Abstract Electron back-scattering diffraction was used to track the microstructure evolution of a fully annealed Fe-24Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni-0.06C TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel during interrupted reverse (tension-compression) loading. Direct observation of the same selected area revealed that all deformation twins formed during forward tension loading (0.128 true strain) were removed upon subsequent reverse compression loading (0.031 true strain). Consequently, the present study provides the first unambiguous experimental evidence of de-twinning during the reverse loading of a polycrystalline TWIP steel. The reverse loading behaviour was simulated by a dislocation-based hardening model embedded in the ViscoPlastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) polycrystal framework taking into account the accumulation and annihilation of dislocations and back-stress effects. The model has been extended to account for the processes of twinning and de-twinning, as well as the twin barrier effect under load reversal. A new formulation based on the changes in the dislocation mean free path is proposed to track twin lamellae generation/annihilation throughout deformation along with its associated effect on hardening. the first direct of Abstract Electron back-scattering diffraction was used to track the microstructure evolution of a fully annealed Fe-24Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni-0.06C TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel during interrupted reverse (tension-compression) loading. Direct observation of the same selected area revealed that all deformation twins formed during forward tension loading (0.128 true strain) were removed upon subsequent reverse compression loading (0.031 true strain). Consequently, the present study provides the first unambiguous experimental evidence of de-twinning during the reverse loading of a polycrystalline TWIP steel. The reverse loading behaviour was simulated by a dislocation-based hardening model embedded in the ViscoPlastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) polycrystal framework taking into account the accumulation and annihilation of dislocations and back-stress effects. The model has been extended to account for the processes of twinning and de-twinning, as well as the twin barrier effect under load reversal. A new formulation based on the changes in the dislocation mean free path is proposed to track twin lamellae generation/annihilation throughout deformation along with its associated effect on hardening.


Abstract According to embodiment theories, the experience of emotional states affects somatovisceral and motoric systems, whereas the experience of bodily states affects methods by which emotional information is processed. In the light of the embodiment framework, we proposed that formerly depressed individuals with a high risk of depressive relapse would display deviations in the way they walk, which might then play a role in the escalating process of depressive relapse. Moreover, we proposed that training in mindful body awareness during mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) might have a normalizing effect on gait patterns. Gait patterns of 23 formerly depressed outpatients were compared to those of 29 never-depressed control participants. Also, gait patterns of formerly depressed patients were measured before and after MBCT to assess changes in patterns. A Fourier-based description of walking data served as the basis for the analysis of gait parameters. Before MBCT, gaits of formerly depressed patients were characterized by reduced walking speed and reduced vertical movements of the upper body. After MBCT, walking speed and lateral swaying movements of the upper body were normalized, and a trend towards normalization of vertical head movements was observed. It was concluded that MBCT has a normalizing effect on gait patterns, thus displaying not only cognitive, but also "embodied" effects. Keywords: embodiment, gait, major depression, mindfulness, relapse prevention ...when the practitioner walks, he is aware, "I am walking." When he is standing, he is aware, "I am standing." When he is sitting, he is aware, "I am sitting." When he is lying down, he is aware, "I am lying down." In whatever position his body happens to be, he is aware of the position of his body. (Buddha, trans. 1974, Hanh) Introduction1 Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams & Teasdale, 2002) was developed as an intervention for relapse prevention in depression, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated in three randomized controlled trials. Two of these trials (Teasdale, Segal, Williams, Ridgeway, Soulsby, & Lau, 2000; Ma & Teasdale, 2004) compared rates of relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder (MDD) following treatment as usual (TAU) versus TAU plus MBCT. TAU consisted of help from family doctors or other sources normally contacted by patients when encountering symptomatic deterioration or other difficulties. In both studies, considerable reductions of rates of relapse/recurrence in MDD were reported for patients with three or more previous episodes of MDD (reduction of 44% and 54 % respectively). Moreover, a recent study (Kuyken et al., 2008) found MBCT to be at least as effective in reducing relapse/recurrence in MDD as maintenance pharmacological treatment with antidepressant medication, which forms the 'gold standard' of evidence-based relapse prevention in MDD (NICE, 2004). The group-based MBCT-program (Segal et al., 2002) consists of eight weekly sessions of approximately 2.5 hours in duration. MBCT combines intensive training in mindfulness with elements of cognitive behavioral therapy. Mindfulness is rooted in eastern meditation traditions and can be characterized as paying attention in a certain way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Training in mindfulness is thought to enable patients to recognize and disengage from mind states characterized by selfperpetuating patterns of ruminative, negative thought, which might increase risk of relapse. By learning to recognize that thoughts and feelings are events in the mind as opposed to self-evident truths or aspects of the self, patients may be able to prevent the depressive thought-affect cycle from escalating (Teasdale, Moore, Hayhurst, Pope, Williams, & Segal, 2002). In addition to changing one's relationship to thoughts, another fundamental characteristic of MBCT (and other mindfulness-based approaches) is its focus on increasing awareness of information the body provides. …


Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that either mimic or block endogenous hormones and can disrupt the normal function of the body. Biomonitoring is the assessment of internal doses of EDCs and has been used for decades to provide information about exposures to chemicals, giving information about a person's "body burden" of EDCs.Humans are exposed to a complex mixture of chemicals, and toxicological studies have shown that individual persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have very different biological effects and potentials. Therefore, the assessment of the integrated biological effect of the actual chemical mixture in human blood is important and ex vivo cell systems have been introduced to enable the assessment of the integrated level of xenobiotic transactivity in humans.Biomonitoring studies using exposure biomarkers have shown that there are geographical differences in the levels of bioaccumulated POPs, and these geographical differences are also seen in biomonitoring studies for receptor effects. The xenohormone receptor transactivities can be used as an integrated biomarker of POP exposure and lifestyle characteristics. Comparison of different study populations requires, in addition to age, inclusion of diet and lifestyle factors.Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the impact of serum POPs on the activity of hormone and/or dioxin receptors might affect the risk to health.


A call center is a division that specializes in dealing with customers. Early studies on call centers regarded them as strategically important areas that, despite some negative aspects, were acknowledged to possess a certain level of expertise and to have a high degree of autonomy as interfaces for customers. However, this view gradually changed, with call centers coming to be seen as workplaces typified by harsh working conditions and isolated from the other divisions of the company. Therefore, research in recent years has entirely focused on these negative aspects, while ignoring the positive aspects.


Going on holiday and exploring new territories are one of many popular human activities. This type of activity usually requires a certain type of physical ability due to the condition of travel destination. However, according to the World Health Organization 15% of the world's population has some form of disability. In addition, the population trend leans toward an aging population in the future, which leads to lower physical abilities of this group of people. Consequently it becomes important to be able to participate in this type of activity in any form of ability. Thus Universal Design in Tourism or Accessible tourism for all has become a popular topic in recent year. Nearly 24% of the population of Norway has some form of disability, and through a survey it said that they could not find enough information about possible universally designed services at their desired destination. This leads to the research idea about to use universal design to assure quality of Norwegian tourism services to encourage people use these services. Here, the usage of "Universal Design for Customer Engagement Toolkit" provides a comprehensive best practice guidance on achieving better customer communication. This thesis will use this toolkit to evaluate some sample services in order to figure out how Universal Design could assure the quality of Norwegian tourism services to improve customer engagement.


Techniques for deconvolving seismic data often use the statistical properties of the data themselves in designing operators to apply to the seismic traces. In the early stages of seismic processing, individual seismic traces are usually members of one or more ensembles like shot gathers or receiver gathers, and their statistical properties are related not only to their own intrinsic character, but also to that of neighbouring traces within the ensemble. We demonstrate that seismic traces contaminated primarily by bands of coherent noise are often best deconvolved singly by a non-stationary algorithm like Gabor deconvolution, but traces uniformly contaminated by varying levels of random noise are better deconvolved by estimating an average operator for all the traces in an ensemble.


In this masterly interpretation of narrative sequence in the "Iliad," Keith Stanley not only sharpens the current debate over the date and creation of the poem, but also challenges the view of this work as primarily a celebration of heroic force. He begins by studying the intricate ring-composition in the verses describing Achilles' shield, then extends this analysis to reveal the "Iliad" as an elaborate and self-conscious formal whole. In so doing he defends the hypothesis that the poem as we know it is a massive reorganization and expansion of earlier "Homeric" material, written in response to the need for a stable text for repeated performance at the sixth-century Athenian festival for the city's patron goddess.Stanley explores the arrangement of the poem's books, all unified by theme and structure, showing how this allowed for artistically satisfying and practically feasible recitation over a period of three or four days. Taking structural emphasis as a guide to poetic discourse, the author argues that the "Iliad" is not a poem of "might"--as opposed to the Odyssean celebration of "guile"--but that in advocating social and personal reconciliation the poem offers a profound indictment of a warring heroic society.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Around the world today, we are experiencing what scholars call a "feminization of migration," which coincides with a global panic about human trafficking and distorts the messy realities of forced labor, migration, and sex work. In the Middle East, Dubayy has become the center for the migration of many Iranian women moving into the informal economy of sex work. In this essay, I argue that the disjuncture between paradigms of Iranian women's sexualities and actual experiences of and reasons for migration to Dubayy results in complicated challenges to migrant Iranian women's agency as well as to their ideas about agency. The discourse on the innocent, trafficked woman and that on the guilty, predatory woman do not reflect women's actual experiences in Dubayy and serve only to perpetuate already gendered and raced discourses on the movement of women's bodies that is prevalent in international discourses on sex work and trafficking. Many people use the language of trafficking, problematic in its implications that women (especially from the developing world) could only be "duped" into sex work in another country, and this language serves to silence the already silenced migrant sex workers. Qualitative, ethnographic fieldwork with sex workers, migrant women, and those who provide services to them assessed the experiences of migrant women and sex workers, labeled as "trafficked" by the international community. The essay seeks to describe the experiences of these migrant women in the Middle East and how their narratives have been constructed and often misinterpreted.


We describe the main features of the Campillo shear zone, a band of intense deformation made of mylonitic to ultramylonitic rocks bearing a vertical foliation and subhorizontal stretching lineations. The shear zone is more than 2 km thick and extends along more than 100 km representing one of the largest tectonic structures of the Ossa-Morena Zone, comparable to the Badajoz-Cordoba Blastomylonitic Belt. Its longlasting activity and influence on the paleogeography and stratigraphy of a number of sedimentary sequences allow to consider the Campillo shear zone as an exceptional example of a continental-scale rectilinear high-angle fault zone within the Variscan orogen.


In 1559 Jean Calvin established the Genevan Academy to train students in humanist learning in preparation for the ministry and positions in secular leadership. The first building of the Academy, the so called "Auditoire de Calvin" still exists and is located next to St Peter's Cathedral. Although law is also taught, the theological spirit remains predominant until the end of the 17th century.


BACKGROUND
The incidence of bleeding complications in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) on new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has not been widely studied in contemporary clinical practice in Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of major bleeding, clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNM) and minor bleeding associated with NOAC use.

METHODS
A retrospective review was carried out of patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism and treated with NOACs at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, from January 2014 to December 2019. Clinical and outcome data were collected from medical records and the hospital mortality database. All patients with VTE aged > 18 years and initiated on NOACS were recruited. Patients with missing information were excluded. They were followed up from the time of commencement of oral anticoagulation to completion of therapy, or to the time of the first major bleed, CRNM or minor bleeding. Data on bleeding were obtained from the hospital database and through telephone interviews. Unadjusted rates of the first major bleeding event or CRNM were calculated as the number of bleeding events per 100 person-years.

RESULTS
Two hundred and forty-three patients with VTE were recruited and 222 (91.4%) were initiated on rivaroxaban, 12 (4.9%) on dabigatran and nine (3.7%) on apixaban, with a median follow up of 213 [interquartile range (IQR): 119-477] days. The median age of the patients was 57 (IQR: 45-71) years. A total of 64 bleeding events were identified in 50 (20.6%) patients. Overall, the incidence rate for bleeding events was 17.24 per 100 patient-years. The incidence rate of major bleeding was 3.79 per 100 person-years. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common major bleeding site. There were more females with bleeding events (70.7%) compared to males. Anaemia and the use of aspirin and other antiplatelets were associated with a higher incidence of major and CRNM bleeding [relative risk (RR) = 3.77, confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-10.39, p = 0.005 and RR = 8.89, CI = 2.06-38.33, p = 0.0003, respectively].

CONCLUSIONS
Most of these bleeds were minor, with the gastrointestinal tract being the most common source of major bleeding and menorrhagia being the commonest cause of bleeding. Anaemia and the use of aspirin were associated with a higher incidence of major bleeding.


As Computer Science educators, we know that students learn more from projects that are fun and challenging, that seem "real" to them, and that allow them to be creative in designing their solutions. When we have students beating down our office doors wanting to show us what they've done, we know we have designed a project that truly meets its pedagogical goals. In CS1 courses, it is often difficult to come up with large, real-world programming projects that are at an appropriate level and that really excite students. This is particularly true in the first half of the course when students are learning basic programming and problem solving skills. We found that assignments based on image processing are an effective way to teach many CS1 topics. Because students enjoy working on the projects, they come away with a solid understanding of the topics reinforced by the projects. In this paper, we discuss many ways in which image processing could be used to teach CS1 topics. As an example, we present two image processing projects that we use in our CS1 course. These large, real-world programs are designed so that students can successfully master them early in their first semester of programming. Even though our CS1 course is taught using the C programming language, these projects could easily be used by a CS1 course in C, C++, or Java. We provide starting point code for Java and C versions of the projects, and provide sample assignment write-ups on our project webpage [12].


Training deep convolution neural network requires a large amount of data to obtain good performance and generalisable results. Transfer learning approaches from datasets such as ImageNet had become important in increasing accuracy and lowering training samples required. However, as of now, there has not been a popular dataset for training 3D volumetric medical images. This is mainly due to the time and expert knowledge required to accurately annotate medical images. In this study, we present a method in extracting labels from DICOM metadata that information on the appearance of the scans to train a medical domain 3D convolution neural network. The labels include imaging modalities and sequences, patient orientation and view, presence of contrast agent, scan target and coverage, and slice spacing. We applied our method and extracted labels from a large amount of cancer imaging dataset from TCIA to train a medical domain 3D deep convolution neural network. We evaluated the effectiveness of using our proposed network in transfer learning a liver segmentation task and found that our network achieved superior segmentation performance (DICE=90.0%) compared to training from scratch (DICE=41.8%). Our proposed network shows promising results to be used as a backbone network for transfer learning to another task. Our approach along with the utilising our network, can potentially be used to extract features from large-scale unlabelled DICOM datasets.


Nowadays, almost every newly developed system contains embedded systems for controlling system functions. An embedded system perceives its environment via sensors, and interacts with it using actuators such as motors. For systems that might damage their environment by faulty behavior usually a safety analysis is performed. Security properties of embedded systems are usually not analyzed at all. New developments in the area of Industry 4.0 and Internet of Things lead to more and more networking of embedded systems. Thereby, new causes for system failures emerge: Vulnerabilities in software and communication components might be exploited by attackers to obtain control over a system. By targeted actions a system may also be brought into a critical state in which it might harm itself or its environment. Examples for such vulnerabilities, and also successful attacks, became known over the last few years.

For this reason, in embedded systems safety as well as security has to be analyzed at least as far as it may cause safety critical failures of system components.

The goal of this thesis is to describe in one model how vulnerabilities from the security point of view might influence the safety of a system. The focus lies on safety analysis of systems, so the safety analysis is extended to encompass security problems that may have an effect on the safety of a system. Component Fault Trees are very well suited to examine causes of a failure and to find failure scenarios composed of combinations of faults. A Component Fault Tree of an analyzed system is extended by additional Basic Events that may be caused by targeted attacks. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are extended to take the additional security events into account. Thereby, causes of failures that are based on safety as well as security problems may be found. Quantitative or at least semi-quantitative analyses allow to evaluate security measures more detailed, and to justify the need of such.

The approach was applied to several example systems: The safety chain of the off-road robot RAVON, an adaptive cruise control, a smart farming scenario, and a model of a generic infusion pump were analyzed. The result of all example analyses was that additional failure causes were found which would not have been detected in traditional Component Fault Trees. In the analyses also failure scenarios were found that are caused solely by attacks, and that are not depending on failures of system components. These are especially critical scenarios which should not happen in this way, as they are not found in a classical safety analysis. Thus the approach shows its additional benefit to a safety analysis which is achieved by the application of established techniques with only little additional effort.


Room-temperature rate constants for the pressure-dependent reactions SiH2 + ethene, propene, and t-butene have been determined at total pressures of 3.3 mbar < or = p < or = 300 mbar with Ar as buffer gas. SiH2 was detected by means of time-resolved cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), and the deconvolution of ringdown, kinetics, and laser bandwidth effect was accomplished with the extended simultaneous kinetics and ringdown model (eSKaR). In this way, pseudofirst-order rate constants could be extracted from nonexponential ringdown profiles. The recombination reactions, including the reaction SiH2 + i-butene, have been modeled based on the simplified statistical adiabatic channel model (SACM) and weak collision energy-grained master equation (ME) simulations. The influence of an interfering fast isomerization channel was investigated based on the Rice, Ramsperger, Kassel, Marcus theory (RRKM) and was found to be only important for the C2H4 reaction. Using ab initio energies (G3) and structures (MP2/6-311G(d,p)) as input parameters for the kinetic models, a consistent description of the pressure and temperature dependences of all four reactions was possible. In the temperature range 295 K < or = T < or = 600 K, the extrapolated limiting high-pressure rate constants, k(infinity)(C2H4)/(cm(3) x mol(-1) x s(-1)) = 1.9 x 10(14) (T/K)(-0.065), k(infinity)(C3H6)/(cm(3) x mol(-1) x s(-1)) = 1.3 x 10(14) (T/K)(0.075), k(infinity)(i-C4H8) = 1.8 x 10(14) cm(3) x mol(-1) x s(-1), and k(infinity)(t-C4H8)/(cm(3) x mol(-1) x s(-1)) = 4.6 x 10(13) (T/K)(0.21), are close to the collision number and are more or less temperature independent. In the case of ethene, probably due to the approximate treatment of rotational effects and/or the interfering isomerization process, the applied model slightly underestimates the falloff and thus yields too high extrapolated rate constants at p < 10 mbar.


Distributing labeling tasks among hundreds or thousands of annotators is an increasingly important method for annotating large datasets. We present a method for estimating the underlying value (e.g. the class) of each image from (noisy) annotations provided by multiple annotators. Our method is based on a model of the image formation and annotation process. Each image has different characteristics that are represented in an abstract Euclidean space. Each annotator is modeled as a multidimensional entity with variables representing competence, expertise and bias. This allows the model to discover and represent groups of annotators that have different sets of skills and knowledge, as well as groups of images that differ qualitatively. We find that our model predicts ground truth labels on both synthetic and real data more accurately than state of the art methods. Experiments also show that our model, starting from a set of binary labels, may discover rich information, such as different "schools of thought" amongst the annotators, and can group together images belonging to separate categories.


FromJ. D. COLEMAN: I write to support and amplify the conclusions (p. 54) of this author concerning the fabric of African red clays and Keuper Marl. It is clear that: (1) The properties of undisturbed engineering soils may differ from those of a simple mixture having the same composition as the soil. (2) The differences may arise because the mineral grains in the soil are not in random positions, but have a structure within the soil resulting from the sedimentation, chemical and stress history. (3) The structure may be physically stable, or preserved in the soil by cementing agents derived from the chemical history. Crystalline cements may be detected optically or by x-rays, but fine amorphous cements may be detected by a chemical/mineralogical mismatch as shown by Sherwood for Keuper Marl. (4) Sherwood has also shown that where cementing agents are present, the normal soil classification tests may give misleading results, and research based on soil chemistry may be needed. May I add that research based on soil physics leads to similar structural conclusions for African red clays. Thus, their reflexion spectrum has been used (Coleman 1965) to show that the colouring agent (disordered alpha ferric oxide in one instance) is present mainly as a particle coating, and moisture-sorption studies suggest that the coating is porous, so that the soils may have a moisture content in the field as high as 30 per cent. J. D. Coleman Soil Physics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, The City University, London e c


A six parent modified half diallel of blackcurrants was planted in a randomised complete block design at Irwell, Canterbury, New Zealand. Variance components, heritability and breeding values were estimated for nine antioxidant traits from processed whole blackcurrant fruit harvested in 2004. Additive genetic effects were the largest with relatively small dominance and experimental design effects. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were moderately high (rp > 0.53, rg > 0.46) between all traits apart from correlations with relative antioxidant activity and bioavailability ratios and the correlation between delphinidin rutinoside and cyanidin-glucoside. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were moderate to high (0.46-0.80) except for the relative antioxidant activity and bioavailability ratios (0.28), indicating that phenotypic selection of parents may be successful. Implications are discussed for breeding blackcurrants with increased antioxidant levels.


We present a model of a cw Raman laser that includes thermo-optic effects that are due to the heating that is inherent in Raman conversion. Thermal lensing and thermal index gratings at high output powers are addressed. With a quadratic duct model we show that broadening of the spatial modes is evident at low Stokes output powers and that accounting for thermal lensing in the laser design can significantly enhance the conversion efficiency. The model agrees with experimental results from a cw H2 Raman laser and allows for the design of high-power and solid-state cw Raman lasers.


Although research supports the stigma and labeling perspective, empirical evidence also indicates that a social safety net remains intact for those with mental illness, recalling the classic "sick role" concept. Here, insights from social networks theory are offered as explanation for these discrepant findings. Using data from individuals experiencing their first contact with the mental health treatment system, the effects of diagnosis and symptoms on social networks and stigma experiences are examined. The findings suggest that relative to those with less severe affective disorders, individuals with severe diagnoses and more visible symptoms of mental illness have larger, more broadly functional networks, as well as more supporters who are aware of and sympathetic toward the illness situation. However, those with more severe diagnoses are also vulnerable to rejection and discrimination by acquaintances and strangers. These findings suggest that being formally labeled with a mental illness may present a paradox, simultaneously initiating beneficial social processes within core networks and detrimental ones among peripheral ties.


In this letter, an unsupervised kernel-based approach to change detection is introduced. Nonlinear clustering is utilized to partition in two a selected subset of pixels representing both changed and unchanged areas. Once the optimal clustering is obtained, the learned representatives of each group are exploited to assign all the pixels composing the multitemporal scenes to the two classes of interest. Two approaches based on different assumptions of the difference image are proposed. The first accounts for the difference image in the original space, while the second defines a mapping describing the difference image directly in feature spaces. To optimize the parameters of the kernels, a novel unsupervised cost function is proposed. An evidence of the correctness, stability, and superiority of the proposed solution is provided through the analysis of two challenging change-detection problems.


Speed evolution, cycle frequency, cycle length and cycle index were analysed during a 200-m maximal test, in young paddlers (23 kayak men, 22 kayak women and 20 canoe men; 13 -1 4 years-old). Recordings were taken from a boat following each test and switched from analogue to digital format to measure the variables cited above. Evolution was similar in three categories. The speed and cycle index decreased through the test after the first 50 m, while the cycle length was stable. The cycle frequency had a progressive decrease along the distance. Men kayak got higher values in all the variables than women kayak and canoeist, but only were significantly higher in speed and cycle index. Lower values of cycle length and cycle frequency were obtained from canoe men and kayak women, respectively. Key Words: speed, cycle frequency, cycle length, cycle index, paddlers.


Natural selection should strongly favor characteristics that make prey difficult for predators to distinguish from the background, including both morphological and behavioral crypsis. The Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) is a small, cryptic, benthic fish that inhabits gravelbottomed streams and is preyed upon by predators such as the benthic Knobfin Sculpin (Cottus immaculatus) and the pelagic Longear Sunfish (Lepomis megalotis). In three experiments, I tested whether the behavior of darters was influenced by the opportunity for crypticity offered by their substrate and by the presence of cues from benthic and pelagic predators. First, darters in the non-breeding season chose substrates that were most similar in reflectance values to their bodies. This choice was expressed as preferential occupation of a darker mixture of dark and light rocks in comparison to a homogeneous mixture of light rocks only. This preference was present regardless of the level of predation risk by the benthic (sculpin) predator. Second, during the breeding season, the behavior of darters was counter to what I hypothesized, with darters showing higher levels of activity on the darker background when predation risk was high. This result could be due to changes in reflectance values from bright breeding coloration leading to the light rocks offering a more cryptic background. Third, in the non-breeding season, darters showed the predicted response of decreasing activity on the darker substrate, particularly when predators were present. Effects appeared stronger to a benthic predator (sculpins) than to a pelagic predator (sunfish). In addition, darters increased vigilance behavior in response to presence of cues from both predators regardless of substrate type and showed less swimming behavior in the predator treatments compared to the control treatment. Therefore, behavior of darters is influenced by the levels of both predation risk and habitat crypticity, which may vary between breeding and non-breeding seasons.


Sweden is the only country in Europe that does not outlaw handheld phone use while driving. This puts some political pressure on Sweden. The Swedish Government commissioned VTI to conduct a literature review on the effects of mobile communication on driving performance, on the legal situation in other countries, and whether there were any documented effects of a legislation. The literature showed that mobile communication does influence driving behaviour, but there appears to be no increased crash risk in real traffic. Also, laws do not have a lasting effect on how much drivers use their telephones. Therefore, the Swedish Government commissioned VTI to suggest countermeasures against the dangerous use of communication devices. Several countermeasures were presented, ranging from technical solutions over monetary incentives to education and information. It was stressed that no single countermeasure was expected to be satisfactory in itself, and that it is paramount to work with a human centred perspective. While the government proposed in December 2012 not to outlaw handheld phone use, the united political opposition, via its majority in the parliament, mandated the government in March 2013 to pass such a law. Besides that, the government proposed amendments to the current regulations for quick action. (Paper No. 13-P).


Web applications are quickly replacing standalone applications for everyday tasks. These web applications need to be tested to ensure proper functionality and reliability. There have been substantial efforts to create tools that assist with the testing of web applications, but there is no standard set of tools or a recommended workflow to ensure speed of development and strength of application. We have used and outlined the merits of a number of existing testing tools and brought together the best among them to create what we believe is a fully-featured, easy to use, testing framework and workflow for web application development. We then took an existing web application, PolyXpress, and augmented its development process to include our workflow suggestions in order to incorporate testing at all levels. PolyXpress is a web application that " allows you to create location-based stories, build eTours, or create restaurant guides. It is the tool that will bring people to locations in order to entertain, educate, or provide amazing deals. " [10] After incorporating our testing procedures, we immediately detected previously unknown bugs in the software. In addition, there is now a workflow in place for future developers to use which will expedite their testing and development.


A pair of recent Monte Carlo studies have reported evidence for and against a crossover from weak to strong-disorder criticality in the one-dimensional dirty boson problem. The Monte Carlo analyses rely on measurement of two observables: the effective Luttinger parameter K_(eff) and the superfluid susceptibility χ. The former quantity was previously calculated analytically, using the strong-disorder renormalization group (SDRG), by Altman, Kafri, Polkovnikov, and Refael. Here, we use an extension of the SDRG framework to find a non-universal anomalous dimension η_(sd) characterizing the divergence of the susceptibility with system size: χ ~ L^(2-η_(sd)). We show that η_(sd) obeys the hyperscaling relation η_(sd) = 1/2K_(eff). We also identify an important obstacle to measuring this exponent on finite-size systems and comment on the implications for numerics and experiments.


If Rhythm Science was about the flow of things, Sound Unbound is about the remix -- how music, art, and literature have blurred the lines between what an artist can do and what a composer can create. In Sound Unbound, Rhythm Science author Paul Miller aka DJ Spooky that Subliminal Kid asks artists to describe their work and compositional strategies in their own words. These are reports from the front lines on the role of sound and digital media in an information-based society. The topics are as diverse as the contributors: composer Steve Reich offers a memoir of his life with technology, from tape loops to video opera; Miller himself considers sampling and civilization; novelist Jonathan Lethem writes about appropriation and plagiarism; science fiction writer Bruce Sterling looks at dead media; Ron Eglash examines racial signifiers in electrical engineering; media activist Naeem Mohaiemen explores the influence of Islam on hip hop; rapper Chuck D contributes "Three Pieces"; musician Brian Eno explores the sound and history of bells; Hans Ulrich Obrist and Philippe Parreno interview composer-conductor Pierre Boulez; and much more. "Press 'play,'" Miller writes, "and this anthology says 'here goes.'" The groundbreaking music that accompanies the book features Nam Jun Paik, the Dada Movement, John Cage, Sonic Youth, and many other examples of avant-garde music. Most of this content comes from the archives of Sub Rosa, a legendary record label that has been the benchmark for archival sounds since the beginnings of electronic music. To receive these free music files, readers may send an email to the address listed in the book. ContributorsDavid Allenby, Pierre Boulez, Catherine Corman, Chuck D, Erik Davis, Scott De Lahunta, Manuel DeLanda, Cory Doctorow, Eveline Domnitch, Frances Dyson, Ron Eglash, Brian Eno, Dmitry Gelfand, Dick Hebdige, Lee Hirsch, Vijay Iyer, Ken Jordan, Douglas Kahn, Daphne Keller, Beryl Korot, Jaron Lanier, Joseph Lanza, Jonathan Lethem, Carlo McCormick, Paul D. Miller aka DJ Spooky that Subliminal Kid, Moby, Naeem Mohaiemen, Alondra Nelson, Keith and Mendi Obadike, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Pauline Oliveros, Philippe Parreno, Ibrahim Quaraishi, Steve Reich, Simon Reynolds, Scanner aka Robin Rimbaud, Nadine Robinson, Daniel Bernard Roumain (DBR), Alex Steinweiss, Bruce Sterling, Lucy Walker, Saul Williams, Jeff E. Winner.


The Hyperspectral Imager-Tracker (HIT) is a technique for visualization and tracking of low-contrast, fast-moving objects. The HIT architecture is based on an innovative and only recently developed concept in imaging optics. This innovative architecture will give the Light Prescriptions Innovators (LPI) HIT the possibility of simultaneously collecting the spectral band images (hyperspectral cube), IR images, and to operate with high-light-gathering power and high magnification for multiple fast- moving objects. Adaptive Spectral Filtering algorithms will efficiently increase the contrast of low-contrast scenes. The most hazardous parts of a space mission are the first stage of a launch and the last 10 kilometers of the landing trajectory. In general, a close watch on spacecraft operation is required at distances up to 70 km. Tracking at such distances is usually associated with the use of radar, but its milliradian angular resolution translates to 100- m spatial resolution at 70-km distance. With sufficient power, radar can track a spacecraft as a whole object, but will not provide detail in the case of an accident, particularly for small debris in the onemeter range, which can only be achieved optically. It will be important to track the debris, which could disintegrate further into more debris, all the way to the ground. Such fragmentation could cause ballistic predictions, based on observations using high-resolution but narrow-field optics for only the first few seconds of the event, to be inaccurate. No optical imager architecture exists to satisfy NASA requirements. The HIT was developed for space vehicle tracking, in-flight inspection, and in the case of an accident, a detailed recording of the event. The system is a combination of five subsystems: (1) a roving fovea telescope with a wide 30 field of regard; (2) narrow, high-resolution fovea field optics; (3) a Coude optics system for telescope output beam stabilization; (4) a hyperspectral-mutispectral imaging assembly; and (5) image analysis software with effective adaptive spectral filtering algorithm for real-time contrast enhancement.


Abstract It is common for normative legal theorists, economists and other policy analysts to conduct and communicate their work mainly in maximizing terms. They take the maximization of welfare, for example, or of wealth or utility, to be primary objectives of legislation and public policy. Few if any of these theorists seem to notice, however, that any time we speak explicitly of maximizing one thing, we speak implicitly of distributing other things and of equalizing yet other things. Fewer still seem to recognize that we effectively define ourselves by reference to that which we distribute and equalize. For it is in virtue of that which we distribute and equalize that our policy formulations treat us as politically "counting" or "mattering" for purposes of social aggregation and maximization. To attend systematically to this form of inter-translatability, with a view in particular to that which maximization formulations latently prescribe that we distribute and equalize, might be called "putting distribution first." It is explicitly to recognize the fact that all law and policy are implicitly as equalizing and citizen-defining as they are aggregative and maximizing, and to trace the many salient consequences that stem from this fact. It is likewise to recognize that all law and policy treat us as equals in some respects and as non-equals in other respects. Putting distribution first by attending explicitly to these "respects" yields greater transparency about how well or poorly our laws and policies manage to identify, count, and treat us as equals in the right respects. This Article works to lay out with care how to put distribution first in normative legal and policy analysis. The payoffs include both a workable method by which to test proposed maximization norms systematically for their normative propriety, and an attractive distributive ethic that can serve as a workable normative touchstone for legal and policy analysis. Indeed, the Article concludes, much — though not yet quite all — of our law can illuminatingly be interpreted as giving inchoate expression to just such an ethic.


The chapter examines the changes to the dominion of nursing work on active service overseas. The chapter first explores the extensions to the nursing role, most particularly the care of wounds and burns. This is followed by a discussion of the expansion of nursing duties into those that had hitherto been the domain of medicine. These roles include the commencement and management of blood transfusions, surgical work and anaesthesia. Finally the chapter considers 'new work', the most critical of which was the administration and use of penicillin. The constantly shifting requirements of war nursing prevented Army nurses from remaining in a professional comfort zone of accepted roles and regimes. The experience of living with uncertainty may have caused anxieties for some, but the active participation in new treatment modalities suggests that nurses who went to war were keen to move beyond the normal boundaries of nursing practice and many relished the opportunity to do so. The chapter argues that the developments in practice and the increased confidence nursing sisters displayed with this new work altered their working relationships with medical officers from one of deference to one of collegiality, enabling more productive decisions for their soldier-patients' care.


Europe has been the centre of commercial mussel farming in the world and production has been nearly stagnating over the past
decade in the major mussel producing countries—Spain, the Netherlands, France and Italy, due to common problems of high
cost of production through advanced technologies, limitations of growing grounds and the price structure not being commensurate
with cost of production. It is believed that any substantial increase in world production of mussels can come about only through
expansion of mussel culture programmes in the developing countries, including India.
Due to several limitations, natural production of mussels in India cannot be increased more than 2-3 times the present sustenance
level. The technology of mussel culture which has been developed at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has shown
the high production potential and field extension programmes have already been taken up. In the paper, the constraints for
expansion of mussel culture into the level of a small industry have been identified.
The need for research thrusts for improving the technology and increasing production rate has been highlighted. Areas
which need such efforts are seed production, transplantation of mussels, studies on ecology and physiology of mussels, experiments
on mixed farming, improvements in the culture system specific to our coastal conditions, pollution and disease problems and
post-harvest technology. Legal aspects relating to lease of water areas and navigational problems have been touched upon.
The immediate need is for a perspective planning for the development of mussel culture as an industry with the full realisation
of its potential. Governmental support and assistance from public financing institutions with an element of risk coverage in the
initial stages would help the establishment and growth of the industry.


This master thesis aims to explain the association between changes in credit ratings and stock returns. In efficient markets, all pricing relevant information is discounted in the stock price. Hence, stock prices will not react to credit rating announcements unless the announcement conveys new information. I assess the information content of credit ratings by measuring the abnormal stock returns associated with credit rating announcements. Abnormal returns are calculated relative to two expected returns models, (i) the market adjusted return model and (ii) the market model. I found that both upgrades and downgrades yield significant cumulative abnormal returns. Downgrades are significant on the announcement day and the pre/post-event day, in the preevent window and the post-event window. Upgrades are significant on the announcement day and the pre/post-event day. Hence, it is evident that credit ratings do indeed convey new information to the capital markets. The results were not altered by choice of expectation model. Firms with a high current ratio experience less negative abnormal returns in case of downgrades on the event day. In the case of upgrades I found that firms with a higher debtto-asset ratio experience less positive abnormal returns on the announcement day. Changes in credit rating yields more negative abnormal returns for firms which are downgraded to non-investment grade, compared to firms which are not reclassified. This is especially evident in the post-event window. Reclassification did not yield any significant results for upgrades. Furthermore, this study shows that non-investment grade firms experience significantly more negative abnormal returns in case of downgrades, compared to investment-grade firms. The results are highly significant for all event windows except the post-event window. In order to explain abnormal returns, I used a multiple regression model based on the aforementioned variables (leverage, reclassification, (non)-investment grade) and a control variable to account for market anticipation. By controlling for all the explanatory variables, I found that the current ratio had a significant effect on downgrades on the announcement day. Moreover, credit rating announcements which were not anticipated yielded cumulative abnormal returns on the pre/post-event day. In general, the multiple regressions model seems to perform poorly when it comes to upgrades.


This essay reviews progress in empirical economics since Leamer's (1983) critique. Leamer highlighted the benefits of sensitivity analysis, a procedure in which researchers show how their results change with changes in specification or functional form. Sensitivity analysis has had a salutary but not a revolutionary effect on econometric practice. As we see it, the credibility revolution in empirical work can be traced to the rise of a design-based approach that emphasizes the identification of causal effects. Design-based studies typically feature either real or natural experiments and are distinguished by their prima facie credibility and by the attention investigators devote to making the case for a causal interpretation of the findings their designs generate. Design-based studies are most often found in the microeconomic fields of Development, Education, Environment, Labor, Health, and Public Finance, but are still rare in Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics. We explain why IO and Macro would do well to embrace a design-based approach. Finally, we respond to the charge that the design-based revolution has overreached.


The federal definition of tax partnership determines who will be subject to partnership tax law and thereby significantly impacts many taxpayers' tax liability. Despite this, the definition remains uncertain. This Article posits that the uncertainty flows from an uncoordinated effort to define tax partnership in the absence of tax policy considerations. Partnership tax policy first disregards partnerships for tax purposes. Only when partnership tax accounting and reporting become complex and tax administration becomes inconvenient does Congress impose partnership tax rules. Although the definition of tax partnership should consider this, Congress has not explicitly defined tax partnership. Furthermore, courts, Treasury, and the IRS generally have not considered the purposes of partnership tax law in the more than 150 instances they have interpreted and applied the definition of tax partnership. As a result, those efforts have produced ten separate tests for defining tax partnership, perpetuating the definition's uncertainty. This Article identifies and evaluates each of those tests and recommends abandoning tests that do not incorporate the purposes of partnership tax law and consolidating the remaining tests. Based on that consolidation, the Article proposes a new definition of tax partnership. The proposed definition incorporates the purposes of partnership tax law, and, because partnership tax law was intended to govern substantive-law partnerships, it includes some aspects of the substantive-law definition. Nonetheless, by using tax-specific terminology and relying on the purposes of partnership tax law, the proposal clarifies the definition of tax partnership and moves away from the substantive-law definition.


Nardostachys jatamansi, a critically endangered rhizome-bearing medicinal plant, is restricted to specialized habitats in high altitudes of the Himalaya. The present study describes the antimicrobial activity of steam distillate of N.jatamansi against bacteria and fungi. The antibacterial activity was assessed in liquid media and poison food technique was employed to study antifungal efficacy.Asignificant reduction in the bacterial growth was observed suggesting the presence of antibacterial principles in the distillate fraction. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more inhibited than Gramnegative bacteria.Marked antifungal activity was not observed but a good activity was observed against A.terreus. Since the study involved enteric bacteria and bacteria causing food poisoning, the distillate could be employed to control the infections caused by enteric bacteria as well as food poisoning bacteria. The results of the study validate the use of the plant in traditional medicine.


Purpose: This study analyses the experiences of women affected by leprosy, taking into consideration whether they concealed or disclosed their status, and looks specifically at their 'agency'. The aim is to provide recommendations for stigma-reduction interventions. Methods: The study population consisted of women affected by leprosy who live in Cirebon District, Indonesia. Study subjects were purposively selected on the basis of characteristics such as age and role in the community. After informed consent was obtained, they were interviewed in their homes. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Analysis was done with six points of focus: who knows, care, social stigma, feelings, self-isolation and agency. Results: In total, 53 women were interviewed. Eight were omitted due to ambiguity over who knew about their leprosy status. Five different categories of 'disclosure' were identified, ranging from 1 woman who concealed completely to 19 (42%) who disclosed fully. Disclosure created possibilities for care and support, which 84% mentioned they received. In contrast, disclosure was also found to be linked to negative feelings, isolation and social stigma, which 18 women experienced. The women coped with this through acceptance, comforting themselves, trusting in God, focussing on recovery, friendship or finding inspiration in others. Conclusions: An analysis of these experiences helps to understand how women affected by leprosy are coping, and what they are already doing for and by themselves. This could be a starting point for more appropriate and effective stigma-reduction interventions. It is recommended to consider the following: i) assisting people with their choice, if any, of either concealment or disclosure, ii) the appropriateness of any intervention for people who (want to) conceal their illness, iii) the existing sources of care and support, and iv) the inner strength demonstrated and its three sources (spirituality, relationships and the desire to be cured).


A Wisconsin court of appeals upheld the dismissal of claims against two accounting firms that tried to assist a third accountant in preparing an estate tax return. This case began when Carl Merow, trustee of his father's estate, contacted the firm of Roberts, Ritschke & McNeely for advice on trust and estate matters. The firm referred the matter to Joseph Kox, an accountant who was working for Roberts at the beginning of the engagement. (Merow says the firm was retained to prepare the estate tax return, but the firm disputes this.) Kox left the firm early in November 1992, before the November 24, 1992, deadline for filing the estate tax return. In December, Merow contacted Kox at his home. Based on this conversation, Merow believed Kox was still working on the return. (Kox did prepare the return but not until well after the due date.) It is undisputed that, during the course of Kox's engagement, he was employed by the firm of Shinners, Hucovski & Co. During that time, he sought advice on the Merow matter from Kenneth Lardinois, an accountant at the firm. Although Kox had left Shinners in June 1993, he continued to meet with Lardinois to review the return. Kox was contemplating making a qualified terminable interest property (QTIP) election on the return to avoid penalties and reduce taxes. According to Kox, Lardinois advised him "how to go about claiming a QTIP election should it be the most advantageous way to go." There was no understanding between the parties that Lardinois would have further involvement in completing the return. On July 8, 1993, Kox met with Dean McNeely, a partner of Roberts, to discuss the return. According to Kox, McNeely immediately disagreed with him that the trust was "a QTIP trust eligible for the marital deduction." Kox then met again with Lardinois, who confirmed that Kox was properly considering a QTIP election and that the trust assets were eligible for the QTIP election. When Kox prepared the estate tax return in August 1993, he elected to treat all the trust assets as QTIP eligible property. All parties agree that Kox should have made a partial--not a full--QTIP election. This error produced a liability in excess of $147,000. In July 1994, the trust brought an action against Kox and Shinners to recover the damages caused by the improper election. Shinners then filed a third-party complaint against Roberts alleging that it had been negligent in handling the return. Both firms moved for summary judgment, which the trial court granted in their favor. …


Agricultural communities in rural areas often difficulty to attain expedient information and resources for their animal health issues. Most veterinarians are usually more than an hour away from the farmers, and in most cases animal health issues are only addressable through phone conversation. Advances in technology have enabled many human health problems to be investigated through telemedicine approaches, and it is believed that a similar approach could improve access and quality of veterinary care, especially in remote locations. The appropriate application of telemedicine can enhance animal care in rural communities by facilitating expedient communication, diagnostics, and possible treatment recommendations, client education improvement, vet visit scheduling, and other tasks. In addition, a telemedicine system could be linked to a strong distance education program that could provide multi-media resources for consumers so that they cannot just solve a crisis, but they can be better informed and thereby prevent medical crises. This project seeks to expand a web-based system and smart device app that will serve as a distance learning and a telemedicine tool to assist farmers in getting immediate support and reaching veterinary care professionals and extension agents. We believe that this service will be a powerful tool to assist animal producers in managing their animals, and to provide them the ability to obtain possible solution for problem they may encounter. We accomplish this by providing access to a database with any smart media device. This database contains simple to understand information with accompanying videos and pictures.


We present a coupled-mode analysis of a six-port coupler consisting of three parallel uniform long-period fiber gratings, where a longitudinal offset distance may be introduced between the gratings. In particular, we discuss the effects of the grating coupling coefficient and the evanescent-field coupling between the parallel fibers on the performance of the coupler. Our theoretical results compare well with the experimental data for several typical couplers. The method of analysis together with the numerical illustrations presented in the paper can facilitate the design of this new class of six-port all-fiber wavelength-selective couplers with applications in add/drop multiplexing, signal processing, and broadband filtering.


We present a new flexible microfabricated polyimide-based platinum array of 3D "tissue coupled electrodes" (TCEs) applied for local stimulation of the chick retinal photoreceptor layer and simultaneous patch clamp recording from a single retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in in vitro conditions. The design is based on a simplified version of the technology created by Palanker et. al. [1]. Stimulating the photoreceptor layer using planar electrodes, we determined threshold currents of activation for the RGCs. The spatial selectivity of neuronal activation by electrode stimulation and repetitive stimulation responses of the RGCs were also studied as a third part of the experiments. The present threshold currents for electrical stimulation of retinal tissue are too high [2] to ensure safe and efficient chronic stimulation. As has been quoted before in [1], this limitation is probably due to poor electrode-tissue interfacial contact. To counter the interfacial problem a chip comprising of four electrodes of four different types that includes previously used planar electrodes was microfabricated. There are 25μm perfusion holes near the electrodes permitting the tissue nutrients and fluid exchange. Simplified model simulation with 100μA stimulation of a ring electrode bearing the surface of a Φ75μm electrode shows localised electric field (voltage gradient) having a value 9000V/m measured at 300-350μm above the stimulating electrode surface. We conclude by stating that we can use lower values of current and still prove that the threshold gradient remains stable around 3000V/m which is the threshold criterion for effective stimulation.


Using both household and plot level data, this paper analyses the difference in agricultural productivity and technical efficiency structure of the ultra-poor households of the Northern region of Bangladesh. We find that agricultural productivity, which has been proxied by output per unit of land, is much lower for land cultivated under share-cropping contract than those of self-owned land or land cultivated under fixed rental contract. The study also reveals that this lower productivity of share-cropped land is due to sub-optimal use of agricultural inputs. Apart from the tenancy contract, technological assistance and education of the households are found to be effective for raising productivity. However, no direct impact of credit on agricultural productivity is found. Nevertheless, credit can facilitate agricultural productivity through a less direct channel by providing additional cash required to rent-in land under fixed rental contract. The result of the Logit estimates suggests that the decision to rent-in land under fixed rental contract indeed depends on the availability of credit to households. Finally, the analysis on efficiency structure of agricultural households using stochastic frontier analysis suggests that training or technological assistance, among others, increases the agricultural efficiency of households. Agricultural Efficiency among the Ultra-Poor of the Northern Region of Bangladesh: Does Credit and Training Matter? Sayema Haque Bidisha Md. Amzad Hossain Md. Mehadi Hasan


THE ACCURACY WITH WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE ABLE to synchronize with each other using vision alone is well documented. Less attention, however, has been given to the spatio-temporal characteristics of human movement that offer cues for such synchronization. The present study investigated such cues in the context of conductor-musician synchronization. Twenty-four participants tapped in time with dynamic point-light representations of traditional conducting gestures, in which the clarity of the beat and overall tempo was manipulated. A series of nine linear regression analyses identified absolute acceleration along the trajectory as the main cue for synchronization, while beat clarity and tempo influenced the weights of the variables in the emergent models.


We study tilings of groups with mutually disjoint difference sets. Some necessary existence conditions are proved and shown not to be sufficient. In the case of tilings with two difference sets we show the equivalence to skew Hadamard difference sets, and prove that they must be normalized if the group is abelian. Furthermore, we present some constructions of tilings based on cyclotomy and investigate tilings consisting of Singer difference sets.


A math model that can describe the effect of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) on pilot-tone detection technique is proposed. Through numerical simulation, it is shown that the effect of SRS could produce ghost-tones. The power of ghost-tones was larger for the channels separated further from the real-tone. The power ratio between real-tone and ghost-tones increases linearly with the increase of transmission length when propagation distance longer than 300 km.


Just as speech can be acquired, so can it be lost. Speakers can forget words, phrases, even entire languages they once knew; over the course of time peoples, too, let go of the tongues that were once theirs, as languages disappear and give way to the others that follow them. In Echolalias, Daniel Heller-Roazen reflects on the many forms of linguistic forgetfulness, offering a far-reaching philosophical investigation into the persistence and disappearance of speech. In twenty-one brief chapters, he moves among classical, medieval, and modern culture, exploring the interrelations of speech, writing, memory, and oblivion. Drawing his examples from literature, philosophy, linguistics, theology, and psychoanalysis, Heller-Roazen examines the points at which the transience of speech has become a question in the arts, disciplines, and sciences in which language plays a prominent role. Whether the subject is Ovid, Dante, or modern fiction, classical Arabic literature or the birth of the French language, structuralist linguistics or Freud's writings on aphasia, Heller-Roazen considers with clarity, precision, and insight the forms, the effects, and the ultimate consequences of the forgetting of language. In speech, he argues, destruction and construction often prove inseparable. Among peoples, the disappearance of one language can mark the emergence of another; among individuals, the experience of the passing of speech can lie at the origin of literary, philosophical, and artistic creation. From the infant's prattle to the legacy of Babel, from the holy tongues of Judaism and Islam to the concept of the dead language and the political significance of exiled and endangered languages today, Echolalias traces an elegant, erudite, and original philosophical itinerary, inviting us to reflect in a new way on the nature of the speaking animal who forgets.


Autoradiography with Ca45 has been used to obtain information about the relation between calcium and chromosomes. Labelled pollen from the Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, was allowed to develop into pollen tubes between 5 and 6 cm. long in the styles of non-radioactive flowers. All of the nuclei, namely the tube nucleus and the two sperm nuclei, retain Ca45 after this period of growth and development. Since the two sperm nuclei have formed during this interval by the mitotic division of the generative nucleus and growth of the tube has occurred under the influence of the tube nucleus, it is inferred that the calcium was bound in a stable nuclear component, the chromosomes.


: The physically based Modular Inversion Processing System (MIP) is used in an automized processing chain for inland water constituent retrieval from MERIS level 1B data. Preprocessing routines are used to automatically convert the ESA generic data products into MIP input data format. Water/land masking, atmospheric correction and water constituent retrieval are accomplished by simple batch executables from MIP. The accuracy of the constituent retrieval mainly depends on the spectral fit between the image input data and the radiative transfer model results extracted from a database. Therefore, thresholds and initial values for model fitting have to account for all occurring lake specific temporal variations and need careful adjustment. ABSTRACT: The physically based Modular Inversion & Processing System (MIP) is used in an automized processing chain for inland water constituent retrieval from MERIS level 1B data. Preprocessing routines are used to automatically convert the ESA generic data products into MIP input data format. Water/land masking, atmospheric correction and water constituent retrieval are accomplished by simple batch executables from MIP. The accuracy of the constituent retrieval mainly depends on the spectral fit between the image input data and the radiative transfer model results extracted from a database. Therefore, thresholds and initial values for model fitting have to account for all occurring lake specific temporal variations and need careful adjustment.


The present study concerns an in depth investigation of the influence of laser surface melting of AISI 316L stainless steel using Ar and N2 as shrouding atmosphere. Laser surface melting has been carried out using a 5 kW continuous wave (CW) fibre optics delivery Nd:YAG laser with a beam diameter of 4 mm. Microstructure of the surface melted layer consists of grain refined austenite when melted in Ar shroud and iron nitrides (Fe4N) and chromium nitrides (Cr2N) dispersed in γ-Fe matrix when melted in N2 shroud. Lattice strain and residual stress are also reduced by laser surface melting. The average microhardness of the melt zone increases from 240 VHN (for as-received AISI 316L stainless steel) to 375 VHN and 475 VHN for laser surface melted AISI 316L stainless steel in Ar and N2 atmosphere, respectively. Fretting wear behaviour against hardened steel ball shows a significant improvement in fretting wear resistance due to laser surface melting with a maximum improvement achieved in N2 shroud.


This thesis focuses on identifying hindrances of achieving a sustainable tourism development on a base of a World Heritage Site. Using a case study of the World Heritage Site Falun Great Copper Mountain, the thesis assesses the situational context by using qualitative methods. Five semistructured interviews with influential stakeholders were conducted to get an inside view of the current situation and to identify site-specific issues. The thesis identifies a number of factors that determine the successful implementation of measures leading towards sustainable tourism in the long-run; the most important being the lack of clear guidelines for the whole destination and no holistic planning approach within the municipality. The thesis concludes that despite the increased pressures towards establishment of sustainable tourism, the concept remains challenging to operationalize for the World Heritage Site without frameworks and tools from UNESCO.


In this study, we propose a decomposition of the total tax benefit (or liability) of a strategy into what we define as character and deferral components. Our decomposition is mathematically straightforward and intuitive, and it allows for a quick and informative assessment of tax benefits of different tax-aware strategies without modeling various investor-specific situations. We use this character-deferral decomposition to identify the source of tax benefits resulting from relaxation of the long-only constraint. Our empirical evidence shows that, for tax-aware strategies, relaxing the long-only constraint results in a drastic increase in their tax benefits, in particular owing to an increase in the character benefit. We conclude that tax-aware relaxed-constraint strategies are more attractive to taxable investors than their long-only counterparts.


Rapid transitions in the response of platinum-based chemical sensors occurring at given hydrogen-oxygen concentration ratios are explained by kinetic phase transitions or switching phenomena on the catalytic metal surface. Below the transition point the response of platinum-insulator silicon carbide devices is small and above the transition it is large. It is found that the critical ratio depends on the operation temperature and the properties of the device. Three different cases are identified, namely, injection-, diffusion-, and reaction-rate-determined transitions. At sufficiently large temperatures the transition is injection limited and occurs at the stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in the gas mixture. The implications of the experimental observations on the applications of chemical sensors with catalytic sensing layers are discussed.


Abstract This paper identified the relevance of several publication's characteristics of each publication in reaching more people through organic strategy using Support Vector Machines. Before finding the relevance of several inputs, 10 potential models were examined. Based on the results of 10 models examination, we found that Comments, Likes and Shares have smallest error. However, those variables represent the customer engagements, instead of reaching more people. In the other side, Lifetime total organic reach is the best model compares to other models, therefore lifetime total organic reach was selected as a model. Furthermore, page total likes were found as the most relevance input in reaching more people through organic reach. The next most relevance inputs were followed by Type, month, day and hour of publication. Eventually, we come up with a managerial implication on how to publish a post in order to reach more people through organic reach.


This PhD study employed two fisheries surveys and an agent-based model to characterise, in the context of specialisation theory, the behaviours and motivations of non-avid and avid fishers among a diverse group of recreational boat fishers. Broadly, specialisation theory, which relates to the field of human dimensions research, dictates that groups of recreational fishers fit along a continuum of behaviour or 'specialisation', from occasional, novice fishers to avid and highlyexperienced fishing specialists. Furthermore, this theory considers that fishers may be characterised according to such attributes as frequency of participation, species targeted, fishing locations and fishing gears, motivations for going fishing, preferences for resource management, as well as various other attributes.

In one survey, a sample of recreational fishers living near Perth, in Western Australia, was randomly-selected from a database containing details of recreational fishing boat licence holders in that state. Selected anglers were interviewed by phone using the Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) technique. Fishers were chracterised as either non-avid or avid, based on levels of participation rates, an approach consistent with many fisheries surveys. The phone survey demonstrated that Perth boat fishers are typically male, often 45-59 y and mainly target inshore, easy-to-catch 'bread and butter' species, such as whiting species and Australian herring. Anglers typically use rod and lines for fishing and often revisit areas in which they have experienced previous fishing success. Ownership of Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) systems was high among all surveyed boat fishers. However, compared with non-avid fishers, avid fishers were, as hypothesised according to specialisation theory, more likely to use these devices for storing fishing locations (and also for storing a greater number of locations compared to non-avid fishers). Moreover, as hypothesised, avid fishers were more likely than non-avid fishers to go fishing on a normal weekday rather than on a weekend or public holiday, presumably to avoid periods of congestion at boat ramps.

Unlike most fisheries surveys, those undertaken for this study asked a range of questions relating to movements of boat fishers when fishing. Surveyed fishers generally travelled small distances offshore (< 5 km), visited few fishing locations (≤ 4), and typically moved ≤ 3 km between their first and second fishing location, usually moving because they were not catching any fish. The hypothesis that avid fishers would be more likely than non-avid fishers to move more frequently between fishing locations when catch rates were low was not supported by the available data, however, as the durations of fishing trips were relatively short (~3.5 h) and fishers only moved a few times during each trip. It was able to be shown, however, that avid fishers are more likely to move when they receive a low fish 'bite rate'.

A second survey, in the form of a written questionnaire, was developed to obtain data with which to characterise fishers who are members of angling clubs located in the same region as the fishers interviewed by the above phone survey. Comparisons were made between the data from the two surveys to test the hypothesis that the club members are more avid and specialised than the general population of boat fishers interviewed in the phone survey.

The surveyed club members were predominantly male, between the age of 45-59 y and almost all had more than 10 y fishing experience. These fishers were more likely than the fishers interviewed in the phone survey to own their own boat and GPS, and generally targeted a 'mix' of demersal reef fish species including West Australian dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum, and pink snapper, Chrysophrys auratus. As hypothesised, compared with non-members, club members were more avid, tended to travel further to fishing locations, typically fished in deeper waters, made greater investments in fishing technology and greater use of this (more fishing locations stored in their GPS systems), and moved more frequently between fishing locations when not receiving good fish bite rates. These findings were thus consistent with the hypothesis that club members are more specialised than avid, non-club affiliated fishers.

In the next phase of the project, an agent-based model (ABM) was employed to simulate the dynamics of the multi-species demersal, boat-based recreational fishery near Perth, in Western Australia. The model considered three fish species, West Australian dhufish and pink snapper, and a non-target species (with biological characteristics based on those of silver trevally, Pseudocaranx georgianus), and a 'fleet' of avid, recreational boat fishers, with characteristics similar to those of the fishers surveyed at angling clubs. The model simulated the fishing activities of this group of boat anglers in a reef fishing area (i.e. an artificial computer landscape) and subject to an established fisheries management regime (size and boat limits), and tracked their catches (released and retained) and impacts of these on fish populations. The characteristics of the individual fishers, individual fish and certain characteristics of the computer landscape were informed by a combination of biological information from existing literature and results obtained from the survey of angling club members.

Several hypotheses were explored in simulations. For example, it was demonstrated that, in simulations, fishers are able to maintain similar catch rates despite declining abundances of fish by moving more rapidly between fishing locations and by finding new locations with relatively high fish abundances. This ability of fishers to maintain catch rates was also linked to fishers updating their 'knowledge' of the quality of their fishing locations (i.e. as stored in a GPS) based on previous fishing experiences. Thus, it was concluded that, for this recreational demersal fishery, such 'learning' behaviours of fishers, and particularly their ability to improve their knowledge of good fishing locations, are key to making them highly specialised, successful fishers. It was also demonstrated that the behaviours of fishers, in response to a change in abundance of one species, can impact on the abundances of another fish species, which thus has implications for managing multi-species fisheries.

Model simulations provided a range of other results across different scenarios of initial abundance of G. hebraicum and different management regulations, some of which were not expected (i.e. not immediately intuitive), which thereby provided some useful insights regarding the dynamics of the system. For example, as initial fish abundance increased, catch per hour fishing did not always increase, a result that was attributed to management regulations limiting the number of fish that anglers may retain, reduced movements by anglers from fishing locations and reduced time spent searching by anglers. The study results also suggested that catch per unit of 'time spent searching' by anglers could be a useful indicator of stock abundance. The ability of anglers to maintain their catches when fish abundances were declining, through searching for new fishing locations and moving between locations more often, highlights the fact that catch rate data, as typically obtained in many surveys, do not necessarily provide a reliable index of fish abundance.

Unlike many studies relating to human dimensions research, this study focussed on understanding the key characteristics and behaviours of avid and specialised boat-based anglers in a multi-species fishery. In such an environment, different anglers are likely to adjust their behaviours in different ways to balance their fishing skills and the values they place on the mixture of species that they are likely to catch. That is, in a multi-species fishery, anglers act in a 'multiple objective decision making framework', and individuals respond to their own motivations and assessments of the values that they accord to the fishing experience. Although it is unlikely that the knowledge gained in one fishery will be totally applicable to the next, research methods are, however, likely to be transferable among fisheries. In this context, this study benefited from the integration of fishery surveys and simulation modelling, and consideration of the combined results in the context of specialisation theory.


This paper presents a chip set operating at 3 V supply voltage for cellular communications at L-band. A high efficiency power amplifier with a high packing density is reported. It makes use of high power-added-efficiency of MESFET devices in saturated class AB, and harmonic enhancement for the matching circuits. This three stage MMIC amplifier delivers 27 dBm output power with 35 % of power added efficiency with 0 dBm input power. A power switch is also described which achieves a typical insertion loss in the (0.8 dB, 1.0 dB) range and performs 20 dB isolation between the Rx (Receive) and Tx (Transmit) chains. PML also proposes a power MESFET that achieves 33 dBm output power with 55 % drain efficiency and 6 dB associated gain at 1800 MHz.


Abstract. In this paper the use of ICESat/GLAS laser altimeter for estimating multi-temporal elevation changes on polar ice sheets is afforded. Due to non-overlapping laser spots during repeat passes, interpolation methods are required to make comparisons. After reviewing the main methods described in the literature (crossover point analysis, cross-track DEM projection, space-temporal regressions), the last one has been chosen for its capability of providing more elevation change rate measurements. The standard implementation of the space-temporal linear regression technique has been revisited and improved to better cope with outliers and to check the estimability of model's parameters. GLAS data over the PANDA route in East Antarctica have been used for testing. Obtained results have been quite meaningful from a physical point of view, confirming the trend reported by the literature of a constant snow accumulation in the area during the two past decades, unlike the most part of the continent that has been losing mass.


Improving the efficiency of thermodynamic cycles plays a fundamental role in reducing the cost of solar power plants. These plants work normally with Rankine cycles which present some disadvantages due to the thermodynamic behavior of steam at low pressures. These disadvantages can be reduced by introducing alternatives such as combined cycles which combine the best features of each cycle. In this paper, a combined Rankine–Goswami cycle (RGC) is proposed and a thermodynamic analysis is conducted. The Goswami cycle, used as a bottoming cycle, uses ammonia–water mixture as the working fluid and produces power and refrigeration while power is the primary goal. This bottoming cycle, reduces the energy losses in the traditional condenser and eliminates the high specific volume and poor vapor quality presented in the last stages of the lower pressure turbine in the Rankine cycle. In addition, the use of absorption condensation in the Goswami cycle, for regeneration of the strong solution, allows operating the low pressure side of the cycle above atmospheric pressure which eliminates the need for maintaining a vacuum pressure in the condenser. The performance of the proposed combined Rankine–Goswami cycle, under full load, was investigated for applications in parabolic trough solar thermal plants for a range from 40 to 50 MW sizes. A sensitivity analysis to study the effect of the ammonia concentration, condenser pressure, and rectifier concentration on the cycle efficiency, network, and cooling was performed. The results indicate that the proposed RGC provide a difference in net power output between 15.7% and 42.3% for condenser pressures between 1 and 9 bars. The maximum effective first law and exergy efficiencies for an ammonia mass fraction of 0.5 are calculated as 36.7% and 24.7%, respectively, for the base case (no superheater or rectifier process).


Being exposed to serious games showed that some simulations widely vary in quality and learning outcome. In order to get to the bottom of best practices a detailed review of business management simulation literature was conducted. Additionally, an industry analysis was performed, by interviewing 17 simulation companies, testing a range of full and demo games, and conducting secondary research. The findings from both research efforts were then collated and cross-referenced against each other in order to determine three things: firstly, the practices and features used by simulation companies that have not yet been the subject of academic research; secondly, the most effective features, elements and inclusions within simulations that best assist in the achievement of learning outcomes and enhancement the user experience; and finally, 'best practices' in teaching a business management course in a university or company with the assistance of a simulation. Identified gaps in the current research were found to include the effectiveness of avatars, transparent pricing and the benefits of competing the simulation against other teams as opposed to the computer. In relation to the second and third objectives of the research, the findings were used to compile a business plan, with detailed recommendations for companies looking to develop a new simulation, and for instructors implementing and coordinating the use of a simulation in a business management context.


We provide a decomposition of nominal yields into real yields, expectations of future inflation and inflation risk premiums when real bonds or inflation swaps are unavailable or unreliable due to their relative illiquidity. We combine nominal yields with surveys of inflation forecasts within a no-arbitrage model where conditional expectations are latent but spanned by the history of the observed data, analog to a GARCH model for the conditional variance. The filtering problem is numerically trivial and we conduct a battery of out-of-sample comparisons. Our favored model matches the quarterly inflation forecasts from surveys and uses the information in yields to produce the best monthly forecasts. Moreover, we restrict the distribution of the inflation Sharpe ratios to achieve economically reasonable estimates of the inflation risk premium and of the real rates. We find that the inflation risk premium (i) is positive on average, (ii) rises when the unemployment rate increases and (iii) when the level of interest rates decreases. Hence, real yields are more pro-cyclical than nominal yields due to variations of the inflation risk premiums.


Background Blacks are commonly targeted as a population that will benefit from school choice. Drawing upon market theory, school choice advocates argue that educational opportunity will increase for Blacks and other underserved populations when schools are required to compete for students. With choice, the historically underserved can presumably opt into schools that will provide their children higher quality education that confers better educational outcomes. To date, the promise of choice remains unfulfilled. Purpose/Objective We examine one underexplored factor that may contribute to the unfulfilled promise of school choice: how professionals make meaning of the very students who are expected to most benefit (in this case Black students) and how this meaning-making may compromise the prospect of greater educational opportunity via choice. In particular, we explore the stories teachers tell about Black students in the course of making meaning of Black underperformance as a professional "problem" and their own role in resolving this problem. Of special concern is how teachers racialize Black students via their narration of the status and experience of these youth and the consequent implications for all Black students in one choice context. Research Design The data for this study was collected as part of a multi-year, multi-method study of Black students in three demographically distinct school districts participating in an inter-district school choice system in the Midwest. Relying primarily on focus group interviews with teachers, we evaluated teachers' narratives within and across districts to determine the discourse patterns that were germane to and differed across districts. Findings In the same way that Blacks are not often readily imagined as both Black and American, the Black students in the districts under study were constructed by teachers as interlopers—not readily imagined as both Black and full members of the school communities in which they were enrolled. In blurring these boundaries, teachers 1) rationalized their own sense of professional inefficacy in facilitating the academic success of Black students; and 2) normalized perspectives and practices that situate Black students and their families as deficient. Conclusion/Recommendations School choice was not articulated in these districts via professional perspectives and practices that increased Black educational opportunity, but was reconfigured as a trope that rationalized Black exclusion and underperformance. Unless teachers are supported in constructing radically different narratives than those reported herein, they are unlikely to cultivate personal practical knowledge that facilitates Black educational access and opportunity in schools of choice or elsewhere.


ABSTRACT We compare the predictions of two different accounts of first language acquisition by investigating the relative contributions of abstract syntax and input frequency to the elicited production of main and embedded questions by 36 monolingual English-speaking toddlers aged 3;00 to 5;11. In particular, we investigate whether children's accuracy rates across different interrogative structures (main vs. embedded, yes/no vs. wh-, argument vs. adjunct) can be explained by difference in terms of input frequency in parental speech or whether abstract structural factors are needed to account for such asymmetries. In main-clause questions, children correctly invert the order of the subject and auxiliary more often with yes/no than wh-questions, despite a higher input frequency of uninverted yes/no questions. Furthermore, in main-clause wh-questions, inversion rates are higher for argument than adjunct wh-questions, independent of input frequencies. Finally, in embedded-clause questions, children correctly avoid inversion more often in yes/no than wh-questions and show no effect of input frequency or type of wh-word. A significant positive correlation between (correct) inversion rates in main and (incorrect) inversion rates in embedded questions suggests that inversion in embedded contexts stems from rule overgeneralization. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of abstract structural factors in children's production, above and beyond the role of frequency distributions in the input.


Applications depend on persistent storage to recover state after system crashes. But the POSIX file system interfaces do not define the possible outcomes of a crash. As a result, it is difficult for application writers to correctly understand the ordering of and dependencies between file system operations, which can lead to corrupt application state and, in the worst case, catastrophic data loss. This paper presents crash-consistency models, analogous to memory consistency models, which describe the behavior of a file system across crashes. Crash-consistency models include both litmus tests, which demonstrate allowed and forbidden behaviors, and axiomatic and operational specifications. We present a formal framework for developing crash-consistency models, and a toolkit, called Ferrite, for validating those models against real file system implementations. We develop a crash-consistency model for ext4, and use Ferrite to demonstrate unintuitive crash behaviors of the ext4 implementation. To demonstrate the utility of crash-consistency models to application writers, we use our models to prototype proof-of-concept verification and synthesis tools, as well as new library interfaces for crash-safe applications.


Mobile phone apps can be a cost-effective way to provide decision support to farmers, and they can support the collection of agricultural data. The digitisation of agricultural systems, and the efforts to close the digital divide and to include smallholders, make data ownership and privacy issues more relevant than ever before. In Central and South American countries, smallholders' preferences regarding data licenses and sharing have largely been ignored, and little attention has been paid to the potential of nonfinancial incentives to increase the uptake of digital solutions and participation by farmers. To investigate incentives for smallholder farmers to potentially use an agricultural advisory app in which they share their data, a Discrete Choice Experiment was designed. Based on a survey of 392 farmers in Mexico, preferences for attributes related to its usage were revealed using a conditional logit (CL) model. To explore heterogeneity, groups and profiles were explored through a latent class (LC) model. The CL model results revealed, for example, farmers' positive preference to receive support at first use and access to training, while negative preference was found for sharing data with private actors. The LC identified three classes which differ in their preference for attributes such as the degree of data sharing. Furthermore, for example, a farmer's connectedness to an innovation hub was found to be one of the significant variables in the class membership function. The main contribution of the study is that it shows the importance of nonfinancial incentives and the influence of data sharing on farmer preferences.


— Portable executable or PE file features play a key role in detection of packed executables. Packing performs a lot of changes to the internal structure of PE files in such a way that it makes it very difficult for any Reverse Engineering Technique, Anti-Virus (AV) scanner or similar kind of programs to figure out whether the executable is malware or benign. Therefore, it is very important to figure out whether a given executable is packed or non-packed before detecting it as malicious or benign. Once a binary is detected as packed, it can be unpacked and can be given to AV or similar kind of programs. In this paper we have included a brief description of Portable Executable file format as we need to know the internal structure of PE before figuring out Packed Portable Executables. We have considered the packed executable by UPX packer only, and hence mentioned the functioning of UPX packer very briefly. Our approach basically works in two phases. In the first phase, it extracts various features of portable executables and in the second phase it analyses the extracted features and comes up with best set of features, which can be used to identify whether a given binary is packed or not by UPX Packer. Experimental results are shown to the end of this paper. We figure out the key feature set with proper justifications to show differences between packed and non-packed executable by UPX packer.


Particular attention has been paid in the present century (notably by Mr. E. F. Carritt, the late Professor Pritchard, and Sir David Ross) to the question as to whether a man's duty is to do what is actually right, i.e. what his situation actually demands of him, or what he thinks is right. Mr. Carritt has pointed out that the former possibility bifurcates—a man's duty may be to do what is actually demanded by his actual situation, or what is (or would be) actually demanded by what he believes to be his situation. (The latter possibility also bifurcates—a man's duty may be to do what he thinks is demanded by what he believes to be his situation, or what he would think was demanded by his actual situation, if he knew it; but only the first of these alternatives has been or needs to be seriously considered.) I do not propose in the present paper to carry this discussion any further, but rather to consider how it has been carried on in the past, as there seems to be a little confusion on this point.


Among older adults, falling down while doing everyday tasks is the leading cause for injuries, disabilities and can even result in death. Furthermore, even when no injury has occurred the fear of falling can result in loss of confidence and independence. The two major factors in the loss of balance is weakening of the muscles and reduced cognitive skills. While exercise programmes can reduce the risk of falling by 40%, patient compliance with these programmes is low. We present the Microsoft-Kinect based step training program system that we have developed specifically for elderly patients. The program measures physical health and cognitive abilities and incorporates an individualized adaptive program for improvements. The real-time data obtained from the program is similar to clinical evaluations typically conducted by doctors and the game-like exercises result in increased adherence to the exercise regimes