BACKGROUND: Psychiatric and neuropsychological side effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation have been increasingly recognized. Most programming regimens focus on contacts 0 and 1, whereas contact 3, which often is located near or in the zona incerta (ZI), is usually not used. The question of whether ZI stimulation may limit limbic effects has not been answered. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of short-term stimulation near or in the ZI (contact 3) compared with stimulation of the STN using standard trajectories and targeting as measured by limbic and motor functions. METHODS: Motor and limbic functions of 11 patients with STN DBS were assessed with the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-3, structured gait video analysis, Visual Analog Scale mood scales, task testing of impulsivity, and facial recognition under routine STN programming and under stimulation in or near the ZI. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the location of contact 3 near or in the ZI. RESULTS: Data analysis with repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that motor scores remained stable with both stimulation settings, with specific improvements in finger taps (P = .02) and rapid alternating movements (P = .03) in ZI stimulation. Stimulation near or in the ZI led to a decrease in self- reported anxiety and depression (P = .03 for both) and an improvement in fear recognition (P = .02). CONCLUSION: We provide preliminary evidence that stimulation in or near the ZI results in maintained motor function while improving self-reported depression and anxiety in patients with bilateral STN DBS. Stimulation in or near the ZI may provide a useful programming setting for patients prone to psychiatric side effects.


Demagnetization faults are troublesome because they have a profound impact on the overall performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). This work presents and verifies experimentally a system to detect such faults which is based on the measure of the zero sequence voltage component (ZSVC). The proposed method is also appropriate for inverter fed machines and is particularly useful when dealing with fault tolerant systems. A fault severity index which allows quantifying the harshness of such faults is also proposed and its behavior is analyzed from experimental data. Features of the proposed method include low computational burden, simplicity and high sensitivity. Experimental results conducted at different speed and load conditions show the potential of the proposed fault severity index for online diagnosis of demagnetization failures.


Commercial banks have many options when selecting an advertising medium. Where should a bank put its money in order to obtain the highest return? Should this medium change based on the target audience? This paper examines a number of different mediums for bank advertising and analyzes by age and by gender the efficacy of each. The authors administered a survey to over three hundred participants of varying ages asking them if they have seen bank advertisements on television, social media or the internet, billboards, traditional print media, or heard bank advertising on the radio. The survey, then, asks, if so, did it leave a favorable or unfavorable impression. Finally, the participants are asked to rank the mediums in terms of most favored to least favored. The authors find that television is the most effective medium. It reaches the broadest audience and the message is received favorably the largest percent of the time. The results show differences by age groups that can be beneficial to banks that are attempting to increase brand awareness and capture greater market share from particular age groups. For example, social media advertising works better for communicating with the younger age groups than the older age groups, however, it is still neither as effective nor as positively received as television.


The author presents a scheme that will help investors and financial advisers compare adaptive strategies for maintaining a robust financial plan over a time horizon. The article describes some methods for setting reasonable and attainable financial goals and suggests a schedule of investment allocation decisions designed to meet those goals. Monte-Carlo simulation provides data regarding the potential long-term outcomes associated with an adaptive plan. With this model, a number of different metrics for investment risk can be calculated to help the investor achieve an appropriate trade-off between minimizing investment risk and maximizing the probability of meeting or exceeding a portfolio target.


Access control has been applied in various scenarios in the past for negotiating the best policy. Solutions with XACML for access control has been very well explored by research and have resulted in significant contributions to various sectors including healthcare. In controlling access to the sensitive data such as medical records, it is important to guarantee that the data is accessed by the right person for the right reason. Location of access requestor can be a good indication for his/her eligibility and reasons for accessing the data. To reason with geospatial information for access control, Geospatial XACML (Extensible Access Control Markup Language) is proposed as a standard. However, there is no available implementation and architecture for reasoning with Geospatial XACML policies. This paper propose to extend XACML with geohashing to implement geospatial policies. It also proposes an architecture for checking reliability of the geospatial information provided by clients. With a case study, we demonstrate how our framework can be used to control the privacy and data access of health service data in handheld devices.


Degradation of Supercapacitors (SC) is quantified by accelerated ageing tests. Energy cycling tests and calendar life tests are used since they address the real operating modes. The periodic characterization is used to analyse evolution of the SC parameters as a whole, and its Helmholtz and diffusion capacitances. These parameters are determined before the ageing tests and during 3 × 10 cycles of both 75% and 100% energy cycling, respectively. Precise evaluation of the capacitance and Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) is based on fitting the experimental data by an exponential function of voltage vs. time. The ESR increases linearly with the number (No) of cycles for both 75% and 100% energy cycling, whereas a super-linear increase of ESR vs. time of cycling is observed for the 100% energy cycling. A decrease of capacitance in time had been evaluated for 2000 hours of ageing of SC. A relative change of capacitance is ∆C/C0 = 16% for the 75% energy cycling test and ∆C/C0 = 20% for the 100% energy cycling test at temperature 25°C, while ∆C/C0 = 6% for the calendar test at temperature 22°C for a voltage bias V = 1.0 Vop. The energy cycling causes a greater decrease of capacitance in comparison with the calendar test; such results may be a consequence of increasing the temperature due to the Joule heat created in the SC structure. The charge/discharge current value is the same for both 75% and 100% energy cycling tests, so it is the Joule heat created on both the equivalent series resistance and time-dependent diffuse resistance that should be the source of degradation of the SC structure. The diffuse resistance reaches a value of up to 30 Ω within each 75% energy cycle and up to about 43 Ω within each 100% energy cycle.


Rubieae are centered in temperate regions and characterized by whorls of leaf-like structures on their stems. Previous studies that primarily included Old World taxa identified seven major clades with no resolution between and within clades. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of the tribe, based on three chloroplast regions (rpoB-trnC, trnC-psbM, trnL-trnF-ndhJ) from 126 Old and New World taxa, is estimated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Seven major clades are strongly supported within the tribe, confirming previous studies. Relationships within and between these seven major clades are also strongly supported. In addition, the position of Callipeltis, a previously unsampled genus, is identified. The resulting phylogeny is used to examine geographic distribution patterns and evolution of leaf-like whorls in the tribe. An Old World origin of the tribe is inferred from parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. At least eight subsequent dispersal events into North America occurred from Old World ancestors. From one of these dispersal events, a radiation into North America, followed by subsequent diversification in South America, occurred. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions infer the ancestral whorl morphology of the tribe as composed of six organs. Whorls composed of four organs are derived from whorls with six or more organs. Transitions between four and six or more organs per whorl are common within the tribe, whereas reduction to two leaves at a node is derived and rare.


In the wake of the third consecutive victory by the Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP - Justice and Development Party) in the June 2011 parliamentary elections in Turkey, it is evident that the AKP is slated to receive more scholarly and journalistic attention. William Hale and Ergun Ozbudun's Islamism, Democracy and Liberalism in Turkey represents one of the more serious works published in the English language on the AKP's record in government until 2008.


It has been shown previously that the endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide 20:4, n-6) induces in vivo and in vivo effects typical of a cannabinoid partial agonist. We now report that the synthetic docosahexaenylethanolamide (anandamide 22:6, n-3) shows similar activities. In addition we show that these two anandamides, under certain experimental conditions, antagonize the effects of delta 9-THC both in vivo and in vitro. Thus a significant decrease in the potency of delta 9-THC-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase was observed in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells that were pretreated with low concentrations of anandamides. At these low concentrations of anandamides had no effect when applied alone. In vivo, Sabra or ICR mice were subjected to a tetrad of tests, designed to detect cannabinoid-induced effects. Mice pretreated (i.p.) with 10 mg/kg of delta 9-THC received injections with anandamides. Only low doses (0.0001-0.1 mg/kg) of the anandamides, which had no effects when administered alone, partially or fully inhibited the THC-induced effects. These findings suggest that the inhibition of delta 9-THC-induced effects by low doses of anandamides may be due to partial agonistic effects of these materials. It is possible that low doses of the anandamides are capable of activating a Gs protein mediated signaling pathway, or may cause an allosteric modulation of the cannabinoid receptor.


Chemistry plays an important role in developing scientific theories to describe, explain, and predict the physical world and to produce useful products for improving quality of life throughout history. To arouse student awareness of the value and importance of learning chemistry and becoming chemistry literate, we propose an application of systems thinking for the practice of chemistry education. The underlying goals of the systems thinking learning strategy proposed in this article are to help students build core knowledge of chemistry, construct interconnections of chemical concepts, understand the process- and purpose-based nature of systems thinking, and develop appropriate actions for the sustainability of the environment. The conceptual framework includes understanding system structure, complex behavior, and systems at different scales in chemistry and enhancing the interactions and impacts of these aspects, which are used to analyze the chemistry curricular standards in high schools in Israel, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and the United States. The results show that there is an international trend to enhance students' thinking of interconnections of concepts and relevance in chemistry, yet the degree of emphasis varies. With such an approach to promoting systems thinking, we expect students to better understand chemistry, link their knowledge and skills in chemistry to contexts, and appreciate the contribution of chemistry in sustainable development as global citizens.


Purpose: Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma play an important role in tumor progression and have been associated with a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, how CAFs influence OSCC malignancy and whether normalizing CAFs inhibits cancer progression remain unclear. Experimental Design: The relationship between the expression of Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a CAF marker) in OSCC patient samples and primary cultured CAFs was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. To examine the effect of Gal-1 on CAF activation and CAF-mediated tumor invasion and migration in vitro, Gal-1 expression was knocked down by small hairpin RNA. Finally, cancer cells and CAFs were coimplanted into SCID mice to evaluate the effect of Gal-1 on CAF-modulated tumor progression in vivo. Results: Gal-1 expression is positively associated with α-SMA in the stroma of OSCC specimens. Gal-1 knockdown decreases activated CAF characteristics, resulting in a decrease in α-SMA expression and extracellular matrix protein production. Notably, blocking Gal-1 expression significantly inhibits CAF-conditioned medium-induced tumor cell migration and invasion, possibly by reducing the production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). MCP-1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by binding to the receptor CCR2; adding an MCP-1 antibody to CAF-conditioned medium that inhibits the interaction between MCP-1 and CCR2 abolishes migration. Finally, we found that Gal-1 knockdown in CAFs significantly reduces CAF-augmented tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Gal-1 regulates CAF activation and indicate that targeting Gal-1 in CAFs inhibits OSCC metastasis by modulating MCP-1 expression. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1306–16. ©2011 AACR.


The human brain develops asymmetrically, such that certain cognitive processes arise predominantly from the left or right side. It has been proposed that variations in this laterality contribute to certain forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia. A convenient measure of brain laterality is hand dominance, and prior work has found that patients with schizophrenia are more likely to be left-handed than the general population. This finding is not consistent, however, and fewer studies have directly compared handedness between psychiatric diagnoses. We assessed hand dominance in 107 patients presenting to an outpatient psychiatric clinic with diagnoses of a mood or psychotic disorder. The prevalence of left-handedness was 11% for mood disorders, which is similar to the rate in the general population. It was 40% in those with psychotic disorders (adjusted odds ratio = 7.9, p < .001). The prevalence of left-handedness was much higher in psychotic disorders compared with mood disorders in this community mental health sample.


This study examined the effects of changes in pH and copper concentration on the absorbance spectra of natural organic matter (NOM) from a reservoir in Western Australia. Differential absorbance spectra generated for this NOM under changing pH and copper concentration conditions revealed features that could be correlated to the activity of distinct types of chromophores. A comparison of results with those generated for experiments with standard Suwannee River fulvic acid highlighted important differences in chemistry between the two samples.


This essay, focusing on Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes's 1930 play and infamous literary collaboration, explores the possibilities of combining new digital tools with traditional scholarly approaches to better understand how the multilayered racial discourse of African American literature in the early twentieth century informs this signal collaboration. Moreover, Christian outlines the benefits of including African American literature in digital humanities projects.


These original essays explore the philosophical implications of Newton's work. They address a wide range of topics including Newton's influence on his contemporaries and successors such as Locke and Kant, and his views on the methodology of science, on absolute space and time, and on the Deity. Howard Stein compares Newton's refusal to lock natural philosophy into a preexisting system with the more rigid philosophical predilections of his near-contemporaries Christian Huygens and John Locke. Richard Arthur's commentary provides a useful gloss on Stein's essay. Lawrence Sklar puzzles over Newton's attempts to provide a unified treatment of the various "real quantities": absolute space, time, and motion. According to Phillip Bricker's responding essay, however, the distinctions Sklar draws do not go to the heart of the debate between realists and representationalists. J. E. McGuire and John Carriero debate Newtons views of the relationship between the Deity and the nature of time and space. Peter Achinstein looks at the tension between Newton's methodological views and his advocacy of a corpuscular theory of light; he suggests that Newton could justify the latter by a "weak" inductive inference, but R.I.G. Hughes believes that this inference involves an induction Newton would be unwilling to make. Immanuel Kant's critique of Newton's view of gravity is discussed and amplified by Michael Friedman In response, Robert DiSalle raises a number of problems for Friedman's analysis. Errol Harris and Philip Grier extend the discussion to the present day and look at the ethical implications of Newton's work. Philosophical Perspectives on Newtonian Science is included in the Johns Hopkins Series on the History and Philosophy of Science.


Although extremely prolific worldwide, carbonate reservoirs are challenging to characterize using traditional seismic reflection imaging techniques. We used computational experiments with synthetic models to demonstrate the possibility that seismic diffraction imaging has of overcoming common obstacles associated with seismic reflection imaging and aiding interpreters of carbonate systems. Diffraction imaging improved the horizontal resolution of individual voids in a karst reservoir model and identification of heterogeneous regions below the resolution of reflections in a reservoir-scale model.


PATTERNS OF GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN DEER MICE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) IN THE WARNER MOUNTAINS by Allison Wade A previously recognized north-south mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) break in populations of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, was investigated in Western North America. A 383-bp fragment of the mtDNA control region was analyzed from 107 tissue samples in the unstudied Warner Mountains of northeastern California. To determine if this north-south mtDNA break was also reflected in morphology, six cranial and mandibular measurements were taken from 72 deer mice. Using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), it was determined that cranial characters did not vary significantly between the two mtDNA haplogroups, and discriminant function analysis (DFA) was unable to discriminate between the two haplogroups. Neutrality statistics and mismatch distribution analyses were performed on both mitochondrial haplotypes to test for recent demographic expansion. The analyses suggest that during Pleistocene glaciations, P. maniculatus persisted south of the glacial leading edge and in Pacific Northwest refugia. Upon retreat of the glaciers, refugial mice expanded from their glacial refuges, while populations south of the glaciers remained fairly stable.


Abstract: The identification of naturally occurring genetic mutations in individuals with disorders of reproductive function is the first logical step to therapy. To date, diagnostic investigations have been assisted by polymerase chain reaction and the development of an increasing number of effective screening techniques to scan genomic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) for causative mutations. The continued expansion of these technologies, coupled with high throughput gene sequencing, will ultimately result in automated DNA diagnosis for the practicing clinician at the point of care. At that time, the direct examination of a patient's DNA will be the definitive means of establishing the presence of specific genetic changes that cause or increase one's susceptability to disease. This presentation selects important candidate genes in the human hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis (HPG), reviews our knowledge of the spontaneously occurring human mutations that affect these genes, and reviews the biological implications of this information. To date, causative mutations in candidate genes have provided important insights into the transcription factors, receptors, and hormones that regulate the HPG axis at many levels. A major challenge in this field is that mutations in many of these genes and others remaining to be identified lead to infertility. The reduction in reproductive fitness due to these mutations limits the ability of investigators to use traditional genetic linkage and association studies to identify and clone important unidentified reproductive genes. Fortunately analysis of human gametes and new strategies that are being developed for the identification and mapping of complex human diseases will become increasingly important in continuing studies of idiopathic human infertility. At this time, it is helpful for the reader to become acquainted with some of the prototype mutations in candidate genes, their phenotypic consequences, and their prevalence. This presentation is designed to describe the known mutations in the gonadotropin genes and the genes encoding their respective receptors. The phenotypic effects of these mutations is compared, and evidence for causation is reviewed.


This study extends a previous research concerning intervertebral motion registration by means of 2D dynamic fluoroscopy to obtain a more comprehensive 3D description of vertebral kinematics. The problem of estimating the 3D rigid pose of a CT volume of a vertebra from its 2D X-ray fluoroscopy projection is addressed. 2D-3D registration is obtained maximising a measure of similarity between Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs (obtained from the CT volume) and real fluoroscopic projection. X-ray energy correction was performed. To assess the method a calibration model was realised a sheep dry vertebra was rigidly fixed to a frame of reference including metallic markers. Accurate measurement of 3D orientation was obtained via single-camera calibration of the markers and held as true 3D vertebra position; then, vertebra 3D pose was estimated and results compared. Error analysis revealed accuracy of the order of 0.1 degree for the rotation angles of about 1 mm for displacements parallel to the fluoroscopic plane, and of order of 10 mm for the orthogonal displacement.


Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were studied in 272 members of six pedigrees manifesting the cancer family syndrome and in 191 normal controls. The CEA distributions per se were transformed to square root CEA (√CEA) as a correction for skewness and kurtosis. Duration of smoking and age showed a positive correlation with the level of √CEA in both family members and controls. Distributional features of √CEA among members of the cancer family syndrome pedigrees and the independently sampled controls of the same smoking status did not differ significantly. However, when pedigree data were classified by closeness of relationship to cancer patients there was a significant linear increase in mean √CEA with increasing genetic cancer risk. Surprisingly, unrelated spouses had mean levels of √CEA similar to that for the corresponding risk class of their direct-line mates, and the intraclass correlations of √CEA between direct-line relatives and their spouses approached significance when both spouses were concordant for smoking status.

These results suggest the existence of a genetic-connubial effect on plasma CEA levels, presumably due to a common environmental agent acting in concert with the degree of genetic predisposition to cancer. An integrative target cell theory is proposed to explain CEA expressivity in this syndrome. The model involves the interaction of the cancer family syndrome genotype with physical factors (cigarette smoking) and a communicable agent (oncogenic virus).


The aim of this study is to analyze Turkey-Russia relations within the period of 2011 and 2016. Since the selected time period in bilateral relations has been characterized by rapid rapprochement after a severe political crisis, the study particularly concentrates on the impact of the Su-24 crisis caused by the downing of a Russian jet in 2015. The paper in this aspect aims to give an answer to the question of how bilateral relations between Turkey and Russia have recovered from the detrimental effects of the 2015 crisis towards the achievement of high-level political cooperation within a short period of time. In order to analyze this research question, the study draws on the theoretical framework of neoclassical realism as a theory of foreign policy analysis in international relations. The study in this respect is divided into three parts. While the first part intends to evaluate how the change of relative distribution of power in bilateral relations have affected the course of political relations between Turkey and Russia, the second part focuses on the impact of domestic factors that stem from internal political developments in both countries. The last part, on the other hand, attempts to complement this analysis with an overlook on the individual dynamics by analyzing the impact of state leaders for the resolution of the Su-24 foreign policy crisis. In this endeavor, the paper attempts to validate the argument that the dramatic change in Turkey-Russia relations is the outcome of intertwined relations between structural factors, internal political developments, and individual dynamics.


In reinforcement learning (RL) it is often possible to obtain sound, but incomplete, information about influences and independencies among problem variables and rewards, even when an exact domain model is unknown. For example, such information can be computed based on a partial, qualitative domain model, or via domain-specific analysis techniques. While, intuitively, such information appears useful for RL, there are no algorithms that incorporate it in a sound way. In this work, we describe how to leverage such information for improving the estimation of policy gradients, which can be used to speedup gradient-based RL. We prove general conditions under which our estimator is unbiased and show that it will typically have reduced variance compared to standard unbiased gradient estimates. We evaluate the approach in the domain of Adaptation-Based Programming where RL is used to optimize the performance of programs and independence information can be computed via standard program analysis techniques. Incorporating independence information produces a large speedup in learning on a variety of adaptive programs.


This article discusses the impact of the foreclosure crisis on the housing prospects of American families. Foreclosure is governed by state law, which establishes a procedure to enable lenders to recover property from defaulting borrowers through a public sale process. States authorize two different methods, judicial foreclosure, in which the foreclosure process requires a judicial hearing, and power of sale foreclosure, in which a trustee can offer mortgaged property to the highest bidder at a public sale after giving twenty days public notice. Judicial foreclosure is administered by state courts in twenty-three states. The power of sale foreclosure process is administered by loan servicers through trustees in the other twenty-seven states. Part I reviews the role that homeownership has played in American society and summarizes the history of federal support for homeownership. Part II examines the housing bubble of the early years of the new millennium and the foreclosure crisis that occurred when the bubble burst in 2008. Part II also examines the roles played by residential mortgage servicing companies that collect and distribute mortgage payments, as well as the role of the computerized mortgages tracking system operated by Mortgage Electronic Registration Services Inc. (MERS) as it interacts with the public land recording system as a nominee for lenders. Part III discusses governmental responses to the foreclosure crisis, including the HOPE NOW Alliance, the FHA HOPE for Homeowners (H4H) program established by the Bush administration, along with the Obama administration's Housing Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) and the Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives (HAFA) program. Part IV argues that current foreclosure response techniques such as counseling and mediation can be successful if they become automatic parts of the residential mortgage foreclosure process, are coupled with mandatory loss mitigation requirements for lenders along the lines of the National Mortgage Settlement, and have as a resource a financing cushion for qualified defaulting homeowners, such as a "first priority seed lien" recommended by Professor Christopher Peterson of the University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law. Part IV also recommends that greater attention be paid to the value of renting as a means of restoring stability to the overall housing market.


Background Gay and bisexual men (GBM) with recent HIV infection are a key population to inform HIV-prevention. The National HIV Registry (NHR) provides details about all individuals diagnosed with HIV, but it is unclear how.

METHODS
Basic sociodemographic characteristics of GBM in the NHR who were diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 were compared with three samples of GBM: men with undiagnosed HIV infection from the Community-Based Study of Undiagnosed HIV and Testing (COUNT) study of HIV prevalence and undiagnosed infection that was conducted during 2013-14; men in the Australian Gay Community Periodic Surveys (GCPS) who were diagnosed with HIV between 2010 and 2014; and men in the HIV Seroconversion Study (SCS) who were also diagnosed in those years.

RESULTS
The NHR identified 3629 men who reported male-to-male sex as the exposure risk for their diagnosis between 2010 and 2014. COUNT identified 19 (8.9% of all men who tested HIV positive) men as having undiagnosed HIV. In the GCPS sample, 185 (2.5%) reported being diagnosed with HIV in 2010-14. In total, 367 men in the SCS received their diagnosis during 2010-14. The mean age of men in the NHR (36.8 years) was similar to that in GCPS (36.3 years) and SCS (35.1 years), while undiagnosed men in COUNT were younger (32.6 years), with no other significant differences between the samples.

CONCLUSIONS
The undiagnosed men were somewhat younger than diagnosed men. To achieve earlier diagnosis of new HIV infections, improved HIV testing frequency is needed among younger men.


Description Understanding and meeting the needs of gifted students in middle school offer unique challenges. This newly revised and expanded second edition of Educating Gifted Students in Middle School updates the practical information about meeting these needs offered in the award-winning 2004 edition. A new chapter on the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)areas as well as a completely revised chapter on English/language arts for gifted and advanced learners in the middle grades are key components of the new edition. The impact of current reform movements, Response to Intervention, new relevant research, updated information on middle school boys and other special populations, changing middle grade configurations, and 21st-century skills are added to the already thorough discussions of the first edition. Resources, references, and suggested curriculum materials have all been updated. The focus of this second edition continues to be on helping teachers, administrators, and parents to understand gifted middle school students, implement effective program models, define the role of the gifted teacher, identify best practices for the classroom, and apply curriculum ideas that are effective and research-based. Educating Gifted Students in Middle School focuses on creative, practical, and realistic school solutions that create a vital and responsive school community for all students.


The recent literature on endogenous economic growth allows for effects of fiscal policy on long-term growth. If the social rate of return on investment exceeds the private return, then tax policies that encourage investment can raise the growth rate and levels of utility. An excess of the social return over the private return can reflect learning-by-doing with spillover effects, the financing of government consumption purchases with an income tax, and monopoly pricing of new types of capital goods. Tax incentives for investment are not called for if the private rate of return on investment equals the social return. This situation applies in growth models if the accumulation of a broad concept of capital does not entail diminishing returns, or if technological progress appears as an expanding variety of consumer products. In growth models that incorporate public services, the optimal tax policy hinges on the characteristics of the services. If the public services are publicly-provided private goods, which are rival and excludable, or publiclyprovided public goods, which are non-rival and non-excludable, then lump-sum taxation is superior to income taxation. Many types of public goods are subject to congestion, and are therefore rival but to some extent nonexcludable. In these cases, income taxation works approximately as a user fee and can therefore be superior to lump-sum taxation. In particular, the incentives for investment and growth are too high if taxes are lump sum. We argue that the congestion model applies to a wide array of public expenditures, including transportation facilities, public utilities, courts, and possibly national defense and police.


First we develop the theory of local rules for coboundary categories. Then we describe the local rules in two main cases. First for the quantum groups in general and in the seminormal representations of the Hecke algebras. Then for crystals in general and specifically for crystals of minuscule representations. Finally we show how growth diagrams can be extended to construct the action of the cactus group on highest weight words.


This paper examines the tonal aspects on code-switching among Chinese-Australian bilingual children. Fifteen boys and fifteen girls aged from six to ten were chosen from three different primary schools in Victoria. Chinese is a tone language with a very highly constrained syllable structure. Mandarin Chinese has four basic tones with an additional neutral tone. The Chinese fourth falling tone corresponds to English intonation. A Chinese third curve tone, when immediately followed by a first, second, or fourth tone or most neutral tones, usually becomes a half third tone, that is, the tone that only falls but does not rise. In addition, both the neutral tone words and the words with a weak stress are pronounced in a falling tone, the same as English. When the switches to English occur, they are usually following the Chinese fourth, half third and neutral falling tones or weak stress of word. These falling tones may also facilitate transitions between Chinese and English.


The amount of digitized information available on the Internet, in digital libraries, and other forms of information systems grows at an exponential rate, while becoming more complex and more dynamic. As a consequence, information organization, information retrieval and the presentation of retrieval results have become more and more difficult.

Information visualization offers a unique method to reveal hidden patterns and contextual information in a visual presentation and allows users to seek information in an intuitive way. Jin Zhang provides a systematic explanation of the latest advancements in information retrieval visualization from both theoretical and practical perspectives. He reviews the main approaches and techniques available in the field, explains theoretical relationships between information retrieval and information visualization, and presents major information retrieval visualization algorithms and models. He then takes a detailed look at the theory and applications of information retrieval visualization for Internet traffic analysis, and Internet information searching and browsing. The author also addresses challenges such as ambiguity, metaphorical applications, and system evaluation in information retrieval visualization environments. Finally, he compares these information retrieval visualization models from the perspectives of visual spaces, semantic frameworks, projection algorithms, ambiguity, and information retrieval, and discusses important issues of information retrieval visualization and research directions for future exploration.

Readers of this book will gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of information retrieval visualization. They will be introduced to existing problems for researchers and professionals, along with technical and theoretical findings and advances made by leading researchers. The book also provides practical details for the implementation of an information retrieval visualization system.


Anyone who keeps birds, whether as pets or as production animals, should be aware that certain avian diseases can be transmitted to humans. The seriousness of the disease in humans varies with human hosts' age, overall health, and immune status as well as virulence of the organism, infective dose, and route of infection. This 4-page fact sheet is a major revision which discusses causes and symptoms of avian influenza (bird flu), chlamydiosis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, encephalitis viruses, avian tuberculosis, Newcastle Disease, and cryptosporidiosis. Written by Michael A. Davis, Gary D. Butcher, and F. Ben Mather, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences. Original publication date: August 1997, revised August 2015.
PS23/PS019: Avian Diseases Transmissible to Humans (ufl.edu)


FORTRAN 77 program for computation of the Born aproximation of the first order in inhomogenous isotropic medium without attenuation and dissipation has been coded. Several numerical examples were computed. Here is presented just one of them. The unperturbed model is a homogenous model without interface. The perturbed model has one horizontal interface, it is a model with two homogenous layers. There is only a direct wave in the unperturbed medium, but there is a direct as well as a reflected wave in the perturbed medium. The aim is to regain this lacking information lost by the use of the unperturbed medium. The reference solution is the seismogram computed in the perturbed model using the ray theory.


This is a study of peasant-state relations and village politics as they have evolved in response to the state's attempts to control the division of the harvest and extract the state-defined surplus. To provide the reader with a clearer sense of the evolution of peasant-state relations over almost a forty-year period and to highlight the dramatic changes that have taken place since 1978,1 have divided my analysis into two parts: Chapters 2 through 7 are on Maoist China, and chapters 8 and 9 are on post-Mao China. The first part examines the state's grain policies and patterns of local politics that emerged during the highly collectivized Maoist period, when the state closed free grain markets and established the system of unified purchase and sales (tonggou tongxiao). The second part describes the new methods for the production and division of the harvest after 1978, when the government decollectivized agriculture and abolished its unified procurement program.


The aim of this thesis is to provide a pragmatic account of how humorous discourse
is interpreted within the cognitive framework of Relevance Theory. I argue that being
humorous is not a property of texts, but of the type of mental representations that
hearers are led to entertain during their processing, and the specific way in which
these representations are manipulated.
One of my objectives is to provide a psychologically plausible explanation of
how humorous effects are created and understood in language, and to relate it to
philosophical views of humour. In order to place my account in this broader
perspective, in Chapter 1 I review the main philosophical and psychological
approaches of verbal humour. From this discussion it emerges that the notion of
incongruity plays a central role in most contemporary treatments of humour. I raise
the question whether a theory of
humorous interpretations should endeavour to
develop a better defined notion of the precise type of incongruity that is at stake in
humour, or should rather explore the cognitive impact of encountering something
incongruous as a result of processing an ostensive stimulus. I take the second line.
In Chapter 2 some linguistic approaches to the study of verbal humour are
discussed. I argue that they are flawed because they assume that verbal humour is
inherent in the linguistic code, and that the alternative interpretations of an utterance
derive fully from structures of meaning present in the text and the co-text. I question
their conclusion that humorous language is deviant, and argue that the proper field to
approach verbal humour is not linguistics, but pragmatics.
Chapter 3 and 4 assess recent pragmatic analyses of verbal humour. Although
these approaches take into account the role of inference in the interpretation of
humorous effects, without exception they either assume or conclude that humorous
language transgress the rules that regulate the operation of non-humorous discourse,
that special principles are needed for its interpretation, and that humans possess a
domain-specific 'humour competence' that enables them to create and produce verbal
humour. I argue against all these claims.
Chapter 5 outlines the relevance-theoretic framework, and discusses the few
analysis of verbal humour and related issues that have been carried out within it, so
it sets the ground for the approach I develop in the remaining chapters.
In Chapter 6 I single out a number of pragmatic mechanisms that seem to be
typical of the generation and interpretation of humorous effects and argue that they
fit one particular definition of the notion of incongruity. I suggest that leading hearers
to entertain the incongruous in the ways described is only a device exploited by
speakers to give rise to additional cognitive effects, the precise nature of which is
discussed in Chapter 7. It is claimed that in dealing with the incongruity encountered,
hearers perform inferences that take metarepresentations of various orders as premises.
Different orders of these metarepresentations produce different effects. This suggests
that the ability to engage in humour is a direct consequence of the capacity to attribute
(false) beliefs and intentions to others.
Finally, Chapters 8 and 9 consider the implications of my proposal for
humorous figurative language. Poetic and humorous metaphors are contrasted in
Chapter 9, while Chapter 9 extends and elaborates on the standard relevance-theoretic
approach to irony, and addresses some recent attacks against it.


Oxygen-derived free radicals play a critical role in atherogenesis and reperfusion injury. The present experiment evaluated the effects of carvedilol, a new beta adrenoreceptor blocker with potent free radical-scavenging activity, on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. New Zealand rabbits were fed a normal diet, a high-cholesterol diet, or a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 1200 ppm carvedilol or propranolol. Eight weeks later, the rabbits were subjected to 60 min of myocardial ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The nontreated cholesterol-fed animals experienced greater cardiac damage after ischemia and reperfusion than rabbits fed a normal diet (necrosis 51% +/- 4% vs. 28% +/- 3% in the normal-diet group, P < .01). In addition, nontreated cholesterol-fed rabbits showed a significantly decreased vasorelaxant response to ACh in U-46619-precontracted aortic rings (56% +/- 5% vs 90% +/- 3% in the control group, P < .001). Treatment with propranolol neither preserved endothelial function after cholesterol feeding nor reduced neutrophil accumulation in ischemic-reperfused myocardial tissue. Propranolol treatment did significantly decrease HR, pressure-rate index and infarct size (necrosis 33% +/- 4%). Despite their having essentially identical effects on HR and pressure-rate index, carvedilol exerted more profound cardiac protective effects than propranolol (necrosis 19% +/- 3%). Moreover, carvedilol treatment significantly preserved aortic endothelial function and markedly reduced neutrophil accumulation in ischemic-reperfused myocardial tissue. These results indicate that in addition to its beta blocking activity, the antioxidant and endothelial protective activities of carvedilol contributed significantly to its cardiac protective effects after ischemia and reperfusion.


Over the past two decades, the aging of the "Baby Boomers" has focused attention on how members of this generation accumulated assets during their working years. Now that the leading edge of this group has passed into retirement, the focus of researchers--as well as policymakers and the financial services industry--is shifting to the drawdown of financial resources in later life. My recent research, much of which is co-authored with James M. Poterba and David A. Wise, focuses on the factors that shape the age profile of wealth after retirement. The goal of this work is to better understand what households do with their assets after retirement and, in particular, to understand how asset drawdown decisions are affected by health, education, and the structure of public and private annuities. Wealth at Retirement Retired households depend primarily on three sources of financial support in retirement: benefits from the Social Security system; payments from private defined benefit (DB) pension plans; and withdrawals from household savings, including withdrawals from personal retirement accounts (PRAs) such as IRAs, Keoghs, 401(k)s and similar defined contribution plans. Benefits from Social Security and DB pensions are in the form of annuities that provide a stream of payouts until death. Assets held in PRAs or financial assets held outside of retirement accounts are typically not annuitized and are instead spent or saved at the owners' discretion. In a recent paper, we describe the balance sheets for households headed by someone between the ages of 65 and 69 in the 2008 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). (1) To facilitate comparison of the various portfolio components, we capitalize Social Security and DB pension payouts. Averaged over all households, the capitalized value of Social Security benefits accounts for about one-third of all household wealth and housing and other real estate account for another one-quarter of wealth. The capitalized value of DB pension benefits, assets held in PRAs, and financial assets held outside PRAs each account for an additional 10 to 15 percent of total wealth. These averages hide substantial differences in both the level of total wealth and its composition. At the 90th percentile of the wealth distribution, financial assets (including PRAs) and DB pension wealth account for over half of all balance sheet wealth and Social Security is relatively unimportant. At the other extreme, in the lower part of the wealth distribution, many households have few assets outside of Social Security and housing. Half of all households headed by someone between 65 and 69 had total financial assets, including 401(k)s and IRAs, of less than $52,000 in 2008. Thus, a large fraction of households have few assets, with the possible exception of housing equity, to supplement annuity income--primarily Social Security--in retirement. For example, only 47 percent of these households have sufficient financial assets to purchase a private annuity that would increase their life-contingent income by more than $5,000 per year. (2) Thus it is perhaps not a surprise that we observe that in later years 19 percent of all persons die with zero financial assets and 46 percent of all persons have less than $10,000 of financial assets at death. (3) The Trajectory of Assets after Retirement What happens to non-annuitized assets after retirement? The standard life-cycle model suggests that households will gradually draw down non-annuitized assets to finance consumption in retirement. In an earlier paper, Wise and I looked at the trajectory of home equity--the primary non-annuity asset for most households--in retirement. (4) We found that most of the decline in home equity was accounted for by changes in health status (particularly nursing home entry) or the death of a spouse. Households that did not experience these shocks reduced housing equity little, if any. Thus households appear to conserve equity in homes to tap in the event of substantial expenses rather than to use this equity for day-to-day consumption needs. …


INTRODUCTION
Compared to their civilian counterparts, military personnel can have more exposure to sunlight and, as recent studies have shown, do have an increased incidence of melanoma. Given the inherent challenges service members may face in getting appropriate care whether because of operational tempo, deployments, and/or austere locations, many are initially diagnosed by specialties other than dermatology. In this study, we sought to determine if patients within the military health system were receiving appropriate follow-up management after biopsies by non-dermatologists led to the diagnosis of melanoma by pathology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using the Co-Path system, 1,000 patients were identified who had first time biopsies positive for melanoma. Of these, 73 were originally biopsied by non-dermatologists. Retrospective medical record review was performed to determine specialties of the non-dermatologists, staging of melanoma at diagnosis, referrals to specialists and dermatologists, and adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. The study protocol was approved by the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Institutional Review Board, protocol number WRNMMC-EDO-2017-0030, in compliance with all applicable federal regulations governing the protection of human subject research.

RESULTS
Family medicine physicians made up the majority of non-dermatologists involved in performing biopsies that led to the diagnosis of melanoma in this study. Most patients were Stage I (pT1a), and the average time from initial biopsy to further wide excision biopsy was 18 days. Sixty-seven of the 73 patients biopsied by non-dermatologists received referrals to dermatologists, and 55 of the 67 patients followed through with being seen. Follow-up full body skin exams were performed on 55 of the 73 patients, with dermatologists conducting the majority of them. National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines were followed in 45 of the 73 patients, with an additional 24 patients having insufficient evidence to determine if guidelines were adhered to.

CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrated that a number of different specialties outside of dermatology are involved in performing biopsies on patients in which melanoma is a concern. Although the results show that the majority of patients biopsied by non-dermatologists received appropriate follow-up care, there is still room to improve to ensure that all melanoma patients receive referrals to and are seen by dermatologists after a diagnosis of melanoma.


A new proposal attempting to solve the long-debated issue of the polarity of subduction in the Corsica-Northern Apennine system is presented. Models adopting an original W-dipping subduction and models preferring a flip in the polariy of subduction, from E-dipping to W-dipping, encounter major difficulties at a regional scale. It is considered here that the main inconsistencies faced by both models are due to the two-dimensional approach of reconstructions. The Late Cretaceous to Present-Day kinematics of the Central Mediterranean has been reconstructed using the magnetic anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean and assuming a solid connection between Africa and Adria. Oligocene to Present calcalkaline volcanism and backarc extension in the Balearic and Tyrrhenian basins requires the presence of a wide oceanic embayment to the west of the Adriatic Promontory. It follows that the continental collision that gave rise to the Alps s.s. could not continue SW-ward of Adria. The flip of subduction polarity that can be currently observed, going from the Alps, where Africa is overriding Europe, to the Apennines, where the opposite occurs, was likely on original feature since the beginning of convergence. Kinematic reconstructions allow the point along the plate boundary where the flip of polarity occurs to be tracked back in time. Following the N-ward motion of the colliding Adriatic Promontory, the point of polarity flip moved along the plate boundary from Late Cretaceous to Eocene. As a result, areas that previously experienced continental collision were subsequently affected by oceanic subduction. This sequence of events led to the collapse of the Alpine belt of Corsica and to the opening of the Balearic backarc basin above a retreating oceanic subduction. A similar kinematic evolution is currently ongoing in Taiwan. Finally, the Northern Tyrrhenian basin opened when delamination affected the Adriatic continental margin, following the consumption of oceanic lithosphere at the end of Corsica-Sardinia rotation.


We investigated the effects of a combined exposure to restraint stress and low doses of chemicals pyridostigmine bromide (PB), N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), and permethrin in adult male rats, a model of Gulf-War syndrome. Animals were exposed daily to one of the following for 28 days: (i) a combination of stress and chemicals (PB, 1.3 mg/kg/day; DEET, 40 mg/kg/day; and permethrin, 0.13 mg/kg/day); (ii) stress and vehicle; (iii) chemicals alone; and (iv) vehicle alone. All animals were evaluated for: (i) the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunostaining; (ii) neuronal cell death using H&E staining, silver staining, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining; and (iii) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and m2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-AChR). Animals subjected to stress and chemicals exhibited both disruption of the BBB and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, the dentate gyrus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Other regions of the brain, although they demonstrated some neuronal cell death, did not exhibit disruption of the BBB. The neuropathological changes in the above four brain regions were highly conspicuous and revealed by a large number of HRP-positive neurons (21-40% of total neurons), a decreased EBA immunostaining (42-51% reduction), a decreased number of surviving neurons (27-40% reduction), the presence of dying neurons (4-10% of total neurons), and an increased GFAP immunostaining (45-51% increase). These changes were also associated with decreased forebrain AChE activity and m2-AchR (19-25% reduction). In contrast, in animals exposed to stress and vehicle or chemicals alone, the above indices were mostly comparable to that of animals exposed to vehicle alone. Thus, a combined exposure to stress and low doses of PB, DEET, and permethrin leads to significant brain injury. The various neurological symptoms reported by Gulf-War veterans could be linked to this kind of brain injury incurred during the war.


Overparameterized Neural Networks (NN) display state-of-the-art performance. However, there is a growing need for smaller, energy-efficient, neural networks tobe able to use machine learning applications on devices with limited computational resources. A popular approach consists of using pruning techniques. While these techniques have traditionally focused on pruning pre-trained NN (LeCun et al.,1990; Hassibi et al., 1993), recent work by Lee et al. (2018) has shown promising results when pruning at initialization. However, for Deep NNs, such procedures remain unsatisfactory as the resulting pruned networks can be difficult to train and, for instance, they do not prevent one layer from being fully pruned. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of Magnitude and Gradient based pruning at initialization and training of sparse architectures. This allows us to propose novel principled approaches which we validate experimentally on a variety of NN architectures.


The surgical management of breast cancer has evolved over the years from extensive radical mastectomy to breast conservation surgery. Until the introduction of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), all patients with invasive breast cancer would undergo complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and thus be at risk of suffering from its associated high morbidity. SLNB has become the standard of care and represented significant progress toward reducing the invasive procedures for the management of the axilla. The most recent clinical trials (NSABP-B32 and ACOSOG Z0011) performed in patients that underwent SLNB support this procedure as an accurate predictor of the risk of further axillary node involvement and of breast cancer recurrence. Additionally, the ACOSOG Z0011 trial challenged the standard of practice in the management of the axilla, in which ALND is mandated for all the patients with a positive sentinel node. A similar outcome was demonstrated for a selected group of patients (treated with breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy) with positive SLNB then followed by ALND or SLNB only. In light of these results, the role of ALND in the current management of breast cancer is being reevaluated for specific patient subpopulations. In this special issue, this timely subject is provocatively reviewed in addition to other relevant topics, such as the controversial meaning of the presence of micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells in the SLN in relation to local recurrence and overall survival and the feasibility of performing SLNB after neoadjuvant treatment and transaxillary breast augmentation.

Despite the advances in the lymphatic mapping and in the intraoperative methods for SLN analysis, the accurate identification of tumor cells in this node continues to be a challenge in clinical practice, and significant false-negative results in SLNB are still observed. In a research study published in this issue, a preferential cellular distribution of the malignant cells in the SLN is reported, suggesting that the pathological analysis directed to this area may contribute to a more precise identification of nodal metastasis. Additional progress in this direction involves the development of molecular markers, which would tackle not only the misdiagnosed SLN-negative patients but also the ones with low risk of recurrence that are unnecessarily submitted to SLNB. In this sense, the Bayesian-based nomogram developed by Westover et al. is proposed to be particularly useful, especially in cases where the SLNB assessment is predicted to be less sensitive. This nomogram would also lead to the identification of high-risk individuals for recurrence, based on the calculation of residual axillary disease risk, despite a negative SLNB.

Several new reports, mostly based on gene expression profiling, have suggested that the different rates of recurrence can be due to the distinct molecular types of breast cancer. The development of a genomic signature that effectively discriminates patients by lymph node status, as the one proposed by Ellsworth et al., could stratify patients based on their need of surgical evaluation of the lymph nodes, sparing the ones in which disease will probably be limited to its primary site. The assessment of specific tumor markers in the lymph nodes is also discussed in this special issue, including a review of the prognostic and/or predictive implications of lymph node metastasis in tumors with elevated levels of CXCR4 (a protein chemokine receptor) and VEGF-C (a vascular endothelial cellular growth factor).

From the Halsted radical mastectomy to the commercial gene expression profiling tests, axillary lymph node management and recurrence prediction are still evolving topics for patients with breast cancer. The continued improvement of molecular tumor profiling and bioinformatics from larger and better defined patient cohorts will certainly provide answers to many challenging questions regarding the axillary metastatic process. The clarification of this complex molecular mechanism and the identification of novel and integrative molecular markers that can reliably predict lymph node involvement that will affect risk of recurrence and survival will continue to form the basis of the contemporary approach for breast cancer management, where an early prediction of axillary metastasis and a personalized cancer treatment can be achieved.

Luciane R. Cavalli

Rachel E. Ellsworth

Christoph Klein

Giuseppe Viale


Monitoring thunderstorms activity is an essential part of operational weather surveillance given their poten- tial hazards, including lightning, hail, heavy rainfall, strong winds or even tornadoes. This study has two main objec- tives: firstly, the description of a methodology, based on radar and total lightning data to characterise thunderstorms in real-time; secondly, the application of this methodology to 66 thunderstorms that affected Catalonia (NE Spain) in the summer of 2006. An object-oriented tracking procedure is employed, where different observation data types generate four different types of objects (radar 1-km CAPPI reflectiv- ity composites, radar reflectivity volumetric data, cloud-to- ground lightning data and intra-cloud lightning data). In the framework proposed, these objects are the building blocks of a higher level object, the thunderstorm. The methodology is demonstrated with a dataset of thun- derstorms whose main characteristics, along the complete life cycle of the convective structures (development, maturity and dissipation), are described statistically. The development and dissipation stages present similar durations in most cases examined. On the contrary, the duration of the maturity phase is much more variable and related to the thunderstorm inten- sity, defined here in terms of lightning flash rate. Most of the activity of IC and CG flashes is registered in the maturity stage. In the development stage little CG flashes are observed (2% to 5%), while for the dissipation phase is possible to ob- serve a few more CG flashes (10% to 15%). Additionally, a selection of thunderstorms is used to examine general life cy- cle patterns, obtained from the analysis of normalized (with respect to thunderstorm total duration and maximum value of variables considered) thunderstorm parameters. Among other findings, the study indicates that the normalized dura- tion of the three stages of thunderstorm life cycle is similar in most thunderstorms, with the longest duration corresponding to the maturity stage (approximately 80% of the total time).


Children and teens today have integrated digital culture seamlessly into their lives. For most, using the Internet, playing videogames, downloading music onto an iPod, or multitasking with a cell phone is no more complicated than setting the toaster oven to "bake" or turning on the TV. In Generation Digital, media expert and activist Kathryn C. Montgomery examines the ways in which the new media landscape is changing the nature of childhood and adolescence and analyzes recent political debates that have shaped both policy and practice in digital culture.The media has pictured the so-called "digital generation" in contradictory ways: as bold trailblazers and innocent victims, as active creators of digital culture and passive targets of digital marketing. This, says Montgomery, reflects our ambivalent attitude toward both youth and technology. She charts a confluence of historical trends that made children and teens a particularly valuable target market during the early commercialization of the Internet and describes the consumer-group advocacy campaign that led to a law to protect children's privacy on the Internet. Montgomery recounts--as a participant and as a media scholar--the highly publicized battles over indecency and pornography on the Internet. She shows how digital marketing taps into teenagers' developmental needs and how three public service campaigns--about sexuality, smoking, and political involvement--borrowed their techniques from commercial digital marketers. Not all of today's techno-savvy youth are politically disaffected; Generation Digital chronicles the ways that many have used the Internet as a political tool, mobilizing young voters in 2004 and waging battles with the music and media industries over control of cultural expression online.Montgomery's unique perspective as both advocate and analyst will help parents, politicians, and corporations take the necessary steps to create an open, diverse, equitable, and safe digital media culture for young people.


Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) have been for most countries the key policy instrument utilized to contain the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we conduct an empirical analysis of the impact of these policies on the virus' transmission and death toll, for a panel of 152 countries, from the start of the pandemic through December 31, 2020. We find that lockdowns tend to significantly reduce the spread of the virus and the number of related deaths. We also show that this benign impact declines over time: after four months of strict lockdown, NPIs have a significantly weaker contribution in terms of their effect in reducing COVID-19 related fatalities. Part of the fading effect of quarantines could be attributed to an increasing non-compliance with mobility restrictions, as reflected in our estimates of a declining effect of lockdowns on measures of actual mobility. However, we additionally find that a reduction in de facto mobility also exhibits a diminishing effect on health outcomes, which suggests that lockdown fatigues may have introduce broader hurdles to containment policies.


Objective To establish the validity and reliability of a new behavioral pain scale (BPS) for critically ill sedated adult patients. Design Prospective evaluation. Setting Ten-bed trauma and surgical intensive care unit in a university teaching hospital. Patients Thirty mechanically ventilated patients who were receiving analgesia and sedation. Intervention Assessments with the BPS were completed consecutively at standardized times (morning, afternoon, night) by pairs of evaluators (nurse and nurse's aide). They collected physiologic parameters and BPS results before and during care procedures: nonnociceptive (group 1, compression stockings application and central venous catheter dressing change), nociceptive (group 2, endotracheal suctioning and mobilization), and retested nociceptive (group 3). The BPS score was the sum of three items that had a range score of 1–4: facial expression, movements of upper limbs, and compliance with mechanical ventilation. Measurements and Main Results Two hundred and sixty nine assessments were completed, including 104, 134, and 31 measurements in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was no difference in Ramsay scale scores between the three groups (Ramsay 4–6). Nociceptive stimulations (group 2) resulted in significantly higher BPS values than nonnociceptive ones (group 1, 4.9 vs. 3.5, p < .01), whereas the two groups had comparable BPS values before stimulation (3.1 vs. 3.0). A trend was found in group 2 between the dosage of sedation/analgesia and BPS: the higher the dosage, the lower BPS values and BPS changes to nociceptive stimulation. Group 3 had BPS values similar to group 2 at rest (3.2 vs. 3.2) and during the procedure (4.4 vs. 4.5), with good interrater correlations (r2 = .71 and .50, respectively). Conclusions These results indicate that the expression of pain can be scored validly and reliably by using the BPS in sedated, mechanically ventilated patients. Further studies are warranted regarding the utility of the BPS in making clinical decisions about the use of analgesic drugs in the intensive care unit.


In the competitive global economy, increasing customer value by improving software product quality is the aim for organizations. Academia and industry are collaboratively striving to find new ways to achieve this goal. The last two decades have seen a mind shift where emphasis is now on improving processes to improve the quality of products. This approach has its roots in the realization that a better development process would lead to a better quality product. Based on this process improvement frameworks were created. These frameworks enable organizations to systematically improve their development processes and strive towards the ultimate goal of improving product quality. However, these initiatives were not always successful. The deriving factors that make the adoption and implementation of such frameworks a success were still unknown. In this regard, several primary studies have been conducted to identify the factors that make software process improvement initiative successful. Researchers have been investigating factors that affect success of Software Process Improvement (SPI). There was still a lack of a secondary study where systematic approach has been used to find factors that affect the success of SPI. In our thesis project we present results of the systematic review to accumulate success factors for SPI. These findings were validated by conducting an industrial survey. With our secondary study we have identified 31 important success factor categories of SPI. We have contributed to the body of knowledge by devising formal definitions for important factors. We have also unveiled the relationship of SPI success factors not only to different SPI framework but also to software process areas.


Background: Tubercuous destroyed lung (TDL) is sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis and causes extensive destruction of lung and pulmonary function. The common causes of hospitalization are pneumonia, hemoptysis, and acute exacerbation in TDL. However, there are few reports on the bacteriological etiology of pneuomonia in TDL. Methods: We retrospectively evaluate 162 patients with TDL at the Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital from January 2004 to August 2015. Results: Pneumonia (132 cases, 39.3%) was the most common cause requiring hospitalization in TDL. Pneumonia etiology was found in 69 cases (52.3%) of the 132 cases. Bacteriological pathogens isolated from pneumonia were in the following oder of frequency, Pseudomona aerugin osa (n=27), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=9), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n=4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=3), and Escherichia coli (n=2). During the follow-up period, tuberculosis was reactivated in 24 patients (14.8%) and sputum specimens of 13 patients showed positive cultures for non tuberculous mycobacteria. Conclucsions: Bacteriological etiology of pneumonia in TDL is different from community-acquired pneumonia. Pseudomona aeruginosa was the most frequent pathogen.


The problem of conditioning a petroleum reservoir model to production data, so called history matching, is considered. The history matching problem is formulated within a Bayesian framework, where prior geological knowledge, well logs and seismic surveys are consistently honered. The resulting posterior distribution is in general analytically untractable, and Monte Carlo methods must be applied to infer about it's properties. To this end, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is used to generate a sample, or ensemble, of reservoir models conditioned to all available data. The EnKF is derived under the assumption of Gaussian forecast distributions, which makes estimation of non-Gaussian variables such as multi-modal porosity fields difficult. To overcome this problem, we propose to modify the EnKF with a kernel function. By introduction of a kernel, the reservoir state is implicitly mapped to a high-dimensional feature space where the Gaussian assumption might be more plausible, and as a result have a favorable effect on the EnKF performance. The proposed method have been applied to a synthetic case and a North sea field case, both with a channel description in the prior, which makes the porosity and permeability fields multi-modal. It is shown that the introduction of a kernel does not break the EnKF. However, it is also shown that introduction of a kernel is not sufficient to capture the true underlying uncertainty in a channelized reservoir, and alternative approaches should also be considered.


Art and design professions are currently undergoing major transformations. Perhaps for the first time in history, Western art education is no longer naturally linked to stabilising norms within the professional creative practice. During the past few decades, art education has been unable to adapt sufficiently to shifting global economic and cultural realities. Neither has it been able to catch up with the new technological requirements which its graduates must face. The nature of the public has changed as well: consumers have become co-creators, while do-it-yourself culture increasingly challenges the role of the artist as the authoritative creative professional. Meanwhile, service design and project-based practices which exist on the boundaries between traditional fields of knowledge are becoming as important as artistic work in the conventional sense. Therefore art education will have to undergo a radical transformation, if it is to go on playing a meaningful
role in the 21st century. The contributors to this volume are executives and researchers at the Willem de Kooning Academy, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, in the Netherlands.


Aims Lianas are expected to influence composition, structure and functioning of forest systems due to unequal distribution across the potential set of host plants. However, our understanding of mechanisms associated with preferences for specific hosts is still limited, and so is our ability to discern between endogenous and exogenous forces driving forest dynamics in the long run. In this paper, we evaluated whether the dominant liana Hedera helix can indirectly contribute to the eventual dominance of the small multi-stemmed tree Corylus avellana in a remnant temperate forest in central Iberian Peninsula from comparatively reduced liana infestation on C. avellana relative to co-occurring woody species. Methods through principal component analysis and co-occurrence analysis, we studied the distribution and spatial association between woody species and the liana H. helix. We analyzed the relationship between the number of species in a plot and the number of species infested by the liana to test the hypothesis that H. helix is a generalist liana. through generalized linear mixed models, we tested the dynamic-multi-stemmed growth form of C. avellana as a plausible life strategy to withstand, in the long run, the liana infestation. In particular, we tested (i) the relationship between stem size and the probability of H. helix infestation including all the tree species within plots and (ii) the relationship between stem size and mortality as evidence of the stem turn over in the tree C. avellana. Important Findings Our results indicate that H. helix and C. avellana significantly cooccur in mature stands of this remnant temperate forest where pioneer woody species are absent. Hedera helix severely infests all the woody species whenever stem size exceed ≈25 cm perimeter and there is physical contact at the base of the stem. this implies that all the trees in the community are potential hosts for H. helix. Mixed models indicate that both, infestation by H. helix and stem mortality, are positively related to C. avellana stem perimeter. Reduced longterm infestation of the liana by means of a multi-stemmed growth form with high stem turnover in C. avellana might be an advantage with respect to unipodial tree species. thus, the liana-tree coexistence pattern may be interpreted as an indirect positive interaction that, contrary to previous findings, results here in species dominance instead of species coexistence.


I. INTRODUCTION With public attention greatly heightened in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, as never before, the nation's eyes are focused upon U.S. immigration laws and policies. (1) However, as lawmakers and federal agencies reevaluate and revise the approaches to the complex questions surrounding immigration, they must also contend with the Supreme Court decision in Zadvydas v. Davis. (2) Zadvydas deals with the issues concerning the governmental power to detain deportable aliens that no other country will accept. (3) Justice Stephen Breyer, writing for a 5-4 majority, ruled that the government did not have the power to indefinitely hold the aliens because of implicit reasonableness limitations in the controlling statutes. (4) Furthermore, Justice Breyer imposed a presumption that six months of detention is the limit for a reasonable detainment. (5) After six months, if the alien shows that there is "no significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future," the government must offer evidence to rebut that showing to prevent the alien from being released. (6) This Note contends that the Court's opinion is flawed in three critical respects. The majority's construction of the statute as containing implicit reasonableness limitations is contrary to the statute's plain language, contradicts congressional intent, and results in odd and unintended consequences. (7) The second problem stems from the Court's affirmation of the constitutional significance of territorial distinctions. (8) This differentiation perpetuates an unstable, tiered system of alien rights that grants minimal and unclear rights to aliens stopped at the border, while giving broad constitutional protection to those able to gain entry, legally or illegally. (9) The third problem, the creation of a presumptively reasonable detention period, not only rests upon weak precedential footing, (10) but also, by limiting the Attorney General's ability to detain dangerous aliens, greatly diminishes the capacity of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to fulfill the statute's goal of community protection. (11) This Note also discusses judicial, administrative, and legislative reactions to Zadvydas. Aliens have petitioned the courts to extend reasonableness limitations to the detention of inadmissible aliens (12) and to pre-removal detention. (13) Various circuit courts have afforded greater protection to aliens during removal proceedings. (14) For example, relying upon Zadvydas's affirmation of substantial due process rights to removal of aliens, some courts have found that mandatory pre-removal detention is unconstitutional and have attacked the controlling statute. (15) With the invalidation of this federal immigration law in various circuits, (16) the scope of the Zadvydas decision will continue to be contested across the nation, and the Supreme Court may once again need to speak to these issues. The INS has enacted new rules that amend the custody review process for the detention of aliens ordered removed. (17) Generally, these rules call for the release of aliens as mandated by Zadvydas. (18) However, the INS has mitigated the negative effects of the Court's decision by continuing the detention of certain dangerous aliens, (19) and by requiring parole restrictions for released aliens. (20) Congress, in enacting the USA Patriot Act, (21) included a provision that mirrors the Court's holding concerning the presumably reasonable period. (22) Congress, however, granted the Attorney General the discretion to consider the danger an alien poses to the community when contemplating the alien's release. (23) While the USA Patriot Act is limited to aliens posing a terrorist or national security threat, (24) these provisions can be viewed as an acceptance of Zadvydas's reasonableness limitations and as a rejection of the Court's position on extended detention for dangerous aliens. …


Abstract Cutaneous fungi are known to affect parts of the outermost skin layers of mammals, including the epidermis, stratum spinosum and stratum corneum, as well as mucocutaneous membranes, genitalia or external ears. Relatively little is known about fungal infections of Mysticete cetaceans and studies are needed to determine the fungal diversity associated with these marine mammals. This case report was aimed at identifying the fungi associated with the skin of a diseased neonatal southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) found stranded in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Initial physical examination on site revealed hyperplasia of the follicular and epidermal epithelium. Preliminary examination of skin biopsies using scanning electron microscopy indicated that the skin was colonized by fungal hyphae. Isolation methods yielded a number of fungal isolates, which were identified using standard morphology and rDNA sequence data. These analyses confirmed colonization of the cutaneous layers by species belonging to the genera Fusarium, Chaetomium and Penicillium. Moreover, all isolates were capable of degrading keratin, indicating that skin may act as a natural substrate for these fungi. This study is the first report of the association of these fungi with southern right whale skin.


In this paper we have proposed Noise Induced HSI model based noisy and blurred colour image segmentation technique. This approach uses additive noise to suppress the effect of internal noise present in an image for proper detection of objects from such images. In this algorithm we decompose a given image in Hue, Saturation and Intensity (HSI) components and then apply processing on intensity component of the decomposed image. We measured performance of proposed algorithm in terms of correlation coefficient and number of mismatch pixels. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is compared with the different existing techniques. It is observed that the computational complexity of our algorithm is less in comparison with several existing techniques, because it deals only with intensity component of the decomposed image. Furthermore, an additional advantage, our technique of segmentation gives better performance as compared to SSR based segmentation using RGB model, SR-extended, integrated region matching, watershed and marker controlled watershed based segmentation method.


In image processing, the rank filters are used to yield better noise removal ability for salt & pepper type noise. But they won't reproduce the images exactly for high noise density conditions. During image processing, varying noise density surely affects the de-noising performance of the processing system. So, The Noise removal ability of system should be improved. Proper rank filter selection would be important for this. Otherwise we may lose our precise information. In this work, three rank filter algorithms are compared to estimate their performance in high noise density. We can infer the filters response from the results shown. Better Filtering selection can be achieved using PSNR values presented from original and de-noised images. Keywords: Image De-noising, Median filter, Adaptive median filter, Hybrid median filter, PSNR, Salt & pepper noise.


The recent developments in the area of high speed micro-electronics and computational intelligence has opened new opportunities in smart sensor design. In this paper a generic pattern recognition framework is presented for integrated sensor based system design. Two case studies are described for Rock-Image Classification and Pulse Shape Identification. Both applications use same framework that consist of pre-processing of sensor data, wavelet based data compression, feature extraction and neural net based feature classification. The rock identification combines multi-parameter analysis to improve the accuracy. The proposed system is tested using above two case studies for real time application. The average accuracy observed for pulse shape and rock type identification is 96% and 95% respectively. The system is applicable for similar sensor based embedded systems. The application is developed under a Planetary Exploration Technology Research project.


The world has entered an era of unprecedented environmental change and social inequality. South Africa is no exception having suffered unique challenges following decades of injustice under apartheid. The future of South Africa depends on the country's ability to end social deprivation and manage environmental stress, enabling its people to live in a space where it is both safe and just for humanity to exist. This paper uses Oxfam's 'doughnut model' to describe the multi-dimensional nature of poverty and environmental change, providing a snapshot of South Africa's current position against the suggested set of domains and indicators. It reveals that a significant proportion of South Africans are living below the social floor, while the country has already crossed its safe environmental boundaries for climate change, freshwater use, biodiversity loss and marine harvesting.


In Uaxactun, a community forest concession inside Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve, three species of xate palm, a non-timber forest product, are at the heart of quickly evolving webs of knowledge, identity, institutional alliances, and livelihoods. Xate palms are simultaneously the "daily beans" for the majority of Uaxactun residents, the object of intense study and regulation, a commodity marketable to international floral markets, a marker of local identity, and a ubiquitous part of the forest landscape. Now, as the result of a series of projects instituted by the conservation NGO, the Wildlife Conservation Society and other institutions, xate in Uaxactun is being transformed from a "natural", exploited part of the landscape to something to actively cuidar, or care for. NGO-driven dynamics of monitoring, study, and other external knowledge-making about the village are central to these ongoing shifts in xate-human relations, and to broader changes in local senses of place and identity. "Care" describes both material and affective relations, including practices and values that strive for a more liveable world without assuming an ultimate goal or a best solution. NGO projects that foster relations of care between villagers and xate palms are also a form of caring for villagers themselves, working as they do towards sustainable shared human/non-human futures. At the same time, however, these projects are "necessary but not sufficient" – caught in the problematic local scale, and failing to address deeper structural problems that keep Uaxactun residents dependent on precarious sources of income. Keywords: Guatemala, Maya Biosphere Reserve, NTFPs, NGOs, environmental knowledge, care


Littleborough student Helen Bridge is having the time of her life during a three month
stay at Central Connecticut State University in the USA.
Helen, 20, is currently studying for a degree in Film and Media Studies at the University
of Central Lancashire in Preston. She is taking part in the University's popular student
exchange programme, where students can spend up to a year studying at institutions
overseas.
A former student of Wardle High School, Helen is enjoying her stay in Connecticut,
where she is living and working with students from all over the world. She has been
taking an active part in the University's International Relations Club, which is dedicated
to promoting international friendships and improving intercultural relationships.
"Making the transition from studying in Preston to studying here was always going to
be a big challenge, but it has been the best experience of my life", says Helen. "The
campus is beautiful - a mixture of the old and the new and a very safe and secure place
to live and study."
Helen is due to return to Preston at Christmas to complete the rest of her studies. She
hopes to have a career in the media industry when she graduates.
29 October 2002
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-ends-
Note: For further information, please contact Pamela Culley, Media and PR Office, tel:
01772 894425.


This note is concerned with event-triggered H∞ controller design for networked control systems. A novel event-triggering scheme is proposed, which has some advantages over some existing schemes. A delay system model for the analysis is firstly constructed by investigating the effect of the network transmission delay. Then, based on this model, criteria for stability with an H∞ norm bound and criteria for co-designing both the feedback gain and the trigger parameters are derived. These criteria are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Simulation results have shown that the proposed event-triggering scheme is superior to some existing event-triggering schemes in the literature.


In my investigation of the use of the perfect (part I) and of hyperbaton (part II) I address a cross-section of syntactical questions which reflect elements of the language of drama, of New Comedy, of the end of the classical period, of verse, and of a conversational register in a literary dialogue form at times naturalistic, and at others conventional, rhetorical, or formulaic. 1. I describe the use of the perfect indicative in Menander from various angles including a survey of the perfects found in Menander from verbs which were not previously attested in the perfect (1.7); the notion of innovation is challenged in the face of the accident of attestation and the different genres of the different sources, and I refer to the general problems of studying a dead language. In the following section I describe the typical use of perfects by grammatical categories (2.1), and extra- grammatical categories including discourse mode, sentence-type and non-hypotactic dependence (2.2), and lexical criteria (2.3). In the taxonomy of my description and in my analysis I apply the principle that verbal categories and their morphological manifestations are fluid and complex rather than discrete. For example, in my attempt to understand the use of the temporal value of the perfect I take into account compositional elements such as the use of adverbs (2.1.5); for mood, I try to illustrate the illocutionary wealth of the perfect indicative (2.2.2) and relate this to the relative absence of non-indicative perfect forms (2.1.3) as well as to the frequency of perfects in dialogue mode (2.2.1). The principle of the integration of categories, grammatical and metagrammatical, is seen in the correlation between the low incidence of perfects in subordinate clauses (4) and the exposure of other mechanisms for dependence (2.2.3) which are a particularly salient feature of the dialogue mode: dependence may be logical, or communicational ('stimulus and response' 2.2.3b). Along with (2.2.3), and hypotactic subordination (4), I also consider the transitivity of the perfect (3), not only an exercise in description, but in order to argue that in Menander's time (and genre etc.) perfects are less often transitively used than not; I show that examples with direct objects display weak transitivity (3.2.1, 3.2.4). A relatively weak transitive use supports (although is not synonymous with) the argument that these are not 'resultative' perfects in the sense that they approach aorists. My primary aim is to describe the workings of the perfect and its syntactic environment in Menander, and not to enter into the controversy over the chronology of the resultative perfect. However, evidence points to Menander's retaining a classical use of the perfect quite distinct from the aorist: the perfect is not used as a narrative tense (5), and when it is found in narrative passages it either exits the narrative frame or serves as a border or as a rhetorical or structural 'signpost'. In (5) I also discuss some narrative patterns which are typical of New Comedy, and the consistent use of perfects in direct speech within a past setting. 2. Greek word order is 'free but not arbitrary', to quote Marouzeau. One of the less arbitrary features is the tendency for certain modifiers to be adjacent to their head noun. In part III examine the separation of four modifiers from the substantives they modify: numerals (2). indefinites (3), possessives (4) and the demonstrative OUTOC (5). I move from the inherently most closely cohering (numerals) to the most loosely (demonstratives are often interpreted as being in an appositive or predicative rather than an attributive relation). The enclitic forms, especially of possessives (4.3), are more closely studied since they are also used in later classical Greek as an alternative to the dative forms of the enclitic pronouns in the 'sympathetic' function. In such cases (as with 'loose' demonstratives) the affiliation of the genitive enclitic must be reassessed. As an exercise in description, and in the principle of cumulative evidence, I try to interpret the effect created by the use of hyperbaton in terms of degrees of nuance, emotion, and disruption to the sentence. The nature of the intervening element and the structure of the rest of the sentence are important factors. In Menander's genre certain contexts recur, and certain nuances, tones and attitudes tend to be emphasized.


Turbot, Scophthlalmus maximus , is a Pleuronectiformes fish that occurs in northeast Atlantic along the European coast and in the Mediterranean Sea and is produced in aquaculture since the last quarter of the twentieth century. During a survey conducted in a turbot fish farm nodular formations were occasionally observed in several organs, especially in the kidney and in the spleen. Microscopic observations showed that these nodules contained acid-fast bacilli. The molecular identification of the isolated bacteria conducted to the Mycobacterium genus. Although no abnormal mortalities were evident morbidity was observed. The normal development and welfare of infected fish decrease and the condition factor, the haematocrit and the haemoglobin concentration in blood decreases significantly with the increase of nodules abundance.


Concurrent changes in seawater chemistry, sea level, and climate since the mid-Cretaceous are thought to result from an ongoing decrease in the global rate of lithosphere production at ridges. The present-day area distribution of seafloor ages, however, is most easily explained if lithosphere production rates were nearly constant during the past 180 m.y. We examined spatial gradients of present-day seafloor ages and inferred ages for the subducted Farallon plate to construct a history of spreading rates in each major ocean basin since ca. 140 Ma, revealing dramatic Cenozoic events. Globally, seafloor spreading rates increased by similar to 20% during the early Cenozoic due to an increase in plate speeds in the Pacific basin. Since then, subduction of the fast-spreading Pacific-Farallon ridge system has led to a 12% decrease in average global spreading rate and an 18% or more decrease in the total rate of lithosphere production by the most conservative estimates. These rapid changes during the Cenozoic defy models of steady-state seafloor formation, and demonstrate the time-dependent and evolving nature of plate tectonics on Earth.


This study predicts forced migration events by predicting the civil violence, poor economic conditions, and foreign interventions known to cause individuals to flee their homes in search of refuge. If we can predict forced migration, policy-makers can better plan for humanitarian crises. While the study is limited to predicting Haitian flight to the United States, its strength is its ability to predict weekly flows as opposed to annual flows, providing a greater level of predictive detail than its 'country-year' counterparts. We focus on Haiti given that it exhibits most, if not all, of the independent variables included in theories and models of forced migration. Within our temporal domain (1994–2004), Haiti experienced economic instability, low-intensity civil conflict, state repression, rebel dissent, and foreign intervention and influence. Given the model's performance, the study calls for the collection of disaggregated data in additional countries to provide more precise and useful early-warning models of forced migrant events.


Machiya, or townhouses, are traditional wooden dwellings in Kyoto that evoke the elegance and culture of Japan's old capital with their architectural details, beautiful gardens, and intimate rooms. Many have been converted into restaurants to create unforgettable dining experiences. Enjoying healthy food in a historic, traditional Kyoto environment is a rare pleasure. Here are some 130 restaurant listings (food, decor, hours, addresses, prices, maps, and index) and a photographic guide to machiya architecture, culture, and aesthetics. Judith Clancy has lived in Japan since 1970 and is the author of Exploring Kyoto. Ben Simmons is a Japan-based photographer.