This paper considers metadata generation and tracking in a collaborative environment where users publish raw sensor data in the form of virtual sensors and post-process data by means of filtering, modeling, or query processing techniques. In the metadata system described, data from different sources with different provenance will be enriched with further metadata at each processing step to describe the processing implemented and/or observations which may explain anomalies in the data. The management of this data is the subject of this paper. In the context of sensor data processing, in particular in the environmental sciences, there is still a large gap between data acquisition and metadata gathering, further complicated by the problem of combining both. In this paper, an attempt is made to bridge the gap between data management and semantic annotation. This paper describes a user friendly, easily deployable system for gathering sensor metadata and capturing semantics behind higher level data processing steps. These semantics are particularly useful in understanding data processing workflows. Furthermore, different methods of querying, exporting and importing gathered data from and to higher level applications are examined.


Background: Studies on heteronormativity in PE either appear to have explored the experiences of and conditions for non-heterosexual students, or adopt a retrospective point of view. Further, the relation between heteronormativity and movement and how movement activities embody social norms and values related to gender and sexuality has not been explored in depth. Purpose: To explore the relation between movement and heteronormativity in PE as experienced by the students. Participants, setting and research design: The study is based on interviews with 24 students, aged 15 and 16 years and living in a big city area in Sweden. Each student was interviewed on three occasions, immediately following PE lessons visited by the researchers. Data collection: The interviews revolved around: (1) the students' social situation; (2) their sporting habits and interests; (3) their views about PE (aims, content, teaching methods, learning, assessment and grading); (4) their views of girls' and boys' conditions in PE; and (5) their views about body and movement. Data analysis: A discourse analysis was conducted, based on the interview as a whole, namely the interviewer's questions and comments and the interviewees' responses and possible counter-questions. Particular interest was directed towards linguistic regularities relating to norms and ideas about gender and sexuality. Findings: Heteronormativity conditions the way in which girls and boys (feel they can appropriately) engage in a certain movement activity and still be viewed as 'normal'. In the PE classes we visited, being recognised as a 'normal' or straight girl presupposed a feminine appearance, a good coordinative and rhythmic ability, self-confidence in relation to partner dancing, and conversely, a lack of self-confidence and a reluctance to appear aggressive and competitive in connection with ball games. Boys who adopt that position might be apprehended as 'effeminate' or 'poofs' – unless they have some kind of status marker that can serve as a heterosexual alibi, like being popular and athletic. Being recognised as a 'normal' or straight boy presupposed a masculine appearance and confidence, i.e. aggressive and competitive behaviour, in team ball games. Girls who occupy that position might be perceived as 'butch' or 'manly' (perhaps as lesbians?) if they do not, correspondingly, have some kind of marker that can serve as a heterosexual alibi. This might include having a feminine appearance. Conclusions: Since heteronorms are embodied in and through movement, any attempt to challenge the heteronormative culture of PE teaching would have to carefully consider which kinds of activities to include in the PE curriculum, and to make it possible for the students to move in new ways. Such a strategy would include a critically reflexive approach among PE teachers towards the conventional endeavour to make the teaching 'work' without too much emphasis on exploring how students experience different physical activities.


A fluidized bed process development unit of 0.8 m internal diameter was designed on basis of results obtained from a bench scale laboratory unit. For the scaling up empirical models from the literature were used. The process development unit and peripheral equipment were constructed, assembled and commissioned, and instruments were provided for data acquisition. The fluidization characteristics of the reactor were determined and were compared to the design data. An experimental programme was then carried out and mass and energy balances were made for all the runs. The results showed that the most important independent experimental parameter was the air factor, with an optimum at 0.3. The optimum higher heating value of the gas produced was 6.5 MJ/Nm3, while the thermal efficiency was 70%. Reasonably good agreement was found between the experimental results, theoretical results from a thermodynamic model and data from the literature. It was found that the attainment of steady state was very sensitive to a continuous and constant feedstock flowrate, since the slightest variation in feed flow resulted in fluctuations of the gas quality. On the basis of the results a set of empirical relationships was developed, which constitutes an empirical model for the prediction of the performance of fluidized bed gasifiers. This empirical model was supplemented by a design procedure by which fluidized bed gasifiers can be designed and constructed. The design procedure was then extended to cover feedstock feeding and gas cleaning in a conceptual design of a fluidized bed gasification facility. The conceptual design was finally used to perform an economic evaluation of a proposed gasification facility. The economics of this plant (retrofit application) were favourable.


INTRODUCTION Several federal employment discrimination statutes allocate protection depending on whether potential plaintiffs occupy positions of control within a business entity. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, (1) the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), (2) and the Employee Retirement Income Securities Act (ERISA) (3) all permit suits by "employees" against their current or former employers, but do not provide any avenue of relief for those classified as "employers." (4) For instance, the ADEA provides: "It shall be unlawful for any employer ... to limit, segregate, or classify his employees ... because of such individual's age...." (5) Predictably, courts have not always agreed as to what differentiates an employee from an employer. Particularly with regard to innovative business forms that have risen to prominence in recent decades, the distinction between the two is confounded. (6) Statutory language defines an employee as "any individual employed by an employer." (7) A strict statutory construction, therefore, would categorically deny relief to some members of business entities organized as partnerships, yet universally afford protection to similarly situated members of incorporated entities. (8) Traditionally, a partner could not stand in an employment relationship with his or her partnership because partners personally control the ownership interests, making them employers rather than employees. Because a partnership is the partners, it cannot also employ the partners. Stated from another angle, a partnership simply cannot employ itself. If partners cannot employ themselves, it follows that partners cannot be employees in the technical sense of the term. On the contrary, all partners are, by default, employers. As a result, partners are ineligible to seek protection from employment discrimination because employers are not members of a protected category. Compare partnerships to incorporated entities. Unlike a partnership, a corporation is an independent legal persona existing only on paper. It exists wholly apart from even its most high-ranking officers, operates as the de facto employer, and exists in perpetuity. (9) The title of "employer" resides with either the legal persona or, ultimately, with the shareholders. (10) Thus, no person who works for the corporation will be subject to the employer exemption, and courts will not dismiss plaintiffs' suits for lack of statutory standing. (11) Only the corporate persona itself falls into the employer exemption. (12) A strict statutory construction, therefore, only affords protection to members of incorporated entities. Several courts have utilized this all-or-nothing approach and declined to look past a business entity's organizational form in determining worker eligibility to sue under Title VII, the ADEA, or ERISA. (13) This approach has been dubbed the "per se rule. "(14) As one would predict, courts invoking the per se rule always exempt partners of firms from protection. This is referred to as the "partnership exemption." (15) A brief history of holdings implicating the per se rule and justifications for its use is offered in Part I of this Note. More recent decisions reflect an emerging trend, which is to consider a plaintiff's ability to protect his or her own interests within a business entity in order to determine eligibility for protection under ERISA, the ADEA, or Title VII. Courts have focused on an extensive, though not exhaustive, list of factors (16) that tend to indicate "whether the employer's control of employment opportunities places the worker in a position of dependency on the employer which may expose the worker to discriminatory conduct." (17) Courts that use this test ask whether a position of dependency within a business entity negates the presumption that a partner cannot be a victim of employment discrimination. This in-depth inquiry, spurning deference to an individual's title and focusing instead on actual powers, is referred to as the "economic realities test. …


We describe algorithms for computing projective structure and motion from a multi-image sequence of tracked points. The algorithms are essentially linear, work for any motion of moderate size, and give accuracies similar to those of a maximum-likelihood estimate. They give better results than the factorization approach of Sturm and Triggs (1996) and are equally fast and they are much faster than bundle adjustment. Our experiments show that the (iterated) Sturm-Triggs approach often fails for linear camera motions. In addition, we study experimentally the common situation where the calibration is fixed and approximately known, comparing the projective versions of our algorithms to mixed projective/Euclidean strategies. We clarify the nature of dominant-plane compensation, showing that it can be considered a small-translation approximation rather than an approximation that the scene is planar. We show that projective algorithms accurately recover the (projected) inverse depths and homographies despite the possibility of transforming the structure and motion by a projective transformation.


The circadian clock is an internal mechanism that measures external time and generates overt rhythms. About 90% of the transcripts in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome are rhythmically expressed (Michael et al., 2008). Thus, all cellular process can be clock controlled to generate rhythmic physiological responses. Mathematical modeling predicted that the basic clock framework that generates various rhythmic outputs is comprised of three interlocking-feedback loops. The 24-hour rhythms are generated by the main CCA1/LHY-TOC1 feedback loop (Alabadi et al., 2001). Other genes, such as PRR7/PRR9 and GI, were shown to participate in morning or evening loops to fine tune rhythmicity (Locke et al., 2006; Zeilinger et al., 2006). This model takes in account experimental data generated under light-dark cycles. From this model, we can now hope to add environmental inputs, such as light and temperature entrainment, as integrated mechanisms within the circadian oscillator. What is relevant here is that in addition to light, temperature can also entrain the circadian oscillator. Whereas some understandings of light effects are known, it remains unclear how temperature sets the plant-circadian clock. In this thesis, I investigated temperature entrainment, as compared to light-dark entrainment, on the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock. For this, natural variation present in two Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILS) was exploited. The RILS were transformed with a circadian controlled and temperature regulated promoter::reporter construct. Period analysis of this CCR2 reporter after both entrainments revealed a number of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for each collection assayed. The findings suggested that the circadian clockwork after light-dark and temperature entrainment is controlled by both the same, as well as by different, QTLs. Additionally, it was shown that significant allelic interactions modify the period of CCR2. A QTL that was detected, specifically, after temperature entrainment was delineated by fine-mapping procedure. Previous natural-variation studies in the vast majority of pre-existing RILs exploited the variation of two diverse ecotypes, of otherwise rarely used genetic backgrounds. This caveat restricts QTL fine mapping. To confront this disadvantage, six new RILs were generated by pairwise crosses between the four most commonly lab accessions: Columbia, C24, Landsberg erecta, and Wassilewskija. The latter two accessions were previously transformed with CCR2::LUC and used as pollen donor on the other three as a female recipient. All RIL populations were selected for short or long period of CCR2 after light-dark entrainment. Assessment of flowering-time variation under inductive long days, and circadian rhythmicity of CCR2::LUC was measured after light-dark and temperature entrainment. QTL mapping led to the identification of QTLs controlling these two processes. The traits shared some correlations. The majority of the above described QTLs under these two entrainments co-localized with already known components of the circadian oscillator. An alternative approach to physiologically map the role of already known clock genes after temperature-entrainment was thus taken. The transcriptional kinetics of CAB2, CCA1, LHY, TOC1, CCR2, GI, ELF3, and ELF4 were assayed under various light-dark and temperature entrainment protocols. Each promoter displayed unique responses to the different protocols assessed. This suggested that the circadian oscillator is a dynamic mechanism that is able to respond at a variety of signal changes within the ambient environment. The key role of two evening expressed genes, TOC1 and GI, was further defined through the use of genetics, in response to temperature entrainment. A model for GI as a light resettor and TOC1 as a thermal resettor was proposed.


Vision seems to occur effortlessly and without mistakes. As a result, it is easy to lose sight of the complex representational mechanisms going on under the hood. In macaque monkeys, the brain region thought to be the ultimate mediator of object recognition is the inferotemporal cortex (IT). The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how IT neurons handle parts of objects, both in a context wherein parts interfere with one another as well as a context in which certain parts aren't readily perceived. We broke this down into three distinct projects, outlined below.

The first project was concerned with the behavioral phenomenon known as crowding, in which clutter causes peripheral objects to devolve into an unintelligible jumble. We are the first to develop a task that was conducive to concurrent behavior and neuronal recordings in monkeys. To demonstrate relevance of our task, we turned to a hallmark of crowding: that what matters is the eccentricity and spacing between objects, not object size. Having demonstrated this, we were set to proceed to neuronal recordings.

Our primary question was whether crowding quantitatively reduced the strength of IT neuronal selectivity or alternatively whether crowding induced a qualitative change to the neuronal code. Our results support the latter hypothesis. We then asked additional follow-up questions regarding size-sensitivity and adjacency of part-part interactions. Overall, our results were incompatible with a pooling model of crowding and consistent with models based on attention, texture, or source confusion.

The final experiment was concerned with whether certain parts of compound objects were preferentially represented over others. To do this we recorded IT spiking activity while monkeys viewed composite shapes made up of overlapping outlines, as well as all the possible constituent closed parts created by the overlap. Humans tend to only perceive the simpler shapes originally used to create the composite, but the same was not true of IT neurons. Instead, they represented the composite more like its external contour than any other part, especially in the initial phase of the response.


A high-sensitivity long-period fiber grating (LPFG) methane sensor that contains a compact and uniform styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)/cryptophane A nanofilm is presented. The sensor is prepared by using an automatic dip-coater in a solution of cryptophane A, SAN resin dissolved in ortho-dichlorobenzene, a low-volatile solvent. The effect of film thickness on the LPFG's resonant wavelength is thoroughly investigated. The optimum sensor among the three LPFGs with different film thicknesses is directly used to detect the methane concentration in a coal mine gas sample. The results indicate that the sensors with film thicknesses of 484 to 564 nm exhibit a redshifted resonant wavelength when the methane concentration is increased from 0% to 3.5% (vol). The data demonstrates that the sensor with a film thickness of 484 nm has remarkable sensitivity (~0.633 nm%-1), and its detection limit can reach 0.2%. The methane concentrations determined by our sensor are consistent with those obtained by gas chromatography.


Standard specifications of Web Services are mainly concerned with Web Service publishing and discovery. However, there is no standard regarding Web Service selection, which is very crucial for providers and clients. It will support clients in selecting Web Services based on required Quality of Web Service (QoWS) and support providers to remain competitive. Most of solutions on Web Service selection are very often based on a central component to make the selection decision, do not scale to the growing number of clients and Web Service providers, and/or lack trustworthiness. The objective of our approach is to support clients in selecting, and monitoring appropriate Web Services while increasing scalability, trust and reliability of Web Service selection. We propose a framework based on a federation of cooperative brokers. Each broker in the federation manages Web Services within its domain of expertise, and cooperates with its peers to select appropriate Web Services. We describe the federation management operations and our cooperative brokers QoS-aware selection algorithm. We propose certification and monitoring of Web Services as well as monitoring of brokers. The implementation and the experiments we have conducted evaluated the performance of our approach. The obtained results show that: the load is shared and distributed among brokers, a large number of client requests with different QoWS requirements were served, the architecture can scale up in order to include other brokers and/or other Web Services, and selection is guaranteed, trustworthy as it is supported by monitoring.


The informativeness principle demonstrates qualitative benefits to increasing signal precision. However, it is difficult to quantify these benefits -- and compare them against the costs of precision -- since we typically cannot solve for the optimal contract and analyze how it changes with informativeness. We consider a standard agency model with risk-neutrality and limited liability, where the optimal contract is a call option. The direct effect of reducing signal volatility is a fall in the value of the option, benefiting the principal. The indirect effect is a change in the agent's effort incentives. If the original option is sufficiently out-of-the-money, the agent can only beat the strike price if he exerts effort and there is a high noise realization. Thus, a fall in volatility reduces effort incentives. As the agency problem weakens, the gains from precision fall towards zero, potentially justifying pay-for-luck.


The main purpose of my thesis is to establish an effective version of the Grunwald-Wang Theorem, which asserts that given a family of local characters X_v of K^*_v of exponent m where v ϵ S for a finite set S of primes of K, there exists a global character X of exponent m (unless some special case occurs, when it is 2m) whose component at v is X_v. The effectivity problem for this theorem is to bound the norm N(X) of the conductor of X in terms of K, m, S and N(X_v) . This problem was encountered in 1995 in the work of Hoffstein and Ramakrishnan ([H-Ra95]), where they needed it in a particular case when K ∩ µ_m AND m is a prime. In this thesis, we solve this problem completely, and show in the general case that N(_X) is bounded by A∏_(vϵS) N(X_v)^B with A = (A_0N_s)^(C1|s|). In the special cases when K ∩ µ_m OR m is a prime, we can give a better bound for N(_X) with A = A_0N^(C_2)_S, where A_0, B, C_1 and C_2 are independent of S. The later bound improves the result of [H-Ra95]. We get an even more precise bound, namely N(_X) ≤ 4 ∏_(pϵS) NpN(X_p), when K = Q and m = 2. In this thesis, we develop three different approaches, dealing with the quadratic extension case, the Kummer or the general l-extension case, and the general case respectively. In addition to class field theory, we use a reduction process to the unramified case and certain modified effective versions of the Chebotarev Density Theorem. Also, in the general case, we transport to
this problem some techniques from Algebra involving essential subgroups and essential closures. To check the maximal range of our method, we also consider the problem with GRH, and get A = (A_0 log N_s)^(C_0|S|) in the general case where A_0 and C_0 are independent of S. When K = Q and m = 2, we do even better with A « (2^(|S|)logN_s)^2. To get these results, we use yet another modification of the effective version of the Chebotarev Density Theorem (with GRH). These effective results have some interesting applications in concrete situations. To give a simple example, if we fix p and l, one gets a good least upper bound for N such that p is not an l-th power mod N. One also gets the least upper bound for N such that l^τ |o(N) and p is not an l-th power mod N. The table 3.1 describes the best least upper bound we get this way for quadratic Dirichlet characters on C_Q having desired local behavior at some p and/or infinity.


The advent of the laser has placed stringent requirements on the fabrication, performance and quality of optical elements employed within systems for most practical applications. Their high power performance is generally governed by three distinct steps, firstly the absorption of incident optical radiation (governed primarily by various absorption mechanisms); secondly, followed by a temperature increase and response governed primarily by thermal properties and finally the elements thermo-optical and thermo-mechanical response, e.g., distortion, stress birefringenous fracture, etc. All of which needs to be understood in the design of efficient, compact, reliable and useful for many applications high power systems, under a variety of operating conditions, pulsed, continuous wave, rep-rated or burst mode of varying duty cycles, which are the most important for the wide spectrum of applications.


Powered orthotic devices can be used to restore mobility to the impaired user, and may thereby assist them in daily living tasks. An investigation is performed herein to examine the feasibility of a powered lower-limb orthotic in assisting the sit-to-stand task by 50% of the required torque. Feasibility is considered via simulation. A three-link sit-to-stand model, which is driven by kinematic data, is developed. Models of a Pneumatic Muscle Actuator and a DC motor are used to determine which of the two technologies can make a more appropriate contribution to the sit-tostand task. Simulation revealed that both the Pneumatic Muscle Actuator and the DC motor are reasonable actuator choices, and neither limited the ability to achieve 50% torque assistance. The ability to assist the task was, however, limited by the ability to derive a control signal for the actuator from the user-orthotic interface. It was concluded that the user-orthotic interface requires further investigation. It was also found that while both actuator technologies are suitable for contributing 50% of the required torque, the Pneumatic Muscle Actuator is preferable due to its ability to scale to greater torques.


Graphite oxide sheet, now referred to as graphene oxide (GO), is the product of chemical oxidation and exfoliation of graphite powders that was first synthesized over a century ago. Interest in this old material has resurged in recent years, especially after the discovery of graphene, as GO is considered a promising precursor for the bulk production of graphene-based materials. GO sheets are single atomic layers that can readily extend up to tens of microns in lateral dimension. Therefore, their structure bridges the typical length scales of both chemistry and materials science. GO can be viewed as an unconventional type of soft material as it carries the characteristics of polymers, colloids, membranes, and as highlighted in this review, amphiphiles. GO has long been considered hydrophilic due to its excellent water dispersity, however, our recent work revealed that GO sheets are actually amphiphilic with an edge-to-center distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. Thus, GO can adhere to interfaces and lower interfacial energy, acting as surfactant. This new property insight helps to better understand GO's solution properties which can inspire novel material assembly and processing methods such as for fabricating thin films with controllable microstructures and separating GO sheets of different sizes. In addition, GO can be used as a surfactant sheet to emulsify organic solvents with water and disperse insoluble materials such as graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water, which opens up opportunities for creating functional hybrid materials of graphene and other π-conjugated systems.


Brachytherapy devices and software are designed to last for a certain period of time. Due to a number of considerations, such as material factors, wear-and-tear, backwards compatibility, and others, they all reach a date when they are no longer supported by the manufacturer. Most of these products have a limited duration for their use, and the information is provided to the user at time of purchase. Because of issues or concerns determined by the manufacturer, certain products are retired sooner than the anticipated date, and the user is immediately notified. In these situations, the institution is facing some difficult choices: remove these products from the clinic or perform tests and continue their usage. Both of these choices come with a financial burden: replacing the product or assuming a potential medicolegal liability. This session will provide attendees with the knowledge and tools to make better decisions when facing these issues.
Learning Objectives:
1.
Understand the meaning of "end-of-life or "life expectancy" for brachytherapy devices and software
2.
Review items (devices and software) affected by "end-of-life" restrictions
3.
Learn how to effectively formulate "end-of-life" policies at your institution
4.
Learn about possible implications of "end-of-life" policy
5.
Review other possible approaches to "end-of-life" issue


Diabetes mellitus designates a range of metabolic disorders characterised by hyperglycaemia due to deficient or absent insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. In particular, Type 1 diabetes is characterised by a total lack of endogenous insulin secretion which has to be replaced by exogenous insulin to control the plasma glucose concentration. An extracorporeal wearable artificial pancreas (AP) has been a research aim for over three decades. The research is motivated by the need to improve glucose control. Results of a major study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), have demonstrated that improvements in glucose control prevent or delay long term complications, which are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Prior to a clinical evaluation, performance of new medical devices can be tested in silico. Such an approach has been adopted extensively by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new drugs. In silica testing benefits from relatively low financial, human, and time costs by comparison with the resources required for a full clinical evaluation. The aims of the present thesis are to identify components of the AP, integrate them into a simulation environment, and design an in silico evaluation strategy for the development of closed-loop algorithms with the ultimate goal to assess safety and efficacy prior to clinical evaluation. In the present work, submodels of metabolic processes were linked to represent the characteristics of the glucoregulation in Type 1 diabetes. The submodels were associated with sets of parameters to account for variability in population and individual responses to meals and insulin therapy. The model of glucoregulation in Type 1 diabetes was extended by models of subcutaneous (sc) glucose sensing and sc insulin delivery to represent all aspects of the AP. A systematic approach was developed and employed to evaluate, in silica, the potential and limitations of an AP glucose controller. This was exemplified by evaluating a nonlinear model predictive controller. The robustness of the AP was explored by hypothesising various perturbations induced by different system components. A further objective included the establishment of a qualitative grading scheme of glucose control from the clinical viewpoint. This was followed by a comparison between results from simulations and a clinical trial of 24 hours, which gave the proof of concept of in silica testing. It was found that despite discrepancies due to initial conditions and meal differences, the simulations indicated well the outcome of the clinical trial. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates the significant potential of in silica testing to make predictions about system behaviour aiding the assessment of safety and efficacy of control algorithms during the development of an AP.


Introduction to American Deaf Culture, by Thomas K. Holcomb (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, 386 pp., paperback, $49.99, ISBN-13: 9780199777549)IN FIFTEEN CHAPTERS comprising 386 pages, the author, Thomas K. Holcomb, presents a comprehensive exploration of American Deaf culture. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book, includes a summary of the authors credentials, and explains how he strives to portray a balanced perspective of the diverse constituencies of the Deaf community.Chapter 2 addresses the crux of this book: the definition of culture and how it applies to Deaf people and their community. The author emphasizes the relationship between culture and language, and what he has to say could not be more true for Deaf people and their signed languages. Holcomb delves further into his topic by comparing and contrasting American culture, more specifically, middle-class, white, hearing Americans, with Deaf American culture. This juxtaposition of cultures is beneficial in particular for people familiar with one or the other, as Holcomb shares specific characteristics of American culture, such as individualism and independence, which are in stark contrast to Deaf American culture, with its emphasis on collectivism and interdependence.The third chapter explores demographic data, deaf people's backgrounds and experiences, membership in the community, and labels used to describe Deaf and hearing people, including the disability label, which is often erroneously attributed to Deaf people and their culture; it closes with a proposal to describe Deaf people and Deaf culture as a linguistic minority. Chapter 4 focuses on the journey of cultural awareness, which comprises several stages on the way to achieving a positive sense of self and Deaf identity. Chapters 5 and 6 explore early definitions of Deaf culture and current attempts to reffame it as the Deaf experience based on values stemming from a visual orientation.Chapter 7 focuses on American Sign Language (ASL), clarifying misconceptions and presenting linguistic information about focal ASL vocabulary, which is strongly associated with cultural values. For instance, ASL has only one sign for music, song, sing, and concert-yet more than a dozen signs for different types of deaf and hearing people. Bilingualism and the history of ASL are briefly touched upon, including prescriptive and descriptive perspectives of the language.Literature and the arts, pivotal areas of cultural awareness, as well as appreciation of and expression by Deaf people are covered in chapters 8 and 9. Literature of the Deaf community comes in many forms, including written English literature and signed ASL literature. Holcomb mentions periodicals, books, autobiographies, and specialinterest books that discuss specific themes and/or experiences such as being black and Deaf, Deaf gay and lesbian, Deaf Native American, and more. Deaf art, called De'VIA (DeafView/Image Art), tends to fell into two categories: resistance art and affirmation art, The book displays more than twenty such images. In addition, the book's valuable companion website, www.americandeafculture.com, has links to more than ten videos that the author himself signs, expanding on the information discussed in the book. For example, Holcomb demonstrates signs, linguistic information, and poetry that he himself has produced and also shares (with their permission) classic and contemporary literature by other Deaf artists and performers.Representing a departure from analyzing culture and language, chapter 10 focuses on culturally acceptable behavior within the Deaf community. Leave taking, persistence in contact, letting others know of your destination, reporting back, detailed introductions, and name signs are examples of unique cultural behaviors associated with Deaf people and Deaf culture. Holcomb does not stop here but ventures in more unfamiliar territory, discussing unwritten rules when it comes to qualifying for board positions or athletic events designed for Deaf people (and not for deaf people? …


Throughout the development of the American West, prostitution grew and flourished within the mining camps, small towns, and cities of the nineteenth-century Rocky Mountains. Whether escaping a bad home life, lured by false advertising, or seeking to subsidize their income, thousands of women chose or were forced to enter an industry where they faced segregation and persecution, fines and jailing, and battled the hazards of disease, drug addiction, physical abuse, pregnancy, and abortion. They dreamed of escape through marriage or retirement, but more often found relief only in death. An integral part of western history, the stories of these women continue to fascinate readers and captivate the minds of historians today. Expanding on the research she did for "Brothels, Bordellos, and Bad Girls" (UNM Press), historian Jan MacKell moves beyond the mining towns of Colorado to explore the history of prostitution in the Rocky Mountain states of Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. Each state had its share of working girls and madams like Big Nose Kate or Calamity Jane who remain celebrities in the annals of history, but MacKell also includes the stories of lesser-known women whose role in this illicit trade nonetheless shaped our understanding of the American West.


For 38 years, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) maintained single-party control over the Japanese government. This lack of partisan turnover in government has frustrated attempts to explain Japanese government policy changes using political variables. In this paper, we look for intraparty changes that may have led to changes in Japanese budgetary policy. Using a simple model of agenda-setting, we hypothesize that changes in which intraparty factions "control" the LDP affect the party's decisions over spending priorities systematically. This runs contrary to the received wisdom in the voluminous literature on LDP factions, which asserts that factions, whatever their raison d'etre, do not exhibit different policy preferences. We find that strong correlations do exist between which factions comprise the agenda-setting party "mainstream" and how the government allocates spending across pork-barrel and public goods items.


In the context of E-science and open access, visibility and impact of scientific results and data have become important aspects for spreading information to users and to the society in general. The objective of this general trend of the economy is to feed the innovation process and create economic value. In our institute, the French National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture, Irstea, the department in charge of scientific and technical information, with the help of other professionals (Scientists, IT professionals, ethics advisors…), has recently developed suitable services for the researchers and for their needs concerning the data management in order to answer European recommendations for open data. This situation has demanded to review the different workflows between databases, to question the organizational aspects between skills, occupations, and departments in the institute. In fact, the data management involves all professionals and researchers to asset their working ways together.


Despite Tridentine efforts to curtail family influence and interference in convents through the enforcement of strict enclosure and regulation of their governance, families of the civic, feudal, and papal aristocracy in seventeenth century Rome maintained close ties with their relatives in the city's female convents, institutions which played a central role in strategies of the Counter- Reformation and impacted the artistic landscape of the city. This article examines patterns of nun-family interrelations within the mechanisms of conventual art patronage inserting these relationships into the distinctive social-political- religious ambience of papal Rome and family social strategies. Although acknowledging traditional devotional or social-political motivations for family patronage of convents, this article suggests a more collaborative model of conventual art patronage engaged in by nuns and their families and argues that post-Tridentine Roman convents and their nuns assumed a greater autonomy as patrons who were less dependent on extraconventual family patronage.


This study, with fieldwork undertaken in the Pang and Lambourn catchments in
Southern England, investigates the occurrence and distribution of rapid groundwater
flow in the Chalk and evaluates the degree of karstification.
A survey of surface karst features revealed a clear spatial pattern in their distribution
with three distinctive geomorphological zones. Stream sinks and dolines occur
frequently in Zone 1 where there is extensive Palaeogene cover. Only dolines are
present in Zone 2 where Clay-with-Flints deposits overlie areas of the Chalk and there
is little surface karst, other than dry valleys, in Zone 3 where the Chalk outcrops.
Tracer tests from three stream sinks in Zone 1 demonstrated connections to springs and
rapid groundwater flow (1-6 km.d-1) indicating connected networks of conduits and
large fissures over distances up to 5.1 km. Rapid flow was accompanied by variable
tracer attenuation. Unsuccessful results at two other stream sinks were probably due to
total attenuation. Further investigation at one site using four dyes and one
bacteriophage tracer demonstrated the occurrence of diffusion (probably into the Chalk
matrix), but indicated that diffusion is only a minor contributor to attenuation. Very
high tracer losses (~75 % of dye and ~ 99% of bacteriophage) appear to be due to
transport down multiple flowpaths, many comprising at least one section in which flow
is through narrow fissures and fractures.
The Single Borehole Dilution technique was developed to identify the distribution of
flowing horizons in all three zones. Flow horizons decrease with depth below ground
level but have an average spacing of ~ 9 m. Comparison with borehole imaging data
suggested that solutional enlargement of fractures to form fissures, tubules and small
conduits is common in all areas, but that these features may have limited lateral extent.
Overall the Chalk appears to be mildly karstic with small-scale karst development
resembling the early stages of speleogenesis.


extract] The press has sensationalised their reports on the possible outcome of Wilmut's breakthrough [cloning a lamb] and this has caused alarm amongst legislators and politicians which in turn has led to a rash of hasty bills submitted to legislatures to ban cloning of humans. The problem with rushing to legislate is that the fundamental tenet of a democracy is being overlooked viz that there should be a balanced public debate which will then capture the boni mores of the public and distil the ethics of the issue. The legislators will, at the end of this process, have the good, considered reasons they need to legislate for the restriction of scientific progress.


Executive Summary
A set of test questions (i.e., items) grouped around a common stimulus is often
referred to as a testlet. Testlets are found on the Law School Admission Test in the
Analytical Reasoning and Reading Comprehension sections. This research extends
current testlet theory by identifying and modeling the relationship between testlet
features and test-taker response behavior on testlets. Several estimation procedures
are developed, and a small simulation study shows that the procedures evaluated
produce similar results.
One of the purposes of this project is to select the testlet features with the best
prediction properties using text mining. This requires estimating the testlet model in the
presence of a very large number of testlets and respondents. To demonstrate the
feasibility of the estimation methods, a large-scale example is computed using data
from 49,256 test takers who were administered a subset from 594 items nested within
100 testlets.


The post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues of proteins by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is highly ubiquitous, dynamic and inducible. Protein O-GlcNAcylation serves as a key regulator of critical biological processes including transcription, translation, proteasomal degradation, signal transduction and apoptosis. Increased O-GlcNAcylation is directly linked to insulin resistance and to hyperglycemia-induced glucose toxicity, two hallmarks of diabetes and diabetic complications. In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about protein O-GlcNAcylation and nutrient metabolism, as well as discuss the commonly used tools to probe changes of O-GlcNAcylation in cultured cells and in animal models. We then focus on some key proteins modified by O-GlcNAc, which play crucial roles in the etiology and progression of diabetes and diabetic complications. Proteomic approaches are also highlighted to provide a system view of protein O-GlcNAcylation. Finally, we discuss how aberrant O-GlcNAcylation on certain proteins may be exploited to develop methods for the early diagnosis of pre-diabetes and/or diabetes.


The use of participatory design is often advocated when working in developing countries. However, there has been limited research on the practical experiences of organizing and using participatory design approaches with financially and socially marginalized people in such countries. In this thesis, a project for children using prosthetic legs in Cambodia is presented. The work is based on four field studies done over three years. The early phases of the design process, in which user needs are investigated and understood and product ideas are generated, are dealt with. Participatory techniques were used with child prosthesis users and adult participants who work with producing and fitting prosthetic legs. Additionally, the research is based on interviews of various other stakeholders to attain insight into cultural and religious beliefs about disabilities in Cambodia. The research approach is based on the philosophical underpinnings of philosophical hermeneutics, with an emphasis on the teachings of Gadamer. The aim has been to strive for a holistic understanding of products as not only technical artefacts, but also as products that are interpreted within a social, cultural, religious, and historical context. It is advocated that it is only through understanding the tacit framework the product will be used and interpreted within, that designers can succeed with developing solutions that truly help the intended users. The research contributes to giving more knowledge about the challenges and opportunities of undertaking participatory design with marginalized user groups in developing countries. The work has resulted in a framework consisting of four early-stage models and two tables that –together with the descriptions of experiences from the fieldwork - represent a starting point for developing a design methodology for designing for and with underprivileged people in developing countries.


As components of freshwater and marine microflora, Arcobacter spp. are often recovered from shellfish, such as mussels, clams, and oysters. ABSTRACT As components of freshwater and marine microflora, Arcobacter spp. are often recovered from shellfish, such as mussels, clams, and oysters. Arcobacter molluscorum was isolated from mussels from the Ebro Delta in Catalonia, Spain. This article describes the whole-genome sequence of the A. molluscorum strain LMG 25693T (= F98-3T = CECT 7696T).


Background and Aim: Pain management is very important in neonates. The use of non- pharmacological methods can be effective in reducing pain in neonates. The current study aimed at assessing the effect of non-nutritive sucking on the physiological and behavioral pain responses to B Hepatitis vaccine in term infants.

Materials and Methods: In this clinical- trial study in Ninth Day Hospital of Torbate Heidarryyeh in 2016, 60 qualified neonates randomly were assigned to two groups of experimental and control. In the experimental group, the neonates performed non-nutritive sucking through vaccination. In the control group, no particular interference was done. Data collection means included a demography questionnaire, a physiological responses record questionnaire, and the modified behavioral pain scale. Having collected the required data, analysis was performed through SPSS software (version 20).

Results: It was found that the mean of neonates' behavioral responses scores was significantly different after the interference in the two groups (P 0.05) But, t-test results showed that after the interference, there was a significant difference in the two groups (P 0.05). But t-test results showed that after intervention it was significantly different in the two groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Non-nutritive sucking can be effective in the management of pain in neonates.


The perception that immigration adversely affects crime rates led to legislation in the 1990s that particularly increased punishment of criminal aliens. In fact, immigrants have much lower institutionalization (incarceration) rates than the native born - on the order of one-fifth the rate of natives. More recently arrived immigrants have the lowest relative incarceration rates, and this difference increased from 1980 to 2000. We examine whether the improvement in immigrants' relative incarceration rates over the last three decades is linked to increased deportation, immigrant self-selection, or deterrence. Our evidence suggests that deportation does not drive the results. Rather, the process of migration selects individuals who either have lower criminal propensities or are more responsive to deterrent effects than the average native. Immigrants who were already in the country reduced their relative institutionalization probability over the decades; and the newly arrived immigrants in the 1980s and 1990s seem to be particularly unlikely to be involved in criminal activity, consistent with increasingly positive selection along this dimension.


We develop a modal decomposition approach to solve the full vector wave equation for holey optical fibers (HF). This model can be used to explore the modal properties of a wide range of HFs, including those with large air holes. The optical properties of HF can be tailored via the arrangement of the air holes, and this flexibility leads to a wide range of practical applications.


A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Curriculum & Instructional Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2015.


Closed-form solutions and their associated spreadsheet program (GASLFP) were developed by the first author for laterally loaded free-head piles in elastic-plastic media. The solutions show behaviour of a laterally loaded pile is dominated by net limiting force per unit length (LFP) fully mobilised along the pile to a depth called slip depth. They are characterised by three parameters of N g , α o and n (to describe the LFP) and the soil shear modulus (G s ). Conversely, these parameters may be deduced by matching the predicted with measured response. To facilitate practical design, in this paper, the input values of N g , α o , n and G s were deduced in light of measured response of 20 piles tested in sand. The result allows effect of pile types, installation action, and dry or submerged sand to be clarified. In addition, using analogy to pipeline-soil interaction, a new alternative expression described by the parameters k p , α o and n is proposed to construct the LFP. The use of the previous parameter N g and the new k p is discussed at length. Critical responses for typical deflection levels have also been provided. This back-analysis is elaborated via three typical cases.


There is a widespread concern that, in some parts of the world, governments are unable to exercise effective authority. When governments fail, more sinister forces thrive: warlords, arms smugglers, narcotics enterprises, kidnap gangs, terrorist networks, armed militias. Why do governments fail? This book explores an old idea that has returned to prominence: that authority, effectiveness, accountability and responsiveness is closely related to the ways in which governments are financed. It matters that governments tax their citizens rather than live from oil revenues and foreign aid, and it matters how they tax them. Taxation stimulates demands for representation, and an effective revenue authority is the central pillar of state capacity. Using case studies from Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, this book presents and evaluates these arguments, updates theories derived from European history in the light of conditions in contemporary poorer countries, and draws conclusions for policy-makers.


Robotic navigation algorithms for real-world robots require dense and accurate probabilistic volumetric representations of the environment in order to traverse efficiently. Sensor data in a Simultaneous Localisation And Mapping (SLAM) context, however, always has associated acquisition noise and pose uncertainty, and encoding this within the map representation while still maintaining computational tractability is a key challenge in deploying these systems outside of controlled laboratory settings. The occupancy inference problem is essentially a high dimensional search in the space of all maps. By incorporating the physics of sensor formation using forward models, it is possible to reason in terms of the likelihood of the measurements for a given map hypothesis to obtain a solution that explains the noisy observations as well as possible. However, this approach to mapping has historically been prohibitively expensive to compute in real-time. Thus, conventional robotic mapping algorithms have primarily chosen to work with limiting assumptions to maintain tractability. In this thesis we present a framework that explicitly reasons about the conditional dependence imposed on the occupancy of voxels traversed by each ray of a depth camera as a Markov Random Field (MRF). The tight intra-and inter-ray coupling explicitly incorporates conditional dependence of the occupancy of individual voxels as opposed to making independent log-odds Bayes filter updates as conventional occupancy maps do. Visibility constraints imposed by using a forward sensor model enables simplification of the otherwise high dimensional inference. The forward model allows incorporating learnt sensor noise characteristics for accurate inference. Instead of marginalising sensor data immediately, data from camera poses is retained, and can be added, moved, or removed in an ad-hoc fashion whilst performing inference. In order to avoid prohibitive sensor data storage costs, an extension to using the framework in a submapping setting with pose graphs is presented with sensor data marginalisation deferred until as late as possible. Marginalisation is performed using succinct parametric Gaussian distribution representations. Finally, Gaussian mixture model map representations are then demonstrated to be capable of providing robust localisation in multi-hypothesis settings. All of this is made real-time feasible by the inherent parallelisability of the proposed framework and is implemented on GPUs.


PURPOSE
Activity has been reported in phase II single-center, open-label studies after administration of low-dose recombinant interferon gamma-1b (rIFN-gamma) to patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, with an overall objective response proportion of around 15%. To confirm these data and define the complete response rate, we conducted a multicenter open-label trial in which 204 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma were treated with rIFN-gamma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Two hundred and seven patients (134 males, 73 females, mean age 59) were enrolled, and 202 were evaluable. rIFN-gamma, 60: microgram/m2, was administered subcutaneously once every 7 days until disease progression.

RESULTS
There were three (1.5%) complete responses and three (1.5%) partial responses, for an overall response proportion of 3% (95% CI: 1.2%, 6.7%). The median response duration was 13.3 months (range: 2 to 23 months). The median survival was 13.4 months (5.5 months to 29.2 months). Three (1%) deaths were observed during the course of study; they were considered to be related to progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Toxicity was minimal, with 14% of patients experiencing grade 3/4 toxicity. The most frequent adverse events were chills (59%), fever (58%), asthenia (53%), nausea (29%), and headache (18%). Multivariate analysis revealed that younger age, higher performance status, higher hemoglobin, and lower LDH were predictive of survival.

DISCUSSION
Recombinant interferon gamma 1b has only minimal efficacy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Pretreatment variables associated with increased survival were male sex, higher Karnofsky performance status, higher hemoglobin, and low LDH.


This paper presents the architecture design of a high efficient and non-memory Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) crypto core to fit WPAN security requirement. The proposed basis transformation approach from Galois Field (28) to Galois Field GF(((22)2)2) can significantly reduce the hardware complexity of the SubBytes Transformation (S-box). Besides, the on-the-fly key expansion function is used to replace the RAM-based, and the new on-the-fly key scheduler fully supports AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256. Moreover, resource-sharing scheme will also be employed to reduce the hardware complexity of the cipher and decipher. Experiment results show that the AES core works at 100 MHz clock it takes about 400 ns and 770 ns to complete an AES-128 encryption and decryption, respectively. That is, the corresponding throughputs are 320 Mbps and 166 Mbps. The hardware cost of the AES design is about 16.4K logic cells with 3-in-1 key scheduler included. Experiment results also show that the proposed design is suitable for integration into the WPAN system chips due to its acceptable power dissipation.


In this paper we study the use of GSM signal strength information as a method of inferring position. Location fingerprinting using 802.11 wireless networks is a popular positioning technique. Recently, research has been published that has applied this technique to cellular networks. Cellular networks offer wider coverage than 802.11 and enable context-aware applications to be built upon the already ubiquitous cell-phone platform. We focus on the practical aspects of deploying and managing location based services in dynamic, outdoor environments. We have extended a technique for creating a qualitative location system. This extension allows a symbolic location system to be learnt from training data in an unsupervised manner


Some researchers are saying that natural language is probably one of the most promising interfaces for use in the long term for simplicity of learning. If this is true, then it follows that speech recognition would be ideal as the interface for computer-based training (CBT). While many speech recognition applications are being used as a means for a computer interface, these are usually confined to controlling the computer or causing the computer to control other devices. The user input or interface has been the recipient of a strong effort to improve the quality of the communication between man and machine and is proposed to be a dominant factor in determining user productivity, performance, and satisfaction. However, other researchers note that full natural interfaces with computers are still a long way from being the state-of-the art with technology. The focus of this study was to determine if the technology of speech recognition is an effective interface for an academic lesson presented via CBT. How does one determine if learning has been affected and how is this measured? Previous research has attempted quantify a learning effect when using a variety of interfaces. This dissertation summarizes previous studies using other interfaces and those using speech recognition. It attempted to apply a framework used to measure learning effectiveness in some of these studies to quantify the measurement of learning when speech recognition is used as the sole interface. The focus of the study was on cognitive processing which affects short-term memory and in-turn, the effect on original learning (OL). The methods and procedures applied in an experimental study were presented.


This article is part of a series of articles written on Bel and the dragon . This series of articles is an investigation into the Greek editor/author's use of body, space, narrative and genre in creating a new reality regarding the Jewish deity. A spatial framework is used to specifically examine the third episode of Bel and the dragon , entitled Dining in the lions' den. It is suggested that the third episode of Bel and the dragon should be read in a reciprocal relationship with not only Bel and the dragon but also the larger book of Daniel. Firstly, such an analysis indicates that the smaller episode is part of a larger clash of deities. Secondly, it shows that the editor/ author utilises the episode to recreate a new cosmology. In this new cosmology, the God of Israel is an almighty deity whilst other deities are revealed as false and not real living gods. In his own way, the editor/author contributes to the way in which Jews regarded their God within the reality of the diaspora. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The aim with this article was to analyse Daniel 14 by means of new insights from developments in language studies. Until now, scholars tended to repeat each other in their analysis of Daniel 14. No attention was given to space, body or other aspects of new developments in the field of language. This article challenges the repetitive research previously done on Daniel 14.


Archaeological excavations undertaken between 1997 and 2010 at Lapa dos Coelhos – a small cavity in the Almonda River karst system near Torres Novas, Portugal, indicated intermittent occupation by humans dur‐ ing the Upper Pleistocene. During the Magdalenian the site served as a specialized temporary camp, probably related to hunting and fishing activities. A 'laurel leaf' fragment suggests human occupation during the Solu‐ trean. The Mousterian artefacts identified in the lowest layers may correspond to runoff from other galleries of the same karstic system. Interpretation of the faunal remains shows that during the earlier periods the site also served as a hyaena den. We also note an important increase of small animals, especially rabbits, during the Tardiglacial period which probably reflects the 'Mesolithic Crisis'.


Modeling variably saturated flow in the vadose zone is of vital importance to many scientific fields and engineering applications. Richardson–Richards equation (RRE, which is conventionally known as Richards' equation) is often chosen to physically represent the fluxes in the vadose zone when the accurate characterization of the soil water dynamics is required. Being a highly nonlinear partial differential equation, RRE is often solved numerically. Although there are mature software and codes available for simulating variably saturated flow by solving RRE, the numerical solution of RRE is nevertheless computationally expensive. Moreover, sometimes the robustness and the efficiency of RRE‐based models can deteriorate rapidly when certain unfavorable conditions are met. These demerits of RRE hinder its application on large‐scale vadose zone hydrology problems and uncertainty quantification, both of which requires many runs of the prediction model. To address these challenges, the accuracy, convergence, and efficiency of the numerical schemes of RRE should be further improved by testing a wide variety of cases covering different initial conditions, boundary conditions, and soil types. We reviewed and highlighted several critical issues related to the numerical modeling of RRE, including spatial and temporal discretization, the different forms of RREs, iterative and noniterative schemes, benchmark solutions, and available software and codes. Based on the review, we summarize the challenges and future work for solving RRE numerically.


Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a very aggressive type of advanced breast cancer with a poor prognosis. Clinical symptoms involve a rapid onset of changes in the skin overlying the breast, including edema, redness and swelling including a wrinkled and orange peel appearance in the skin. This particular presentation is due to the invasion of the skin dermal lymphatics by breast cancer cells that obstructed the lymph channels producing the characteristic skin changes that mimic an inflammatory process. Mouse Mammary Tumor-associated Virus (MMTV) and other infectious agents have been consider as possible etiological agents of IBC particularly related to the initial description of higher incidence in women living in rural areas in North Africa. Although, the etiopathological role of bacteria in this disease has never been explored in spite of the evidence that chronic infections with certain bacteria can facilitate tumors development. Several bacterial infections promote cell proliferation and could increase the rate of cell transformation. Bartonella spp. is an emerging pathogen that can cause conditions which are characterized by the development of proliferative lesions. Bartonella might cause vasculoproliferative disorders by triggering the proliferation of endothelial cells and inducing the secretion of proliferative cytokines from infected host cells. It cause persistent infection of erythrocytes and endothelial cells in their mammalian hosts and their transmission occur mainly by blood-sucking arthropods. Bartonella are Gram-negative bacteria usually associated with cat-scratch disease, urban trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis and endocarditis. Some reports have showed some similarities between cat scratch disease and inflammatory breast cancer (Povoski et al., Breast J 9: 497–500, 2003). Methods and Results: In the present work, we report the identification of Bartonella henselae in the pleural effusions of two patients with IBC. These patients had both estrogen-receptor negative (ER−) and progesterone-receptor negative (PR−) disease and have failed a number of previous chemotherapy regimens. Furthermore, they had metastatic disease to the pleura, skin, lymph nodes and lung. Cells from the pleural fluids of these patients stained positive for Bartonella sp. using the Warthin-Starry staining kit. Moreover, we used PCR and sequencing of the 16S–23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region to identify the etiological agent as Bartonella henselae. By immunofluorescence using an antibody that specifically recognized Bartonella henselae, the bacteria were found in the nucleus of IBC tumor cells confirming the infection and their intracellular localization. Conclusions: These results suggested that bacteria infections such as the one produced by Bartonella henselae might contribute to the clinical and pathological characteristics of IBC, associated with rapid spread of the breast tumor cells through the lymphatic system. The infection and activation of endothelial lymphatics by Bartonella might contribute to the highly metastatic process observed in IBC patients. An acute inflammatory reaction triggered by the Bartonella infected endothelium may be crucial for initiating the chronic inflammation in IBC patients and the rapid spread of tumor cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-03.


In this study, a model is proposed to determine synonymy by incorporating several resources. The model extracts the features from monolingual online dictionaries, a bilingual online dictionary, WordNet, and a monolingual Turkish corpus. Once it has built a candidate list, it determines the synonymy for a given word by means of those features. All these resources and the approaches are evaluated. Taking all features into account and applying machine learning algorithms, the model shows good performance of F-measure with 81.4%. The study contributes to the literature by integrating several resources and attempting the first corpus-driven synonym detection system for Turkish.


The assumptions underpinning this study are that in order to understand the real use of technology in teaching it is necessary to examine the everyday world of the university (Eisner & Peshkin, 1990, p. 99) and then to 'tell it as it is'. The enquiry process is approached from a disciplinary context by capturing the views and actual practice of technology use in teaching of thirteen academics from different disciplinary fields within one university. A case study methodology framed the design of the study, requiring the collection of data from a variety of sources in order to describe the university which defined the study. My intention was to answer the following question:

How is the use of technology shaped by the everyday teaching practice of academics within a university?

The aim of the study therefore was to explore the use of technology by examining the academic's views about how technology affected the way that they understood teaching. A feature of contemporary research into technology and teaching is an emphasis on small, context specific case studies. These often separate teaching and learning from other aspects of cultural practice, such as disciplinary and other institutional influences. In this study Bernstein's theory of pedagogic discourse and his categories of recognition and realisation, along with the concepts of classification and framing provided a detailed coding structure as a way of analysing the resulting interview data.

Analysis of practical examples of technology use in teaching revealed that academics are influenced by ideological conceptions of epistemic and social relations that are inherent within their own values and beliefs about their own roles and those of students. The coding structure revealed a variety of pedagogic practice linked to vertical (i.e complex) language use or horizontal (i.e everyday) language use. The detailed case studies of technology use by the individual academics gave rise to four different categories of teaching - knowledge and knower modes of teaching, with a vocational or non-vocational focus.

This thesis contributes to professional knowledge in this field because of the use of a social theory which highlights the complex relationship between technology and pedagogic discourse and the institutional and disciplinary forces that shape the relationship.


This paper presents an integrated, systems-level view of several novel design and control features associated with the biologically inspired, hexapedal, RiSE (Robots in Scansorial Environments) robot. RiSE is the first legged machine capable of locomotion on both the ground and a variety of vertical building surfaces including brick, stucco, and crushed stone at speeds up to 4 cm-s, quietly and without the use of suction, magnets, or adhesives. It achieves these capabilities through a combination of bioinspired and traditional design methods. This paper describes the design process and specifically addresses body morphology, hierarchical compliance in the legs and feet, and sensing and control systems that enable robust and reliable climbing on difficult surfaces. Experimental results illustrate the effects of various behaviors on climbing performance and demonstrate the robot's ability to climb reliably for long distances. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper discusses the implications for international brand communications management of a qualitative cross-national research study on television product placement in the United Kingdom and Thailand. The study involved secondary research into the respective media environments and depth interviews with leading agency practitioners in each country. The research suggests that, while television product placement practice may be superficially similar in Asia and the UK, there are important differences arising from the very different regulatory, media and consumer environments. As a consequence, detailed local knowledge is essential for successful product placement strategy which crosses cultural borders. The paper explains key differences in regulation and practice and explores implications for brand communications practice and research.


This article pulls together streams of culture-related research found in information-processing and behavioral decision theory literature, and it complements them with a focus on motivations and goals. The authors propose a framework that suggests that (1) the treatment of culture is useful when it incorporates subcultures, including those defined by nationality, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and neighborhood or local surroundings; (2) goals are determined by both cultural background and situational forces; and (3) through its impact on goals, culture influences the inputs used to make a decision, the types of options preferred, and the timing of decisions. The authors highlight the implications of the framework for two policy domains: health and finances. They suggest that consumers' goal orientations can provide a useful segmentation dimension, and they carve out specific tendencies that appear to vary across cultural contexts (e.g., satisficing, goal shifting, reactivity). A deeper consideration of consumer goals and the role of culture in individual decision making can inform policies aimed at improving the quality of consumers' decisions and, ultimately, consumer welfare.


A therapeutic policy of surgery in the treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung was evaluated in a retrospective series of 874 consecutive patients. All patients were included in one of six clinical trials of intensive combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy, carried out during 1973-81. General criteria of resectability, including normal appearances at mediastinoscopy, were fulfilled in 33 electively operated patients and in 46 non-operated patients. An elective operation was defined as a thoracotomy performed with the intention of pulmonary resection in a patient known to have small cell carcinoma. Pneumonectomy or lobectomy was performed in 73% of the electively operated patients. Residual macroscopic or microscopic tumour tissue was left after half of these resections. Both operated patients and non-operated patients with operable tumours survived significantly longer than 696 patients deemed to have been inoperable. There was no significant difference, however, in the duration of survival between the two subsets of operable patients. According to this analysis, a treatment policy of surgery for resectable small cell carcinoma does not lead to better overall results than treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone.


Adobe Fireworks CS4 is back and better than ever. Completely revamped for inclusion in the Adobe Creative Suite, Fireworks is now positioned to be an integral part of Adobe's Web workflow. Designed for manipulating images destined for the Web and developing rapid Web prototypes, Fireworks lets Web designers go from scribbled concept to online framework. Fireworks CS4 has been given new life, so new in fact that a whole new generation of Web designers needs to become acquainted with it. Adobe Fireworks CS4 How-Tos: 100 Essential Techniques gives users quick access to the key features and fundamental techniques to help them come up to speed in Adobe Fireworks CS4. Each technique is presented in a self-contained unit of one or two pages so users can dive in and start working right away, unencumbered by lengthy descriptions or technical detail. Adobe Fireworks CS4 How-Tos: 100 Essential Techniques will be one of the first books available on this software.


This original research assesses Strategic Development in Belfast's Cathedral Quarter (CQ), a historically significant conservation area becoming a vibrant mixed commercial, cultural, arts, and community-use district. The article, in English with Italian translation, was written with contributions from co-author Patricia Freedman of the Cathedral Quarter Steering Committee (CQSC) and published by internationally recognized Italian journal of urbanism, Urbanistica, as part of a special thematic issue: "The Urban Regeneration in Belfast in Europe that Looks Ahead." Urbanistica awarded Belfast its prestigious European Development Award for 2011 and the special issue highlights projects featured in an exhibit about Belfast during Venice Biennale 2010. In 2011, Exhibit curators invited a shortlist of written submissions to Urbanistica, whose scientific committee selected this article for publication following peer-review. The article examines Cathedral Quarter's five-year development plan, set within the micro-level of Belfast's regeneration policies and against wider international debates about how post-industrial cities address long-term regeneration challenges. CQSC invited the author to undertake this review based upon his prior published scholarship on cultural and retail quarters for Belfast's 2010 City of Quarters Conference. It connects with the author's related PhD, in progress separately, contributing to pilot studies about how design professionals and lay-people might collaborate to better influence the quality of existing and new public space in inner city development. The author's research illustrates how Belfast's previous regeneration policies did not adequately protect the quality of public space, leading to a loss of important parts of the city's streetscape and sustainable economic and cultural vitality. For professionals and policy-makers, the published version deliberately focuses on the research findings more than discussing the methodology, which combined international urban design precedents, primary documents, and interview data. The conclusions give several recommendations for CQ to better manage its future, arguing for more participatory street-focused approaches to urban development.


The market dynamics in distance education has precipitated phenomenal growth opportunities in enrollments and e-learning. The purpose of the paper was to develop a strategy for sustained quality delivery mode of distance education progammes that precipitate massive enrollments and e-learning in an open and distance learning (ODL) institution using Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU) as a case study. There is an increase in public accountability for higher education which compels institutions to demonstrate quality within the programmes and processes, including those provided online. The strategy for massive enrollments and e-learning is developed and this includes a mobile strategy and mobile web framework. How the landscape of quality assurance has been changed by the emergence of MOOCs is discussed. The methodology used is qualitative and focus groups were used as research designs in the case study of Zimbabwe Open University (ZOU). Triangulation and peer review was used to test the validity of the data. Strategic directions were developed to inform the new key result areas, goals, objectives, strategies and priorities for the university for the period 2015-2020.


Self protection of host cells against inadvertent injury resulting from attack by autologous complement proteins is well reported for vascular epithelium. In intestinal epithelium, the expression of C complement proteins and regulatory proteins remains currently poorly reported. This study looked at the distribution of C complement proteins and regulatory decay accelerating factor (DAF) in four cultured human intestinal cell lines of embryogenic or colon cancer origins. C3 and C4 proteins and DAF were widely present in human colon adenocarcinoma T84, HT-29 glc-/+ cells compared with human embryonic INT407 cells. In contrast, no expression of C5, C5b-9, and CR1 was seen for any of the cell lines. Taking advantage of the Caco-2 cells, which spontaneously differentiate in culture, it was seen that the C3, C4, and DAF were present in undifferentiated cells and that their expression increased as a function of the cell differentiation. These results, taken together with other reports on the presence of C complement proteins and DAF in the intestinal cells infer that the expression of regulatory C complement proteins develops in parallel with the expression of C proteins to protect these cells against the potential injury resulting from the activation of these local C proteins. Moreover, the finding that the pathogenic C1845 Escherichia coli binds to the membrane bound DAF in the cultured human intestinal cells synthetising locally C proteins and regulatory C proteins supports the hypothesis that E coli could promote inflammatory disorders by blocking local regulatory protein function.


SUMMARY The occurrence, in September 1979, of Echinoparyphium recurvatum metacercarial cysts in a community of molluscan hosts at Harting Pond, West Sussex, was investigated. The parasite exhibited broad host specificity with all 7 species comprising the molluscan community being infected. There were marked differences, however, in the extent to which each host species was utilized and using the mean number of parasites/ individual mollusc as a parameter of infection the mollusc species may be ranked in descending order of utilization as follows: Sphaerium corneum, Lymnaea peregra, Valvata piscinalis, planorbids, Pisidium subtruncatum and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi. Combination of basic infection data with population estimates for each mollusc species in the study area showed that the bivalve P. subtruncatum and the prosobranch V. piscinalis were the most important hosts because they contained approximately 90% of the total number of cysts. In both of these hosts the cyst population was over-dispersed and the degree of over-dispersion increased with host size. The pattern of second intermediate host utilization is discussed in relation to the likely flow of E. recurvatum between the first intermediate host (L. peregra) and wildfowl definitive hosts at Harting.


This research is a descriptive study of the misuse of social media in law enforcement from 2011 to present. The research will use a content analysis of social media policies coupled with survey of 10 questions administered anonymously to students at the Department of Criminal Justice Training. This mixed method approach will attempt to explain the growing number of police officers and other law enforcement employees who find themselves in violation of the agency policies. The survey consists of Likert scale style questions concerning the agreement with and understanding of social media policies, as well as the perception of privacy while using social media. The quantitative portion of the survey will gather data on age, education, race, gender, and agency type in an effort to see if any those variables correlate to policy violations. Since social media sites became popular in early to mid-2000's there have been countless examples in the news of police officers and other law enforcement employees being suspended or fired because of poor choices made on social media sites. This study hopes to find a solution to this phenomenon or at the very least an explanation. While there was no statistical significance among dependent variables, there was a strong sense of privacy when using social media. The data showed that while there seemed to be an understanding of agency policy there were still a large number of violations occurring. During the content analysis the use of vague definitions and subjective standards could be the cause. Future works with this study would explore the connection between the subjective standards and the policy violations.


We studied the formation of trail patterns by Argentine ants exploring an empty arena. Using a novel imaging and analysis technique we estimated pheromone concentrations at all spatial positions in the experimental arena and at different times. Then we derived the response function of individual ants to pheromone concentrations by looking at correlations between concentrations and changes in speed or direction of the ants. Ants were found to turn in response to local pheromone concentrations, while their speed was largely unaffected by these concentrations. Ants did not integrate pheromone concentrations over time, with the concentration of pheromone in a 1 cm radius in front of the ant determining the turning angle. The response to pheromone was found to follow a Weber's Law, such that the difference between quantities of pheromone on the two sides of the ant divided by their sum determines the magnitude of the turning angle. This proportional response is in apparent contradiction with the well-established non-linear choice function used in the literature to model the results of binary bridge experiments in ant colonies (Deneubourg et al. 1990). However, agent based simulations implementing the Weber's Law response function led to the formation of trails and reproduced results reported in the literature. We show analytically that a sigmoidal response, analogous to that in the classical Deneubourg model for collective decision making, can be derived from the individual Weber-type response to pheromone concentrations that we have established in our experiments when directional noise around the preferred direction of movement of the ants is assumed.


A survey on the main analytical challenges related to the analysis of Androgen Anabolic Steroids (AASs) is reported. AASs analysis is an issue regarding antidoping analyses as well as forensic toxicology applications. This paper reports an overview of the more recent literature regarding various aspects of sample preparation, analytical techniques and interpretation of results for AASs identification in biological samples. New analytical approaches, mainly for their application to the antidoping field, are reported. The application of AASs analysis in forensic cases is also described, taking into consideration mainly the different biological samples that can be analysed for forensic purposes. Particular attention was played on the application of hair analysis as alternative biological specimen for the determination of AASs abuse.


The Brigalow Belt bioregion of southern and central Queensland supports a large percentage of northern Australia's sown pastures and beef herd. The Brigalow soils were widely thought to have adequate phosphorus (P) for cropping, sown pastures and grazing animals, which has led to almost no use of P fertiliser on sown pastures. The majority of pastures established in the region were sown with tropical grasses only (i.e. no legumes were sown). Under grass-only pastures, nitrogen (N) mineralisation rates decline with time since establishment as N is 'tied-up' in soil organic matter. This process leads to a significant decline in pasture and animal productivity and is commonly called 'pasture rundown'. Incorporating pasture legumes has been identified as the best long-term solution to improve the productivity of rundown sown grass pastures. Pasture legumes require adequate P to grow well and fix large amounts of N to increase the productivity of rundown sown grass pastures.

Producers and farm advisors have traditionally thought that P fertiliser is not cost-effective for legume-based improved pastures growing on inland areas of Queensland despite there being little, if any, data on production responses or their economic outcomes. Recent studies show large and increasing areas of low plant available soil P and large responses by pasture legumes to P fertiliser on Brigalow soils.

The economic analysis in this scoping study indicates potential returns of 9–15% on extra funds invested from the application of P fertiliser, when establishing legumes into grass pastures on low P soils (i.e. lower than the critical P requirement of the legume grown). Higher returns of 12–24% may be possible when adding P fertiliser to already established grass/legume pastures on such soils.

As these results suggest potential for significant returns from applying P fertiliser on legume pastures, it is recommended that research be conducted to better quantify the impacts of P fertiliser on productivity and profit. Research priorities include: quantifying the animal production and economic impact of fertilising legume-based pastures in the sub-tropics for currently used legumes; quantifying the comparative P requirements and responses of available legume varieties; understanding clay soil responses to applied P fertiliser; testing the P status of herds grazing in the Brigalow Belt; and quantifying the extent of other nutrient deficiencies (e.g. sulphur and potassium) for legume based pastures. Development and extension activities are required to demonstrate the commercial impacts of applying P fertiliser to legume based pastures.


In the Cambro-Ordovician Mount Windsor subprovince, well known for its massive sulfide deposits, silica
iron oxide exhalites possess complex textural and geochemical features that provide an insight into the very
early stages of typical massive sulfide deposit development. In exploration they are also useful for identifying hotter systems most likely to host massive sulfide deposits. Three examples were mapped and sampled from outcrop and analyzed for magnetic susceptibility, major and trace elements, REE, and Nd and Sr radiogenic
isotopes. They share a common evolutional history. Early microbially mediated silica iron oxyhydroxides (stage
1), which grew with very little clastic sediment incorporation, probably developed an Fe, U, V, Mo, As, Ag, Cd, P, Y, Be, Mg, and REE element association that has also been documented from metalliferous sediments on the modern sea floor. This stage is commonly overprinted by siliceous veins (stage 2), indicating that the exhalites directly overlay diffuse hydrothermal upflow zones. Less commonly, the silicification assemblage includes pyrite. Y, U, Be, V, and Mg positive correlations with Fe survived the subsurface silicification. Ag, As, Mo, Sb, REE, and Ba were leached from stage 1 zones during stage 2, presumably liberated during recrystallization of iron oxyhydroxide and were reprecipitated in narrow crosscutting zones within stage 2 silicification.
The depositional mechanism is not well understood, but radiogenic isotope trends indicate that interaction between
hydrothermal fluid and detrital silicates preferentially precipitated some of these metals. The hydrothermal
transition from low-temperature (less than 100 degrees C) oxidized to higher temperature ( more than 150 degrees C), H2S-bearing volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS)-style fluids in some systems is evidenced by the addition of Cu, Pb, Zn, Tl, Mn, Se, and possibly Eu, mainly as trace elements in pyrite.
The Sr and Nd isotope systematics of the jaspers can be explained for stage 1 by mixing of seawater, clastic,
and hydrothermal end members, giving rise to complex isotopic populations. The stage 1 signatures are supplanted
by relatively simple isotopic compositions with increasing stage 2 alteration intensity. This replacement
is best expressed in plots of resistant detrital elements and metals such as As, Se, Zn, and Pb versus epsilon Nd and
87Sr/86Sri. The hydrothermal component has epsilon Nd(480 Ma) ~ -2, best explained by leaching of the underlying
Trooper Creek Formation (epsilon Nd (480 Ma) = +3.8 to -7.3) rather than leaching of deeper Mount Windsor Formation
rhyolitic volcanics (epsilon Nd (480 Ma) = -4.7 to -12.8). There is no support for a magmatic fluid, because no match
exists with the known Trooper Creek Formation epsilon Nd(480 Ma) magmatic populations (epsilon Nd (480 Ma) = -4.1 to -7.3 and +3.8 to -0.9). The radiogenic isotopes support a shallow convecting model with jasper deposition from rockbuffered seawater. The evolution of fluids from cooler, oxidized to hotter, reduced conditions, either records
heating induced by arrival of a subsurface thermal plume or the propagation of extensional faults deeper into a layered convective system.


Objectives: To understand the course of changes in function and need for assistance in the chronic stages of TBI; and to identify factors associated with these changes. Design: Longitudinal review of participants in the TBI Model Systems Database, who have been prospectively followed for at least 10 years. Participants: Four hundred and seventy-eight individuals with TBI that occurred between 25 October 1988 and 31 December 1998, enrolled in the TBI Model Systems National Database, eligible for 10-year follow-up when data was extracted, with completed data collection at either year 1 or 2 and year 10. Results: Significant between age group differences were found for FIM toileting, bladder, bowel, toilet transfers, locomotion, problem-solving and memory; SRS; DRS level of functioning, employability and total; and GOS. With regard to functional independence, there were significant differences by age category for all FIM components except memory. Significant differences were noted for age category and level of dependence as measured by the DRS (LOF 1.5–5) and GOS (GOS 2–4). Supervision needs significantly increased as a function of age. Significant differences were found for diminished function over time. Significant differences were noted for residence at 10 years post-injury. Conclusions: For those individuals that survive to 10 years post-TBI, age is a major factor in requiring assistance of another person for supervision as well as assistance in basic self-care, continence and mobility.


Measurements of aerosol, N2O and OCS made in the Northern Hemisphere below 21 km altitude following the eruption of Pinatubo are presented and analyzed. After September 1999, the oxidation of OCS and sedimentation of particles in the extra-tropical overworld north of 45 N are found to maintain the aerosol in a steady state. This anal- ysis empirically links precursor gas to aerosol abundance throughout this region. These processes are tracked with age- of-air which offers advantages over tracking as a function of latitude and altitude. In the extra-tropical, lowermost strato- sphere, normalized volume distributions appear constant in time after the fall of 1999. Exchange with the troposphere is important in understanding aerosol evolution there. Size dis- tributions of volcanically perturbed aerosol are included to distinguish between volcanic and non-volcanic conditions. This analysis suggests that model failures to correctly pre- dict OCS and aerosol properties below 20 km in the Northern Hemisphere extra tropics result from inadequate descriptions of atmospheric circulation.


This research focused on the obtainment of mathematics postgraduates' tacit knowledge of Mathematics problem solving, investigated 172 mathematics postgraduates with a closed-ended structured questionnaire which was formed based on the early interview. The results indicated that mathematics postgraduates' tacit knowledge of Mathematics problem solving mainly came from their teachers' explanation and demonstration about mathematics problem solving, their practice of mathematics problem solving, and their learning to knowledge of mathematics problem solving from related book. The other factors of teaching and learning impacted on the obtainment of tacit knowledge, but their contribution rate was not large. So we suggest that the college mathematics teachers should teach mathematics problem solving with Apprentice style and pay attention to guiding students to learn knowledge about mathematics problem solving.


Human trafficking is one of today's largest shadow economies. This theme was included in plot of Salve Jorge, a soap opera in Brazil (broadcasted by Globo Network between October 2012 and May
2013). This article analyzes the social merchandising, an approach given to international human
trafficking in entertainment venues of television, especially, from the telenovela Salve Jorge. The
strategy of inclusion of social issues in the plots is recognized as social merchandising. So, it is in
this privileged media space that the story of a social problem is also constituted. The study focuses
on the discussion of the power of the telenovela to dramatize issues of public interest, having main
broadcasting and audience of Salve Jorge. One seeks to question the maintenance and the impact
of the subject of human trafficking as a dialogue between fiction and reality portrayed by Brazilian
television. The show, Salve Jorge, is based on the real-life story of a Brazilian woman who was led
to Israel and forced into prostitution. Therefore, human trafficking emerges as the central theme
of this study over the main plot of Salve Jorge.


We present a method for real-time sound propagation that captures all wave effects, including diffraction and reverberation, for multiple moving sources and a moving listener in a complex, static 3D scene. It performs an offline numerical simulation over the scene and then applies a novel technique to extract and compactly encode the perceptually salient information in the resulting acoustic responses. Each response is automatically broken into two phases: early reflections (ER) and late reverberation (LR), via a threshold on the temporal density of arriving wavefronts. The LR is simulated and stored in the frequency domain, once per room in the scene. The ER accounts for more detailed spatial variation, by recording a set of peak delays/amplitudes in the time domain and a residual frequency response sampled in octave frequency bands, at each source/receiver point pair in a 5D grid. An efficient run-time uses this precomputed representation to perform binaural sound rendering based on frequency-domain convolution. Our system demonstrates realistic, wave-based acoustic effects in real time, including diffraction low-passing behind obstructions, sound focusing, hollow reverberation in empty rooms, sound diffusion in fully-furnished rooms, and realistic late reverberation.


Because the student course is also the age and period of marriage and moreover the students are facing the important task of education which necessitates subjective and mental tranquility therefore the present research was carried out with the objective of studying the Pros and Cons of student marriage during study period among student in Yasuj University of Medical science, Iran. The statistical communities of the design were the student of Yasuj University of medical sciences in the Year of 2013.Number of samples was 285 students who were selected using a multi-stage sampling method. The data were collected by questionnaires and then were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and SPSS19software. The findings showed that 63.3% of the students considered the university environment as unsuitable for marriage and 68.1% were dissatisfied with the welfare facilities donated by the university.18.2% of individuals considered student marriage as effective in modifying the marriage- portion and dowry. Only 16% of individuals agreed to hold the wedding ceremonies. Only in the form of a student feast. In relation to satisfaction and intervention of families in the process of marriage the researches showed that in 86.7% of the studied individuals their own opinion was the bend mark in selecting their future spouse. 75.8% of the individual's and mentioned he role of marriage as effective in preventing sexual deviations and for 59.3% the motive of marriage was to approach tranquility. Generally speaking the findings of the research showed that the student pay attention to family formation and the marriage criteria and also follow the relevant issue and points with sensitivity.