Consumers view natural antioxidants as a safe means to reduce spoilage in foods. In addition, these compounds have been reported to be responsible for human health benefits. Identification of these compounds in peanut skins may enhance consumer interest, improve sales, and increase the value of peanuts. This study evaluated analytical methods which have not been previously incorporated for the analysis of peanut skins. Toyopearl size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for separating phenolic size-classes in raw methanolic extract from skins of Gregory peanuts. This allowed for an enhanced analysis of phenolic content and antioxidant activity based on compound classes, and provided a viable preparatory separation technique for further identification. Toyopearl SEC of raw methanolic peanut skin extract produced nine fractions based on molecular size. Analysis of total phenolics in these fractions indicated Gregory peanut skins contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds. Further studies revealed the fractions contained compounds which exhibited antioxidant activities that were significantly higher than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a common synthetic antioxidant used in the food industry. This indicates peanut skin extracts are a viable antioxidant source, and that synthetic antioxidants can be replaced with those naturally-derived from peanut by-products. Structures contained in each fraction were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). Prior to this study, approximately 20 compounds have been identified in peanut skins. The combination of Toyopearl SEC with ESI-HPLC-MS allowed for the identification of 314 phenolic-based compounds, most of which are newly discovered compounds in peanut skins. Many compounds identified are known to have powerful antioxidant effects, and also have been reported to exhibit numerous beneficial chemical and biological activities, including the treatment of various human health-related conditions. It is evident that peanut skins may be a potential untapped source for the extraction of natural food antioxidants, nutracueticals, and even pharmaceuticals. Because peanut skins are largely a wasted resource to peanut processors, the novel polyphenols identified in this research could have a significant financial impact on the peanut industry.


This new biography of John Evelyn, diarist, scholar, and intellectual virtuoso (1620-1706), is the first account to make full use of his huge unpublished archive, deposited at the British Library in 1995. This crucial material permits a broader and richer picture of Evelyn, his life, and his friendships than permitted by his own celebrated diaries. Gillian Darley provides a rounded portrait of Evelyn's eighty-five years--his family life, his exile in Paris, his interests, and his preoccupations. Evelyn lived through some of England's most tumultuous history, through five reigns, the Civil War, the Restoration, and the Revolution of 1688. He was author or translator of countless publications, tackling an enormous variety of contemporary issues. Both a religious man and a key figure in the Royal Society, he viewed Christianity and the new science as wholly compatible. Evelyn remained endlessly curious and engaged into very old age, and this absorbing biography demonstrates the liveliness of his hugely busy mind.


Java is an object-oriented program that has abundant open-source libraries for application development and 3D model rendering. Spatial database is the database that can efficiently store and manage geographic information data though various spatial data management techniques. This paper explores the rationale of coupling java with spatial database to develop an effective platform for future Building Information Modeling (BIM) application. The paper methodically presents the prototype system integration design to demonstrate how the system can be developed. The paper also meticulously presents the logical and physical data models in designing optimum BIM database for a reinforced concrete building. An 8-storey reinforced concrete building was used as an implementation case study to validate the proposed prototype system design and investigates the implementation issues. The outcome shows that not only the proposed prototype system offers technological advantages over the traditional BIM applications, its open-source solution can also overcome the financial constraint that currently inhibits the implementation of BIM especially for medium and small enterprises.


THE REVOLVING DOOR: HOW LEADERS PUSH TEACHER TURNOVER by Suzanne Kay Bryant Miller In today's age of accountability leaders of schools cannot afford to lose quality teachers. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requiring schools to staff all classrooms with "highly qualified teachers" creates a major challenge. Today, more than ever, school systems need to retain their experienced and effective teachers. While many reasons have been attributed to the revolving-door phenomenon known as teacher turnover, this research suggests that school leaders' behaviors play a major role in the issue. This qualitative inquiry focused on the perceptions of veteran teachers who have migrated from one school to another, having indicated that their primary reason for migrating was because of their leader's behavior. The following research questions guided the study: • What were the perceptions of migrating teachers, regarding their previous leader's behaviors, qualities and attributes, at his/her former school? • How did these perceptions influence the teacher's desire to migrate to another school? • Was there anything that the leader could have done differently that would have made the migrating teacher stay? Data was gathered through individual interviews, emails, and focus group discussions. The data was then analyzed qualitatively using an interpretivist theory (LeCompte & Schensul, 1999) to address the research questions, and a constant comparative method to determine patterns and themes (Merriam, 2009). Trustworthiness was established through attention to credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The results of my study identified three main areas of leadership behaviors which teachers indicated directly influenced their decisions to migrate. These three areas were the leaders: (1) Lack of Knowledge of the Business of School-the leader's lack of skills needed (a) to be supportive, (b) to make connections and build relationship, and (c) to transform school into an effective community; (2) Lack of Professionalismthe leader's lack of (a) respect, (b) trust, and (c) consistent behavior; and (3) Lack of Personal Morals. While other studies on teacher turnover showed a link between leadership and teacher turnover (Barnett & Berry, 2002; Eggen, 2002; Gonzalez et al., 2008; Hirsch & Emerick, 2007; Thornton et al., 2007), my study revealed specific leadership behaviors that pushed teachers to migrate. THE REVOLVING DOOR: HOW LEADERS PUSH TEACHER TURNOVER by Suzanne Kay Bryant Miller


Some modern processors such as later Opterons R © and Power R © processors are able to support large pages sizes such as 1GiB and 16GiB. These page sizes are impractical to reserve at boot time because of the amount of memory that is potentially wasted. Currently, Linux R © as it stands is not well suited to support multiple page sizes because it makes no effort to satisfy allocations for contiguous regions of memory. This paper will discuss features under development that aim to support the allocation of large contiguous areas. This paper begins by discussing the current status of mechanisms to reduce external fragmentation in the page allocator. The reduction of external fragmentation results in sparsely populated superpages that must be reclaimed for contiguous allocations to succeed. We describe how poor reclaim decisions offset the performance benefits of superpages in low-memory situations, before introducing a mechanism for the intelligent reclaim of contiguous regions. Following a presentation of metrics used to evaluate the features and the results, we propose a memory compaction mechanism that migrates pages from sparsely populated to dense regions when enough memory is free to avoid reclaiming pages. We conclude by highlighting that parallel allocators prevent contiguous allocations by taking free pages from regions being reclaimed. We propose a method for addressing this by making pages temporarily unavailable to allocators.


The location and mechanisms responsible for the carbon sink in northern mid-latitude lands are uncertain. Here, we used an improved estimation method of forest biomass and a 50-year national forest resource inventory in China to estimate changes in the storage of living biomass between 1949 and 1998. Our results suggest that Chinese forests released about 0.68 petagram of carbon between 1949 and 1980, for an annual emission rate of 0.022 petagram of carbon. Carbon storage increased significantly after the late 1970s from 4.38 to 4.75 petagram of carbon by 1998, for a mean accumulation rate of 0.021 petagram of carbon per year, mainly due to forest expansion and regrowth. Since the mid-1970s, planted forests (afforestation and reforestation) have sequestered 0.45 petagram of carbon, and their average carbon density increased from 15.3 to 31.1 megagrams per hectare, while natural forests have lost an additional 0.14 petagram of carbon, suggesting that carbon sequestration through forest management practices addressed in the Kyoto Protocol could help offset industrial carbon dioxide emissions.


Recent scenario in the distribution system is harmonics created by Non linear load and unbalance current. It effects not only the working of adjacent loads but also shorten the life of power equipment by creating excessive losses. In this paper a fuzzy controlled shunt active power filter is described to maintain the (Total Harmonic Distortion) THD within the allowable limits defined by IEEE Std. 519-1992 and to reduce reactive power and improve power factor. This Filter draws the opposite harmonics containing current from the load so that source current remain sinusoidal and undistorted. Fuzzy logic controller is used to control the shunt active power filter and the performance of the shunt active filter control strategies has been evaluated in terms of harmonic mitigation and DC link voltage regulation. New MatLab code is generated for the controller. Three phase reference current wave forms generated by proposed scheme are tracked by the three-phase voltage source converter in a hysteresis band control scheme. A fully functional MATLAB based Simulink model of Shunt Active Power Filter for different types of loads has been designed based on `Instantaneous Power Theory' or `p-q theory'. The results of simulation comply with all the features described by the theory justifying employment of Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) in the industry.


The theoretical focus of this thesis is Antonovsky's sense of coherence theory, the research paradigm is humanistic existential and the main area of investigation is mental health. The context of this thesis is the EU's Empowerment of Mental Illness Service Users: Lifelong Learning and Action (EMILIA) project which sought to increase the social inclusion and empowerment of mental health service users through providing formal learning and employment opportunities.
Literature reviews were conducted on sense of coherence theory and on learning interventions for mental health service users. The sense of coherence literature review revealed a substantial level of research into the theory and its application. The investigation into learning interventions for mental health service users found that they can bring significant benefits.
The thesis considered how Antonovsky's sense of coherence theory related to mental health and disorder and it found that the underlying theory has relevance in understanding coping with and the existence, development and treatment of mental disorder. The analysis indicated the possible mental health benefits of seeking to strengthen sense of coherence. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to topics such as health care and recovery.
A combined research methods approach was taken to the assessment of the EMILIA project. A quantitative study was conducted using the SOC-13 (Antonovsky, 1987) measure to assess whether participation in the EMILIA project strengthened sense of coherence. The results showed that involvement in EMILIA significantly increased sense of coherence. This result supports efforts to increase the social inclusion and empowerment of mental health service users through providing learning and employment opportunities. The results also revealed that there was a strong positive correlation between SF-36-v2 mental health related quality of life and SOC-13 at baseline, follow-up and change over time. These results are in line with the majority of previous studies conducted in this area. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to assess the mechanisms and processes that led to this result. This analysis helped demonstrate that the EMILIA project strengthened participants' ability to effectively respond to the needs and demands of their lives and it revealed insights into the mechanisms and application of SOC theory.
In response to Antonovsky's call to study the sense of coherence concept using methods other than his orientation to life questionnaire, qualitative research methods were employed. This thesis investigated how sense of coherence theory applied when mapped onto descriptions by mental health service users of how they deal with problems that they face in their lives. The thematic analysis revealed that sense of coherence theory mapped effectively onto the interview transcripts. The analysis identified various factors that can be considered to be general resistance resources in the sense of coherence model. It also revealed distinctions between concrete and relationship orientated problem solving that led to an enhanced model of sense of coherence theory.
This thesis proposes that SOC theory can be regarded as a theoretical framework for designing interventions for mental health service users that seek to enhance coping, adaptability, recovery, social inclusion, and empowerment. The results suggest that programmes similar to EMILIA style opportunities should be an integrated part of recovery focused provision.
 Overall commonalities in the findings of the two thesis studies provided new insights into the factors, mechanisms and processes involved in coping and adaption that are essential to and intertwined with SOC strength, mental health and recovery. Social capital was indentified as a key general resistance resource and the combined findings provide support for projects and interventions for mental health service users that seek to facilitate increased social capital.


We address the problem of denoising Monte Carlo renderings by studying existing approaches and proposing a new algorithm that yields state‐of‐the‐art performance on a wide range of scenes. We analyze existing approaches from a theoretical and empirical point of view, relating the strengths and limitations of their corresponding components with an emphasis on production requirements. The observations of our analysis instruct the design of our new filter that offers high‐quality results and stable performance. A key observation of our analysis is that using auxiliary buffers (normal, albedo, etc.) to compute the regression weights greatly improves the robustness of zero‐order models, but can be detrimental to first‐order models. Consequently, our filter performs a first‐order regression leveraging a rich set of auxiliary buffers only when fitting the data, and, unlike recent works, considers the pixel color alone when computing the regression weights. We further improve the quality of our output by using a collaborative denoising scheme. Lastly, we introduce a general mean squared error estimator, which can handle the collaborative nature of our filter and its nonlinear weights, to automatically set the bandwidth of our regression kernel.


CONTEXT
The frequency with which anesthesiologists or nurse anesthetists provide sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopies, especially for low-risk patients, is poorly understood and controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To quantify temporal comparisons and regional variation in the use of and payment for gastroenterology anesthesia services.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
A retrospective analysis of claims data for a 5% representative sample of Medicare fee-for-service patients (1.1 million adults) and a sample of 5.5 million commercially insured patients between 2003 and 2009.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Total number of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and colonoscopies, proportion of gastroenterology procedures with associated anesthesia claims, payments for gastroenterology anesthesia services, and proportion of services and spending for gastroenterology anesthesia delivered to low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class 1 or 2).

RESULTS
The number of gastroenterology procedures per million enrollees remained largely unchanged in Medicare patients (mean, 136,718 procedures), but increased more than 50% in commercially insured patients (from 33,599 in 2003 to 50,816 in 2009). In both populations, the proportion of procedures using anesthesia services increased from approximately 14% in 2003 to more than 30% in 2009, and more than two-thirds of anesthesia services were delivered to low-risk patients. There was substantial regional variation in the proportion of procedures using anesthesia services in both populations (ranging from 13% in the West to 59% in the Northeast). Payments for gastroenterology anesthesia services doubled in Medicare patients and quadrupled in commercially insured patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Between 2003 and 2009, utilization of anesthesia services during gastroenterology procedures increased substantially. Anesthesia services are predominantly used in low-risk patients and show considerable regional variation.


Why should Americans who are not gay care about gay rights? In Created Equal, Michael Nava and Robert Dawidoff argue that the movement for gay equality is central to the continuing defense of individual liberty in America. Beginning with an examination of the determined assault on gay issues by the religious right, the authors show how this sectarian movement to legislate private religious morality into law undermines the purpose of American constitutional government: the protection of the individual's right to determine how best to live his or her life. The book starts from the premise that gay and lesbians are, first and foremost, American citizens, and then looks to what rights belong to every individual American citizen, arguing from the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Addressing their argument to the great majority of their fellow Americans, Dawidoff and Nava emphasize that what is at stake is not the fate of the gay community, but the future of constitutional principle and the rights of free individuals in American society.


One way in which linguists have been able to offer their expertise to undercover online policing in England and Wales is assisting police officers in the assumption of alternative identities in order to apprehend offenders in the context of the online sexual abuse and grooming of children. With reference to the historical Instant Messaging (IM) logs of a teenage female victim in a closed case of online sexual abuse, and the IM logs of trainee undercover officers (UCOs) as they attempt to impersonate her during a training task, we report here on work that draws on analyses of online interactions to develop a linguistic model that can be used to improve performance in identity disguise. We compare trainees' performance before and after input from linguists in order to show how analysis at a number of linguistic levels can contribute to the training and support of specialist investigators of online child sex abuse.


Many industrial products and functional foods can be obtained from cheap and renewable raw agricultural materials. For example, starch can be converted to bioethanol as biofuel to reduce the current demand for petroleum or fossil fuel energy. On the other hand, starch can also be converted to useful functional ingredients, such as high fructose and high maltose syrups, wine, glucose, and trehalose. The conversion process involves fermentation by microorganisms and use of biocatalysts such as hydrolases of the amylase superfamily. Amylases catalyze the process of liquefaction and saccharification of starch. It is possible to perform complete hydrolysis of starch by using the fusion product of both linear and debranching thermostable enzymes. This will result in saving energy otherwise needed for cooling before the next enzyme can act on the substrate, if a sequential process is utilized. Recombinant enzyme technology, protein engineering, and enzyme immobilization are powerful tools available to enhance the activity of enzymes, lower the cost of enzyme through large scale production in a heterologous host, increase their thermostability, improve pH stability, enhance their productivity, and hence making it competitive with the chemical processes involved in starch hydrolysis and conversions. This review emphasizes the potential of using biocatalysis for the production of useful industrial products and functional foods from cheap agricultural produce and transgenic plants. Rice was selected as a typical example to illustrate many applications of biocatalysis in converting low-value agricultural produce to high-value commercial food and industrial products. The greatest advantages of using enzymes for food processing and for industrial production of biobased products are their environmental friendliness and consumer acceptance as being a natural process.


Mathematics for Physical Science and Engineering is a complete text in mathematics for physical science that includes the use of symbolic computation to illustrate the mathematical concepts and enable the solution of a broader range of practical problems. It enables professionals to connect their knowledge of mathematics to either or both of the symbolic languages Maple and Mathematica. Due to the increasing importance of symbolic computation, the book begins by introducing that topic, before delving into its core mathematical topics. Each of those subjects is described in principle, and then applied through symbolic computing.The aim of the text is designed to clarify and optimize the efficiency of the student's acquisition of mathematical understanding and skill and to provide students with a mathematical toolbox that will rapidly become of routine use in a scientific or engineering career. * Clarifies each important concept to students through the use of a simple example and often an illustration* Provides quick-reference for students through multiple appendices, including an overview of terms in most commonly used applications (Mathematica, Maple)* Shows how symbolic computing enables solving a broad range of practical problems


The demand for lightweight materials in the transport industry is fuelling the research of high performing components. Extruded aluminium profiles intended for crash components are examined in this project. The objective in this work is to examine the microstructure and the mechanical properties, in order to further determine if the profiles behaves as expected. Both flat profiles and 2-chamber box profiles are studied. Three Al-Mg-Si alloys: C20-Y1, C24-X1 and C28-C2 are inspected in this study. These are evaluated in three different tempers states: T4/W, T6 and T7. The characterization of the microstructure by light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy is completed. In addition, the mechanical properties of the materials are considered through tensile and bending tests. The characterization showed a fully recrystallized microstructure in the C20-Y1 alloy, and fibrous microstructure in the C24-X1 and C28-C2 alloy. A typical deformation texture is observed in the two fibrous alloys. The recrystallized C20-Y1 alloy displays a strong cube texture. Large primary particles are present in the C28-C2 alloy, and the smallest particles are seen in the C20-Y1 alloy. For all alloys the particles are elongated in the extrusion direction. C28-C2 displayed a loss of strength in T7-state compared to the other materials, presumably the highly alloyed profile reaches peak strength earlier. Reached true strain at max load by the recrystallized C20-Y1 is noticeably higher than the fibrous alloys. The true strain of this alloy is seen to be highly dependent of the temper state it is in. The fibrous microstructure is less affected by it temper state, which is likely connected to its subgrain structure. The C24-X1 shows the best bendability, assumed due to the combination of smaller primary particles and sub grain structure. The flat profiles systematically reached the highest bending angles. It is also noticed the flat profiles consistently achieved higher true strain at max load in the T6- and T7-state. The 90-oriented specimens displayed highest bendability and highest true strain.


In this article I investigate the proper domain of the application of phrasal syncope in Makkan Arabic using Selkirk's Edge-Based theory of the syntax-phonology interface as well as McCarthy and Prince's theories of Correspondence and Generalized Alignment. I show that both word-level and phrasal syncope result from the interaction of the same syllable structure constraints. The alignment of the right edge of the prosodic constituent (the phonological phrase) with the right edge of a maximal projection in syntactic structure accounts conspicuously for the under-application of phrasal syncope. The present analysis captures significant generalizations about syncope. It demonstrates that the domain of phrasal syncope is internal to the phonological phrase with the plausible consequence of substituting the traditional reference to right-hand and left-hand syncope with the application versus under-application of the process. In addition, it provides evidence that Makkan Arabic is among the languages that exhibit right-edge effects.


This paper extends the theory of investment under uncertainty to incorporate fixed costs of investment, a wedge between the purchase price and sale price of capital, and potential irreversibility of investment. In this extended framework, investment is a non-decreasing function of q, the shadow price of installed capital. There are potentially three investment regimes, which depend on the value of q relative to two critical values. For values of q above the upper critical value, investment is positive and is an increasing function of q, as is standard in the theory branch of the adjustment cost literature. For intermediate values of q, between two critical values, investment is zero. Although this regime features prominently in the irreversibility literature, it is largely ignored in the adjustment cost literature. Finally, if q is below the lower critical value, gross investment is negative, a possibility that is ruled out by assumption in the irreversibility of literature. In general, however, the shadow price q is not directly observable, so we present two examples relating q to observable varieties.


The blanket modules of first wall need bear tremendous heat flux due to the very high temperature of plasma in the nuclear fusion reactor. Therefore, it is significant to clarify the knowledge of transient heat transfer process for helium gas flowing in the tubes installed in the blanket modules.
 In this research, the transient heat transfer process of turbulent forced convection for helium gas flowing in a horizontal minichannel was experimentally investigated. The test tube made of platinum with the inner diameter of 1.8 mm, the wall thickness of 0.1 mm and the effective length of 90 mm was heated by a direct current from power source. The heat generation rate of the test tube, Q̇, was raised with an exponential function, Q̇ = Q0 exp(t/τ), where Q0 is the initial heat generation rate, t is time, and τ is e-folding time of heat generation rate. The heat generation rates of the test tube were controlled and measured by a heat input control system. The flow rates were adjusted by the bypass of gas loop and measured by the turbine flow meter. The experiment was conducted under the e-folding time of heat generation rate ranged from 40 ms to 15 s. Based on experimental data, it is obvious that the heat flux and temperature difference between surface temperature of test tube and bulk temperature of helium gas increased with the exponentially increasing of heat generation rate. At the same flow velocity, the heat transfer coefficients approached constant values when the e-folding time is longer than about 1 s (quasi-steady state), but increased with a decrease of e-folding time when the e-folding time is smaller than about 1 s (transient state). The heat transfer coefficients increased with the increase in flow velocities but showed less dependent on flow velocities at shorter e-folding time. Furthermore, the Nusselt number under quasi-steady and transient condition was affected by the Reynolds number and the Fourier number.


The sex difference in marathon running is increased with lower participation of women than men, but whether this occurs for ultramarathon running is not known. The study purpose was to determine whether the sex difference in performance widens among lower-placed runners and the association between the sex difference in running speed and participation rates. The top-10 ultramarathon running times, age at performance date, and the number of men and women finishers were analyzed from 20 races (45-160 km) in the US Track and Field Ultra Running Grand Prix. Men were faster than women for all events (18.7% ± 5.8%, P < .001). The sex difference in speed was the least for 100 km (14.9% ± 4.2%) and greatest for 45-50 km (19.3% ± 5.8%). The top-10 men were younger than the top-10 women (37.7 ± 3.2 and 39.0 ± 3.1 y, respectively, P < .001). The sex difference in speed increased with finishing place (1st place 15.6% ± 6.6% vs 10th 20.8% ± 5.6%, P < .001). Association analysis showed that the sex difference in speed was largest when there were fewer women than men finishers in a race; the strength of the association was greatest for the 80-km distance and least for the 160-km. Lower participation rates of women than men in the lower-distance ultramarathons and less depth among lower-placed women runners inflate the sex difference in ultramarathon performance.


Present study aimed to analyze crude powders and extracts of different parts of Piper sarmentosum for proximate, qualitative and quantitative studies to prepare standardized botanical drugs from the plant. Unlike synthetic drugs, standardization of botanical drugs is always challenging for natural product researchers due to inadequacy and unavailability of standards and methods. Standardization of botanical drugs is not just an analytical process which ends with the detection of few constituents rather it embodies a set of analytical, biochemical and biological protocols. Keeping analytical protocols in view, crude powders were analyzed for the content of moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash and soluble extractives in water and methanol. These physicochemical properties were found within specified limits. Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) fingerprints of crude powders of different parts indicated the difference of constituents. Similarly, comparison of ultra violet (UV) profiles of extracts of all the parts exhibited discrimination. Qualitative analysis of aqueous and ethanol extracts by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) indicated the presence of amides in ethanol extracts of all parts of the plant. Quantitative analysis of extracts indicated that total amide content was significantly higher by colorimetry as compared to UV spectrophotometry. The distribution of amides in different parts was in the order fruit > root > leaf > stem (P=0.000). It is concluded from the study that amide content varies in different parts of the plant and ethanol is a better solvent for their extraction. Additionally, colorimetric method exhibits high content of amides.


Aim/Purpose: Although the significance of data provenance has been recognized in a variety of sectors, there is currently no standardized technique or approach for gathering data provenance. The present automated technique mostly employs workflow-based strategies. Unfortunately, the majority of current information systems do not embrace the strategy, particularly biodiversity information systems in which data is acquired by a variety of persons using a wide range of equipment, tools, and protocols.

Background: This article presents an automated technique for producing temporal data provenance that is independent of biodiversity information systems. The approach is dependent on the changes in contextual information of data items. By mapping the modifications to a schema, a standardized representation of data provenance may be created. Consequently, temporal information may be automatically inferred.

Methodology: The research methodology consists of three main activities: database event detection, event-schema mapping, and temporal information inference. First, a list of events will be detected from databases. After that, the detected events will be mapped to an ontology, so a common representation of data provenance will be obtained. Based on the derived data provenance, rule-based reasoning will be automatically used to infer temporal information. Consequently, a temporal provenance will be produced.

Contribution: This paper provides a new method for generating data provenance automatically without interfering with the existing biodiversity information system. In addition to this, it does not mandate that any information system adheres to any particular form. Ontology and the rule-based system as the core components of the solution have been confirmed to be highly valuable in biodiversity science.

Findings: Detaching the solution from any biodiversity information system provides scalability in the implementation. Based on the evaluation of a typical biodiversity information system for species traits of plants, a high number of temporal information can be generated to the highest degree possible. Using rules to encode different types of knowledge provides high flexibility to generate temporal information, enabling different temporal-based analyses and reasoning.

Recommendations for Practitioners: The strategy is based on the contextual information of data items, yet most information systems simply save the most recent ones. As a result, in order for the solution to function properly, database snapshots must be stored on a frequent basis. Furthermore, a more practical technique for recording changes in contextual information would be preferable.

Recommendation for Researchers: The capability to uniformly represent events using a schema has paved the way for automatic inference of temporal information. Therefore, a richer representation of temporal information should be investigated further. Also, this work demonstrates that rule-based inference provides flexibility to encode different types of knowledge from experts. Consequently, a variety of temporal-based data analyses and reasoning can be performed. Therefore, it will be better to investigate multiple domain-oriented knowledge using the solution.

Impact on Society: Using a typical information system to store and manage biodiversity data has not prohibited us from generating data provenance. Since there is no restriction on the type of information system, our solution has a high potential to be widely adopted.

Future Research: The data analysis of this work was limited to species traits data. However, there are other types of biodiversity data, including genetic composition, species population, and community composition. In the future, this work will be expanded to cover all those types of biodiversity data. The ultimate goal is to have a standard methodology or strategy for collecting provenance from any biodiversity data regardless of how the data was stored or managed.


Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR: Introduction to Theory and Methods presents the different types of pulse experiments that are commonly used and provides the theoretical background necessary for understanding these techniques. This book evaluates the practical application of pulse methods and the necessary instrumentation. Organized into seven chapters, this book begins with an overview of the NMR fundamentals and the basic pulse methods. This text then summarizes the important features of pulse spectrometers. Other chapters consider the rationale, the advantages, and the limitations of Fourier transform NMR methods. This book discusses as well how the idea of the rotating frame can be utilized to understand certain experiments that extend the range of application of pulse methods. The final chapter deals with a few significant special uses of pulse techniques. This book is a valuable resource for chemists and readers who are familiar with high resolution NMR but with no background in pulse methods.


This study examined the family perceptions of the fathers' roles in the academic, creative, and athletic talent development of five elementary school girls on the basis of family case studies. The following was an overarching question addressed in this study: How are the fathers involved in nurturing the talents of their academically, creatively, and/or athletically talented daughters? The basic assumption of this study lay in the developmental perspective of talent and in the importance of paternal nurturance. Data were collected through interviews, documents, and observations (at the interview place). Overall, this study revealed that the fathers were perceived to have contributed to the development of the academic, creative, and athletic talents of their daughters in the following ways: (a) intellectual stimulation, (b) educational philosophy, (c) common interests, (d) sports activities, (e) special aptitudes, (f) accessibility, (g) exposure to various experiences, (h) parenting style, (i) family structure, (j) gender issues, and (k) future career pursuits. This study shed light on the importance of cohesive family environments as well as the emotional closeness between the fathers and the girls and that of family structure in defining the fathers' roles in the family. The fathers' contributions to the girls' future career pursuits were also apparent, while the mothers' current occupational status either as working mothers or as stay-at-home mothers did not have an influence on the girls' considerations of their professions. Also, the results revealed that the fathers valued intellectual endeavors in the nurturing process, but due to job pressure, they were frustrated about their lack of time with their daughters. This study substantiated the idea that children have their own distinctive talents, and they recognize and develop their gifted and creative potential through the help of their fathers in childhood. By selecting, producing, and sharing experiences with their daughters, the fathers as significant initial motivators and supporters might be expected to play more active roles than they did in the girls' talent development in previous decades.


From the Publisher:
What is IPSec? What's a VPN? Why do the need each other? Virtual Private Network (VPN) has become one of the most recognized terms in our industry, yet there continuously seems to be different impressions of what VPNs really are and can become. A Technical Guide to IPSec Virtual Private Networks provides a single point of information that represents hundreds or resources and years of experience with IPSec VPN solutions. It cuts through the complexity surrounding IPSec and the idiosyncrasies of design, implementation, operations, and security.Starting with a primer on the IP protocol suite, the book travels layer by layer through the protocols and the technologies that make VPNs possible. It includes security theory, cryptography, RAS, authentication, IKE, IPSec, encapsulation, keys, and policies. After explaining the technologies and their interrelationships, the book provides sections on implementation and product evaluation. A Technical Guide to IPSec Virtual Private Networks arms information security, network, and system engineers and administrators with the knowledge and the methodologies to design and deploy VPNs in the real world for real companies.


The International Monetary System (I.M.S.) has a crucial role in economy, representing the frame for a sustainable development of the economic relationships between states, while contributing at the progress of the world's economies. Nowadays, this system confronts large difficulties, as a consequence of the lack of financial disciplinary instruments, meant at regulation and coordination. The actual economic-financial crisis proved the limits of the present I.M.S., reason why it is now under "reconstruction". In this direction, there is a series of reforms that can be implemented, so that the new architecture of the system is much more solid.


Previous research on basic-level object categories shows there is cross-cultural variation in basic-level concepts, arguing against the idea that the basic level reflects an objective reality. In this paper, I extend the investigation to the domain of events. More specifically, I present a case study of verbs of ingestion in Maniq illustrating a highly specific categorization of ingestion events at the basic level. A detailed analysis of these verbs reveals they tap into culturally salient notions. Yet, cultural salience alone cannot explain specificity of basic-level verbs, since ingestion is a domain of universal human experience. Further analysis reveals, however, that another key factor is the language itself. Maniq's preference for encoding specific meaning in basic-level verbs is not a peculiarity of one domain, but a recurrent characteristic of its verb lexicon, pointing to the significant role of the language system in the structure of event concepts.


How can scholars best give back to the communities in which they conduct their research? This critical question arises from a long history of colonial scholarship that exploited study subjects by taking knowledge without giving anything in return. It is a problem faced by all field researchers, even those working in their own communities. Over the past several decades—and especially since the evolution of feminist methodologies, participatory research, and the postcolonial turn in the 1990s—there have been calls for research to be less exploitative, but also for researchers and for the research itself to give something back. Giving Back: Research and Reciprocity in Indigenous Settings addresses the need for reciprocity in the research process, especially (though not exclusively) in regard to indigenous communities. The twelve case studies in this volume demonstrate that giving back can happen through the research itself—through the careful framing of questions, co-production of knowledge, and dissemination of results—but also through the day-to-day actions and attitudes of researchers that inevitably occur in the field. It can range from everyday give-and-take to the sharing of research materials to larger and longer-term engagements. As practitioners of community-based research gain greater awareness of these issues, scholars and institutions need guidance and strategies for ensuring reciprocity in the research process. This volume presents a variety of situations from a wide range of research contexts, discusses what has and hasn't worked, and explores what issues remain. [Book Synopsis]


The Bridge of Dreams is a brilliant reading of The Tale of Genji that succeeds both as a sophisticated work of literary criticism and as an introduction this world masterpiece. Taking account of current literary theory and a long tradition of Japanese commentary, the author guides both the general reader and the specialist to a new appreciation of the structure and poetics of this complex and often seemingly baffling work. The Tale of Genji, written in the early eleventh century by a court lady, Murasaki Shikibu, is Japan's most outstanding work of prose fiction. Though bearing a striking resemblance to the modern psychological novel, the Genji was not conceived and written as a single work and then published and distributed to a mass audience as novels are today. Instead, it was issued in limited installments, sequence by sequence, to an extremely circumscribed, aristocratic audience. This study discusses the growth and evolution of the Genji and the manner in which recurrent concerns--political, social, and religious--are developed, subverted, and otherwise transformed as the work evolves from one stage to another. Throughout, the author analyzes the Genji in the context of those literary works and conventions that Murasaki explicitly or implicitly presupposed her contemporary audience to know, and reveals how the Genji works both within and against the larger literary and sociopolitical tradition. The book contains a color frontispiece by a seventeenth-century artist and eight pages of black-and-white illustrations from a twelfth-century scroll. Two appendixes present an analysis of biographical and textual problems and a detailed index of principal characters.


Ferro-alloy furnaces are electrothermal in nature where heat is produced by supplying electric current through the carbonaceous electrodes to the working space of the furnace. The properties necessary for the satisfactory performance of an, electrothermal electrode at elevated tempe-ratures are (1) high electrical conductivity, (2) slow rate of oxidation (high apparent density), (3) high: mechanical strength (particles well bonded together i.e. suitable aggregate having thoroughly mixed) and (4) low heat conductivity. Two types of electrodes are generally in use i.e. carbon electrodes and graphite. Carbon elec-trode again are of two kinds i.e. (i) soderberg elec-trodes of continuous and self baking type and (II) pre-baked carbon electrodes. Continuous self-baking electrodes are widely used at present.' Carbon electrodes are
very rarely used in the ferro-alloy industry while graphi-tised electrodes are used in the production of decarbur-ised ferro-chrome, metallic manganese and crystal silicon in submerged arc furnaces (SAF). Graphite electrode find place in submerged arc furnaces' of such capacities where the electrode diameter is limited to 28". The electrode size for a submerged arc furnace is selected on the curr-ent density for the operation. Economics has dictated the highest possible current density to keep capital cost to
a minimum. Selecting electrodes by current density may be satisfactory, since it tends to provide good electrode performance. Ferro-alloy furnaces which are to a large
extent continuously operating units need high current (upto 50000 amperes in threephase).For the supply of high current, electrodes of a large' diameter, (20" to 55")
are required. But the difficulties of producing quality electrodes grow' with their diameter. In the ferro-alloy 'industry, therefore continuous self leaking electrodes are used exclusively; in the heated up condition they differ very little in their physical properties from the usual carbon electrodes. The self-baking electrodes are cheaper than the usual pre-baked carbon electrodes. They can be made on the spot and
the expense in setting up a section to produce the electrode mixture is small compared with that of a carbon electrode factory. Moreover, no fuel is needed to heat
the electrodes and there is no need of giant cranes to transport and screw the electrodes.
The manufacturing process of both the type of electrodes is similar which comprises of drying, crushing and grind- ing of the base raw materials and then mixing with a suitable binder. The paste thus formed, in the case of prebaked electrodes is extruded in the cylindrical form and baked by calcining at about 1200 o -1300°C in reduced atmosphere. During the process a dense, fully shrunk product is obtained to give prebaked carbon electrodes. In case of continuous or self baking electrodes, the green paste is either directly placed into the furnace' or moulded and kept in storage for use when needed. For grap-hitised electrodes, the prebaked carbon electrodes after
tar impregnation and rebaking, graphitised by heating in the temperature range 2400- 2600°C n reducing atmosphere.


The development of protected-streamflow standards is essential for the most desirable and equitable use of stream waters for aquatic habitats, municipal and industrial water supply, and recreation. Protected streamflow at a given location along a stream is defined as that flow which water withdrawals will not usually be permitted for offstream uses such as municipal and industrial water supply. Protected streamflow helps maintain 1) aquatic habitats without their being seriously affected by water withdrawals during critical low-flow periods, 2) the assimilative capacity of a stream to receive effluents from wastewater treatment plants without adverse effects on streamwater quality, and 3) stream integrity in terms of diversity and strength of biotic communities. A versatile, basinwide aquatic habitat assessment model has been developed and tested. Computer programs have been developed to calculate the daily flow availability for offstream used for four protected flow levels based on monthly and yearly flow durations. Desirable low-flow releases from in-channel reservoirs are investigated for meeting instream flow needs and extra costs for meeting these needs.


Roger Delgado is instantly recognisable as the Master in Doctor Who but his most famous role was also one of his last. He died aged only 55 but his career was long and productive including roles in much loved television programs such as The Saint, The Avengers, Quatermass II and films including the Hammer horrors. His brilliant versatility made him an indispensable character actor, who was able to switch accent and nationality.

This biography brings to light Delgado's life from his childhood and early work in banking, his repertory theatre, early television, film roles, and finally his fame as the Doctor's nemesis, when colleagues found a master criminal was played by the kindest man they had ever met. It also shows a private life more complex than previously thought.
The biography commemorates the centenary of Delgado's birth in 1918 and looks beyond commonly told anecdotes to tell the story of Delgado's life and career based on painstaking archival research. It features never before seen photographs from the collection of Roger's widow Kismet Delgado and all new interviews with both some of Delgado's most famous co-stars as well as with rarely-interviewed co-stars and directors.


This paper details an application of the Water Poverty Index (WPI) to evaluate the state of water resources in an inland river basin using a case study of the Heihe River Basin (HRB) located in northwest China. The WPI includes five components (resources, access, capacity, use, and environment) and has 13 indicators; each indicator is assigned an equal weighting. The selected set of components and indicators was used to discuss the spatial and temporal variation of the water scarcity situation in the middle of the HRB for a 10-year assessment period. The results show that the water scarcity situation of the HRB is generally evolving in a positive way from 2001 to 2010. However, the WPI varied widely (from 24.6 to 66.5) at a spatial scale. The water situation was best maintained in Jiayuguan City, and it was most severe in Jiuquan City. These variations suggest that different cities require different policy intervention to improve the overall water situation. Overall, the WPI appears to be a reasonable approach to examine the water scarcity situation and help decision makers to better devise local policy.


PURPOSE
For treatment of spine lesions with robotic CyberKnife (Accuray, Sunnvale, CA) radiosurgery, patients are simulated in the supine position with arms along the torso. Treatments often include lateral beams passing through the arms. Variation in arm position between simulation and delivery could affect delivered doses. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential dosimetric effect of patient extremity motion on spinal CyberKnife treatments.

METHODS
Thirteen patients were selected with spinal lesions between T10 and L4. Prescription doses ranged between 1800 and 4000 cGy, delivered in 1 to 5 fractions. In addition to the treatment plan used as reference standard, a comparison plan was created with the arms contoured and contour density set to zero for each patient. This represented the extreme scenario of the patient moving their arm completely out of the field.

RESULTS
Results: The mean difference for the minimum dose to the PTV, the maximum dose to the spinal cord, and dose to 250 cc of spinal cord are 2.4%, 4.8% and 4.5%. PTV coverage in compared plans was changed by 1.4% on average, with the coverage improved, due to less attenuation from the patient arms. As the mean arm dose relative to the prescription dose increased, the impact of removing the arms also increased.

CONCLUSION
The most extreme scenario of extremity motion in CyberKnife spinal radisurgery was investigated. It was found that the dosimetric impact of the arms is small. The difference in PTV coverage was 1.4%, with a difference % in minimum dose to the PTV was 2.4%. Dose differences to critical organs were within 5%. Therefore, any reasonable motion due to set-up variations and deviation from patient simulation position will be negligible.


The low level of literacy within the Muslim community is traditionally explained in terms of the conservative values characterising Muslim society. Based on a field survey of slum dwellers in selected areas of Kolkata, this article argues that economic factors and uncertainties in the labour market combine to create a different perception of the cost-benefits of education. It also examines other facets of educational decisions: its cost and components, the choice of educational institutions and the preferred medium of instruction, presence of gender bias, and the relation between dropouts and child labour.


In the 1950s, the exclusion of women and of black and Latino men from higher-paying jobs was so universal as to seem normal to most Americans. Today, diversity in the workforce is a point of pride. How did such a transformation come about? In this bold and groundbreaking work, Nancy MacLean shows how African-American and later Mexican-American civil rights activists and feminists concluded that freedom alone would not suffice: access to jobs at all levels is a requisite of full citizenship. Tracing the struggle to open the American workplace to all, MacLean chronicles the cultural and political advances that have irrevocably changed our nation over the past fifty years. Freedom Is Not Enough reveals the fundamental role jobs play in the struggle for equality. We meet the grassroots activists - rank-and-file workers, community leaders, trade unionists, advocates, lawyers - and their allies in government who fight for fair treatment, as we also witness the conservative forces that assembled to resist their demands. Weaving a powerful and memorable narrative, MacLean demonstrates the life-altering impact of the Civil Rights Act and the movement for economic advancement that it fostered. The struggle for jobs reached far beyond the workplace to transform American culture. MacLean enables us to understand why so many came to see good jobs for all as the measure of full citizenship in a vital democracy. Opening up the workplace, she shows, opened minds and hearts to the genuine inclusion of all Americans for the first time in our nation's history.


Electrochemical energy storage technology is based on devices capable of exhibiting high energy density (batteries) or high power density (electrochemical capacitors). There is a growing need, for current and near-future applications, where both high energy and high power densities are required in the same material. Pseudocapacitance, a faradaic process involving surface or near surface redox reactions, offers a means of achieving high energy density at high charge–discharge rates. Here, we focus on the pseudocapacitive properties of transition metal oxides. First, we introduce pseudocapacitance and describe its electrochemical features. Then, we review the most relevant pseudocapacitive materials in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. The major challenges for pseudocapacitive materials along with a future outlook are detailed at the end.


The sum-product network (SPN) is a recently-proposed deep model consisting of a network of sum and product nodes, and has been shown to be competitive with state-of-the-art deep models on certain difficult tasks such as image completion. Designing an SPN network architecture that is suitable for the task at hand is an open question. We propose an algorithm for learning the SPN architecture from data. The idea is to cluster variables (as opposed to data instances) in order to identify variable subsets that strongly interact with one another. Nodes in the SPN network are then allocated towards explaining these interactions. Experimental evidence shows that learning the SPN architecture significantly improves its performance compared to using a previously-proposed static architecture.


Discovering what to say and how to say it remains a challenge for users of multimodal interfaces supporting speech input. Users end up "guessing" commands that a system might support, often leading to interpretation errors and frustration. One solution to this problem is to display contextually relevant command examples as users interact with a system. The challenge, however, is deciding when, how, and which examples to recommend. In this work, we describe an approach for generating and ranking natural language command examples in multimodal interfaces. We demonstrate the approach using a prototype touch- and speech-based image editing tool. We experiment with augmentations of the UI to understand when and how to present command examples. Through an online user study, we evaluate these alternatives and find that in-situ command suggestions promote discovery and encourage the use of speech input.


1,2,4-Triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate (1), a novel, pure protic organic ionic plastic crystal (POIPC) with a wide plastic crystalline phase, has been explored as a proof-of-principle anhydrous proton conductor for all-solid-state high temperature hydrogen/air fuel cells. Its physicochemical properties, including thermal, mechanical, structural, morphological, crystallographic, spectral, and ion-conducting properties, as well as fuel cell performances, have been studied comprehensively in both fundamental and device-oriented aspects. With superior thermal stability, 1 exhibits crystal (phase III), plastic crystalline (phase II and I) and melt phases successively from −173 °C to 200 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry and temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements together with polarized optical microscopy and thermomechanical analysis reveal the two solid–solid phase transitions of 1 at 76.8 °C and 87.2 °C prior to the melting transition at 180.9 °C, showing a wide plastic phase (87–181 °C). Scanning electron microscopy displays the morphology of different phases, indicating the plasticity in phase I. Single-crystal XRD studies reveal the molecular structure of 1 and its three-dimensional N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding network. The influence of the three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network on the physicochemical properties of 1 has been highlighted. The temperature dependence of hydrogen bonding is investigated by variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy. The sudden weakening of hydrogen bonds at 82 °C seems to be coupled with the onset of orientational or rotational disorder of the ions. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity in the solid and molten states is measured via impedance spectroscopy and current interruption technique, respectively. The Arrhenius plot of the ionic conductivity assumes a lower plateau region (phase I, 100–155 °C) with a low activation energy of ∼36.7 kJ mol−1 (i.e. ∼0.38 eV), suggesting likely a Grotthuss mechanism for the proton conduction. Variable-temperature infrared analysis, optical morphological observations, and powder XRD patterns further illustrate the structural changes. Electrochemical hydrogen pumping tests confirm the protonic nature of the ionic conduction observed in the lower plateau region. Finally, measurements of the open circuit voltages (OCVs) and the polarization curves of a dry hydrogen/air fuel cell prove the long-range proton conduction. At 150 °C, a high OCV of 1.05 V is achieved, approaching the theoretical maximum (1.11 V).


The triple-negative breast cancer (tnbc) is an aggressive subtype linked to a poor outcome of established breast cancer therapy. Increasing evidence points to the role of the tumor's extracellular matrix (ECM) as a determinant of its aggressiveness as well as the effectiveness of chemical therapeutics. Three-dimensional imaging techniques can be used to unravel ECM architecture. Label-free contrast mechanisms such as second harmonic generation (SHG) avoid falsification and artifacts introduced by the labeling process. Here, we present the complementary use of two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEF) and Scanning Laser Optical Tomography (SLOT) for the investigation and quantification of tumor ECM. Both methods were used to capture fluorescence from antibody-labeled samples as well as the SHG signal from collagen strands in the ECM. SLOT generally allows for the investigation of larger samples of several mm up to a few cm in size. This work shows the capabilities of the tomographic setup compared to established TPEF, and demonstrates their combined use to maximize the information content of the acquired data. The obtained images served as a basis for ECM quantification. 3D-analysis allowed for determination of length, straightness and orientation of the collagen fibers based on fluorescence imaging as well as SHG imaging. The resulting coordinates might be used for synthetic reconstruction of a patient-specific tumor matrix, serving as a scaffold for pre-clinical therapeutic testing. Collagen imaging and quantification as presented here can therefore be employed for both basic and clinical research, paving the way for patient-specific cancer therapy.


Alternative teacher certification program (ATCP) is widely used as a term for a variety of programs designed to train and credential teachers in expedited fashion. In practice, however, ATCPs consist of a loose confederation of programs and practices ranging from "emergency certification to very sophisticated and well-designed programs that address the professional preparation needs of the growing population of individuals who already have at least a baccalaureate degree and considerable life experience who want to become teachers" (Feistritzer, 1998, p. 2). The policy rhetoric suggests that these programs address teacher shortages, improve teacher quality, increase diversity of the teacher pool, and increase retention rates. While these goals are laudable, the underlying assumptions of the policy have been challenged (Cohen-Vogel & Smith, in press; Scribner & Akiba, 2007). These studies question assumptions about the effectiveness of alternative certification policy to attract teachers of higher quality than traditionally trained teachers. However, the antecedent assumption that ATCPs are substantially similar in structure and function remains tacit and under-explored in policy circles, among practitioners, and in large part in extant research. Analyses of ATCPs have tended to (a) ignore substantive differences of alternative certification at the local level by aggregating data to the national level, thereby eliminating the possibility of understanding outcomes across and within programs (e.g., Shen 1998a, 1998b) or (b) use single-site case-study approaches that limit our ability to generalize findings (e.g., Brennan & Bliss, 1998; Stevens & Dial, 1993; Stoddart, 1990). As a result, researchers and practitioners have called for studies that describe the content and processes of high-quality ATCPs and that rigorously compare alternatively and traditionally certified teachers (Kwiatkowski, 2002; see also, Stoddart, 1993; Wilson, Floden, & Ferrini-Mundy, 2001). This article presents findings from the initial phase of a longitudinal research program designed to evaluate alternative teacher certification policy in one state. The study used program theory evaluation (PTE) to investigate policy assumptions, program logics and dilemma points from alternatively certified teacher training to teacher practice. We specifically explored how and why ATCPs differed in form and function by presenting an emergent framework to make sense of these differences. Gaining a better understanding of ATCP variation is critical given national, state, and local pressure to address teacher shortages and improve teacher quality (U.S. Department of Education, 2002). The following questions guided our exploration into ATCP theories: (1) what are the program theories that guide practice in the five largest ATCPs in Missouri? and (2) what factors contribute to formation of these program theories. In our discussion we consider the implications our findings have for the practice of alternative teacher certification. As this study will show, policy makers and ATCP directors must address the external factors that shape program logics and the contradictions these influences can create. Alternative Teacher Certification Policy and Program Logic The espoused logic suggests that ATCPs are effective strategies to alleviate teacher shortages and increase teacher quality (e.g., Feistritzer, 2002; U.S. Department of Education, 2002). Policymakers assume that by providing alternate routes to certification (a) persons with valuable professional experience will be recruited to the profession, (b) professional experience translates into effective teaching, (c) more mature novice teachers will persist in the profession longer than younger, traditionally prepared teachers, (d) teachers of underrepresented groups will be attracted to the profession, and (e) the experiences of students of alternatively and traditionally certified teachers do not differ significantly (Adams & Dial, 1993; Dill, 1996). …


BACKGROUND
Effective rotavirus vaccines could substantially reduce the approximately 500,000 deaths due to rotavirus disease per year worldwide, although the impact will depend on vaccine effectiveness, timing of administration, and coverage. We modeled vaccine impact on rotavirus-associated mortality in rural Ghana.

METHODS
All deaths due to acute diarrhea among children during 1998-2004 in the Kassena-Nankana District of Ghana were identified, and the number of deaths due to rotavirus disease was estimated using hospital laboratory surveillance data. Assuming rotavirus vaccine would be included in the current Expanded Program on Immunization schedule, we estimated the reduction in rotavirus-associated mortality with use of the current coverage and timing of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine administration and various age-restricted schedules.

RESULTS
Of the 381 deaths due to diarrhea, 131 (34%) were estimated to be caused by rotavirus infection. On the basis of current diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage and timing, a 90% efficacious 3-dose rotavirus vaccine would prevent 70% of deaths due to rotavirus infection if administered without age restrictions, 53% if only initiated among children <12 weeks of age, and 52% if the course also was completed by 32 weeks of age.

CONCLUSIONS
Rotavirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce rotavirus-associated mortality in rural Ghana. Although timely vaccination should be encouraged, extending the current age recommendation for initiation of rotavirus vaccination could increase the coverage and impact of vaccination.


A set of 19 melatonin analogues, intended to be better antioxidants than the parent molecule, have been computationally designed. Eight of them were planned to have good primary antioxidant capacity (AOC), i.e., being good free radical scavengers. Seven of them were designed for their secondary AOC, being able to inhibit ˙OH production by acting as metal ion chelators. Based on their predicted behavior for the intended functions, four multifunctional melatonin analogues were proposed. They were found to be among the best peroxyl radical scavengers identified so far, in aqueous solution, at physiological pH. They were also found to be capable of turning off Cu(II) reduction by O2˙− and Asc−, thus fully inhibiting the associated ˙OH production. Two of them, namely the IIcD and IbG analogues, were identified as the ones with the best multifunctional AOC. They both fulfill the Lipinski's and Ghose's rules for orally active drugs. However, IIcD has been chosen as the best prospect for possible application based on potential toxicity and synthetic accessibility estimations. Hopefully, these results might provide motivation for further investigations on the subject, and the synthesis of this compound, so its potential role as protector against oxidative stress – and the associated health issues – could be experimentally confirmed or refuted.


Aim: The present investigation was aimed to characterize the fixed oil of Arachis hypogaea L. using five different extraction methods: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasound assistance extraction, soxhlet extraction, solvent extraction, and three phase partitioning method. Materials and Methods: The SFE conditions (temperature, pressure, and volume of CO 2) were optimized prior for better yield. The extracted oils were analyzed and compared for their physiochemical parameters, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) fingerprinting. Anti-oxidant activity was also determined using DPPH and superoxide scavenging method. Results: The main fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids as obtained by GC-MS. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of similar major components in chromatograms. Similarly, the pattern of peaks as obtained in FT-IR and GC-MS spectra of same oils by different extraction methods was superimposable. Conclusion: Analysis reported that the fixed oil of A. hypogaea L. is a good source of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly n-6 and n-9 fatty acid with a significant antioxidant activity of oil obtained from SFE extraction method.


A two stages process integration of high-gravity (Higee) rotating packed bed (RPB) and resin wafer electrodeionization (RW-EDI) technology was developed for CO2 mineralization, waste utilization and water reclamation. To stabilize and upgrade the properties of the municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA), accelerated carbonation was performed to convert calcium-bearing species into calcium carbonates via a Higee RPB. The direct and indirect carbonation process were consecutively operated via a RPB while the leachate (water washing liquid) from MSWI FA carbonation with high content of chloride ions was reclaimed via a RW-EDI process. In this study, the carbonation conversion of MSWI FA in direct carbonation using Higee process was evaluated along with CO2 capture capacity, CaCO3 formation and energy consumption. Several key factors including rotating packed bed and liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR) were evaluated through experimental design. In addition, the energy consumption and productivity of MSWI FA leachate using RW-EDI was evaluated. Results indicate that the carbonation conversion was increased as raising the rotating speed and lower LSR. The maximal carbonation conversion of 89.81 % was found at rotating speed of 1000 rpm and LSR of 10. To remove the residual calcium ions in the leachate, the indirect carbonation was conducted in a RPB. The outlet CO2 concentration, pH value, calcium ions concentration and conductivity of leachate were decreased as over reaction time. The maximal CO2 capture efficiency was found at the reaction time of 5 minutes. Furthermore, the results show that the relationship between energy consumption and productivity of MSWI FA leachate treatment via RW-EDI was negative correlation. The energy consumption of RW-EDI for MSWI FA leachate treatment was found to be 1.49–3.61 kWh/m with productivity of 12.82–17.09 L/hr/m. It suggested that the integrated HiG-EDI system offers the potential for an abundant source of CO2 capture, MSWI FA stabilization and fresh water from FA leachate treatment, which should be viewed as a crucial component in the portfolio of CO2 capture, waste stabilization and water reclamation.


Partially observable M arkov decision processes (POMDPS) allow one to model complex dynamic decision or control problems that include both action outcome uncertainty and imperfect observability. The control problem is formulated as a dynamic optimization problem with a value function combining costs or rewards from multiple steps. In this paper we propose, analyse and test various incremental methods for computing bounds on the value function for control problems with infinite discounted horizon criteria. The methods described and tested include novel incremental versions of grid-based linear interpolation method and simple lower bound method with Sondik's updates. Both of these can work with arbitrary points of the belief space and can be enhanced by various heuristic point selection strategies. Also introduced is a new method for computing an initial upper bound _ the fast informed bound method. This method is able to improve significantly on the standard and commonly used upper bound computed by the MDP-based method. The quality of resulting bounds are tested on a maze navigation problem with 20 states, 6 actions and 8 observations.


The study aim was to determine the shelf life of yogurt sinbiotik at several temperatures with the addition of Dioscorea esculenta modified flour. Lactic Acid Bacteria used for yoghurt making consist of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longun, Streptococcus themophillus. The method used Accelerated shelf life test (ASLT) with the characteristics observed namely pH, total acid value using titration method, and total lactic acid bacteria with TPC method. The concentration level of modified flour of Dioscorea esculenta was 2%. The shelf life of yogurt can be determined from the critical factor based on most rapid damage to the Arrhenius equation y = -3504,1x + 9.1043 and R2 = 0.5125. Yogurt sinbiotik stored at room temperature shelf life is 9.5 days. At 4 ° C storage temperature, shelf life is 23.2 days. At 40 ° C storage temperature, shelf life is 5.4 days. The addition of Dioscorea esculenta tuber starch in yogurt sinbiotik affect viability of LAB in the yogurt, since viability of lactic acid bacteria during storage has decreased, but the numbers are still within the range of CFU / ml on the final day of storage


This article aims at providing a comprehensive survey of recent developments in the field of integer-valued time series modelling, paying particular attention to models obtained as discrete counterparts of conventional autoregressive moving average and bilinear models, and based on the concept of thinning. Such models have proven to be useful in the analysis of many real-world applications ranging from economy and finance to medicine. We review the literature of the most relevant thinning operators proposed in the analysis of univariate and multivariate integer-valued time series with either finite or infinite support. Finally, we also outline and discuss possible directions of future research.


The domestic guinea pig, Cavia aperea f. porcellus, belongs to the Caviidae family of rodents. It is an important species as a pet, a source of food and in medical research. Adult weight is achieved at 8–12 months and life expectancy is ∼5–6 years. Our aim was to map bone local thickness, structure and dimensions across developmental stages in the normal animal. Guinea pigs (n = 23) that had died of natural causes were collected and the bones manually extracted and cleaned. Institutional ethical permission was given under the UK Home Office guidelines and the Veterinary Surgeons Act. X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (microCT) was undertaken on the left and right scapula, humerus and femur from each animal to ascertain bone local thickness. Images were also used to undertake manual and automated bone measurements, volumes and surface areas, identify and describe nutrient, supratrochlear and supracondylar foramina. Statistical analysis between groups was carried out using ANOVA with post-hoc testing. Our data mapped a number of dimensions, and mean and maximum bone thickness of the scapula, humerus and femur in guinea pigs aged 0–1 month, 1–3 months, 3–6 months, 6 months–1 year and 1–4 years. Bone dimensions, growth rates and local bone thicknesses differed between ages and between the scapula, humerus and femur. The microCT and imaging software technology showed very distinct differences between the relative local bone thickness across the structure of the bones. Only one bone showed a singular nutrient foramen, every other bone had between 2 and 5, and every nutrient canal ran in an oblique direction. In contrast to other species, a supratrochlear foramen was observed in every humerus whereas the supracondylar foramen was always absent. Our data showed the bone local thickness, bone structure and measurements of guinea pig bones from birth to 4 years old. Importantly it showed that bone development continued after 1 year, the point at which most guinea pigs have reached full weight. This study is the first to show the high abundance (100% in this study) of the supratrochlear foramen within the guinea pig humerus and the complete absence of a supracondylar foramen, which is different to many other species and may also affect potential fracture points and frequencies. Understanding bone morphology and growth is essential in not only understanding the requirements of the healthy guinea pig, but also necessary in order to investigate disease states.


This paper proposes an integrated risk-management framework that includes 1) measuring the risk of credit portfolios, 2) implementing a (macro) stress test, and 3) setting risk limits using the estimated systematic latent factor specific to capture the housing market cycle. To this end, we extract information from a set of real-estate market variables based on the FAVAR methodology proposed by Bernanke, Boivin and Eliasz (2005). Then, we show the method by which the estimated systematic factor is applied to risk management in the housing market in an integrated manner within the Vasicek one-factor credit model. The proposed methodology is well fitted to analyze the risk of slow-moving and low-defaultable forms of capital, such as alternative investments.


The paper presents results of international standardization work items within ISO and IEC to develop safety requirements for new types of non-industrial robots, namely, personal care robots, and for medical robots. The key requirements for the three defined types of personal care robots focus on how the intended close robot-human interactions can be facilitated without causing harm. For medical robots, the key issue is how the degree of autonomy that is included in the new definition of a robot can be handled in medical electrical equipment to ensure basic safety and essential performance. The standardization work is continuing, and the paper describes the current thinking within the work groups and summarises the results that have been achieved.


This article responds to the call of scholars for more research on psychological phenomena in entrepreneurship and especially business transfers. The complexity represented in business transfers has attracted a substantial interest of a wide variety of disciplines in the last 30 years. Despite this attention failure rates remain constantly high. This might be because the subject is approached with a financial, legal or economic point of view. Recent research suggests that the psychological side of business transfer might account for a large portion for the failure rate. The article proposes to look at the process of business transfer through the eyes of the transition model by Noble and Walker. As the company goes through various stages in its development in its lifecycle, the incumbent follows a similar path. The model suggests 3 stages which the incumbent goes though; from a trigger event into a separation phase, a liminal phase and finally an incorporation phase where psychological benefits can be harvested. Support is explored in the threshold theory where it is assumed psychological costs and income might lead to the respective stages


A general consensus is that the proliferation of location- aware devices will result in a diffusion of location-based services. Privacy preservation is a challenging research issue for this kind of service. A possible solution consists of ensuring users' anonymity, i.e., ensuring that the user issuing a request is indistinguishable, among a group of users, by any attacker who has access to the service requests. In this paper we propose a formal framework to model the problem of guaranteeing anonymity when requiring location-based services. The proposed framework extends existing approaches by allowing to model different kinds of knowledge that may be available to the attacker. We show application examples of our framework, modeling both known scenarios and new ones. From a practical point of view, the framework makes it possible to define anonymity-preserving techniques that best suite the system assumptions as derived from the applicative context, and the level of privacy protection defined by the user.


The most common types of orofacial pain originate at the dental or periodontal region or in the musculoskeletal structures. However, sometimes a patient may present pain in these regions even though the source is located elsewhere in the body. One possible source of heterotopic pain is of cardiac origin, which pose a diagnostic challenge. In 6% of patients, craniofacial pain can be the first and the only symptom of cardiac ischemia. Misdiagnosis of these cases may lead to unnecessary dental treatment and a significant number of deaths due to atypical symptoms of coronary disease.


Dark chocolate as the main subject matter in this study was investigated for physical changes when formulated with two different lipids based ingredients impacting on the chocolate flow properties. The first ingredient was limonene, known to reduce viscosity when substituting a small fraction of the cocoa butter and to affect cocoa butter crystal morphology, but without knowledge of the impact on bloom formation. The second lipid ingredient was a polar lipid extract from green leaf tissue hypothesised to show functionality as a flow aid, potentially enabling the replacement of currently applied commercial surfactants in chocolate. The driver for this part of the PhD study was to uncover alternatives for the commercial surfactant polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) which has a negative consumer image. This study was also carried out to devise an opportunity for functionalisation of green tissue waste, although in this first investigation, fresh spinach was used as the raw tissue material. As DGDG was claimed to be the polar lipid compound that caused the low viscosity reduction of dark chocolate by oat lipids, DGDG as well as MGDG are also available abundantly in spinach. The limonene work was using the techniques of whiteness index (WI) to detect bloom, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal identification and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the melting behaviour. Limonene significantly influenced the cocoa butter crystal transformation rate in chocolate which further promoted the development of clearly visible bloom. Nevertheless, limonene may still commercially can be applied in chocolate filling or white chocolate bars where bloom formation is not visible. Polar green leaf tissue lipids were extracted from both spinach leaf and spinach chloroplast due to their difference in composition. Based on compositional analysis of the lipids and their fatty acids by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively, it was confirmed that leaf contained higher proportion of phospholipids compared to chloroplast, which was highly concentrated with glycolipids. The surface active nature of both lipid extracts was confirmed by interfacial tension measurements at the oil/water interface. Leaf and chloroplast lipid showed a comparable surface activity and demonstrated to be more surface active than lecithin and PGPR. Before applying as flow aid into a complex chocolate formulation, sugar/oil suspensions with added surfactant were rheologically analysed. The performance of the two green tissue extracts was compared to the commercially applied lecithin and PGPR in a concentration range of 0.1 % to 0.7 % based on total suspension containing between 40 and 50 % sugar by weight. Both spinach leaf and chloroplast lipids showed a comparable result in influencing the rheological properties of chocolate model. Therefore, due to the higher lipid recovery from leaf compared to chloroplast as the basic of parent leaf, application in chocolate to verify the results obtained for the model system was executed only for leaf lipid extract. Based on the model suspension results addition at 0.3 and 0.6% on chocolate by weight was considered. Spinach leaf lipid decreased the viscosity of chocolate to value lower than lecithin and PGPR added at the both levels. Yield value measured at 5 s-1 was also reduced; at both levels of addition providing an advantage over lecithin which was shown and is known to increase yield stress at higher level of addition. On the other hand, the yield (5 s-1) lowering capacity was less pronounced than PGPR whereas it was found to be effective based on the model chocolate system. The present results show promise for green leaf tissue lipid to be applied as surfactant in chocolate or fat based food suspension although further research is required to develop the full potential of this natural surfactant system.


Background We aimed to investigate the clinical, histopathological, and molecular factors associated with allograft loss in transplant glomerulopathy (TGP) patients. Methods Of the 525 patients who underwent clinically indicated kidney biopsies, 52 (10%) had diagnosis of TGP. Gene expression profiles of 28 TGP and 11 normal transplant kidney biopsy samples were analyzed by Affymetrix HuGene 1.0 ST expression arrays. Results Over a median follow up of 23 months (1-46 months) after the diagnosis of TGP by biopsy, 17 patients (32%) lost their allografts at a median of 16 months (1-44 months). There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of any demographic variables, serum creatinine, panel reactive antibody levels, donor-specific antibody frequency, or mean fluorescence intensity values. Patients who lost their allograft had a significantly higher median spot protein to creatinine ratio 2.81 (1.20-6.00) compared to no graft loss patients 1.16 (0.15-2.53), (P < 0.01), and a trends toward a higher mean chronic glomerulopathy (cg) score (1.65 ± 0.93 vs 1.11 ± 0.93) (P = 0.05). There was also no difference in microvascular inflammation or any other Banff injury scores between the 2 groups. Although 117 gene transcripts were upregulated in both groups, 86 and 57 were upregulated in graft loss and functioning allograft groups, respectively. There were significantly increased levels of intragraft endothelial cell–associated transcripts, gene transcripts associated with complement cascade, interleukins and their receptors and granulysin in graft loss patients compared to patients with a functioning allograft. Conclusion Our results demonstrate differential intragraft gene expression profiles in TGP patients with allograft loss.


This article explores the ongoing conversion of ethnic Chinese managers in Indonesia and Malaysia to charismatic Christianity, a movement characterized by experiential spirituality, healing, and prophesying. The spiritual turn among ethnic Chinese managers is positioned against the growing literature on spirituality in organizations and the acclaimed need for managers to bring spirituality to work in order to enhance efficiency and employee well-being under the present Zeitgeist of growing global competition and organizational change. An important missing link, however, in this instrumentalist literature is a contextualized approach to the inner meanings of religion-based spirituality in the lives of the managers involved. By analyzing the experiences as narrated by converted managers in Indonesia and Malaysia against the background of their cultural, political, social and economic context - in casu the ethno-religious power relations at national levels -, this article takes the analysis beyond the goal-oriented leadership literature. Additionally, it applies a comparative approach to show that the spiritual turn may have divergent meanings to actors in different contexts. The outcomes of the research illustrate that religion-based spirituality among ethnic Chinese managers in Indonesia and Malaysia is empowering at the managerial level but also at the ethnic level. In the latter case however, this empowerment is quite differently constituted.


The endothelins are a family of hormones that have a biphasic action on pituitary lactotrophs. The initial effect is stimulatory, followed later by inhibition that persists long after the agonist has been removed. Recent research has uncovered several G protein pathways that mediate these effects.


Abstract Body dissatisfaction plays a prominent role in gender dysphoria. In some individuals body dissatisfaction appears to manifest disordered eating in order to suppress bodily features of natal gender and accentuate features of gender identity. To date, there has been no systematic review of the literature pertaining to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in trans individuals. Such a review may highlight important implications for clinicians working with trans people. Therefore, the aim was to critically and systematically review the available literature examining body dissatisfaction or disordered eating in a trans population, and also the literature pertaining to how body dissatisfaction and disordered eating are related in trans people. This review found three studies that explored disordered eating in trans people, five studies that explored body image and disordered eating in trans people, and 18 studies that explored body image in trans people. The findings from this review suggest that body dissatisfaction is core to the distress trans people experience and that this dissatisfaction may also put some individuals at risk of developing disordered eating. Additionally, the findings appear to suggest that gender dysphoria treatment is successful at increasing body satisfaction and improving body image. The clinical implications are discussed.


This paper deals with the concepts of persistence diagram and matching distance. These are two of the main ingredients of Topological Persistence, which has proven to be a promising framework for shape comparison. Persistence diagrams are descriptors providing a signature of the shapes under study, while the matching distance is a metric to compare them. One drawback in the application of these tools is the computational cost for the evaluation of the matching distance. The aim of the present paper is to introduce a new framework for the approximation of the
matching distance, which does not affect the reliability of the entire approach in comparing shapes, and extremely reduces the computational cost. This is shown through experiments on 3D-models.


Topical classification of user queries is critical for general-purpose web search systems. It is also a challenging task, due to the sparsity of query terms and the lack of labeled queries. On the other hand, search contexts embedded in query sessions and unlabeled queries free on the web have not been fully utilized in most query classification systems. In this work, we leverage these information to improve query classification accuracy.
 We first incorporate search contexts into our framework using a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model. Discriminative training of CRFs is favored over the traditional maximum likelihood training because of its robustness to noise. We then adapt self-training with our model to exploit the information in unlabeled queries. By investigating different confidence measurements and model selection strategies, we effectively avoid the error-reinforcing nature of self-training. In extensive experiments on real search logs, we have averaged around 20% improvement in classification accuracy over other state-of-the-art baselines.


As a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United, corporations and individuals now enjoy the same rights to spend money on advertisements supporting or opposing candidates for office. Those concerned about the role of money in politics have much to decry about the decision. But the threat to democracy posed by allowing wealthy corporations to function as political speakers arises under the same regime that allows wealthy individuals to do so. If we are not prepared to limit individuals' expenditures on political speech, we will have to find a way to distinguish individuals' and corporations' free speech rights.The prevailing strategy — marshaled in Justice Stevens' dissent and taken up by the decision's critics — argues that corporations are not persons; therefore they are not entitled to the constitutional rights that persons enjoy. Yet this strategy is bound to fail because there is no consensus over just what it takes to be a person, let alone whether corporations would qualify.The effort to find a compelling distinction between the free speech rights of individuals and corporations needs a new foundation, which this Article seeks to provide. To that end, the Article focuses not on personhood, but instead on something far more relevant to the matter at hand — citizenship. In particular, the Article advances a novel account of citizenship, which it calls normative citizenship. Normative citizens are formal citizens who are expected to participate in the joint project of the nation-state. The Article contends that it is only normative citizens who need robust political free speech rights. Because corporations do not count as normative citizens, corporate political speech need not receive the same level of protection as the political speech of normative citizens.While enhanced clarity on the notion of citizenship cannot itself undo the Citizens United decision, there are important reasons for pursuing this work now. First, a clearer understanding of the constitutional status of the corporation could lend support to the movement for an amendment overturning the Citizens United decision. Second, the account advanced here could serve to undermine assertions of other corporate constitutional rights. Finally, this account can forestall rhetoric about the "good corporate citizen," which may have unwittingly helped to legitimate a conception of the corporation as a bearer of strong constitutional rights — a conception that is inaccurate and problematic, for the reasons advanced here.


A national eradication program for the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, has been ongoing in Australia since 2001 when the pest was first officially identified in Brisbane, Queensland. Through a range of communication strategies, the program has encouraged the public to report suspect S. invicta and to submit ant samples for identification. There is now a 16‐year dataset of ant specimen submissions from the public and, in the last 5 years, digital ant photograph submissions. Analysis of this dataset shows that, at the end of 2017, the program has processed over 45 000 identifiable ant samples from 41 genus groups from the public in the greater Brisbane region, as well as viewed almost 7000 digital photo submissions. Of these submissions, 8486 were S. invicta samples, with 898 of these originating from a photo. The 10 most commonly submitted local ant genera represent 90% of non‐target ant samples received. Eight of these genera share two or more traits with S. invicta. Since photos were introduced, there has been a reduction in the average yearly non‐target samples received, along with an increase in the proportion of positive detections within public submissions. We conclude that the program's messaging about how to recognise S. invicta has been effective and that photo submissions are a cost‐effective and successful engagement tool. Our study shows that a high level of confidence can be placed on the ability of the public to recognise and report suspect S. invicta and demonstrates again the importance of awareness campaigns in enhancing the probability of passive detection of a target species.