seer, an online cloud performance debugging system that leverages deep learning and the massive amount of tracing data cloud systems collect to learn spatial and temporal patterns that translate to QoS violations. Seer combines lightweight distributed RPC-level tracing, with detailed low-level hardware monitoring to signal an upcoming QoS violation, and diagnose the source of unpredictable performance. Once an imminent QoS violation is detected, Seer notifies the cluster manager to take action to avoid performance degradation altogether. We evaluate Seer both in local clusters, and in large-scale deployments of end-to-end applications built with microservices with hundreds of users. We show that Seer correctly anticipates QoS violations 91% of the time, and avoids the QoS violation to begin with in 84% of cases. Finally, we show that Seer can identify application-level design bugs, and provide insights on how to better architect microservices to achieve predictable performance.


During the last two years, the researcher's work in the Spiti valley has concentrated on recording the songs, music and other sounds of the area. 15 years of documentary work Spiti have enabled the researcher to establish a relationship with the local community, who have nominated sounds they identify as "traditional and threatened". At the same time, the researcher has been recording sounds of change and modernity within the community and environment.

A dimension of this project would be appropriately described as community-based. While the researcher remains the catalyst and director of the "Spiti Sound Archive", he has involved members of different strata of the local community in the process of identifying and recording singers and musicians, songs, performances and music. An important part of the ethnographic process involves ensuring that the recordings are available and accessible in Spiti itself.

The project is supported by the British Library (World and Traditional Music section) who are archiving the sound recordings in their permanent collection of acoustic material and making these available for scholarly research. The extensive field-work undertaken by the researcher was partially funded through an AHRC grant 'Spiti Sound Archive: creating and preserving a sonic legacy of a Himalayan Buddhist community'.

In 2004, the acoustic ecologist, Peter Cusack conducted an hour-long interview with the researcher about the Spiti Sound Archive, for the radio station ResonanceFM, illustrating the discussion with samples of relevant field-recordings.

The Spiti Sound Archive has been the subject of academic papers by the researcher at the international Sound and Anthropology: Body, Environment and Human Sound-Making conference at the University of St. Andrews in 2006 and at the International Association for Ladakh Studies colloquium in Rome (September 2007).


According to the roadmap for political transformation announced in July 2013, Egypt's parliamentary elections should have taken place six months after the constitutional amendments. Yet, since then, they have been postponed several times. They are now scheduled for March and April 2015. Until recently, the regime has been reluctant to hold parliamentary elections, fearing an unruly parliament not dominated by a regime party, as in the past. In June and December 2014, the government enacted a new electoral law and an electoral district law, which will reduce the chances of political parties in general – and political opposition parties in particular – from gaining a substantive number of seats in parliament. By deliberately impeding political parties from playing an important role in parliament, the regime is just adding to its own volatility. Therefore, priority should be given to pushing for the inclusion of all political forces in the electoral process and the strengthening of political parties.


An active noise control system using a compact sound source is effective to reduce aircraft engine duct noise. The fan noise from a turbofan engine is controlled using an adaptive filtered-x LMS algorithm. Single multi channel control systems are used to control the fan blade passage frequency (BPF) tone and the BPF tone and the first harmonic of the BPF tone for a plane wave excitation. A multi channel control system is used to control any spinning mode. The multi channel control system to control both fan tones and a high pressure compressor BPF tone simultaneously. In order to make active control of turbofan inlet noise a viable technology, a compact sound source is employed to generate the control field. This control field sound source consists of an array of identical thin, cylindrically curved panels with an inner radius of curvature corresponding to that of the engine inlet. These panels are flush mounted inside the inlet duct and sealed on all edges to prevent leakage around the panel and to minimize the aerodynamic losses created by the addition of the panels. Each panel is driven by one or more piezoelectric force transducers mounted on the surface of the panel. The response of the panel to excitation is maximized when it is driven at its resonance; therefore, the panel is designed such that its fundamental frequency is near the tone to be canceled, typically 2000-4000 Hz.


Increasing knowledge integration has gained wide-spread support as an important goal in en gineering education. The Chemical Engineering Pillars curriculum at the University of Pittsburgh, unique for its use of block scheduling, is one of the first four-year, integrated curricula in engineer ing, and is specifically designed to facilitate knowledge integration. As this curriculum is one of the first of its kind, conventional assessment strategies are not necessarily well suited for evalua tion. In fact, our assessment strategy – by necessity – includes two separate measurement goals. First, we focus on measuring the effectiveness of the new curricular structure for enhancing the ability of students to engage in systems thinking (knowledge integration). At the same time, we specifically assess the impact of this type of curriculum on students' performance in conceptual izing (chemical) engineering principles. The goal of this paper is to outline an overall assessment structure suitable for measuring the efficacy of multi-year integrated curricula. Specifically, we describe the currently available assessment vehicles under use as well as discuss the methods – and results – for building the additional assessment materials required for a thorough vetting of this type of (chemical engineering) curriculum. While our specific assessment is still ongoing, we include a portion of the results to date and discuss their implications for the portability of inte grated curricula in chemical engineering.


A method for characterizing smart materials actuators in full-stroke static and low frequency dynamic regimes is presented. At first, static and dynamic linear models of the piezoelectric actuator response under electro-mechanical excitation are discussed. Then, a thorough static and dynamic experimental characterization on a typical large-stroke piezoelectric actuator is performed. The measurements indicated a strong dependence of the actuator stiffness and piezoelectric properties on the electromechanical loading. The comparison of the model with the measured behavior is performed and the material coefficients are tuned to locally match the observed nonlinear behavior. The comparison also allows the identification of key parameters of the induced-strain actuator model. These parameters are necessary for design optimization towards maximum mechanical energy output and minimum electrical power input. The paper provides useful basic data for the design of actuation systems incorporating active materials actuators.


This paper aims to understand how pupils and teachers actions-in-context constitute being-a-pupil and being-a-teacher within a primary school physical education (PE) movement culture. Dewey and Bentley's theory of transaction, which views organism-in-environment-as-a-whole, enables the researcher to explore how actions-in-ongoing activities constitute and negotiate PE movement culture. Video footage from seven primary school PE lessons from a school in the West Midlands in the UK was analysed by focusing upon the ends-in-view of actions as they appeared through the educational content (what) and pedagogy (how) of the recorded PE experiences. Findings indicated that the movement culture within the school was a monoculture of looks-like-sport characterised by the privileging of the functional coordination of cooperative action. Three themes of pupils' and teachers' negotiation of the movement culture emerged U-turning, Knowing the game and Moving into and out of games. This movement culture required teachers to ensure pupils looked busy and reproduced cooperative looks-like-sport actions. In fulfilling this role, they struggled to negotiate between their knowledge of sport-for-real and directing pupils towards educational ends-in-view within games activities. Simply being good at sports was not a prerequisite for pupils' success in this movement culture. In order to re-actualise their knowledge of sport, pupils were required to negotiate the teacher's 'how' and 'what' by exploring what constituted cooperative actions within the spatial and social dimensions of the activities they were set. These findings suggest that if PE is to be more than just the reproduction of codified sport, careful adjustment and consideration of ends-in-view is of great importance. Without regard for the latter there is potential to create significant complexity for both teachers and pupils beyond that required by learning and performing sport.


This thesis explores the association between therapeutic process factors and outcomes in the psychological treatment of children. Specifically, it addresses a relatively under-researched area of process research: the therapeutic alliance between therapist and parent(s) and its impact on child outcomes. Part one is a literature review that explores the role of the parent-therapist alliance in child and family treatment with a particular focus on child outcomes. It considers the importance of parental involvement in child treatment, across problem type, measurement method (measurement scale, rater, time of measurement), and type of treatment. Part two is an empirical paper exploring the association between the parent-therapist alliance and therapist adherence to child outcomes in a guided manualised self-help CBT intervention for anxious children. The results are discussed in relation to the wider process-outcome literature and presents clinical, training, and research implications. Part three is a critical appraisal of parts one and two, primarily reflecting on the challenges of process research in terms of measurement. It also outlines the background context to the research and discusses the potential influence of the parent-child attachment in indirect treatment.


A maskless three-dimensional (3D) microfabrication method based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) is proposed for high lateral and vertical resolution. A substrate is scanned laterally under virtual masks of the DMD. The masks are allocated to a large number of virtual slices, all of which are projected in a single scan of the stage. A theoretical model for the cumulative dose distribution in a photoresist is derived and used to predict the resulting 3D profile. Experiments showed that the proposed method is promising for avoiding the stair-step problem and preventing misalignment errors.


The PAS is the first ever scale for assessing the severity of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Compatible with both DSM-IV and ICD-10 classifications, and available in both self-rated and observer-rated versions, the PAS was specially developed for monitoring the efficacy of both drug and psychotherapy treatments. In addition to the English scale, translations are available in Arabic, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Serbocroat, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. The PAS has excellent psychometric properties, and is quick to use (the observer-rated version can be completed in 5-10 minutes). It has been successfully applied in both double-blind placebo-controlled studies and open treatment trials, and can be used by clinicians as well as for research purposes. This manual describes the development of the scale, shows how to use it and evaluate results, and details its psychometric properties. In addition, both the self-rated and the observer-rated versions in all 17 different languages are reproduced.


Background. The manor park in Laskowice (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship) was established in naturalistic style in the 19th century. Since then it has been transformed considerably. The aim of this paper was to analyse the structure of the vascular flora before revitalisation of the park and to present proposals of specimens of the dendroflora to be protected as natural monuments. Material and methods. In 2015 and 2016 vascular plants, including monumental specimens of the dendroflora, were inventoried, as had been commissioned by the current administrator of the Dąbrowa Forest Inspectorate. The vascular flora was analysed for life forms, geographical, historical, sociological and ecological groups. Results. There were 203 taxa of the vascular flora in the park, including 8 valuable species – endangered and protected. The Poaceae, Asteraceae and Rosaceae families were the most abundant. There was a large share of alien species in the flora (27%), among which kenophytes were the most abundant. Hemicryptophytes were the predominant life form, followed by phanerophytes, therophytes and geophytes. Species of the following classes of non-forest habitats were predominant: Artemisietea vulgaris, Agropyretea intermedio-repentis and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. There was a slightly smaller share of species of the Querco-Fagetea class. Both forest and ruderal species pointed to Tilio-Carpinetum as the potential forest community. Conclusions. The large share of alien species in the park flora indicated its anthropogenic character. The inventory of the flora provides the basis for revitalisation of the park with its natural values. 61 tree species and blooming ivy specimens were proposed for legal protection as natural monuments.


Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in hydropower. Many countries now see hydropower as a 'cheap and clean' alternative to fossil fuels, and therefore an important strategy in addressing climate change. However, much of the world's hydropower potential is situated in transboundary rivers where existing cooperative arrangements are weak. These river basins are heavily reliant on 'out of basin' principles for water sharing. A set of substantive and procedural laws has evolved under customary international law to determine the rights and obligations of States sharing these transboundary rivers. Two further 'out of basin' legal regimes are also likely to have an important bearing on transboundary hydropower projects, namely laws concerning foreign investments, and laws protecting the interests of local communities. To date, there has been limited analysis of the linkages between these different regimes, and no study that has considered their relationship within the context of transboundary hydropower. This paper demonstrates that there are critical intersections to be made. These intersections provide important opportunities to explore how these three legal regimes can be implemented in a mutually reinforcing manner.


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Drawing on interview data collected at a Thai university, this chapter gives voice to the experiences of instructors who have used tasks as the basis of EFL instruction. After highlighting the instructors' positive impressions, this chapter focuses on their perceived challenges with task-based language teaching, specifically whether it elicits the type of interaction that is believed to facilitate language development. Drawing on the findings of classroom-based studies carried out in a variety of EFL classrooms in Asia, this chapter examines whether task research has addressed these perceived challenges. Through reference to task studies carried out in other instructional settings, strategies for positively impacting the quality of peer interaction and avenues for future research in EFL contexts are provided.


Abstract. During the past decade, the IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) has fostered a significant increase in deep biosphere investigations in the marine sedimentary and crustal environments, and scientists are well-poised to continue this momentum into the next phase of the IODP. The goals of this workshop were to evaluate recent findings in a global context, synthesize available biogeochemical data to foster thermodynamic and metabolic activity modeling and measurements, identify regional targets for future targeted sampling and dedicated expeditions, foster collaborations, and highlight the accomplishments of deep biosphere research within IODP. Twenty-four scientists from around the world participated in this one-day workshop sponsored by IODP-MI and held in Florence, Italy, immediately prior to the Goldschmidt 2013 conference. A major topic of discussion at the workshop was the continued need for standard biological sampling and measurements across IODP platforms. Workshop participants renew the call to IODP operators to implement recommended protocols.


Abstract Numerous high-profile efforts have sought to "turn around" low-performing schools. Evidence on the effectiveness of school turnarounds, however, is mixed, and research offers little guidance on which models are more likely to succeed. We present a mixed-methods case study of turnaround efforts led by the Blueprint Schools Network in three schools in Boston. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that Blueprint raised student achievement in ELA by at least a quarter of a standard deviation, with suggestive evidence of comparably large effects in math. We document qualitatively how differential impacts across the three Blueprint schools relate to contextual and implementation factors. In particular, Blueprint's role as a turnaround partner (in two schools) versus school operator (in one school) shaped its ability to implement its model. As a partner, Blueprint provided expertise and guidance but had limited ability to fully implement its model. In its role as an operator, Blueprint had full authority to implement its turnaround model but was also responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the school, a role for which it had limited prior experience.


The Introductory Psychology course is the flagship of the undergraduate psychology curriculum and often functions both as a core curriculum course for non-majors and as a requirement for psychology majors. As a result, Introductory Psychology classes frequently have significantly larger enrollments than other psychology courses and are usually taught as lecture courses (Silverstein, 1982). Students enrolled in large classes of Introductory Psychology are also usually evaluated and graded based in part, if not entirely, on their performance on multiple-choice tests. Psychologists as educators have been comfortable with the multiple-choice evaluation format because of its advantageous properties: high reliability, ease of administration, and minimal bias in scoring (Handleman, 1977). A well-constructed multiple-choice test can probe knowledge and understanding over a wide range of content areas, even in a field as conceptually challenging as chemistry (Barnett-Foster & Nagy, 1996). The ability of multiple-choice items to test a wide range of content is ideal for assessing learning in Introductory Psychology, a course that surveys topics that are very diverse (Griggs & Jackson, 1996). The use of multiple-choice tests has not been without controversy. On one hand, some investigators assert that multiple-choice tests are only capable of indexing superficial, fact-oriented learning (Williams & Clark, 2004). But research has also shown that a well-constructed multiple-choice test can in fact assess critical thinking and the understanding of abstract concepts (Wallace & Williams, 2003). Interestingly, psychologists have also documented significant correlations between performance on multiple-choice tests in psychology courses and various proxies for general intelligence, such as standardized college admission tests scores (Bleske-Rechek, Zeug & Webb, 2007; Griggs & Jackson, 1988). Thus multiple-choice tests in a college survey course may not only assess how much a student has learned, but also the student's fundamental ability to learn. We investigated another property of multiple-choice testing: the high consistency of multiple-choice test performance over the course of a semester. This performance consistency has been evident from high positive inter-correlations across successive multiple-choice tests in Introductory Psychology (Griggs & Jackson, 1988; Thompson & Zamboanga, 2003). We first replicated prior work on inter-test correlation on successive multiple-choice tests in Introductory Psychology. We were particularly interested in examining the extent to which percent performance on the first multiple-choice test in Introductory Psychology is predictive of percent average performance on three subsequent multiple-choice tests in the course. We predicted that the correlation of Test 1 performance vs Post-Test 1 performance would yield values of Pearson's correlation coefficient that are as high or higher than any particular inter-test correlation. In other words, we expected that Test 1 would prove to be a stronger predictor of subsequent multiple-choice performance. We also investigated whether the score on a single unannounced ("pop") 10-item multiple-choice practice quiz prior to the first multiple-choice test is a significant predictor of overall multiple-choice test performance in the course. In addition, in a post hoc analysis, we used hierarchical linear modeling to calculate performance trajectory over multiple-choice tests in Introductory Psychology. Two additional post hoc analyses explored (1) the issue of whether low vs. high scoring students drive performance consistency, and (2) the issue of whether performance on tests of "experimental psychology" was significantly correlated with performance on tests of "social/clinical psychology." METHOD Participants The participants were 458 students at a private university. …


Utilisation of forgiveness within a pastoral Gestalt therapeutic intervention This article is based on a pastoral base theory within the Gestalt therapeutic perspective to guide abused persons in their utilisation of forgiveness as a source of a recovery experience. The formation of the paradigm is based on a multidisciplinary approach, which takes place on the interface between pastoral counselling and Gestalt therapy without the unique content and character of pastoral care or the Gestalt therapy being lost. It appears that forgiveness, as a source of repair experience, can guide abused persons to psychological and physical health, positive emotions and healthy social interaction. Forgiveness can be defined as the unconditional acceptance of God's grace through faith, and release (surrender) of an offender to the mercy of God. It does not deny the pain or change the past, but it breaks the cycle of bitterness that abused people associate with the pain of the past. Through the use of forgiveness as a coping mechanism abused people can be guided to handle unfinished business.


A previous work investigated the dry‐end deviation from fractal scaling of water retention characteristics of a suite of 43 U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Hanford site soils in relationship with the vanishing of solute diffusion at a moisture content θt It was found that the deviation from fractal scaling of the water retention set on at a moisture content typically about 0.06 higher than the moisture content at which solute diffusion vanishes. Assuming that the vanishing of solute diffusion resulted from a lack of continuity of the water phase, we interpreted the deviation from fractal scaling in terms of a lack of water‐phase continuity rather than as a breakdown of the fractal model. Now the wet‐end deviations from fractal scaling of the same suite of soils are investigated. It is shown that the wet‐end moisture contents at which the deviation occurs are correlated with the critical volume fraction for percolation and with the dry‐end deviations. However, wet‐end deviations occur at moisture contents closer to full saturation than do dry‐end deviations from zero saturation. This contrast between the wet and dry ends of the water retention curve, h(θ), is suggested to be a result of the role of equilibration in the experimental determination of h(θ), and thus to be traceable to the much lower values of the hydraulic conductivity, K, at the dry end.


Blade-palatal initials zh[ʈʂ], ch[ʈʂ], sh[ʂ], and r[ʐ] are important characteristics in Standard Chinese (Putonghua) pronunciation, which are also some difficult parts for non-Chinese speakers. This paper is intended to analyze the appearance and condition of the blade-palatal-initial pronunciation of learners in Medan, Indonesia, in which the learners are divided into two groups, Chinese Indonesians and locals. It also describes the brief differences between Standard Mandarin and Southern Min initials and between Standard Mandarin initials and Indonesian consonants. To achieve the objective, the research was conducted by using descriptive-qualitative design. Because there are no blade-palatal sounds either in Indonesian or in Southern Min, it is very common for Chinese descendants in Medan who speak Putonghua to always omit the blade-palatal parts, e.g.: "to eat" that should be pronounced as [ʈʂʅ] to always be pronounced as [ʦəʔ], which is not correct and might lead to another meaning. As well as locals who speak Indonesian to always replace the blade-palatal sounds with the consonants which sound near to them: [ʦə], [ʦə], [sə], [rə].


This paper presents a probabilistic formulation for modeling earthquake rupture processes of mainshocks. A correlated multivariate Bernoulli distribution is used to model rupture occurrence. The model captures time interaction through the use of Brownian passage-time (BPT) distributions to assess rupture interarrival in multiple sections of the fault, and it also considers spatial interaction through the use of spatial correlograms. The correlograms represents the effect of rupture nucleation and propagation. This model is proposed as an attractive alternative to existing probabilistic models because it (1) incorporates time and space interactions of mainshocks, (2) preserves the marginal distributions of interarrival times after including spatial rupture interactions, i.e., model consistency, and (3) has an implicit physical interpretation aligned with rupture behavior observations. The proposed model is applied to assess the occurrence of large interface earthquakes in the subduction fault along the coast of Lima, Peru. The model matches well both the annual magnitude exceedance rates and the average seismic moment release in the tectonic region. The AIC test confirms that our model performs statistically better than models that do not capture earthquake space interactions. AIC also shows that the spherical correlogram outperforms the exponential correlogram at reproducing earthquake data. Finally, time-dependent seismic hazard in the region is calculated, and the results demonstrate that by accounting for recent earthquake occurrences, the inclusion of time-dependent effects can reduce the 30-year seismic hazard by a factor of four.


This paper presents a synthesis of the mangrove ecosystem valuation literature through a meta-regression analysis. The main contribution of this study is that it is the first meta-analysis focusing solely on mangrove forests, whereas previous studies have included different types of wetlands. The number of studies included in the regression analysis is 44 for a total of 145 observations. We include several regressions with the objective of addressing outliers in the data as well as the possible correlations between observations of the same study. We also investigate possible interaction effects between type of service and GDP per capita. Our findings indicate that mangroves exhibit decreasing returns to scale, that GDP per capita has a positive effect on mangrove values and that using the replacement cost and contingent valuation methods produce higher estimates than do other methods. We also find that there are statistically significant interaction effects that influence the data. Finally, the results indicate that employing weighted regressions provide a better fit than others. However, in terms of forecast performance we find that all the estimated models performed similarly and were not able to conclude decisively that one outperforms the other.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to identify the hotel financial issues reflected by articles published in academic and trade journals during the period 1983–1996 inclusive. The journals reviewed for this purpose include: Journal of the International Association of Hospitality Accounts, International Journal of Hospitality Management, FIU Hospitality Review, Cornell HRA Quarterly, Journal of Travel Research, Hotel & Motel Management, Lodging Hospitality, Real Estate Finance, Meeting & Conventions, and National Real Estate Investor. By reviewing these journals, four of the most intensively and frequently discussed issues are identified. These issues are: capital shortage & financing methods, capital sources, tax and deduction, and valuation. These four issues are discussed in the scope of international hotel financial management.


Aims This audit and re-audit was undertaken to ascertain whether women presenting to Triage, with symptoms suggestive of possible UTI, are being appropriately assessed/treated. Methods The Admission Proforma of all women attending Triage with lower abdominal pain with no clear cause, but where UTI was considered, was reviewed against agreed standards. Data was collected prospectively for a period of 2 and 3 weeks respectively. In each audit notes from 50 women were reviewed. Results In the initial audit 86% (43/50) had urine dipped but only 5% (2/43) of these showed nitrites (1 had confirmed UTI); 32% (16/50) were treated with antibiotics, 75% (12/16) of these had MSSU sent, but only 2 had confirmed UTI. In the re-audit 42% (21/50) of patients had an MSSU - 75% (6/8) of those prescribed antibiotics. Urine dipstick was performed in 94% (48/50) of all cases - 88% (7/8) of those treated. No nitrites were identified or UTI confirmed by culture. Conclusions Pregnancy increases the risk for UTIs and failure to treat has serious maternal/neonatal consequences, not least preterm delivery. Nevertheless a diagnosis of UTI is too frequently made; often without strong evidence, and women are being overtreated. Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem; unnecessary prescriptions must be avoided. All women presenting with abdominal pain should have their urine dipped. Audit confirms that leucocytes and/or proteinuria are not indicative of infection; even nitrites may not be diagnostic. If positive for nitrites, MSSU must be sent and urgent microscopy could be considered, ahead of prescribing antibiotics.


ABSTRACT:This essay uses the case of a childless widow and her apostate brother-in-law to examine how gender and conversion became lightning rods for Jewish legalists and publicists like Moshe Leib Lilienblum to espouse religious and social reforms in late-imperial Russia. A microanalysis of Sura Gener's sensational levirate divorce case and the multiple legal regimes involved in adjudicating her fate sheds light on the history of Jewish modernization in the late Russian empire and argues that there was no straightforward process of secularization. In the crosscurrents of late nineteenth-century Russian Jewish social and religious life—Haskalah, Orthodoxy, government intervention, economic dislocation and migration, Jewish apostasy, and assimilation—women became a battlefield for the fight over changing religious and social norms and communal authority. Rather than a narrative of modernity entailing the weakening of halakhah, the decline of rabbinic authority, and a reactionary Orthodoxy, the Gener affair highlights the religious preservationist aspects of the Haskalah, the expansion and assertiveness of rabbinic authority buttressed by mass transport and new media, and the potential alignment of ritual expertise and social reform in rabbinic interpretation and vernacular debate. As such, analysis of the Gener affair adds a helpful corrective, exploring the paradoxical rise and creative development of religion at a time when standard models of secularization suggest that it should have declined.


The modern architect tried to achieve complete immateriality, translucency and lightness fading in the air strength and weight of ancient architecture. Wright, Le Corbusier and Mies proposed by the clearness and transparency of the envelope to shift from mass to volume. The thickness of recent architecture calls us different shades on their quality: The level geometry and the physical level (density). The thickness is not a measurable quantity, but a noticeable appearance. In the works of Herzog and de Meuron is found that thick will look to the facades designed as flat planes with no depth. But this thickness there is no loss of lightness and translucency, but a nuanced treatment, non-compacted solid, undergoing a self-consistent intermediate state of matter in which the solid becomes soft and liquid evaporates, the fluid thickens and ethereal changes to dense. Sejima's research, Sanaa in their projects, is about the thickness as a superposition of transparencies and reflections by the use of transparent materials, through a series of layers arranged in parallel vertical space and using the curvature of the walls in the corners or all the walls to contribute to the emergence of multiple reflections and opacity unexpected. In fact, her main interests in the reflection and not in the transparency. The substance of architecture becomes an issue linked to the changing situation of the subject, although governed by the formal organization of the building.


There has been a decline in rule of law in India, reflected in the frequent amendments to the Indian Constitution. This paper analyzes the historical, ideological, and economic context for constitutional amendments to understand the reason for the deterioration of constitutionalism in India. I argue that the formal institutions of socialist planning were fundamentally incompatible with the constraints imposed by the Indian Constitution. This incompatibility led to frequent amendments to the Constitution, especially in the area of Fundamental Rights. Consequently, pursuit of socialist policies gradually undermined the Constitution. The contradictory mixture of socialism and constitutionalism led to economic and political deprivations that were never intended by the framers. I demonstrate this incompatibility using evidence from five-year-plans and constitutional amendments in India.


This paper reports empirical results indicating that there is no compelling evidence in favor of singling outany one variable as "the intermediate target" of monetary policy. Of the variables considered here - including money (M1), credit, a long-term interest rate, and whichever of either reserves or a short-term interest rate the Federal Reserve System does not set directly by open market operations -- most do contain at least some statistically significant information about the future growth of nominal income, real income, or prices. In most cases, however, this information is significant statistically but not economically. In other words, the reduction in forecasting error gained from using this information is typically too small to be of great moment in a policy context. The papers principal conclusion, therefore, is to cast doubt on the practice of designating specific financial variables as intermediate targets of monetary policy. To the extent that such targets are necessary for independent reasons, however, the strength of this conclusion varies from one potential intermediate target to another. Among the variables considered here, credit growth and the long-term interest rate appear to offer the best prospects of providing information that would be useful in formulating and implementing monetary policy. Although the empirical results reported here rely on an econometric model that is extremely compact and simple, the method of analysis suggested in this paper is more general. Its key contribution is to use a structural model to address questions for which the previous literature has relied on nonstructural methods. The application of this method of analysis to one small, simple model here need be no more than an illustration. Applying it to a larger and more complex model would be a straightforward extension of this research.


Objectives: Examines the influence of positive, negative, and neutral police behavior during traffic stops on citizen perceptions of police. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to view a video clip of a simulated traffic stop in which the officer communicates with the driver in a positive (procedurally just), negative (procedurally unjust), or neutral manner. After viewing the video, participants completed a survey about their perceptions of police, including their level of trust in police, obligation to obey police orders, and willingness to cooperate with police. Results: Observing positive interactions with police enhanced people's self-reported willingness to cooperate with police, obligation to obey police and the law, and trust and confidence in police, whereas observing negative interactions undermined these outcomes. The effects of these interactions were much stronger for encounter-specific outcomes than for more general outcomes. Conclusions: The results from this randomized experiment confirm that procedural justice can enhance people's prosocial attitudes toward police, whereas procedural injustice can undermine these attitudes. While positive (procedurally just) interactions tend to have weaker effects than negative (procedurally unjust) interactions, this study finds little support for the notion that only negative experiences shape people's views about the police.


Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observation at 23 sites in the region of the Northwest Passage, between Baffin Island and Herschel Island in the Beaufort Sea. The studies took place during a ship-based expedition from 29 June to 3 September 1999. A total of 692 tracks (average duration 160 s) of bird flocks on postbreeding migration were recorded. Eastward migration was widespread, with the highest intensities at three sites in the southeastern Beaufort Sea. Mainly shorebirds were responsible for these movements, migrating along routes similar to great circles towards Nova Scotia and other parts of the Atlantic coast of North America (whence they depart on transoceanic flights towards South America). Some of the birds in this migration system probably originated from Siberia, as indicated by high-altitude eastward migration at a site 100 km north of the coast in the Beaufort Sea. Another category of eastward migrants consisted of jaegers, terns, and red phalaropes traveling towards the Davis Strait region and into the Atlantic Ocean. Southward migration was recorded at Baffin Island. A westward migration was pronounced at King William Island (with simultaneous eastward migration) and Amundsen Gulf, while northward movements were important at Banks Island and Melville Island. Apart from westward moult migration of common eiders at Amundsen Gulf, the westward and northward tracks reflected mainly jaegers, terns, gulls, and red phalaropes. These birds were probably making northward flights to exploit pelagic food resources in waters where the ice had recently broken up before their westward migratory exodus from the Arctic region towards the Pacific Ocean. The mean altitude of migration was 793 m, with 27% of all tracks above 1000 m and a maximum height of 3.95 km. The altitude distribution was clearly lower than those of the corresponding migration in Siberia and the shorebird migration at Nova Scotia. The average ground speed (14.9 m/s) was only slightly faster than the mean air speed (13.8 m/s), and migrants gained in speed from the winds (ground speed exceeding air speed) in only 55% of all cases. This means that wind assistance in the study area was much less pronounced than that documented for the migrants in Siberia and Nova Scotia. Bird migration at the Northwest Passage may be characterized by, on average, lower altitudes, less favourable winds, shorter flight steps, and a more widespread accessibility to stopover sites than migration at the Northeast Passage.


Additive manufacturing (AM) is likely to contribute considerably to key targets of innovation policy such as employment, R&D and education. The expectations of those engaged in AM, such as providers, users and policy makers, regarding the potential of this technology influence its future development and thus create opportunities for technology entrepreneurship. Therefore, these expectations need to be researched so that opportunities for technology entrepreneurship can be identified. Based on prospect theory, we employ an integrative approach to online‐based technology assessment. Using the outcome of a constructive technology assessment (CTA) as a reference, a comparison with the results of a traditional technology assessments (TTA) derived from the policy makers enables us to identify the need for action regarding the allocation of public resources. Further, the comparison of the outcome of our CTA with the TTA derived from the general public shows the need to establish a public opinion on AM that legitimizes AM‐related innovation policies. The approach of an integrative technology assessment proves useful, as we can deduce concrete recommendations for action on innovation policy based on our empirical findings.


Cell‐sediment separation methods can potentially enable determination of the elemental composition of microbial communities by removing the sediment elemental contribution from bulk samples. We demonstrate that a separation method can be applied to determine the composition of prokaryotic cells. The method uses chemical and physical means to extract cells from benthic sediments and mats. Recovery yields were between 5% and 40%, as determined from cell counts. The method conserves cellular element contents to within 30% or better, as assessed by comparing C, N, P, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo contents in Escherichia coli. Contamination by C, N, and P from chemicals used during the procedure was negligible. Na and K were not conserved, being likely exchanged through the cell membrane as cations during separation. V, Cr, and Co abundances could not be determined due to large (>100%) measurement uncertainties. We applied this method to measure elemental contents in extremophilic communities of Yellowstone National Park hot springs. The method was generally successful at separating cells from sediment, but does not discriminate between cells and detrital biological or noncellular material of similar density. This resulted in Al, Ti, Mn, and Fe contamination, which can be tracked using proxies such as metal:Al ratios. With these caveats, we present the first measurements, to our knowledge, of the elemental abundances of a chemosynthetic community. The communities have C:N ratios typical of aquatic microorganisms, are low in P, and their metal abundances vary between hot springs by orders of magnitude.


A study was conducted to compare four commercial broiler breeder strains i.e. Arbor Acer (AA), Hubbard (HB), Hybro (HY) and Starbro (ST). Egg characteristics, hatchability, infertility and chick weights were evaluated. One hundered and sixty eggs/strain were used for measurement of egg characteristics and 600 eggs/strain were incubated to compare the hatching traits. AA had significantly lowest and HB had the highest egg weight and hatchability compared to all strains. After adjusting egg weight, HB had significantly highest yolk weight, yolk diameter, yolk height, albumen height and ST had significantly highest albumen weight and height. Lowest chick weight was in AA and HY. These results indicated significant strain variations. Negative linear regression was observed only for albumen weight, yolk and albumen height. Hatchability, infertility, dead in germ, dead in shell percentages showed significant differences among these broiler strains. On the basis of this study it may be concluded that HB has better hatchability results as compared to AA, HY and ST strains.


Objects are entities we act upon, where the functionality of an object is determined by how we interact with it. In this work we propose a Dual Attention Network model which reasons about human-object interactions. The dual-attentional framework weights the important features for objects and actions respectively. As a result, the recognition of objects and actions mutually benefit each other. The proposed model shows competitive classification performance on the human-object interaction dataset Something-Something. Besides, it can perform weak spatiotemporal localization and affordance segmentation, despite being trained only with video-level labels. The model not only finds when an action is happening and which object is being manipulated, but also identifies which part of the object is being interacted with.


Abstract. Satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tropospheric columns over south-eastern Europe are analyzed to study the characteristics of the spatial and temporal variability of pollution in the area. The interannual variability of the tropospheric NO2 columns is presented over urban, rural and industrial locations based on measurements from four satellite instruments, GOME/ERS-2, SCIAMACHY/Envisat, OMI/Aura and GOME-2/MetOp spanning a period of over twelve years. The consistency between the different datasets over the area is investigated. Two operational algorithms for the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 are considered, the one developed jointly by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and Belgian Institute for Space Astronomy and the one developed by the University of Bremen. The tropospheric NO2 columns for the area under study have been simulated for the period 1996–2001 with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx) and are compared with GOME measurements. Over urban and industrial locations the mean tropospheric NO2 columns range between 3 and 7.0×1015 molecules/cm2, showing a seasonal variability with a peak to peak amplitude of about 6.0×1015 molecules/cm2, while the background values over rural sites are close to 1.1×1015 molecules/cm2. Differences in the overpass time and spatial resolution of the different satellites, as well as differences in the algorithms, introduce significant differences in the estimated columns however the correlation between the different estimates is higher than 0.8. It is found that the model simulations reveal similar spatial patterns as the GOME observations, a result which is consistent with both algorithms. Although the model simulations show a mean bias of −0.1×1015 molecules/cm2 under clean conditions, the modeled temporal correlation of 0.5 is poor in absence of biogenic and biomass burning emissions.


Wireless broadband networks are expected to employ packet access with high peak-bandwidth demands. This will impose a significant challenge for frequency reuse, especially for the case of ubiquitous services deployed in a wide area. A dynamic packet assignment (DPA) method has been proposed as a key component of the MAC protocol for an OFDM-based advanced cellular Internet service (ACIS) system, which is targeted for applications such as Web browsing, with a peak downlink transmission rate on the order of 1 Mb/s using a wide-area cellular infrastructure. This method is able to allocate radio resources on a packet time scale and reassign them in less than 100 msec, thereby gaining advantages in both statistical multiplexing of packet access and spectrum efficiency of dynamic channel assignment (DCA). One way to achieve very high spectrum efficiency is by using closed-loop SIR-based power control. This paper studies the implementation and performance of various power control methods for DPA in the ACIS environment. It is found that several iterations are required, upon changes of co-channel interference, to update the transmit powers for all active links in order to achieve desirable improvement. However, for a system having many data terminals with short duty cycles, significant overhead may be required for iterative power control. Alternative techniques such as interference suppression, which does not require high iteration overhead, may be attractive options.


Addressing antimicrobial resistance has been a challenge for emergency departments (EDs) due to unclear diagnoses and the fast-paced environment. This study evaluated the appropriateness of empiric antibiotic prescriptions written upon discharge for emergency department patients and describes medication errors found in a random sample of 1000 prescriptions written over a one-year period. The investigators were trained in error identification, operational definitions, coding, and other information included in content analysis procedures. Coding for the final data set was based on majority rule, and descriptive statistics addressed the study objectives. Discharge prescription error rate out of 1000 prescriptions was 22.2%. Pediatric prescriptions had a within-group error rate of 33.3%, and adult prescriptions had a within-group error rate of 19.7%. The most common error type was due to dosing below the recommended range (19.8%). ED residents wrote the highest percentage of prescriptions (65.4%). Non-ED attending physicians had the highest within-group error rate of 31.0%. Antibiotics with the highest within-class error rate were amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. Prescription errors made with antibiotics written upon discharge in the ED were common. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem that could be improved by optimizing antibiotic prescription dosing and implementing antibiotic stewardship activities in the emergency department.


Memory is a key human facility to support life activities, including social interactions, life management and problem solving. Unfortunately, our memory is not perfect. Normal individuals will have occasional memory problems which can be frustrating, while those with memory impairments can often experience a greatly reduced quality of life. Augmenting memory has the potential to make normal individuals more effective, and those with significant memory problems to have a higher general quality of life. Current technologies are now making it possible to automatically capture and store daily life experiences over an extended period, potentially even over a lifetime. This type of data collection, often referred to as a personal life log (PLL), can include data such as continuously captured pictures or videos from a first person perspective, scanned copies of archival material such as books, electronic documents read or created, and emails and SMS messages sent and received, along with context data of time of capture and access and location via GPS sensors. PLLs offer the potential for memory augmentation. Existing work on PLLs has focused on the technologies of data capture and retrieval, but little work has been done to explore how these captured data and retrieval techniques can be applied to actual use by normal people in supporting their memory. In this paper, we explore the needs for augmenting human memory from normal people based on the psychology literature on mechanisms about memory problems, and discuss the possible functions that PLLs can provide to support these memory augmentation needs. Based on this, we also suggest guidelines for data for capture, retrieval needs and computer-based interface design. Finally we introduce our work-in-process prototype PLL search system in the iCLIPS project to give an example of augmenting human memory with PLLs and computer based interfaces.


An ethno-botanical study of non-wood forest products (NWFP) extraction in Eriti Community Forest Wetlands was carried out with the aim of providing an additional baseline data for policy makers on need for the conservation and proper management of wetlands in forest areas. Respondents (400) drawn from 8 fringe villages of the Eriti Forest Wetlands provided the data for the study. The methods adopted include group discussions, participant observations and interpersonal interviews using pretested and structured questionnaire. The result analyses were descriptive using percentages, mean, mode and frequency distribution tools. The results showed that the respondents were highly dependent on the extraction of NWFP for livelihood generation especially at the subsistence level. The NWFP include medicinal products, edible leaves and fruits, wrapping leaves, mushrooms, wild-animal products, snails, palm wine and chewing sticks. The extraction of the identified products were gender bias as majority of the respondents were males (75%) and married (97%) indicating that the extraction of the products can be integrated into the family lines. The negative impacts of NWFP extraction on the wetland ecosystem was observed because of the destructive means of harvesting. The paper suggests appropriate management policies for the protection of the wetland ecosystems for environmental sustainability.


Reference curves for stature and weight in British children have been available for the past 30 years, and have recently been updated. However weight by itself is a poor indicator of fatness or obesity, and there has never been a corresponding set of reference curves to assess weight for height. Body mass index (BMI) or weight/height has been popular for assessing obesity in adults for many years, but its use in children has developed only recently. Here centile curves for BMI in British children are presented, from birth to 23 years, based on the same large representative sample as used to update the stature and weight references. The charts were derived using Cole's LMS method, which adjusts the BMI distribution for skewness and allows BMI in individual subjects to be expressed as an exact centile or SD score. Use of the charts in clinical practice is aided by the provision of nine centiles, where the two extremes identify the fattest and thinnest four per 1000 of the population.


Classification problems have been introduced by M. Ziegler as a
generalization of promise problems. In this paper we are concerned with
solvability and unsolvability questions with respect to a given set or language
family, especially with cores of unsolvability. We generalize the results about
unsolvability cores in promise problems to classification problems. Our main
results are a characterization of unsolvability cores via cohesiveness and
existence theorems for such cores in unsolvable classification problems. In
contrast to promise problems we have to strengthen the conditions to assert the
existence of such cores. In general unsolvable classification problems with
more than two components exist, which possess no cores, even if the set family
under consideration satisfies the assumptions which are necessary to prove the
existence of cores in unsolvable promise problems. But, if one of the
components is fixed we can use the results on unsolvability cores in promise
problems, to assert the existence of such cores in general. In this case we
speak of conditional classification problems and conditional cores. The
existence of conditional cores can be related to complexity cores. Using this
connection we can prove for language families, that conditional cores with
recursive components exist, provided that this family admits an uniform
solution for the word problem.


Historians have recently paid increasing attention to the role of the disputation in Italian universities and humanist circles. By contrast, the role of disputations as forms of entertainment at fifteenth-century Italian courts has been somewhat overlooked. In this article, the Milanese "scientific duel" (a courtly disputation) described in Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione is taken as a vantage point for the study of the dynamics of scientific patronage and social advancement as reflected in Renaissance courtly disputes. Pacioli names Leonardo da Vinci as one of the participants in the Milanese dispute. In this paper I argue that Leonardo's Paragone and Pacioli's De divina proportione are likewise the outcome of the Milanese "scientific duel." By challenging the traditional hierarchy of the arts, they both exemplify the dynamics of social and intellectual promotion of mathematicians and artists in the privileged setting of Renaissance courts, where courtly patronage could subvert the traditional disciplinary rankings.


Studies with the use of polyclonal rabbit antiserum reactive with 60-kDa heat shock proteins (hsp60) suggested that hsp60-related molecules could be found on the surface of Daudi cells and were involved in their recognition by certain human gamma delta T cells. The present study confirms this finding by using a mAb specifically recognizing hsp60. This mAb can block outgrowth of human gamma delta T cells in response to stimulation with Daudi and in response to an extract of the mycobacteria H37Ra. This anti-hsp60 mAb stains the surface of Daudi cells, but does not stain either Raji or EBV-transformed B cells, cells which do not stimulate gamma delta T cell outgrowth. Anti-hsp60 mAb could immunoprecipitate a 60-kDa molecule from the H37Ra extract but was unable to precipitate this 60-kDa molecule if the mAb was first absorbed on Daudi cells. This mAb also precipitated a 60-kDa molecule from the surface of Daudi cells which shows an electrophoretic mobility pattern consistent with hsp60. These experiments demonstrate that human gamma delta T cells recognize hsp60-related epitopes on the surface of Daudi cells and within mycobacterial extracts.


This article presents an analytical study of the dynamics of a micromechanical integrating gyroscope with a disk resonator. A discrete dynamic model of the resonator is obtained, taking into account the axial anisotropy of its mass and stiffness properties, as well as the action of the electrical control system of oscillations. An analysis of the spectral problem of disk vibrations in the plane is carried out. The nonlinear dynamics of the resonator in the regimes of free and parametrically excited vibrations are investigated. In the mode of parametric oscillations, qualitative dependencies of the gyroscopic drift on the operating voltage, angular velocity and parameters of defects are obtained.


EMAG recently announced a direct development of its modular machines in combination with the TrackMotion automation system — the VL 3 DUO. "We need just 13 m2 (140 sq ft) to install the complete VL 3 DUO," explains Peter Loetzner, CEO at EMAG L.L.C. "For a twin-spindle vertical pickup turning machine that is a fantastic size. Even if the machine is combined with a raw parts storage facility and the TrackMotion automation system, the dimensions for a complete manufacturing system for chucked parts up to 150 mm (2 in.) is almost laughably small. That makes the VL 3 DUO one of the most compact and efficient systems available from EMAG." With its parts ranging up to 150 mm (2 in.) in diameter, the VL 3 DUO is ideal for the manufacturing of gearbox components, for example, machining blanks for gear wheel production. "Gearbox components such as gear wheels must be manufactured in very large quantities. The standard production process is always the same: in OP 10 and OP 20, both sides of the gear wheel blank are machined by a turning process and the surfaces are prepared; the gear cutting process follows in OP 30 and deburring takes place in OP 40," explains Loetzner. "The VL 3 DUO is, of course, primarily focused on the first process in this machining chain, in other words OP 10 and OP 20, which can be implemented perfectly with our system." The VL 3 DUO can be fitted with EMAG's TrackMotion automation system as an option. The automation system consists of three central parts, the track (i.e. the rails) on which the TransLift NC gripper runs and the raw parts storage facility. The entire system is very compact and runs directly behind the machining areas of the VL 3 DUO. The TrackMotion always focuses on the individual component. Each transport process only moves a single component which allows for significant benefits for component management. The increased mobility of the TransLift, including the Z-axis, means that stackable pallets can be used on the raw parts storage facility, making it possible for the raw and finished parts to be stacked with minimal space requirements. In addition, the TransLift is also used as a changer between the two machining operations. This means that the TrackMotion automation system provides everything required for compact manufacturing on the VL 3 DUO: an extensive parts storage area that accommodates up to 400 parts and a fast, flexible parts transport system between the various manufacturing stations. Like every modular machine, the VL 3 DUO has its own parts buffer and a pick-up spindle in each machining area. The TrackMotion automation system loads the individual part pallets on the parts buffer as they shuttle between the loading position near the machining area and the rear section of the machine. From there, the working spindle takes the raw part, transports it into the relevant machining area and places the part back onto the appropriate pallet after it has been machined. Immediately next to it, the subsequent part is waiting to be picked up by the spindle, so that only a few seconds pass until the next part is being machined. The machining areas are arranged in a mirror constellation and each has its own working spindle which, with a rating of up to 18.1 kW and torque of up to 142 Nm, has plenty of power for high speed, precision machining. In addition, each machining area has a tool turret with twelve tool positions which can be fitted with turning tools or driven tools. "The turrets can also be fitted with an additional Y-axis to extend the range of uses of the machine even further," explains Loetzner. The VL 3 DUO adds a highly productive, compact manufacturing system for large-scale production to EMAG's modular machine family. "Its real strength can be seen when it is connected to other machines in the modular machine family," continues Loetzner. "Let's look at the example of gear wheel production mentioned above. If we supplement the VL 3 DUO with the VL 4 H, the modular gear hobbing machine from EMAG, and a VLC 100 CC or VLC 100 RC, the vertical chamfering and deburring machines, we create a manufacturing system for gear wheels which is completely linked using the TrackMotion automation system, with a very small footprint. The whole thing is made possible by the standard structure of the modular machines, the integrated automation system and the fact that the transfer height between the machines is always identical. In other words, almost as simple as using building blocks," Loetzner said.


We have employed label-free quantitative proteomics of wild-type and Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice synaptosomes to investigate proteomic changes occurring during AD progression as a prelude to analysis in humans. More than 4000 proteins were analyzed using multiple analysis tools and statistical criteria. Pathway enrichment identified numerous pathways consistent with the current AD knowledge base, including dysregulation of Glutamate Receptor Signaling, Synaptic Long Term Potentiation and Depression, Rho and Rac Signaling, Calcium Signaling, and Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Additionally, the data demonstrate that a large number of changes occur in the proteome very early relative to the onset of both traditional disease markers such as amyloid accumulation, tau phosphorylation and cognitive dysfunction. These early changes include a number of dysregulated proteins that have novel associations with AD progression. These results reinforce the importance of mechanistic investigations in early disease progression long before the classical markers of Alzheimer's disease are observed.


Inattentional blindness, or the inability to visually detect an unexpected stimulus while attending to a task or situation, can have detrimental effects on those who are subject to the phenomenon. This may be particularly true for law enforcement officers, who are often engaged in cognitively demanding tasks that draw their attention away from potentially deadly hazards. This study aimed to look at the effects of inattentional blindness within a group of officers of varying degrees of experience and expertise. The officers were presented with a video-based scenario in which an unexpected stimulus was placed. The control group was asked to attend to a general task, while the experimental group was asked to attend to a specific and more demanding task. Within the context of an active shooter situation, the officers' ability to detect a large black suitcase in a hallway during the video was assessed. Overall rates of unexpected stimuli detection was consistent with existing literature, however detection of the scene-relevant stimulus was lower than expected.


The paper presents a review of the principles and state of the art in instrumentation used to make large scale measurements within aerospace assembly. The ability to measure large artefacts accurately is a key enabling technology to improve quality and facilitate automation. Particular emphasis is placed on issues of uncertainty with the importance of acceptance criteria explained and verification standards compared and discussed. The fundamental technologies deployed are explained including laser trackers, indoor GPS and photogrammetry. Commercially available systems are compared in terms of uncertainty, range and deployment related issues.


PURPOSE
We postulated that the pathologic evaluation of the lymph nodes of surgical specimens from patients with rectal cancer can have a substantial impact on time to relapse and survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We analyzed data from 1,664 patients with T3, T4, or node-positive rectal cancer treated in a national intergroup trial of adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Associations between the number of lymph nodes found by the pathologist in the surgical specimen and the time to relapse and survival outcomes were investigated.

RESULTS
Patients were divided into groups by nodal status and the corresponding quartiles of numbers of nodes examined. The number of nodes examined was significantly associated with time to relapse and survival among patients who were node-negative. For the first through fourth quartiles, the 5-year relapse rates were 0.37, 0.34, 0.26, and 0.19 (P: = .003), and the 5-year survival rates were 0.68, 0.73, 0.72, and 0.82 (P: = .02). No significant differences were found by quartiles among patients determined to be node-positive. We propose that observed differences are primarily related to the incorrect determination of nodal status in node-negative patients. Approximately 14 nodes need to be studied to define nodal status accurately.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the pathologic assessment of lymph nodes in surgical specimens is often inaccurate and that examining greater number of nodes increases the likelihood of proper staging. Some patients who might benefit from adjuvant therapy are misclassified as node-negative due to incomplete sampling of lymph nodes.


In studying differences among genotypes in physiological response to drying soil, it is important that the genotypes be compared at equivalent soil water contents. Unless the comparisons are made at the same soil water content, genotypic difference may only be a consequence of differences in soil water status. In this study, the objective was to compare stomatal closure among eight maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in response to soil drying. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted in which daily transpiration and soil water content were measured by weighing each pot. Daily transpiration of stressed plants was normalized relative to that of control plants to minimize variation due to environmental effects. This daily transpiration ratio also was normalized relative to the well-watered condition to minimize variation among plants and was recorded as normalized transpiration ratio (NTR). Daily soil water content was expressed as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Among the eight hybrids examined, there were statistical differences in the FTSW at which the stomata began to close. In all experiments, Hybrid 3165 was consistently among the hybrids that began to close their stomata at small FTSW values; whereas, Hybrid 3737 began to close its stomata at large FTSW values. While we surveyed a small genetic base, our results indicated genotypic differences exist for stomatal responses to a drying soil.


Over the past two decades, significant policy shifts within Canada have urged corporations from all sectors, including the extractives industry, to fund and support sport for development (SFD) programming in Indigenous communities, often through corporate social responsibility strategies. The idea that sport is an appropriate tool of development for Indigenous communities in Canada and that the extractives industry is a suitable partner to implement development programs highlight profound tensions regarding ongoing histories of resource extraction and settler colonialism. To explore these tensions, in this paper, the authors drew on interviews conducted with extractives industry representatives of four companies that fund and implement such SFD programs. From these interviews, three overarching discourses emerged in relation to the extractives industry's role in promoting development through sport: SFD is a catalyst to positive relationships between industry and community, SFD is a contributor to "social good" in Indigenous communities, and extractives industry funding of SFD is "socially responsible."


We evaluated the long‐period site response of peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak ground displacements (PGDs) in the 5–30 s period range at 198 K‐NET, KiK‐net, and Japan Meteorological Agency strong‐motion stations in northeastern Japan. Long‐period site responses were estimated empirically based on the ratio of observed ground motions on free surfaces to the values predicted by ground‐motion prediction equations (GMPEs) on bedrock in which the shear‐wave velocity is ≥2000  m/s. Our results show large site amplifications generally dominate at basin stations, whereas site deamplifications generally dominate at mountain stations. The long‐period site response factors of PGVs and PGDs have ranges of 0.6–3.6 and 0.4–3.1, respectively, for which the factors of PGVs are larger than those of PGDs by an average factor of ∼1.3. Long‐period site responses were used to correct the observed strong ground motions of eight earthquakes. The long‐period site‐corrected data fit better with GMPEs that were inferred from smaller standard errors and show a better correlation with sediment thickness, and thus may contribute to reducing the variability of seismic‐hazard assessment.


Geospatial technologies have transformed the way we visualize and understand social phenomena and physical environments. There are significant advantages in using these technologies and data however, their use also presents ethical dilemmas such as privacy and security concerns as well as the potential for stigma and discrimination resulting from being associated with particular locations. Therefore, the use of geospatial technologies and resulting data needs to be critically assessed through an ethical lens prior to implementation of programmes, analyses or partnerships. This paper examines the benefits, risks and ethical considerations when undertaking evidence generation using geospatial technologies. It is supplemented by a checklist that may be used as a practical tool to support reflection on the ethical use of geospatial technologies.


Empirical evidence from the literature documents that the size effect has gradually diminished since the early 1980s. In this article, the authors examine the stability of this anomaly between 1926 and 2014. The evidence they document indicates a substantial presence of the size effect across various calendar anomalies. The anomalies considered are the January effect, the Halloween effect, the Mark Twain effect, the other January effect, the seasonal affective disorder effect, and the turn-of-the-month, day-of-the-week, and week-of-the-year effects. Their findings hold true for different sample periods, various modeling specifications, and types of returns and may provide investment professionals such as portfolio managers, investment officers, analysts, and other market participants with a practical tool for their daily decision-making. TOPICS: Factor-based models, factors, risk premia


Neuropsychological testing was completed in a patient who showed cognitive decline of mental functions, unusual answers to questions, and other characteristics of what has typically been described in the literature as the "Ganser Syndrome." Clear evidence of malingering on a memory test seemed to confirm that this patient was exaggerating deficits for psychiatric reasons or secondary gain, yet the patient showed evidence of mild organic impairment on MRI and continued to deteriorate in cognitive functions and basic self-care. Although an initial SPECT scan had suggested a pattern inconsistent with dementia, a second scan showed frontal-temporal perfusion deficits. Based on this scan and the clinical picture of progressive deterioration, a diagnosis of frontal-temporal lobe dementia was made. This case illustrates that the seemingly deliberate selection of incorrect responses may occur in the early stages of an organic dementia, and that a diagnosis of frontal-temporal lobe dementia should be considered in cases where symptoms appear to be psychiatric or nonorganic. The case further raises the question of whether the reported symptoms of Ganser Syndrome may be accounted for by frontal-temporal lobe dysfunction, since there appears to be some overlap between symptoms of Ganser Syndrome and frontal-temporal lobe dementia. It is also important to note that many reported cases of Ganser Syndrome had a history of head injury.


The effects of minor-elements, mainly Hf, Y and Si, on the oxidation behavior of Al2O3-scale forming γ-Ni + γ'-Ni3Al-based alloy and coating compositions were investigated. Firstly, the effects of Si addition on Hf+Y co-doped γ+γ' alloys were assessed on both modified-Rene N5 superalloy and model alloys. It was found that the addition of Si (≤ 1 at. %) decreased the overall weight gain of modified-Rene N5 superalloy and Ni-20Al-5Cr-0.05Hf-0.05Y (at. %) model alloy under both isothermal (up to 1000 hours) and cyclic (up to 1000 1h cycles) oxidation conditions at 1150°C. Secondly, the effect of Si (1 at. %) addition on the meta-stable → α-Al2O3 transformation kinetics during the early stage of oxidation was studied on the Ni-20Al-5Cr-0.05Hf-0.05Y model alloy. It was found that the addition of 1 at. % Si delays the θ → α-Al2O3 transformation at temperatures above 900°C. In addition, an alternative mathematical method was developed to determine the θ → α-Al2O3 transformation based on analyzing the time dependence of instantaneous n-value. This method found success in describing the effect of Si addition in delaying the θ → α-Al2O3 transformation on Ni-20Al-5Cr-0.05Hf-0.05Y model alloy. Thirdly, synergistic effect of Si (1 at. %) and Hf/Y on the early stage oxidation behavior of Ni-20Al-5Cr-0.05Hf-0.05Y model alloy was studied by TEM/STEM/EDS. Significantly different microstructures of Al2O3 scale formed on the Si-free and Si-containing alloys were observed after 10 and 30 minutes of oxidation at 1150°C. The Al2O3 scale formed on the Si-free alloy contained a large amount of Ni-rich particles in the region close to the scale/metal interface. By contrast, for the Si-containing alloy, a layer of quickly established large-grained α-Al2O3 was observed in the region close to the scale/metal interface. Segregation behavior of Hf and Y was also influenced by the addition of Si. After 2 hours of oxidation at 1150°C, excessive non-uniform Hf and Y co-segregation was observed at the grain boundaries of Al2O3 scale formed on the Si-free alloy. By contrast, Hf and Y grain boundary segregations were uniform and well-controlled in the Al2O3 scale formed on the Si-containing alloy.


Property rights, wrote Morris Cohen in 1927, are delegations of sovereign power. They are created by the state and operate to establish limits on its power. As such, the allocation of property rights is an exercise of sovereignty and a limited delegation of it. Sixty years later, Joseph Singer used Cohen's conceptual framing in a critical review of developments in American Indian law. Where the US Supreme Court had the opportunity to label an American Indian interest as either a sovereign interest or a property interest, he argued, it invariably chose to the disadvantage of the Indians. Within Canada, Indigenous peoples have struggled to have their interests recognized as property rights, let alone as sovereign power. As John Borrows makes clear, Canadian courts have established Canada's sovereignty as the jurisdictional bedrock on which Indigenous peoples must establish their property rights. This article uses the uses the concepts of property and sovereignty as revealed by Cohen and as interpreted by Singer and Borrows in the context of the rights of Indigenous peoples to recount the history of the appearance, disappearance, and reappearance of an Indian reserve in the City of Vancouver. Allotted by the colony of British Columbia in the 1860s and expanded in 1876 after British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation, the Kitsilano Indian Reserve is one of more than 1500 Indian reserves scattered across the province. Using archival material, much of it introduced in litigation, the article examines the changing character of the Indian reserve in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as a property interest and as a limited delegation of sovereignty, in a context where the distribution of sovereignty between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian state remains unresolved.


Computer security applications (CSAs) are essential for ensuring information security across insecure mediums such as the Internet, however despite the reliance placed upon them empirical evidence and case studies indicate that they suffer similar quality concerns to the broader software industry. This paper identifies two key reasons for this. The first is that private law and compensation are unable in their current form to raise quality within CSAs. The second is that the public good characteristics of CSAs, and the negative network externalities that defective CSAs exhibit, are addressable through regulation only. There are two types of defect, those that are known to the CSA vendor and those that are not. This paper therefore proposes a two stage-approach towards addressing these. The first stage is to raise the benchmark of CSA quality by mandating the use of standardised software engineering methodologies through use of the European standardisation framework. Thereby ensuring that CSAs are released to the market without known defects. The second stage is to mandate the disclosure of exploitable defects identified post software release by leveraging the proposed European Network and Information Security Directive.


In order to address privacy concerns, many social media websites allow users to hide their personal profiles from the public. In this work, we show how an adversary can exploit a social network with a mixture of public and private user profiles to predict the private attributes of users. We map this problem to a relational classification problem and we propose a simple yet powerful model that uses group features and group memberships of users to perform multi-value classification. We compare its efficacy against several other classification approaches. Our results show that even in the case when there is an option for making profile attributes private, if links and group affiliations are known, users' privacy in social networks may be compromised. On a dataset from a well-known social-media website, we could easily recover the sensitive attributes for half of the privateprofile users with a high accuracy when as much as half of the profiles are private. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that uses link-based and group-based classification to study privacy implications in social networks. We conclude with a discussion of our findings and the broader applicability of our proposed model.