Both Executive Power Vesting Clauses and clauses equivalent to Article II's Faithful Execution Clause were prevalent in early state constitutions that nonetheless fractured gubernatorial control over state bureaucracies. Originalist defenders of a unitary executive reading of the federal Constitution nonetheless dismiss the interpretive significance of the pre-1787 state constitutions. These early texts supposedly paid only lip service to separation of powers principles, while presenting the Framers chiefly with examples of government structure to avoid. The core problem with this originalist stance is that state constitutions written in the first decades after 1789 persisted in using the same clauses, now found also in Article II, to describe state governments in which governors continued to lack unitary control. Close study of the state constitutions and state administrative practice under them thus belie any "unitary executive" reading of Article II that purports to be based on "original public meaning." These findings are also consistent with the early history of federal public administration, which corroborates a common understanding that Article II's vesting of executive power permitted substantial legislative control over the allocation of decisional authority within the executive branch.


A knowledge of the flow occuring in metal-forming processes is of great industrial importance, and the finite-element technique is the only form of deformation analysis which can predict the flow of the material. The examination of forging operations requires a full elasticplastic treatment to be used. This thesis is concerned with an elastic-plastic, finite-element program which has been developed to investigate three-dimensional examples of this process. The fundamental theory of the finite-element method is first introduced, and then the finite-element program is described in detail. The deformation, and distributions of hardness and die-interface pressure, predicted by this technique for the unlubricated upsetting of a rectangular block are compared with experimental results, and found to be in broad agreement, the differences being attributed to the incorrect imposition of very high friction by the friction-layer technique used in the analysis. With a corrected form of the friction technique, the finiteelement program predicts results for the axisymmetric friction-ring test and a new three-dimensional friction test which are in good agreement with experimental findings up to deformations of approximately 30%; the friction-layer technique used successfully in previous axisymmetric treatments appears to be unsuitable for threedimensional formulations when large deformations are considered. The finite-element program developed here is shown to be capable of modelling an example of a more complicated three-dimensional forging, that of an automobile connnecting rod. The experimental measurements of cteformation and hardness for an aluminium con rod forged using graphite lubrication are found to be in good agreement with the finite-element predictions obtained assuming sticking friction conditions but not with the results of a zero-friction idealisation. Finally, suggestions are made for the future development of this technique.


The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effect of an ultra-endurance performance on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac specific troponin T (cTnT), creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) and cardiovascular function. Cardiac biomarkers were evaluated in 14 male ultra-marathoners (age 40 ± 12 years) during a 24 h ultra-marathon at five points (i.e., Pre-race; Marathon, 12-h run, 24-h run, and 48-h post-race). All subjects underwent baseline echocardiography assessment at least 10 days prior to the ultra-marathon and 48 h post-race. The average distance covered during the race was 149.4 ± 33.0 km. Running the ultra-marathon led to a progressive increase in hsCRP and H-FABP concentrations (p < 0.001). CK-MB and cTnT levels were higher after a 24-h run compared to pre-race (p < 0.05). Diastolic function was altered post-race characterized by a reduction in peak early to late diastolic filling (p < 0.01). Running an ultra-marathon significantly stimulates specific cardiac biomarkers; however, the dynamic of secretion of biomarkers linked to myocardium ischemia were differentially regulated during the ultra-marathon race. It is suggested that both exercise duration and intensity play a crucial role in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms and cause risk of cardiac stress in ultra-marathoners.


MUSE (Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) is a second generation Very Large Telescope (VLT) integral field spectrograph developed for the European Southern Observatory (ESO). It combines a 1' x 1' field of view sampled at 0.2 arcsec for its Wide Field Mode (WFM) and a 7.5"x7.5" field of view for its Narrow Field Mode (NFM). Both modes will operate with the improved spatial resolution provided by GALACSI (Ground Atmospheric Layer Adaptive Optics for Spectroscopic Imaging), that will use the VLT deformable secondary mirror and 4 Laser Guide Stars (LGS) foreseen in 2015. MUSE operates in the visible wavelength range (0.465-0.93 μm). A consortium of seven institutes is currently commissioning MUSE in the Very Large Telescope for the Preliminary Acceptance in Chile, scheduled for September, 2014. MUSE is composed of several subsystems which are under the responsibility of each institute. The Fore Optics derotates and anamorphoses the image at the focal plane. A Splitting and Relay Optics feed the 24 identical Integral Field Units (IFU), that are mounted within a large monolithic instrument mechanical structure. Each IFU incorporates an image slicer, a fully refractive spectrograph with VPH-grating and a detector system connected to a global vacuum and cryogenic system. During 2012 and 2013, all MUSE subsystems were integrated, aligned and tested to the P.I. institute at Lyon. After successful PAE in September 2013, MUSE instrument was shipped to the Very Large Telescope in Chile where it was aligned and tested in ESO integration hall at Paranal. After, MUSE was directly transferred in monolithic way onto VLT telescope where the first light was achieved. This paper describes the MUSE main optical component: the Field Splitter Unit. It splits the VLT image into 24 subfields and provides the first separation of the beam for the 24 Integral Field Units. This talk depicts its manufacturing at Winlight Optics and its alignment into MUSE instrument. The success of the MUSE alignment is demonstrated by the excellent results obtained onto MUSE positioning, image quality and throughput onto the sky. MUSE commissioning at the VLT is planned for September, 2014.


Silicon-based materials have attracted considerable interest for the development of energy storage devices because of their ease of integration with the existing silicon semiconductor technology. Herein, we have prepared siloxene sheets—a two-dimensional (2D) silicon material—and investigated their energy storage properties via fabrication of a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device containing 0.5 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate as the electrolyte. The formation of 2D siloxene sheets functionalized with oxygen, hydrogen, and hydroxyl groups was confirmed through X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and laser Raman mapping analyses. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the siloxene SSC device revealed the presence of pseudocapacitance in the siloxene sheets that arose from an intercalation/deintercalation phenomenon. The galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles of the device displayed sloped symmetric triangular curves with a maximum specific capacitance of 2.18 mF cm−2, high energy density of 9.82 mJ cm−2, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability of 98% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles. The siloxene SSC device delivered a maximum power density of 272.5 mW cm−2, which is higher than those of other silicon- and carbon-based SSCs, highlighting their potential for application in energy storage.


Sharing sensitive information including passwords of online accounts can be found in some themes, but with reason and generally on a small scale. However, we have conducted a study on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, which has shown that there is a significant level of sensitive information-sharing among employees in the region. This is proven to highly contribute to compromising user digital authentication, eventually, putting users' accounts at risk. The potential threats of sensitive information-sharing can considerably harm both individuals and organisations in many ways. Technology and security solutions that aim to protect the organisation's assets will be limited if staff are not fully aware and convinced of the concept of information security. This paper discusses the consequences of this phenomenon on the GCC countries and suggests aspects of a solution based on the special characteristics of the Arab culture, which also considers human behaviour.


Substantial evidence has accumulated in recent empirical works on the limited ability of the Nash equilibrium to rationalize observed behavior in many classes of games played by experimental subjects. This realization has led to several attempts aimed at finding tractable equilibrium concepts which perform better empirically; one such example is the impulse balance equilibrium (Selten, Chmura, 2008), which introduces a psychological reference point to which players compare the available payoff allocations. This paper is concerned with advancing two new, empirically sound, concepts: equity-driven impulse balance equilibrium (EIBE) and equity-driven quantal response equilibrium (EQRE): both introduce a distributive reference point to the corresponding established stationary concepts known as impulse balance equilibrium (IBE) and quantal response equilibrium (QRE). The explanatory power of the considered models leads to the following ranking, starting with the most successful in terms of fit to the experimental data: EQRE, IBE, EIBE, QRE and Nash equilibrium.


Historically post offices have played a role in the provision of remittances and basic financial services to low-income populations. As this function is being revived in an increasing number of developing and emerging countries, remittance services can be improved to better match financial inclusion goals. This paper describes the efforts being made in Sub-Saharan Africa to increase access to remittance services through post offices in small towns and rural areas, and discusses how this improved access could be used to develop crucial savings and other financial services for the poor. The outcomes are encouraging, though a number of constraints must be removed to fully realize the potential of posts in this area.


Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is used as a community-engaged research practice because of its inclusion of community perspectives. The participatory approach enhances validity of community-engaged research, facilitates effective work with communities, and acknowledges accurate understanding of community characteristics. We sought to understand CBPR within the field of immigrant integration. For this study, we conducted three focus groups with immigration researchers and practitioners at two international conferences held in the United States in 2016. These venues were selected for their inclusion of both practitioners and researchers interested in or actively working on immigrant integration policies and practices. They also provided a sample inclusive of researchers from academic, public, nonprofit, and private institutions and practitioners from nonprofit and public sectors. The findings yielded information on challenges, opportunities, and best practices for university–community partnerships to utilize CBPR in improving immigrant integration.


Nitrogen in the Ammonia form can have deleterious effects in water resources. Ion Exchange by zeolite and biological Nitrification processes are two proposed methods for removing Nitrogen compounds from wastewater and effluents. The main objective of this research was to investigate the efficiency of nitrifying bacteria for regenerating Clinoptilolite zeolite. In this research, the Semnan Clinoptilolite zeolite was supplied in mesh 30. Then the capacity of zeolite in ammonium removal was determined in column system. To cultivate of nitrifying bacteria a sludge sample was taken from a domestic wastewater treatment plant and added to a 15 l aeration tank. Ammonium and other nutrients were added in the reactor daily over a month period and the effect of nitrate anion and MLVSS on nitrification process have been determined. After saturation of zeolite with ammonium, biological regeneration was done by contact of zeolite and nitrifying bacteria in column system. In this stage slurry of nitrifying bacteria is pumped up flow through the zeolite column and recycled to the aeration tank. The effluent containing the displaced ammonium is oxidized to nitrate by the nitrifying bacteria. Then the nitrified brine is clarified in a sedimentation tank and stored for reuses. The results showed that the cation exchange capacity was 10.06 (in breakthrough point) and 18.38 mg NH4 + g -1 zeolite as total capacity. The results indicated that nitrification accelerated by increasing in MLVSS concentration and concentration of nitrate remains in solution. The results obtained from bioregeneration tests of zeolite showed that the efficiency was 87.7 to 99.8% in period of 3.5 to 5.5 hours. Based on the results, since regeneration is achieved in high concentration of nitrate, the use of nitrifying sludge in several cycles is possible and the use of system can be appreciated to an alternative economical method for removing NH4 + from effluent.


What are the consequences of accessing a visual long-term memory representation? Previous work has shown that accessing long-term memories hurts memory for related items (i.e., recognition-induced forgetting, retrieval-induced forgetting) and improves memory for the targeted item (Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, 1994; Maxcey & Woodman, 2014). Intuitively, these findings suggest that the suppression of related items in long-term memory facilitates the improved access of the targeted item, driven by the same visual memory mechanism. The goal of the present study is to determine whether these two outcomes are products of the same underlying visual memory mechanism or due to independent visual memory mechanisms. If remembering and forgetting in this paradigm are due to the same visual memory mechanism used to access a memory representation, then the magnitude of the memory benefit when remembering objects repeatedly will be directly related to the degree to which related items are forgotten. In contrast, if remembering and forgetting in this paradigm are due to different visual memory mechanisms that operate when accessing a memory representation, then remembering an item will be independent of the forgetting of related items. Here we used a parametric manipulation of the amount of practice each item received in the recognition-induced forgetting paradigm with visual objects. The results supported the independence hypothesis. Specifically, increased practice significantly strengthened memory for practiced items, but did not reliably effect recognition-induced forgetting. These results are inconsistent with competition-based accounts, which posit that strengthening associations should yield additional interference, and consistent with an inhibition-based account of the forgetting that occurs when accessing a memory representation (Anderson, 2003). Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Common chromosomal fragile sites are unstable genomic loci susceptible to breakage, rearrangement, and are highly recombinogenic. Frequent alterations at these loci in tumor cells led to the hypothesis that they may contribute to cancer development. The two most common chromosomal fragile sites FRA16D and FRA3B which harbor WWOX and FHIT genes, respectively, are frequently altered in human cancers. Here we report that environmental carcinogens, ultraviolet (UV) light, and Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE), significantly downregulate expression of both genes. On the other hand, we observe that ionizing radiation (IR) does not affect expression of these genes, suggesting that the effect of repression exerted by UV and BPDE is not just a consequence of DNA damage but may be a result of different signaling pathways triggered by specific DNA lesions. Such downregulation correlates with an induction of an S‐phase delay in the cell cycle. Treatment of UV‐irradiated cells with caffeine abrogates the S‐phase delay while concomitantly overcoming the repression phenomenon. This suggests the involvement of unique cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms in the observed repression. Therefore, it is hypothesized that protracted downregulation of the putative tumor suppressor genes WWOX and FHIT by environmental carcinogens may constitute an additional mechanism of relevance in the initiation of tumorigenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Over the past decade advances in laparoscopic surgery have revolutionized the surgical approach to many diseases. Although the first case series on laparoscopic segmental colectomy in patient with sigmoid cancer was described in 1991, this technique has not been readily accepted. Despite reduced morbidity and improved convalescence after laparoscopic surgery for benign disorders, surgeons have been sceptical about similar advantages of laparoscopic colectomy for cancer. The safety of the procedure has been questioned because of early reports of port-site metastases and there has been uncertainty about whether minimally invasive surgery for colonic malignancies would achieve adequate oncologic resection. Open surgical resection of the primary tumor, until just recently, has been widely considered the most effective treatment of colon cancer. The adherence to the principles of complete abdominal exploration, high ligation of mesenteric vessels, lymphnodal clearance and adequate bowel resection margins is essential. Several randomized trials were initiated in the early 1990s to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing minimally invasive and conventional open surgery for colon cancer. Today the results of this large multiinstitutional randomized trials have been reported. This review examines recent data from randomized, controlled trials and meta-analysis, that report the short- and long-term outcomes after laparoscopic colectomy for cancer.


The Michelangelo-Lieder are Hugo Wolf's only songs that the composer himself considered as a song cycle. The relative lack of popular and critical attention paid these works is undue: they are challenging to listeners, and music is first an aural art. The concept of "late work" as explored by Theodor Adorno, and by Edward Said after him, is a useful one that allows us to better contextualize these late songs. The present analysis offers a way of listening to these works within a more familiar aural framework: identifying elements of unity within the cycle and situating the Michelangelo-Lieder within Wolf's substantial oeuvre creates familiarity and thereby breeds appreciation and personal understanding. Following a brief analysis of musical characteristics of late style as Said identifies them in his book, On Late Style, the essay turns to the genesis of the Michelangelo-Lieder . Each of the three songs is addressed in turn, with an aim to address the text, the music, and their intersections. Although considered  outdated in some circles, the catalogue of musical motives throughout Wolf's vocal oeuvre is employed judiciously to help to reintegrate the Michelangelo-Lieder within the composer's total output.  Elements of textual and musical unity are highlighted, and drawn together at the end, retrospectively. In addition to textual and musical ties among the three songs, "lateness" is shown to provide unity to the set and to give modern analytical weight to Wolf's assertion that the Michelangelo-Lieder be considered a cycle.


Goat producers in Inhassoro follow traditional management practices that lead to low supply of low quality goats. This has negative impacts on profitability, and on market access. Traders who buy in the Inhassoro locality buy only small volumes, and buyers from external markets are unaware of potential market supply in Inhassoro. This interaction of production constraints and limited information flows in the value chain was addressed using a system dynamics model for various commercialization scenarios. Simulation results show that improving goat production and animal health practices alone without concomitant improvements in market access have negative impacts on the financial performance of producers and no impact on other value chain actors. However, interventions that both improve market access and animal health have significant positive impacts on the financial performance of all value chain actors. The model's explicit treatment of herd dynamics contribute significantly to these conclusions, particularly the lagged production response inherent in livestock breeding systems.


Michael Haneke's Cache is, as its title suggests, an exploration of what lies beneath the surface, hidden within the bourgeois myths of nationhood, culture, family. It borrows the form of a mystery thriller (not solving all of the enigmas presented or fully satisfying the demands of the genre) using its structure to raise highly politicized, disquieting questions about class and race, morality and accountability, within the home and beyond in the social world. Cache investigates the privileged hermetic world of the white upper middle class family and in order to do so, takes as its premise the narrative conceit that an outsider is threatening the family. Georges and Anne Laurent/Daniel Auteuil and Juliette Binoche and their son Pierrot/Lester Makedonsky are sent videotapes of, for example, the comings and goings in front of their home, taken by a camera near the premises, or from a car outside of Georges's boyhood house. The surveillance implies an infringement of private space--the realm of the bourgeois domestic world that safeguards its private identity and thus, its security. The contradiction implicit in bourgeois life is that success is dependent upon one's public image, display and conspicuous consumption, yet at the same time, the home and familial relations are private, and what is released in the social world is carefully monitored. Georges's identity encapsulates the contradiction with all its ironic implications. He is a public figure, a celebrity who hosts a popular talk show on television, a discussion of literature that carries an aura of intellectualism and refinement--high culture in a popular controlled format. He wears a public face by entering homes through his televised appearances. The Laurents are also intensely private people, living in a rarefied world of small at-home dinner parties with choice guests (including Anne's employer, a prominent publisher) who share and appreciate their class and status. Sending Georges and his wife (and later Georges's workplace) videotapes which he and Anne watch on their family television is profoundly ironic--it is an infringement that is delivered in the mode that most characterizes modern communication, that Georges and the public understand best--experiencing a modified version of reality from a safe distance, at home. In addition, the tapes are not distinguished visually from the rest of the film (they are shot in the same style and format, using long sequence shots, often from a fixed position) and this blurring of the boundaries raises epistemological questions regarding how images are read, how reality is validated through the image. Georges has no control over the illicit videotapes and, unlike his television program, cannot mediate or filter what is represented, thus his power is threatened. The transgression implicit in the tapes--compelling one to view aspects of one's personal life--forces a reassessment and an accounting of actions in order to understand the motives of the aggrieved. Georges is sent on a trajectory against his will, beyond his control. He is also forced to reveal aspects of his life to his wife, to his friends and employer that are typically not shared or unearthed. Georges's secrets slowly emerge. The tapes that are accompanied by crude child-like drawings act as a catalyst that sparks his dreams, his memory, what has been buried and repressed. The tapes and pictures direct him from the present into the past; the images of the outside of his present home in an upper middle-class neighbourhood in Paris, the large ancestral estate in the country, a car-ride to a run down apartment in a working class suburb (on rue Lenin) lead Georges to remember and reevaluate the past, to evoke a childhood incident that reemerges to haunt him in a dream. It concerns an Algerian boy who lived with his parents on Georges's family's estate. He finally reveals to Anne (when the arrival of the tapes compel him to do so) how Majid's parents disappeared, presumably were killed, during the pro FLN demonstrations of October 1961, and that Georges's parents planned on adopting the son left behind. …


Feminist and gender-conscious historians have challenged traditional narratives about early modern science. They have reintegrated great scientific works into cultural, literary, economic, and art history, and emphasized erotic and other gendered themes in disciplines as diverse as astronomy, biology, and medicine. They have drawn attention to how male scientists have misinterpreted uniquely female experiences such as childbirth and the female orgasm, and challenged gender-blind notions of objectivity. Their insights should now be extended into the study of other emotional and literary aspects of science. Russian and (slightly abridged) English version.


Chronic wounds are often recalcitrant to healing and they often do not follow the expected trajectory (30% smaller in 12 weeks). They are disabling and constitute a significant burden on patients' activities of daily living and the healthcare system. Of persons with diabetes, 2-3% develop a foot ulcer annually, while the lifetime risk of a person with diabetes developing a foot ulcer is as high as 25 percent. It is estimated that venous leg ulcers affect 1% of the adult population and 3.6% of people over 65 years old. As our society continues to age, the problem of pressure ulcers is growing. To address this burgeoning problem, this article will incorporate the wound bed preparation model into a practical clinical guide for the treatment of chronic wound (see Figure 1). Central to this paradigm is the importance of treating the cause and addressing patient centered concerns prior to optimising local wound care. The three important components of local care are : debridement, infection and inflammation, moisture balance (DIM). If wound bed preparation is optimised and healing is stalled, the additional E or the edge of non-healing wounds represents the potential use of advanced active therapies to stimulate healing. Remember this, DIM before DIME.


Tugboats have a very critical role in numerous fields of the maritime sector. There are many types of tugboats with different characteristics that give superior results in different operations. Choosing the most suitable tugboat type for the desired operation is a multi-criteria problem that requires expertise. The design features of the tugboat and the propulsion system are important features used for classification. In addition, operational, environmental, and financial factors are also of considerable importance. In this article, determined criteria for tugboats classified according to their propulsion systems have been evaluated by subject-matter experts through a questionnaire. Fuzzy Shannon Entropy has been used to calculate the weights of each determined criterion. Then, fuzzy VIKOR was selected to rank the alternatives due to good compatibility with Entropy and the ability to adequately distinguish the table values that compose the ranking. Finally, the most suitable tugboat type was chosen in accordance with these results.


—Embedded devices have become ubiquitous, and they are used in a range of privacy-sensitive and security-critical applications. Most of these devices run proprietary software, and little documentation is available about the software's inner workings. In some cases, the cost of the hardware and protection mechanisms might make access to the devices themselves infeasible. Analyzing the software that is present in such environments is challenging, but necessary, if the risks associated with software bugs and vulnerabilities must be avoided. As a matter of fact, recent studies revealed the presence of backdoors in a number of embedded devices available on the market. In this paper, we present Firmalice, a binary analysis framework to support the analysis of firmware running on embedded devices. Firmalice builds on top of a symbolic execution engine, and techniques, such as program slicing, to increase its scalability. Furthermore, Firmalice utilizes a novel model of authentication bypass flaws, based on the attacker's ability to determine the required inputs to perform privileged operations. We evaluated Firmalice on the firmware of three commercially-available devices, and were able to detect authentication bypass backdoors in two of them. Additionally, Firmalice was able to determine that the backdoor in the third firmware sample was not exploitable by an attacker without knowledge of a set of unprivileged credentials.


We investigate assortative mating on education using a sample of couples from the Health and Retirement Study. We estimate a reduced-form linear matching function, which links wife's education to husband's education and both wife's and husband's unobservable characteristics. Using OLS we find that an additional year in husband's education is associated with an average increase in wife's education of 0.4 years. To deal with omitted variable bias due to unobservable characteristics, we use a measure of genetic propensity (polygenic score) for husband's education as an instrumental variable. Assuming that our instrument is valid, our 2SLS estimate suggests that an additional year in husband's education increases wife's education by about 0.5 years. Since greater genetic propensity for educational attainment has been linked to a range of personality and cognitive skills, we allow for the possibility that the exclusion restriction is violated using the plausible exogenous approach by Conley et al. (2012). 'True' assortativeness on education cannot be ruled out, as long as one standard deviation increase in husband's genetic propensity for education directly increases wife's education by less than 0.2 years.


The presence of mold is a serious problem in different environments as industrial, agricultural, hospital and household, especially for human health. Large quantities of mold spores can potentially cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Therefore, it is essential to keep buildings free of fungi without harming human health and the environment. Here, we pose a composite of modified bentonite clay and ZnO nanoparticles as an alternative antifungal preservative. The new composite is obtained by an easy and eco-friendly method based on a dry nanodispersion, without altering the properties of each material. The antifungal test reveals a robust response against fungi thanks to the ZnO nanoparticles' contribution. Our results reveal that the antifungal activity of ZnO/clay composite is governed by both a uniform distribution and an adequate concentration of the ZnO nanoparticles onto the clay surface. Specifically, we find that for concentration below 10 wt.% of the ZnO nanoparticles, the nanoparticles are well dispersed onto clay giving rise to an excellent antifungal response. By contrast, when the concentration of ZnO increases, the formation of ZnO agglomerates onto the clay surface is favored. This effect provokes that antifungal behavior changes towards a more moderate improvement. Finally, we have demonstrated that this composite can be used as a promising paint preservative for antifungal applications.


In a multifidelity structural design process, depending on the required analysis, different levels of structural models are needed. Within the aerospace design, analysis and optimization community, there is an increasing demand for automatic generation of parametric feature tree (build recipe) attributed multidisciplinary models. Currently, this is mainly done by creating separate models for different disciplines such as mid-surface model for aeroelasticity, outer-mold line for aerodynamics and CFD, and built-up element model for structural analysis. Since all of these models are built independently, any changes in design parameters require updates on all the models which is inefficient, time-consuming and prone to deficiencies. In this research, Engineering Sketch Pad (ESP) is used to create attribution and maintain consistency between structural models with different fidelity levels. It provides the user with the ability to interact with a configuration by building and/or modifying the design parameters and feature tree that define the configuration. ESP is based an open-source constructive solid modeler, named OpenCSM, which is built upon the OpenCASCADE geometry kernel and the EGADS geometry generation system. The use of OpenCSM as part of the AFRL's CAPS project on Computational Aircraft Prototype Syntheses for automatic commercial and fighter jet models is demonstrated. The rapid generation of parametric aircraft structural models proposed and developed in this work will benefit the aerospace industry with coming up with efficient, fast and robust multidisciplinary design standardization of aircraft structures. Metallic aircraft wings are usually not optimized to their fullest potential due to shortage of development time. With roughly \$1000 worth of potential fuel savings per pound of weight reduction over the operational life of an aircraft, airlines are trying to minimize the weight of aircraft structures. A stiffness based strategy is used to map the nodal data of the lower-order fidelity structural models onto the higher-order ones. A simple multi-fidelity analysis process for a parametric wing is used to demonstrate the advantage of the approach. The loads on the wing are applied from a stick model as is done in the industry. C program is created to connect the parametric design software ESP, analysis software Nastran, load file and design configuration file in CSV format. This problem gets compounded when it comes to optimization of composite wings. In this study, a multi-level optimization strategy to optimize the weight of a composite transport aircraft wing is proposed. The part is assumed to initially have some arbitrary number of composite super plies. Super plies are a concept consisting of a set of plies all arranged in the same direction. The thickness and orientation angles of the super plies are optimized. Then, each ply undergoes topometry optimization to obtain the areas of each super ply taking the least load so that it could be cut and removed. Each of the super plies are then optimized for the thickness and orientation angles of the sub plies. The work presented on this paper is part of a project done for Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) connecting the parametric geometry modeler (ESP) with the finite element solver (Nastran).


A reduction approach based upon the combined use of differential constraints theory and hodograph method is developed in order to determine closed form solutions for 2×2 hyperbolic quasilinear nonhomogeneous models. The problem of integrating the standard linear hodograph system associated with 2×2 homogeneous models is also considered. Along the lines of the proposed reduction approach different examples of 2×2 governing models are analyzed in order to highlight the flexibility of the provided solutions to describe hyperbolic wave processes.


Occasionally, items of interest have been washed following an alleged sexual assault and analysts may be requested to comment on the effects of laundering on seminal fluid and the persistence of spermatozoa. It is scientifically accepted that when items have been washed resulting in the dilution of semen, Acid Phosphatase activity may be reduced to the point in which it cannot be detected by the Seminal Acid Phosphatase test or by alterative light sources such as the Polilight®. Results documented by Spector (1971), Kafarowski (1996), Farmen (2008) and Crowe (2000) all recorded negative results for Acid Phosphatase following the first wash cycle. However, these results are dependent on different variables such as washing procedures, fabric type and fabric absorbency. Other studies, however, have indicated that spermatozoa from seminal stains on cotton fabric persist even after the fabric has been washed; Spector (1971), Kafarowski (1996), Farmen (2008) and Crowe (2000) all documented a positive result for spermatozoa following the first wash cycle. All of these studies have failed to continue on with the washing process to examine the effects of washing and wash duration on the ability to detect seminal fluid and spermatozoa on different fabric types. The study proposal is to examine the effects of washing and wash duration on the ability to detect seminal fluid and spermatozoa on six different fabric types (cotton, nylon, satin, lace, polar fleece and towel) using an alternative light source (the Polilight-Flare®), the acid phosphatase test and microscopically.


Schistosomiasis, an environmentally-mediated disease, contracted by swimming or wading in freshwater bodies harbouring the snail intermediate hosts of the genus Schistosoma consisting of five human species: S. haematobium S. mansoni, S. japonicum,   S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. Transmission is on the increase with consequent adverse effects on children's health and school attendance. There is a dearth of information in mapping and prediction of the disease transmission and distribution in the  study area. This study made use of Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing (GIS/RS) in mapping and prediction of the disease in some affected areas of the state. There was a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the study communities. There is considerable interest in the literature on disease mapping to interpolate the occurrence, risk and probability from prevalence disease data. There is the need for continuous mapping using GIS/RS,  and develop further risk model maps for the whole state using this approach to further understand the spatial pattern of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. SPM is based on the number of interventions. The higher the number of interventions is the lower the prevalence of infection. This study will serve as a reliable baseline data for intervention planning in the State.

 Key words: Urinary schistosomiasis, remote sensing and geographical information system, Kriging interpolation, mapping, predictive risk models and simple proportion model.


Baggage handling systems (BHS) take up a significant portion of an airport's overall operation. As an entryway BHS is an essential component as it facilitates a smooth transition for baggage flowing from the check-in area to the departure gates (loading points) by reconstituting a dynamic baggage flow into a stable flow on a conveyor system. The main purpose of this paper is to review different baggage models and their usage in the BHS line shared by multiple airlines. This is particularly relevant in the Nigerian context, as imbalances have been observed in the BHS designed for Murtala Mohammed international Airport. These imbalances lead to a lower customer satisfaction rates for most airline as well as a reduction in the level of service provided by the airport during peak hours. In this study, we shall consider several work of different researchers on the baggage handling systems using different models to solve the entryway BHS. We shall also consider the most appropriate operation of BHS in Nigerian Airport which will improve efficiency and reduce waiting time of passenger baggage. The results indicate that this suggested algorithm reduces the imbalances for the airlines sharing the BHS collection conveyor, while maintaining overall BHS performance at an acceptable level. The relationships between the variables used in the algorithm and overall performance are discussed further.


Nosocomial infections are a major source of morbidity and mortality, affecting more than 2 million patients annually in the United States. Furthermore, the hospital environment supporting the acquisition of resistance to antibiotic agents by pathogens, complicates the treatment of infections due to drug-resistance of these pathogens. Ethnopharmacological reports support the use of neem (Azadirachta indica) against bacterial and fungal infections such as typhoid, yeast infection, and periodontitis. However, there is a lack of research about the effect of neem specifically on nosocomial organisms. We conducted this study to evaluate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from neem leaves and neem oil on the growth of several human pathogens which are known to cause hospital-acquired, or nosocomial, infections, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Neem extract in distilled water showed the strongest average inhibition across all microorganisms except S. aureus. Activity of neem extract in 95% ethanol was comparable to that of 10% bleach. Under the conditions of this study, we concluded that neem leaf extract has a significant antimicrobial effect against nosocomial organisms, supporting its use as an alternative or combination treatment for hospital-acquired infections.


Synopsis Contact-metamorphic mineral assemblages are described from Dalradian non-graphitic pelites and semipelites in the southern sector of the Etive thermal aureole, adjacent to the Quarry Diorite ring intrusion. Six metamorphic zones were mapped on the basis of incoming index minerals: I, Biotite; II, Cordierite; III, Andalusite+K-feldspar; IV, Corundum; V, Spinel; VI, Sillimanite. Garnet and orthopyroxene occur locally in high-grade quartz-bearing assemblages. Rocks of the Biotite and Cordierite zones retain their regional-metamorphic textures to a large extent, particularly S2 crenulation cleavage. Above the Andalusite+K-feldspar isograd the rocks are hornfelses, but relict features of S2 persist. Rocks of the upper Spinel and Sillimanite zones are agmatic/stromatic migmatites which preserve evidence of local partial melting in the form of S2-parallel leucosomes and thin fracture-filling vein leucosomes. All leucosomes are K-feldspar-rich. Vein leucosomes consist mainly of leucogranite with a metaluminous composition and, in the Sillimanite Zone, locally contain crystals of peritectic orthopyroxene and/or cordierite. The compositions of coexisting minerals, determined by EPMA, were used to constrain metamorphic reactions and, with equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, to refine estimates of the P-T conditions of metamorphism. Isograd reactions can generally be modelled satisfactorily in the CNKFMASH system as an isobaric sequence at P=2.2 kbar. An exception is the spinel isograd which occurs at anomalously low T due to the partitioning of Zn into spinel. Estimated isograd temperatures for the And+Kfs, Crn, Spl, melt and Sil isograds are 610°C, 630°C, 660°C, 680°C and 705°C, respectively. Calculated dehydration equilibria yield low values of water activity in the Sillimanite Zone, confirming that partial melting in the innermost aureole occurred under fluid-absent conditions. Leucosome textures and structures suggest that the siliceous microlithons of the former S2 differentiated crenulation cleavage were the likely sites of melting and provided channels for the movement of melt into brittle fractures to form the vein leucosomes.


PURPOSE
Fluence field modulated computed tomography (FFMCT) proposes using dynamically changing fluence fields during image acquisition for advanced dose reduction and image quality optimization. This work compares the relative effectiveness of FFMCT when the modulator is subject to limiting constraints, such as might be introduced by real physical modulators.

METHODS
Several tasks were defined for a simulated anthropomorphic chest phantom by defining different regions of high and low image quality, characterized by the signal standard deviation. Optimal modulation fluence patterns were sought for each task using a simulated annealing optimization script, which attempts to achieve the image quality plan under a global dosimetric constraint. Optimization was repeated under different types of modulation constraints representing several different realistic modulator designs (e.g. dynamically varying apertures, discrete fixed apertures, or shaped static filters). Results were compared based on predicted dose outcomes and agreement with the prescribed image quality criteria.

RESULTS
Compared to static modulators (e.g. bowtie filter), fluence field modulation approaches utilizing dynamically changing modulators showed improved agreement with the prescribed outcomes, including greater uniformity of image noise over the target regions of interest. For some tasks, highly constrained modulators approached outcomes similar to that of the ideal unconstrained case. Average integral dose reduction compared to a uniform reference field exceeded 20% for all modulation methods.

CONCLUSIONS
The results support that FFMCT can achieve regionally varying image quality distributions in good agreement with user-prescribed values, while reducing dose to the patient. The outcomes also support that the benefits of fluence field modulation may be yielded even when highly constrained modulators are used, suggesting practical, feasible implementations of FFMCT may be possible. Research funded in part by the Ontario Graduate Scholarships (OGS), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Elekta Inc. and the Ontario Research Fund (ORF).


Background: The caudal zona incerta (cZi) and posterior subthalamic area (PSA) are an emerging deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for essential tremor (ET). Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of tremor control in relation to the anatomical locations of stimulation fields in 50 patients with ET and DBS of the cZi. Methods: A total of 240 contacts were evaluated separately with monopolar stimulation, and amplitudes were optimized for improvement of tremor and hand function. Stimulation fields, i.e., volumes of neural activation, were simulated for each optimized setting and assembled into probabilistic stimulation maps (PSMs). Results: There were differences in the anatomical distribution of PSMs associated with good versus poor tremor control. The location of PSMs which achieved good and excellent tremor control corresponded well with the PSM for the clinically used settings, and they were located within the superior part of the PSA. Conclusions: PSMs may serve as a useful tool for defining the most efficacious anatomical location of stimulation. The best tremor control in this series of cZi DBS was achieved with stimulation of the superior part of the PSA, which corresponds to the final part of the cerebellothalamic projections before they reach the ventral lateral thalamus.


A variety of techniques have been developed for performing percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Two approaches, the Inoue catheter and double-balloon technique, have had the widest application. The Inoue procedure is technically simpler, with shorter fluoroscopy and procedure times. Acute hemodynamic results are excellent for both procedures, which result in significant reductions of left atrial pressure, transmitral gradient, and increases in mitral valve area. Although minimal randomized data are available, cumulative data from worldwide observational studies suggest postprocedure mitral valve areas may be slightly higher with the double-balloon technique. However, multicenter registry studies suggest a higher incidence of procedural complications with the double-balloon technique. The relative long-term efficacy, complications, and incidence of repeat mitral valve procedures are unknown and likely will never be resolved without a randomized trial. In summary, both Inoue and double-balloon techniques are suitable for performing percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. The Inoue catheter has clear advantages in terms of technical ease of operation and likely lower complication rates. The possibility of systematically obtaining slightly larger mitral valve areas with the double-balloon technique cannot be ruled out.


Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of the curreent book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: To understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements. This book will be appreciated as a major reference by researchers working in all the subfields that form motor control. It can also be used as a supplementary reading book for graduate courses in such fields as kinesiology, physiology, biomechanics, psychology, robotics, and movement disorders. In one concise volume, Motor Control presents the diversity of the research performed to understand human movement. Deftly organized into 6 primary sections, the editors, Dr Frederic Danion and Dr Mark Latash, have invited the who's who of specialists to write on: MotorControl: Control of a Complex; Cortical Mechanisms of Motor Control; Lessons from Biomechanics; Lessons from Motor Learning and Using Tools; Lessons from Studies of Aging and MotorDisorders; and Lessons from Robotics Motor Control will quickly become the go-to reference for researchers in this growing field. Researchers from mechanics and engineering to psychology and neurophysiology, as well as clinicians working in motor disorders and rehabilitation, will be equally interested in the pages contained herein.


"The regulatory approval of genetically modified crops in the field initially requires small, restricted experimental trials known as confined field trials. These small scale experiments provide researchers with important information on environmental interactions and agronomic performance of the crop in a safe and contained manner. To authorize confined field trials regulatory review is required, with formats for obtaining relevant information differing from country to country. In this paper, a Gap Analysis is used to identify informational gaps and potential for harmonization of confined field trial application processes in three East African countries - Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. The basic principle behind gap analysis is a comparison of the status quo to an ideal with the identification of the differences or gaps and the difficulty involved in removing the gaps. The resulting similarity of the application forms provides a potential basis for harmonization of confined field trial application processes between countries leading to potential efficiency gains." Authors' abstract


Most online social networking services provide a feature for users to build groups.  The web service has both user profiles describing user interests and behavior data such as browsing contents.   It can assist users to join groups by recommending relevant groups.  In this paper, we have proposed a novel method to connect users across multiple services based on user-labeled tags.  Tags represent interests of a user and have advantages in terms of the privacy, up-to-dateness, and service coverage.  We have collected tags from six popular web services.  We have analyzed tag usage patterns and observed that the popularity of tags is highly skewed and dependent on the web services.  We have also found that frequently used tags of a single user change over time.  Through user study, we show that the vector space model combined with intra-personomy normalization is the promising to find other users with similar interests.


Enabling a fast, flexible, convenient, and user-friendly way for students to access content and learning materials online is recognised as an important agenda item for educational institutions. In the case of Higher Education (HE) this is becoming all the more important due to the increase in student ownership of advanced mobile technology (smart phones and tablet devices).
Quick Response (QR) codes are 2-dimensional barcodes introduced in 1994. Over the last five years they have gained recognition as an effective tool for advertising, marketing, product information and logistics (MGH, 2011). Within the Education sector most common uses include access to web sites with course information and study materials, directions to locations and business cards (Walsh, 2010; Hicks and Sinkinson, 2011). Currently pilots are run on using QR codes in student recruitment (Hilton et al, 2011) and in class assessment (Chen et al, 2011; Susono and Shimomura, 2006).

Within the Business School at Bournemouth University we are in the second cycle of using QR codes across our programmes. Our observations and experiences confirm Tolliver-Walker's views (2011) on the importance to focus on the user's mobile experience with the QR code, rather than simply on the code and its hits.

This poster presents the outcomes of a study on the student awareness of, and engagement with QR Codes. It also introduces the outcomes of a brainstorming session where HE academic and professional staff explored further areas in which QR codes could add value to the student experience and the processes determining it.


Background: Douching has been related to risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Goal: To examine the association between douching and PID in a large, multicenter, clinical trial of PID after adjustment for race/ethnicity. Study Design: Interviews were conducted with 654 women who had signs and symptoms of PID. Vaginal Gram stains and upper genital tract pathology/cultures were obtained from all the women. Women with evidence of plasma cell endometritis and/or gonococcal or chlamydial upper genital tract infections were compared with women who had neither endometritis nor upper genital tract infection. Results: Women with endometritis or upper genital tract infection were more likely to have douched more than once a month or within 6 days of enrollment than women who never douched. These associations remained after adjustment for confounding factors, after analysis of black women only; and among women with normal or intermediate vaginal flora but not bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: Among a predominantly black group of women with clinical PID, frequent and recent douching was associated with endometritis and upper genital tract infection.


We study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to Dirichlet problems in perforated domains for nonlinear elliptic equations associated with monotone operators. The main difference with respect to the previous papers on this subject is that no uniformity is assumed in the monotonicity condition. Under a very general hypothesis on the holes of the domains, we construct a limit equation, which is satisfied by the weak limits of the solutions. The additional term in the limit problem depends only on the local behaviour of the holes, which can be expressed in terms of suitable nonlinear capacities associated with the monotone operator.


A new species of soft-bottom-dwelling sea anemone of the genus Halcampella is described and illustrated based on 47 specimens collected during the Polarstern cruises ANT XV/3 and ANT XVII/3 to the Antarctic Peninsula and the eastern Weddell Sea. The new Halcampella species is easily distinguishable from its congeners by the number of cycles of mesenteries and tentacles, the cnidae and the geographic distribution. The new species is described and compared to the available type material of the other species of the genus and new cnidae data are given for H. maxima Hertwig, 1888 and H. robusta Carlgren, 1931. According to other authors H. endromitata (Andres, 1881) is considered a nomen dubium and H. maxima is here proposed as the types species of the genus.


Introduction : Public universities and private schools in all countries have substantially expanded the postgraduate courses as a sign that degree is often not sufficient to ensure access to employment. Aim : To present the experience of an Italian Post-Graduate Public Health School (SPGPHS) from 1996-2005. Activity : We made a review of the Italian legislation governing the postgraduate training and we studied the structure of Post Graduate School in Public Health in several Italian and foreign prestigious universities. Results : The SPGPHS was attended by about 1,000 students from all the Italian Regions. 100 scientific papers were published and/or presented at national/international conferences; SPGPHS has also proven to be able to completely finance itself. Conclusions : Postgraduate university courses are becoming very important and attenders range widely in age. Many students undertake Postgraduate courses to improve their work position, to attain Continuing Medical Education credits, but at the same time, to gather multidisciplinary scientific knowledge and to acquire professional skills. SPGPHS has proven to be able in financing itself responding to the market logic which is guided by performance and efficiency aspects.


Abstract Objective: We investigated the change in hearing-health behaviour amongst teenagers trained to deliver the Dangerous Decibels programme to younger children. Design: The Dangerous Decibels programme uses a two-stage process to train 8–12 year-old children to protect their hearing from noise: (1) a team of experts train 'Educators' who (2) give classroom training to children in schools. Training teenagers as Educators may add a second level of benefit if teenagers internalize the hearing-health messages that they present and thus protect their own hearing better. They were assessed before training, immediately after, and three months later (after all had presented the classroom training) using a questionnaire. In addition, a focus group was conducted with a subgroup of the Educators to assess their subjective experience. Study sample: We trained 44 Educators aged 14–17 years. Results: Results were generally positive: there were significant and sustained improvements in knowledge, self-reported behaviour, and perceived supports towards protecting hearing, and trends but not significant changes in attitudes or perceived barriers to hearing protection. Conclusions: Providing training to teenagers had benefits beyond the delivery of training to younger children, but improvements in the delivery model may increase the uptake and impact on the teenagers.


Rare earths and copper systems were studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). The use of monochromased synchrotron radiation and improved energy resolution for RIXS made possible to obtain valuable information on the electronic structure in 4f, 5f and 3d systems. Experimental results for rare-earths (Ho, Gd, Cm,U, Np, Pu) were analyzed by atomic multiplet theory based on the Hartree-Fock calculations. The inelastic scattering structures in RIXS spectra at 5d edge of actinides found to be sensitive to actinide oxidation states in different systems. Comparison of experimental and calculated Cm 5d RIXS spectra gave direct information about valency of the 248-curium isotope in oxide. Scientific understanding of processes that control chemical changes of radioactive species from spent fuel is improved by studying interactions of actinide ions (U, Np, Pu) with corroded iron surfaces. RIXS measurements at the actinide 5d edge indicate the reduction of U(VI), Np (V) and Pu (VI) to U(IV), Np(IV) and Pu (IV) by presence of iron ions. This thesis is also addressed to the study of changes in the electronic structure of copper films during interaction with synthetic groundwater solutions. The surface modifications induced by chemical reactions of oxidized 100A Cu films with Cl−, SO42− and HCO3– ions in aqueous solutions with various concentrations were studied in-situ using XAS. It was shown that the pH value, the concentration of Cl− ion and presence of HCO3– ion in the solutions strongly affect the speed of the corrosion reaction. The Cu 2p RIXS was used to distinguish between the species present on the copper surface while in contact with groundwater solution.


Studies based on aggregated hospital outcomes data have established that there is a relationship between nurse staffing and adverse events. However, this result could not be confirmed in Belgium where 96 per cent of the variability of nurse staffing levels over nursing units (belonging to different hospitals) is explained by withinhospital variability. To better appreciate the possible impact of nurse staffing levels on adverse events, we propose a multilevel approach reflecting the complex nature of the data. In particular we suggest a clustered discrete-time logistic model that captures the risks associated with a given unit in the patient's trajectory through the hospital. The model also allows for nurse staffing levels to affect the current and subsequent nursing unit (carry-over effect). In the model 'time' is represented by the sequential number of the nursing unit that the patient is passing through. The model incorporates hospital and nursing unit random effects to express that patients treated in the same hospital and taken care of by nurses of the same unit share a common environment. In this study we used Belgian national administrative databases for the year 2003 to assess the relationship between nurse staffing levels and nurse education variables with in-hospital mortality. The analysis was restricted to elective cardiac surgery patients. Lower nursing unit staffing levels in the general nursing units were associated with high in-hospital mortality in units past the traditional cardiac surgery nursing units.


The struggles for racial equality in the United States and in the world system that characterized the entire cold war era accelerated sharply during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. The domestic civil rights movement and what might be called the "international civil rights movement" of anticolonialism moved on parallel tracks. African Americans sought to vote in the American South, while Africans and Asians strove for self-government. Black Americans struggled to overcome the "states' fights" logic of white supremacy, promoting instead the higher mandate of human fights and the U.S. Bill of Rights, while nonwhites abroad struggled to overcome the United Nations' "domestic jurisdiction" clause wielded by racially discriminatory white authorities in places like South Africa. The tradition of white supremacy in the United States was embedded in a broader global pattern of white control of peoples of color, and both systems of racial inequality would survive or fall together (Soper 1947, 272; see also Lauren 1988; Plummer 1996; Von Eschen 1997). A vast literature has explored the major American cold war initiatives of the late 1940s and early 1950s.(1) The decision-making processes and ramifications of the Truman Doctrine, the European Recovery Plan (Marshall Plan), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and National Security Council document 68 (NSC 68) have received painstaking analysis from a variety of political perspectives. But there has been only occasional attention paid either to the ways in which these policy initiatives emerged from a racially hierarchical domestic and international landscape or to their racial meanings and ramifications. Yet, people of color at the time were well aware of this other context. Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech of February 1946 represented a declaration of cold war, but it also served as a call for Anglo-American racial and cultural unity. The Truman Doctrine of March 1947 opposed potential "armed minorities" of the left but not those of the right who actually ruled much of the world: European colonialists. The Marshall Plan (1948) and NATO (1949) bolstered anticommunist governments west of the Elbe River but also indirectly funded their efforts at preserving white rule in Asia and Africa. NSC 68 laid out an offensive strategy of diminishing Soviet influence abroad, but it also revealed American anxieties about a broader "absence of order among nations" that was "becoming less and less tolerable" when the largest change in the international system was coming not from communist revolutions but from the decolonization of nonwhite peoples.(2) In designing his big house of anticommunist democracy, Harry Truman faced the same fundamental challenge at home and abroad. He had to build it large enough to include people of all colors while preserving his relationships with the colonialists who ruled so much of the world beyond Europe and the segregationists who dominated the U.S. Congress. The problem for the White House was how to create as large and strong an anticommunist, "free world" coalition as possible. The alliance had to be not only international but also multiracial, just as did the liberal anticommunist political coalition Truman was assembling at home. In an era of rapid change toward greater racial equality, the president and his advisers had to demonstrate that traditional white racism would not be a central element in the political alliances they were constructing, even as they worked closely with colonialist and segregationist authorities. Racial issues and the management of racial change were central to the American experience of the early cold war, and the national border proved quite porous in this regard. Racial Thinking in the Truman Administration The relationship between race and U.S. foreign policy in the Truman years was grounded in the segregationist culture in which all members of the administration had lived. …


Since they were born, men develop not only physically, but also mentally. They develop from immaturity toward maturity. However, being a mature person does not happen instantly. In their life, men face many experiences that will influence their process to maturity. Thus, the thesis writer, in her study of Robert Louis Stevenson?s Treasure Island, focuses on the process of Jim Hawkins? maturity. She attempts to analyze the causes of the process of his maturity. She wants to prove that the cause of Jim?s process toward maturity is his experiences when he faces the pirates in the treasure hunting that leads him to have conflicts with himself and the pirates. In this thesis, the thesis writer analyzes Jim Hawkins? character traits and conflicts, and how he achieves maturity. In doing the analysis, she applies the literary theories and the concept of maturity. Jim Hawkins, the main character of the story, is a young naive boy by the time the story starts, though he lives in a house that is also an inn and a bar near the sea so that it is possible for him to meet sailors, and even pirates. However, the situation leads young Jim Hawkins to join the journey to the Treasure Island. As he steps his feet on the island, he experiences troubles with pirates. Those experiences finally encourage young Jim Hawkins and change him from an immature person to become a mature one.


The studies of complex systems have been recognized as one of the greatest challenges for current and future science and technology. Open complex giant systems (OCGSs) are a family of specially complex systems with system complexities such as openness, human involvement, societal characteristic, and intelligence emergence. They greatly challenge multiple disciplines such as system sciences, system engineering, cognitive sciences, information systems, artificial intelligence, and computer sciences. As a result, traditional problem-solving methodologies can help deal with them but are far from a mature solution methodology. The theory of qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis has been proposed as a breakthrough and effective methodology for the understanding and problem solving of OCGSs. In this paper, we propose the concepts of M-Interaction, M-Space, and M-Computing which are three key components for studying OCGS and building problem-solving systems. M-Interaction forms the main problem-solving mechanism of qualitative-to-quantitative metasynthesis; M-Space is the OCGS problem-solving system embedded with M-Interactions, while M-Computing consists of engineering approaches to the analysis, design, and implementation of M-Space and M-Interaction. We discuss the theoretical framework, problem-solving process, social cognitive evolution, intelligence emergence, and pitfalls of certain types of cognitions in developing M-Space and M-Interaction from the perspectives of cognitive sciences and social cognitive interaction. These can help one understand complex systems and develop effective problem-solving methodologies.


Next Generation Sequencing has totally changed genomics: we are able to produce huge amounts of data at an incredibly low cost compared to Sanger sequencing. Despite this, some old problems have become even more difficult, de novo assembly being on top of this list. Despite efforts to design tools able to assemble, de novo, an organism sequenced with short reads, the results are still far from those achievable with long reads. In this paper, we propose a novel method that aims to improve de novo assembly in the presence of a closely related reference. The idea is to combine de novo and reference-guided assembly in order to obtain enhanced results.


Bryozoans are epibenthic suspension‐feeders and use their ciliated tentacles to generate feeding currents. Modern bryozoan mouth size limits the size of the particles that can be ingested, and lophophore diameter is correlated with water pumping rates. In fossil bryozoans these soft parts are absent, however mouth and lophophore dimensions can be inferred from preserved skeletons. Gondwanan Permian palaeostomate bryozoans show distinct order‐level trophic partitioning across warm to cold‐water faunas. In diverse warm‐water faunas of southern Thailand, fenestrate bryozoans consumed the smallest food particles, cryptostomes and trepostomes consumed mid‐size particles, and cystoporates consumed the largest, and widest range, of particles. In contrast, in low diversity cold‐water faunas of eastern Australia, where cystoporates and cryptostomes are uncommon, fenestrate bryozoans again consumed the smallest food particles, however the abundant trepostomes had much larger mouths than their warm‐water counterparts and consumed the largest food particles. This variation in mouth size, especially in the trepostomes, suggests that within a regional fauna mouth size is not controlled only by higher level systematics and that sessile benthic organisms are trophically structured to utilize different sized food particles from a suspended food source. Gondwanan Permian palaeostomates had much larger mouth and lophophore sizes than modern stenolaemates (cyclostomes) and are more comparable to gymnolaemate (cheilostome) bryozoans. This suggests that palaeostomates were able to access and consume the same range of food resources as modern gymnolaemate bryozoans, and feed at similar rates, prior to the marine environmental changes at the close of the Palaeozoic.


It has been suggested that football and communities are inextricably linked. Healthy lifestyles are an important component in maintaining the sustainability of local communities, not least, because a convincing evidence base supports the holistic benefits that can be derived from health-enhancing behaviours, such as regular physical activity. As such, efforts to promote health improvement through sport and physical activity include those interventions delivered in professional sporting settings. Johnman and colleagues (Johnman and Mackie, 'The Beautiful Game') have heralded sports clubs as important venues for the delivery of health improvement interventions for a range of groups across local communities. This includes health improvement activities delivered in professional football club community schemes. While exemplary practice shows how health improvement programmes can be implemented and evaluated, our experience and engagement with professional football club community schemes supports the notion that more needs to be undertaken to help clubs develop monitoring and evaluation strategies in order to assess the impact of their health improvement programmes. In our short communication, we share our plans for helping two professional football clubs develop their monitoring and evaluation strategies for their community health promotion programmes. Potential outcomes emerging from this process are twofold. (1) To help club community schemes in-build and sustain monitoring and evaluation practices within their future health improvement provision. (2) To use the impact and process outcomes emerging from programme evaluations, to successfully secure the necessary resources to sustain future health improvement activities for their local communities. Outcomes emerging from this study will be of interest to football clubs and evaluators alike, as they seek to develop evaluation strategies for their health improvement programmes.


Thin film growth and desorption behaviour of simple molecules have been studied by means of surface science techniques, such as mass spectrometry and reflectionabsorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), in order to understand the physiochemical processes and intermolecular interactions in model interstellar ices. The systems of interest comprise a silica surface, representing the bare grains in the interstellar medium, and films of water (H2O), methanol (CH3OH), diethyl ether ((CH3CH2)2O) and benzene (C6H6). While H2O and CH3OH are key components of the icy mantles, (CH3CH2)2O and C6H6 are found in lower abundances being two products, among many, of the rich chemistry occurring in these environments. Temperature programmed desorption and IR signatures of pure solid H2O, CH3OH, and (CH3CH2)2O adsorbed on amorphous silica were compared as a function of surface coverage and temperature. H2O and (CH3CH2)2O display opposite behaviours, consistent with two-dimensional island formation and wetting of the amorphous silica surface respectively. CH3OH, being intermediate between the two species, exhibited aspects of both behaviours. Temperature programmed RAIRS has revealed evidence for thermal activation of di↵usion of H2O over the amorphous silica surface between 40 K and 60 K, and of CH3OH between 20 K and 40 K, while no conclusive evidence was found for such with (CH3CH2)2O. Experiments have been performed to study the thermal desorption and the IR features of C6H6 on CH3OH and (CH3CH2)2O solids in comparison to those on a solid H2O substrate at 110 K. The results give a clear picture of the C6H6 film growth from low to high coverages. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations highlight the key interactions between the two species for each system, C6H6/H2O, C6H6/CH3OH and C6H6/(CH3CH2)2O, in support of the interpretation of the data. Building on this basis, 250 eV electron irradiation of C6H6 on thick ices of H2O, or CH3OH, or (CH3CH2)2O was investigated to demonstrate the crucial role of hydrogen-bonding in propagating electronic excitation to the solid-vacuum interface where C6H6 desorption can occur. Competitive electron-induced chemistry in the form of molecular hydrogen (H2) formation was also observed. The electron beam used in the these experiments is inelastically scattered by the molecules in the solid ices forming a similar flux of electrons to that associated to cosmic rays. Conclusions related to the impact of these observations on the early phase of icy interstellar grain chemistry are discussed.


Seventeen years after the civil war in El Salvador came to an end, violence and insecurity continue to shape the daily lives of many Salvadorans. This book examines the phenomenon of youth gangs, as well as related police abuse, clandestine violence, and their collective impact on the rule of law. Beginning with an evaluation of the historical legacy of violence in El Salvador and the limitations of postwar efforts to construct functioning democratic and judicial institutions, "No Place to Hide" analyzes the dynamic evolution of violent street gangs and the Salvadoran state's responses to gang-related and other forms of violence. The book's findings are based on primary research conducted in El Salvador between 2006 and 2008.


We study the 5G-AKA authentication protocol described in the 5G mobile communication standards. This version of AKA tries to achieve a better privacy than the 3G and 4G versions through the use of asymmetric randomized encryption. Nonetheless, we show that except for the IMSI-catcher attack, all known attacks against 5G-AKA privacy still apply. Next, we modify the 5G-AKA protocol to prevent these attacks, while satisfying 5G-AKA efficiency constraints as much as possible. We then formally prove that our protocol is sigma-unlinkable. This is a new security notion, which allows for a fine-grained quantification of a protocol privacy. Our security proof is carried out in the Bana-Comon indistinguishability logic. We also prove mutual authentication as a secondary result.


Abstract: The introduction of the Nile perch in the 1960s enhanced the economic value of the local fishery and encouraged women to become involved in fish processing and marketing. Over time, however, the predatory perch has severely reduced stocks of popular indigenous fishes. Currently, competition created by high foreign demand for the perch is forcing small-scale traders out of business and depriving local consumers of fish protein. Case studies reveal that the increased competition also has elicited various forms of production relations among men and women processors and traders. The complexities associated with the socio-ecology of this ecosystem hinder attempts to develop effective management policies.IntroductionThe introduction of the Nile perch (Lates niloticus) into Lake Victoria in the middle of this century has had far-reaching repercussions. To examine this phenomenon adequately requires a powerful analytical framework that combines both historical and processual ecological methods. Historical ecology as outlined by Schmidt (1994) seeks to identify ecological transformations induced by human cultural systems over time by analyzing the interplay of cultural systems with the physical environment. Processual ecological methods also serve to identify various mechanisms that link environment and behaviour by employing small and large units of analysis, dropping assumptions of equilibrium and balance and addressing processes of conflict and co-operation (Orlove 1980). Processual ecological anthropology examines the "interactions between the choices which actors make, behaviours on an individual or group level, and the biological and social systems which influence the distribution of resources, constrain the possible adaptive strategies and provide some of the goals which the actors attempt to meet" (Orlove 1980:257).This article investigates a few of the complex relationships between the Lake Victoria ecosystem and the human populations that depend on its resources. It suggests that the development of useful resource management policies becomes problematic when the very patterns and dynamics of resource production and distribution are constantly undergoing changes that are incompletely understood and relatively unpredictable.The Setting: Lake Victoria and Its Western ShoreLocated mostly in the Kagera Region of Tanzania, the western shore of Lake Victoria consists of three main agro-ecological zones: a well-watered area stretching along the shore from Muleba and Biharamulo Districts north to the border with Uganda; a drier, flatter area located in Biharamulo District to the south; and a high plateau that stretches west toward the Ruwenzori mountains (see Figure 1). Seasonally heavy rainfall in the northwestern portion of the region has leached the soils of their nutrients over the millennia. Local farmers responded by painstakingly building up the land, using mulching techniques to nourish their plantations of plantains and coffee. The poor quality of the soil has also obliged many local women to look to off-farm activities for personal income generation.The western shore is inhabited by Haya peoples in the north and Zinza -- mixed with other groups -- in the south. In pre-colonial and colonial times, the highly stratified, patriarchal Haya and Zinza societies were ruled by kings who maintained their control through a feudal, agropastoral system based on plantains and cattle. European colonization of East Africa at the turn of this century greatly diminished the power of these kings. The introduction of animal and human diseases, Western religions, new fish species and the cultivation of coffee for export during the German and British rule strongly influenced the social and physical environments of the west lake region.Figure 1 The Western Shore of Lake Victoria [Map Not Transcribed]Perched on a plateau about 1128 metres above the Indian Ocean, Lake Victoria is the largest tropical lake in the world, approximately the same size as Ireland [between 26 200 and 26 828 square kilometres (EAHC 1953; Ford 1955)]. …


The Rolling Stones' story has been written numerous times throughout the decades. "Stones Gear" is also the story of the "Rolling Stones", but with a new twist: their history as told through what instruments were used during their recording sessions and tour dates. This book covers not only the group's personal background, but also every tour and studio session from its inception in 1962 to date, with intense documentation and detail regarding what instruments were used during these periods. Every song recorded by the band, including all demos and outtakes, is also documented, with input from people who were involved with the band throughout their career. The information and data used in the book was culled from several thousand periodicals, as well as hundreds of interviews conducted by the authors. The authors also carefully scrutinized thousands of photographs as well as thousands of hours of televised performances, interviews, and tour footage to present this factual document. It is illustrated with hundreds of photographs and images, many of which have never been published. Whether you are a musician, a fan of the group, or just the casual reader, you will learn many new facts concerning the band throughout its monumental 50-year existence.


Heavy vehicle drivers are required to adhere to prescribed regulatory driving and rest hours within SA. Drivers have been the traditional recipients of enforcement attention where fatigue, speeding or other road safety concerns are apparent. 'Chain of Responsibility' legislation reforms are pending to better hold accountable others within the transport chain who are in positions where they can directly and negatively influence the on road driving task. SA Police have experienced practical difficulties in subjecting others within the transport chain in prosecutions relating to the recurrent incidence of driving hour breaches and inappropriate scheduling within the confines of existing legislation. This paper will provide an insight into the complexity that such investigations incur. The practical difficulties encountered by investigators and prosecutors will be discussed, and an indication of the necessary elements at law which are essential for enforcement efforts to be appropriately directed towards others beyond the driver. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E210298.


This paper studies a form of law of large numbers on Pn, the space of n × n symmetric positive-definite matrices equipped with Fisher-Rao metric. Specifically, we propose a recursive algorithm for estimating the Karcher expectation of an arbitrary distribution defined on Pn, and we show that the estimates computed by the recursive algorithm asymptotically converge in probability to the correct Karcher expectation. The steps in the recursive algorithm mainly consist of making appropriate moves on geodesics in Pn, and the algorithm is simple to implement and it offers a tremendous gain in computation time of several orders in magnitude over existing non-recursive algorithms. We elucidate the connection between the more familiar law of large numbers for real-valued random variables and the asymptotic convergence of the proposed recursive algorithm, and our result provides an example of a new form of law of large numbers for random variables taking values in a Riemannian manifold. From the practical side, the computation of the mean of a collection of symmetric positive-definite (SPD) matrices is a fundamental ingredient in many algorithms in machine learning, computer vision and medical imaging applications. We report an experiment using the proposed recursive algorithm for K-means clustering, demonstrating the algorithm's efficiency, accuracy and stability.


This report presents the policy recommendations that follow from the EPINET projects investigations into assessments of ethical, legal and societal aspects of smart electricity grids in the European Union. Its main objective has been to evaluate the state-of-the-art in assessments in this domain, especially focusing on the ways in which these may interact with or become integrated into main research and innovation networks, including the making of research and policy agendas.
These recommendations are aimed at, and relevant to, different groups and networks involved in smart electricity and governance at European and national levels. At one level of policy action there are the many advisory and expert groups involved in the design and development of smart grids. These include the EU Commission Task Force for Smart Grid. National initiatives such as the Dutch Smart Energy Collective form another target audience. Also relevant are the
expert groups participating in the shaping of Horizon 2020 ICT programme (Societal Challenges and LEIT) and the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, national research councils and their advisory bodies. Our recommendations are especially relevant to so-called crosscutting
actions in Horizon 2020, especially relating to Responsible Research and Innovation and Social and Humanistic Sciences. Next, our recommendations are also directed to national and EU legislators and regulators charged with adapting to and accommodating the actions of policy makers and the smart grid and smart cities communities. Finally, our recommendations are directed to the technology assessment community, including those dedicated to Responsible Research and Innovation, integrated ELSA and impact assessments.


A combination of uniand multiplex PCR assays targeting 58 virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli strains causing intestinal and extraintestinal disease in humans and other mammals was used to analyze the VG repertoire of 23 commensal E. coli isolates from healthy pigs and 52 clinical isolates associated with porcine neonatal diarrhea (ND) and postweaning diarrhea (PWD). The relationship between the presence and absence of VGs was interrogated using three statistical methods. According to the generalized linear model, 17 of 58 VGs were found to be significant (P < 0.05) in distinguishing between commensal and clinical isolates. Nine of the 17 genes represented by iha, hlyA, aidA, east1, aah, fimH, iroN(E. coli), traT, and saa have not been previously identified as important VGs in clinical porcine isolates in Australia. The remaining eight VGs code for fimbriae (F4, F5, F18, and F41) and toxins (STa, STb, LT, and Stx2), normally associated with porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli. Agglomerative hierarchical algorithm analysis grouped E. coli strains into subclusters based primarily on their serogroup. Multivariate analyses of clonal relationships based on the 17 VGs were collapsed into two-dimensional space by principal coordinate analysis. PWD clones were distributed in two quadrants, separated from ND and commensal clones, which tended to cluster within one quadrant. Clonal subclusters within quadrants were highly correlated with serogroups. These methods of analysis provide different perspectives in our attempts to understand how commensal and clinical porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli strains have evolved and are engaged in the dynamic process of losing or acquiring VGs within the pig population.


Landscape is ever-changing. The malleability of the landscape is closely related to the concept of transience. Mogosoaia assembly seems to evade the passage of time, lasting for over than three centuries, apparently unchanged. Its inclusion in the list of heritage monuments, ensure a comfortable status for the mapped elements, a guarantee of the preservation of its integrity. But what happens with its context, with the landscape of Mogosoaia? The loggia of the palace was designed to provide an outlook to the gardens and the lake. The terraced gardens offer a gradual transition to the water and landscape. Recent decades have altered radically the landscape and its physiognomy. On the lake's banks occurs a "colonization" with villas. How can be negotiated the vicinity between a residential area and a monument of such importance? There have been studied documents, text and images, from the archives, similar cases and references to Mogosoaia ensemble. The mapping of the lakeshore garden was elaborated. The perspectives from the palace's loggia and from the terraced gardens were analyzed. In order to elaborate a comparative analysis for the opposite bank to the ensemble, pictures from the archives and up-to-date images were confronted. In order to draw attention to this situation which, in fact, is far from being singular and it becomes increasingly worrisome because it affects valuable components of the national and universal heritage, the idea for the development of a project was born. The project addresses both regular visitors and officials with decisional power in the heritage conservation field and aims to attract their attention to this degradation process and to the need for the implementation of a highly severe legislation for the preservation of historical monuments. The project consists of a series of shocking events both in a visual and in a conceptual sense, achieved by means of landscape design. It is a powerful militant attitude achieved through ephemeral interventions in the landscape, attractive for young people especially.


Abstract Conventional views of the High Line emphasize either its formal and ecological design attributes or its role in gentrification and displacement. While accurate, such assessments mostly ignore the agency-driven, activist agendas that brought the project about and that continue to propel its equity mission both locally and around the world. This essay places the High Line's implementation and longer-term impacts in the context of citizen advocacy. It reveals the strategies and tactics used by local residents to undermine initial opposition by city officials and local developers; it identifies the ways that project supporters understood themselves to have become victims of their own success; and it details the organizational and programmatic responses undertaken by the Friends of the High Line to compensate for the project's negative impacts, ranging from the development of inclusive programming to the establishment of an inter-city advocacy network for sharing ideas about how to repurpose industrial infrastructures as public spaces that reinforce equity and inclusion.1


Medical education in Australia is currently entering a new era, including support for the significant extension of medical students and general practitioner (GP) registrars' training programs in rural communities. This commitment to rural medical student and general practitioner recruitment and retention has made the provision of accommodation in rural communities a vital issue. This study has found that approximately half of all medical students on placement with rural GPs are currently accommodated with their GP supervisor or with other practice staff. This is a burden for many GPs and when the anticipated increase in the frequency and length of rural placements occurs what is currently a burden will become unsustainable. The changing gender and cultural demographics of medical students and rural general practitioners will also contribute to stresses on this accommodation system. It is important to have a systematic approach towards more appropriate and sustainable models of accommodation for both medical students and GP registrars.


An error occurs when software cannot complete a requested action as a result of some problem with its input, configuration, or environment. A high-quality error report allows a user to understand and correct the problem. Unfortunately, the quality of error reports has been decreasing as software becomes more complex and layered. End-users take the cryptic error messages given to them by programsand struggle to fix their problems using search engines and support websites. Developers cannot improve their error messages when they receive an ambiguous or otherwise insufficient error indicator from a black-box software component.
 We introduce Clarify, a system that improves error reporting by classifying application behavior. Clarify uses minimally invasive monitoring to generate a behavior profile, which is a summary of the program's execution history. A machine learning classifier uses the behavior profile to classify the application's behavior, thereby enabling a more precise error report than the output of the application itself.
 We evaluate a prototype Clarify system on ambiguous error messages generated by large, modern applications like gcc, La-TeX, and the Linux kernel. For a performance cost of less than 1% on user applications and 4.7% on the Linux kernel, the proto type correctly disambiguates at least 85% of application behaviors that result in ambiguous error reports. This accuracy does not degrade significantly with more behaviors: a Clarify classifier for 81 La-TeX error messages is at most 2.5% less accurate than a classifier for 27 LaTeX error messages. Finally, we show that without any human effort to build a classifier, Clarify can provide nearest-neighbor software support, where users who experience a problem are told about 5 other users who might have had the same problem. On average 2.3 of the 5 users that Clarify identifies have experienced the same problem.


We use molecular dynamics simulations to study phase separation of a 50:50 (by volume) fluid mixture in a confined and curved (Taylor-Couette) geometry, consisting of two concentric cylinders. The inner cylinder may be rotated to achieve a shear flow. In nonsheared systems we observe that, for all cases under consideration, the final equilibrium state has a stacked structure. Depending on the lowest free energy in the geometry the stack may be either flat, with its normal in the z direction, or curved, with its normal in the r or theta direction. In sheared systems we make several observations. First, when starting from a prearranged stacked structure, we find that sheared gradient and vorticity stacks retain their character for the durations of the simulation, even when another configuration is preferred (as found when starting from a randomly mixed configuration). This slow transition to another configuration is attributed to a large free energy barrier between the two states. In case of stacks with a normal in the gradient direction, we find interesting interfacial waves moving with a prescribed angular velocity in the flow direction. Because such a wave is not observed in simulations with a flat geometry at similar shear rates, the curvature of the wall is an essential ingredient of this phenomenon. Second, when starting from a randomly mixed configuration, stacks are also observed, with an orientation that depends on the applied shear rate. Such transitions to other orientations are similar to observations in microphase separated diblock copolymer melts. At higher shear rates complex patterns emerge, accompanied by deviations from a homogeneous flow profile. The transition from steady stacks to complex patterns takes place around a shear rate 1/tau(dv), where tau(dv) is the crossover time from diffusive to viscous dominated growth of phase-separated domains, as measured in equilibrium simulations.