Direct position analysis (DPA) of parallel manipulators (PMs) is in general difficult to solve. Over on PMs' topology, DPA complexity depends on the choice of the actuated joints. From an analytic point of view, the system of algebraic equations that one must solve to implement PMs' DPA is usually expressible in an apparently simple form, but such a form does not allow an analytic solution and even the problem formalization is relevant in PMs' DPAs. The ample literature on the DPA of Stewart platforms well document this point. This paper addresses the DPA of a particular translational PM of 3-URU type, which has the actuators on the frame while the actuated joints are not adjacent to the frame. The problem formulation brings to a closure-equation system consisting of three irrational equations in three unknowns. Such a system is transformed into an algebraic system of four quadratic equations in four unknowns that yields a univariate irrational equation in one of the four unknowns and three explicit expressions of the remaining three unknowns. Then, an algorithm is proposed which is able to find only the real solutions of the DPA. The proposed solution technique can be applied to other DPAs reducible to a similar system of irrational equations and, as far as this author is aware, is novel. Keywords: Kinematics, Position Analysis, Parallel Manipulators, Lower Mobility, Translational Manipulators


Multiresolution geometry streaming has been well studied in recent years. The client can progressively visualize a triangle mesh from the coarsest resolution to the finest one while a server successively transmits detail information. However, the streaming order of the detail data usually depends only on the geometric importance, since basically a mesh simplification process is performed backwards in the streaming. Consequently, the resolution of the model changes globally during streaming even if the client does not want to download detail information for the invisible parts from a given view point. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework for view-dependent streaming of multiresolution meshes. The transmission order of the detail data can be adjusted dynamically according to the visual importance with respect to the client's current view point. By adapting the truly selective refinement scheme for progressive meshes, our framework provides efficient view-dependent streaming that minimizes memory cost and network communication overhead. Furthermore, we reduce the per-client session data on the server side by using a special data structure for encoding which vertices have already been transmitted to each client. Experimental results indicate that our framework is efficient enough for a broadcast scenario where one server streams geometry data to multiple clients with different view points.


This technical note provides an overview of religious discrimination law in the United States and provides managers with a meaningful understanding of their rights and obligations when an employee's religious beliefs or practices conflict with his or her work responsibilities. The analysis will touch on intentional discrimination and harassment ("I'm firing you because you're Christian/Jewish/Other"), types of religious discrimination that are readily identifiable and resolvable. Less obviously, U.S. law requires that employers provide "reasonable accommodation" whenever a religiously neutral business practice interferes with an employee's religious practice; this reasonable accommodation doctrine is more complex and nuanced. Providing reasonable accommodation presents obstacles for managers that are as legalistically dense as they are financially treacherous. This note aims to help managers identify blatantly illegal practices, but it also aims to assist management in navigating the gray areas where the law is underdeveloped or inconsistently applied. The law often provides vignettes of what managers legally can or cannot do, but neither laws nor cases interpreting them provide clear answers for managers attempting to handle challenging religious issues that arise in their firms. Finally, while digesting the information provided in this note, managers must remember that this analysis describes legal solutions, not managerial ones. Excerpt UVA-E-0410 Rev. Jan. 7, 2016 Religion in the Workplace: A Managerial Outline for Navigating the Law at the Intersection of Business and Religion Introduction This technical note provides an overview of religious discrimination law in the United States and provides managers with a meaningful understanding of their rights and obligations when an employee's religious beliefs or practices conflict with his or her work responsibilities. The analysis will touch on intentional discrimination and harassment ("I'm firing you because you're Christian/Jewish/Other"), types of religious discrimination that are readily identifiable and resolvable. Less obviously, U.S. law requires that employers provide "reasonable accommodation" whenever a religiously neutral business practice interferes with an employee's religious practice; this reasonable accommodation doctrine is more complex and nuanced. Providing reasonable accommodation presents obstacles for managers that are as legalistically dense as they are financially treacherous. This note aims to help managers identify blatantly illegal practices, but it also aims to assist management in navigating the gray areas where the law is underdeveloped or inconsistently applied. The law often provides vignettes of what managers legally can or cannot do, but neither laws nor cases interpreting them provide clear answers for managers attempting to handle challenging religious issues that arise in their firms. Finally, while digesting the information provided in this note, managers must remember that this analysis describes legal solutions, not managerial ones. . . .


Emissions trading promises the achievement of a pre-defined environmental outcome at least cost. If the system works and key assumptions hold, it would seem to be an "optimal" climate policy instrument. On closer inspection, however, it is less clear what constitutes an "optimal" climate policy. This paper argues that optimality involves a range of criteria beyond short-term economic efficiency, but also has to consider the longer-term dynamic efficiency, as well as the political, administrative and legal feasibility of policy instruments. The assessment of optimality is confounded by the fact that climate policy relies on a number of policy instruments. This paper argues that a policy analysis should look at the performance of the entire instrument mix, and not analyse individual instruments in isolation. Such a mix will differ from country to country – depending on political preferences, administrative capacities, or regulatory traditions. The mix is also evolving: As climate policy aims to transform entire economies, the impact of individual policy instruments in the climate policy mix grows – measured by the share of the relevant markets that they affect, the incentives they provide, or the costs they impose. As this impact grows, there is increasing interaction between policy instruments. Understanding and managing these interactions therefore becomes key for successful climate policy. Emissions trading has a particular position in this instrument mix: it directly targets the end result, i.e. emissions from the regulated sectors, inputs to the process, technologies used, or the infrastructure, where other instruments target the interim stages in the process. At the same time, emissions trading also builds on other policies, for instance through administrative and regulatory infrastructures. This paper discusses how the other policy instruments affect the functioning of an emissions trading scheme (ETS), and how this will reflect on the performance of an ETS in terms of optimality.


Tropical rainforests are often called the "lungs of the planet" because they generally draw in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen. But the amount of carbon dioxide they absorb, or produce, varies hugely with year-to-year variations in the climate. A new paper published this week in the journal Nature shows that these variations reveal how vulnerable the rainforest is to climate change.

Dr Chris Huntingford, a climate modeller with the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) joined a team of scientists from the University of Exeter and the Met Office Hadley Centre to carry out the study.

The study reveals a new way to find out how sensitive biological systems are to changes in climate. The key was to learn how to read the year-to-year variations in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

The paper's lead author, Professor Peter Cox of the University of Exeter, explained that scientists have been struggling for more than a decade to answer the question of whether the Amazon forest will die back under climate change. He said, "Our study indicates that the risk is low if climate change is associated with increased plant growth under elevated carbon dioxide. But if this effect declines, or climate warming occurs due to something other than a carbon dioxide increase, we expect to see a significant release of carbon from tropical ecosystems."

Carbon dioxide increases each year as a result of burning fossil fuels and deforestation. But the amount it goes up from one year to the next depends on whether tropical forests are absorbing carbon dioxide or releasing it – and this in turn depends on whether the tropical climate was warmer and dryer than usual, or wetter and cooler. So the trace of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere holds a record of how the lungs of the planet respond when the climate warms or cools.

The team studied how these year-to-year variations in carbon dioxide concentration relate to long-term changes in the amount of carbon stored in tropical rainforests. They found that climate models that predicted tropical forest dieback under climate change also had a very large year-to-year variation in carbon dioxide concentration, while models in which the rainforest was more robust to climate change had more realistic year-to-year variation in carbon dioxide concentration.

By combining this relationship with the year-to-year variation in carbon dioxide as seen in the real world, the team were able to determine that about 50 billion tonnes of carbon would be released for each degree Celsius of warming in the tropics. Peter Cox said the findings were initially a relief: "Fortunately, this carbon release is counteracted by the positive effects of carbon dioxide fertilisation on plant growth under most scenarios of the 21st century, so that overall forests are expected to continue to accumulate carbon."

The researchers are certain, however, that tropical forests will suffer under climate change if carbon dioxide doesn't fertilise tree growth as strongly as climate models suggest, saying that the long-term health of tropical forests depends on their ability to withstand multiple pressures from changing climate and deforestation.

http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/news_archive/planet-lungs-sensitive-global-warming_2013_06.html


Will today's solution become tomorrow's problem? An increasing number of investors are becoming wary about the outlook for price stability. What if central banks leave interest rates too low for too long or pump too much money into the economy? If they do, they risk making today's solution into tomorrow's problem: a sharp rise in inflation. If inflation does materialize, then traditional inflation hedges, such as gold, commodities, real estate, and inflation-linked bonds, are likely to outperform other mainstream financial assets. Gold has a long history as an inflation hedge: In the eight years between 1974 and 2008 when U.S. inflation was high (defined as CPI inflation exceeding 5%) gold rose by an average of 14.9% in real terms, outperforming other assets such as bonds, equities, and even other commodities. Still, some investors may be reluctant to add an asset intended to function primarily as an inflation hedge to their portfolio at this stage, as there are currently equally compelling reasons for inflation to remain low. This leads the authors to ask whether any of the four traditional inflation hedges can demonstrably enhance investors' risk-adjusted returns even in a low-to-moderate inflation environment. Real returns are not, after all, the only means of assessing portfolio performance. The volatility of an asset's returns and its interaction with other assets are also important. The authors also examine how gold has performed relative to the other three traditional inflation hedges, both individually and collectively, using a portfolio optimizer. They then explore whether a strategic case can be made for gold in the portfolio of an investor that already holds TIPS (inflation-linked bonds).


Changes in production conditions associated with biological invasions can be complex. As a result, modeling invasive species management decisions can be difficult. Modeling these decisions is further compounded by externalities associated with spatial relationships among growers. In order to calculate optimal management decisions, an accurate bioeconomic model of the feedback between grower decisions and the new biological interactions created by an invasive species population is needed. In this paper, a bioeconomic model is used to explicitly analyze how externalities caused by spatial relationships among agricultural producers affect optimal invasive species management decisions. The example of the coordinated greenhouse whitefly management in the Oxnard, CA, area is discussed. This is an interesting example because of the complex cycle of host crops used by the whitefly and the effect this cycle has on the optimal whitefly management decisions for strawberry growers. Three research objectives achieved in this paper include first, using the model to assess how the spatial relationship among growers affects incentives for regional invasive pest management. Second, analyze whether current policies could be adjusted to substitute for coordination among growers. Third, the use of the bioeconomic model to identify factors for this specific case that affect whether or not growers may voluntarily coordinate their management decisions. We find that spatial relationships among growers affect the need for coordination in the strawberry/whitefly case. Whitefly migrations across host crop fields require growers to manage the whitefly on a regional basis in order to maximize strawberry producer welfare. The results also indicate that the amount of effort needed to achieve coordination required is limited; the only requirement is that information related to field management be shared among growers of whitefly host crops. The results from the bioeconomic model describe the biological and economic feedback of the grower's decision which allows policymakers to identify the willingness of producers to coordinate at various times of year. In the Oxnard strawberry/whitefly case, for example, growers will not find it optimal to adjust their application timing for a second immigration of adult greenhouse whiteflies when they occur near the end of the season, such as in May or June, but will for earlier points in the season. Three policy implications of the results from the strawberry/whitefly case are also discussed in the paper. First, adjustments to current policies regulating whitefly management do not remove the need for coordination among growers to them. Also, it was found that current policies do not, by themselves, generate the need for coordination. Finally, the results show it is not always necessary to create a central agency for regional invasive species management.


Identifying and tracking the projection of magnetospheric regions on the high-latitude ionosphere is of primary importance for studying the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere system and for space weather applications. By its unique spatial coverage and temporal resolution, the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) provides key parameters, such as the Doppler spectral width, which allows the monitoring of the ionospheric footprint of some magnetospheric boundaries in near real-time. In this study, we present the first results of a statistical approach for monitoring these magnetospheric boundaries. The singular value decomposition is used as a data reduction tool to describe the backscattered echoes with a small set of parameters. One of these is strongly correlated with the Doppler spectral width, and can thus be used as a proxy for it. Based on this, we propose a Bayesian classifier for identifying the spectral width boundary, which is classically associated with the Polar Cap boundary. The results are in good agreement with previous studies. Two advantages of the method are: the possibility to apply it in near real-time, and its capacity to select the appropriate threshold level for the boundary detection.


In this demo, we present FERARI, a prototype that enables real-time Complex Event Processing (CEP) for large volume event data streams over distributed topologies. Our prototype constitutes, to our knowledge, the first complete, multi-cloud based end-to-end CEP solution incorporating: a) a user-friendly, web-based query authoring tool, (b) a powerful CEP engine implemented on top of a streaming cloud platform, (c) a CEP optimizer that chooses the best query execution plan with respect to low latency and/or reduced inter-cloud communication burden, and (d) a query analytics dashboard encompassing graph and map visualization tools to provide a holistic picture with respect to the detected complex events to final stakeholders. As a proof-of-concept, we apply FERARI to enable mobile fraud detection over real, properly anonymized, telecommunication data from T-Hrvatski Telekom network in Croatia.


This study is an investigation on supply chain integration in bioenergy. It takes a different approach from many contemporary studies found in the literature because most research in bioenergy treats technological performance, characteristics of feedstock, impact on energy consumption in relation to the carbon footprint as distinct and separate entities. None of these examples consider bioenergy from supply chain integration and thus, a business performance perspective. The study proposes that bioenergy is defined from the biomass-to-bioenergy, which is from the point of origin to the point of conversion, and that it is a developing industry. It was found that stakeholders play a prominent role throughout the various phases from planning approval to project implementation and are also involved during operational phases of a bioenergy business. In the study this is referred to as stakeholder integration. During handover phases process integration dominates operational activities within the bioenergy firm. By dividing characteristics in a bioenergy business as stakeholder and process integration it is possible to identify constructs that are applicable to bioenergy. These were investigated through secondary research as well as primary research approaches. Inherent within the configuration of bioenergy supply chains are issues and challenges that were different from established energy systems and factors peculiar to conventional supply chain approaches. The research finds bioenergy supply chains tend to be horizontally integrated from B2C, and as yet lack vertical integration, B2B found in mature supply chains. Contributions resulting from this factor, coupled with the research approaches, particularly by using qualitative methods extended knowledge and practice in operations management research as well identifying best practice in a novel and emergent industry.


A novel redox reaction system consisting of xanthone (XT) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) for radical polymerization is developed where NHPI and XT experience a one-electron-transfer reaction, which produces two kinds of radicals, PINO radicals and cycloketyl (CK) radicals. This redox system is efficient to initiate the radical polymerization of three typical monomers, i.e., methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA) and styrene, and the analytical results of the end-groups by NMR and MALDI-TOF MS demonstrate that PINO radicals initiate the polymerization, while CK radicals act as dormant radicals. As the polymerization proceeds, a significant increase in molecular weight and a decrease in PDI are observed, which could be attributed to the reversible deactivation between CK radicals and polymer chain radicals.


In Dam inspection tasks, an underwater robot has to grab images while surveying the wall meanwhile maintaining a certain distance and relative orientation. This paper proposes the use of an MSIS (Mechanically Scanned Imaging Sonar) for relative positioning of a robot with respect to the wall. An imaging sonar gathers polar image scans from which depth images (Range & Bearing) are generated. Depth scans are first processed to extract a line corresponding to the wall (with the Hough Transform), which is then tracked by means of an EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) using a static motion model and an implicit measurement equation associating the sensed points to the candidate line. The line estimate is referenced to the robot fixed frame and represented in polar coordinates (ρ&θ) which directly corresponds to the actual distance and relative orientation of the robot with respect to the wall. The proposed system has been tested in simulation as well as in water tank conditions.


The relaxation of a smooth two-dimensional vortex to axisymmetry, also known as 'axisymmetrization', is studied asymptotically and numerically. The vortex is perturbed at t=0 and differential rotation leads to the wind-up of vorticity fluctuations to form a spiral. It is shown that for infinite Reynolds number and in the linear approximation, the vorticity distribution tends to axisymmetry in a weak or coarse-grained sense: when the vorticity field is integrated against a smooth test function the result decays asymptotically as t−λ with λ=1+(n2+8)1/2, where n is the azimuthal wavenumber of the perturbation and n[ges ]1. The far-field stream function of the perturbation decays with the same exponent. To obtain these results the paper develops a complete asymptotic picture of the linear evolution of vorticity fluctuations for large times t, which is based on that of Lundgren (1982).


Flying insects and robots that mimic them flap and rotate (or 'pitch') their wings with large angular amplitudes. The reciprocating nature of flapping requires rotation of the wing at the end of each stroke. Insects or flapping-wing robots could achieve this by directly exerting moments about the axis of rotation using auxiliary muscles or actuators. However, completely passive rotational dynamics might be preferred for efficiency purposes, or, in the case of a robot, decreased mechanical complexity and reduced system mass. Herein, the detailed equations of motion are derived for wing rotational dynamics, and a blade-element model is used to supply aerodynamic force and moment estimates. Passive-rotation flapping experiments with insect-scale mechanically driven artificial wings are conducted to simultaneously measure aerodynamic forces and three-degree-of-freedom kinematics (flapping, rotation and out-of-plane deviation), allowing a detailed evaluation of the blade-element model and the derived equations of motion. Variations in flapping kinematics, wing-beat frequency, stroke amplitude and torsional compliance are made to test the generality of the model. All experiments showed strong agreement with predicted forces and kinematics, without variation or fitting of model parameters.


The surface charge of the plasma membrane is a crucial determinant of the targeting of signaling proteins. Yeung et al. have developed a probe that can reveal the location of the major negatively charged phospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PS), within cell membranes. PS was found in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane and on endosomes and lysosomes. It appeared to play a role in the targeting of a variety of positively charged proteins within these membranes. T. Yeung, G. E. Gilbert, J. Shi, J. Silvius, A. Kapus, S. Grinstein, Membrane phosphatidylserine regulates surface charge and protein localization. Science 319, 210-213 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This monograph provides, for the first time, a comprehensive historical analysis of German colour words from early beginnings to the present, based on data obtained from over one thousand texts.Part 1 reviews previous work in colour linguistics. Part 2 describes and documents the formation of popular colour taxonomies and specialised nomenclatures in German across many periods and fields. The textual data examined will be of relevance to cultural historians in fields as far apart as philosophy, religious symbolism, medicine, mineralogy, optics, fine art, fashion, and dyeing technology. Part 3 — the core of the work — traces linguistic developments in systematic detail across more than twelve centuries. Special attention is given to the evolving meanings of colour terms, their connotative values, figurative extensions, morphological productivity, and lexicographical registration. New light is shed on a range of scholarly issues and controversies, in ways relevant to German lexicologists and to specialists in other languages, notably French and English.


The eucalypts, which include Eucalyptus, Angophora and Corymbia, are native to Australia and Malesia and include over 800 named species in a mixture of diverse and depauperate lineages. We assessed the fit of the eucalypt taxonomic classification to a phylogeny of 711 species scored for DNA sequences of plastid matK and psbA–trnH, as well as nuclear internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer. Two broadly similar topologies emerge from both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, showing Angophora nested within Corymbia, or Angophora sister to Corymbia. The position of certain species-poor groups on long branches fluctuated relative to the three major Eucalyptus subgenera, and positions of several closely related species within those subgenera were unstable and lacked statistical support. Most sections and series of Eucalyptus were not recovered as monophyletic. We calibrated these phylogenies against time, using penalised likelihood and constraints obtained from fossil ages. On the basis of these trees, most major eucalypt subgenera arose in the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene. All Eucalyptus clades with taxa occurring in south-eastern Australia have crown ages <20million years. Several eucalypt clades display a strong present-day geographic disjunction, although these clades did not have strong phylogenetic statistical support. In particular, the estimated age of the separation between the eudesmids (Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia) and monocalypts (Eucalyptus subgenus Eucalyptus) was consistent with extensive inland water bodies in the Eocene. Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixture rates of net species diversification accelerated in five sections of Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus, all beginning 2–3million years ago and associated with semi-arid habitats dominated by mallee and mallet growth forms, and with open woodlands and forests in eastern Australia. This is the first time that a calibrated molecular study has shown support for the rapid diversification of eucalypts in the recent past, most likely driven by changing climate and diverse soil geochemical conditions.


There is a need for valid and representative data on the production, resource use and emissions from different farm types in Denmark for public regulation and assessment. The data should be usable for both area-based environmental assessment (e.g. nitrate leaching per ha) and product-oriented environmental assessment (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions per kg pork). The objective of this study was to establish a national agricultural model for estimating data on resource use, production and environmentally important emissions for a set of representative farm types. Every year a sample of farm accounts is established in order to report Danish agro-economical data to the 'Farm Accountancy Data Network' (FADN), and to produce 'The annual Danish account statistics for agriculture'. The farm accounts are selected and weighted to be representative for the Danish agricultural sector, and similar samples of farm accounts are collected in most of the European countries. Based on a sample of 2138 farm accounts from year 1999 a national agricultural model, consisting of 31 farm types, was constructed. The farm accounts were grouped according to the major soil types, the number of working hours, the most important enterprise (dairy, pig, different cash crops), livestock density, etc. For each group the farm account data on the average resource use, products sold, land use and herd structure were used to establish a farm type with coherency between livestock production, feed use, land use, yields, imported feed, homegrown feed, manure production, fertilizer use and crop production. The set of farm types was scaled up to national level thus representing the whole Danish agricultural sector and the resulting production, resource use and land use was checked against the national statistics. Nutrient balance methodology and state-of-the-art emission models and factors were used to establish the emissions of nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane and fossil carbon dioxide from each farm type. In this paper data on resource uses and emissions from selected farm types are presented and it is demonstrated that this approach can lead to an agro-environmental inventory, which is consistent with national level estimates and still has the advantage of being disaggregated to specific farm types. Conventional dairy farm types in general emitted more nitrate but less phosphate compared with pig farm types. The methane emission was higher from dairy farm types compared with all other farm types. In general the conventional dairy farms emitted more nitrate, ammonia, and nitrous oxide, compared with organic dairy farms. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


This paper analyzes the evolution of a "new" public university campus, UBCO, in the Interior of BC, situated in the city of Kelowna, with a focus onissues at with respect to shared academic governance and university management models. The paper is informed by the analysis of Acemoglu and Robinson (2012), applying the analysis in the context of the question of why universities might fail, rather than nations. The paper is divided into five sections. The first discusses the insights of Acemoglu and Robinson and how they can be applied to this case study. The second discusses incidents around total enrolment management that demonstrate the exclusionary nature of the campus management model. Issues of internationalization and indigenization strategy form the discussion of the third section. In a fourth section, issues of labour relations with respect to faculty are analyzed, and a final section discusses the workplace experience of faculty and staff. The paper ends with some concluding comments.


A 350-bed Sydney hospital noted excessive container-associated sharps injuries (CASI) using small sharps containers and compared the effect from 2004 to 2010 of using a larger container engineered to reduce CASI. In Phase 1 (Ph1), disposable 1.4L containers (BD Australia) were carried to/from patients' rooms. In Phase 2 (Ph2), this stopped and a safety-engineered 32L reusable container (the Device; Sharpsmart, SteriHealth) was mounted in medication stations only and sharps were carried to and from patient rooms using kidney dishes. In Phase 3 (Ph3), the Device was wall-mounted in patient rooms. Sharps injuries were categorised as 'during-procedure', 'after-procedure but before disposal', 'CASI', and 'improper disposal SI'. Disposal-related SI comprised CASI plus improper-disposal SI. Injuries per 100 full-time-equivalent staff were analysed using Chi2; p ≤ 0.05; and relative risk and 95% confidence limits were calculated. In Ph1 (small containers) 19.4% of SI were CASI and transport injuries were zero. In Ph2 (Device in medication station) CASI fell 94.9% (p <0.001); Disposal-related SI fell 71.1% (p=0.002) but transport injuries rose significantly. In Ph3 (Device in patient room) zero CASI occurred (p<0.001); Disposal-related SI fell 83.1% (p=0.001). Recapping SI fell 85.1% (p=0.01) with the Device. The Device's volume, large aperture, passive overfill-protection and close-at-hand siting are postulated as SI reduction factors.


Cloud storage provides a convenient, massive, and scalable storage at low cost, but data privacy is a major concern that prevents users from storing files on the cloud trustingly. One way of enhancing privacy from data owner point of view is to encrypt the files before outsourcing them onto the cloud and decrypt the files after downloading them. However, data encryption is a heavy overhead for the mobile devices, and data retrieval process incurs a complicated communication between the data user and cloud. Normally with limited bandwidth capacity and limited battery life, these issues introduce heavy overhead to computing and communication as well as a higher power consumption for mobile device users, which makes the encrypted search over mobile cloud very challenging. In this paper, we propose traffic and energy saving encrypted search (TEES), a bandwidth and energy efficient encrypted search architecture over mobile cloud. The proposed architecture offloads the computation from mobile devices to the cloud, and we further optimize the communication between the mobile clients and the cloud. It is demonstrated that the data privacy does not degrade when the performance enhancement methods are applied. Our experiments show that TEES reduces the computation time by 23 to 46 percent and save the energy consumption by 35 to 55 percent per file retrieval, meanwhile the network traffics during the file retrievals are also significantly reduced.


Archon is a federation of physics collections with varying degrees of metadata richness. Archon uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAIPMH) to harvest metadata from distributed archives. The architecture of Archon is largely based on another OAIPMH digital library: Arc, a cross archive search service. However, Archon provides some new services that are specifically tailored for the physics community. Of these services we will discuss approaches we used to search and browse equations and formulae and a citation linking service for arXiv and American Physical Society (APS) archives.


Increasingly more and more organizations are opting for outsourcing data to remote cloud service providers (CSPs). Customers can rent the CSPs storage infrastructure to store and retrieve almost unlimited amount of data by paying fees metered in gigabyte/month. For an increased level of scalability, availability, and durability, some customers may want their data to be replicated on multiple servers across multiple data centers. The more copies the CSP is asked to store, the more fees the customers are charged. Therefore, customers need to have a strong guarantee that the CSP is storing all data copies that are agreed upon in the service contract, and all these copies are consistent with the most recent modifications issued by the customers. In this paper, we propose a map-based provable multicopy dynamic data possession (MB-PMDDP) scheme that has the following features: 1) it provides an evidence to the customers that the CSP is not cheating by storing fewer copies; 2) it supports outsourcing of dynamic data, i.e., it supports block-level operations, such as block modification, insertion, deletion, and append; and 3) it allows authorized users to seamlessly access the file copies stored by the CSP. We give a comparative analysis of the proposed MB-PMDDP scheme with a reference model obtained by extending existing provable possession of dynamic single-copy schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated through experimental results on a commercial cloud platform. In addition, we show the security against colluding servers, and discuss how to identify corrupted copies by slightly modifying the proposed scheme.


Agricultural production faces myriad of risks. Nevertheless, two major risks are of concern to the agricultural sector- price risk caused by potential volatility in prices and production risk resulting from uncertainty about the levels of production that primary producers can achieve from their current activities. It is likely that these major risks will increase in the future – price risk due to liberalization of trade and production risk caused by the effect s of climate change. Agricultural risks not only affect farmers, they also affect the whole agribusiness value chain. Each of the participants along the supply chain, from the Government, Financial Institutions, suppliers of inputs, the distributor, the trader, the processor and the end consumers, are subject to these risks. Agricultural investments unfortunately are among the most risky economic ventures one can embark upon, the absolute dependence on unpredictable weather conditions, like storm, flood, drought and other natural hazards make income from crop products and agricultural products like livestock poultry and dairies to be very unstable. Agricultural Insurance policies serve as securities for banks as indemnification for financial losses suffered by farmers and those in the agricultural value chain resulting from damages to their products, and also provides funds for servicing such loans. This paper is concerned exclusively with the role of agricultural insurance in the agribusiness and in the development of the economy. It gives an introduction and a review of the agricultural sector that led to the agricultural insurance decree in 1993. The paper describes the various products available under the agricultural insurance while a section was devoted to analyzing the economic impact of agriculture Insurance


The effects of globalization are increasingly making themselves felt throughout higher education as in all areas of human endeavour. In order to understand the dynamics of globalization and better define the challenges that it poses to universities in both rich and poor countries, seventeen higher education specialists were asked to contribute to this debate. The diversity of perspectives and wide range of themes presented here provide readers with an insight into the panorama of key questions and challenges facing higher education at the beginning of 2003. The result is a questioning of both the place of universities on the international scene and their social relevance in the knowledge-based world where innovation has become the driving force. As Hans van Ginkel argues, higher education is undergoing a Copernican change with the national state no longer the sole reference point for the development of universities. By opening up to a new global space, higher education witnesses the emergence of new players: regions, provinces, Lander international organizations, NGOs, enterprises, enterprise-universities and virtual universities. As their orbits intersect and are subject to the gravitational pull of these new systems, universities are forced to change their own trajectories. Contributors include David E. Bloom (Harvard University), Christopher W. Brooks (OECD), Jan Currie (Murdoch University, Australia), John Daniel (UNESCO), Michael Gibbons (Association of Commonwealth Universities), Hans van Ginkel (United Nations University, Tokyo), Jane Knight (University of Toronto), Goolam Mohamedbhai (University of Mauritius), Teboho Moja (University of New York), Bernard Pau (CNRS, Paris), Riccardo Petrella (Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium), Jamil Salmi (World Bank), Peter Scott (Kingston University, UK), Craig D. Swenson (Phoenix University), and Francois Tavenas (Universite Laval).


Let G be an infinite group with a finite symmetric generating set S. The corresponding Cayley graph on G has an edge between x,y in G if their ratio xy-1 is in S. Kaimanovich-Vershik (1983), building on fundamental results of Furstenberg, Derrienic and Avez, showed that G admits non-constant bounded harmonic functions iff the entropy of simple random walk on G grows linearly in time; Varopoulos (1985) showed that this is equivalent to the random walk escaping with a positive asymptotic speed. Kaimanovich and Vershik (1983) also described the lamplighter groups (groups of exponential growth consisting of finite lattice configurations) where (in dimension at least 3) the simple random walk has positive speed, yet the probability of returning to the starting point does not decay exponentially. They conjectured a complete description of the bounded harmonic functions on these groups; In dimension 5 and above, their conjecture was proved by Anna Erschler (2011). In the talk, I will discuss the background and present a proof of the Kaimanovich-Vershik conjecture for all dimensions, obtained in joint work with Russ Lyons; the case of dimension 3 is the most delicate. No prior knowledge of group theory will be assumed.


This book asks if the nobility could lead the Westernization of Russia in early modern times. Its yardstick is Humanism and the Latin Classics, which dominated education in Europe, but with which Russia's government only flirted, and most in society rejected.


The impact of a canker disease of Corymbia calophylla (marri) in the southwest of Western Australia (WA) has increased substantially since it was first observed causing decline and death of this species in the 1970s. By the early 1990s there were expressions of concern and calls to determine the cause and management options. Despite this, there has been very little research into the incidence, severity and possible causes of the disease. There are, however, historical reports dating back to the 1920s of a canker disease of amenity planted C. ficifolia caused by Sporotrichum destructor, though the diagnosis and Latin description were never published. It has been suggested that there may be links between this species and the genus Quambalaria, a group containing leaf and shoot pathogens of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia.

This study examined the incidence and symptomology of the disease, the range of fungal species associated with healthy and diseased C. calophylla, and the pathogenicity of isolates obtained from these surveys. Also investigated was the identity of the pathogen, S. destructor, historically attributed to canker disease of C. ficifolia, to determine whether this pathogen is responsible for the current epidemic of C. calophylla canker and if it is synonymous with Quambalaria.

Cankers were present on trees across the range of surveyed sites, with lesions occurring on trunks, branches or twigs of 25.7 % of the C. calophylla surveyed. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at remnant sites, such as roadsides and in paddocks, than forest trees being 38 % and 13.3 %, respectively. Tree height, trunk diameter at breast height and crown position, size and health ratings were significant predictors of canker presence, with cankers more common on larger, older trees and trees with poor crown condition. Bark cracks exuding kino were present on 48 % of the surveyed trees, and when dissected, lesions were observed on 40 %, suggesting that these cracks could be the initial stages of canker disease. This was confirmed by the observation of a number of cracks that developed into perennial cankers during the three year study. Monitoring of canker development and the examination of transverse sections showed the circumvention of host defenses by the pathogen and the subsequential walling off response of the host (which typifies perennial cankers) was not necessarily an annual event, with no change observed in some cankers over the three year period, while others progressed rapidly in that time, occasionally to the point of girdling and killing the host.

Initial surveys isolated 44 fungal species from healthy and diseased C. calophylla, with opportunistic pathogens including Endothiella eucalypti and Cytospora eucalypticola common. Subsequent surveys foccussed more on a potential pathogen in the genus Quambalaria, which was rarely isolated from active lesions, presumably because of its slow growth rate, but which sporulated consistently on the surface of older sections of the cankers.

DNA sequences confirmed that Q. cyanescens and Q. pitereka are present in southwest WA, with the latter associated with leaf and shoot disease. A third and new species of Quambalaria was isolated from cankers. Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with S. destructor. The species is formally described here as Q. coyrecup T. Paap sp. nov.

A pathogenicity trial was unsuccessful in causing disease symptoms in trees inoculated with core plugs taken from canker lesion margins of diseased trees, though the time frame and environmental factors may not have been adequate for disease development. The core plug inoculation method may also have failed because opportunistic pathogens which were frequently isolated from lesions out-competed Q. coyrecup (paralleling the results achieved by culturing from lesions). Quambalaria coyrecup caused symptoms matching those observed in natural infections when suitable hosts were inoculated, confirming it is the fungus responsible for the current canker disease of C. calophylla and C. ficifolia. Endothiella eucalypti also caused significant lesions, though these were not typical of natural infections, which together with its frequent isolation from both healthy and diseased trees suggests it is an opportunistic pathogen, potentially contributing to disease development in trees already infected with Q. coyrecup.

Isolates of Q. pitereka from WA and eastern Australia both caused typical shoot blight symptoms in the WA hosts C. calophylla and C. ficifolia, and the eastern Australian host C. maculata, though a larger path trial is required to examine the possibility of host specificity. Quambalaria cyanescens was non-pathogenic in all inoculation trials.

The current cause of cankers in C. calophylla is now known to be the same as the fungus historically implicated in the canker disease of C. ficifolia, when at the time it was described as an endophyte doing little or no damage in C. calophylla. Thus, it is of immediate importance to determine the factors driving this decline, and develop control and management options.


Culturally competent counselors are accurately aware of culturally learned assumptions by themselves and their clients, comprehend the culturally relevant facts and information about a client' culture and are able to intervene skillfully to bring about positive change through counseling. A three-stage developmental framework proceeds from awareness to knowledge to skill in defining necessary competencies through a needs assessment. Examples of cultural bias are discussed and resistance to multicultural competence by counselors is described. Examples of facts and information needed to comprehend each cultural context meaningfully are identified and the possibility of multiculturalism as a "fourth force" in counseling is examined. Skills for finding common ground are illustrated through an Interpersonal Cultural Grid and a Triad Training Model is described for learning to hear the positive and negative unspoken messages of culturally different clients. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol10/iss3/4


This article aims to improve the performance of a thermally powered adsorption cooling cycle by selecting a new adsorbent/refrigerant pair. Adsorption capacity of an adsorbent/refrigerant pair depends mainly on the porous properties (surface area, pore size, and pore volume) of the adsorbent and isothermal characteristics of the adsorbent/refrigerant pair. In this paper, the porous properties of three pitch types' activated carbon fibers (ACFs), namely, ACF (A-20), ACF (A-15), and ACF (A-10), are determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and compared with those of silica gels. Standard nitrogen gas adsorption/desorption measurements of six different adsorbents at liquid nitrogen temperature of 77.3 K were done. ACFs have large surface areas and their adsorption/desorption rates are rapid due to the existence of numerous micropores in the vicinity of the fiber surface. ACF (A-20) possesses the highest surface area among all six adsorbents. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm results showed that ACF (A-20) has higher adsorption capacity in comparison with those of the other two ACFs. The experimental equilibrium adsorption capacity of ethanol on ACF (A-20) is as high as 0.797 kg/kg. From the above perspective, an intermittent adsorption refrigeration system using an ACF (A-20)/ethanol pair is developed. Experiments are performed to determine the temperature and pressure profiles, along with the various heat transfer rates and overall heat transfer coefficient during preheating and desorption processes of the reactor bed, which play important roles in cooling system performance.


Over the past decade, public information regarding potential environmental hazards has been restricted due to national security concerns over terrorism. Citizens across the country are now hampered in their ability to assess the danger of local chemical facilities—and take proper precautionary measures—due to changing laws that limit or deny access to information about these facilities. This Note explains how states can enhance access to public environmental information while respecting legitimate security concerns. By decreasing reporting thresholds and making information accessible on the internet, states can strike a more proper balance between security concerns and a community's right to know about chemical and environmental dangers. This Note discusses this balance, and suggests that information regarding chemical plant facilities should remain public because it poses a low security risk and offers a high public beneat.


A fundamental task in reputation systems is to aggregate multiple feedback ratings into a single value that can be used to compare the reputation of different entities. Feedback is most commonly aggregated using the arithmetic mean. However, the mean is quite susceptible to outliers and biases, and thus may not be the most informative aggregate of the reports. We consider three criteria to assess the quality of an aggregator: the informativness, the robustness and the strategyproofness, and analyze how different aggregators, in particular the mean, median and mode, perform with respect to these criteria. The results show that the arithmetic mean may not always be the best choice.


In this rich intellectual history, Cemil Aydin challenges the notion that anti-Westernism in the Muslim world is a political and religious reaction to the liberal and democratic values of the West. Nor is anti-Westernism a natural response to Western imperialism. Instead, by focusing on the agency and achievements of non-Western intellectuals, Aydin demonstrates that modern anti-Western discourse grew out of the legitimacy crisis of a single, Eurocentric global polity in the age of high imperialism. Aydin compares Ottoman Pan-Islamic and Japanese Pan-Asian visions of world order from the middle of the nineteenth century to the end of World War II. He looks at when the idea of a universal "West" first took root in the minds of Asian intellectuals and reformers and how it became essential in criticizing the West for violating its own "standards of civilization." Aydin also illustrates why these anti-Western visions contributed to the decolonization process and considers their influence on the international relations of both the Ottoman and Japanese Empires during WWI and WWII. The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia offers a rare, global perspective on how religious tradition and the experience of European colonialism interacted with Muslim and non-Muslim discontent with globalization, the international order, and modernization. Aydin's approach reveals the epistemological limitations of Orientalist knowledge categories, especially the idea of Eastern and Western civilizations, and the way in which these limitations have shaped not only the contradictions and political complicities of anti-Western discourses but also contemporary interpretations of anti-Western trends. In moving beyond essentialist readings of this history, Aydin provides a fresh understanding of the history of contemporary anti-Americanism as well as the ongoing struggle to establish a legitimate and inclusive international society.


There are two distinct types of creativity: the flash out of the blue (inspiration? genius?), and the process of incremental revisions (hard work). Not only are we years away from modelling the former, we do not even begin to understand it. The latter is algorithmic in nature and has been modelled in many systems both musical and non-musical. Algorithmic composition is as old as music composition. It is often considered a cheat, a way out when the composer needs material and/or inspiration. It can also be thought of as a compositional tool that simply makes the composer's work go faster. This article makes a case for algorithmic composition as such a tool. The 'hard work' type of creativity often involves trying many different combinations and choosing one over the others. It seems natural to express this iterative task as a computer algorithm. The implementation issues can be reduced to two components: how to understand one's own creative process well enough to reproduce it as an algorithm, and how to program a computer to differentiate between 'good' and 'bad' music. The philosophical issues reduce to the question who or what is responsible for the music produced?


Renewable packaging materials are of interest for a more sustainable environment. Wheat gluten is one of the most interesting candidates to replace petroleum-based oxygen-barrier polymers for packaging applications. The high amount of hydrogen bonds makes wheat gluten interesting as oxygen barrier films with sufficient elastomeric mechanical properties. Wheat gluten based materials are homogeneous, mechanically strong and relatively water insoluble compared with other biological materials. Several studies of wheat gluten films have been performed on solution cast films and a few studies have been executed on compression molding. Extrusion, without solvents, is the most common and fastest processing method for the production of packaging films. In order to develop wheat gluten films to commercially competitive material it is crucial to make the material extrudable.The temperature window for extrusion of glycerol-plasticized wheat gluten was increased by the use of salicylic acid, a known scorch retarder and radical scavenger. Small effects of shear-induced heating during extrusion at the higher temperatures suggested that the acid acted as a lubricant and viscosity reducer. The latter was suggested to originate primarily from the salicylic-acid-induced reduction in the degree of protein aggregation/crosslinking, as indicated by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and chemiluminescence. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on extruded films indicated that the beneficial effect of salicylic acid was due to its radical scavenging effect. The complex shear modulus increased more slowly with increasing salicylic acid content above 110-120°C, indicating that the aggregation/crosslinking rate was slower with salicylic acid, i.e. that it did have a scorch-retarding effect, besides yielding a lower final degree/complexity of aggregation.Sodium hydroxide was used as an additive to be able to extrude gluten at alkaline conditions. The oxygen barrier, at dry conditions, was improved significantly with the addition of sodium hydroxide. Oxygen transmission rate measurements, tensile tests, protein solubility, glycerol migration, infrared spectroscopy and electrophoresis were used to assess the properties of the extrudate. It was observed that the extrudate with 3 wt.% sodium hydroxide had the most suitable combination of properties, low oxygen permeability, large strain at break and relatively small aging-induced changes in mechanical properties, the reason probably due to high protein aggregation and low plasticizer migration.As an alternative method to get alkaline conditions ammonium hydroxide was added. It resulted in a three times stronger film compared to the pure gluten glycerol material and had an oxygen barrier that can favorably be compared with these of oriented polyethylene terephtalat or Nylon 66.Several plasticizers were examined in a screening test where the extrusion properties were predicted in a plasticorder. The temperature and melt viscosity were recorded during the kneading. The most promising plasticizers were chosen to further studies with tensile tests. Glycerol was shown to be the most efficient plasticizer for thermoformed gluten films.In order to use wheat gluten as a packaging material, it is important to be able to seal it. Wheat gluten films, molded at 100–130°C, were sealed by impulse sealing at 120– 175°C. The lap-shear and peel strength of the sealed films were evaluated. The lapshear strength was greater than or similar to that of polyethylene film, although the peel strength was poorer.


ABSTRACT For many years, uncertainty visualization has been a topic of research in several disparate fields, particularly in geographical visualization (geovisualization), information visualization, and scientific visualization. Multiple techniques have been proposed and implemented to visually depict uncertainty, but their evaluation has received less attention by the research community. In order to understand how uncertainty visualization influences reasoning and decision-making using spatial information in visual displays, this paper presents a comprehensive review of uncertainty visualization assessments from geovisualization and related fields. We systematically analyze characteristics of the studies under review, i.e., number of participants, tasks, evaluation metrics, etc. An extensive summary of findings with respect to the effects measured or the impact of different visualization techniques helps to identify commonalities and differences in the outcome. Based on this summary, we derive "lessons learned" and provide recommendations for carrying out evaluation of uncertainty visualizations. As a basis for systematic evaluation, we present a categorization of research foci related to evaluating the effects of uncertainty visualization on decision-making. By assigning the studies to categories, we identify gaps in the literature and suggest key research questions for the future. This paper is the second of two reviews on uncertainty visualization. It follows the first that covers the communication of uncertainty, to investigate the effects of uncertainty visualization on reasoning and decision-making.


BACKGROUND
The relation between dietary intake of specific types of fat, particularly trans unsaturated fat and the risk of coronary disease remains unclear. We therefore studied this relation in women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study.

METHODS
We prospectively studied 80,082 women who were 34 to 59 years of age and had no known coronary disease, stroke, cancer, hypercholesterolemia, or diabetes in 1980. Information on diet was obtained at base line and updated during follow-up by means of validated questionnaires. During 14 years of follow-up, we documented 939 cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction or death from coronary heart disease. Mutivariate analyses included age, smoking status, total energy intake, dietary cholesterol intake, percentages of energy obtained from protein and specific types of fat, and other risk factors.

RESULTS
Each increase of 5 percent of energy intake from saturated fat, as compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates, was associated with a 17 percent increase in the risk of coronary disease (relative risk, 1.17; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.41; P=0.10). As compared with equivalent energy from carbohydrates, the relative risk for a 2 percent increment in energy intake from trans unsaturated fat was 1.93 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.43 to 2.61; P<0.001); that for a 5 percent increment in energy from monounsaturated fat was 0.81 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.65 to 1.00; P=0.05); and that for a 5 percent increment in energy from polyunsaturated fat was 0.62 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.85; P= 0.003). Total fat intake was not signficantly related to the risk of coronary disease (for a 5 percent increase in energy from fat, the relative risk was 1.02; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.07; P=0.55). We estimated that the replacement of 5 percent of energy from saturated fat with energy from unsaturated fats would reduce risk by 42 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 23 to 56; P<0.001) and that the replacement of 2 percent of energy from trans fat with energy from unhydrogenated, unsaturated fats would reduce risk by 53 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 34 to 67; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that replacing saturated and trans unsaturated fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease in women than reducing overall fat intake.


BACKGROUND
Obese women have lower levels of physical activity than nonobese women, but it is unclear what drives these differences.

METHODS
Mixed methods were used to understand why obese women have lower physical activity levels. Findings from focus groups with obese white women age 50 and older (N = 19) were used to develop psychosocial items for an online survey of white women (N = 195). After examining the relationship between weight group (obese vs. nonobese) and exercise attitudes, associated items (P < .05) were tested for potential mediation of the relationship between weight and physical activity.

RESULTS
Obese women were less likely than nonobese women to report that they enjoy exercise (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and were more likely to agree their weight makes exercise difficult (OR = 10.6, 95% CI 4.2-27.1), and they only exercise when trying to lose weight (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-8.9). Enjoyment and exercise for weight loss were statistically significant mediators of the relationship between weight and physical activity.

CONCLUSIONS
Exercise interventions for obese women may be improved by focusing on exercise enjoyment and the benefits of exercise that are independent of weight loss.


Introduction Perhaps the first thing to say about the three African popes is that most people do not know that they existed. Most people if asked whether there have ever been any black popes in the Catholic Church would say something like, "Of course not. All the popes have been white." This is not surprising, considering the number of other accomplishments in history that have been stolen from blacks and attributed to whites. In fact, it may be among the least uniquely African accomplishments that African furnished the Catholic Church with three Roman bishops. In any paper on the papacy, the writer should identify his or her religious sympathies at the outset. While it is possible to have antipapal Catholics and propapal Protestants, this is unlikely. A Catholic writer generally interprets the historical evidence so as to support the Catholic position that Jesus made Peter the head of His position of supremacy. It follows from this that each bishop of Rome thought of himself as the supreme head of the universal Church and discipline, and demanding obedience. A non-Catholic, on the other hand, generally interprets the historical evidence so as to support the Protestant and Eastern Orthodox view that Peter's position among the apostles was not passed down to succeeding Roman bishops. It follows from this that the bishops of Rome acquired their importance in the Western Church first, because of their proximity to the imperial throne and second, because of their grasping that power for themselves with the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. Non-Catholic historians find much evidence to support the idea that the Church for centuries was governed by the emperor and by councils of important claim that "thinking like a pope" came less from the secure knowledge of divine right than from insecurity, jealousy, and the desire for power. Here it is appropriate to say that this writer's sympathies are non-Catholic and antipapal. The writer feels very strongly that the pope's position is due to accidents of history rather than to Jesus' intentional "Thou are Peter" pronouncement in Matthew 16: 18-19. One relevant question may legitimately be raised here. Granted that the modern Church has painted its black popes white, has assisted in the attempted destruction of the black race and in the rape of Africa, how did the Church of the second, fourth, and fifth centuries react to having African popes? Not one book that this writer had access to addressed this subject. This may, of course, be due to the reluctance of the modern author to draw attention to the blackness of these men,(1) it may be due to the absence of surviving documents on the subject, or it may be due to the fact that blackness simply was not an issue in the early Church and therefore people of the Mediterranean world in the first few centuries had no reaction to it at all. This seems to be the far more likely possibility. After all, the Western Church's position on the issues in the heated Trinitarian and Christological controversies of the fourth and fifth centuries was formulated by Tertullian, a black man. The Western Church's position on nearly everything else was formulated by Augustine, also a black man. This indicates that in the early centuries Christianity was color blind, encouraged talent wherever it was found, and felt no need to suppress certain people in order to aggrandize others. The evidence seems to support this: one certainly hopes that it was in fact the case. First the important features of the pontificates of Victor, Miltiades, and Gelasius will be examined. Afterwards, this information will be reviewed for any similarities in outlook or approach that might be traced back to their common background in the Church of Northwest Africa. Victor I was bishop of the Church of Rome from 186 or 189 to 198 or 199. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he was the son of a man named Felix and was a native of Africa. …


Summary
One hundred fifty baboons from Kenya, British East Africa, had a high prevalence of infection with Schistosoma mansoni, indicating that the baboon may be an important reservoir host for this parasite.
The distribution of S. mansoni eggs in the tissues of the baboons is similar to that found in mild human infections and the pathogenesis of lesions in the colon and liver is also similar. Hepatic cirrhosis, however, was not observed in the baboon.
These studies, which point out many similarities between human and baboon infections, confirm Newsome's suggestion that the baboon is an excellent experimental animal for research in schistosomiasis. The baboon is superior in many ways to the common laboratory animals and also to other primates.
Measures to control human schistosomiasis should take into account the possibility that the baboon is an important reservoir host. Other primates should be examined in areas where human schistosomiasis exists to determine their role in host-parasite relationships.


The Artematopodidae is a species-poor beetle family with contentious relationships to byrrhoid and elateroid families. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses brought ambiguous results based on a single sequenced species. We investigated the taxonomic placement of Artematopodidae within Elateriformia using ribosomal (18S, 28S) and mitochondrial (rrnL, cox1) molecular markers and three artematopodid species. Our analyses placed Artematopodidae close to Omethidae+Telegeusidae in a basal position of broadly defined Elateroidea. Additionally, we described the first artematopodid species from China – Eurypogon jaechi sp. nov. and E. heishuiensis sp. nov. These species are reported from mountains of Yunnan and can be easily distinguished from their Palaearctic congeners by their large bodies and metallic green elytra. They differ from each other by the shape of the pronotum, puncturation of the head and pronotum, the relative lengths of the antennomeres 3-5, and the morphology of the female genitalia. With respect to our findings, we discussed the phylogeny, diversity and distribution of the family Artematopodidae.


A number of methods exist that can be used to create simulation models for measuring the performance of computer networks. The most commonly used method is packet level simulation, which models the detailed behavior of every packet in the network, and results in a highly accurate picture of overall network behavior. A less frequently used, but sometimes more computationally efficient, method is the fluid model approach. In this method, aggregations of flows are modeled as fluid flowing through pipes, and queues are modeled as fixed capacity buckets. The buckets are connected via pipes, where the maximum allowable flow rate of fluid in the pipes represents the bandwidth of the communication links being modeled. Fluid models generally result in a less accurate picture of the network's behavior since they rely on aggregation of flows and ignore actions specific to individual flows. We introduce a new hybrid simulation environment that leverages the strong points of each of these two modeling methods. Our hybrid method uses fluid models to represent aggregations of flows for which less detail is required, and packet models to represent individual flows for which more detail is needed. The result is a computationally efficient simulation model that results in a high level of accuracy and detail in some of the flows, while abstracting away details of other flows. We show a computational speedup of more than twenty in some cases, with little reduction in accuracy of the simulation results.


Results of an investigation by the free-fall method are presented herein for a configuration having a body of revolution of fineness ratio 12 and 45 degrees sweptback wing mounted aft of the maximum diameter of the body. The fillets were designed to provide large increases in the sweep oof the leading edge and the line of maximum thickness as the wing root was approached. Comparison of these results with those for the same configuration without fillets shows that the addition of wing fillets increased the total drag of the configuration by about 35 percent at Mach numbers near 1.0 and about 15 percent at Mach numbers near 1.2. Results indicate that the fillets produced no appreciable change in the wing and tail drags but produced a large increase in body drag due to interference.


Objective: Memory loss is universal and is the first symptom to manifest in majority of the patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. This study is designed to investigate the effect of Ferula asafoetida linn. (F. foetida) extract on learning and memory in rats. Materials and Methods: Learning and memory were evaluated using elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigm after the oral administration of two doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of F. foetida aqueous extract with rivastigmine as positive control. Brain cholinesterase activity, serum thiols and cholesterol were also estimated. Results: Extract produced significant improvement in memory score i.e. step through latency at 400 mg/kg dose in passive avoidance model (P< 0.05) and dose-dependent improvement of transfer latency in elevated plus maze model (P< 0.001). Dose-dependent inhibition of brain cholinesterase (P< 0.001) and significant improvement in antioxidant levels (P< 0.05) were also noted. Conclusions: Memory enhancing potential of F. foetida can be attributed to acetylcholinesterase inhibiting and antioxidant properties. Hence, dietary usage of F. foetida is beneficial and can also be employed as an adjuvant to existing anti-dementia therapies.


Habitat complexity is a potential structuring force in benthic communities. Different studies often estimate complexity in different ways, and it is not always clear how precise the separate techniques are. Here we review three methods of estimating surface complexity: stereo photography, profile gauges, and lengths of chain contoured over the substratum. We derived fractal dimensions for the quadrats in the rocky intertidal zone using each technique. Complexity estimates from chains and profile gauges were related, but neither technique was correlated with the results from stereo photographs. Stereo photographs appeared to overestimate complexity on smooth surfaces. The variance of fractal dimension estimates increased nonlinearly with the mean fractal dimension in each quadrat. Recommendations for the number of replicates needed for a reliable estimate of fractal dimension from a quadrat, therefore, vary as a function of surface complexity. Within the range of complexities typically encountered on rocky shores, as few as three profiles or sets of chains can produce relatively reliable estimates of fractal dimension. The most robust and time effective method, however, would be to sample using as many chain profile sets per quadrat as is logistically feasible. Given the changes in precision with surface complexity, comparisons between studies need to take careful note of the number of replicates and the average level of surface complexity. A null result (no relationship between surface complexity and an ecological variable) could be produced by imprecise estimates of surface complexity based on too few replicate measurements per quadrat.


It is known that discretization of a continuous deconvolution problem can alleviate the ill-posedness of the problem. The currently used circulant matrix model, however, does not play such a role. Moreover, the approximation of deconvolution problems by circulant matrix model is rational only if the size of the kernel function is very small. We propose an aperiodic model of deconvolution. For discrete and finite deconvolution problems the new model is an exact one. In the general case, the new model can lead to a nonsingular system of equations that has a lower condition number than the circulant one, and the related computations in the deconvolution can be done efficiently by means of the DFT technique, as in the ease for circulant matrices. The rationality of the new model holds without regard to the size of the kernel and the image. The use of the aperiodic model is illustrated by gradient-based algorithms.


Behavioral differences observed between wild communities of the same species have been called "cultures" by some researchers who aimed to underline the similarities with human cultures. However, whether these differences truly result from social learning processes is debated. Despite promising recent research, data acquired in the wild still fail to exclude genetic and ecological factors from being potential explanations for the observed behavioral differences. A potential way to address this problem is through field experiments where communities of the same subspecies are exposed to identical apparatuses. This way, genetic and ecological factors can be controlled for, although their influence cannot be fully excluded. Working with wild-born Sumatran orangutans originating from two genetically distinct populations, we recently combined field experiments with captive work to show that genetic differences could not account for differences in their knowledge of stick use. Additionally, we found evidence that our subjects arrived at the sanctuary with a knowledge that they acquired but could not express in their community of origin. These findings suggest that animal cultures must also be analyzed at the cognitive level. Only in this way can we understand the true extent of animal cultures and how they relate to human cultures.


Objective: To determine the uptake of home-based HIV counselling and testing (HCT) in four communities of the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia among adolescents aged 15–19 years and explore factors associated with HCT uptake. Design: The PopART for youth study is a three-arm community-randomized trial in 12 communities in Zambia and nine communities in South Africa which aims to evaluate the acceptability and uptake of a HIV prevention package, including universal HIV testing and treatment, among young people. The study is nested within the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial. Methods: Using a door-to-door approach that includes systematically revisiting households, all adolescents enumerated were offered participation in the intervention and verbal consent was obtained. Data were analysed from October 2015 to September 2016. Results: Among 15 456 enumerated adolescents, 11 175 (72.3%) accepted the intervention. HCT uptake was 80.6% (8707/10 809) and was similar by sex. Adolescents that knew their HIV-positive status increased almost three-fold, from 75 to 210. Following visits from community HIV care providers, knowledge of HIV status increased from 27.6% (3007/10 884) to 88.5% (9636/10 884). HCT uptake was associated with community, age, duration since previous HIV test; other household members accepting HCT, having an HIV-positive household member, circumcision, and being symptomatic for STIs. Conclusion: Through a home-based approach of offering a combination HIV prevention package, the proportion of adolescents who knew their HIV status increased from ∼28 to 89% among those that accepted the intervention. Delivering a community-level door-to-door combination, HIV prevention package is acceptable to many adolescents and can be effective if done in combination with targeted testing.


ABSTRACT We studied the effects of timing and placement of eggs by gravid desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, on sex ratios and potential survival of hatchlings. We monitored nest placement by female tortoises under seminatural conditions at the Fort Irwin Study Site (FISS) in the Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California, United States, and under wild conditions in habitat surrounding FISS. We located 16 nests and found no significant difference between nest placement in the seminatural enclosure at FISS and nest placement in the wild. Gravid females deposited their eggs down the tunnel a mean distance of 0.7 m and buried their eggs at a depth of 8–10 cm from the soil surface. Utilizing this preliminary nesting data, we set up a manipulative experiment to further characterize the effect of nest site and date on sex ratios and survivorship of hatchlings. We constructed 14 egg nests and 9 pseudo-nests in the FISS enclosure and monitored incubation temperatures and resulting hatchling sex ratios. Forty-seven hatchlings emerged (79% survivorship) and 33 were positively sexed. Nests placed early in the reproductive season produced 6 all-female nests and nests placed late in the season produced 4 all-male nests. The mean incubation period was 90 days, which we divided into 3 time periods. Early nests were significantly cooler than late nests during the first and second time period (days 0–30 and days 31–60) and significantly warmer during the third time period (day 61–90). The shallowest pseudo-nest, located 0.2 m down the burrow tunnel, spent a significantly greater time above the critical temperature of 35.3°C than did the 0.4 m pseudo-nest or the egg nest. We hypothesize from these findings that females at the FISS site and surrounding area are selecting distances down the burrow tunnel to lay their eggs that increase the embryos' chances of survival. We found that the proportion of temperature observations above the pivotal temperature (35.3°C) during days 15–45 was a better predictor of hatchling sex than the proportion measured during days 30–61. Using nest date or the proportion of temperature observations above the pivotal temperature as predictors of hatchling sex ratios may be possible for desert tortoises in the Central Mojave Desert.


On Monday 3rd December 2012, Belfast City Council voted to fly the Union Flag only on designated days. In the following days and weeks the city experienced public disorder, mass parades and protests, and travel disruption, all of which had huge financial and political costs. Although the size and impact of the protests has decreased, there are still flag protests twelve moths after the change in policy. This research is the first academic attempt to both critique and document the views, interpretations and perceptions of those affected by the flag decision. A series of focus groups and participant observations provided the platform for analysis that captured the motivations and rationale for protest participation, and offered an insight into the wider views and opinions that existed within the Loyalist community.


The Surrey Space Centre has designed, built and flown a number of space environment monitors over the last 20 years. The MuREM payload is built upon this heritage, but is much smaller in volume and mass, and is comprised of individual internal boards which fit the CubeSat nano-satellite form factor. MuREM is designed to provide in-fight data on Total Ionising Dose, Dose-Rate and the charge deposition spectra of Single Event Effect (SEE) initiating energetic protons and heavy ions, as well as providing radiation effects data on samples of advanced commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) electronic devices. Its low mass (less than 1 kg) and low power make it suitable in whole or part as a generic radiation environment monitor for routine fight on micro- or nano-satellites. The payload consists of three main boards sized to the PC104 standard to make the board layout consistent with a CubeSat layout, for possible future re-flight. The Total Ionising Dose and Dose-Rate sensor board comprises a C515 microcontroller for CAN communication, two DC-DC converters, a temperature sensor, a solid-state RADFET dosimeter (based on UoSAT-5's Total Dose Experiment) and a dose-rate measuring photodiode circuit (based on GIOVE-A's CEDEX payload). The Heavy Ion and Proton Detector board contains two large area PIN diodes as detectors (with heritage from KITSAT-1's Cosmic-Ray Experiment), along with pulse shaping circuitry, two DC-DC voltage conversion modules and a data handing C515 microcontroller. This board communicates particle linear-energy transfer (LET) spectrum data and radiation effects data using a CAN packet based file-transfer protocol. The radiation effects board consists of a selection of modern COTS electronic components of interest for future spaceflight opportunities. These components are monitored for radiation damage during the mission, with current draw monitored, as well as detection of single event upsets, latch-up and functional interrupt. Data from these devices are delivered to the C515 on the particle detector board. MuREM is currently under construction at the Surrey Space Centre for first flight on Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd's TechDemoSat-1 mission, due for launch in 2012-13. Copyright ©2011 by the University of Surrey. Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms.


Theproblemofvillagesinthecityisaproblemleftoverbythehistoryofdifferentstages of urban development.Itislikeapieceof" urban psoriasis"that affects the construction of the future city. How to explore a reasonable urban village reconstruction mode is of great significance for the future development of the city. In this paper, based on the investigation and analysis of the existing urban village construction environment in Xi'an, the author proposes the imagination of future living space mode of the village in the city, and explores how to transform the existing construction environment space of thevillageinXi'anCitytoreconstructthenewurbanpubliclivingspace,thus effectively driving the urban regional vitality, reasonably integrating villages in the City into the existing urban space development, and giving the village a new function and vitality.


Chronic subdural haematoma is predominantly a disease of the elderly. The commonest mode of presentation is an altered mental state, which causes diagnostic diffi culties. Although morbidity and mortality is high in untreated cases, early detection and neurosurgical intervention improves outcome signifi cantly. In this article, Drs Sanjeevikumar Meenakshisundaram and Sanjay Suman discuss the risk factors, clinical presentations and management of this condition.


: Ovarian torsion (OT) is frequently considered in the differential diagnosis of women presenting to the ED with pelvic pain, but is a relatively uncommon occurrence. While ultrasound is considered the test of choice for OT, CT may be used as an initial imaging study with undifferentiated pelvic pain. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of CT used in the diagnostic evaluation of women with proven OT. We hypothesized that all CTs of the pelvis in women with proven OT would be abnormal. This was a retrospective chart review from 500 bed urban teaching hospital. Patients were included who were admitted from 1985-2005and were discharged with ICD-9 code of ovarian or adnexal torsion. Those patients with no surgical evidence of OT after chart review were excluded from the study. Data gathered were stratified into 4 five-year periods for analysis of imaging trends. 178 cases of surgically proven torsion over 20-year period were reviewed. The average age of the subjects was calculated as 32.2 years with a range from two weeks of age to 84 years. (24.7% of patients under age 18). 136 patients received ultrasounds and 58 patients received CT scans. The percent of patients who received CTs from 1985 until 2005 increased from 12.5% to 34.2%. The percent of patients who received ultrasounds from 1985 to 2005 increased from 37.5% to 58.9%. From this study we concluded that CT scanning has increased in frequency as a diagnostic tool in the workup of ovarian torsion over the course of the past twenty years. In this study of 178 patients and 58 CT scans there were no normal pelvic CT scans in patients with surgically proven adnexal torsion. This suggests a possible role for CT in excluding the diagnosis of adnexal torsion


Most existing hashing methods adopt some projection functions to project the original data into several dimensions of real values, and then each of these projected dimensions is quantized into one bit (zero or one) by thresholding. Typically, the variances of different projected dimensions are different for existing projection functions such as principal component analysis (PCA). Using the same number of bits for different projected dimensions is unreasonable because larger-variance dimensions will carry more information. Although this viewpoint has been widely accepted by many researchers, it is still not verified by either theory or experiment because no methods have been proposed to find a projection with equal variances for different dimensions. In this paper, we propose a novel method, called isotropic hashing (IsoHash), to learn projection functions which can produce projected dimensions with isotropic variances (equal variances). Experimental results on real data sets show that IsoHash can outperform its counterpart with different variances for different dimensions, which verifies the viewpoint that projections with isotropic variances will be better than those with anisotropic variances.


This document presents an ISAMKP Domain of Interpretation (DOI) for group key management to support secure group communications. The GDOI manages group security associations, which are used by IPSEC and potentially other data security protocols running at the IP or application layers. These security associations protect one or more key-encrypting keys, traffic-encrypting keys, or data shared by group members.


Room impulse response (RIR) functions capture how the surrounding physical environment transforms the sounds heard by a listener, with implications for various applications in AR, VR, and robotics. Whereas traditional methods to estimate RIRs assume dense geometry and/or sound measurements throughout the environment, we explore how to infer RIRs based on a sparse set of images and echoes observed in the space. Towards that goal, we introduce a transformer-based method that uses self-attention to build a rich acoustic context, then predicts RIRs of arbitrary query source-receiver locations through cross-attention. Additionally, we design a novel training objective that improves the match in the acoustic signature between the RIR predictions and the targets. In experiments using a state-of-the-art audio-visual simulator for 3D environments, we demonstrate that our method successfully generates arbitrary RIRs, outperforming state-of-the-art methods and -- in a major departure from traditional methods -- generalizing to novel environments in a few-shot manner. Project: http://vision.cs.utexas.edu/projects/fs_rir.


Love them or hate them, videos are a pervasive format for delivering online education at scale. They are especially popular for computer programming tutorials since videos convey expert narration alongside the dynamic effects of editing and running code. However, these screencast videos simply consist of raw pixels, so there is no way to interact with the code embedded inside of them. To expand the design space of learner interactions with programming videos, we developed Codemotion, a computer vision algorithm that automatically extracts source code and dynamic edits from existing videos. Codemotion segments a video into regions that likely contain code, performs OCR on those segments, recognizes source code, and merges together related code edits into contiguous intervals. We used Codemotion to build a novel video player and then elicited interaction design ideas from potential users by running an elicitation study with 10 students followed by four participatory design workshops with 12 additional students. Participants collectively generated ideas for 28 kinds of interactions such as inline code editing, code-based skimming, pop-up video search, and in-video coding exercises.


Motivated by the growing interest in and the usage of measures of material hardship, together with the lack of a comprehensive theoretical understanding of the how indicators of material hardship relate to one another, we develop and test five conceptual models of the structural coherence of material hardship. While many previous analyses have relied on a unidimensional model of hardship, we argue that this is not conceptually and empirically sufficient. Instead, we compare the standard unidimensional account of hardship to a model that contrasts hardship related to physical necessities and hardship in less critical areas, two models contrasting hardships due to short-term constraints and those with longer time horizons, and finally, a model that posits each nominal type of hardship is best represented by its own latent construct. Using nationally representative data from the 2001 and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) (U.S. Census Bureau 2001, 2004), we estimate confirmatory factor analyses, which suggest that a model of hardship that separates different dimensions—health, food, bill paying, and housing hardship—fits this data better than any of the other conceptual models tested. This finding suggests strongly that the four aspects of material hardship modeled here, though obviously associated, are best understood as arising from processes and structures that are not identical. We discuss implications of our findings for both the research community and policy makers in the conclusion.


The first step towards managing and optimising the steam network of an industrial cluster or plant is to accurately measure the production and consumption of the different levels of steam. Measurement errors as well as unmeasured contributors lead to inaccurate and open balances. Consequently, operations can be unclear to engineers and costs to managers. Furthermore, steam losses, purges and thermal losses add additional unknowns to an already underdetermined problem. In this study, a flowsheeting tool with data reconciliation techniques is used to model a refinery, closing the steam balances and simulating the steam flows throughout the network. An accurate representation of the refinery's steam distribution network and its units' internal steam consumers and producers was the base of the model. Hundreds of online measurements and operator observations gave rise to a redundant and coherent model able to calculate the reconciled steam flows through each node as well as unmeasured flows at each time step. Calculations of steam losses were made possible thanks to a continuous site wide survey of leaks and an algorithm for their accounting. Online and archived measurements were exploited in order to calculate key performance indicators and to verify assumptions over long periods of time. With this method the refinery is able to rigorously allocate energy costs to the steam consumption. A better understanding of the site's steam network and improvement possibilities is also obtained through reconciled and centralised data and an analysis of key performance indicators as well as steam and thermal losses. The result of this work is also tool for the strategic management of the steam network of the refinery, allowing for the simulation of OPEX improvement scenarios and their related CAPEXs, therefore obtaining a classified list of actions to improve costs.


We have recently identified a 6,449 bp cDNA, termed colonic, hepatic tumor over-expressed gene (ch-TOG), that is highly expressed in human tumors and brain. Its single open reading frame encodes a putative 218,000 Da polypeptide, TOGp. Antibodies generated against a bacterially expressed TOGp fragment specifically recognize a 218, 000 Da polypeptide in two human cell lines and in brain. Immunofluorescence microscopy using affinity-purified TOGp antibodies revealed that the distribution of TOGp was dependent upon the cell cycle. During interphase, TOGp was found concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where it co-localized with ER markers. In contrast anti-TOGp antibodies stained centrosomes and spindles in mitotic cells. TOGp co-sedimented with taxol-stabilized microtubules in vitro. Moreover, a TOGp enriched fraction promotes microtubule assembly both in solution and from nucleation centers. Finally, sequence comparison and immunologic cross-reaction suggest that TOGp is homologous to XMAP215, a previously described microtubule associated protein (MAP) from Xenopus eggs. These results suggest that TOGp is a MAP and that TOGp/XMAP215 may be necessary for microtubules rearrangements and spindle assembly in rapidly dividing cells.


Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted healthcare activity across a broad range of clinical services. The NHS stopped non-urgent work in March 2020, later recommending services be restored to near-normal levels before winter where possible. Aim To describe changes in the volume and variation of coded clinical activity in general practice across six clinical areas: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, female and reproductive health, screening and related procedures, and processes related to medication. Design and setting With the approval of NHS England, a cohort study was conducted of 23.8 million patient records in general practice, in situ using OpenSAFELY. Method Common primary care activities were analysed using Clinical Terms Version 3 codes and keyword searches from January 2019 to December 2020, presenting median and deciles of code usage across practices per month. Results Substantial and widespread changes in clinical activity in primary care were identified since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with generally good recovery by December 2020. A few exceptions showed poor recovery and warrant further investigation, such as mental health (for example, for 'Depression interim review' the median occurrences across practices in December 2020 was down by 41.6% compared with December 2019). Conclusion Granular NHS general practice data at population-scale can be used to monitor disruptions to healthcare services and guide the development of mitigation strategies. The authors are now developing real-time monitoring dashboards for the key measures identified in this study, as well as further studies using primary care data to monitor and mitigate the indirect health impacts of COVID-19 on the NHS.


We present the first measurement of the two-particle transverse momentum differential correlation function, $P_2\equiv\langle \Delta p_{\rm T} \Delta p_{\rm T} \rangle /\langle p_{\rm T} \rangle^2$, in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}} =$ 2.76 TeV. Results for $P_2$ are reported as a function of relative pseudorapidity ($\Delta \eta$) and azimuthal angle ($\Delta \varphi$) between two particles for different collision centralities. The $\Delta \phi$ dependence is found to be largely independent of $\Delta \eta$ for $|\Delta \eta| \geq$ 0.9. In 5% most central Pb-Pb collisions, the two-particle transverse momentum correlation function exhibits a clear double-hump structure around $\Delta \varphi = \pi$ (i.e., on the away side), which is not observed in number correlations in the same centrality range, and thus provides an indication of the dominance of triangular flow in this collision centrality. Fourier decompositions of $P_2$, studied as a function of collision centrality, show that correlations at $|\Delta \eta| \geq$ 0.9 can be well reproduced by a flow ansatz based on the notion that measured momentum correlations are strictly determined by the collective motion of the system.