The human-machine interfaces (HMIs) of today's premium automotive infotainment systems are complex embedded systems which have special characteristics in comparison to GUIs of standard PC applications, in particular regarding their variability. The variability of infotainment system HMIs results from different car models, product series, markets, equipment configuration possibilities, system types and languages and necessitates enormous testing efforts. The model-based testing approach is a promising solution for reducing testing efforts and increasing test coverage. However, while model-based testing has been widely used for function tests of subsystems in practice, HMI tests have remained manual or only semi-automated and are very time-consuming and work-intensive. Also, it is very difficult to achieve systematic or high test coverage via manual tests. A large amount of research work has addressed GUI testing in recent years. In addition, variability is becoming an ever more popular topic in the domain of software product line development. However, a model-based testing approach for complex HMIs which also considers variability is still lacking. This thesis presents a model-based testing approach for infotainment system HMIs with the particular aim of resolving the variability problem. Furthermore, the thesis provides a foundation for future standards of HMI testing in practice.
The proposed approach is based on a model-based HMI testing framework which includes two essential components: a test-oriented HMI specification and a test generation component. The test-oriented HMI specification has a layered structure and is suited to specifying data which is required for testing different features of the HMI. Both the dynamic behavior and the representation of the HMI are the testing focuses of this thesis. The test generation component automatically generates tests from the test-oriented HMI specification. Furthermore, the framework can be extended in order to automatically execute the generated tests. Generated tests must first be initialized, which means that they are enhanced with concrete user input data. Afterwards, initialized tests can be automatically executed with the help of a test execution tool which must be extended into the testing framework.
In this thesis, it is proposed to specify and test different HMI-variants which have a large set of commonalities based on the software product line approach. This means the test-oriented HMI specification is extended in order to describe the commonalities and variabilities between HMI variants of an HMI product line. In particular, strategies are developed in order to generate tests for different HMI products. One special feature is that redundancies are avoided both for the test generation and the execution processes. This is especially important for the industrial practice due to limited test resources. Modeling and testing variability of automotive HMIs make up the main research contributions of this thesis.
We hope that the results presented in this thesis will offer GUI testing research a solution for model-based testing of multi-variant HMIs and provide the automotive industry with a foundation for future HMI testing standards.


The European Public Relations Education and Research Association (EUPRERA) is an independent organization that aims at stimulating and promoting innovative knowledge and practices of strategic communication, organizational communication and Public Relations across Europe. Founded in 1959 and previously named "CERP Education & Research," EUPRERA is a network where academics and professionals attract, convey, disseminate and create innovations in the field. Several cross-national and comparative research and education projects are organized by members and affiliated colleges and universities. In order to spread new methodologies and research results, EUPRERA organizes an annual highly regarded academic Annual Congress. Every year, it is held in collaboration with a selected university or college in Europe.At the congress, recent research results are presented, based on peer-reviewed papers and panel sessions; PhD students also have the opportunity to continue the experience through the PhD Seminar , which follows the Annual Congress. The congress is a major event to exchange research insights and to start collaborations in this specific field in Europe.Host 2017 – University of the Arts LondonUniversity of the Arts London is in the top five universities in the world for art and design and has a growing reputation in the wider field of communication. It offers an extensive range of courses in art, design, fashion, communication and performing art. Its graduates go on to work in and shape creative industries worldwide. UAL draws together six renowned colleges, each with its own world-class reputation: London College of Communication, where public relations is based, a pioneering world leader in creative communications education; London College of Fashion; Central St Martins; and Chelsea, Wimbledon and Camberwell Colleges.  Its facilities include workshops with letterpress machinery, studios, theatres, gallery space as well as libraries and archives for research into hundreds of years of art, design, communication and media. For more information go to: www.arts.ac.uk.EUPRERA and UAL are looking forward to welcoming delegates from Europe and beyond to Chelsea for an exciting, stimulating and rewarding conference and festival of PR. Located next to Tate Britain and sitting alongside the River Thames close to the British Parliament buildings, attendees will be in the heart of London's cultural and political landscape.


Background. Though many studies have long considered the broad social implications of climate change, researchers have only recently started to consider the gendered unevenness of the global landscape of vulnerability, exposure, and adaptive capacity to environmental stressors and shocks. Historically, policies and interventions addressing natural resource-based livelihoods have rarely considered underlying gender dynamics despite the global pervasiveness of gendered disparities in both economic opportunities and welfare outcomes. Methods/Design. Using two electronic databases, Web of Science and Scopus, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed academic literature describing livelihoods policies or interventions that included documentation of gendered impacts. We focused on natural resource-based livelihoods most likely to be affected by climate change, centering on interventions targeting agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture, and forestry. Review Results/Synthesis. We identified 131 relevant articles, most of which focus on adoption or participation in interventions rather than outcomes. In general, women are less likely than men to engage with sustainable livelihoods interventions. When women do engage, some researchers have documented income and food security gains as well as improvements in environmental indicators in the short-term. However, these initiatives have also been found to increase women's labor burden without corresponding gains in income. Few studies measure longer-term effects of women's engagement on welfare and environmental outcomes, a key gap in the literature. Additionally, relatively few studies explore the intersectional impacts of initiatives, such as the added burdens of ethnicity, class, education, or other differences that modify gender disparities. Discussion. Climate change has gendered impacts on natural resource-based livelihoods. In general, existing initiatives designed to increase livelihood resilience fail to reduce gender disparities and improve women's livelihoods. Greater attention should be paid to gender when designing sustainable livelihoods policies and interventions in order to increase adoption and participation, negotiate trade-offs, improve environmental conditions, and promote broadly beneficial welfare outcomes.


The follow up to My Family and Other Animals and the second book in The Corfu Trilogy, the beloved books that inspired ITV's television series The Durrells. Just before the Second World War the Durrell family decamped to the glorious, sun-soaked island of Corfu where the youngest of the four children, ten-year-old Gerald, discovered his passion for animals: toads and tortoises, bats and butterflies, scorpions and octopuses. Through glorious silver-green olive groves and across brilliant-white beaches Gerry pursued his obsession . . . causing hilarity and mayhem in his ever-tolerant family.


Diplura is a group of entognathous hexapods, often considered a sister group to insects. They play an important role in recycling organic matter in soil and subterranean terrestrial ecosystems. The Campodeidae is the most diverse family, divided into four subfamilies. The subfamily Plusiocampinae has a subterranean life-style with many species distributed in the Euro-Mediterranean area. The incertae sedis tachycampoids ("lignee Tachycampoide") is a group within the family Campodeidae that share with the Plusiocampinae a strong preference for subterranean habitats and several morphological characters, such as slender body shape, elongated appendages, considerable increment in the number of antennomeres and cercal articles, and complexity of sensorial structures. The present monograph provides a taxonomic revision of the subfamily Plusiocampinae and the genera belonging to the tachycampoid lineage from Europe and the Mediterranean region. It comprises detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations together with data on the habitats and distributions of 87 species, 10 subspecies and 11 affinis forms. Seven new species are described among those, namely: Plusiocampa ( Plusiocampa ) apollo Sendra, Giachino & Vailati sp. nov., P. ( P. ) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo sp. nov., P. ( P. ) dublanskii Sendra & Turbanov sp. nov., P. ( P. ) hoffmanni Sendra & Paragamian sp. nov., P. ( P. ) rhea Sendra sp. nov., P. ( P. ) ternovensis Sendra & Borko sp. nov. and P. ( Venetocampa ) ferrani Sendra & Delic sp. nov.


To characterize the self-propagating, high-temperature exothermic alloying reactions of Ni/Al nanoscaled multilayered films induced by laser pulse shock loading, classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed. In the current work, a novel technique was developed to facilitate the energy input and distribution into nanolaminate thin films. The laser pulse shock loading technique enables the initial shock response of the material to be captured as well as the late-time mass diffusion controlled alloying reaction and Ni 3 Al formation. Shock compression raises the temperature, pressure, and density of the Ni and Al layers which triggers the Ni to diffuse into the Al and initiate the self-propagating alloying reaction. Thermodynamic states, enthalpy of reaction, and global reaction rates of the laminated films were obtained. It was determined that the series of complex rarefaction and reflection waves pla y a significant role in altering the thermodynamic state of the laminate. Attributes of the rarefaction and reflection waves are controlled by the geometry and thickness of the alternating layers. The dependence of layer thickness on the temperature, pressure, enthalpy of reaction, and global reaction rate was investigated and characterized. ii Dedicated to my wife, Christy, who I am forever indebted to for her support. and to my twin sons, Jack and Charlie, who have inspired me to be a better man.


The new political dispensation in South Africa has brought with it a daunting task in educational development. The teaching and learning of Physical Science at high school level has continued to challenge educators. The quest for science teaching and learning that enhances conceptual development and hence understanding in Physical Science is continuing to be of great importance. This study was intended to probe and elicit problems encountered by educators in the teaching of Physical Science grade 12. Central to the problem is the perception held by educators about lecture demonstrations. Educators use lecture demonstrations as a means to prove existing scientific theories and not as a means to fulfil the constructivist nature of the approach. The aim of the study was to give a global view on the role that lecture demonstrations play in the teaching and learning of Physical Science in grade 12. The study was conducted with the aid of learners (N = 109) and educators (N = 20) of schools that are in and around the Potchefstroom district. The investigation was administered by means of a questionnaire to educators and learners as well as a preand a post-test to the latter. The results were used to analyse the role lecture demonstrations play in the conceptual development of grade 12 learners.


Human resource management as practiced today within organisations carries a century of history. Focus has shifted from its simple origins as a welfare concern for the lot of workers by certain enlightened employers in Great Britain to the current human resource management which is an integral part of the management of an organisation. It has moved from being a peripheral to an essential service. This shift has been accompanied by an ongoing attempt to achieve professional recognition for hmnan resource practitioners whose occupation it is to implement the principles and practices ofhuman resource management The study endeavours to present and analyse the history of the professionalisation of human resource management in South Africa. It is a story which has not been previously researched, other than in a passing manner by a few authors in South Africa in text books on the theories and practices of human resource management. This study is therefore a first detailed investigation into the subject of the professionalisation of hwnan resource management in this country. The study focuses on a period from 1945 to 1995 which represents the most formative years of professionalisation in South Africa. Appropriate background contextual material is included to enable an infonned assessment to be made of the South African experience, which covers the concept of professionalisation, experience in Great Britain and the United States ofAmerica together with relevant references to South African history. Human resource management is not practiced in isolation and the historical process of professionalisation needs to be assessed both contextually and conceptually. 'The fifty year period of the study allows for an understanding of the nature of hwnan resource management to emerge and to assess whether professional status has been achieved. The research period commences with the establishment of the Institute of Personne1Management in 1945 and traces developments from then up to a unique Institute convention in 1995 where a symbolic reconciliation takes place between black and white practitioners. South African racial history had an effect on the process of professionalisation and the study reveals th.e implications. The process of professionalisation is observed to be ongoing and continued attempts at achieving statutory recognition for the profession are noted in the study and assessed.


Biomedical image data have been growing quickly in volume, speed, and complexity, and there is an increasing reliance on the analysis of these data. Biomedical scientists are in need of efficient and accurate analyses of large-scale imaging data, as well as innovative retrieval methods for visually similar imagery across a large-scale data collection to assist complex study in biological and medical applications. Moreover, biomedical images rely on increased resolution to capture subtle phenotypes of diseases, but this poses a challenge for clinicians to sift through haystacks of visual cues to make informative diagnoses. To tackle these challenges, we developed computational methods for large-scale analysis of biological and medical imaging data using simulated annealing to improve the quality of image feature extraction. Furthermore, we designed a Big Data infrastructure for the large-scale image analysis and retrieval of digital pathology images and conducted a longitudinal study of clinician's usage patterns of an image database management system (MDID) to shed light on the potential adoption of new informatics tools. This research also resulted in image analysis, management, and retrieval applications relevant to dermatology, radiology, pathology, life sciences, and palynology disciplines. These tools provide the potential to answer research questions that would not be answerable without our novel innovations that take advantage of Big Data technologies.


Models of physical systems can differ according to computational cost, accuracy and precision, among other things. Depending on the problem solving task at hand, different models will be appropriate. Several investigators have recently developed methods of automatically selecting among multiple models of physical systems. Our research is novel in that we are developing model selection techniques specifically suited to computer-aided design. Our approach is based on the idea that artifact performance models for computer-aided design should be chosen in light of the design decisions they are required to support. We have developed a technique called "Gradient Magnitude Model Selection" (GMMS), which embodies this principle. GMMS operates in the context of a hillclimbing search process. It selects the simplest model that meets the needs of the hillclimbing algorithm in which it operates. We are using the domain of sailing yacht design as a testbed for this research. We have implemented GMMS and used it in hillclimbing search to decide between a computationally expensive potential-flow program and an algebraic approximation to analyze the performance of sailing yachts. Experimental tests show that GMMS makes the design process faster than it would be if the most expensive model were used for all design evaluations. GMMS achieves this performance improvement with little or no sacrifice in the quality of the resulting design.


This paper describes a novel design theory of long distance wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) dispersion-managed optical transmission systems. Assuming that the transmission distance, bit rate, and number of WDM channels are initially known, we investigate the optimum dispersion allocation and input power per channel to achieve the minimum channel spacing. Based on the design guidelines for single-channel and multichannel systems, we establish the optimal design strategy. Details of the design procedure are demonstrated for 2.5-, 5-, and 10-Gb/s 10000 km WDM systems by using computer simulations. Next, we study the impact of the fiber dispersion slope on the usable wavelength span, and show that the attainable capacity of the representative 5-Gb/s 10000 km WDM system employing the postcompensation scheme can not exceed 100 Gb/s. Finally, we propose several techniques to approach the ultimate capacity of the WDM system and show that up to 1 Tb/s (200/spl times/5 Gb/s) 10000 km system can be implemented without utilizing the in-line dispersion slope compensation scheme. We also discuss the 10 Gb/s-10000 km WDM system employing in-line dispersion slope compensation.


Introduction: Due to the nature of work in pharmacies pharmacists may occur job burnout, which can affect the quality of health services. It is necessary to use validated instruments to test the burnout. One type of instrument is Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ). Objective: The primary objectives of this work are: cultural adaptation and assessment metric characteristics of SMBQ in a population of pharmacists in Serbia. Alternative objective is evaluate the degree of burnout in the pharmacist population. Methods: For comparison Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used. All licensed pharmacists have received an email by the Pharmaceutical Chamber of Serbia, with a link for accessing the questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by 514 pharmacists. Results and Discussion: Professional translators carried out the translation using translation steps like forward translation and backward translation. Were calculated following metric characteristics: α reliability coefficient Cronbach and associates; β the reliability of the first principal component; ψ1 representativeness; h1 the homogeneity (the average correlation of scale items), extent of curvature, horizontal (Skewness) and vertical (Kurtosis). Correlations between subscales are examined. Latent structure SMBQ (maximumlikelihud extraction) is examined. To select a number of factors, the method of parallel analysis was used. For calculation number of latent factors the Hull method was applied. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating the results of the questionnaire SMBQ and MBI. To confirm a one factor solution of the scale, factor analysis was used. Conclusion: All methods show that it is best to keep only one factor. SMBQ satisfies theoretical statistical criteria of reliability and validity and can be used to estimate job burnout at pharmacist population.


In Comfort v. Lynn School Committee, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit evaluated a race-conscious student assignment program using the affirmative action strict scrutiny framework of Grutter v. Bollinger. Comfort is part of a trend of applying strict scrutiny to race-conscious integration programs that has gained new momentum following the decision in Grutter. Invited by the Supreme Court's seemingly unequivocal language in Adarand Constructors v. Pena, that "all racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local governmental actor, must be analyzed by a reviewing court under strict scrutiny," federal district and appellate courts confronted with the question have generally treated the Equal Protection issues raised by voluntary school integration in the tradition of affirmative action, no matter how they ultimately decide the matter on the merits. While Grutter provided significant guidance on the use of race-conscious admissions policies in higher education, the decision did not shed light on the applicability of these standards to K through 12 student assignment programs. While many courts have recognized that important differences between affirmative action in higher education and employment, and race-conscious student assignment programs exist and must be carefully weighed, the courts have largely treated these as differences in degree, not differences in kind. The courts have also largely ignored that the acceptable approach in affirmative action cases is just not feasible for a local school district. Rather than conceding that strict scrutiny is the appropriate constitutional standard when dealing with public primary and secondary schools, this Article endeavors to begin the jurisprudential inquiry anew and concludes that voluntary school integration does not emerge out of the historical or legal fabric of affirmative action in higher education or employment, nor does it analytically fit in the mold there created. Accordingly, courts should not import wholesale the standards of the Supreme Court's affirmative action jurisprudence into the K through 12 arena. This Article explores the implications of the judiciary placing increasing responsibility for addressing the legacy of segregation in the hands of local school boards, while simultaneously making it increasingly difficult for school boards to address these inequalities through non-merit based, race-conscious student assignment policies. The Article also examines Brown v. Board of Education and its progeny as the point of departure in determining the applicable standard for K through 12 integration programs and concludes that courts should view voluntary school integration as an extension of the Court's school desegregation jurisprudence rather than the Court's affirmative action jurisprudence.


RATIONALE
Individuals living with patients with tuberculosis (TB) are at elevated risk of infection and disease, with children at greatest risk. The World Health Organization recommends isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for HIV-positive contacts and those younger than 5 years. Despite these recommendations, household-level IPT programs are rarely implemented in high TB burden settings. Evidence is scarce about the age-specific efficacy of interventions, such as IPT and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination for preventing TB disease among exposed contacts.

OBJECTIVES
We estimate the age-specific efficacy of IPT and BCG for preventing TB disease using data from a large observational prospective cohort study of household contacts of patients with TB in Lima, Peru.

METHODS
We identified all adults (>15 yr) with incident pulmonary TB (index cases) diagnosed at 106 public health centers in Lima from September 2009 to August 2012. Among 14,041 household contacts (of 3,446 index cases) assessed for infection and disease during the year-long follow-up period, we identified 462 additional TB cases. We estimate risk ratios (RR) for pulmonary TB associated with BCG, IPT, and latent TB infection.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
BCG confers protection against coprevalent and incident TB among HIV-negative children younger than 10 years (RR, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.66). IPT confers protection against incident TB among HIV-negative contacts younger than 30 years (RR, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.20-0.54). Risk of incident TB associated with latent TB infection is greatest for children younger than 5 years and decreases with age.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings support the use of IPT in older children and young-adult household contacts, in addition to children younger than 5 years.


The nature of the construction industry necessities dangerous activities and the proper implementation of safety and quality management is essential to control hazards and wastes, and also to improve project success. This paper aims at adopting failure mode, effect and criticality analysis on an on-going project to investigate on how to improve safety and quality management in construction projects. In order to achieve this, the study evaluates the most critical factors influencing safety and quality management. Normative and empirical approaches are used for data collection. The possible failure mode of structural components and accident occurrence rate are analysed using the failure mode, effect and critically analysis sheets. Research findings reveal the possible causes and effects of failures and accidents. From the decision rule, the risk priority number is less than decision index number, which implies that risks/hazards can be accepted and mitigated through the safety and quality policy designed to resolve the identified possible causes. The most critical safety and quality factors are identified as parameters for policy implementation. Language: en


Eutrophication is one of the most severe and widespread forms of disturbance affecting coastal marine systems. Whilst there are general models of effects on benthos, such as the Pearson-Rosenberg (P-R) model, the models are descriptive rather than predictive. Here we first review the process of increased organic matter production and the ensuing sedimentation to the seafloor. It is shown that there is no simple relationship between nutrient inputs and the vertical flux of particulate organic matter (POM). In particular, episodic hydrographic events are thought to be the key factor leading to high rates of sedimentation and accompanying hypoxia. We extend an earlier review of effects of hypoxia to include organisms living in the water column. In general, fishes are more sensitive to hypoxia than crustaceans and echinoderms, which in turn are more sensitive than annelids, whilst molluscs are the least sensitive. Growth is affected at oxygen concentrations between 6.0 and 4.5 mg O 2 l -1 , other aspects of metabolism are affected at between 4 and 2 mg O 2 l -1 and mortality occurs where concentrations are below 2.0 to 0.5 mg O 2 l -1 . Field studies, however, show that complex behavioural changes also occur as hypoxia increases, and these are described herein. The areas where hypoxia occurs are frequently areas that are stagnant or with poor water exchange. Thus again, hydrographic factors are key processes determining whether or not hypoxia and eutrophication occur. Tolerance to ammonia and hydrogen sulphide is also reviewed, as these substances are found at near zero concentrations of oxygen and are highly toxic to most organisms. However, the effects of interactions between oxygen, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide only occur below oxygen concentrations of ca. 0.5 mg O 2 l -1 , since only below this concentration are hydrogen sulphide and oxygen released into the water. Models of eutrophication and the generation of hypoxia are discussed, and in particular the P-R model is analysed. Although agreement with the model is widely reported the actual predictions of the model have rarely been tested. Our review suggests that the major effects on benthic fauna result from hypoxia rather than organic enrichment per se and suggests that the P-R model is descriptive rather than predictive. Finally, a managerial tool is proposed, based on the stages of effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment suggested by the P-R model and on an earlier study. The proposed strategy involves rapid assessment tools and indicates where more detailed surveys are needed. Managers are advised that remedial action will not produce rapid results and that recovery from eutrophication will probably take decades. Thus it is essential to detect potential hypoxia and eutrophication effects at early stages of development.


We measured soil CO2 evolution rates with (Sff) and without (Sms) the forest floor litter and root respiration monthly in 11-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations during the fourth year of fertilization and irrigation treatments. Values of Sff ranged from less than 1 µmol·m-2·s-1 during the winter to greater than 5 µmol·m-2·s-1 in late spring. Average Sff was significantly greater in unfertilized relative to the fertilized stands; however, there was no difference in average Sms among treatments. Soil temperature and the mass of the forest floor (litter) explained most of the difference in Sff among treatments. Soil temperature and volumetric water content accounted for 70% of the seasonal variation in Sff. Annual carbon efflux from the soil averaged 14.1 Mg·ha-1 per year for all treatments. Most of the evolved carbon was derived from root respiration (50-73%). Net ecosystem productivity was -1.1 and 6.9 Mg C·ha-1 per year for the unfertilized and fertilized stands, respectively. At age 11, t...


Research has consistently shown that children worldwide live an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, yet to date, physical activity (PA) interventions have achieved limited effectiveness. Empirical evidence suggests that the tendency to engage in recurrent thoughts about negative experiences (termed 'emotional rehearsal') is associated with negative PA behavioural change and increased cardiovascular disease risks in children. Since the design of PA interventions is seldom informed by the children, it is possible that certain aspects of these interventions may have unintentionally prompted emotional rehearsal about their PA experiences, especially for the sedentary individuals, leading to intervention futility. Therefore, the aims of this study were to 1) to qualitatively identify aspects of PA that Chinese children (aged 6–12) emotionally rehearse about and 2) to examine if PA‐specific emotional rehearsal might be linked to habitual PA and physical self‐concept. Three prominent themes emerged from the focus group interviews – fear for unfavourable external factors, physical functioning and bodily concerns. Regression analysis showed that habitual PA and physical self‐concept were significant predictors of PA‐specific emotional rehearsal. Our findings can potentially inform future PA interventions for Chinese children. Crucially, public health initiatives should encourage input from children in their design for potentially greater success in positive health behavioural change.


[1] Four years of columnar aerosol optical properties and a one-year vertical profiles of aerosol particle extinction coefficient at 527 nm are analyzed at Taihu in the central Yangtze River Delta region in eastern China. Seasonal variations of aerosol optical properties, vertical distribution, and influence on shortwave radiation and heating rates were investigated. Multiyear variations of aerosol optical depths (AOD), Angstrom exponents, single scattering albedo (SSA) and asymmetry factor (ASY) are analyzed, together with the vertical profile of aerosol extinction. AOD is largest in summer and smallest in winter. SSAs exhibit weak seasonal variation with the smallest values occurring during winter and the largest during summer. The vast majority of aerosol particles are below 2 km, and about 62%, 67%, 67% and 83% are confined to below 1 km in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Five-day back trajectory analyses show that the some aerosols aloft are traced back to northern/northwestern China, as far as Mongolia and Siberia, in spring, autumn and winter. The presence of dust aerosols were identified based on the linear depolarization measurements together with other information (i.e., back trajectory, precipitation, aerosol index). Dust strongly impacts the vertical particle distribution in spring and autumn, with much smaller effects in winter. The annual mean aerosol direct shortwave radiative forcing (efficiency) at the bottom, top and within the atmosphere are −34.8 ± 9.1 (−54.4 ± 5.3), −8.2 ± 4.8 (−13.1 ± 1.5) and 26.7 ± 9.4 (41.3 ± 4.6) W/m2 (Wm−2 τ−1), respectively. The mean reduction in direct and diffuse radiation reaching surface amount to 109.2 ± 49.4 and 66.8 ± 33.3 W/m2, respectively. Aerosols significantly alter the vertical profile of solar heating, with great implications for atmospheric stability and dynamics within the lower troposphere.


HIV-testing within a VCT protocol plays a
pivotal role in the management of HIV / AIDS
across the world. However, research indicates that the communication interventions
which have to motivate high-risk groups to go for VCT meet with mixed levels of
success - some have no effect on rates of HIV-testing, others only a small effect. Very
little action-orientated research has been forthcoming to explain why these campaigns
have such limited success and what can be done to improve their motivational efficacy. In this article the focus falls on problems with the design of the messaging of VCT
campaign texts as variable that determines their motivational efficacy In Section 2 a
critical analysis is provided of two general approaches to health promotion that
critically determine the goals, design, and finally the motivational efficacy of the
messaging of such campaigns: the Social Marketing-Persuasion approach, the Critical
Empowerment approach, and its off-spin, the Decision Aid approach. Section 3 presents
a case study of how the designers of a corpus Dutch VCT campaign texts align themselves
with these general approaches, how they interpret the goals of the messaging
of their VCT campaign texts and what message strategies they employ in the attempt
to motivate high-risk individuals to go for VCT. Section 4 outlines a number of areas
for urgent action-orientated research.


Soil reinforcement is defined as a technique to improve the engineering characteristics of soil. In this way, using natural fibers to reinforce soil is an old and ancient idea. Consequently, randomly distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering for the second time. The main aim of this paper, therefore, is to review the history, benefits, applications; and possible executive problems of using different types of natural and/or synthetic fibers in soil reinforcement through reference to published scientific data. As well, predictive models used for short fiber soil composite will be discussed. On other words, this paper is going to investigate why, how, when; and which fibers have been used in soil reinforcement projects.


Available genomic sequences from diverse eukaryotes attest to creation of millions of spliceosomal introns throughout the course of evolution, however the question of how introns are created remains unresolved. Resolution of this question has been thwarted by the fact that many modern introns appear to be hundreds of millions of years old, obscuring the mechanisms by which they were initially created. As such, analysis of lineages undergoing rapid intron creation is crucial. Recently, Hoy et al. reported the genome of the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis, revealing generally rapid molecular evolution including wholesale loss of ancestral introns and gain of new ones. I sought to test several potential mechanisms of intron creation. BLAST searches did not reveal patterns of similarity between intronic sequences from different sites or between intron sequences and non-intronic sequences, which would be predicted if introns are created by propagation of pre-existing intronic sequences or by transposable element insertion. To test for evidence that introns are created by any of multiple mechanisms that are expected to lead to duplication of sequences at the two splice boundaries of an intron, I compared introns likely to have been gained in the lineage leading to M. occidentalis and likely ancestral introns. These comparisons did initially reveal greater similarity between boundaries in M. occidentalis-specific introns, however this excess appeared to be largely or completely due to greater adherence of newer introns to the so-called protosplice site, and therefore may not provide strong evidence for particular intron gain mechanisms. The failure to find evidence for particular intron creation mechanisms could reflect the relatively old age of even these introns, intron creation by variants of tested mechanisms that do not leave a clear sequence signature, or by intron creation by unimagined mechanisms.


Author offers a new nuclear generator which allows to convert any matter to nuclear energy in accordance with the Einstein equation E=mc2. The method is based upon tapping the energy potential of a Micro Black Hole (MBH) and the Hawking radiation created by this MBH. As is well-known, the vacuum continuously produces virtual pairs of particles and antiparticles, in particular, the photons and anti-photons. The MBH event horizon allows separating them. Anti-photons can be moved to the MBH and be annihilated; decreasing the mass of the MBH, the resulting photons leave the MBH neighborhood as Hawking radiation. The offered nuclear generator (named by author as AB-Generator) utilizes the Hawking radiation and injects the matter into MBH and keeps MBH in a stable state with near-constant mass. The AB-Generator can not only produce gigantic energy outputs but should be hundreds of times cheaper than a conventional electric generation processes. The AB-Generator can be used in aerospace as a photon rocket or as a power source for numerous space vehicles. Many scientists expect the Large Hadron Collider at CERN will produce one MBH every second and the technology to capture them may be used for the AB-Generator. Key words: Production of nuclear energy, Micro Black Hole, energy AB-Generator, photon rocket. * Initial version was presented as Paper AIAA-2009-5342 in 45 Joint Propulsion Conferences, 2–5 August, 2009, Denver, CO, USA.


Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are heterodimeric transcription factors regulating the oxygen supply, glucose metabolism, and angiogenesis. HIF function requires the recruitment of p300/CREB-binding protein, two coactivators with histone acetyltransferase activity, by the C-terminal transactivation domain of HIF-α (HIF-αCAD). Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAIs) induce differentiation or apoptosis and repress tumor growth and angiogenesis, hence being explored intensively as anti-cancer agents. Using combined pharmacological, biochemical, and genetic approaches, here we show that HDAIs repress the transactivation potential of HIF-αCAD. This repression is independent of the function of tumor suppressors von Hippel-Lindau or p53 or the degradation of HIF-α. We also demonstrate the sufficiency of low concentrations of HDAIs in repression of HIF target genes in tumor cells. We further show that HDAIs induce hyperacetylation of p300 and repress the HIF-1α·p300 complex in vivo. In vitro acetylation analysis reveals that the p300CH1 region, but not HIF-αCAD, is susceptible to acetylation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a deacetylase activity is indispensable for the transactivation potential of HIF-αCAD and support a model that acetylation regulates HIF function by targeting HIF-α·p300 complex, not by direct acetylating HIF-α. The demonstration that HDAIs repress both HIF-1α and HIF-2α transactivation potential independently of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor and p53 function indicates that HDAIs may have biological effects in a broad range of tissues in addition to tumors.


Sigma Delta converters are a very popular choice for the A/D converter in multi-standard, mobile and cellular receivers. Key A/D converter specifications are high dynamic range, robustness, scalability, low-power and low EMI. Robust Sigma Delta Converters presents a requirement derivation of a Sigma Delta modulator applied in a receiver for cellular and connectivity, and shows trade-offs between RF and ADC. The book proposes to categorize these requirements in 5 quality indicators which can be used to qualify a system, namely accuracy, robustness, flexibility, efficiency and emission. In the book these quality indicators are used to categorize Sigma Delta converter theory. A few highlights on each of these quality indicators are; Quality indicators: provide a means to quantify system quality.Accuracy: introduction of new Sigma Delta Modulator architectures.Robustness: a significant extension on clock jitter theory based on phase and error amplitude error models. Extension of the theory describing aliasing in Sigma Delta converters for different types of DACs in the feedback loop. Flexibility: introduction of a Sigma Delta converter bandwidth scaling theory leading to very flexible Sigma Delta converters. Efficiency: introduction of new Figure-of-Merits which better reflect performance-power trade-offs. Emission: analysis of Sigma Delta modulators on emission is not part of the bookThe quality indicators also reveal that, to exploit nowadays advanced IC technologies, things should be done as much as possible digital up to a limit where system optimization allows reducing system margins. At the end of the book Sigma Delta converter implementations are shown which are digitized on application-, architecture-, circuit- and layout-level.Robust Sigma Delta Converters is written under the assumption that the reader has some background in receivers and in A/D conversion.


Predictive Analytics and Decision Support for Heart Failure patients Aftab Hassan Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Assistant Professor Senjuti Basu Roy Institute of Technology In the last few years, legislations such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, have emphasised the need for improving the quality of health care. Part of the programs introduced by this Act is the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) which reduces payments to hospitals with excess readmissions. Hospitals are, therefore, constantly looking for ways to help reduce their readmission rate, and an idea of patients that are at a higher risk of getting readmitted is extremely beneficial. In this thesis, we first look at ways to predict the chance of a patient getting readmitted, and investigate predicting future healthcare costs, to understand how much money the patient would have to spend on hospital expenses during the readmission visit. We, then design a multi objective medication recommendation framework. We would like to echo the sentiments of the medical community here, that, while reducing readmissions is important, there are also other factors that go into ensuring a successful patient discharge experience, such as reducing mortality rate and the patient's length of stay at the hospital during the subsequent visit. We propose a novel framework that recommends personalized medications to patients by analyzing the complex interplay among a multitude of factors, such as, demographic factors, medical diagnoses, clinical factors, and how they contribute to the three objectives thirty day readmission, subsequent length of stay and mortality rate. We then find the best medication combination to simultaneously reduce all three objectives by performing Multi objective optimization. Our proposed framework is flexible enough to include or exclude additional factors, as well as layers, and can even obey constraints provided by the domain experts (i.e., doctors) in the design of this hierarchical network. We present a case study validated by a domain expert as well as comprehensive experimental results based on the proposed approach to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework. Our work is validated on the largest (1000+ bed) South Puget Sound healthcare system: MultiCare Health on their EMR data including medication transactions. While our primary effort is to design medication recommendations for heart failure patients, the proposed framework could be adapted for other diseases as well. We also develop a web based service called Pathway Finder with the objective of visually exploring and discovering clinical pathways that reduce the patients chance of readmission. We, therefore, try and play our small part in improving the quality of health care in the United States.


Abstract WERE tendencies in the direction of regional difference in the later Russian Empire outweighing tendencies in the direction of homogeneity? In view of the fact that the empire fell apart in 1917, it looks as if the emphasis ought to be on difference. A good case, however, can also be made for homogeneity. I shall therefore be proposing that the regions of the Russian Empire occupied a more or less constant position on an imaginary `divergence–coalescence spectrum'. Admittedly, the contest between divergence and coalescence ceased to be equal during the First World War and the empire collapsed. This imbalance, however, turned out to be temporary. The empire re-emerged under a new name at the end of 1922 and for sixty-nine years thereafter occupied more or less the same place on the divergence–coalescence spectrum that it had occupied before it collapsed. So I shall be arguing that, except under extreme duress, the empire was stable. It is this stability I wish to draw to your attention. One's natural inclination is to think of the later Russian Empire as a hotbed of change. I have argued in a recent article that the inclination should be resisted in analyses of work-patterns. I shall argue today that it should also be resisted in the field of regional diversity. To make the case, I shall divide what I have to say into three parts, the first on divergence, the second on coalescence and the third on the First World War.


Sea lice represent a persistent and growing problem, challenging the resilience and growth of the salmon aquaculture industry. In this Norwegian case study, we studied and discuss how the absence of policy instruments directed at stimulating breeding for lice resistance (LR) might be explained. We found well-documented opportunities for selection progress for LR. Hence, breeding on LR appears with an untapped potential. We discuss how market-based, legal, institutional, and interest-based factors can explain this. Methodologically, we obtained data from document and literature studies and interviews with key players (salmon breeders, farmers, NGOs and governmental bodies in Norway). First, LR is a polygenic trait, that makes it poorly suited for patenting. Furthermore, if only a small proportion of fish farmers choose seeds with higher LR, other operators can easily take on the free-rider role, because they will not suffer from reduced gain in growth performance, as a result of a much stronger emphasis on LR in the breeding goal. The market is thus hardly expected to stimulate stronger selection for LR in Norwegian salmon breeding. Second, neither genetic engineering (e.g. gene editing), still struggling with consumer acceptance, nor the uncertainty associated with possible changes in the Norwegian Gene Technology Act stimulate investment in LR via e.g. CRISPR technology. Thirdly, public policy instruments in their entirety have targeted other types of innovations against salmon lice, and none have so far been used to stimulate breeding companies to emphasize LR more strongly in their breeding programs. From a political point of view, it seems that breeding has been left to the market and the private sector. However, neither the NGOs nor the public seem to be aware of, or pay significant attention to the breeding potential to improve LR and fish welfare. Fragmented management of the aquaculture sector can camouflage the close ties between political and business interests. The industry is hesitant to invest significantly in long-term breeding targets such as significantly higher genetic LR. This may strengthen the assumption that strong economic interests will reduce the role of science in knowledge-based management. As farmed salmon are increasingly being exposed to stressful delousing treatments, mortality and associated welfare problems have increased significantly. For instance, large fish die more often from CMS (cardiomyopathy syndrome). The result is growing demand for CMS-resistant salmon. This gives rise to a paradoxical situation: increasing treatments with high mortality and fish welfare issues in farmed salmon, while the lice threat to wild salmon persists. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Dielectric microcavities based on cylindrical and deformed cylindrical shapes have been employed as resonators for microlasers. Such systems support spiral resonances with finite momentum along the cylinder axis. For such modes the boundary conditions do not separate, and simple TM and TE polarization states do not exist. We formulate a theory for the dispersion relations and polarization properties of such resonances for an infinite dielectric rod of arbitrary cross section and then solve for these quantities for the case of a circular cross section (cylinder). Useful analytic formulas are obtained using the eikonal (Einstein–Brillouin–Keller) method, which are shown to be excellent approximations to the exact results from the wave equation. The major finding is that the polarization of the radiation emitted into the far field is linear up to a polarization critical angle (PCA) at which it changes to elliptical. The PCA always lies between the Brewster's and total-internal-reflection angles for the dielectric, as is shown by an analysis based on the Jones matrices of the spiraling rays.


The main structural elements resulting from Late Permian-Early Triassic extension have been resolved across the total width of the northern North Sea. The northern segment of the basin (north of 61°N), bounded to the west by the Hutton Fault and to the east by the Norwegian mainland, was occupied by four westerly tilted half grabens, 25–35 km in width, prior to Jurassic extension. The central segment of the basin (60°20′–61°N) exhibits a full graben beneath the Jurassic Horda Platform, flanked by half grabens tilted towards the basin margins. The change in Permo-Triassic fault-block configuration, defining structural domains, is largely constrained by a basement discontinuity which runs diagonally (NE-SW) across the basin. Maximum Jurassic extension is represented by several centres of subsidence, aligned NNE-SSW across a N-S-oriented and broader Permo-Triassic basin. Jurassic extension was concentrated within the Viking Graben proper south of 60°N, which in this area is represented by single westerly-tilted, en échelon half graben segments 20–25 km wide. The area affected by Jurassic extension becomes progressively wider to the north, again governed by the basement discontinuity, eventually encompassing the total width of the basin (c. 200 km) north of 61°N. The central segment of the northern North Sea displays the greatest contrast in Permo-Triassic and Jurassic structural styles and basin geometry. Jurassic stretching and faulting was negligible to the east (Horda Platform), precisely the area which had been the site of maximum Permo-Triassic stretching and fault activity. It has generally been assumed that Jurassic fault configuration along the eastern margin of the central segment of the Viking Graben, to a large extent reflects the reactivation of major Permo-Triassic faults. This study demonstrates the interference of Permo-Triassic and Jurassic basin geometries in this area, due to major faults of the two generations dipping in opposite directions. As a consequence, the E-tilted Oseberg Fault Block of Jurassic origin and c. 20km in width, is underlain by a wider (c. 35 km) and W-tilted Permo-Triassic fault-block.


This study demonstrates how sea-level rise increases the vulnerability of coastal com- munities to flooding associated with coastal storms. The case study applies a GIS-based methodology to assess the vulnerability of Cape May County, New Jersey, to flood hazards caused by both riverine flooding and coastal storm surges. For storm events of differing intensities, it first identifies areas that will be inundated and how they will change with projected sea-level rise. It then assesses the social vulnerability of the county, taking into account factors such as age, gender, race, income and housing conditions. Finally, it combines physical and social vulnerabilities to create a picture of the county's present overall vulnerability, as well as how this will change with projected sea-level rise. To account for uncertainties in projections, possible ranges of both population growth and sea-level rise are incorporated in low, medium and high scenarios. The results show that sea-level rise will increase the vulnerability of the county to flood hazards considerably by increasing the areas that are exposed to the highest flood risk, hence increasing the number of critical facilities, properties, and people to the risk of flooding. Comparing the upper- and lower-bound scenarios indicates that poorly managed development could increase the county's vulnerability to flooding. These results suggest that deci- sion-makers could reduce vulnerability by making choices that steer development away from high- risk areas.


Currently many thermoregulatory models incorporate cutaneous perfusion, as it plays a major role in heat transport. The magnitude of perfusion is generally described as a function of temperature. Some physiological models, such as formulated by Stolwijk, Tanabe and Fiala, incorporate central tonus and local sensitivity explicitly. However, used perfusion control parameters have been estimated and are not based on physiological measurements. Therefore, their applicability might not be justified. In this research a method is proposed to measure central sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone and local cutaneous vasoconstrictor sensitivity. Together, the protocol was performed on males and females, young adults (18-28yr) and elderly (68-78yr) and on both glabrous and non-glabrous skin. Local cutaneous perfusion is measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Through iontophoresis of Bretylium tosylate (10mM) sympathetic nerve terminals are blocked, such that local endogenous release of sympathetic neurotransmitters is abolished. Afterwards a superphysiological dose noradrenaline (2.5mM) is administered through iontophoresis. The reduction in perfusion is used as a measure for vasoconstrictor sensitivity at maximal vasoconstrictor tone. This is repeated over a range of local temperatures. Then the whole body is cooled and the decrease in perfusion at a non-bretylium site is measured. Combining perfusion and local sensitivity, vasoconstrictor tone is described as a function of temperature.


We introduce a first order method for solving very large cone programs to modest accuracy. The method uses an operator splitting method, the alternating directions method of multipliers, to solve the homogeneous self-dual embedding, an equivalent feasibility problem involving finding a nonzero point in the intersection of a subspace and a cone. This approach has several favorable properties. Compared to interior-point methods, first-order methods scale to very large problems, at the cost of lower accuracy. Compared to other first-order methods for cone programs, our approach finds both primal and dual solutions when available and certificates of infeasibility or unboundedness otherwise, it does not rely on any explicit algorithm parameters, and the per-iteration cost of the method is the same as applying the splitting method to the primal or dual alone. We discuss efficient implementation of the method in detail, including direct and indirect methods for computing projection onto the subspace, scaling the original problem data, and stopping criteria. We provide a reference implementation called SCS, which can solve large problems to modest accuracy quickly and is parallelizable across multiple processors. We conclude with numerical examples illustrating the efficacy of the technique; in particular, we demonstrate speedups of several orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art interior-point solvers.


Behavioral researchers have investigated procedures for identifying preferred items for individuals with varying levels of developmental disabilities. Some researchers in this area have reported difficulties in identifying preferred items for individuals with severe to profound multiple disabilities (SPMD), in part because the individuals may not possess the motor skills needed to select and manipulate the items included within the assessment. The purpose of the current study was to address three research questions: Would differences in preference patterns be observed if individuals with SPMD could activate toys with a motor response that is within their repertoire (i.e., press a large microswitch to activate the toy) versus when they are required to perform a motor response that may not be within their repertoire (e.g., sliding knobs, twisting dials to activate a toy)? Would teaching specific skills to activate a toy result in increased toy engagement and a shift in preference toward directly operating the toy? Would teaching the participant a motor response to activate the toy directly affect the levels of microswitch engagement observed? Data were collected within a combination multiple baseline (across 2 participants) and multielement (across conditions) design. The results of this study showed that (a) differences in preference were observed when different measures of assessing preferences were conducted, (b) acquisition of specific motor skills resulted in an increase in preference toward directly manipulating items, and (c) acquisition of motor skills also resulted in a decrease in activating items via microswitches. These results extend the preference assessment literature by showing that the motor skills present within an individual's current repertoire may affect the results of preference assessments for individuals with SPMD.


With ever-increasing pressure to conserve IP address space on the Internet, it makes sense to consider where relatively minor changes can be made to fielded practice to improve numbering efficiency. One such change, proposed by this document, is to halve the amount of address space assigned to point-to-point links (common throughout the Internet infrastructure) by allowing the use of 31-bit subnet masks in a very limited way.


Real-time Ethernet is used in many industrial and embedded systems, but has so far mostly been statically configured. However, in the future these network configurations will be required to change dynamically, for example for highly flexible production lines or even software upgrades in modern cars that add new features which require changes to the in-vehicle network. Software-defined networking (SDN) is already increasingly used to dynamically configure non-real-time networks. In this paper we explore the idea of a software-defined real-time Ethernet. We analyze the features of current real-time Ethernet protocols, the applicability of SDN and give an overview of potential advantages of software-defined networking for realtime communication which can enable features not achievable using current solutions. In the future this development will likely lead to more flexible, efficient and robust real-time networks.


In order to achieve an efficient and economical advanced drinking water system, the relationship between operating conditions, membrane filtration flux and water qualities was examined by using a pilot plant consisting of ozonation facility, ozone resistant microfiltration (MF) module and granular activated carbon (GAC) tower. It was found that keeping residual ozone of more than 0.3 mg/L on the membrane surface is necessary in order to obtain a high membrane filtration flux. Withy ozone dosage of 3 mg/L by ejector and filtration by dead-end mode, this new system provided a high membrane filtration flux of more than 5 m 3 /m 2 /day. Quality of the produced water from the GAC tower was meeting the drinking water standard.


The aberrant activation of STAT3 is associated with the etiology and progression in a variety of malignant epithelial-derived tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Due to the lack of an enzymatic catalytic site or a ligand-binding pocket, there are no small-molecule inhibitors directly targeting STAT3 that have been approved for clinical translation. Emerging proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) technology–based approach represents a potential strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional inhibitors and inhibit activation of STAT3 and downstream genes. In this study, the heterobifunctional small-molecule–based PROTACs are successfully prepared from toosendanin (TSN), with 1 portion binding to STAT3 and the other portion binding to an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The optimized lead PROTAC (TSM-1) exhibits superior selectivity, potency, and robust antitumor effects in STAT3-dependent HNSCC and CRC — especially in clinically relevant patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO). The following mechanistic investigation identifies the reduced expression of critical downstream STAT3 effectors, through which TSM-1 promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells. These findings provide the first demonstration to our knowledge of a successful PROTAC-targeting strategy in STAT3-dependent epithelial cancer.


It is impossible to give a complete review of the numerous problems of nutrition in the tropics within half an hour. The speaker will limit himself, therefore, to those problems in which he himself was interested during the years he spent in the Far East, and to those which are of special importance to the Nutrition Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. The efforts of FAO have always been directed towards raising levels of nutrition, especially in underdeveloped, tropical countries, and these have received special emphasis in planning the Technical Assistance Program for Economic Development.
In what respects does "tropical" nutrition differ from "ordinary" nutrition in regions such as North America and Western Europe? As far as diet is concerned this might appear to be simple; rice, maize, and millet are the main foods in the tropics, whereas wheat is the main cereal in the northern countries.


Smart phones and tablets are becoming the main devices for accessing Internet, and will outnumber the world population in 2016. Mobile Devices contain photos, contacts, unique identifiers, payment data, logs, etc., and are used everywhere, including abroad. Apps process user information, including the user's locality to offer dedicated services and advertisements, and may turn on cameras and microphones. Most users lack awareness of what apps do, what data are used, and what norms apply. Mobility of users complicates norm application. Global use, on a global infrastructure does not match well with local, national law.This paper briefly discusses the quadruplet contracting, security, privacy and advertisements. The main question addressed is how the use of apps, in particular when crossing borders, has impact on the traditional jurisdiction model. Three cases are used to illustrate how apps and smart devices complicate norm application. The issue of privacy is exemplified by discussing the program WhatsApp, the music app Pandora is used to address copyright, and finally the dating app Grindr focuses on criminal law. The already difficult application and enforcement of norms on the Internet increases now devices providing Internet connections are seamlessly taken from one country to another, and are always in the proximity of their users: they are always connected, always available.


Background: Patient and public involvement in the development of health services is central to current government policy. In 2011 new financial incentives were introduced to promote the establishment of Patient participation groups (PPGs) which led to an increase in the number of PPG groups in England. PPGs are now well established in many practices. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore PPG members' views of the current and future challenges for Patient Participation Groups. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted with members of PPGs (n=31). They were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis followed established principles with data coded and recoded into categories and themes. Results: Beyond acting as a conduit for patient feedback and as advisors to their practices, there was variation and some confusion about the roles of PPGs. All groups struggled to engage the interest of the patients they purport to represent. Their ability to improve quality of care was limited by several factors including the information available to them, their ability to interpret it, their perceived remit, and their relationship with the practice team. Many participants foresaw a future expanded role in relation to commissioning but this had yet to be defined in practice.


Abstract The taxonomy and phylogenetic position of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Barsboldia sicinskii is revised. This species is rediagnosed based on the unique combination of iliac central plate with depth/length ratio less than 0.8 and sacral vertebrae with distally 'clubbed' neural spines at least four times higher than their centra. A maximum parsimony analysis of 47 hadrosauroid (39 hadrosaurid) species does not support the purported lambeosaurine affinities of B. sicinskii, but recovers this form as a basal saurolophine hadrosaurid based on unambiguous synapomorphies of the ilium. This result increases the diversity of saurolophine taxa in Asia, a continent with a hadrosaurid fossil record so far dominated by lambeosaurines. Finally, several vertebral and iliac characters previously regarded as diagnostic of Lambeosaurinae are discussed and shown to be uninformative from a taxonomic or phylogenetic standpoint.


Commons and food seem to be experiencing a revival in recent years and yet the links between both subjects are absent in academic and political discourses. Commons are often portrayed as historical but, at the same time, innovative governing mechanisms that can challenge current forms of State and Markets, both hegemonic institutions in the XX century. On the other side, food is one of the most relevant agents of change as well as the major driver of planetary destruction, being thus a cause and a solution to multiple crises that affect humankind. Departing from the absolute commodification of food as one root cause of the broken global food system, this text firstly situates and discusses the different schools of thought (or epistemologies) that have addressed the private/public, commodity/commons nature of goods in general, to then explore how those schools have considered food in particular. To do so, the author has defined five epistemologies, four academic (economic, legal, historical and political) and one not restricted to academic circles (grassroots activists). The analysis, with multiple examples, highlights how those epistemologies have yielded incommensurable vocabularies and conflicting understandings, hence creating confusion in the socio-political realm and even rejection around the idea of food being considered as a commons. However diverse the understandings and praxis of the commons may be, the scholarly economic epistemic regard has reigned over the others by applying an approach to commons, public and private goods that is theoretical, reductionist and markedly ideological. Moreover, this economic epistemology is ontological instead of phenomenological, preventing or obscuring other scholarly or practical narratives of commons. When applied to food, the epistemic iron law of economics dictated the reductionist view of food as a private good based on rivalry and excludability. A good that is better allocated through market mechanisms, with absolute proprietary rights and valued as a pure commodity. This reductionist view collides with the plurality of meanings of food in different societies, civilisations and historical periods. History taught us that food was valued and governed as a commons for centuries in different civilisations, and legal and political scholars demonstrate this consideration is still alive in many customary food systems and it is being reconstructed in innovative contemporary food initiatives. The author uses diverse epistemic tools to re-construct food as a commons, based on its essentiality to humans and the customary and contemporary praxis to produce, consume and govern food collectively. Food is essential to every human being (materially and spiritually) and to our societies, and it has been produced and distributed through non-market mechanisms for more than 2000 centuries. As the practice of the commoning has instituting power to create different political and legal frameworks, if food is valued differently the entire architecture of the global food system would change, as the grassroots activist school claims. Re-commoning food defies the legal and political scaffoldings that sustain the hegemony of the market and state elites over eaters and food producers and re-creates sustainable forms of food production (agro-ecology), new collective practices of governance (food democracies), and alternative policies to regain control over the food system (food sovereignty). Food as a commons is an agent of change with transformative power, no matter what economists say.


ABSTRACT While research has explored the economic importance of principal cities on regional economies, little is known about the short-run and long-run dynamic relationships between principal cities and their neighboring cities as it pertains to their sales tax revenue elasticities and the subsequent affect this has on horizontal tax competition. Using vector error correction models on data from six principal cities in Texas, the findings of this study suggest that the relationship between principal and neighboring cities is highly dynamic and unique for each principal city. The study recommends that local economic policies should reflect these unique relationships.


International Sign (IS) is widely used among deaf people and interpreters at international events, but what exactly is it, what are its linguistic features, where does its lexicon come from, and how is it used at interpreted events? This groundbreaking collection is the first volume to provide answers to these questions. Editors Rachel Rosenstock and Jemina Napier have assembled an international group of renowned linguists and interpreters to examine various aspects of International Sign. Their contributions are divided into three parts: International Sign as a Linguistic System; International Sign in Action Interpreting, Translation, and Teaching; and International Sign Policy and Language Planning. The chapters cover a range of topics, including the morphosyntactic and discursive structures of interpreted IS, the interplay between conventional linguistic elements and nonconventional gestural elements in IS discourse, how deaf signers who use different signed languages establish communication, Deaf/hearing IS interpreting teams and how they sign depicting verbs, how best to teach foundation-level IS skills, strategies used by IS interpreters when interpreting from IS into English, and explorations of the best ways to prepare interpreters for international events. The work of the editors and contributors in this volume makes "International Sign" the most comprehensive, research-based analysis of a young but growing field in linguistics and interpretation."


Redox chemistry is central to the primary functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria, that is, to energy conversion in photosynthesis and respiration. However, these bioenergetic organelles always contain very small, specialized genetic systems, relics of their bacterial origin. At huge cost, organellar genomes contain, typically, a mere 0.1% of the genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. There is evidence that chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes encode proteins whose function and biogenesis are particularly tightly governed by electron transfer. We have identified nuclear genes for 'bacterial' histidine sensor kinases and aspartate response regulators that seem to be targeted to chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes. Sequence similarities to cyanobacterial redox signalling components indicate homology and suggest conserved sensory and signalling functions. Two-component redox signalling pathways might be ancient, conserved mechanisms that permit endogenous control over the biogenesis, in situ, of bioenergetic complexes of chloroplasts and mitochondria.


Entrepreneurship is as an essential element for stimulating nation's growth and development. Women entrepreneurship is acquiring attention from the public in the light of evidence of the potential for economic growth and development of new business creation, particularly in e-commerce. Through economic reforms, women are rising their numbers to own and run businesses, particularly in online businesses where information technology has the power to grow the industry and change the way business is run. Considering acknowledgement of women entrepreneurs playing a key role in economic development, their growth has remained substantially undermined. Women entrepreneurs, however, face a wide range of challenges, both in developing and growing their business activities. The forthcoming research paper was aimed at investigating the challenges of e-commerce entrepreneurship that the Klang Valley woman faces in the present times. For this exploratory analysis the survey questionnaire was implemented using convenience sampling process. The data was analysed using descriptive analyses as well as normality and comparison evaluates. The data used in this study were collected from a sample of 200 respondents. The empirical survey data analysis on distinguish five key important factors that hamper the growth of female entrepreneurship in Klang Valley, namely personal, social, financial, marketing and technological. The study concluded that women entrepreneurs face constraints attributable to access to capital, lack of expertise and entrepreneurial education accompanied by difficulties in selling their products online, such as challenges of networking. Recommendations for future researchers have been put forward at the end of this paper.


From the Publisher:
As a developer new to Web Services, how do you make sense of this emerging framework so you can start writing your own services today? This concise book gives programmers both a concrete introduction and a handy reference to XML web services, first by explaining the foundations of this new breed of distributed services, and then by demonstrating quick ways to create services with open-source Java tools. Web Services make it possible for diverse applications to discover each other and exchange data seamlessly via the Internet. For instance, programs written in Java and running on Solaris can find and call code written in C# that run on Windows XP, or programs written in Perl that run on Linux, without any concern about the details of how that service is implemented. A common set of Web Services is at the core of Microsoft's new .NET strategy, Sun Microsystems's Sun One Platform, and the W3C's XML Protocol Activity Group. In this book, author Ethan Cerami explores four key emerging technologies:
XML Remote Procedure Calls (XML-RPC)
SOAP - The foundation for most commercial Web Services development
Universal Discovery, Description and Integration (UDDI)
Web Services Description Language (WSDL)

For each of these topics, Web Services Essentials provides a quick overview, Java tutorials with sample code, samples of the XML documents underlying the service, and explanations of freely-available Java APIs. Cerami also includes a guide to the current state of Web Services, pointers to open-source tools and a comprehensive glossary of terms. If you want to break through the Web Serviceshype and find useful information on these evolving technologies, look no further than Web Services Essentials.


Machine learned models exhibit bias, often because the datasets used to train them are biased. This presents a serious problem for the deployment of such technology, as the resulting models might perform poorly on populations that are minorities within the training set and ultimately present higher risks to them. We propose to use high-fidelity computer simulations to interrogate and diagnose biases within ML classifiers. We present a framework that leverages Bayesian parameter search to efficiently characterize the high dimensional feature space and more quickly identify weakness in performance. We apply our approach to an example domain, face detection, and show that it can be used to help identify demographic biases in commercial face application programming interfaces (APIs).


In Molle, Francois; Berkoff, J. (Eds.). Irrigation water pricing: the gap between theory and practice. Wallingford, UK: CABIComprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series 4


Introduction: Increase in the number of mobile medical applications (Apps) along with an increased sophistication of mobile technology resulted in an altered way of patient awareness and care. It is always challenging for an App developer to ensure the success of an App, hence the present study aims to identify and study the utilization promotional strategies for mobile medical Apps. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 mobile medical Apps. These were then comparatively evaluated for App information, technical parameters, and privacy permissions. The utilization of promotional strategies, user ratings, and number of downloads were presented descriptively. Results: App store listing and App store optimization, social sharing from inside networks, and keep App freemium were the top three strategies used for the promotion of the mobile medical Apps. Country-wise App ratings indicate that the UK Apps have considerably higher median value for high ratings followed by Australia and the USA. Higher percentage of downloads were seen among the mobile medical Apps developed by Australia, the USA, and the UK developers. Conclusion: Previous studies purely focused on the adherence of medical Apps, benefits of smartphones, and benefits of medical Apps, the effectiveness of promotional strategies on the acceptability of medical App is not available but the need of promoting the Apps was not available in this area. Present study was able to clearly indicate the promotional strategy utilization and was also demonstrated disparities in user rating and number of downloads across countries.


Consider a closed chain of three pairs of congruent circles of radii a, b, c. The circle tangent internally to each of the 6 circles has radius R = a + b + c if and only if there is a pair of congruent circles whose centers are on a diameter of the enclosing circle. Non-neighboring circles in the chain may overlap. Conditions for nonoverlapping are established. There can be a "central circle" tangent to four of the circles in the chain.


We study the incidence of carbon-reduction and green-energy promotion policies in a general equilibrium small open economy that depends on imports of fossil fuels. The focus is on mixed policies that are either price based (emissions taxes and producer price subsidies for green energy) or quantity based (schemes of trading emissions and green certificates). Policy instruments directed head-on toward promoting green energy are shown to also reduce carbon emissions and vice versa but the direct effects are stronger than the side effects, the more so, the greater is the elasticity of substitution in consumption between energy and consumption goods. We calculate the effects of variations in individual policy parameters on all endogenous variables, among them the energy price and the welfare costs. We also determine the impact of exogenous fossil-fuel price shocks on the economy.


With the sixtieth anniversary of the end of the Second World War looming, this new edition of the Wartime Scrapbook revives memories of this evocative time in Britain's history. Life on the home front revolved around rationing, blackouts, and air raid precautions, bringing out that British spirit - humour coupled with making-do and determination. Poster propaganda kept the population digging for victory during the years of the Home Guard, Women's Land Army and austerity with dried eggs. Drawn from Robert Opie's unrivalled collection, this new edition of The Wartime Scrapbook profusely illustrates a unique period in history - the song sheets, magazine covers, comic postcards, fashion and food, games, propaganda posters and a wealth of wartime ephemera whose very survival is remarkable.


Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is used for multiple-beam combining by overlapping the beams in the SBS interaction volume and for phase control by backseeding the interaction volume. Tripled Nd:YAG laser experiments and wave-optics analyses indicate the conditions of beam overlap, power, and focusing that are required to obtain effective beam combining and phase control.


The one-humped camel has been introduced to many regions outside its natural area of distribution in North Africa, the Near and Middle East and South Asia. Camels were imported into four separate entities in southern Africa at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The German Colony of south West Africa was principal amongst these southern African countries and imported well in excess of 2000 camels from a variety of originating countries. These animals were used by the military in operations against the native people, in transporting goods for railway construction, for postal deliveries and by police patrols. Camels were replaced by mechanised transport by the police towards the end of the 1930s. In the early twentyfirst century there are probably less than 200 camels in Namibia that are mainly used for tourism.


The present study is aimed at characterising the ecological niche of a typical forest orchid ( Epipactis pontica ) in Slovakia. Vegetation-environmental data were collected across mountain ranges and  their foothills in the Western Carpathians in 2011. Numerical classification was performed to delimit the main forest vegetation types and a linear mixed effect model was applied to reveal differences between plots with versus without E. pontica . This endangered species of Slovak flora grows in thermophilous turkey oak forests ( Quercion confertae-cerris ), mesophilous broad-leaved mixed oak-hornbeam forests ( Carpinion betuli ), but most stands correspond to the acidic ( Luzulo-Fagion sylvaticae ) and mesotrophic beech forests ( Fagion sylvaticae ). Principal component analysis supported the floristic separation of plant communities and showed some significant vegetation environmental relationships. E. pontica prefers forests with closed canopy (mean canopy openness: 8.5–15.1%) occurring especially on slightly acidic (soil reaction: 4.48–5.65) and nutrient-poor soils (soil conductivity: 43.1–72.6 μS/cm). The proposed Ellenberg indicator values for light (4), temperature (5), continentality (4), moisture (5), soil reaction (6) and nutrients (5) follow species composition pattern of vascular plants in Slovak phytosociological releves with E. pontica occurrence. They are also in accordance with its habitat conditions and ecological requirements in other parts of its range. The linear mixed effect model did not confirm any environmental peculiarity of plots with the presence of E. pontica at a microscale level and this result was consistent across the studied sites.


Zimbabwe is embarking on a long, complex, and difficult journey to rebuild its economy, which has been shattered by years of neglect and destructive government policies. If the final political hurdles are overcome hopefully sooner rather than later - the new coalition government will be faced with making politically difficult decisions and addressing conclusively the economic ghosts of the past. One of those ghosts is more than $5 billion owed to external creditors, of which nearly 80 percent is arrears. Clearing Zimbabwe's external debt arrears and securing comprehensive debt relief will be a critical step in eventual recovery. By doing so, the government will remove a crippling burden on its budget, investment climate, and overall macroeconomic environment. More important to the success of the coalition government, it will unlock hundreds of millions of dollars in new external assistance for critical reconstruction programs that will improve the Zimbabwean people's quality of life. This paper provides a detailed overview of the arrears clearance and debt relief processes. The purpose is to spark a debate in creditor capitals and hopefully to buttress the government's analytical foundation. With a strong dedicated team of experts - and support from relevant donor agencies - the Zimbabwean government will one day conclusively address its crushing debt burden and proceed with the rebuilding of a once vibrant and proud nation.


Abstract Early college high schools are a new and rapidly spreading model that merges the high school and college experiences and that is designed to increase the number of students who graduate from high school and enroll and succeed in postsecondary education. This article presents results from a federally funded experimental study of the impact of the early college model on Grade 9 outcomes. Results show that, as compared to control group students, a statistically significant and substantively higher proportion of treatment group students are taking core college preparatory courses and succeeding in them. Students in the treatment group also have statistically significantly higher attendance and lower suspension rates than students in the control group.


Walking is a fundamental human activity and is an essential component in sustainable transport: it is a viable alternative to private and public transport, in case of short trips, and it also plays a key role in the public transport mode, since public transport is a transport inter-modal chain where the foot journeys have an important weight. Besides, walking is an ancient and natural act, it has always been connected with open space, but the same action of walking brought up, at least until the first half of the 18th century, considerable difficulties. The ability to use public spaces with facility and freedom was enjoyed in different ways depending on gender and social class. The stylistic and typological differences between men's and women's shoes, between shoes worn by people belonging to low and high rank determined over the centuries different mobility patterns. The ability to walk is connected with the type of the road surface and with the structure of the shoe that changes over the centuries as the concept of walking is changing. The road networks of inner city centers and the topic of the historic pavements to the same degree express the historical image of a place as the colors of the facades on buildings overlooking the streets. The paper aims to explore safety for pedestrian mobility in the present and in the past. With ref-erence to stone pavements, it focuses on the analysis of all the properties that affect safety, particularly in terms of roughness, texture and skid resistance. Friction in dry and wet conditions will be analyzed taking into account different types of shoes, used both in the past and in the present time. The paper ends with remarks about safety for pedestrian mobility, specifically addressed to the historical city centre of Volterra, Tuscany, Italy.


In this paper we introduce a statistical model, called additively faithful directed acyclic graph (AFDAG), for causal learning from observational data. Our approach is based on additive conditional independence (ACI), a recently proposed three-way statistical relation that shares many similarities with conditional independence but without resorting to multidimensional kernels. This distinct feature strikes a balance between a parametric model and a fully nonparametric model, which makes the proposed model attractive for handling large networks. We develop an estimator for AFDAG based on a linear operator that characterizes ACI, and establish the consistency and convergence rates of this estimator, as well as the uniform consistency of the estimated DAG. Moreover, we introduce a modified PC-algorithm to implement the estimating procedure efficiently, so that its complexity is determined by the level of sparseness rather than the dimension of the network. Through simulation studies we show that our method outperforms existing methods when commonly assumed conditions such as Gaussian or Gaussian copula distributions do not hold. Finally, the usefulness of AFDAG formulation is demonstrated through an application to a proteomics data set.


This paper studies the effects of bilateral foreign aid on conflict escalation and de-escalation. We make three major contributions. First, we combine data on civil wars with data on low level conflicts in a new ordinal measure capturing the two-sided and multifaceted nature of conflict. Second, we develop a novel empirical framework. We propose a dynamic ordered probit estimator that allows for unobserved heterogeneity and corrects for endogeneity. Third, we identify the causal effect of foreign aid on conflict by predicting bilateral aid flows based on electoral outcomes of donor countries that are exogenous to recipients. We establish that the effect of foreign aid on the various transition probabilities is heterogeneous and can be substantial. Receiving bilateral aid raises the chances of escalating from small conflict to armed conflict, but we find no evidence that aid ignites conflict in truly peaceful countries.


The structures of ground state and lowest energy triplet excited state for [Au2(PH2CH2PH2)2]2+ (1), [Au2(PH2CH2PH2)(SHCH2SH)]2+ (2) and [Au2(SHCH2SH)2]2+ (3) as well as their solvated 1−3·(MeCN)2 species are fully optimized by the MP2 and CIS methods, respectively. The 3[σ*(d)σ(s)] excited states give the 300−390 emissions in the gas phase, red shifting to 500−730 nm in acetonitrile. The coordination of solvent molecule to the gold atom in the excited states is responsible for such a red shift. For 2, all the possible geometries, the substituent effect of methyl groups on P and/or S atoms and the comparison with thiolate complex [Au2(PH2CH2PH2)(SCH2S)] (6) are discussed. The unrestricted MP2 calculations on 1−3, head-to-tail [Au2(PH2CH2SH)2]2+ (7) and head-to-head [Au2(PH2CH2SH)2]2+ (8) confirm the CIS results in both optimized geometry and emissive energy related to the 3[σ*(d)σ(s)] state. The frequency calculations at the MP2 level indicate that the Au(I)−Au(I) interaction is weak in the ground state (ν...


This paper examines the policy option of providing government assistance to families with young children and financing it by increasing income taxes when the children leave home and the parents' wages rise due to their tenure in the labor market. We examine the expenditure composition and the characteristics of labor market participation of parents of young children (up to age 9) in Israel, and find that these families have higher expenditures than other families, and that their income in the years in which children are present in the household is lower than in the following years. We do not find evidence that the relative position of young families deteriorated during the last decade, except for the housing market where we identify a consistently rising share of these families residing in rented dwellings; such a trend did not develop among families without children or families with older children (aged 10-18). We also show that parents of young children are characterized by high employment rates and persistent employment. A comparison of government support for young families in other OECD countries with those in Israel for 14 representative family types — characterized by their structure and income composition — shows that it is higher in the other OECD countries for all of the family types. A simulation of raising the average benefits for young families in Israel to the level common in other OECD countries, while raising income tax rates at older ages in a way that keeps the policy fiscally balanced — and the individuals' lifetime income level unchanged — indicates that welfare can be increased substantially via consumption smoothing over the family's life cycle.


Title of dissertation: A DEEP X-RAY SURVEY OF THE LOCKMAN HOLE NORTHWEST Yuxuan Yang, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by: Professor Richard F. Mushotzky NASA Goddard Space Flight Center I present the X-ray analysis of the Chandra Large Area Synoptic X-ray Survey (CLASXS) of the Lockman Hole Northwest field. The contiguous solid angle of the survey is ∼ 0.4 deg and the flux limits are 5× 10 erg cm s in the 0.4−2 keV band and 3× 10 erg cm s in the 2 − 8 keV band. The survey bridges the gap between deep pencil beam surveys, and shallower, larger area surveys, allowing a better probe of the X-ray sources that contribute most of the 2–10 keV cosmic X-ray background. A total of 525 X-ray point sources and 4 extended sources have been found. The number counts, X-ray spectra evolution, X-ray variability of the X-ray sources are presented. We show 3 of the 4 extended sources are likely galaxy clusters or galaxy groups. We report the discovery of a gravitational lensing arc associated with one of these sources. I present the spatial correlation function analysis of non-stellar X-ray point sources in the CLASXS and Chandra Deep Field North (CDFN). I calculate both redshift-space and projected correlation functions in comoving coordinates. The correlation function for the CLASXS field over scales of 3 Mpc< s < 200 Mpc can be modeled as a power-law of the form ξ(s) = (s/s0) , with γ = 1.6 −0.3 and s0 = 8.05 +1.4 −1.5 Mpc. The redshift-space correlation function for CDFN on scales of 1 Mpc< s < 100 Mpc is found to have a similar correlation length, but a shallower slope. The real-space correlation functions are derived from the projected correlation functions. By comparing the realand redshift-space correlation functions, we are able to estimate the redshift distortion parameter β = 0.4 ± 0.2 at an effective redshift z = 0.94. We found the clustering does not dependence significantly on X-ray color or luminosity. A mild evolution in the clustering amplitude is found, indicating a rapid increase of bias with redshift. The typical mass of the dark matter halo derived from the bias estimates show little change with redshift. The average halo mass is found to be log (Mhalo/M ̄) ∼ 12.4. A DEEP X-RAY SURVEY OF THE LOCKMAN HOLE NORTHWEST


Studies of the consumption-smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance (UI) have found that the optimal benefit level is very small, perhaps even 0, for conventional levels of risk aversion. In this paper, I derive a formula for the optimal benefit rate in terms of income and price elasticities of unemployment durations, directly inferring risk aversion for the unemployed from their behavioral responses to UI benefits. The optimal rate of social insurance is shown to depend positively on the size of the income elasticity and negatively on the size of the substitution elasticity. I estimate these elasticities using semi-parametric hazard models and variation in UI laws across states and over time. The estimates indicate that income effects account for 70% of the effect of UI on unemployment durations, and yield an optimal replacement rate around 50% of pre-unemployment wages. These results challenge the prevailing view that social safety nets provide minimal welfare gains at a large efficiency cost.


Completely revised and updated, this fifth edition of a bestseller helps building managers identify what to look for and how to evaluate before making a decision about which guarantee is better for their building and which ESCO can best deliver energy savings. This reference will save countless hours doing energy feasibility studies and associated calculations. The author, a practicing engineer, shares his secrets for simplifying complex energy calculations and demonstrates his unique, time-saving methods. Key topics covered include energy myths and magic, the walk-through audit, lighting, pumps, fans, motors, insulation, fuel switching, heat recovery, HVAC and a summary of energy calculations.