Understanding Industrial Organizations critically reviews the approaches developed by industrial sociologists to analyze industrial organizations. It outlines four general perspectives on organizations - systems thinking, contingency approach, the action approach and labour process for a more adequate sociology of organizations. The book provides a clear, relevant and important contribution to the sociology of organizations.


The essential item producers and distributors in every nation, inflate the prices of their commodities, to cover up their mis-management every year, so that more and more people are not afford to buy them. Thus they create, increase and maintain an expanding below-poverty line persons in the nation. Survival is to live within limited needs and continue over the generations. All the species, survived by fitting within the available, for many millennium. But human, because of their intelligence, survived in a 3 dimensional shell namely (a) the geography and environment (b) the social influences and (c) the economic infrastructure. 1) We can pin point each segment of the world population in and under poverty line using the World Bank survey map (2009). Poverty is not generated by the poor sufferers without the basic needs (food, shelter and clothing). 2) Poverty is created by the suppliers of the basic needs. They increase the prices beyond the purchasing power of the people on a continuous basis, to buy their minimum basic needs per month to live. They create and expand poverty in every nation at uncontrollable proportions. This is because of the fact the basic need suppliers are inefficient, unproductive, lethargic and absorb their inefficiencies and mis-management through price increase to the citizens, who are their captive customers. 3) The operating ratio <i>(cost expense)/net income</i> reflects the performance of the essential suppliers. Lower ratio represents prosperity. The essential sectors are in a normal and disturbed economic condition can innovate on (cost expense control), to stabilise or reduce the prices, and in turn, reduce the number of people below poverty. 4) Milk is taken as an essential item. An analysis of their operating ratio in government and private sectors in developing nations, indicate they are in high ratios (95% or more). The progressively increase the price at alarming proportions. It is because of their monopoly status, with all the citizen as captive customers. Comparatively, this ratio in developed nations are low and under control (70% to 80%). 5) Conversely, the operating ratio of non-essential goods in the developing nations are low and favourable, because of competition and global business operations. In poor nations, the operating ratio of other essential items like travel, textiles, construction are high. Agriculture in poor nations are found to be of little worth on land investment. The impact of these situations are reflected on the nation through increase in the trend of cost of living. 6) The first golden ratio is that the essential need suppliers should keep their operating ratio at 75 % or below and have a regular (cost expense) reduction program. This will eradicate the poverty in the world. This is applicable to all in government, public or private sectors and all the nations in developed, developing and under developed bracket of economic status. 7) The second golden ratio is to increase the output quantum of essential need supplies in the same proportion as the domestic population growth rate, at constant prices OR control the population growth rate within the possible output growth rate of essential commodities. 8) An analysis of the past freedom fight of the countries from British rule, indicates that they are based on "social independence" then "economic development" orientation. As a result, these nascent nations are dominated by poverty for over many decades (nearing to a century). 9) The reasons for poverty is found as adopting a "Destructive Democracy", Internally legalised Apartheid and swindling the wealth of the nation by the elected representatives through large scale "scams". The implementation of the (cost expense) control methodology to these nations, is difficult or even impossible. Hence they will be in a mono circular below poverty status for ever!! The advanced technology and computer aided management can never penetrate their socio-political mis-management shell!!!


The Lotka-Leslie renewal model is the core of formal demography. This model is structured by chronological age, and it does not account for thanatological age. I derive a specification of the classic renewal equation that is structured by thanatological age rather than by chronological age. I give both continuous and discrete variants of the derived model, and relate these to the Lotka-Leslie renewal model. In stability, the thanatological and chronological renewal models are commensurable, implying identical intrinsic growth rates. I demonstrate approximate symmetry be- tween chronological and thanatological age structure in stability when subject to intrinsic growth rates equal magnitude and opposite sign. Birth-death renewal processes can be expressed as death-birth processes, and vice versa. The thanatological renewal model offers a new perspective on population renewal, and it is valid more generally as an aspect of birth-death processes.


Polar amplification is an established scientific fact which has been associated with the surface albedo feedback and to heat and moisture transport from the Equator to the Poles. In this paper we unify a two-box climate model, which allows for heat and moisture transport from the southern region to the northern region, with an economic model of welfare optimization. Our main contribution is to show that by ignoring spatial heat and moisture transport and the resulting polar amplification, the regulator may overestimate or underestimate the tax on GHG emissions. The direction of bias depends on the relations between marginal damages from temperature increase in each region. We also determine the welfare cost when a regulator mistakenly ignores polar amplification. Finally we show the adjustments necessary to the market discount rate due to transport phenomena as well as how our two-box model can be extended to Ramsey-type optimal growth models. Numerical simulations confirm our theoretical results.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss three case studies reflecting areas of innovation and creativity which CETL funding made possible through a work-based learning CETL. CETL sponsored evaluations of funded projects and teaching initiatives informed further curriculum developments.

Design/methodology/approach – Using a case study approach the paper explores the experiences of three different projects and the impact upon staff and students in a CETL for work-based learning. Three case studies are used, the first describing progression from a Performing Arts Diploma to a degree, facilitated by the use of learning technologies and social networking; the second considers the impact upon experienced professionals and stakeholders involved in a new Doctorate programme by Public Works. The third case study demonstrates the importance of rewarding investment in and evaluation of learning approaches, assisted by learning technology, with the resultant development of a model which facilitates reflective learning from work activities. Case studies were focused on teaching and learning practice.

Findings – These were all programme developments which arose from practitioners and impacted upon academic practice and curriculum development. They impacted upon future learning initiatives thus demonstrating that the CETL investment impacted a wide range of learning activities at different academic levels. Dissemination of impact beyond the original project was evident through qualitative feedback and practitioner practice.

Social implications – This was more of an analytical exploration of funded innovations in teaching and learning than formal research and therefore is not presented as traditional research. However, a case for case study approach in included, but data methods not explored.

Practical implications – The CETL funding of teaching and learning innovations impacted upon work-based learning and the student learning experience within several schools across the university. These innovations have become significant for future WBL curriculum developments within the University. It is also evidenced that additional funding for five years of the CETL project enabled projects to grow and develop over a period of time. Therefore the indications are that sustained funding and evaluations at development points contribute to embedding and enhancing academic curriculum innovations.

Originality/value – This paper highlights the importance of long-term investment in teaching and learning initiatives and the impact that such investment can have over a period of time, particularly in relation to CETL funding, of which the long-term effects on teaching and learning in HE are as yet unknown.


In this work, we study a 215-m-long figure-of-eight fiber laser including a double-clad erbium-ytterbium fiber and a nonlinear optical loop mirror based on nonlinear polarization evolution. For proper adjustments, self-starting passive mode-locking is obtained. Measurements show that the mode-locked pulses actually are noise-like pulses, by analyzing the autocorrelation, scope traces and the very broad and flat spectrum extending over a record bandwidth of more than 200 nm, beyond the 1750 nm upper wavelength limit of the optical spectrum analyzer. Noise-like pulsing was observed for moderate and high pump power preserving the same behavior, reaching pulse energies as high as 300 nJ, with pulse durations of a few tens of ns and a coherence length in the order of 1 ps. Stable fundamental mode locking as well as harmonic mode locking up to the 6th order were observed. The bandwidth was further extended to more than 450 nm when a 100-m piece of highly nonlinear fiber was inserted at the laser output. The enhanced performances obtained compared to other similar schemes could be related to the absence of a polarizer in the present setup, so that the state of polarization along the cavity is no longer restricted.


Within the framework of technology acceptance modelling (Davis 1993), this study investigated the acceptance of a computerised decision-support system in primary care. Thirty general practitioners (GP) completed a questionnaire that detailed potential advantages of the system. A majority (70%) of GPs intended to use the system with a 2-min increase in consultation times (for proportion of GPs intending to use, CI0.95 = [0.54; 0.85]) and eight advantages of the system were predictors of intention to use (RL 2 = 0.51, p < 0.05). However, a majority (77%) did not intend to use the system with a 5-min increase in consultation time (CI0.95 = [0.12; 0.42]). Furthermore, a majority of 90% preferred the system to be used by non-physicians (CI0.95 = [0.78; 0.98]). These results confirm relationships between acceptance factors in a new domain, but most importantly they indicate the need to consider the balance of perceived advantages, or benefits, and disadvantages, or costs, of a new system in technology acceptance modelling. Implications for the design of a prototype system and further research are discussed.


The subject of this volume is the corpus of 203 Bronze Age anthropomorphic clay figurines and figurine fragments recovered from various archaeological contexts at Umm el-Marra, Syria, between 1994 and 2002. As a class of objects, anthropomorphic clay figurines are an important subject of study because they are very common in the archaeological record and yet they are poorly understood. Figurines appear to have been an integral part of daily life for the people of the ancient Near East as early as the Neolithic period and continued to be crafted and used for millennia. Despite this ubiquity, many crucial questions about the figurines have yet to be answered: Who or what is being represented? Why does their appearance change over time, and what is the relationship between their style and chronology? What were these figurines used for, and what can these enigmatic objects tell us about the lives and beliefs of ancient people?


Knowledge networks are important to understand learning in industry clusters but surprisingly little is known about what drives the formation, persistence and dissolution of ties. Applying stochastic actor-oriented models on longitudinal relational data from a mature cluster in a medium-tech industry, we show that triadic closure and geographical proximity increase the probability of tie creation but does not influence tie persistence. Cognitive proximity is positively correlated to tie persistence but firms create ties to cognitively proximate firms only if they are loosely connected through common third partners. We propose a micro-perspective to understand how endogenous network effects, cognitive proximity of actors and their interplay influence the evolutionary process of network formation in clusters.


CONTEXT
More persons in the United States die from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) than from breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer combined. In preclinical testing, oral gefitinib inhibited the growth of NSCLC tumors that express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a mediator of cell signaling, and phase 1 trials have demonstrated that a fraction of patients with NSCLC progressing after chemotherapy experience both a decrease in lung cancer symptoms and radiographic tumor shrinkages with gefitinib.

OBJECTIVE
To assess differences in symptomatic and radiographic response among patients with NSCLC receiving 250-mg and 500-mg daily doses of gefitinib.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Double-blind, randomized phase 2 trial conducted from November 2000 to April 2001 in 30 US academic and community oncology centers. Patients (N = 221) had either stage IIIB or IV NSCLC for which they had received at least 2 chemotherapy regimens.

INTERVENTION
Daily oral gefitinib, either 500 mg (administered as two 250-mg gefitinib tablets) or 250 mg (administered as one 250-mg gefitinib tablet and 1 matching placebo).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Improvement of NSCLC symptoms (2-point or greater increase in score on the summed lung cancer subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung [FACT-L] instrument) and tumor regression (>50% decrease in lesion size on imaging studies).

RESULTS
Of 221 patients enrolled, 216 received gefitinib as randomized. Symptoms of NSCLC improved in 43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33%-53%) of patients receiving 250 mg of gefitinib and in 35% (95% CI, 26%-45%) of patients receiving 500 mg. These benefits were observed within 3 weeks in 75% of patients. Partial radiographic responses occurred in 12% (95% CI, 6%-20%) of individuals receiving 250 mg of gefitinib and in 9% (95% CI, 4%-16%) of those receiving 500 mg. Symptoms improved in 96% of patients with partial radiographic responses. The overall survival at 1 year was 25%. There were no significant differences between the 250-mg and 500-mg doses in rates of symptom improvement (P =.26), radiographic tumor regression (P =.51), and projected 1-year survival (P =.54). The 500-mg dose was associated more frequently with transient acne-like rash (P =.04) and diarrhea (P =.006).

CONCLUSIONS
Gefitinib, a well-tolerated oral EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improved disease-related symptoms and induced radiographic tumor regressions in patients with NSCLC persisting after chemotherapy.


A new approach to evaluation of the fraction of airborne particles that is responsible for adverse health effects has been developed. In this approach a two-fraction concept for the adverse health effects is proposed. This concept considers aerosol particles in the air, the fraction of particles deposited in the respiratory system (captured by the system) and the fraction of particle accumulated in the body (captured by the body). The latter fraction of airborne particles actually causes the adverse health effects and associated with the health risk. The approach has been applied to workers in crystal glass industry exposed to lead. A size resolved sampling technique was employed to characterize nanoparticles at work places at several plants involved in lead processing. Lead aerosol size distributions were obtained across the entire aerosol particle size range from 1 nm to 30 μm (diameter). Size distributions were used to calculate the total lead intake due to particle deposition in the respiratory system of workers. A bio-kinetic model was employed to evaluate various size fraction contributions to the total blood lead level in workers. A comparison was made between calculated blood lead levels and actual measurements of blood lead levels of workers exposed to atmospheres containing lead. It was found that nanoparticles cause the major health risk due to high deposition efficiency and low clearance rate by the mucociliary escalator.


Ultra-wide band is one of the emerging indoor positioning technologies. In the application phase, accuracy and interference are important criteria of indoor positioning systems. Not only the method used in positioning, but also the algorithms used in improving the accuracy is a key factor. In this paper, we tried to eliminate the effects of off-set and noise in the data of the ultra-wide band sensor-based indoor positioning system. For this purpose, optimization algorithms and filters have been applied to the raw data, and the accuracy has been improved. A test bed with the dimensions of 7.35 m × 5.41 m and 50 cm × 50 cm grids has been selected, and a total of 27,000 measurements have been collected from 180 test points. The average positioning error of this test bed is calculated as 16.34 cm . Then, several combinations of algorithms are applied to raw data. The combination of Big Bang-Big Crunch algorithm for optimization, and then the Kalman Filter have yielded the most accurate results. Briefly, the average positioning error has been reduced from 16.34 cm to 7.43 cm .


This article presents a UK-based research that has studied the existing sheltered or assisted living housing population and its future housing options and preferences. This meets an identified need to know and understand users' needs and requirements in much more detail that outlines what is liked and disliked by older people about sheltered housing, so that those who plan and design such housing can be aware of their views. The study also sought to understand the architects' challenges in designing and adapting this type of housing. The sheltered housing managed by housing associations in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was assessed through a series of site visits, structured interviews, and a focus group with stakeholders. Findings revealed older users' keen interest in participating in their housing needs assessment, identified building design concerns and provided recommendations for potential design guidelines.


A major challenge in second-language pedagogy and research is that of determining linguistic competence. Spontaneous oral production gives some indication of the state of a learner's interlanguage, but the presence of non-target-like forms in such production confounds the analysis since the teacher or researcher cannot be certain whether such forms are random or systematic. Corrective feedback (CF) in oral production, usually in the form of recasts or elicitation, can thus appear arbitrary and inconsistent. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of delayed CF, in which representative samples of learners' non-target-like production are systematically collected and tracked. The investigation employed three methods: first, accuracy and fluency in production were measured by means of a test in which learners reformulated their own non-target-like production and that of peers; second, accuracy and reaction time were measured as learners judged the well-formedness of those same reformulations; third, the developing complexity of learner production is monitored by means of an 'error corpus'. Results indicate that delayed CF of this kind is effective in pushing learners towards greater complexity and accuracy in both production and recognition, and constitutes an approach to the problem of determining what the individual learner knows that has theoretical validity and pedagogical relevance.


Agriculture is the sector mainly susceptible to the climate change impact. Climate change shock is more sever in the countries like Africa, where agriculture is for the daily survival, and where adaptive potential is low. Therefore, it is essential to increase the understanding of the real climate change dynamics on agricultural tricks and on the societies at the lower levels. This study uses the Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone in southern Ethiopia and examines the local climatic trends and its shock on the agriculture in the region. The study uses semi-structured interview, structured questionnaire and FGDs to collect data from local society, and government experts, whereas the secondary data collected from published and unpublished materials, and systematically analyzes by using quantitative analysis. The result shows that the trend of gradual and extreme weather change has unenthusiastic shock on the agricultural tricks in almost all selected households in the study area particularly low land but has a positive role in some midland kebeles where agriculture was constrained by low temperature. To adapt the shock, societies use diversification, drought tolerant varieties, early maturing varieties, disease resistance varieties, mulching, flood control measures, irrigation, water harvesting, start trading, and family planning. Awareness raising, credit, dissemination of technology and provision of safety nets to some lowlanders are among the coping/adaptive strategies provided by the government institution, but not sufficient and sustainable to cope/adapt with climatic variation vagaries. Though most households in the selected kebeles of the study area are vulnerable to climatic crisis, the severity is acute for the poor, landless, children, women, large sized family.


Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) into China is an important aspect of one of the largest bilateral economic relationships in the world. The bilateral FDI is analysed using an FDI model combined with stochastic frontier analysis to explain the determinants of FDI, measure the performance of FDI using the frontier, and to measure all unobservable or difficult to measure barriers to investment. The FDI frontier is estimated using core determinants and a second stage of the modelling allows for explaining some of the barriers that FDI face. The choice of variables for both stages is made clear using a model derived from theory and on multinational enterprise behaviour. Both stages allow for an overlap of two important yet independent streams of FDI literature. The analysis allows for the inclusion of a measure of political closeness between countries which is another innovation in the analysis of FDI flow. The influence of politics and other barriers (or resistances) on a FDI relationship can best be understood in the context of the other determinants of investment flows. Political closeness between countries is shown to affect FDI. An improvement in political relations is associated with an increase in FDI by reducing uncertainty in the investment environment. The performance of Japanese FDI into China is shown to be high relative to its potential since 1986, the year China started its negotiations to join the GATT in 1986. That year saw a policy shift in China which opened many doors for foreign firms to enter and operate in China. Japanese FDI performance in China was high from 1986 until the Asian financial crisis in 1997/98, including through Chinese domestic political turbulence in 1989. Japanese FDI faces less resistance in China than any other major investing source and since WTO entry has bounced back from the post Asian financial crisis slump to be at the level predicted by the average performance worldwide after accounting for the determinants of FDI. Chinas WTO accession in 2001 helped reduce uncertainty and gave confidence in bilateral investment, with the effect of mitigating the effects of increased uncertainty from rising bilateral political tensions after 2001.


Despite a sufficiently large number of conducted studies, the analysis of literature sources has shown that the development of plastic deformation in whiskers has a number of problem-specific features. A literature review of the research problem has been proposed in the paper and such an important property of whiskers, as plastic deformation, has been studied more thoroughly. Herewith, on the basis of studying the results of previously conducted experiments the influence of this property on the fracture degree of crystals, and also on several other characteristics, has been shown. The research results from the point of view of the future use of whiskers have been analyzed in the paper, the principles of influence of deformation tests on the lattice structure and properties of whiskers have been considered in-depth.


Challenges for Music Libraries and Archives of the Future: Linking and Serving Musical Communities was an ambitious theme for the recent IAML (Australian Chapter) but one that seems to be a pervasive theme for those working in music libraries and archives across the globe at the moment. The conference was held 2-3 September 2010 at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music, Griffith University, in tropical Brisbane. Colleagues from Western Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and New Zealand gathered to explore this theme. Our esteemed IAML International President, Roger Flury (an honorary Australian in our eyes--as all NZers are!) gave the opening address, challenging us to consider the future through the past. Our heritage of collections should not be overlooked as we move into the digital environment. Equity and access are key to the future of music collections whether they are in public or educational institutions. Dr Brydie-Leigh Bartleet (Queensland Conservatorium) highlighted this in her paper (delivered by DVD as she was researching in the field), based on her research into music in Australian communities. She challenged music libraries and archives to interact more with our communities, whether in the city, country or remotest parts of Australia. She asked where were the music libraries in the communities she examined? There is the need for the recognition of western methods of collection and the need for oral traditions especially in our migrant populations and indigenous cultures. She also highlighted the need for spaces for musical activities and that libraries usually have appropriate spaces that can be offered for these activities, along with exploring connections with these activities and the collections that we house in our libraries. The report on the community music project Sound Links is available free at http://www.griffith.edu.au/music/ queenslandconservatorium-research-centre/ resourcessound-links-final-report Prof Paul Draper and Nora Farrell (both from Queensland Conservatorium) provided some future thinking into what our libraries, collections and web environments might be, and how our users may want and expect to use information. Paul described the current academic knowledge exchange system as feudal and that a move to a more democratic form is imminent, especially in performance directed research. Nora highlighted how E-learning--the buzz word of the moment--is changing the face of publishing and distribution of information, via social networks and non-linear publishing platforms. And we must move with this, not fight it, with some big challenges for libraries to collect and archive this material. Robert Davidson (University of Queensland) highlighted the importance of libraries and archives in his research and performance - describing them as a source for time travel and ensuring that individual personalities are preserved. Playing a recording of his own voice at age 6 highlighted how much is lost of people's personalities through the ages. Using recorded speeches, music, film clips, newspaper clippings, portraits patterns he and his performance ensemble Topology, have developed musical "voice portraiture" based on speech patterns. …


Iran is located in a seismic prone region with several earthquakes occurring annually causing extensive damage to structures and infrastructure. Guilan province is located in the northern part of the country, exhibiting a large population, moderate climate and extensive river system. This region experiences high humidity, several active faults and high seismic hazard potential. This highlights the importance of an active and extensive maintenance and rehabilitation program for the bridges in this region. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an engineering tool used to control changing conditions of infrastructure providing useful information for management, decision making and in certain circumstances code revision. This paper proposes a method for SHM of bridges. In total, 123 concrete bridges were assessed based on this visual inspection; with statistical analysis of results carried out on decks, piles, abutments, restraints and river engineering which effectively addressed the deficiencies in bridges maintenance. Finally some practical solutions are suggested to enhance the performance and lifetime of bridges. Based on the knowledge of the authors, this is the first comprehensive study on a large group of bridges in Iran which can be used as a base for further studies on management and retrofitting of bridges in the region.


Large-scale multiparty litigation often settles in clusters rather than one claim at a time. With or without the judicial imprimatur of class certification - indeed, with or without formal judicial aggregation of any sort - lawyers negotiate settlements of sizable portfolios of claims. Such settlements, in which multiple plaintiffs' claims against a common defendant are resolved together, are what lawyers variously call aggregate settlements, group settlements, block settlements, or similar terms that emphasize the collectiveness of the deals. The literature on aggregate settlements, however, is lacking any clear definition or articulation of what makes such settlements meaningfully collective. Group settlements in multiparty litigation vary significantly, and they vary in ways that make it difficult to determine whether certain deals ought to be understood as collective settlements or simply as groups of individual settlements bundled together. This article develops a typology of aggregate settlements. By defining settlements in terms of their essential attributes, it is possible to understand and describe multiplaintiff settlements with greater precision, and to develop a sounder approach to applying the special ethical duties that attend aggregate settlements. Under the aggregate settlement rule, some version of which is in effect in every state, a lawyer may not make an aggregate settlement unless the lawyer obtains each client's informed consent after disclosing the full scope of the deal. The rule does not define "aggregate settlement." Cases, ethics opinions, and other authorities do not define the term with any precision, but some of them contain statements to the effect that an aggregate settlement is one in which a defendant pays an amount to settle an entire group of claims. They describe, in other words, a lump sum package deal, which is the most obvious form of aggregate settlement, but they do not consider what makes such a deal aggregate. Closer inspection reveals that a lump sum package deal has two key attributes, each of which independently would suffice to make the deal collective. The attributes that combine to form such a deal are collective allocation and collective conditionality. Allocation refers to how settlement amounts are determined and allocated, the method for determining who gets how much. Conditionality refers to what conditions must be met for the settlement to stick, particularly the extent to which settlements are voidable by defendants for failure to obtain releases from all the plaintiffs. When authorities depict a deal in which the defendant pays an amount of money in exchange for releases of an entire group of claims, the allocation can be described as lump sum, and the conditionality can be described as all-or-nothing. When the lump sum package deal is understood as a combination of allocation and conditionality attributes, and when that understanding is combined with an awareness of the settlement structures actually in use in multiparty litigation, it becomes evident that each of these attributes appears in forms that range from purely collective to purely independent. Allocation and conditionality can be spread along two axes to form a grid of settlement structures. The resulting typology, by disaggregating the attributes of collective settlements, helps define which settlement structures should trigger the disclosure and informed consent requirements of the ethics rule, and offers an approach to describing both non-class aggregate settlements and class action settlements with greater precision.


Botanic Garden at the University of Malaya. A plan was submitted by Professor W.R. Stanton, head of the Botany Division, University of Malaya, K.L., to establish a new botanic garden of some 100 acres as a teaching facility and for the benefit of biological education institutes and the general public. It was proposed that the facility is partly self-financing. The locality suggested is the valley behind the Faculty of Science on the campus having a common boundary with the field area of the Faculty of Agriculture to which its functions would be complementary. It will have a permanent establishment of 7 graduates (of whom two at least will have honours), c. 8 technical staff and 50 labourers, clerks, drivers, etc. It will conduct its own husbandry and maintenance. It is proposed as a phased development ultimately containing an advanced laboratory and herbarium and providing a central facility to the Nation for teaching and examination material. Let us hope that Prof. Stanton's laudable initiative will bear fruit. The establishment Fund of about 200.000 str. dollars and maintenance cost of 100-150.000 does seem to come well within the big income capacity Malaysia has from cutting her forests and selling timber.


In this study, we examine how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth, who tend to experience greater feelings of isolation and discrimination than heterosexual youth, find and become integrated into supportive activities and resources. As part of a larger study on supportive lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth environments, 66 go-along interviews with LGBTQ youth, from Massachusetts, Minnesota, and British Columbia were conducted. Analysis of these interviews identified important cues that prompt self-agency and integration into supportive environments and affirmative identities. In particular, we argue indirect links or cues such as media and print advertisements increase awareness of supports and resources, while personal links, such as referrals from trusted friends, adults, and regularly attended programs, can help youth form denser networks of support.


Abstract:In the United States, black hair—that is, the hair of African-descended peoples—has a long and fraught political, economic, and social history that informs its contemporary reception: at the interstices of self-making, aesthetic expression, and respectability politics, black hair has been both overdetermined and underexplored as a site of intellectual inquiry. This essay aims to offer a critical examination of natural black hair as a central site of interpersonal negotiation for black women in the United States. Drawing on performance studies, cultural studies, and black feminist studies, I offer black hair haptics as an analytic for the racialized and gendered dimensions of quotidian public interpersonal engagement with black hair as an extension of the black body. I argue that black hair is a unique site of analysis for transgressions of socially appropriate interpersonal interaction.


Destructive Messages: How Hate Speech Paves the Way for Harmful Social Movements. Alexander Tsesis. New York and London: New York University Press, 2002. 246 pp. $45 hbk. Few would disagree that hate speech and prejudice are terrible relics of our past that have been difficult to erase from our culture. Even the most ardent supporter of free speech rights will agonize over how to balance the need for broad protections for expression against the ugliness of hate speech. Yet, the task of "line drawing" between hate speech and other types of expression is a precarious and dangerous one. Nevertheless, Chicago-Kent Law Professor Tsesis has taken on that job in this book. He argues that over a long period, hate speech creates a culture in which discrimination, repression, and even genocide against historically oppressed groups becomes acceptable. Because governments have an obligation to protect the rights of all citizens and promote their well-being, laws are needed to prohibit hate speech that is intended to result in discrimination or oppression. Tsesis, the son of Jewish immigrants who witnessed the anti-Semitism of Communist Russia first hand, uses four examples of violent racism to support his claim that unchecked hate speech eventually leads to repression. He begins with an excellent overview of the growth of German anti-Semitism during the first half of the twentieth century. The next two sections on the American experience with slavery and Indian removal lack depth. His fourth example is an interesting, yet not particularly relevant, description of present-day Mauritania, where the ancient practice of enslavement of African Muslims (black Mauros) by upper-class Berber Muslims (white Mauros) continues. The historical analysis of how hate speech too often results in open oppression is followed by a tedious explanation of what is essentially the social construction of reality theory. The two sections on how language contributes to the making of culture and ideology are filled with such obvious statements as "the vocabulary of hate speech dehumanizes its targets. . . ." or "hate speech is integral to maintaining hierarchies by helping to legitimize degrading stereotypes and dangerous attitudes." Because the language of hate is so powerful, government must step in and protect its citizens against its psychic and physical damage. Tsesis takes his cue from the well-articulated arguments found in Canadian jurisprudence on the proactive obligation of government to prohibit that which undermines the self-esteem of citizens or delegitimizes their participation in the political forum. …


The discovery in 1995 that a long-ignored doorway in the Valley of the Kings was actually the entrance to the largest tomb ever found in Egypt made headlines around the world. Called KV 5, it contains over 150 corridors and chambers, and was used as a family mausoleum for several sons of the New Kingdom pharaoh, Ramesses II. This preliminary report is the first comprehensive, technical publication on the work of the Theban Mapping Project in the tomb. It includes detailed archaeological and architectural studies, epigraphic surveys, object and pottery descriptions, discussions of conservation work, and extensive reports on the site's geology, hydrology, mineralogy, and geotechnical engineering. Copiously illustrated with photographs and line drawings, KV 5 is the essential source for the study of this fascinating and important tomb.


A Monte Carlo code (NCF) has been developed to calculate the neutron vector flux emerging from a collimator of given composition and geometry and is applied here to the collimator of a Marconi Avionics Hileton (d, t) facility using up to 107 neutron histories. For variations in the collimator geometry and in the polythene, tungsten and boron carbide content, the calculations verified that the original Hiletron collimator was well optimised for high-energy neutrons in the field, that the neutrons backscattered into the field from the surrounding shielding are significant only in the 0-0.5 MeV energy group and that the induced activation of a collimator differentially loaded with tungsten will allow its use with a source intensity of 1013 s-1. A second code (MCCND) was used to calculate the dose deposited in a tissue-equivalent phantom using as input the neutron vector flux output from the collimator code NCF. The authors' calculations predict that a rather larger fraction of total dose comes from heavy recoil events than is suggested by some, but not all, of the previous calculations. The authors believe that previous experimental measurements have also tended to underestimate the high LET contributions.


The intent of this research is to study the dynamic behavior of a solid body resting on a moving surface. Results of the study are then used to propose methods for controlling the orientation of parts in preparation for automatic assembly. Two dynamic models are discussed in detail. The first examines the impacts required to cause reorientation of a part. The second investigates the use of oscillatory motion to selectively reorient parts. This study demonstrates that the dynamic behaviors of solid bodies, under the conditions mentioned above, vary considerably with small changes in geometry or orientation.


This work presents a scalable data access layer, called PyEHR, intended for building data management systems for secondary use of structured heterogeneous biomedical and clinical data. PyEHR adopts openEHR formalisms to guarantee the decoupling of data descriptions from implementation details and exploits structures indexing to speed up searches. The persistence is guarantee by a driver layer with a common driver interface. Presently, are implemented the interfaces with two NoSQL DBMS: MongoDB and Elasticsearch. The scalability of PyEHR has been evaluated experimentally through two types of tests, namely constant load and constant number of records, with queries of increasing complexity on a two synthetic datasets of ten millions records each, containing very complex openEHR archetype structures, distributed on up to ten working nodes.


Part I.

In the Balmat area, northern New York, tabular deposits of sulfide minerals are found parallel to the layering in folded, siliceous magnesian marbles of a metamorphic complex commonly referred to as the Pre-Cambrian Grenville series. Sphalerite, pyrite, and locally, pyrrhotite and galena have replaced the carbonate minerals in parts of the marble units. The contacts between ore and marble are, in general, diffused over distances of inches to feet. Access to the ore is provided through the Balmat No. 2 and No. 3 mines.

The isotopic composition of lead from primary galena is homogeneous within an individual mine. The model age of this lead is in agreement with the age of the mineralization determined by other means about a billion years. The isotopic composition of lead and the concentrations of lead and uranium in two samples of marble were investigated. The isotopic composition of the leads in the marble is not homogeneous. Calculations indicate that the isotopic composition of lead in the marble was probably not homogeneous a billion years ago. Unless the isotopic composition of lead in the ores is a homogeneous mixture of lead from an isotopically inhomogeneous source, it is doubtful that the lead in the ores was derived from the surrounding marbles.

Cobalt and nickel concentrations in pyrite from grains disseminated in the metasedimentary rocks away from the ore bodies are greater than 200 ppm. Most samples of pyrite from the ore bodies of the No. 2 and No. 3 mines contain less than 50 ppm each of cobalt and nickel. From these differences in concentrations, the author believes that it is unlikely that the pyrite of the ores is genetically related to the pyrite in the metasedimentary rocks.

Studies of textural relations suggest that pyrrhotite formed after most of the sphalerite, which in turn formed after most of the pyrite in the ore bodies. By use of the experimentally determined systems, FeS-ZnS-S and FeS-FeS2 it is inferred from the amounts of iron in sphalerite and sulfur in pyrrhotite that the bulk of the sulfide minerals in the No. 2 mine formed above 320°C. This estimation assumes a total pressure of 3 kilobars, The absolute temperature of formation of pyrrhotite indicated by the FeS-ZnS-S system is about 150° higher than that indicated by the FeS-FeS2 system.

The concentrations of individual minor elements in sphalerite and pyrite range considerably among specimens of the same sulfide mineral from the same level and ore body. An exception is cadmium in sphalerite which has a narrow concentration range around 1400 ppm in both the No. 2 and No. 3 mines. The ratio of the concentrations of minor elements between sphalerite-pyrite pairs varies considerably also. This variation probably indicates that the minor elements did not achieve a well-developed equilibrium distribution between pyrite and sphalerite during the formation of the ores.

Part 2:

The sphalerite and pyrite from the No. 2 and No. 3 mines at Balmat, New York, and pyrite from the surrounding country rock are analyzed for minor and trace elements. The iron content was determined in 18 samples of sphalerite associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite, and in 177 samples of sphalerite associated with pyrite without pyrrhotite. Analyses for minor and trace elements were made of 74 samples of sphalerite from the mining areas, 32 samples of pyrite from the mining areas, and nine specimens of pyrite from the surrounding metasedimentary rock. In addition, trace and minor elements were determined in nine samples of calcite, seven samples of dolomite, and three samples of pyritic schist from four meta-sedimentary units. The isotopic composition of lead was determined in seven specimens of galena and in two samples of marble. The compositional studies of minerals are related to geologic features of the ore bodies and the surrounding metasediments in order to clarify the (1) relative and absolute age of the deposition of the sulfides, (2) temperature and pressure at which the sulfides were emplaced, (3) source and composition of the ore forming fluid, and (4) causes of the zonal pattern of the minerals in the ore bodies.

The primary mineralization occurred during a period of hydration of the surrounding metasediments, after the growth of tremolite and before the formation of talc. Tremolite and talc formed during the metamorphism and retrograde metamorphism of the Grenville series near Balmat. The metamorphism is thought to have occurred about 1050 million years ago. The ore fluid successively deposited pyrite, then galena and iron-rich sphalerite followed by pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Subsequently much of the pyrrhotite was altered to marcasite. The marcasite is thought to have formed during the deposition or remobilization of anhydrite and barite. The mineralization concluded with the deposition of iron-poor sphalerite. Recurrent microbrecciation of the metasediments and ores can be correlated with the time sequence of formation of the various ore minerals in various parts of the mines. The ore fluid followed the separate zones of microbrecciation and deposited the sulfides at nearly the temperature of the country rock. On the basis of the space and time relationship between the zones of microbrecciation and different ore minerals, it is inferred that the composition of the ore fluid reaching the site of deposition of the sulfides changed with time.

The isotopic composition of lead from galena indicates that the source of the galena is compatible with the following model - a homogenized substratum in which radiogenic lead from the decay of uranium and thorium has been added to lead of meteoritic composition without disruption from the time of origin of the earth until the time of extraction of the ore fluid.

A part of the pyrrhotite found in the No, 2 mine was formed in an area containing sphalerite and pyrite. The iron content of sphalerite (12.5 ? 1 percent FeS by weight) associated with pyrrhotite and pyrite is found to be significantly higher than in areas where sphalerite occurs without pyrrhotite. It is inferred that in the region containing pyrrhotite the sphalerite became saturated with FeS at the temperature of formation of pyrrhotite. From the estimates of others on similar areas, the total pressure during the deposition of the ores at Balmat is assumed to be 3 +/- 1 kilobars. By use of the phase diagram for the FeS-ZnS system, the temperature of deposition of pyrrhotite is found to be 510°.

The composition of pyrrhotite was investigated by the measurement of lattice spacings. Only one specimen of pyrrhotite was found to contain the necessary hexagonal structure for use with published plots of lattice spacing versus composition. By use of the phase diagram for the FeS-FeS2 system, a temperature of formation of pyrrhotite based on one specimen is indicated to be 340°C. The discordance in the temperature estimate using two different geothermometers is thought to be due at least in part to exsolution of pyrite from pyrrhotite at a temperature lower than that of the formation of pyrrhotite.

The variation in the iron content of sphalerite associated with pyrite is thought to be mainly due to variations in the fugacity of sulfur species rather than changes in temperature. By use of the phase diagram of the ZnS-FeS2-S system, the temperature of formation of sphalerite (6-9 percent FeS by weight) associated with pyrite in the No. 2 mine is indicated to be greater than 320°C. Sphalerite associated with pyrite in the No. 3 mine contains 2-3 percent FeS by weight.

Calculations based on the partitioning of trace and minor elements between sphalerite and pyrite give a first approximation of the temperature at which equilibrium was approached in the No. 3 mine of 300-350°C.

Once sphalerite acquires a particular concentration of iron, it is quite resistant to change due to following geologic events. At the temperatures of formation of the sulfides at Balmat, however, reaction between sphalerite and pyrrhotite must have been comparitively rapid. Alternation of pyrrhotite to marcasite did not seem to affect the concentration of iron in sphalerite. Supergene mineralization of magnetite, hematite, and chlorite leached iron from sphalerite grains, but the leached zone is usually 0.1 millimeter thick or less and only rarely attains a thickness of one millimeter. On the other hand, the content of manganese in sphalerite from the zones of supergene mineralization is much lower than sphalerite away from the zones. The concentration of cadmium in sphalerite from both mines falls in the range 1000 to 2000 parts per million with an average value of 1400 parts per million. The content of cadmium in sphalerite does not seem to be sensitive to temperature or accompanying mineral phases or the supergene mineralization.


"Big Data" is big business. Data brokers profit by tracking consumers' information and behavior both on- and offline and using this collected data to assign consumers evaluative scores and classify consumers into segments. Companies then use these consumer scores and segmentations for marketing and to determine what deals, offers, and remedies they provide to different individuals. These valuations and classifications are based on not only consumers' financial histories and relevant interests, but also their race, gender, ZIP Code, social status, education, familial ties, and a wide range of additional data. Nonetheless, consumers are largely unaware of these scores and segmentations, and generally have no way to challenge their veracity because they usually fall outside the purview of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). Moreover, companies' use of these data devices may foster discrimination and augment preexisting power imbalances among consumers by funneling the best deals and remedies to the wealthiest and most sophisticated consumers. Use of these scores and segmentations increases the growing gap between powerful "haves" and vulnerable "have-nots." This Article sheds light on these data devices and aims to spark adoption of data privacy regulations that protect all consumers regardless of their educational, economic, ethnic, or social status.


Java has integrated multithreading to a far greater extent than most programming languages. It is also one of the only languages that specifies and requires safety guarantees for improperly synchronized programs. It turns out that understanding these issues is far more subtle and difficult than was previously thought. The existing specification makes guarantees that prohibit standard and proposed compiler optimizations; it also omits guarantees that are necessary for safe execution of much existing code. Some guarantees that are made (e.g., type safety) raise tricky implementation issues when running unsynchronized code on SMPs with weak memory models.
This paper reviews those issues. It proposes a new core semantics for Java that allows for aggressive compiler optimization and addresses the safety and multithreading issues. Due to space constraints, certain side issues are addressed only in the full version of the semantics [8].


Objectives To measure the effect of changing the point-of-care (POC) testing algorithm of urogenital chlamydia for all male high-risk patients to those with only symptoms with respect to: diagnostic accuracy, loss to follow-up, correctly managed consultations and costs. Methods Retrospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of Gram-stained urethral smear analysis for the POC management of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Between 2008 and 2009 Gram-stained urethral smear analysis was offered to all men irrespective of symptoms; between 2010 and 2011 only to those with symptoms. The Aptima CT assay was the reference diagnostic test. Results The number of examined Gram-stained smears in the two periods was respectively 7185 (2008–2009 period) and 18 852 (2010–2011 period). The sensitivity of the Gram stain analysis was respectively 83.8% (95% CI 81.2% to 86.1%) and 91.0% (95% CI 89.5% to 92.3%) (p<0.001). The specificity was respectively 74.1% (95% CI 73.0% to 75.2%) and 53.1% (95% CI 51.8% to 54.4%) (p<0.001). The positive predictive value was low in both periods, respectively 31.7% (95% CI 29.8% to 33.6%) and 35.6% (95% CI 34.1% to 37.1%) (p=0.002), whereas the negative predictive value was high, respectively 97.0% (95% CI 96.4% to 97.4%) and 95.4% (95% CI 94.6% to 96.1%) (p=0.002). The loss to follow-up rate between 2008–2009 and 2010–2011 was, respectively, 1.8% (95% CI 1.0% to 2.9%) vs 2.3% (95% CI 1.7% to 3.0%) (p=0.36). There was a small difference in overtreatment, 68.0% (95% CI 66.0% to 69.8%) vs 64.1% (95% CI 62.6% to 65.5%) (p=0.001). The cost per correctly managed consultation was 14.3% lower in the 2010–2011 period (€94.31 vs €80.82). The percentage of delayed treated infections was significantly lower in the 2008–2009 period (10.5%) compared with the 2010–2011 period (22.8%) (p<0.001). Conclusions With a high sensitivity in male high-risk patients, the Gram-stained urethral smear is a useful POC test to detect urogenital C. trachomatis. When offered only to men with urogenital symptoms the specificity decreases but the cost per correctly managed consultation is reduced with 14.3% without a significant difference in loss to follow-up but with a significantly higher rate of delayed treatment.


Phase I has enabled assembling useful information and revealed important lessons. IIASA and its partner institutions take a long view regarding the EU-EAEU cooperation. In the current politically unfavorable circumstances, we have succeeded to bring together officials and experts from the EU, EAEU and neighboring countries in a constructive dialogue, seeking to prepare a mutually agreed ground for future initiatives, which, as soon as the political context improves sufficiently, will support transition to the implementation of the Lisbon-to-Vladivostok concept. This would be based on the science-based evidence concerning the rebuilding the damaged economic relations between the EU and Russia. Due to the sheer scope of related issues, the discussion on an anticipated agreement, or set of agreements, could be referred to as a "mega deal".

As the importance of various aspects is likely to be different for the two sides, the mutual concessions and compromises would be necessarily interconnected. In particular, due to its current prevailing export structure, the EAEU might be interested not merely in a free trade agreement per se, but in a comprehensive agreement with the EU, going beyond a pure FTA. It is probable that such a deep cooperation cannot be established in one step, rather it would be built gradually, in several stages.

The deliberations of the initial screening discussions and preliminary policy ideas stemming from the series of IIASA workshops held during 2014–2016 covers the following domains:

 Methodology of assessing the economic impact of an EU EAEU integration agreement on its parties: We stress that it should necessarily go beyond estimating short-term direct trade effects extending to long-term and indirect effects, especially those related to the non-tariff barriers; proper estimation of the impacts of these will require a combination of contemporary analytical and modeling method
 Trade regimes: We provide a list of 20 potential domains of the EU EAEU 'mega deal' – from trade in goods to intellectual property; and make an argument, that in order to become mutually beneficial for all sides, this deal should go beyond a pure, traditional free trade area.
 Non-tariff barriers: We emphasize that the economic impacts of NTBs (technical standards, health and veterinary regulations, customs administration, etc.) can be very substantial, far exceeding the impacts of eliminating the remaining import tariffs.
 Energy: We suggest that there is a fundamental reciprocal interest in energy security for the EU and Russia. For the EU, this is supply security (source security, transit security, and fair and predictable prices); for Russia and Kazakhstan, this is demand security (financial and economic security, and fair and predictable prices; for transit countries – stability of revenues and supplies; for all, it is about environmental security and systemic resilience.
 Transport and infrastructure: We focus on the need to modernize and further develop the major Eurasian transport corridors (both road and railway) until 2030. As concerns infrastructure, we also stress the huge potentials of the development of common electric power markets, pipeline systems and trans-continental fiber-optic links. Adequate regulatory frameworks, security, and investments are key in both domains.
 Mobility of people: We argue for the facilitation of issuing visas and residence permits in order to ensure the mobility of businessmen, experts and professionals, the mutual recognition of qualifications. These steps can eventually lead to visa-free regime, large-scale academic exchanges, and the technical decision for the mobility of trans-border pensions. At the same time, we argue against prematurely raising the issue of the labour migration in the EU EAEU context.

Another topic concerns the future of trade and economic relations between the EU, the EAEU and Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, the three states that have already concluded AA/DCFTAs with the EU. The development of EU EAEU relations will require the opening of constructive negotiations on a fair trade policy between the three DCFTA signatory states and the EAEU, with the participation of the EU to ensure the compatibility of the EU EAEU cooperation deals with the respective DCFTAs.


"A Questionnaire on Monuments" features 49 responses to questions formulated by Leah Dickerman, Hal Foster, David Joselit, and Carrie Lambert-Beatty: "From Charlottesville to Cape Town, there have been struggles over monuments and other markers involving histories of racial conflict. How do these charged situations shed light on the ethics of images in civil society today? Speaking generally or with specific examples in mind, please consider any of the following questions: What histories do these public symbols represent, what histories do they obscure, and what models of memory do they imply? How do they do this work, and how might they do it differently? What social and political forces are in play in their erection or dismantling? Should artists, writers, and art historians seek a new intersection of theory and praxis in the social struggles around such monuments and markers? How might these debates relate to the question of who is authorized to work with particular images and archives?"


This research explored how extrinsic performance incentives (EPIs) affect the alignment of frontline police performance and police strategy using the Hong Kong Police Force as a case study. A formal research model was developed and used to explore the correlations between EPIs and organisational alignment, between EPIs and constructs of individual performance and between individual performance and organisational alignment. A combined methodology was adopted using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to test the formal research theory. The findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between EPIs, when measured in terms or effort reward imbalance (ERI), and organisational alignment, but not generally between the realisation or expectation of an EPI and organisational alignment. There are no consistent patterns or relationships between EPIs and the constructs of individual performance. The effect of EPIs on the alignment of frontline police performance and police strategy is influenced by the officer's career stage. The results and findings support the notion that stewardship theory fits the case organisation more closely than agency theory. This research contributes to the body of knowledge relating to the effects of EPIs on frontline performance and organisational alignment. Further research should apply the research model to other case settings.


Plantation forests constitute a large proportion of the forest estate in many countries, particularly in temperate regions of Europe. In addition, large scale deforestation has led to the fragmentation of natural forests within heavily managed agricultural landscapes. In light of this, it is important that the potential of plantations to support a diverse flora and fauna, particularly for specialised forest species, is assessed. We examined arthropod diversity in mixed and single species plantations of non-native conifers and in native woodlands in Ireland to assess the potential of plantations to support forest species. Spiders and Carabid beetles were sampled with pitfall traps and moths with light traps among forest types and measured environmental factors included stand structure, soil attributes, plant richness and forest cover. Species composition and richness differed between plantations and native woodlands, and responses differed by taxonomic group. At the stand scale invertebrates were related to litter and vegetation cover, and forest type, but variables at the landscape scale were only important for moths. These findings indicate that forest policy aimed at promotion of biodiversity in plantations should support greater diversity of stand structure and tree species composition. The planting of more species of native provenance should also be encouraged.


Introduction. HIV affects children both directly and indirectly, with evidence of increased infectious mortality and morbidity in the HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infant. There is little published research on neurodevelopmental outcome of HEU infants in Africa. Following the introduction of successful prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes, it has become important to determine whether differences exist between HEU infants and infants born to HIV-negative mothers (HUU) in order to guide current management policies of this rapidly growing group of infants.
Objectives. To compare the developmental outcome of infants exposed to HIV in utero who remained uninfected (HEU) with that of infants unexposed to HIV in utero (HUU).
Methodology. This was a prospective, blinded, hospital-based study. Infants aged between 17 and 19 months were assessed on the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales (GMDS). Birth history, previous hospitalisation, maternal and infant characteristics, antiretroviral exposure, anthropometric measurements and abnormal clinical findings were documented.
Results. Of the original 55 infants enrolled at 2 weeks of age, 37 (17 HEU and 20 HUU) underwent neurological and developmental assessment. There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to the GMDS general quotient or other subscales, apart from the Personal/social subscale, where the HEU group performed significantly more poorly than the HUU participants (p=0.026). This difference is probably a result of cultural differences between the groups, as 76% of HEU and only 15% of HUU participants were of Xhosa origin.
Discussion. There was no difference in neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months between the HEU and HUU groups.


Since 1990, former Comecon countries have been poorer than their neighbors in Western Europe and, over the past 30 years, convergence has been weak. Economic theory and previous research suggest that the region should have approached similar GDP per capita levels more than they have done. This study will therefore seek to explain why the differences still exist. Building on existing research on growth, the thesis asks: Why economic growth is lagging behind in former Comecon republics, and what can explain the internal differences? Using quantitative data, we attempt to analyze the relationship between more and less traditional explanatory variables for growth and GDP per capita through a linear regression. Our results show that capital and labor in particular are very important factors for growth in the region. It is also clear that corruption has a negative effect on GDP per capita, while a larger proportion of high-educated citizens promote growth. The parameters we use to measure institutional conditions do not have a significant impact on GDP per capita in the regression. However, we believe that this plays an important role, both to explain the lack of convergence, but also to the internal differences in the region.


With the increase of economic activities on the oceans and seas, the observation of marine phenomena and forecast services become more and more significant. The Central Weather Bureau plans to establish a Marine Observation and Prediction Center in the near future. The proposal has been approved recently from the Executive Yuan. The center will take charge of the integrated planning of wave, tide, and data buoy observing stations; establish a marine phenomena databank and service net; and standardize data formats and develop a marine forecasting system. The forecasts of storm surges, tides, and oceans waves will become routinely scheduled work to meet the needs of economic activities over the oceans and seas and the development of marine resources.


Nanophotonic wire silicon waveguides are indispensable components of integrated photonic circuits. Because of the inherent nature of these waveguides, such as narrow width and high-index contrast, corners with large bending radii are inevitable for efficient light transmission with small loss values, which, in turn, impedes the miniaturization of photonic components. To alleviate huge bending losses of a right angle waveguide, we designed a structure incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal, along with careful engineering of the individual cell at the corner. The low transmission efficiency of around 55% can be increased to 99% by implementing 2D analysis. The implementation of the computationally heavy three-dimensional finite-difference time domain method, on the other hand, produces power transmission efficiencies of approximately 52% and 92% for a regular wire bend and optimized structure, respectively. The method asserts compact size and guarantees broadband operation, which, in turn, may assist the implementation of optical interconnects to distribute effectively optical clock signals through the chip.


This paper presents the URBIUS method, developed to assess the sustainability of urban renewal strategies at neighbourhood scale. The conceptual framework of URBIUS gathers the main issues of urban sustainability, including social, economic and environmental aspects. URBIUS is mainly used to compare different strategies for a single neighbourhood. Thus, the assessment thresholds are adapted to the specific potentials, and challenges. The aim is to support city planners in their prospective and proactive work of anticipating the sustainable urban transformation. A case study assessing three different scenarios for the Moulins neighbourhood in Yverdon-les-Bains (Switzerland) is also presented to exemplify the method. Three strategies propose different ways to increase the built density: the first one (S1), allows a higher gross floor area per plot, the second one (S2) suggests some plot redistribution to optimize the urban form, and the third one (S3), suggests a land readjustment leading to a high quality dense neighbourhood. By providing sustainability profiles for each scenario, URBIUS gives stakeholders concrete and clear information for decision-making.


I look forward to using this interesting book as a reference in a graduate numerical analysis seminar. It is not a textbook, rather, it is like a small encyclopedia, containing a wealth of material on n-dimensional quadrature including theory, tables of formulas, and Fortran programs. Much of the material presented here is drawn from the work of Russian authors, as well as the work of Davis, Barnhill, Sard, and the author, Stroud. The material is relatively current with the very extensive list of references (376 of themǃ) running into the year 1970.


The concurrency era has exploded on us. Multicore systems are now everywhere in our laptops, desktops, graphic cards, video game consoles. Symmetric multi processors and clusters dominate the server and high performance computing market and are the foundation for cloud computing.
 There is an urgent need to ensure that newly trained Computer Science graduates are well versed in the principles and practice of concurrent and parallel programming. Hence there is a growing groundswell of interest in revisiting undergraduate and graduate curricular design issues around concurrency.
 This workshop aims to bring together practitioners and thinkers to address this topic. This is the second edition of the workshop first run at OOPSLA 09. Like the previous workshop, it will be organized around the presentation of position papers selected by the PC, and a panel discussion. The results of the workshop will be made available online.


In the late 1980s, a vigorous debate began about how we may best justify, in constitutional terms, the English courts' jurisdiction to judicially review the exercise of public power derived from an Act of Parliament. Two rival theories emerged in this debate, the ultra vires theory and the common law theory. The debate between the supporters of these two theories has never satisfactorily been resolved and has been criticised as being futile. Yet, the debate raises some fundamental questions about the constitution of the United Kingdom, particularly: the relationship between Parliament and the courts; the nature of parliamentary supremacy in the contemporary constitution; and the possibility and validity of relying on legislative intent.

This book critically analyses the ultra vires and common law theories and argues that neither offers a convincing explanation for the courts' judicial review jurisdiction. Instead, the author puts forward the theory that parliamentary supremacy – and, in turn, the relationship between Parliament and the courts – is not absolute and does not operate in a hard and fast way but, rather, functions in a more flexible way and that the courts will balance particular Acts of Parliament against competing statutes or principles. McGarry argues that this new conception of parliamentary supremacy leads to an alternative theory of judicial review which significantly differs from both the ultra vires and common law theories.


Technology, transportation and global appetites have transformed trade relationships between near and distant countries. The impact of distant food demand on local agricultural production and trade has attracted considerable scientific scrutiny, yet little is known about how distant trade affects trade relationships and production between adjacent countries. In this paper, we explore this important issue by examining international food trade and agriculture production, which represent how distant places are connected through trade networks. By analyzing patterns of soybean, corn and wheat trading between 1991–2016 under the framework of metacoupling (human-nature interactions within, as well as between adjacent and distant systems), this study provides new insights into the spatio-temporal dynamics of trade flows. Results reveal that telecoupled (between distant countries) trade interacts with the geo-political landscape to enhance or offset intracoupled (within country) production and pericoupled (between neighboring countries) trade. Evidence from the literature and the results of autoregressive integrated moving average models indicate that when restrictions are placed on distant export routes, pericoupled trade increased. The extent to which the telecoupled food trade affected the pericoupled trade and intracoupled processes holds implications for the true extent of production driven by distant demands.


The purpose of this thesis was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to measure salivary cortisol and testosterone. Furthermore, to use this method to analyse saliva samples collected during an exercise study measuring the hormonal response to acute exercise. The ongoing contribution to knowledge provided by this research is the application of a developed and validated LC-MS method to analysis of cortisol from pre and post exercise saliva samples, and evaluation of the cortisol and testosterone response to three different training sessions; including an interval session (INT), tempo run (TEMP) and aerobic circuit training (CIR). An LC-MS method was developed to measure cortisol and testosterone.

The mass spectrometer used was a triple quadrupole BioQ (Waters/Micromass, UK) coupled with a 1200 series HPLC machine (Agilent Technologies, UK). Optimisation of various parameters was undertaken including: cone voltage and capillary voltage, followed by optimisation of liquid chromatography (LC) parameters such as; mobile phase gradient and flow rate. Saliva samples were collected at rest, and hormones measured with the new LC-MS method and ELISA to validate the developed method. Finally, heart rate and salivary and plasma cortisol and testosterone response to acute exercise were tested, to compare the response to different training protocols in runners. Following this, the MS method underwent further validation against ELISA. Results revealed optimum MS parameters were: cone voltage 25 V; capillary voltage 3.5 kV and LM and HM resolution 8 Da. For the LC method, mobile phase flow rate was optimised at 0.1 mL/min, with a gradient profile ranging from 50 to 95% methanol (MeOH), and a run time of 15 minutes.

Sample preparation was also considered (solid phase extraction); and wash phase of 10% MeOH, 10 times sample concentration and reconstitution with 80% MeOH were optimised to improve analyte recovery and detection. Comparison of cortisol measured at rest with LC-MS and ELISA (n=22) revealed a correlation between methods (r=0.83, P<0.001). The exercise study showed the INT elicited a higher peak heart rate (172±11) than CIR (148±10) or TEMP trials (163±10). INT also produced a higher RPE (15 ±2) than CIR (13±1) and TEMP (14±2) trials. Salivary cortisol increased at all time points post exercise in INT and remained higher than rest (1.29 ± 0.51 ng/mL) at 60 minutes recovery (3.13 ±1.59 ng/mL). Salivary testosterone increased pre to post exercise in CIR (119.7±39.5 pg/mL to 150.1 ±51.5 pg/mL), TEMP (142.4±76.5 pg/mL to 185.0±49.1 pg/mL) and INT (117.5±23.5 pg/mL to 176.3±46.0 pg/mL) trials. There was also a correlation between cortisol measured in plasma and saliva (r=0.813, p=0.0001). Additionally, comparison of salivary cortisol measurements obtained with mass spectrometry and ELISA (n=85) showed a correlation (r=0.934, p=00001). In conclusion, validation revealed cortisol could be quantfied accurately and precisely with LC-MS. Additionally, INT elicited a higher mean RPE and cortisol response than TEMP or CIR.


OBJECT
The loss of anatomical landmarks, frequently invasive tumor growth, and tissue changes make transsphenoidal reoperation of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs) challenging. The use of intraoperative MRI (iMRI) may lead to improved results. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of iMRI on transsphenoidal reoperations for NFA.

METHODS
Between September 2002 and July 2012, 109 patients underwent reoperations in which 111 transsphenoidal procedures were performed and are represented in this study. A 1.5-T Magnetom Sonata Maestro Class scanner (Siemens) was used for iMRI. Follow-up iMRI scans were acquired if gross-total resection (GTR) was suspected or if no further removal seemed possible.

RESULTS
Surgery was performed for tumor persistence and regrowth in 26 (23%) and 85 (77%) patients, respectively. On the initial iMRI scans, GTR was confirmed in 19 (17%) patients. Remnants were located as follows: 65 in the cavernous sinus (71%), 35 in the suprasellar space (38%), 9 in the retrosellar space (10%). Additional resection was possible in 62 (67%) patients, resulting in a significant volume reduction and increased GTR rate (49%). The GTR rates of invasive tumors on initial iMRI and postoperative MRI (poMRI) were 7% and 25%, respectively. Additional remnant resection was possible in 64% of the patients. Noninvasive tumors were shown to be totally resected on the initial iMRI in 31% of cases. After additional resection for 69% of the procedures, the GTR rate on poMRI was 75%. Transcranial surgery to resect tumor remnants was indicated in 5 (5%), and radiotherapy was performed in 29 (27%) patients. After GTR, no recurrence was detected during a mean follow-up of 2.2 ± 2.1 years.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of iMRI in transsphenoidal reoperations for NFA leads to significantly higher GTR rates. It thus prevents additional operations and reduces the number of tumor remnants. The complication rates do not exceed the incidences reported in the literature for primary transsphenoidal surgery. If complete tumor resection is not possible, iMRI guidance can facilitate tumor volume reduction.


The choice of a borosilicate glass as a high-level nuclear waste form is evaluated base on observations of natural and artifical glass hydration and reaction, experimental results of glass leaching and reaction, and calculated releases of radionuclides from the waste form. The process of basaltic glass alteration to palagonite is thought to be a reasonable natural analog to defense high-level waste borosilicate glass alteration. Natural basaltic glass, tektites, and obsidian analogs may be vital in extrapolating short-term laboratory experiments of borosilicate glass into long-term reaction sequences. Tensile fracturing of basaltic and borosilicate glasses in response to hydration stresses can dramatically increase the surface area of the glasses over time. Calculated radionuclide releases for Am, Np, Pu, and U based on experimental data suggest that the entire inventory of these elements may be released from the glass over the regulatory time period. Based upon observations of natural glass alteration and calculated radionuclide releases, the plans for use of borosilicate glass for high-level nuclear waste containment may be less than a compelling choice.


In this field report, I give an account of my research trip to the Farmworker Association of Florida in Central Florida near the area of Lake Apopka (U.S.). This non-governmental association works to empower and improve farmworkers' living and working conditions. The field trip is embedded in my research on risk communication with a special focus on the risks of herbicides. This issue is closely linked to political, cultural and racial factors. Hence, I argue, risk communication must consider culture as a contextual key factor and should embrace a critical perspective. Such a perspective is culturally appropriate and addresses issues of race and language as well as socio-economic status.


This essay examines surviving traces of the Zeus and Ganymede myth and identifies two interwoven discourses on male love in antiquity: one, a tradition integral to a Cretan initiatory rite and its didactic nature evidenced by an analogous and opposite Boeotian cautionary myth; the other, a nucleus of polemic and shifting male love constructions from Minoan times through Late Antiquity. The mythic tradition is discussed as an archetypal key to identifying the ancient pedagogical and erotic functions of male love and the ancients' evolving attitudes toward such relationships. As the myth and its offshoots, which are presented here in the form of a pastiche evocative of the atmosphere of the tradition, reflect their Classical and modern echoes through Western and Oriental interpretations, a recurring male love ethic and aesthetic is seen to take shape.


The United States has been engaged in what the great historian Charles A. Beard called "perpetual war for perpetual peace." The Federation of American Scientists has cataloged nearly 200 military incursions since 1945 in which the United States has been the aggressor. In a series of penetrating and alarming essays, whose centerpiece is a commentary on the events of September 11, 2001 (deemed too controversial to publish in this country until now) Gore Vidal challenges the comforting consensus following September 11th and goes back and draws connections to Timothy McVeigh's bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City. He asks were these simply the acts of "evil-doers?" "Gore Vidal is the master essayist of our age." -- Washington Post "Our greatest living man of letters."--Boston Globe "Vidal's imagination of American politics is so powerful as to compel awe."--Harold Bloom, The New York Review of Books


This article explores solutions to potential communication problems that arise from cooperation in nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations. The questions posed in this article are: "When is a local firm in an NBT destination likely to cooperate with other firms?" and "How can cooperation be facilitated among NBT firms?" The primary focus of our research, therefore, is how to facilitate cooperation in NBT destinations. To do so, we first review different risk elements by describing a simulated scenario in which two participants (NBT firms) confront a prisoner's dilemma with different options—cooperation and competition. The outcome of that scenario demonstrates that cooperation is only rational when the benefits of cooperation are greater than those for competition. Such situations do not occur in single games involving the prisoner's dilemma, but only in infinitely repeated games. Because cooperation may not be rational from a game theoretic perspective, policy makers and the firms involved should work actively to increase the benefits of cooperation. We conclude that cooperation is best achieved by having activities coordinated either by a strong, aggressive company or a strategic hierarchical network. Our logic is that coordinating activities from one point will increase the likelihood that partners have the same information and thus minimize conflicts.


Online content have become an important medium to disseminate information and express opinions. With their proliferation, users are faced with the problem of missing the big picture in a sea of irrelevant and/or diverse content. In this paper, we addresses the problem of information organization of online document collections, and provide algorithms that create a structured representation of the otherwise unstructured content. We leverage the expressiveness of latent probabilistic models (e.g., topic models) and non-parametric Bayes techniques (e.g., Dirichlet processes), and give online and distributed inference algorithms that scale to terabyte datasets and adapt the inferred representation with the arrival of new documents. This paper is an extended abstract of the 2012 ACM SIGKDD best doctoral dissertation award of Ahmed [2011].


Why is the employment effect of the minimum wage frequently found to be close to zero? Theory tells us that when wages are below marginal productivity, as with monopsony, employers are able to increase wages without laying off workers, but systematic evidence directly supporting this explanation is lacking. In this paper, we provide empirical support for the monopsony explanation by studying a key low-wage retail sector and using data on labor market concentration that covers the entirety of the United States with fine spatial variation at the occupation-level. We find that more concentrated labor markets – where wages are more likely to be below marginal productivity – experience significantly more positive employment effects from the minimum wage. While increases in the minimum wage are found to significantly decrease employment of workers in low concentration markets, minimum wage-induced employment changes become less negative as labor concentration increases, and are even estimated to be positive in the most highly concentrated markets. Our findings provide direct empirical evidence supporting the monopsony model as an explanation for the near-zero minimum wage employment effect documented in prior work. They suggest the aggregate minimum wage employment effects estimated thus far in the literature may mask heterogeneity across different levels of labor market concentration.


An analysis of existing earthquake precursor data leads to a conclusion that the precursors reported so far can be classified into three types, i.e., A1, A2 and B types. Most of type B precursors, observed in terms of anomalous tilts and strains or foreshocks, have no magnitude-dependent precursor time. Meanwhile the A2-type precursors observed by means of geodetic work, changes in seismic-wave velocities and the like seem to have a precursor time which is closely correlated to the magnitude of coming earthquakes. A precursor of this type may possibly be interpreted by the current theory of dilatancy. The A1-type precursors, observed mostly several hours prior to the main shock, may be caused by a creep-like failure before the main rupture of the Earth's crust.
 Probabilities for an anomalous signal of various geophysical elements to be related to a forthcoming earthquake are estimated on the basis of the existing data of precursors.
 A feasible strategy for predicting a large earthquake as suggested by the present study will be as follows: First of all, we monitor accumulation of crustal strain by means of geodetic work. The next task is to detect an A2 signal which would arise from a highly strained crust sooner or later. If the spatial extent of the A2-type precursor is known, it is possible to estimate roughly the magnitude as well as the occurrence time of the coming earthquake. Finally, detection of an A1-type precursor, if it should occur, would provide a short-range forecast having a time span of hours.


Abstract Service provision to families and communities has long been recognised as a complex undertaking involving a multiplicity of role players and systems of care. Systems theory and ecological theory provide useful frameworks for understanding and servicing families and communities, yet there is a clear absence of literature and research on how to converge microsystemic with macrosystemic interventions. Using Rojano's1 community family therapy model, which is applicable to South American communities, and Kasiram and Oliphant's2 strategies for changing traditional family therapy to suit broader contexts in South Africa, the authors used developmental research within a qualitative framework to develop an indigenous community family therapy model in an urban setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The authors utilised nursing students as fieldworkers and service providers in this study. The research process involved several steps: a state-of-the-art review of the family and community, achieved through an assessment of the family and community through community profiling and an epidemiological study of the community; family assessment of families with one child under the age of five years; best practice and model development to intervene at the family and community levels, achieved with the help of community and school meetings and workshops to identify and prioritise needs and problems, followed by bio-psychosocial interventions; refining the model achieved by an evaluation of the interventions through report assessment and on-site assessment and recommending model adjustments based on the evaluation. In designing a community family therapy model, the state-of-the-art review of community needs established several core issues requiring services/interventions. These were problems relating to HIV/AIDS; a lack of knowledge of the immunisation programme in South Africa and of the Road to Health chart; teenage pregnancy and its relationship to risky behaviours, HIV/AIDS, poverty and crime; and a lack of communication within the family. The development of the model involved determining interventions with families and the community, using macrosystemic approaches, such as community meetings and workshops, where priorities were established and joint strategies were planned to address the identified problems. Individual and small-group discussions enriched the understanding of problems/needs, which, combined with macrosystemic approaches such as media coverage and community meetings and workshop/events, worked in synchrony to effectively assess and then service the families and communities. The goal of developing a community family therapy model was achieved. Combining microsystemic and macrosystemic approaches to assess and serve families and communities is particularly helpful in the face of apathy. However, once momentum is achieved in securing a community spirit, it needs to be sustained or else it is lost and may require more effort to reclaim in the future. Thus, if services are provided by educational institutions, it would be in the best interests of both future students and the community if there is funding to support service outside of the academic year.


Continual learning consists of algorithms that learn from a stream of data/tasks continuously and adaptively thought time, enabling the incremental development of ever more complex knowledge and skills. The lack of consensus in evaluating continual learning algorithms and the almost exclusive focus on forgetting motivate us to propose a more comprehensive set of implementation independent metrics accounting for several factors we believe have practical implications worth considering in the deployment of real AI systems that learn continually: accuracy or performance over time, backward and forward knowledge transfer, memory overhead as well as computational efficiency. Drawing inspiration from the standard Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) we further propose to fuse these metrics into a single score for ranking purposes and we evaluate our proposal with five continual learning strategies on the iCIFAR-100 continual learning benchmark.


A growing body of evidence suggests that muscle cell caveolae may function as specialized membrane micro-domains in which the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and cellular signaling molecules reside. Caveolin-3 (Cav-3) is the only caveolin family member expressed in striated muscle cell types (cardiac and skeletal). Interestingly, skeletal muscle fibers from Cav-3 (−/−) knock-out mice show a number of myopathic changes, consistent with a mild-to-moderate muscular dystrophy phenotype. However, it remains unknown whether a loss of Cav-3 affects the phenotypic behavior cardiac myocytes in vivo. Here, we present a detailed characterization of the hearts of Cav-3 knock-out mice. We show that these mice develop a progressive cardiomyopathic phenotype. At four months of age, Cav-3 knock-out hearts display significant hypertrophy, dilation, and reduced fractional shortening, as revealed by gated cardiac MRI and transthoracic echocardiography. Histological analysis reveals marked cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, with accompanying cellular infiltrates and progressive interstitial/peri-vascular fibrosis. Interestingly, loss of Cav-3 expression in the heart does not change the expression or the membrane association of the dystrophin-glycoprotein (DG) complex. However, a marker of the DG complex, α-sarcoglycan, was specifically excluded from lipid raft domains in the absence of Cav-3. Because activation of the Ras-p42/44 MAPK pathway in cardiac myocytes can drive cardiac hypertrophy, we next assessed the activation state of this pathway using a phospho-specific antibody probe. We show that p42/44 MAPK (ERK1/2) is hyperactivated in hearts derived from Cav-3 knock-out mice. These results are consistent with previous in vitro data demonstrating that caveolins may function as negative regulators of the p42/44 MAPK cascade. Taken together, our data argue that loss of Cav-3 expression is sufficient to induce a molecular program leading to cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.


Despite the biotechnological interest of microalgae, no robust and stable methods for genetic transformation of most microalgal strains exist. The scanty and disperse data about the efficiency of heterologous promoters in microalgae and the use of different transformation methods, DNA quantities and reporter genes in the existing studies makes very difficult a real comparison of their efficiency. Using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a host, we have evaluated the efficiency of the heterologous promoters of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) and Agrobacterium nopaline synthase (NOS) genes. These promoters were fused to the paromomycin conferring‐resistance aminoglycoside 3′‐phosphotransferase encoding gene (APHVIII), and C. reinhardtii was transformed by the glass beads agitation method. The transformation efficiency and the APHVIII transcript and protein levels were evaluated in a series of transformants for each promoter. The chimeric promoter HSP70A/RBCS2 and the promoter‐less APHVIII marker gene were used for comparison. We found significantly higher transformation efficiencies and higher level of APHVIII expression in those transformants harboring the NOS promoter than in those transformed with CaMV 35S promoter. The NOS promoter, widely used for genetic manipulation of higher plants, has been very rarely used for the transformation of microalgae. The results shown here suggest the possibilities of this heterologous promoter as an efficient system for the genetic manipulation of microalgae. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29: 319–328, 2013


In the classroom, children are often asked to work in groups and to discuss learning activities together. However, they can find this challenging as they do not always have the necessary discussion and argumentation skills and may fail to understand what they should aim to achieve. Discussion is important in the science classroom as it is an opportunity for children to express their views and listen to those of their peers so a clearer understanding can emerge. However, it is often the case that teachers adopt a role that focuses on imparting information, thus giving students little opportunity to discuss their own views. We report on a study that involved primary school children aged 9-10 years, together with their teachers, in the learner-centred participatory design and evaluation of software – the Talk Factory – aimed at supporting exploratory talk in science. The Talk Factory enables the teacher to represent, in real time on an interactive whiteboard, evolving graphical representations of specific features of classroom dialogue that constitute exploratory talk. We report on the participatory design process and how the teachers and students used the software during science lessons on evaporation. Analysis of video footage of lessons suggest that the Talk Factory was effective in supporting the teachers' awareness and facilitation of exploratory talk, as well as the students' engagement in rich discussions. We discuss how the teachers and students used the software to support the development of exploratory talk in the classroom. We argue that if children are to be enabled to participate fully in science learning, it is important that they are given the opportunity to discuss their ideas as a means of developing their own understanding of scientific concepts. Our study demonstrates that the Talk Factory can go some way to supporting this.