This thesis presents an investigation into the reddening effects of the diffuse ISM using a subset of stars from the Stephenson (1992) objective prism survey. The survey contained approximately 400 stars, which were originally reported to be heavily-reddened, early-type objects.
(B)VRJ photometry of 101 of the stars is presented. Intrinsic colours are inferred, based on the spectral types identified via subsequent optical spectroscopy. These are then used to obtain colour excesses and hence visual extinctions (Ar), using a standard diffuse interstellar reddening law (R= 3.05).
Subsequent 6100 - 6900 A spectra of 193 of the Stephenson (1992) stars are then presented. 87% of the spectroscopic sample are K - M stars, 3% are S-type, and 8% are of genuinely early type. Visual extinctions of these fifteen early-type stars are found to lie between 8 and 18'". In addition, measurements of the strengths of four Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs) towards these stars suggest a previously unseen correlation between fl6284 and 6614. II genuine, this correlation does not show a strong dependence on A. Spectroscopy at 3.4 pm of twelve of the genuinely early-type sources is also presented.
Aliphatic C - H stretch absorption band strengths at 3.4 pm are listed for eleven of the sources, and found to be consistently weaker per unit extinction than previously measured (e.g. Sandford et al. 1995). This result supports earlier suggestions of 3.4 pm band enhancement towards the Galactic Centre. No global dependence on Galactic longitude is evident in the 3.4 pm band strengths towards the Stephenson stars. Profile fining of the hydrocarbon band towards these sources indicates some variation between lines of sight, but appears to preclude several previously proposed carriers (e.g. photolysed ice residues). No correlations are found between the hydrocarbon band strengths and those of the DIBs, suggesting that if the DIBs carriers are indeed carbonaceous, there is little direct interaction between them and the solid-phase, aliphatic
material in dust grains.


This is one of a series of delightfully humorous tales for beginner readers from the award-winning creator of "Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus"!Gerald is careful. Piggie is not. Piggie cannot help smiling. Gerald can. Gerald worries so that Piggie does not have to. Gerald and Piggie are best friends. In "There's a Bird on Your Head!", Gerald discovers that there is something worse than a bird on your head - two birds on your head! Can Piggie help her best friend? Told entirely in speech bubbles with a repetitive use of familiar phrases, this highly original book is perfect for children just learning to read.


ABSTRACT Background: Difficulty in communicating (due to aphasia) can have serious consequences for patients in health care settings. Communication Partner Training is effective for improving communication between people with aphasia and health care professionals. Aim and Objective: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of developing and introducing a Communication Program which focuses on improving communication between nurses and persons with aphasia in a peripheral hospital setting. Methods & Procedures: A mixed-methods feasibility study was conducted with a pre-test post-test design in the quantitative part and two focus group discussions in the qualitative part. Nurses received training for communicating with persons with aphasia. In the pre-test and post-test, nurses filled in a questionnaire for barriers and facilitators and a feasibility questionnaire. Nurses' attitudes towards the Communication Program were further explored in two focus group discussions. Outcomes & Results: Forty six nurses took part in the training sessions. Most nurses were satisfied about the Communication Program (24/30) and intended to continue using it (25/30). Almost all nurses saw positive effects for patients with aphasia (27/30), such as an increase in the ability to communicate. However, nurses reported that using the program was time consuming and that they still often experienced frustration when communicating with persons with aphasia. Conclusions: Improving communication with persons with aphasia via the Communication Program seems feasible and valuable according to nurses. Nurses probably need more support during implementation of the Communication Program, mainly due to time barriers and the complexity of communicating with persons with aphasia. Further research should focus on revising the program, training health care professionals with different educational backgrounds, and assessing the implementation of this communication partner training in health care settings.


Possible reasons for, and prevention of, postharvest floral organ fall in Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium unciizatum Schauer) were studied. An 11-kg compression load, equivalent to the lidding of a carton, caused flower fall amounting to 1% of the fresh mass of 420-g bunches. Fungal development also resulted in flower abscission. Healthy flowers produced little ethylene (e.g. 0.05 μL/kg.h), while infected flowers produced much more (e.g. 7.71 μL/kg.h) and were shed. Treatment with fungicide (iprodione + mancozeb) and antiethylene compounds [e.g. silver thiosulfate (STS) pulse, Purafil sorbant] reduced flowerfall in packaged flowers. Cut sprigs which suffered severe water deficit also shed flowers. In cv. Elegance, drying to −3.61 MPa elevated ethylene production (e.g. 1.35 μL/kg.h). Flowerfall induced by water deficit could be reduced by pretreatment with a STS pulse (0.5 mmol Ag+L for 15-22 h at 0°C or 4 mmol Ag+L for 20-30 min at about 20°C). Pretreatment with a naphthaleneacetic acid dip (50 mg/L for 1 min at room temperature) shortened the vase life of Elegance.


The adoption of educational technology in teaching depends on how well a teacher accepts it. This paper draws on a technology acceptance survey of pre-service primary mathematics teachers in Hong Kong to study the factors influencing their technology acceptance. This work adopted a mixed method approach, in which quantitative data were collected through questionnaire survey from 234 pre-service teachers, where the data were analysed using structural equation modelling with a customised technology acceptance model. The qualitative data were also collected from 14 of these pre-service teachers through interviews, and analysed using the iterative coding process. The results show an overall positive attitude towards the use of educational technology, while perceived usefulness is more influential than perceived ease of use. Perceived ease of use is found to rely heavily on facilitating conditions rather than computer self-efficacy. We also found that subjective norms have an indirect influence on the usage and adoption in our context. Explanations for these findings are discussed, together with implications of the results. Our findings are intended to provide insights to policy makers about how to design teacher education programmes that address the demands of learning and teaching with educational technologies in Hong Kong and related contexts.


Abstract The USA, the EU and Finland have woken up to the fact that certain metals are critical in crises. Their production is concentrated in a few countries outside the USA and the EU. China controls 90–95 per cent of the production of rare-earth elements that are important to military technology and electronics. In Finland, the Critical Materials and Security of Supply monitoring group has listed the critical metals important to Finland. However, Finland is in an exceptional position among the European countries due to the fact the we have a competitive advantage in the mining of many critical metals and the processing of metals. Finland's own mines and opened ore deposits yield battery materials (nickel, cobalt, lithium and graphite) and platinum group metals (with the most important ones being gold, palladium and platinum). Rare-earth elements can be used to make permanent magnets, which are needed in the jet engines of fighter aircraft, among other things. Fruitful development is being carried out in the recovery of critical metals (e.g. rare-earth elements) from scrap and municipal waste, and it will most likely lead to industrial-scale production within the next few years. However, Finnish industry uses a very wide range of critical metals and, particularly, ready-made components that contain them. How can the security of the supply of these materials be secured in a crisis? Businesses know their own needs the best. Their inventories of critical metals or components containing them could be increased by allowing premature recognition of a part of the purchase costs of inventories as expenses. Businesses could then immediately claim a tax deduction for the metals or components they purchase for their inventories. This would create an incentive to maintain excessive inventories, which would provide security in crises. For its part, the National Emergency Supply Agency could store some critical metals that would be shortest in supply worldwide in a global crisis. These inventories could then be exchanged for the metals and components containing critical metals that are required by Finnish industry.


A History of the Bible as Literature. Volume One: From Antiquity to 1700; Volume Two: From 1700 to the Present Day. By David Norton. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993. Pp. xviii, 375; xii, 493. $75.00.) David Norton's two volumes bring together an immense amount of material. At once conclusive and provocative, Norton's work is a history of ideas-ideas about literature, social ideas, cultural ideas, and ideas about the changing nature of the English language. While the focus of the study is upon the KJB (1611), Norton says from the start that he does not argue from a literary-critical or a translator's view of the work of the translators. Rather, indeed, he says that his aim is to present as fully as possible how people have thought about literary aspects of the Bible and how one may view the relationships between the translators and the qualities of their work as English. The legacy of the English Bible must, of course, begin with the varied and diverse nature of the Bible itself, recognizing that the Bible for students of literature and religion needs to be viewed textually as well as a-textually. Norton begins his task with Augustine's reading of the Bible. Moving backward in time, he weaves a tight fabric, including the legends of the Septuagint and the concerns of writers such as Justin, Tatian, Tertullian, and Origen. Immediately a big question leaps out, one that continues to fret modern readers of Scripture. Elegant language or salvation? The pressure weighed heavily on Jerome's struggle with dynamic equivalent translation, that is, "that the new language is given equal weight with the original and that the translator attempts to make his work equivalent not just in meaning but in quality of style" (I, 33). Significantly, Jerome's position was not that of Tyndale or Coverdale, who worked without a sense of a literary standard for English. Yet for Jerome the anti-literary pressures were sufficient in strength to halt him from a consciously literary version. Norton gives a clue of what is ahead. How much more would these pressures affect the English translators, "themselves just as aware of the opposition between sacred and profane, but in no conflict over their allegiance to the sacred" (I, 37)? Since substantial changes were taking place between Tyndale and the KJB in the English language, it is unlikely that early English translators would have used a literary language if they had had it, for their attitude toward literature was "fundamentally hostile" (I, 65). Thus Tyndale had to invent his own appropriate English, setting a model for subsequent translations. Though Tyndale's influence is well-recorded, Norton examines the principal aspects of Tyndale's emphasis on meaning--feeling and study--so that some literary sense of the Bible may be inferred as Tyndale invokes terms with aesthetic weight. Here Norton asks us to look at the work of Mozley and Gerald Hammond to begin to assess Tyndale's variety of renderings for single words and his repetitiveness. Semantic or stylistic? In the years following, the language of the Bible became a political issue as well as a theological one, and a succession of English translations followed--the Great Bible, the Geneva version, the Bishops', and the Douai-Rheims. While the "official" Protestant Bibles encourage a studiously devout reading of the Bible "without hinting at pleasure of any sort" (I, 118), the Catholic translation, largely the work of Gregory Martin, does give some attention to literary issues. Even though Martin troubled himself over the expressive ability of English, he clearly set before the KJ translators a version they could not ignore. In the following chapter (chap. 10) Norton turns directly to the KJB. King James' "fifty-four learned men" faced a challenge not encountered by Wyclif, Tyndale, or Coverdale. Not only did they have a number of translations from which to work but they also had very explicit guidelines. …


A nickel-catalyzed carbon-sulfur bond metathesis has
been developed to access high-value thioethers. 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane
(dcype) is essential to promote this highly functional group tolerant reaction.
Further, synthetically challenging macrocycles could be obtained in good yield in
an unusual example of ring-closing metathesis which does not involve alkene
bonds. In-depth organometallic studies support a reversible Ni(0)-Ni(II)
pathway to product formation. Overall, this work does not only disclose a more
sustainable and more functional group tolerant alternative to previous catalytic
systems based on Pd, but also presents new applications and mechanistic
information which are highly relevant to the further development and
application of unusual single bond metathesis reactions.


We introduce a framework for searching places according to user interests and spatial context. Our framework combines existing geo-tools or services (e.g., Google Places, Yahoo! BOSS Geo Services, PostGIS, Gisgraphy, Geonames) and ranks results according to features such as distance, popularity, and user preferences. We used this framework to participate in the TREC 2013 Contextual Suggestion Track.


Abstract. An evaluation of vulnerability to sea level rise is undertaken for the Niger Delta based on 17 physical, social and human influence indicators of exposure, susceptibility and resilience. The assessment used geographic information systems (GIS) techniques to evaluate and analyse the indicators and the index of coastal vulnerability to floods, if sea level rise conditions are occurring. Each indicator value is based on data extracted from various sources, including remote sensing, measured historical data series and a literature search. Further on, indicators are ranked on a scale from 1 to 5 representing "very low" to "very high" vulnerability, based on their values. These ranks are used to determine a similar rank for the defined coastal vulnerability index (CVSLRI). Results indicate that 42.6% of the Niger Delta is highly vulnerable to sea level rise, such areas being characterised by low slopes, low topography, high mean wave heights, and unconfined aquifers. Moreover, the analysis of social and human influences on the environment indicate high vulnerability to sea level rise due to its ranking for type of aquifer, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, population growth, sediment supply and groundwater consumption. Such results may help decision makers during planning to take proper adaptive measures for reducing the Niger Delta's vulnerability, as well as increasing the resilience to potential future floods.


The present work investigated the effects of physical aging on interfacial adhesion and internal stresses using single-fibre model composites. First, the stress state of the interface and its evolution upon aging were studied for the microbond geometry. This stress analysis was used with experiments to determine an intrinsic interfacial shear strength. Second, this stress analysis, including aging effects, was used in a fracture mechanics or energy release rate analysis of the microbond test, which involves the energy necessary to propagate a crack instead of the minimum stress to initiate a crack. These methods were tested for both freshly cured and aged epoxy droplets on glass fibres, and were shown to yield similar results. It was found that neither the interfacial shear strength nor the interfacial toughness were changed by physical aging of the polymer matrix when the relaxation of internal stresses and shift of relaxation times of the matrix due to physical aging were accounted for. Thus, the intrinsic shear strength and toughness of the fibre– matrix interface were determined.


Obtaining statistical distributions by sampling a large number of conformations is vital for an accurate description of temperature-dependent properties of chemical systems. However, constructing distributions with 105-106 samples is computationally challenging because of the prohibitively high computational cost of performing first-principles quantum-mechanical calculations. In this work, we present a new technique called the Effective Stochastic Potential Configuration Interaction Singles (ESP-CIS) method to obtain excitation energies. The ESP-CIS method uses random matrix theory for the construction of an effective stochastic representation of the Fock operator and combines it with the CIS method. Excited state energies of PbS quantum dots (0.75-1.75 nm) at temperatures of 10-400~K were calculated using ESP-CIS method. Results from a total of 27 million excitation energy calculations revealed the distributions to be sub-Gaussian in nature with negative skewness which progressively became red-shifted with increasing temperature. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the ESP-CIS method as a general-purpose method for efficient excited state calculations.


Murine mastocytoma P815 induces CTL responses against at least four distinct Ags (AB, C, D, and E). Recent studies have shown that the main component of the CTL response against the P815 tumor is targeted against Ags P815AB and P815E. The gene P1A has been well characterized. It encodes the P815AB Ag in the form of a nonameric peptide containing two epitopes, P815A and P815B, which are recognized by different CTLs. Here, we report the identification of the P815E Ag. Using a cDNA library derived from tumor P815, we identified the gene coding for P815E. We also characterized the antigenic peptide that anti-P815E CTLs recognize on the MHC class I molecule H-2Kd. The P815E Ag results from a mutation within an ubiquitously expressed gene encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase, an enzyme that is believed to be important in the protection of proteins against the by-products of aerobic metabolism. Surprisingly, immunizing mice i.p. with syngeneic tumor cells (L1210) that were constructed to express B7-1 and P815E did not induce resistance against live P815, even though a strong anti-P815E CTL response was observed with splenocytes from immunized animals.


Purpose: The objective of the study was to compare a traditionally structured journal club with an evidence based structured journal club during an advanced clinical pharmacy rotation and to determine the best utilization that aligns with recent changes to the pharmacy school accreditation standards. Methods: The study included 21 students who completed journal club utilizing the traditional journal club format and 24 students who utilized an evidence based journal club format. Background characteristics, student reported beliefs, and mean critical evaluation skills scores were evaluated and compared in each group. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two cohorts in mean overall percentage grade for the activity. Students in the traditional cohort received significantly higher grades for the Study Analysis and Critique section (90.97 + 12.18 versus 81.25 + 11.18, P=0.01) as well as for the Preparedness section (96.11 + 8.03 versus 85.0 + 17.13, P=0.002). Students in the evidence based cohort received statistically superior grades for the Presentation Skills section (96.43 + 6.39 versus 82.47 + 14.12, P=0.0004). Conclusion: An evidence based journal club is a reasonable and effective alternative to the traditionally structured journal club when the primary objective is to assist students in understanding evidence based concepts and to apply current literature to clinical practice.


The MEDLINE database of medical literature is routinely used by researchers and doctors to find articles pertaining to their area of interest. Insight into historical changes in research areas and use of scientific language may be gained by chronological analysis of the 18 million records currently in the database, however such analysis is generally complex and time consuming. The authors' MLTrends web application graphs term usage in MEDLINE over time, allowing the determination of emergence dates for biomedical terms and historical variations in term usage intensity. Terms considered are individual words or quoted phrases which may be combined using Boolean operators. MLTrends can plot the number of records in MEDLINE per year whose titles or abstracts match each queried term for multiple terms simultaneously. The MEDLINE database is stored and indexed on the MLTrends server allowing queries to be completed and graphs generated in less than one second. Queries may be performed on all titles and/or abstracts in MEDLINE and can include stop words. The resulting graphs may be normalized by total publications or words per year to facilitate term usage comparison between years. This makes MLTrends a powerful tool for rapid evaluation of the evolution of biomedical research and language in a graphical way. MLTrends may be used at:


Severance pay is a paradoxical problem, from 3008 Act(1936) to 4857 Act(2006), in Turkish Labour Law. It has provided as a right in Turkish Labour Law for 70 years.Firsth regulations were made by 3008 Labour Act in 1936. Second regulations were provided in 1475 Labour Act in 1975 in accordance with 3008 Labour Act. But also it has provided strongly rights than 3008 labour Act. In the time, there were a lot of new right amended to this Act by lawmaker.Those amends had profited two funtion to the severeance pay. One of them was unemployment insurance schame, the second was pay of length of sevice.This two funtion of severance pay was discussed as ajob security in Turkish Labour Law for a long time.But,after adopting new Labour Act no 4857 in 2006, discussion on severance pay get a new appeance. Becouse of adoptting new regulation about job security in accordance with ILO Convention no 158, which restriction labour contract without justification,Competent authority(law-maker) want to provide severance pay without its job security function. But this intention has not got chance to be as a law regulatin.In this period, firstly government perapered a new draft act, which is provided severance pay fund. According to this draft, severance pay is not paid in the all conditions when labour contract terminated,it would be paid only in the contitions of when one of workers retairment. But this draft has not got chance to be an act, yet. In accordance of above observation,this study is based on evolation of severance pay fund in Turkish Labour Law.


Abstract Background: This paper describes the impact evaluation of a large big data platform initiative that is being undertaken in order to increase the probability of its success. The initiative, MIDAS (Meaningful Integration of Data Analytics and Services), is a European health-based Horizon 2020 project comprising a consortium of members from various universities, research institutions, and government agencies. Objectives: The purpose of the paper is to present a pioneering platform that will support healthcare policymakers in their decision-making by enabling greater and more efficient use of their data. The goal is to present and evaluate the results of the MIDAS project across four countries. Methods/Approach: The literature is replete with examples of worthwhile technology projects that have failed due to user resistance. In order to avoid such failure, and ensure the success of the final MIDAS platform, a detailed impact evaluation is being undertaken at timed periods of development. Results: This paper describes the impact evaluation process, outlining the use of Q-methodology and the development of a 36-item concourse using the HTMLQ system for that purpose. Conclusions: This research contributes to the overall understanding of how impact evaluation can be undertaken at timed periods during the development of an innovative technology for organisational purposes.


This research proposes a mathematical model for supplier selection for a casestudy car seat manufacturer. This research is divided into 2 parts. The first part is the raw material supplier evaluation method using Analytic Hierarchy Process. This part weights the importance of main decision criteria and sub-decision criteria, complying with part makers' satisfaction. The result from the first part is scores for each raw material supplier resulting from multiple evaluation criteria. The second part proposes a mathematical model for supplier selection using integer programming. The scores of each supplier from the first part will be considered along with raw material consumption to select the suitable raw material suppliers that maximize overall part makers' satisfaction. The results from the first part of this research show that the most important criterion for supplier evaluation is cost, which is about 41%. Quality, Delivery, Service, and Risk factors are approximately 24%, 14%, 12% and 9%, respectively. The result from the second part shows that the model can effectively match material suppliers to part makers according to their preferences. Comparing with current situation, the satisfaction is increased by 26% with this proposed framework. It means the proposed model can help matching the right supplier to each part maker that can increase overall satisfactions for this case-study's supply chain.


We investigate the possibility of using a hybrid coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering technique for noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose levels. Our technique combines instantaneous coherent excitation of several characteristic molecular vibrations with subsequent probing of these vibrations by an optimally shaped, time-delayed, narrowband laser pulse. This pulse configuration mitigates the nonresonant four-wave mixing background while maximizing the Raman-resonant signal and allows rapid and highly specific detection even in the presence of multiple scattering. Under certain conditions we find that the measured signal is linearly proportional to the glucose concentration due to optical interference with the residual background light, which allows reliable detection of spectral signatures down to medically relevant glucose levels.


SUMMARY This paper attempts to review some of the literature on the phychological sequelae of abortion, and to draw some working principles for the medical profession when faced with a request for legal termination of pregnancy. Ambivalence during the early stages of pregnancy is as common among expectant mothers as among applicants for abortion. The conflict of wanting or not wanting to interrupt a pregnancy must be resolved, preferably in a well-informed decision-making process. The psychological reactions involved during this process and after the abortion procedure are discussed. The at risk factors are also described, and pre/post abortion counseling is suggested. Keywords: abortion, termination of pregnancy, psychological aspects, counselling, at risk factors. INTRODUCTION Since the passing of the Abortion Law, the number of legal abortions done in How Kong has been rising while the number of child births hay been decreasing. In recent years, about 20,000 legal abortions were done, i.e.263 per 1,000 live births (Department of Health, 1991). This figure slowly follows that of the States with 346 per 1,000 for 1989 (Anonymous, 1991). The essence of the Abortion Law in Hong Kong is that termination of pregnancy can be performed legally if two registered medical practitioners are of the opinion, formed in good faith that: a) continuance of the pregnancy would involve risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated; or b) there is a substantial risk that if the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormality as to be seriously handicapped (Hong Kong Government, 1979). Late in 1992, the medical profession has been criticised for not giving adequate counselling before TOP (termination of pregnancy), which may lead to extreme guilt in women after abortion (South China Morning Post, 1992). This paper attempts to review some of the literature on the psychological sequelae of abortion and to draw some principles for reference by the medical professions when faced with a request for legal TOP. EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO PREGNANCY The first few months of pregnancy are often described as a period of heightened emotional sensitivity, of elation and depression, of irritability and aggression (Baker, 1967; Caplan: 1961; Horobin et al, 1973; Kaig & Nilsson, 1972). Caplan (1957) reported that 80% of women expecting their first baby admitted conscious feelings of marked disappointment and anxiety when they found out they were pregnant. Bone (1973) reviewed that one-third of pregnancies of married women or women living in a stable cohabitation was unplanned. When faced with an unplanned pregnancy, a woman has to face the following stresses: 1. Financial problems and the arrangements for care of the new-born; 2. Readjustment of role to motherhood; 3. Fear for the unknown future of the unborn child; 4. Re-examination of her close relationships; and 5. To choose between career/study and baby care at home. Nevertheless many who are initially horrified by their pregnancies eventually accept them willingly and cope successfully with motherhood (Breen, 1975). PSYCHOLOGICAL, REACTION & FACTORS INVOLVED IN DECIDING OF TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY If totally unprepared for an undesired pregnancy, a woman has to face the option of either continuing or terminating the pregnancy. During this decision making process, she may feel lost, confused, fearful, guilty, angry, agitated. depressed, helpless and hopeless. Such depressive symptoms during this period are often associated with poor family relationships, communicating difficulties with male partners, adverse pregnancy symptoms, contraceptive use and denial of the pregnancy (Bluestein & Rutledge, 1993). In fact, two types of factors may influence a woman's decision on abortion (Osofsky & Osofsky, 1973): A. …


The degradation of some proto-oncogene and lymphokine mRNAs is controlled in part by an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. It was shown previously (G. Brewer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2460-2466, 1991) that two polypeptides (37 and 40 kDa) copurified with fractions of a 130,000 x g postribosomal supernatant (S130) from K562 cells that selectively accelerated degradation of c-myc mRNA in a cell-free decay system. These polypeptides bound specifically to the c-myc and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3' UTRs, suggesting they are in part responsible for selective mRNA degradation. In the present work, we have purified the RNA-binding component of this mRNA degradation activity, which we refer to as AUF1. Using antisera specific for these polypeptides, we demonstrate that the 37- and 40-kDa polypeptides are immunologically cross-reactive and that both polypeptides are phosphorylated and can be found in a complex(s) with other polypeptides. Immunologically related polypeptides are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The antibodies were also used to clone a cDNA for the 37-kDa polypeptide. This cDNA contains an open reading frame predicted to produce a protein with several features, including two RNA recognition motifs and domains that potentially mediate protein-protein interactions. These results provide further support for a role of this protein in mediating ARE-directed mRNA degradation.


To address the poor health of approximately one third of Victoria's rivers, current government targets include delivering significant improvements in river health by 2010. The quantification of benefits associated with improvements in river health arising from policy initiatives and projects enables the use of benefit-cost analysis to assess the viability of investment options. The non-market valuation technique known as choice modelling was used to generate benefit estimates for a selection of Victorian rivers. Monetary values were estimated for four attributes of environmental improvement: the percentage of pre-settlement fish species and populations; the percentage of the river's length with healthy vegetation on both banks; the number of native waterbird and animal species with sustainable populations; and the percentage of the river suitable for primary contact recreation without threat to public health. The relevance of the approach to management and policy issues is demonstrated.


This study investigates the self-reported levels of occupational burnout among 1,094 U.S. Air Force drone operators stationed within the borders of the United States who are supporting a wide range of around-the-clock military surveillance and weapons strike missions across the globe. Data were gathered from a Web-based survey of demographic items and the Maslach Burnout Inventory assessing the facets of occupational burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy). The overall survey response rate was 49%. Approximately 20% reported high levels of exhaustion, and 11% reported high levels of cynicism, but only 3% reported low levels of professional efficacy. Predictors of exhaustion, as well as between group differences, were identified along with recommendations for performance improvement and mitigating risks to safety.


— For Acre, in the Brazilian Amazon, we find that protection types with differences in governance, including different constraints on local economic development, also differ in their locations. Taking this into account, we estimate the deforestation impacts of these protection types that feature different levels of restrictions. To avoid bias, we compare these protected locations with unprotected locations that are similar in their characteristics relevant for deforestation. We find that sustainable use protection, whose governance permits some local deforestation, is found on sites with high clearing threat. That allows more avoided deforestation than from integral protection, which bans clearing but seems feasible only further from deforestation threats. Based on our results, it seems that the political economy involved in siting such restrictions on production is likely to affect the ability of protected areas to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Japan, South Korea and Taiwan inhabit an insecure world, both objectively and in terms of how threats are perceived through historically shaped beliefs. A similar conceptualisation of "comprehensive security" forms an intellectual basis for foreign policy in all three countries. In addition to maintaining armed forces, threats are met through strengthening the national economy, and attempts to influence other states and enhance national prestige. Accordingly, the human security policies of these three countries seek comprehensive security through acquiring influence and prestige. None of the three gives substantive attention to the novel, challenging aspects of human security. This is problematic, as all three have a clear interest in the success of the key premises of the human security discourse given their precarious geopolitical situations.


We propose an architecture for learning complex controllable behaviors by having simple Policies Modulate Trajectory Generators (PMTG), a powerful combination that can provide both memory and prior knowledge to the controller. The result is a flexible architecture that is applicable to a class of problems with periodic motion for which one has an insight into the class of trajectories that might lead to a desired behavior. We illustrate the basics of our architecture using a synthetic control problem, then go on to learn speed-controlled locomotion for a quadrupedal robot by using Deep Reinforcement Learning and Evolutionary Strategies. We demonstrate that a simple linear policy, when paired with a parametric Trajectory Generator for quadrupedal gaits, can induce walking behaviors with controllable speed from 4-dimensional IMU observations alone, and can be learned in under 1000 rollouts. We also transfer these policies to a real robot and show locomotion with controllable forward velocity.


The Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) technique has been used to study the clustering of water in vapour, alkanes and polyethylene, where the water clusters are in equilibrium with liquid phase water. The effect of an external electric field and ionic impurities on the clustering of water in the hydrocarbons (alkanes and polyethylene) has also been studied. The simulations of water clustering in polyethylene were made more efficient by using a connectivity altering osmotic Gibbs ensemble method. It was found that trends in the size distribution of water clusters in the hydrocarbons are similar to those found in the pure vapour, but that fewer and smaller clusters are formed as the length of the hydrocarbon chain increased. Also, large external electric fields decrease the solubility of water in hydrocarbons, whereas the presence of ionic species dramatically increases the solubility.


ABSTRACT The effects of leaching parameters on the metal dissolutions from Caldag laterite ore using hydrochloric acid at atmospheric pressure were investigated. The following leaching parameters were examined to understand their effects on the dissolution of the metals: hydrochloric acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, leaching temperature and time. Extractions of 95.8%Ni, 94.5%Co and 94.3%Mn into the leach solution were obtained along with a substantial amount of iron (81.5%) under the following conditions: 3.0 M HCl concentration, 90°C leaching temperature, 8 h leaching time, 1/5 solid/liquid ratio and −0.053 mm particle size. The hydrochloric acid consumption under these optimum conditions was found to be 543 kg t–1 ore. The results indicated that hydrochloric acid concentration and leaching temperature were the most important parameters affecting metal dissolutions. It was found that the dissolution of nickel did not exhibit a good linear correlation to that of manganese, which suggested that considerable amounts of nickel were not hosted in asbolane phase but also in other mineral phases such as goethite, haematite and clays. It was, however, found that most of the cobalt appeared to be hosted in asbolane. The semi-quantitative mineral analyses revealed that mineral dissolution order was as follows: calcite > goethite > haematite > lizardite ≥ chlorite-serpentine > asbolane > albite > kaolinite.


The Thesis tackles the problem of readmission risk prediction in healthcare systems from a machine learning and computational intelligence point of view. Readmission has been recognized as an indicator of healthcare quality with primary economic importance. We examine two specific instances of the problem, the emergency department (ED) admission and heart failure (HF) patient care using anonymized datasets from three institutions to carry real-life computational experiments validating the proposed approaches. The main difficulties posed by this kind of datasets is their high class imbalance ratio, and the lack of informative value of the recorded variables. This thesis reports the results of innovative class balancing approaches and new classification architectures.


The dual-tree complex wavelet transform (CWT) has recently received significant interest in the wavelet community, owing primarily to its directional selective and near-shift invariant properties. It has been shown that with two separate maximally decimated and dyadic decompositions where filters are offset by a half sample, the resulting CWT wavelet bases form an approximate Hilbert transform pair. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and applications of several families of orthogonal as well as biorthogonal rational-coefficient wavelet filters that satisfy the Hilbert transform pair condition and meet other desirable properties such as high coding gain, good directional sensitivity, and sufficient degree of regularity. The wavelet filters presented here, which confirm to Selesnick's and Kingsbury's design schemes, are designed and implemented directly in the lattice and lifting domain using VLSI-friendly dyadic coefficients. We confirm the fact that rational-coefficient constraint does not impose a significant loss in terms of energy compaction, wavelet smoothness, time-invariance, or directionality. We also propose the time-reversal relationships between the two CWT filter pairs in lattice and lifting domain, thereby facilitating both the design and implementation process. In the end, we present several applications and evaluations to illustrate the performance of the proposed designs.


The current financial and economic crisis has resulted in the worst global recession since World War II. The subsequent destruction of jobs and increased duration of joblessness will ensure that unemployment across the world will continue to rise and stay stubbornly high for some time to come, well after the economy has begun to recover. Beyond this generalization, such downturns have more adverse implications for vulnerable segments of the population such as youth. As presented in this paper, data for both the current and previous financial crises reveals that young people are indeed hit hardest as reflected by rising unemployment rates, which persist long after the economy is growing again. In the wake of the present downturn, young men have been particularly affected, which has been driven by a range of factors including the high proportion of young men in heavily impacted sectors such as construction. In response to this situation, policymakers should utilize targeted crisis interventions that aim to keep youth employed where possible, while also assisting new entrants and those who have lost jobs find employment (or at a minimum stay attached to the labour force), particularly as the economy recovers.


To achieve lower assembly delay at optical burst switching edge node, this paper proposes an approach called current weight length prediction (CWLP) to improve existing estimate mechanism in burst assembly. CWLP method takes into account the arrived traffic in prediction time adequately. A parameter `weight' is introduced to make a dynamic tradeoff between the current and past traffic under different offset time. Simulation results show that CWLP can achieve a significant improvement in terms of traffic estimation in various offset time and offered load.


One of the questions that lies at the heart of the Insite case is this: what kind of connections should exist between the law and the people it governs? In this short comment, I explore one of the ways this question informs the treatment of evidence and proof by focusing on the section 7 aspect of the case and the question of arbitrariness. With the goal of inviting discussion, I suggest that in cases involving the constitutional rights of marginalized individuals and communities, the concept of the "burden of proof" can provide a way to help understand what is at stake, and what criteria we might use to relate the burden of proof to values of equality and justice.


The continuing refinement of crystal growth techniques has made possible the fabrication of semiconductor superlattices where the period can be as small as one lattice constant. Prediction of many of the properties of such systems requires a detailed description of their electronic structure. In this thesis,»a self-consistent pseudopotential method which includes a parametrization scheme has been used to calculate the electronic properties of (GaAs)^(AlAs)^ superlattices with n ranging from 1 to 4. The parametrization scheme is used to reproduce energy gaps at the principal symmetry points for the bulk constituents and the resulting parameter set is employed in all subsequent calculations. The n*=l superlattice is found to be indirect with the conduction band minimum at R (equivalent to the zincblende L point) and all the thicker systems are pseudodirect in good agreement with experimental results. The lowest conduction band state at tbe zone centre— f o x -aU. systems is found to be mainly X-derived reflecting the importance of zone translating effects here. By analysing the states near to the band edges, the observed pattern of confinement in states of the n=l superlattice shows the band offsets to have at most a small role, in contrast to the thicker systems where a definite relationship was established. Moreover, the results suggest that Dingle's "15% rule" is consistently violated and that a valence band offset of about 30-40% is obtained which changes little with layer thickness. Attempts to study the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the n=3 superlattice were in part successful and predicted quite complex behaviour for the electronic states. Much of the discrepancy between the results obtained and the experimental data was attributed to the inadequacies of the empty-core pseudopotential to model the ions.


A novel objective methodology is proposed for the assessment of the physiological age of the heart which is based on extraction of wavelet features from sternal ballistocardiogram and classification of these features using neural networks and k-nearest neighbor classifiers. Some promising preliminary results suggest that the proposed methodology is feasible to be developed to a tool for assessment of the physiological age of the heart independent of its chronological age and present a new tool for the assessment of the cardiac performance.


Abstract:Cancers associated with immunosuppression and infections have long been recognized as a major complication of HIV/AIDS. More recently, persons living with HIV are increasingly diagnosed with a wider spectrum of HIV-associated malignancies (HIVAM) as they live longer on combination antiretroviral therapy. This has spurred research to characterize the epidemiology and determine the optimal management of HIVAM with a focus on low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Given background coinfections, environmental exposures, host genetic profiles, antiretroviral therapy usage, and varying capacities for early diagnosis and treatment, one can expect the biology of cancers in HIV-infected persons in LMICs to have a significant impact on chronic HIV care, as is now the case in high-income countries. Thus, new strategies must be developed to effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat HIVAM in LMICs; provide physical/clinical infrastructures; train the cancer and HIV workforce; and expand research capacity—particularly given the challenges posed by the limitations on available transportation and financial resources and the population's general rural concentration. Opportunities exist to extend resources supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria to improve the health-care infrastructure and train the personnel required to prevent and manage cancers in persons living with HIV. These HIV chronic care infrastructures could also serve cancer patients regardless of their HIV status, facilitating long-term care and treatment for persons who do not live near cancer centers, so that they receive the same degree of care as those receiving chronic HIV care today.


This book unifies the analysis of certain non-finite domains, focusing on subject licensing, agreement, and Case and control. It proposes a minimalist analysis of English gerunds which allows only a null subject PRO (TP-defective gerunds), a lexical subject (gerunds as complements of perception verbs), or both types of subjects (clausal gerunds). It then analyzes Portuguese infinitives, showing that the morphosyntactic properties of non-inflected and inflected infinitives correlate with distinct treatments of obligatory and non-obligatory control. It explores these and other phenomena to show that tense and event binding do not correlate with the contrast between control and raising/exceptional case marking (ECM), against null Case theories of control. A Probe-Goal approach to Case and agreement is adopted in combination with a movement analysis of control. The book then investigates diachronic morphosyntactic phenomena involving infinitives, verb movement and cliticization in Portuguese, exploring a cue-based theory of syntactic change grounded in language acquisition.


Ionic liquid electrolytes are prepared using sulfolane as a plasticizer for eutectic melts to realize highly stable and efficiently performing dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in hot climate conditions. Variations in the viscosity of the formulations with sulfolane content are measured and performance in DSCs is investigated using the ruthenium dye C106 as a sensitizer. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.2% is achieved under standard reporting conditions. Apart from lowering the viscosity, the addition of sulfolane induces a negative shift of the TiO2 conduction band edge. Strikingly the device performance increases to 8.4% at 50 °C due to higher short circuit photocurrent and fill factor, over‐compensating the loss in open circuit voltage with increasing temperature. The PCE increases also upon decreasing the light intensity of the solar simulator, reaching up to 9% at 50 mW cm−2. Devices based on these new electrolyte formulations show excellent stability during light soaking for 2320 h under full sunlight at 60 °C and also during a 1065 h long heat stress at 80 °C in the dark. A detailed investigation provides important information about the factors affecting the principal photovoltaic parameters during the aging process and the first results from a series of outdoor measurements are reported.


This article argues that "evolution" in the production of mass cultural forms has become stalled in our postmodern, networked, and neoliberalized society. Popular cultural forms have historically developed and evolved in dialectical relationship with capitalism. This produced forms that although increasingly reflecting the prime dynamics of industrialization, were also authentically "new" and "diverse" in that they could gestate in spaces and times not already colonized and commodified by capital. Since at least the late 1970s, these spaces and times have been capitalized; indeed capital has also created immense "virtual" spatio-temporalities based on the Internet that are almost wholly commodified. Moreover, these spatio-temporalities, both virtual and real-world, function at accelerated speeds, a "network speed" to produce forms of culture-production and consumption that no longer have the space or time to evolve either dialectically in response to capitalism, or organically as new independent forms. The culture industries continue to flourish, of course, but as this article explains, they do so through the constant recycling of existing, ready-to-hand forms; remixing and reordering and remaking mass culture through an accelerating industrial cycle that leaves no room (or time) for forms that are genuinely new or different.


The present studies adopted the theoretical framework of activity- and purpose-related incentives (Rheinberg, 2008) to explain the maintenance of physical activity. We hypothesized that activity-related incentives (e.g., "fun") increase more than purpose-related incentives (e.g., "health") between the initiation and maintenance phase of physical activity. Additionally, change in activity-related incentives was hypothesized to be a better predictor of maintenance of physical activity than change in purpose-related incentives. Two correlative field studies with rehabilitation patients (Study 1) and Nordic Walkers (Study 2) were conducted to test the hypotheses. Participants' incentives of physical activity were measured at the beginning of exercising and two weeks (Study 1; T2) and three months (Study 2; T2) later. At T2, participants were asked for their current physical activity. Both studies showed a greater change of activity-related incentives than purpose-related incentives. Furthermore, change in activity-related incentives was more predictive of the maintenance of physical activity than change in purpose-related incentives. The results showed the important role of activity-related incentives in maintenance of physical activity. The theoretical contribution to physical activity maintenance research and practical implications for health promotion programs were discussed.


User data mining is a necessary and desirable commodity to most internet companies and in highly interoperable services where data flows across companies and platforms there seem to be no boundaries for data mining. The largest, most interoperable, and diversified social media data company on the internet is Facebook. The company collects personal and sensitive data about the user across devices and services in various contexts ranging from activity on Facebook to behavior on external websites, pictures from Instagram, playlists from Spotify, and running routes in Runkeeper. The users share these data paths of their lives with their network of friends, Facebook, external companies, advertising agencies and app developers. Bechmann (2015) shows that young Danes use especially Facebook groups as their primary privacy filter to avoid information being shared across services and with all their Facebook friends. The aim of this paper is to analyze what kind of data is shared on Facebook with a focus on open, closed and secret Facebook groups. Methodologically, the paper primarily draws on API Facebook wall and group data retrieval and interviews with 8 Danish high school students and 1 American college student between 18-20 years old. The study will draw perspectives to preliminary results from a broad Facebook API study of 1000 Danes (sample mirroring the Danish population demographics) in the conference presentation. The analysis will make use of content analysis as a combination of manual coding and software supported counting and classification of words according to topics.


The administrative simplification provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) require the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to establish national standards for electronic healthcare transactions. This includes assigning healthcare providers a National Provider Identifier (NPI), a 10-digit numeric provider identifier that will be used in standard electronic transactions, such as healthcare claims. As of a legislated date of May 23, 2007, each participating provider will have one and only one NPI, regardless of practice locations or settings.


Secure instant messaging is utilized in two variants: one-to-one communication and group communication. While the first variant has received much attention lately (Frosch et al., EuroS Cohn-Gordon et al., EuroS Kobeissi et al., EuroS&P17), little is known about the cryptographic mechanisms and security guarantees of secure group communication in instant messaging. To approach an investigation of group instant messaging protocols, we first provide a comprehensive and realistic security model. This model combines security and reliability goals from various related literature to capture relevant properties for communication in dynamic groups. Thereby the definitions consider their satisfiability with respect to the instant delivery of messages. To show its applicability, we analyze three widely used real-world protocols: Signal, WhatsApp, and Threema. By applying our model, we reveal several shortcomings with respect to the security definition. Therefore we propose generic countermeasures to enhance the protocols regarding the required security and reliability goals. Our systematic analysis reveals that (1) the communications' integrity – represented by the integrity of all exchanged messages – and (2) the groups' closeness – represented by the members' ability of managing the group – are not end-to-end protected. We additionally show that strong security properties, such as Future Secrecy which is a core part of the one-to-one communication in the Signal protocol, do not hold for its group communication.


During recent years, establishing proper metrics for measuring system security has received increasing attention. Security logs contain vast amounts of information which are essential for creating many security metrics. Unfortunately, security logs are known to be very large, making their analysis a difficult task. Furthermore, recent security metrics research has focused on generic concepts, and the issue of collecting security metrics with log analysis methods has not been well studied. In this paper, we will first focus on using log analysis techniques for collecting technical security metrics from security logs of common types (e.g., Network IDS alarm logs, workstation logs, and Net flow data sets). We will also describe a production framework for collecting and reporting technical security metrics which is based on novel open-source technologies for big data.


We provide convergence guarantees in Wasserstein distance for a variety of variance-reduction methods: SAGA Langevin diffusion, SVRG Langevin diffusion and control-variate underdamped Langevin diffusion. We analyze these methods under a uniform set of assumptions on the log-posterior distribution, assuming it to be smooth, strongly convex and Hessian Lipschitz. This is achieved by a new proof technique combining ideas from finite-sum optimization and the analysis of sampling methods. Our sharp theoretical bounds allow us to identify regimes of interest where each method performs better than the others. Our theory is verified with experiments on real-world and synthetic datasets.


Frozen Teardrop is the autobiographical account of one of the most beloved and controversial personalities in the history of figure skating. In this straight-forward memoir, Lucinda Ruh takes her readers through the harsh and painful realities of the figure-skating world while exposing the never-before-released details of her own private pain and suffering which would ultimately turn this Guinness-listed international icon into a bed-ridden, suicidal, starved, agoraphobic and terrified young woman. Frozen Teardrop is a true-life tale of beauty, refinement, genius, and skill contrasted against the cut-throat starkness of world figure-skating competition in its bleakest, most tortuous, most mind-warping moments--as seen through the eyes of a developing young prodigy whose personal life would harbor its own menagerie of horrors, secrets, and personal violations.


Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) that securitize mortgages and issue mortgage-backed securities (MBS). In addition, the GSEs are active participants in the secondary mortgage market on behalf of their own investment portfolios. Because these portfolios have grown quite large, portfolio purchases (in addition to MBS issuance) are often thought to be an important force in the mortgage market. Using monthly data from 1993 to 2005 we estimate a VAR model of the relationship between GSE secondary market activities and mortgage interest rate spreads. We find that GSE portfolio purchases have no significant effects on either primary or secondary mortgage rate spreads. Further, we examine GSE activities and mortgage rate spreads in the wake of the 1998 debt crisis, and find that GSE portfolio purchases did little to affect mortgage rates. This empirical finding is robust to alternative identification assumptions and to alternative model and variable specifications.


Nowadays, in order to reach minimum production cost in machining operations, various optimization methods have been proposed. Since turning operation has different parameters affecting the workpiece quality, it was selected as a complicated manufacturing method in this paper. To reach sufficient quality, all influencing parameters such as cutting speed, federate, depth of cut and tool rake angle were selected as input parameters. Furthermore, both surface roughness and tool life were considered as the objectives. Also, ST37 steel and M1 high speed steel (HSS) were selected as workpiece material and tool, respectively. Subsequently, grey relational analysis was performed to elicit optimal values for the mentioned input data. To achieve this goal, first, degree of freedom was calculated for the system and the same experiments were performed based on the target values and number of considered levels, leading to calculating grey relational generating, grey relational coefficient and grey relational grade. As the next step, the grey relational graph was sketched for each level. Finally, optimum values of the parameters were obtained for better surface roughness and tool life. It was shown that the presented method in the turning operation of ST37 led to high surface quality and tool life.


Members of the invisible college of international investment lawyers are engaged in a fierce battle over the conceptual foundations of their common legal enterprise. The debate centers on whether the international legal regime governing foreign direct investment is a de facto transnational public governance system or merely an institutional support structure for the settlement of essentially private investment disputes. These attempts to establish the public versus private nature of the regime are misconceived. International investment law deals with both public and private concerns, impacts upon both public and private actors, and crosses over traditional divides separating public law from private law and public international law from private international law. In light of these overlaps, the regime should instead be analyzed from an integrated systems perspective. This approach better comports with the regime's complex interlocking nature. It is also better suited to the pragmatic challenge of accommodating the conflicting claims of diverse stakeholders within the confines of an outmoded but rapidly evolving legal schema. I illustrate this with concrete examples of minor interventions at three different levels of the regime that could produce major shifts in the prevailing balance between investor and non-investor rights at other levels of the regime. I argue that this strategy represents at once a more feasible and more sensible means of improving international investment law than other alternatives.


ABSTRACT Following fertilization, embryos develop for a substantial amount of time with a transcriptionally silent genome. Thus, early development is maternally programmed, as it solely relies on RNAs and proteins that are provided by the female gamete. However, these maternal instructions are not sufficient to support later steps of embryogenesis and are therefore gradually replaced by novel products synthesized from the zygotic genome. This switch in the origin of molecular players that drive early development is known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). MZT is a universal phenomenon among all metazoans and comprises two interconnected processes: maternal mRNA degradation and the transcriptional awakening of the zygotic genome. The recent adaptation of high-throughput methods for use in embryos has deepened our knowledge of the molecular principles underlying MZT. These mechanisms comprise conserved strategies for RNA regulation that operate in many well-studied cellular contexts but that have adapted differently to early development. In this Review, we will discuss advances in our understanding of post-transcriptional regulatory pathways that drive maternal mRNA clearance during MZT, with an emphasis on recent data in zebrafish embryos on codon-mediated mRNA decay, the contributions of microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins to this process, and the roles of RNA modifications in the stability control of maternal mRNAs. Summary: After fertilization, transcriptionally silent embryos are driven by maternal RNA; recently revealed mechanisms explain how mRNA stability and translation are highly regulated and coordinated with the transition to zygotic control.


Several manganese(I) and rhenium(I) carbonyl complexes of the chelating diphosphanylborane ligands Ph2PCH(PPh2)CH2B(C8H14) (1) and Ph2PCH2CH[B(C8H14)]PPh2 (2) were prepared to study Lewis acid assisted stoichiometric CO reductions. The phosphanylborane complexes fac,cis-Mn(CO)3(1)(Br) (3a), fac,cis-Re(CO)3(1)(Br) (4a), fac,cis-Mn(CO)3(2)(Br) (5a), and fac,cis-Re(CO)3(2)(Br) (6a) were obtained from the reactions of Mn(CO)5Br or Re(CO)5Br with diphosphanylborane ligands 1 and 2. Further treatment of all four complexes with one equivalent of AgBF4 in CH2Cl2 in the dark followed by 1 atm of CO afforded the corresponding monocationic complexes [Mn(CO)4(1)][BF4] (3b), [Re(CO)4(1)][BF4] (4b), [Mn(CO)4(2)][BF4] (5b), and [Re(CO)4(2)](BF4) [6b]. An X-ray diffraction study confirmed the expected molecular structure of 3b. In addition to NMR and elemental analysis characterizations, the structures of these complexes could be unambiguously assigned based on two major ν(CO) IR bands, which established the cis-(CO)4 local ligand environment. The cationic complexes 3b, 4b, 5b, and 6b were tested for stoichiometric CO reductions by reaction with NaHBEt3 in chlorobenzene. However, the reductions of the complexes 3b and 4b produced mixtures of formyl and hydride species. The reaction of complexes 5b and 6b led to the formation of the stable formyl derivatives [Mn(CHO)(CO)3(2)] (5c) and [Re(CHO)(CO)3(2)] (6c), which were isolated in pure form and characterized by spectroscopic means. In addition, 5c could be characterized by a single-crystal X-ray study, which revealed the formyl structure and a stabilizing coordination of the pendant Lewis acidic B(C8H14) group to the formyl oxygen atom.


Partially dolomitized carbonate rocks of the Middle East and North America host large hydrocarbon reserves. The origin of some of these dolomites has been attributed to a hydrothermal mechanism. The Benicàssim area (Maestrat Basin, eastern Spain) constitutes an excellent field analogue for fault-controlled stratabound hydrothermal dolomitization: dolostone geobodies are well exposed and extend over several kilometres away from seismic-scale faults. This work investigates the main controls on the formation of stratabound versus massive dolomitization in carbonate sequences by means of two-dimensional (2D) reactive transport models applied to the Benicàssim case study. Simulation results suggest that the dolomitization capacity of Mg-rich fluids reaches a maximum at temperatures around 100 °C and a minimum at 25 °C (studied temperature range: 25–150 °C). It takes of the order of hundreds of thousands to millions of years to completely dolomitize kilometre-long limestone sections, with solutions flowing laterally through strata at velocities of metres per year (m/a). Permeability differences of two orders of magnitude between layers are required to form stratabound dolomitization. The kilometre-long stratabound dolostone geobodies of Benicàssim must have formed under a regime of lateral flux greater than metres per year over about a million years. As long-term dolomitization tends to produce massive dolostone bodies not seen at Benicàssim, the dolomitizing process there must have been limited by the availability of fluid volume or the flow-driving mechanism. Reactive transport simulations have proven a useful tool to quantify aspects of the Benicàssim genetic model of hydrothermal dolomitization.


The present paper deals with evaluation and mapping of the intrinsic vulnerability for the Ogosta River Basin in northwestern Bulgaria. The protective cover and infiltration conditions (PI) method is used developed within the scope of COST 620 Project. According to this method, PI factors are evaluated and groundwater vulnerability map is prepared. Groundwater in the karst basins is the most vulnerable to pollution. The alluvial deposits are classified as moderately vulnerable. The loess cover provides effective protection of groundwater against pollution and thus the respective areas are low vulnerable to pollution. The Neogene limestones, sands and sandstones are moderately vulnerable. Possible removing of the soil cover would result in high vulnerability of the respective aquifer. The prepared vulnerability map may be used for groundwater resource protection and land use planning in the Ogosta River Basin.


Purpose

This research aims to investigate the effects of manipulation of a torpedo's geometries to attain higher terminal velocity. The parameters of interest include geometric changes of the original design, as well as sea water properties that reflect water depth in South China Sea.

Design/methodology/approach

The research make use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, FLUENT, to solve viscous incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with two equations k-epsilon turbulent model. The calculated drag coefficient is subsequently used to calculate the maximum attainable terminal velocity of the torpedo.

Findings

It was found that the terminal velocity can be improved by sharper tip angle, greater aspect ratio, greater diameter ratio and optimum rear angle at 30°. Sensitivity of drag coefficient toward each of the parameters is established in this paper.

Originality/value

The paper, in addition to verifying the importance of aspect ratio, has also established the tip angle, diameter ratio and rear angle of the torpedo as important geometric aspects that could be tuned to improve its terminal velocity.


This paper describes the protracted struggles by ethnic Khmers in An Giang Province to regain farmland taken from them by ethnic Vietnamese migrants during their forced absence from the Vietnam-Cambodian border during and after the Third Indochina War. Efforts by the original landowners to organize collectively to seek justice from national authorities were stifled by local officials motivated to preserve the new status quo and were ideologically delegitimized by members of the rural middle class. The findings shed new light on ethnic minority political agency and show how the Vietnamese state is drawn materially and discursively into conflicts between competing social groups.


Long-term monitoring (1990 to 2004) at four stations (50 to 60 m depth) off Punta Coloso, Antofagasta, northern Chile, has allowed us to study temporal changes in the sublittoral macrobenthic polychaete infauna composition and abundance. The numerical contribution of the polychaete fraction to the total fauna was high (65 to 93%), whereas biomass was smaller and variable (20 to 85%). The number of invertebrate species collected per cruise was relatively low (40 to 90 species) and the number of polychaete species ranged from 18 to 37 per cruise (mean = 29.9), with a cumulative number of 56 polychaete species. The most abundant species collected included the small-sized Aricidea pigmentata Carrasco (26.5%), Magelona phyllisae Jones (22.7%), Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers) (13.5%), Tharyx longisetosa Hartmann-Schroder (12.1%), and Prionospio peruana Hartmann-Schroder (11.8%). Clear general patterns or tendencies are not seen in temporal variations of polychaete fauna nor when analyzing the seasons individually. P. pinnata was the only dominant species to show a general tendency in abundance fluctuations. Although the study period included two El Nino events (1991-1992 and 1997-1998), a clear dynamic was not seen in either abundance or dominant species. The analyzed data validate or corroborate high stability or persistence over time that has been suggested for polychaete fauna in the study area. Such stability or persistence exists in spite of high seasonal variability and interannual fluctuations in the region's oceanographic conditions.


While South Africa provides universal access to treatment, HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake remains low, particularly among men. Little is known about community awareness of the effects of treatment on preventing transmission, and how this information might impact HIV service utilization. This qualitative study explored understandings of treatment as prevention (TasP) among rural South African men. Narratives emphasized the know value of ART for individual health, but none were aware of its preventive effects. Many expressed that preventing transmission to partners would incentivize testing, earlier treatment, and adherence in the absence of symptoms, and could reduce the weight of a diagnosis. Doubts about TasP impacts on testing and care included enduring risks of stigma and transmission. TasP information should be integrated into clinic-based counseling for those utilizing services, and community-based education for broader reach. Pairing TasP information with alternative testing options may increase engagement among men reluctant to be seen at clinics.


This thesis investigates an area which is not commonly examined: the language learning strategies which Japanese high school teachers of English as a Foreign Language report using to improve their own English and those they report teaching their students. Learning strategies are ways in which learners deal with aspects o f learning. In the case of language learning strategies, these focus specifically on the learning of target languages. Revised versions o f O x fo rd 's (1990) Strategy Inventory fo r Language Learning 5.1 and 7.0 were combined and sent to 272 Japanese teachers of English. The data was examined to determine to what degree teachers use and teach various strategies and whether these varied according to gender, number o f years teaching EFL, which subject their degree was in, and correlations between these. In addition, 24 teachers later took part in unstructured interviews which were subsequently analysed according to interpretative methodology (Erickson 1986). O xford 's (1990) Strategy Inventory of Language Learning (SILL) differentiates language learning strategies into various groups. The findings showed that teachers report using and teaching compensation strategies mostly. However, the findings from the semi-structured interviews are somewhat d ifferent in that this data showed that while teachers use compensation strategies themselves, they do not appear to teach these to students. Further, while questionnaire answers indicate that they report using social strategies as the second least used strategy group, in the interviews they report using social strategies extensively, but they do not appear to teach them to students. The fact that teachers often teach their students different strategies to the ones they use themselves is also examined, as well as the fact that some teachers tend to teach different strategies according to the academic level of the school. Again these findings are examined in the ligh t o f social, educational contexts at different levels in Japan. Based on the findings in this thesis, suggestions are given for language learning strategy guidance for teachers and learners.


The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 marked the first significant attempts to codify the international law of war and the opening of the modern era of efforts toward international disarmament. The First Hague Conference (May 18–July 29, 1899) adopted three conventions and three declarations: the Convention (I) for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, the Convention (II) with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, and the Convention (III) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of August 22, 1864; and the Declaration concerning Asphyxiating Gases, the Declaration concerning Expanding Bullets, and the Declaration to Prohibit for the Term of Five Years the Launching of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons, and Other New Methods of a Similar Nature. The Second Hague Conference (July 15–October 18, 1907) adopted 13 conventions and one declaration: the Convention (I) for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, the Convention (II) respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts, the Convention (III) relative to the Opening of Hostilities, the Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, the Convention (V) respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land, the Convention (VI) relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities, the Convention (VII) relating to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-Ships, the Convention (VIII) relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines, the Convention (IX) concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War, the Convention (X) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention, the Convention (XI) relative to Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War, the Convention (XII) relative to the Creation of an International Prize Court, and the Convention (XIII) concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War; and the Declaration Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons. The principles laid down in the various Hague conventions (in combination with the Geneva conventions) underpinned the international law regulating armed conflict throughout the twentieth century and indeed continue to do so into the present.


Purpose: Recent knowledge regarding tissue biology highlights a complex regulation of growth factors in reaction to tissue damage. Platelet Rich Plasma (P.R.P.), containing a natural pool of growth factors, can be obtained in a simple and minimally invasive way and be applied to the lesion site. The aim of this study is to explore this novel approach to treat cartilage degenerative lesions of the knee and tendon chronic lesions( patellar tendon, and achilles tendon). In this study we evaluated if the treatment with PRP injections can reduce pain and increase function in cases of patellar tendinosis (Jumper's Knee), in chronic achilles tendinopathy and in patients with cartilage injuries of the knee.
Materials and Methods: 40 patients with cartilage lesion of the knee, 28 male and 12 female with mean age 47 y. (min 18-
max 52 years), were treated and prospectively evaluated at a minimum 6 months follow-up; in the same way, 12 patients with achilles tendon lesion (8 male and 4 female) with mean age 44,5 y. (min 32-max 58 years) and 10 patients with "Jumper's Knee" (8 male and 2 female) with mean age
23,2 y. (min 18-max 37 years), were evaluated at 6 months follow up. The procedure involved 3 multiple injections , performed every two weeks. All patients were clinically evaluated at the end of the treatment and at 6 months follow up. IKDC, SF36, EQ-VAS, scores were used for clinical
evaluation and patient satisfaction and functional status were also recorded.
Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant improvement in the SF36 questionnaire in all parameters
evaluated at the end of the therapy and 6 months follow-up in both group(tendinopathies and chondral lesions), and in the EQ VAS and IKDC score (paired T-test, p<0.0005) from basal evaluation to the end of the therapy, and a further improvement was present at 6 months follow-up. Whereas a higher improvement of the sport activity level was achieved in the "Jumper's Knee" group. No complications related to the injections or severe adverse events were observed during the treatment and follow up period.
Conclusion: PRP inhibits excess inflammation, apoptosis, and metalloproteinase activity. These interactive pathways may result in the restoration of tendon or cartilage, which can with stand loading with work or sports activity, thereby diminishing pain. PRP may also modulate the microvascular environment or alter efferent or afferent neural receptors. The clinical results are encouraging, indicating that PRP injections may have the potential to
increase the tendon and cartilage healing capacity in cases with chronic tendinosis and chondropathy of the knee.


We propose a method to simulate a two-photon interference fringe by using a density matrix in order to describe various types of imperfections in the input state. Using this method, we numerically discuss the influence of various imperfections in an input state, such as dephasing and misalignment, on the quality (visibility and period) of the two-photon interference fringes. Applying this method to experimental data, we succeeded in numerically reproducing a two-photon interference fringe using the experimentally obtained density matrix, in which almost no free fitting parameters are required. From the results, because the main cause of the degradation of an interference fringe was found to be the limited aperture size of a two-photon detector, we can observe a two-photon interference fringe with a visibility of up to 94% in the experiments if an efficient two-photon absorbing material or a two-photon detector with a sufficiently high spatial resolution can be used.


THE WILEY AUTHOR SERVICES team (to which The Photogrammetric Record belongs) aims to help authors distribute and promote their work more easily and to a wider audience. All corresponding authors who are registered with Author Services will have the opportunity to request a link to a read-only version of their article which they can use to promote their work in any manner they wish – email it to colleagues or students, link to it via their website/online CV, or even post it on Twitter and Facebook.


This paper discusses how an Airport Pavement Management System (APMS) can be used by airport operators to help improve maintenance scheduling and decision making. The steps involved in creating an APMS are outlined from establishing a pavement history to maintaining the system with current information. Opportunities are identified for utilizing the APMS to analyze trends in pavement distresses and evaluate the effectiveness of competing maintenance treatments. This paper also introduces an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a tool that can be incorporated in an APMS and utilized for decision making. An AHP offers a systematic approach to incorporating both qualitative and quantitative factors in the assessment of competing alternatives to provide an innovative solution. A runway surface texture and rubber removal case study is presented. In this case study, it is shown that the state of the art practice testing frequency can be greatly improved with access to data. The importance of runway friction is described and four options for removing rubber accumulation and restoring texture to a runway are presented to provide context for applying this case to an AHP. The paper concludes by showing how an AHP can be incorporated into an APMS to help an operator compare maintenance techniques and select the most suitable alternative based on their airport's needs. The concept of an AHP can be broadly applied to decision making within an APMS.


Experts believe that Brazil, the world's fifth largest country and its seventh largest economy, will be one of the most important global powers by the year 2030. Yet far more attention has been paid to the other rising behemoths Russia, India, and China. Often ignored and underappreciated, Brazil, according to renowned, award-winning journalist Michael Reid, has finally begun to live up to its potential, but faces important challenges before it becomes a nation of substantial global significance. After decades of military rule, the fourth most populous democracy enjoyed effective reformist leadership that tamed inflation, opened the country up to trade, and addressed poverty and other social issues, enabling Brazil to become more of an essential participant in global affairs. But as it prepares to host the 2014 soccer World Cup and 2016 Olympics, Brazil has been rocked by mass protest. This insightful volume considers the nation's still abundant problems--an inefficient state, widespread corruption, dysfunctional politics, and violent crime in its cities--alongside its achievements to provide a fully rounded portrait of a vibrant country about to take a commanding position on the world stage.


In environmental magnetism, rock and mineral magnetic techniques are used to investigate the formation, transportation, deposition, and postdepositional alterations of magnetic minerals under the influences of a wide range of environmental processes. All materials respond in some way to an applied magnetic field, and iron‐bearing minerals are sensitive to a range of environmental processes, which makes magnetic measurements extremely useful for detecting signals associated with environmental processes. Environmental magnetism has grown considerably since the mid 1970s and now contributes to research in the geosciences and in branches of physics, chemistry, and biology and environmental science, including research on climate change, pollution, iron biomineralization, and depositional and diagenetic processes in sediments to name a few applications. Magnetic parameters are used to routinely scan sediments, but interpretation is often difficult and requires understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry. Thorough examination of magnetic properties and of the environmental processes that give rise to the measured magnetic signal is needed to avoid ambiguities, complexities, and limitations to interpretations. In this review, we evaluate environmental magnetic parameters based on theory and empirical results. We describe how ambiguities can be resolved by use of combined techniques and demonstrate the power of environmental magnetism in enabling quantitative environmental interpretations. We also review recent developments that demonstrate the mutual benefit of environmental magnetism from close collaborations with biology, chemistry, and physics. Finally, we discuss directions in which environmental magnetism is likely to develop in the future.


Theoretical and experimental studies of the electromagnetic coupling between parallel, passive, glass-fiber waveguides and active (Nd3+-doped laser) resonators are reported. Predicted evanescent-wave coupling strengths are verified to within a factor of two. Far-field interference patterns of these phase-locked, optical waveguides manifest a high degree of coherence and give the predicted asymmetry. Coupling of two fiber lasers is also demonstrated through common-cavity end-mirror reflectors; a high-frequency self-Q-switching action is found when the fiber ends are not rigidly mounted.


Objective:In comparison to veterans without a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we hypothesized that veterans with past TBI would have slower walking speed and more path tortuosity, TBI symptoms, problems with spatial orientation, and poorer executive function. Setting:Community nonclinical. Participants:Seventeen males (mean age of 37.2 years) reporting prior TBI and 20 non-TBI (mean age of 42.9 years). The number of years separating date of discharge and testing was 10.8 and 15.4 for the TBI and non-TBI groups, respectively. Design:Small 2 groups without random assignment. Main Measures:Brief Traumatic Brain Injury Screen, Trail Making Test-B, Clock Drawing Test, walking speed, and distance and path tortuosity in 30 minutes of voluntary outdoor walking wearing a small Global Positioning Systems recorder. Results:Those with TBI reported 4 Brief Traumatic Brain Injury Screen symptoms versus 0.4 for controls (F = 49.1; df = 1,35; P < .001) but did not differ on Trail Making Test-B or the Clock Drawing Test. Veterans with TBI walked shorter distances, 2.33 km versus 2.84 km (F = 4.8; df = 1,35; P < .05), and had greater path tortuosity (fractal D of 1.22 vs 1.15; F = 3.5; df = 1,35; P < .05) but did not differ on travel speed or time spent walking. Conclusions:Traumatic brain injury has persistent symptomatic effects and significantly affects ambulation and spatial orientation years after the event. These findings corroborate and extend observations linking cognitive impairment and ambulation.


Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines used widely in Ugandan traditional medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal medicines are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized. Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing. Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5% alkaloids, 10% flavonoids, 13% tannins and 17% saponins per gram of plant material. The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA) and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1 (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85) and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent, the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic. The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the solvent fractions.


Within the framework of the Huygens-Fresnel approach, we evaluate the coherent superposition of surface plasmon (SP) modes excited by an incident circularly polarized light propagating through an array of subwavelength holes. Numerical results of the plasmonic distribution exhibit a rich structure that reveals the creation and annihilation of vortex arrays in the field phase. These phase singularities stem from total transfer of the spin angular momentum (AM) of the incident radiation to the orbital AM of the SP.


Reconstruction of a distribution network is a complex nonlinear combinatorial optimization problem. A reconfiguration algorithm of a distribution network based on an improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm using molecular dynamics theory and cloud simulation theory was proposed to solve the problems of slow convergence for current distribution network reconfiguration method. The reconstruction optimization process of the distribution network was as follows. First, the integer coding strategy based on the independent loop was adopted, and the initial data of distribution network was input, followed by random generation of the effective initial swarm of corresponding scale; Second, the distribution network was simplified, and the effective solution was obtained based on the reconfiguration network simplification principle; Third, the back forward sweep algorithm method for was used for the power flow calculation of effective solutions; Finally, iterative swarm optimization was conducted based on the improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm(SFLA). The simulation results based on the IEEE33 node distribution system showed that the active network loss value of the system was decreased obviously, reaching 16.57%. The active power P increased significantly compared with that before the reconfiguration in which the distributed generators (DGs) were accessed. The proposed algorithm has good optimization performance in solving the problem of distribution network reconfiguration compared with the traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the differential evolution algorithm (DE).


This paper shows, by using census and various survey data, that there is absolute shortage of draft power in the country. Two important manifestations of shortage are : (1) 40-50 per cent of power animals are female and this proportion has been increasing. (2) the quality of animal is poor and this also has been deteriorating. The paper identified two major causes of increased use of female rather than engine power to meet power shortage. First, the characteristics of prevailing agrarian structure with small-scale fragmented farming, unequal ownership and consequent prevalence of sharecropping inhibit rapid adoption and efficient use of improved farm technology. Second, although draft power shortage has been recognized for a long time, no consistent policy has been pursued to solve the problem. Consequently draft power shortage has contributed, along with many other things, to the slow growth of agricultural production and employment. It is concluded that a clearly defined mechanization policy need to be formulated very urgently. The most immediate objective of such a policy should be to find ways of restoring the social position of the cow as the producer of milk.


The ability to handle large scale graph data is crucial to an increasing number of applications. Much work has been dedicated to supporting basic graph operations such as subgraph matching, reachability, regular expression matching, etc. In many cases, graph indices are employed to speed up query processing. Typically, most indices require either super-linear indexing time or super-linear indexing space. Unfortunately, for very large graphs, super-linear approaches are almost always infeasible. In this paper, we study the problem of subgraph matching on billion-node graphs. We present a novel algorithm that supports efficient subgraph matching for graphs deployed on a distributed memory store. Instead of relying on super-linear indices, we use efficient graph exploration and massive parallel computing for query processing. Our experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of performing subgraph matching on web-scale graph data.


A 55-year-old man presented with coma induced by spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). In magnetic resonance imaging, sagging and restricted diffusion in the splenium of the corpus callosum, diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, and bilateral subdural hematomas were observed. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was detected in the thoracic region and the patient was treated with a targeted epidural blood patch. After the treatment, the lesion in the corpus callosum disappeared without any residual abnormality and the patient fully recovered. SIH can be life-threatening and result in various clinical manifestations from mild orthostatic headache to deep coma. Targeted epidural blood patch treatment seems effective and lifesaving. SIH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of transient corpus callosum splenium lesion.


WorkLink is a program that enables individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) to work while receiving wrap-around day services. Having access to both types of supports -community employment and Community Life Engagement (CLE) -is particularly important for individuals with significant IDD, who often work fewer hours and need additional support to lead active and meaningful lives. The program was started in 1996 by TransCen, Inc., and is based in San Francisco, California.


We use a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium search and matching model with salaried employment and informal self-employment to analyze the implications of introducing universal unemployment protection for informal workers through transfers, which are conditional on participation in training programs. We study how changes in unemployment benefits (UB) for unemployed workers in training programs (training UB), modify labor market outcomes for the unemployed. The model suggests that increasing training UB reduces unprotected unemployment and improves labor market outcomes through higher formal salaried employment and lower informal self-employment. Allowing for idiosyncratic quality in these training programs is key for these results. Higher training UB can also reduce total informal employment through a drastic reduction in the share of informal self-employment, without necessarily causing a large increase in total unemployment. Finally, the model suggests that increasing training UB may increase the volatility of unprotected unemployment. The influence of training programs on formal wage-setting is crucial to explain these results.