In a two-part mixed methods study, internet-based plagiarism amongst Norwegian upper secondary students was measured and related to performance level and knowledge of source use. Subsequently, interviews were conducted to explore these students' views on internet access and plagiarism during essay writing. The quantitative part of the study showed that 75% of the 67 students in the study plagiarised from the online sources and that plagiarism accounted for 25% of the total amount of text. Students with a higher grade in written Norwegian plagiarised less than those with a lower grade. Further, students more familiar with the correct use of sources did not plagiarise as much as students with less awareness. In the qualitative part of the study, individual interviews with 29 of the students indicated that the students wanted to spend as little time and effort as possible on the task and a great majority of the students wanted internet access whether they judged this an obstacle to their learning or not. They also preferred to have free access to internet content regardless of its relevance to the essay, and plagiarism was chosen as a writing strategy regardless of whether or not it was acknowledged to be a moral problem. More proficient writers explained their use of the internet in a more sophisticated way than less proficient writers. With these findings in mind, the different potential consequences of internet access for proficient and less proficient writers are discussed. Finally, some suggestions for further research are put forward.


Dr R. W. Girdler writes: In their fascinating paper on the volcanic islands of the southern Red Sea, Gass et al. 1973 give the impression that I consider that only the 'central median trough' of the Red Sea is underlain by oceanic crust. This is not so; evidence has been accumulating for a considerable time indicating that much more than the axial trough is oceanic (e.g. Girdler 1966, 1970; Girdler & Darracott 1972). At the time of my 1958 paper (to which they refer) we had no idea that the thickness of evaporites forming the shelves of the Red Sea would be so enormous. In the 1960s, exploration boreholes showed thicknesses of salt (specific gravity 2.1) of the order of 4 km! It is clearly necessary to make corrections for these in the gravity interpretations and the positive Bouguer anomaly over the centre of the Red Sea then becomes much wider and hence the extent of the 'intrusive zone' (oceanic crust) is found to be much wider. Gass et al. also refer to the existence of large magnetic anomalies over the median trough and their 'virtual absence elsewhere'. Unfortunately, there are few ships' tracks over the shelves due to navigational and other difficulties but it is important to realise that absence of data does not imply absence of anomalies. There are aeromagnetic surveys which reveal the existence of anomalies over the shelves (Girdler 1970). For example, an aeromagnetic survey by the Gulf Oil Company showed the presence of sea floor


ABSTRACT Chemical stimulation such as surfactant flooding in petroleum reservoirs makes efforts to produce remained oil and improve sweep efficiency by means of different phenomena such as lowering interfacial tension and wettability alteration of reservoir rock. Implementing concentration of surfactant through surfactant flooding is one of the big challenges while interfacial tension between surfactant solution and oil after certain concentration involves little changes such as critical micelle concentration (CMC). This article highlights the effect of nanosilica on CMC of Zyziphus Spina Christi, as sugar-based surfactant, in aqueous solutions for enhanced oil recovery and reservoir stimulation purposes. A conductivity approach was selected to assess the CMC of the introduced surfactant in aqueous solution at 25°C. The influence of nanosilica concentrations on CMC variation of introduced surfactant is considered. It is found that CMC of introduced surfactant decreased while the concentration of the nanosilica increased. Results from this study can aim in optimum condition selection of surfactant flooding as an enhanced oil recovery ends.


The Climate‐Smart Landscape (CSL) approach has recently emerged as an integrated management strategy to address the increasing pressures on agricultural production, ecosystem conservation, rural livelihoods, and climate change mitigation/adaptation. Agribusiness companies play a controversial role in achieving CSL goals. On one hand, their operations cause land and natural resource degradation. On the other hand, they have technical, managerial, and financial resources to invest in more sustainable landscapes. Despite the controversy, empirical evidence on which practices agribusiness companies plan to undertake for sustainable landscape management and their intentions to contribute achieving CSL objectives is scarce and fragmented in the academic literature. To fill in this knowledge gap, this paper describes and reviews agribusiness companies' planned practices for integrated landscape management worldwide. Additionally, this paper evaluates to what extent companies plan to engage in two crucial factors to achieving CSL: stakeholder involvement and activities' monitoring. Results show that despite many agribusiness‐led initiatives have potential in contributing to more sustainable practices, major steps should still be taken to involve stakeholders and monitoring their process and outcomes to actually achieve CSL goals.


Erin Labbie, Advisor Why is sleep, a moment that is physiologically full and mentally boundless, thought to be a moment of absence and powerlessness? Where did this devalued notion of sleep come from and how can we situate sleep studies within a continuation of a historical processes and economic infuences? In other words, how does sleep effect and exist within systems of power? To answer these questions I turn to a range of scholarship and theoretical studies to examine the complexities and dynamics at work within the cultural discources on sleep. By creating a genealogy of sleep I am able to track the way notions of sleep have changed and evolved over time. I develope a theoretical framework to examine how the Enlightenment effected notions of sleep by strengthening a cultural disposition for logical, rational and phonomenological modes of knowledge. I find that the advent of modernity is signified by the moment in which sleep, darkness and unkowing become negative while being awake, light and knowledge become positive. To understand how sleep (and sleep studies) operates in contemporary situations I examine them within the economy of time in which clock time is conflated with money. Here I also visit the way sleep functions in relation to work in a neo-Taylorist management era. I offer an account of sleep's connections to passivity in the within patriarchal systems of thought. I determine that the cultural politics of sleep and sleep disorders point to a rift in the Western Self because of a presumed simultaneity of thinking, acting and being. I have engaged in a range of disciplines and use theory,


This paper addresses the degree of congruence between recovery principles and research practices in a leading Australian youth mental health research centre. Investigators address the responsibility of research systems in promoting social change, through a critical perspective of the ways in which research practices support or stifle recovery philosophy. Method: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis was undertaken with a sample of research studies from the largest youth mental health centre in Australia. Analysis involved a critical interpretation of the data for meaning, context and philosophical influences. Results: Results revealed that despite an increasing number of studies addressing recovery-congruent topics, research methods showed little progression towards enacting recovery principles. Investigators interpret the ways in which the continued dominance of experimental designs informed by the Positivist paradigm lacks recovery practices of user involvement or acknowledgement of multiple perspectives. Conclusions: Implications of a research culture that privileges dominant paradigms are discussed. Investigators assert the need for greater diversity in research methods in youth mental health, and discuss the relevance of participatory research to recovery principles. Systemic issues are explored, with suggestions for implementing change both in, and beyond, the Australian context.


The preparation of the laboratory experiments, e.g., sieving, causes physical disturbance to the
foraminifera. In Chapter 2 we studied the effects of such disturbance by observing individual living
specimens. Observations were made on individuals from three different areas: the Wadden Sea, the Adriatic
Sea and the Bay ofBiscay. We sieved sediments from which we handpicked individual specimens. We used
for the observations an inverted-light microscope with phase-contrast filter to which a video camera was
connected to make recordings.
Specimens from the intertidal area (Wadden Sea), and especially the epifaunal to shallow infaunal taxa,
showed to be very active and able to survive the transport and sieving treatments. The taxa from deeper
environments, Adriatic Sea and Bay of Biscay, were less active, and deep infaunal taxa showed no
pseudopodial activity. It can well be that a general relation exists between pseudopodia! activity on the one
hand, and environment and the vertical depth of the habitat on the other. Taxa living in high-energy
environments and occupying shallow infaunal or epifaunal microhabitats, display the highest pseudopodia!
activity.
More detailed observations were made on the morphology of pseudopodia! networks. Groups of taxa
could be distinguished based upon pseudopodium characteristics. Variation between these groups was seen
in the density, shape ofand connections between the pseudopodia. This ranged from taxa with a dense and
strongly branched pseudopodium to taxa with only a few thin and long pseudopodia.
Part of the observations focussed on locomotion and they showed that different modes existed.
Planispiral taxa rotate almost continuously while moving, whereas miliolid, uni-, bi- and triseria! taxa move
in a more linear way.
Potential important negative effects oflight on the pseudopodia] activity of certain foraminifera ""ere
demonstrated by the observation of an allogromiid specimen. This specimen showed a strong sensitivity for
intense light, which made the specimen to cease all pseudopodia! activity. Finally, a number of observations dealt with the disturbance of pseudopodial networks of some taxa.
Using a brush, parts of the pseudopodium were separated from the rest of the organism, fonning so-called
pseudopodial satellites. These satellites were capable of surviving in a petri dish, depending upon their size
for how long. Often the satellites formed a central body from which small pseudopodia were extended.
When brought in contact with the pseudopodium of the parent organism, they fused and the satellite
formed again part of the organism. Satellites from other specimens of the same or of other taxa did not
merge with the pseudopodium but were transported into the test, perhaps ro be used as food.


Recent declines in the average length of time that U.S. workers spend with a given employer represent an important change in the nature of the employment relationship, yet it is one whose causes are poorly understood. I explore those causes using Current Population Survey data on the tenure of men aged 30–65, from the years 1979–2008.

I argue that long-term employment relationships primarily occur when workers pressure employers to close off employment from market competition, reducing the attractiveness of external mobility relative to internal opportunities and increasing employment security. I then explore how two changes in organizations' environments—a decline in union strength and increased turbulence from changes in technology and globalization—might have affected workers' ability to secure such closed employment relationships over the last 30 years.

My results support the argument that declines in tenure reflect the reduced power of workers to secure closed employment relationships. Recent declines in tenure have been concentrated in large organizations, and many of those declines are explained by controlling for the changing levels of industry unionization. I find little evidence that foreign competition or technological change affected mobility. The results are robust to measures of changing industry growth rates and within-industry reorganization. Supplementary analyses suggest that layoffs are associated with different industry pressures than tenure and that voluntary mobility may have played an important role in declines in tenure.


Most of today's software users interact with the software through a graphical user interface (GUI), which is a representative of the broader class of event-driven software (EDS). As the correctness of the GUI is necessary to ensure the correctness of the overall software, its quality assurance (QA) is becoming increasingly important. During software testing, an important QA technique, test cases are created and executed on the software. For GUIs, test cases are modeled as sequences of user input events. Because each possible sequence of user events may potentially be a test case and because today's GUIs offer enormous flexibility to end users, in principle, GUI testing requires a prohibitively large number of test cases. Any practical test case generation technique must sample the vast GUI input space. Existing techniques are either extremely resource intensive or do not adequately model complex GUI behaviors, thereby limiting fault detection.
This research develops new models, algorithms, and metrics for automated GUI test case generation. A novel aspect of this work is its use of software run-time information collected as feedback during GUI test case execution, and used to generate additional test cases that model complex GUI behaviors. One set of empirical studies show that the feedback-directed technique significantly improves upon existing techniques and helps to identify serious problems in fielded GUIs. Another set of studies conducted on in-house software applications show that the test suites generated by the new technique outperform their coverage equivalent counterparts in terms of fault detection.
Although the focus of this work is on the GUI domain, the techniques developed are general and are applicable to the broader class of EDS. In fact, this work has already had an impact on research and practice of testing other EDS. In particular, the work has been extended by other researchers to test web applications.


The relationship between meal structure and composition can modulate gastrointestinal processing and the resulting sense of satiety. This applies also to the fat component of meals and particularly to the surface area available for digestion. The main hypothesis underpinning this thesis work was that fat emulsion droplet size has a profound effect on fat digestion and, in turn, on the gastrointestinal and satiety responses. To test this hypothesis two fat emulsion meal systems were used. They had exactly the same composition but a small (termed the Fine emulsion, with a droplet size of 400 nm) or a large (termed the Coarse emulsion, with a droplet size of 8 μm) emulsified fat droplet size. The two fat emulsion systems were manufactured and characterised using a range of bench techniques, in vitro digestion models and MRI techniques in vitro. The difference in microstructure caused different temporal creaming characteristics for the emulsions and different percentage hydrolysis profiles in a gastric digestion model in vitro. The Fine emulsion showed initial rapid hydrolysis whilst the Coarse emulsion showed an initial slow hydrolysis phase with the hydrolysis rate increasing at later stages. This indicated that there was indeed a droplet size effect on fat hydrolysis whereby the smaller droplet size with a larger surface area hydrolysed faster than a larger droplet size. The emulsions' performance was finally tested in vivo in healthy volunteers using MRI in a series of pilot studies leading to a main physiological study. Creaming differences in the gastric lumen were addressed by redesigning the meals using a locust bean gum (LBG) thickener that made them stable throughout the gastric emptying process. A main three-way physiological and satiety study in healthy volunteers showed that a highly emulsified, intragastrically stable emulsion delayed gastric emptying, increased small bowel water content and reduced consumption of food at the end of the study day. Finally, magnetic resonance imaging, relaxometry and spectroscopy were further evaluated to assess fat emulsion parameters in vitro and in vivo in the gastric lumen. Main static magnetic field and droplet size effects on T2 relaxation times of the Fine and the Coarse emulsions were observed. There was reasonable correlation between m-DIXON and spectroscopy methods to quantify fat fraction both in vitro and in vivo. Differences in T2 relaxation times for different droplet sizes of 20% fat emulsions were detected in vitro. These changes were however difficult to separate from creaming effects in vivo with a view of drawing meaningful inferences on droplet sizes. The main conclusion from this work was that manipulating food microstructure especially intragastric stability and fat emulsion droplet size can influence human gastrointestinal physiology and satiety responses and that MRI and MRS provide unique non invasive insights into these processes. This improved knowledge could help designing foods with desired health-promoting characteristics which could help to fight the rising tide of obesity.


This study explores the use of two tests of optimism: the Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT) and the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) in six English primary schools with children aged between 9 years and 12 years. The study grew out of some problems I was confronted with as part of my professional practice regarding the outcomes for children in a school that was failing to meet Government Targets in attainment. In the study I worked with the staff and 9 – 11 year old children in six primary schools in rural, town, suburban and inner-city contexts. The total number of children was 305. The children were tested using the CASQ and YLOT and a range of other measures. Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients (coefficient alpha) and test-retest coefficients for the subscales and overall scale of the CASQ and YLOT were calculated. The validity of each measure was explored using evidence from: test content; internal structure; relations to other variables; and from the consequences of testing. Lastly the use of the YLOT as a proxy and nature of any associations between the measures used was explored looking at individual; school and community level data. The study found that the YLOT has good psychometric properties and could be used as a basis for further work both professionally and for research. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was 0.81. The psychometric properties of the CASQ were poor in that the subscales had very low reliability coefficients and the aggregated total scale reliability coefficient was still too low at 0.53 to be able to recommend the use of the CASQ. Before the CASQ could be used there would need to be extensive work to increase its reliability and validity through lengthening the test or changing the format of the questions to reduce their specificity. The use of the YLOT as a proxy indicator of mental health and associations with school and community level data were discussed. The YLOT could provide an indication of well being particularly in relation to childhood depression. The community level data were not sensitive enough to discern hypothesised associations between communities and the children attending the schools sited in the communities.


An investigation has been performed to simulate the microstructural evolution during the hot strip rolling of steels. During this research, the controlling softening and recrystallization mechanisms after the hot deformation of austenite were first determined using single-hit and double-hit compression techniques. Based on the experimental flow and softening data, several mathematical expressions have been proposed to quantify the boundary conditions and overall kinetics for static and metadynamic recrystallization, respectively. The static model is expressed as a function of initial grain size, strain, strain rate and temperature, while the metadynamic one only depends on the strain rate and temperature. Together with industrial mill processing parameters, these models were incorporated into an integrative analysis of the hot rolling of plain carbon steel strips. The simulation results indicate that metadynamic recrystallization is dominant and leads to the full softening during rough rolling, where processing temperatures are high and strain rates relatively low. Metadynamic recrystallization can also occur between the initial finishing stands, when larger reductions are applied to the steel band. In general, however, static recrystallization becomes more and more important in the finishing mill. Partial static recrystallization may take place in the later stages of finish rolling, which can be attributed to the decreasing processing temperatures, reduced stand strains and much shorter interstand times. The evolution of the austenite microstructure during hot rolling can be characterized by the grain refinement associated with recrystallization and the subsequent grain growth. Although grain growth is significant during rough rolling, grain refinement with minimum interstand grain growth plays a key role during finish rolling.


The relationship between "Class Size" and student ratings of lecturers' "Teaching Presentation" was analysed. Data from 213 different university lecture halls was collected with classes ranging from 2 to 316 students. The data was analysed by means of Configural Frequency Analysis and a graphical representation of the relationship between "Class Size" and "Teaching Presentation". The results strongly support conclusions that (a) there is only a weak
relationship between "Class Size" and student ratings of "Teaching Presentation"; and (b) the
relationship is further nonlinear in nature. Theoretical, methodological, and practical issues
regarding the research are also discussed in the article.


1. Informatics in Healthcare Professions 2. Hardware, Software 3. Ensuring Quality and Best Use of Information 4. The Internet and the World Wide Web: An Overview 5. Professional Use of Electronic Devices 6. Healthcare Information Systems 7. Strategic Planning for Information Technology Projects 8. Selecting a Healthcare Information System 9. Improving the Usability of Health Informatics Applications 10. System Implementation and Maintenance 11. Information Systems Training 12. Information Security and Confidentiality 13. System Integration and Interoperability 14. The Electronic Health Record 15. The Role of Standardized Terminology and Languages in Informatics 16. The Personal Health Record (PHR) 17. Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) 18. Health Information Technology and Policy 19. Legislation 20. Regulatory and Reimbursement Issues 21. Accreditation Issues for Information System Design and Use 22. Continuity Planning and Management (Disaster Recovery) 23. Technology, Informatics, and the Internet into Nursing Education 24. Consumer Education and Informatics 25. Telehealth 26. Public Health Informatics 27. Evidence Based Practice and Research


A computer network is considered forensically ready, when crucial evidence for a forensic investigation is proactively collected and easily available. While the benefits of a forensically ready network are well understood, the exact information required to be collected to achieve forensic readiness is largely unknown. This thesis focuses on identifying and locating the information that is essential for successful forensic investigations in an IPv6 network. Without the knowledge of what information should be retained, the approach to achieving forensic readiness is likely to be unstructured and crucial information for an investigation might be missed. This study conducted an empirical investigation to identify and extract forensic information from network protocol standards and related literature. Malicious and genuine network scenarios were run and retraced in a test bed to elicit the information that is significant for a forensic investigation. The network scenarios were grouped by network layer and the layers were processed bottom-up to resolve dependencies of the higher layers on the lower layers. A subset of network scenarios was exclusively used to ascertain the effectiveness of the identified information (hold-out approach). This thesis identifies the information in an IPv6 network that is relevant for a successful forensic investigation. Further, the thesis also proposes an optimisation phase as an extension of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) forensic life-cycle. This phase allows to improve the forensic readiness further through the identification of missing information after conducting a forensic investigation in the network. Finally, design and deployment strategies for implementing a forensically ready network are outlined and recommendations are made for mastering key issues related to forensic readiness.


Recent trends pushing robots into unstructured environments with limited sensors have motivated considerable work on planning under uncertainty and stochastic optimal control, but these methods typically do not provide guaranteed performance. Here we consider the problem of bounding the probability of failure (defined as leaving a finite region of state space) over a finite time for stochastic non-linear systems with continuous state. Our approach searches for exponential barrier functions that provide bounds using a variant of the classical supermartingale result. We provide a relaxation of this search to a semidefinite program, yielding an efficient algorithm that provides rigorous upper bounds on the probability of failure for the original non-linear system. We give a number of numerical examples in both discrete and continuous time that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.


Background: The number of people with dementia is increasing, with huge challenges for society and health-care systems. There are no disease-modifying therapies available. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify strategies to reduce the risk of developing dementia. Anthocyanins are a class of compounds found in dark berries and fruits with some effects that might reduce the risk for cognitive decline and the development of dementia in older people. Aim: This phase II three-center, randomized, 24-week, placebo-controlled study, ongoing in Norway, aims to evaluate the safety, and efficacy of anthocyanins in modifying key dementia-related mechanisms and maintain cognitive functioning in older people at risk for dementia. Methods: Participants (220 individuals aged 60–80 years) who meet the inclusion criteria (either mild cognitive impairment or two or more cardiometabolic disorders) are being enrolled in this study at three different centers in Norway. Participants are block randomized to identically appearing capsules containing 80 mg of naturally purified anthocyanins or placebo 1:1. Dosage is 2 + 2 capsules per day for 24 weeks. The primary outcome will be the quality of episodic memory score, a composite measure from the extensively validated online cognitive test battery CogTrack®, which is administered at baseline and monthly for the next 6 months. Secondary outcomes include other major scores from CogTrack, as well as a range of neuroimaging and other biomarkers. Anthocyanin metabolites will be measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The change from baseline scores will be subject to a mixed model for repeated measures analysis of covariance. The primary comparison will be the contrast (difference in the least-square means) between active and placebo at the end of the study (week 24). The primary study population will be a modified intention-to-treat population (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03419039). Discussion: This study aims to demonstrate whether there are beneficial effects of purified anthocyanins on cognition and relevant biological functions in people at increased risk for dementia. Forthcoming results may contribute to further improvement of intervention strategies to prevent or delay the onset of dementia, including a potential decision to take anthocyanins toward phase III trials.


1. In temperate farmed landscapes conservation policies increasingly emphasize large-scale reductions in land-use intensity. Yet despite a managed reversion to more favourable abiotic conditions, depleted regional species pools may prevent the re-assembly of target communities. 2. Using national-scale survey data recorded across Great Britain in 1998, we investigated the extent to which grassland indicator plant species persisted on potential refuge habitats across a spatial gradient of intensive land cover in lowland 1-km squares. These habitats comprised road verges, field boundaries, watercourse banks and small biotope fragments. Intensive land cover comprised built land, arable and improved grassland. 3. The rate of reduction in indicator species richness across the intensive land cover gradient was significantly lower in all potential refuge features than in surrounding fields and larger areas of habitat. 4. The best refuge locations were watercourse banks and small biotopes. In both cases, indicator species richness was higher than adjacent fields at the lowest intensive land cover and stayed higher as intensive land cover increased. 5. However, as intensive land cover increased, plant traits associated with higher nutrient availability were more prominently represented among indicator species. 6. Although richer assemblages of indicator species persisted on refuge features, population sizes are likely to be small, because of species-area effects, and also vulnerable to nutrient surpluses and reduced or inappropriate disturbance. 7. Synthesis and applications. Across the British lowlands, linear landscape features and small habitat fragments can provide limited safe havens for unimproved grassland plant species. However, the identity of refuge features and their species richness and composition are likely to vary with local conditions. Three activities are therefore paramount in assessing their role in larger scale extensification schemes: (i) development of rapid ways of assessing the plant diversity and distribution of refuge features in local areas; (ii) quantification of the risks posed to the viability of residual source populations through implementation of different options for incorporating them into extensification schemes; (iii) maximization of scheme performance by targeting landscapes with sufficient residual diversity to enable increases in population size of the target species in the medium term.


In Migration as Transnational Leisure: The Japanese Lifestyle Migrants in Australia Jun Nagatomo discusses a new type of migration in which "lifestyle" is at the core of middle class aspirations to migrate. Traditionally, international migration has been commonly seen as resulting from economic, political and religious causes. However, this book studies an intriguing new dynamic between the social transformation and the Japanese engagement with tourism and migration. Since the 1990s, when Japan was struggling with the recession, increasing numbers of young middle class Japanese began to drift from the safe and assured life course model and chose to live abroad. This book explores how lifestyle values affect migration decision of Japanese migrants in Australia and settlement processes in the migration destination.


This paper analyzes options in financial market law available to British issuers, credit institutions, insurance companies, securities firms, and asset and fund managers in terms of Brexit, considering that the United Kingdom will become a third country from the perspective of the European Union. Whether London will continue to be the centre for European financial transactions will depend on its access to the Single Market. British companies will achieve market access via equivalence, by setting up a European subsidiary, through bilateral agreements and by passively using the fundamental freedom of services. The way to be taken will depend on the respective line of businesses and groups of customers.
Nevertheless, even after Brexit, British companies will have to obey certain European laws if they want to maintain access to the Single Market. Moreover, future autonomous British law making will not be free from coordination with the Continent in order to ensure market access. Brexit will not impact all business models to the same extent; depending on the services offered, the clients served and the countries targeted, fundamental changes to the business model are to be expected (for example, a relocation of the European hub from London to the Continent, in particular in the banking and primary insurance markets), while, in other cases, the provision of services from London to the Continent may continue to function with few additional barriers, even in the status post-Brexit.


One of the most pervasive patterns observed in biodiversity studies is the tendency for species richness to decline towards the poles. One possible explanation is that high levels of environmental energy promote higher species richness nearer the equator. Energy input may set a limit to the number of species that can coexist in an area or alternatively may influence evolutionary rates. Within flowering plants (angiosperms), families exposed to a high energy load tend to be both more species rich and possess faster evolutionary rates, although there is no evidence that one drives the other. Specific environmental effects are likely to vary among lineages, reflecting the interaction between biological traits and environmental conditions in which they are found. One example of this is demonstrated by the high species richness of the iris family (Iridaceae) in the Cape of South Africa, a likely product of biological traits associated with reproductive isolation and the steep ecological and climatic gradients of the region. Within any set of conditions some lineages will tend to be favoured over others; however, the identity of these lineages will fluctuate with a changing environment, explaining the highly labile nature of diversification rates observed among major lineages of flowering plants.


A series of soil column tests was performed to determine surfactant effects on residual water and oil saturations in porous media. In particular, these tests focused on the impact of submicellar surfactant solutions and the potential application of these low concentration systems to light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) contamination in the vadose zone. One set of tests involved surfactant flushing in soil‐filled columns followed by drainage to residual water saturation and LNAPL injection to determine the subsequent residual LNAPL saturation. Another set of tests involved surfactant application to a soil‐filled column already holding residual LNAPL saturation to promote the release of the previously trapped LNAPL. Test results showed surfactant systems could reduce both residual water and oil saturations by up to 50%. In addition, submicellar surfactant systems were equally effective as supramicellar solutions in reducing residual water saturations and potentially more effective at reducing residual oil saturations. Submicellar surfactant applications to a medium‐grained (0.85–0.425 mm) soil containing residual LNAPL saturations were effective at releasing up to 50% of the previously trapped residual LNAPL. These applications were less successful in a fine‐grained soil as full drainage of water and LNAPL was unachievable due to high capillary pressures. Overall, observations suggest low concentration surfactant solutions may have the ability to release significant amounts of previously trapped LNAPL in the vadose zone, potentially increasing free‐product recovery rates and lowering LNAPL saturations to levels more favorable for biodegradation. The decrease in overall saturations (both water and oil) in a contaminated vadose zone could also present an increase in air permeability, thus enhancing other vadose zone treatment technologies such as bioventing or soil vapor extraction.


The dramatic clash between creditor and debtor countries in the EU shows that radical reforms are required. In this paper we argue that the EMU is a political project: it is a European public good, which must be provided by a legitimate democratic government. Yet during the crisis, Germany played the role of leading country, and the old dilemma between a German Europe and a European Germany cropped up again. Here we examine two interjurisdictional spillovers caused by asymmetries among the governance and size of the economies in the euro area: the bank-sovereign nexus and the internal deflation trap. In order to avoid social and economic disequilibria, we propose a European economic model for the euro area based on a long-term balance of payment equilibrium, as an alternative to the German export-led economy model. Current account surpluses and deficits are neither a virtue nor a sin. The euro area should be endowed with a federal budget, enabling the European Commission to employ European savings to spur growth, employment and public and private investments. The new European model must be coherent and compatible with the needs of the other states of the world; the stability of the international economy is also a global public good. Indeed we can look at the European model to draw some principles for reforming the old international economic order set up at Bretton Woods, but now in crisis due to global imbalances and international monetary and financial instability.


Defensins represent an evolutionary ancient family of antimicrobial peptides that play diverse roles in human health and disease. Defensins are cationic cysteine-containing multifunctional peptides predominantly expressed by epithelial cells or neutrophils. Defensins play a key role in host innate immune responses to infection and, in addition to their classically described role as antimicrobial peptides, have also been implicated in immune modulation, fertility, development, and wound healing. Aberrant expression of defensins is important in a number of inflammatory diseases as well as modulating host immune responses to bacteria, unicellular pathogens, and viruses. In parallel with their role in immunity, in other species, defensins have evolved alternative functions, including the control of coat color in dogs. Defensin genes reside in complex genomic regions that are prone to structural variations and some defensin family members exhibit copy number variation (CNV). Structural variations have mediated, and continue to influence, the diversification and expression of defensin family members. This review highlights the work currently being done to better understand the genomic architecture of the β-defensin locus. It evaluates current evidence linking defensin CNV to autoimmune disease (i.e., Crohn's disease and psoriasis) as well as the contribution CNV has in influencing immune responses to HIV infection.


PURPOSE
To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive urinary dehydration markers in field-based settings on a day-to-day basis in elite adolescent amateur boxers.

METHODS
Sixty-nine urine samples were collected daily from 23 athletes (17.3 ± 1.9 y) during their weight-stable phase and analyzed by field and laboratory measures of hydration status. Urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), total protein content (TPC), and body-mass stability were evaluated to determine fluid balance and hydration status. Overall macronutrient and water intake were determined using dietary records. According to their anthropometric characteristics, athletes were assigned into 2 groups: lightweight (LWB) and heavyweight (HWB) boxers.

RESULTS
Data presented on UOSM demonstrated a uniform increment by 11.2% ± 12.8% (LWB) and 19.9% ± 22.7% (HWB) (P < .001) over the course of the study, even during the weight-stable phase (body mass, ICC = .99) and ad libitum fluid intake (42 ± 4 mL · kg-1 · d-1). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .52 to .55 for USG and .38 to .52 for UOSM, further indicating inconsistency of the urinary dehydration markers. Poor correlations were found between USG and TPC metabolites (r = .27, P = .211).

CONCLUSIONS
Urinary dehydration markers (both USG and UOSM) exhibit high variability and seem to be unreliable diagnostic tools to track actual body-weight loss in real-life settings. The ad libitum fluid intake was apparently inadequate to match acute fluid loss during and after intense preparation. The applicability of a single-time-point hydration-status assessment concept may preclude accurate assessment of actual body-weight deficits in youth boxers.


Allopolyploidy is common in the homosporous fern Polystichum and may account in large part for the taxonomic complexity of the genus. Six polyploid species of Polystichum occur in North America. We addressed the origins of two tetraploids (2n = 164), P. californicum and P. scopulinum, using allozymic data for 12 loci and restriction fragment analyses of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Two hypotheses have been advanced for the origin of P. californicum: 1) the diploid progenitors are P. dudleyi and P. munitum; and 2) P. californicum is polyphyletic, with populations from California and southern Oregon derived from P. dudleyi and P. munitum and those populations from northern Oregon and Washington derived from P. dudleyi and P. imbricans. Allozymic data confirm the allotetraploid nature of P. californicum; fixed heterozygosity was observed at six loci, although only two or three loci were fixed in most populations. Polystichum californicum contains the genome of P. dudleyi, and allozymic data suggest that P. imbricans contributed the second diploid genome. CpDNA data confirm the role of P. imbricans in the origin of P. californicum; all populations of P. californicum examined, from throughout its range, possessed the chloroplast genome of P. imbricans. Polystichum scopulinum, distributed at high elevations throughout much of western North America, was also confirmed to be an allotetraploid, displaying fixed heterozygosity at six loci, although no more than five loci were fixed in any one population. Allozymic data indicate that P. lemmonii was one of the diploid parents of P. scopulinum. The chloroplast genome of all populations of P. scopulinum examined was also contributed by P. lemmonii. Allozymic data also implicate P. imbricans as the other diploid parent, rather than P. munitum as some have proposed.


The belief that code secrecy can make a system more secure is commonly known as security by obscurity. Certainly, vendors have the right to use trade secret protection for their products in order to extend ownership beyond the terms afforded under copyright and patent law. But some software systems must satisfy critical requirements under intensive challenges, and thus must be trustworthy. The following scenarios illustrate the limitations of the myth of security by obscurity. The Ostrich. Metaphorically, many people think (falsely) that ostriches put their heads in the sand in the belief that they are invisible. Some designers think that by restricting access to their system code, exploitable vulnerabilities will not be exposed. The fallacy in this line of reasoning was evident in Matt Blaze's 1994 discovery of a flaw in the Escrowed Encryption Standard (Clipper) that could be used to circumvent law-enforcement monitoring (www.risks.org, risks-16.11 and 16.12). Surprisingly, Blaze's method allowed for even easier access to secure communication through the proliferation of Clipper products than was previously possible, without access to any keys, backdoors, or weaknesses in the encryption algorithm. (Hiding cryptographic keys is of course necessarily a form of security by obscurity.) The Emperor Has No Clothes. A fabled trusted entourage agrees with a foolish assertion because each observer fears retribution. Software is not like Coca-Cola, where for decades a handful of key employees have been trusted with a secret recipe and production process. Many computer systems are constructed in environments where a host of developers, debuggers, integrators, evaluators, and end users (with shared or possibly conflicting interests) require access to the proprietary product. Each of these individuals or agencies (collectively and individually) may hold the "keys to the kingdom," not only because they have knowledge of some or all of the secret code, but because they may be aware of limitations and constrained from revealing or sharing this information. Also, organizational culture may discourage whistleblowing, even when dire consequences are possible. This happened in both space shuttle accidents, where the O-ring and debris damage problems were known within the NASA community before the fateful missions. I've Got a Secret. The ease with which digital files can be transmitted (willingly or inadvertently) compounds the software secrecy problem. Earlier this year, several proprietary voting system program files were discovered on a subcontractor's unsecured FTP site. The vendor (Diebold) argued the software subsequently reviewed at Johns Hopkins represented "a very small percentage of the entire code needed to conduct an election" (www.diebold.com/election.htm). Of course, this does not excuse the lax security that allowed the code to be downloaded from the Internet in the first place. The Shell Game. Here, a trickster uses slight-ofhand to keep an object from view. In the preceding voting system example, the Johns Hopkins analysis team found numerous security flaws in the code, one of which involved the use of a vulnerable DES encryption protocol, along with a hardcoded key in the source file (www.avirubin.com/vote.pdf). Diebold defended its system in a rebuttal report, claiming the examined software was "an older version" that had "passed rigorous functional tests and reviews" (www.diebold.com/checksandbalances.pdf). However, many election equipment tests are performed in secret, thus making it impossible to ascertain the level of rigor applied. One such reviewer, Douglas Jones, had served on Iowa's Board of Examiners and, based on his analysis of a federal test report, had asserted to Global (Diebold's predecessor) in 1997 and the House Science Committee in 2001 that inappropriate key management was being used with the firm's products (www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/dieboldacm.html). It will be difficult to know whether such problems have been adequately resolved, because Diebold plans to continue its closed-source practices. As noted here last month, open source by itself does not provide a solution to these problems. Risk assessment, examination, and testing appropriate to deployment settings are fundamental to security assurance—which should not be hampered by vendors' refusals to disclose critical components where a need to know can be demonstrated. Furthermore, customers should not cling to the false hopes of security by obscurity.


A standard two-dimensional Galerkin finite-element method (GFEM) code for coupled Navier-Stokes and energy equations is used with h -adaptive meshing based on a posteriori error estimation using the superconvergent patch recovery technique for solving a range of advection-dominated transport problems. It is demonstrated that such a method provides a highly effective, simple, and efficient way of dealing with the perennial problems in numerical modeling of advection-dominated transport, such as oscillations or wiggles with central difference-type discretizations (such as GFEM) and numerical ("false") diffusion when wiggle-suppressant schemes are used. Additionally, the auto-adaptive finite-element method provides a powerful means of achieving optimal solutions without having to predefine a mesh, which may be either inadequate or too expensive. A number of benchmark problems are presented as application examples for this method before solving a problem of natural convection in an air-filled cavity with various orientations, for which experimental results are available.


Get started with Visual C# programming with this great beginner's guide Beginning C# 6 Programming with Visual Studio 2015 provides step-by-step directions for programming with C# in the .NET framework. Beginning with programming essentials, such as variables, flow control, and object-oriented programming, this authoritative text moves into more complicated topics, such as web and Windows programming and data access within both database and XML environments. After your introduction to each of the chapters, you are invited to apply your newfound knowledge in Try it Out sections, which reinforce learning and help you understand the practical applications of the new concepts you have explored. Through this approach, you can write useful programming code following each of the steps that you explore in this essential text. Discover the basics of programming with C#, such as variables, expressions, flow control, and functions Discuss how to keep your program running smoothly through debugging and error handling Understand how to navigate your way through key programming elements, such as classes, class members, collections, comparisons, and conversions Explore object-oriented programming, web programming, and Windows programming BeginningC# 6 Programming with Visual Studio 2015 is a fundamental resource for any programmers who are new to the C# language.


Tian et al. (2007) found that the MJO-related total column ozone (O3) anomalies of 10 DU (peak-to-trough) are mainly evident over the subtropics and dynamically driven by the vertical movement of the subtropical tropopause layer. It was then hypothesized that the subtropical total column O3 anomalies are primarily associated with the O3 variabil- ity in the stratosphere rather the troposphere. In this paper, we investigate the vertical structure of MJO-related subtrop- ical O3 variations using the vertical O3 profiles from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), as well as in-situ measure- ments by the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozoneson- des (SHADOZ) project. Our analysis indicates that the subtropical O3 anomalies maximize approximately in the lower stratosphere (60-100 hPa). Furthermore, the spatial- temporal patterns of the subtropical O3 anomalies in the lower stratosphere are very similar to that of the total col- umn. In particular, they are both dynamically driven by the vertical movement of subtropical tropopause. The subtrop- ical partial O3 column anomalies between 30-200 hPa ac- counts for more than 50 % of the total O3 column anoma- lies. TES measurements show that at most 27 % of the to- tal O3 column anomalies are contributed by the tropospheric components. This indicates that the subtropical total col- umn O3 anomalies are mostly from the O3 anomalies in the lower stratosphere, which supports the hypothesis of Tian et al. (2007). The strong connection between the intraseasonal subtropical stratospheric O3 variations and the MJO implies that the stratospheric O3 variations may be predictable with similar lead times over the subtropics. Future work could involve a similar study or an O3 budget analysis using a so- phisticated chemical transport model in the near-equatorial regions where the observed MJO signals of total column O3 are weak.


This thesis considers the ways in which residents interact with street trees being placed within the context that street trees form the most significant `everyday natural street features' in local urban landscapes. Three specific facets are explored to identify the nature and importance of the 'street tree/resident relationships' namely; the relationship a resident may have when regarding the overall street scene; the relationship a resident may have when in their house or carrying out house related activities; the relationship a resident may have with street trees in a visual simulation situation. Accordingly, research describes the different spheres of contact between residents and street trees ranging from a more general interaction with them throughout the neighbourhood to the tree closest to the home. The methodology was developed in the context of the lack of any clear theory about residents' perceptions of street trees, especially in a UK situation. In particular, it acknowledges the need to combine quantitative and qualitative techniques, to ensure that areas lacking knowledge are addressed, while allowing for a deeper understanding of residents' perceptions. Appropriate methodologies are critically assessed through initial trials of householder questionnaire surveys and visual simulation techniques in order to ascertain whether methods utilised elsewhere, particularly the USA, are appropriate in the UK including a critique of other visual simulation methods to introduce robust visual simulation survey techniques. These exploited digital photography to develop realistic images, to apply tree scenarios to real street backgrounds and to control variables. Residents in a carefully selected case study area were subsequently engaged in a householder postal questionnaire, face-to-face interviews and a visual simulation survey with each approach intended to meet specific needs of the research. Using these approaches the study integrated findings to gain an in-depth understanding of residents' perceptions. Findings reveal; that a complex, generally positive, relationship exists between urban residents, the road in which they live and the street trees growing within it, that residents express strong opinions about street trees demonstrating a relationship that is both complex and profound; such describes how street trees are considered as significant territorial symbols of residents' home life offering a wide ranging list of benefits meeting their spiritual, aesthetic and practical needs. In the context of current UK arboricultural practice the findings are revelatory for the arboricultural mindset which, in the UK, has tended to focus on the environmental, biological, legal and maintenance issues of street trees rather than the needs of the people who live alongside them. It is anticipated that findings will help to better equip urban tree managers and allied professionals to establish policies that are mutually beneficial for trees and citizens; raise awareness of potential conflicts; and contribute towards clear strategic direction for street tree planting and maintenance.


This the first comprehensive study of the eighteenth-century German Rosicrucian revival and, in particular, of the Gold und Rosenkreuz (Golden and Rosy Cross) order. It examines the order's relationship to the Enlightenment and its influence on the cultural, political and religious life of its age.


To generate a product metaphor, designers must select a source, discern a property (or properties) of this source, and transfer this property to the product they design. The selection of any source in particular is affected by the extent to which it represents the meaning the designer intends to convey (i.e., its salience), and the strength of its association with the product (i.e., relatedness). In this paper, we tested how different levels of salience and relatedness influenced source selection in a study conducted with design students. The results indicate that a source was chosen only when it had the intended meaning as a highly salient property, and was highly related to the target product. It was also found that being novel yet understandable, having application potential, and creating a complete, functional product were also considered as source selection criteria by designers. This study aims to relate linguistic theories on metaphors to the domain of product design, and help to clarify how designers create comprehensible and aesthetic metaphors.


Coherent optical adaptive techniques (COAT) offer promise for overcoming the deleterious effects of phase distortions experienced by optical beams propagating through distorting optics or via a turbulent and absorbing atmosphere. The theory of four classes of such systems, which employ similar multidither principles, is explored. Many modes of operating these systems are briefly reviewed and a detailed analysis of the most widely employed—a glint referencing system with sinusoidal dithers—is developed. A servo signal-to-noise analysis indicates how the optimum choice of dither magnitude depends on the system noise.


Intergroup relations are characterised by favourable and unfavourable biases. Towards one's own group these biases are mostly favourable – ingroup favouritism. Research has, however, shown that outgroup favouritism, that is, the preference for a group to which the person does not belong, also permeates intergroup relations. Several theories such as social identity theory, social dominance theory, and system justification theory offer explanations of the dynamics of intergroup relations and biases. Despite not strictly being a theory of intergroup relations, right-wing authoritarianism also offers an explanation of intergroup bias by accounting for prejudice and ethnocentrism. Likewise, ideological conservatism has been shown to influence intergroup relations. Based within these theories, this dissertation attempts to explain the social-psychological mechanisms regulating in- and outgroup favouritism. More specifically, Study I examines issues of power and legitimacy in relation to social perception and gender. Studies II and III examine the relationships between social psychological variables and affirmative action, which is aimed at diminishing inequalities between social groups. Together, the studies showed that gender plays a role in intergroup bias, both as an independent variable and as an object of social discrimination. Conservative ideologies predicted ingroup favouritism, but variably. Attitudes towards affirmative action were influenced by the way this issue is semantically framed. The results are discussed in relation to the theories of intergroup relations exposed above and the pertinent issue of attitude ambivalence in understanding outgroup favouritism.


Abstract. The ability of a data assimilation system to deal effectively
with nonlinearities arising from the prognostic model or the relationship
between the control variables and the available observations has received a
lot of attention in theoretical studies based on very simplified test models.
Less work has been done to quantify the importance of nonlinearities in
operational, state-of-the-art global data assimilation systems. In this paper
we analyse the nonlinear effects present in ECMWF 4D-Var and evaluate the
ability of the incremental formulation to solve the nonlinear assimilation
problem in a realistic NWP environment. We find that nonlinearities have
increased over the years due to a combination of increased model resolution
and the ever-growing importance of observations that are nonlinearly related
to the state. Incremental 4D-Var is well suited for dealing with these
nonlinear effects, but at the cost of increasing the number of outer loop
relinearisations. We then discuss strategies for accommodating the increasing
number of sequential outer loops in the tight schedules of operational global
NWP.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between aggressions and perceived of social support among university students in Jordan. A sample of 919 students from the University of Jordan answered selfreported questionnaires including the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The results showed that 51.3% of the university students had high levels of aggression, and they reported moderate perception of perceived social support. The level of aggression among male students was higher than female students, while female students had higher perception of perceived social support compared with male students. The results also showed negative correlation between aggression and perceived social support (r= -.22, p< 0.001).The perceived social support from family had significant negative correlations with all domains of aggression. These findings indicated to enhance the perceived social support among university students through engaging them in peer support groups or extracurricular activities. Further studies are needed to explore additional ways that strengthen the social support received from family and friends.


Abstract. Signals of two Japanese transmitters (22.2 kHz and 40 kHz) recorded on the ground VLF/LF station in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and on board the DEMETER French satellite have been analyzed during a seismic activity in Japan in May–June 2008. The period of analysis was from 18 April to 27 June. During this time two rather large earthquakes occurred in the north part of Honshu Island – 7 May (M=6.8) and 13 June (M=6.9). The ground and satellite data were processed by a method based on the difference between the real signal in nighttime and the model one. For ground observations a clear decrease in both signals has been found several days before the first earthquake. For the second earthquake anomalies were detected only in JJI signal. The epicenters of earthquakes were in reliable reception zone of 40 kHz signal on board the DEMETER. Signal enhancement above the seismic active region and significant signal intensity depletion in the magnetically conjugate area has been found for satellite observation before the first earthquake. Anomalies in satellite data coincide in time with those in the ground-based observation.


A more realistic object detection paradigm, Open-World Object Detection, has arisen increasing research interests in the community recently. A qualified open-world object detector can not only identify objects of known categories, but also discover unknown objects, and incrementally learn to categorize them when their annotations progressively arrive. Previous works rely on independent modules to recognize unknown categories and perform incremental learning, respectively. In this paper, we provide a unified perspective: Semantic Topology. During the life-long learning of an open-world object detector, all object instances from the same category are assigned to their corresponding pre-defined node in the semantic topology, including the `unknown' category. This constraint builds up discriminative feature representations and consistent relationships among objects, thus enabling the detector to distinguish unknown objects out of the known categories, as well as making learned features of known objects undistorted when learning new categories incrementally. Extensive experiments demonstrate that semantic topology, either randomly-generated or derived from a well-trained language model, could outperform the current state-of-the-art open-world object detectors by a large margin, e.g., the absolute open-set error is reduced from 7832 to 2546, exhibiting the inherent superiority of semantic topology on open-world object detection.


There have been no shortage of reviews, evaluations and audits of police performance in South Africa over the past decade. This article provides a detailed description of the key findings of a number of reviews relating to the role and function of the SAPS. A closer reading of these reviews points to considerable agreement about the systemic weaknesses that confront the police organisation today. What is problematised in this article is the apparent inability and/or unwillingness of senior leadership to address the organisational defects through deliberative and concerted interventions. This lack of action has dire consequences for both the police organisation and the communities it is supposed to serve.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments with FK506 (tacrolimus), an immunosuppressive drug that specifically inhibits T cell activation, and methotrexate (MTX) on inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 levels in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA).

METHODS
AIA was induced in female Lewis rats. Arthritis was assessed by hindpaw swelling. TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in paw extracts were determined by ELISA. To assess the effects on cytokine levels, rats were treated prophylactically with FK506 (3 mg/kg) or MTX (0.1 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 17, and therapeutically with FK506 (5 mg/kg) or MTX (1 mg/kg) from day 15 to day 17 (3-day treatment) or day 15 to 20 (6-day treatment) by oral administration.

RESULTS
TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in paw tissue were found to significantly increase between day 15 and day 21 after adjuvant injection, when the arthritis was in a developed stage. Prophylactic treatment with FK506 and MTX suppressed arthritis and reduced the levels of those inflammatory cytokines. FK506 caused a marked reduction of TNF-a and IL-1beta levels in paw tissue even in short-term (3-day) therapeutic treatment. It reduced all levels of TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in paws in 6-day therapeutic treatment. In contrast, therapeutic treatment with MTX affected neither TNF-a or IL-6 levels in paws. MTX reduced IL-1beta levels only in the 6-day treatment.

CONCLUSION
FK506 is more effective than MTX in reducing elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in established stages of AIA. Our findings suggest that inhibition of T cell activation results in a rapid reduction of inflammatory cytokine levels even after the arthritis is established in AIA.


This paper is focused on mapping the current evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) and its associated cyber risks for the Industry 4.0 (I4.0) sector. We report the results of a qualitative empirical study that correlates academic literature with 14 - I4.0 frameworks and initiatives. We apply the grounded theory approach to synthesise the findings from our literature review, to compare the cyber security frameworks and cyber security quantitative impact assessment models, with the world leading I4.0 technological trends. From the findings, we build a new impact assessment model of IoT cyber risk in Industry 4.0. We therefore advance the efforts of integrating standards and governance into Industry 4.0 and offer a better understanding of economics impact assessment models for I4.0.


Previous histories of the establishment of Spanish rule in Louisiana have centered primarily on its first two officials, Governor Antonio de Ulloa and Captain-General Alejandro O'Reilly. This work focuses on Luis de Unzaga y Amezaga, governor of Spanish Louisiana from 1770 to 1776. It challenges previous interpretations of Unzaga's tenure which have traditionally viewed the Bourbon Reforms as detrimental to the colony and viewed the governor as merely benign and transitional in the colony's history. Comparison of shipping records and governor's records from Cuba and Louisiana indicate that the colony actually maintained the same volume of shipping with Havana that other portions of empire did and that it often received exceptional freedoms unavailable to the remainder of empire. The colonial documents show that Unzaga integrated the colony's economy into the new reforms and that he fostered domestic industry. Treasury records also attest to the governor's stewardship which filled Louisiana's failing coffers. An exploration of the judicial records and correspondence of the post commandants points to a stabilized population re-oriented toward the rule of Spanish law because of the governor's conciliatory diplomacy. Unzaga's abilities also aided in establishing alliances with formerly hostile Indians and maintaining peace with the British under difficult circumstances. This dissertation argues that effective implementation of the Bourbon Reforms in Spanish Louisiana took place not in 1769-1770 with Alejandro O'Reilly, but in the arduous seven-year administration of Luis de Unzaga y Amezaga.


We examined the separate and interactive effects of light, nutrients, and zooplanktivorous fish on phytoplankton nutrient stoichiometry, taxonomic richness, community composition, and the associations among these variables. We manipulated light supply, nutrient supply, and zooplanktivorous fish (presence or absence), in a factorial design using mesocosms containing regional phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages. C : N and C : P were highest under high nutrients and high light. We observed interactive effects on the relative abundance of major phytoplankton taxa. Chlorophytes were most abundant in the majority of the treatments, although cyanobacteria dominated under high light, low nutrients, and with fish present. Cryptomonads were rare in all but the low‐light, high‐nutrient treatment. Relative abundance of diatoms was negatively affected by light, but only in the presence of fish. Chlorophyte relative abundance (% chlorophytes) was positively correlated with seston C : P, while relative abundances of diatoms and cryptomonads were negatively correlated with C : P. Phytoplankton taxon richness was positively associated with both % chlorophytes and seston C : P, and the number of chlorophyte taxa increased disproportionately with total taxon richness. Assemblage‐level stoichiometric responses may be driven not only by direct responses to resource supply ratios, but also by algal community response. In particular, factors that increase taxonomic richness and both the richness and biomass of chlorophytes also result in increased seston C : P. Our results suggest strong feedbacks between phytoplankton community composition and stoichiometry, induced by interactive effects of light, nutrients, and predators.


Automatic audio-visual speech recognition currently lags behind its audio-only counterpart in terms of major progress. One of the reasons commonly cited by researchers is the scarcity of suitable research corpora. This paper details the creation of a new corpus designed for continuous audio-visual speech recognition research . TCD-TIMIT consists of high-quality audio and video footage of 62 speakers reading a total of 6913 phonetically rich sentences. Three of the speakers are professionally-trained lipspeakers, recorded to test the hypothesis that lipspeakers may have an advantage over regular speakers in automatic visual speech recognition systems. Video footage was recorded from two angles: straight on, and at 30°. The paper outlines the recording of footage, and the required post-processing to yield video and audio clips for each sentence. Audio, visual, and joint audio-visual baseline experiments are reported. Separate experiments were run on the lipspeaker and non-lipspeaker data, and the results compared. Visual and audio-visual baseline results on the non-lipspeakers were low overall. Results on the lipspeakers were found to be significantly higher. It is hoped that as a publicly available database, TCD-TIMIT will now help further state of the art in audio-visual speech recognition research.


Abstract Dual/multiple language use has been shown to affect cognition and its neural substrate, although the replicability of such findings varies, partially due to neglecting the role of interindividual variability in bilingual experience. To address this, we operationalized the main bilingual experience factors as continuous variables, investigating their effects on executive control performance and neural substrate deploying a Flanker task and structural magnetic resonance imaging. First, higher L2 proficiency predicted better executive performance. Second, neuroimaging results indicated that bilingualism-related neuroplasticity may peak at a certain stage of bilingual experience and eventually revert, possibly following functional specialization. Importantly, experienced bilinguals optimized behavioral performance independently of volumetric variations, suggesting a degree of performance gain even with lower GMV. Hence, the effects of bilingualism on cognition may evolve with experience, with improvements in functional efficiency eventually replacing structural changes. We conclude that individual differences in bilingual experience modulate cognitive and neural consequences of bilingualism.


Logical hidden Markov models (LOHMMs) upgrade traditional hidden Markov models to deal with sequences of structured symbols in the form of logical atoms, rather than flat characters.

This note formally introduces LOHMMs and presents solutions to the three central inference problems for LOHMMs: evaluation, most likely hidden state sequence and parameter estimation. The resulting representation and algorithms are experimentally evaluated on problems from the domain of bioinformatics.


The use of language can be a potent site of postcolonial resistance, despite--and, perhaps, because of--how often it has been used as a tool of imperialist stratification. The way a person speaks, including characteristics such as accent and diction, is generally held to express identity and to mark a certain social position; yet, language itself is fluid, trans-mittable, transmutable. Language is often the first of the trappings of imperialism that the colonized are forced to adopt; nevertheless, they are intended never fully to appropriate it, but rather to speak in a way that is, in the terms of Homi Bhabha, "almost the same but not quite" (126 emphasis original). By speaking the colonial language while retaining an accent and a diction that differentiate them from the colonizers, post-colonial subjects are supposed to reflect the colonial presence without appropriating it. Thus, postcolonial subjects represent the power of the colonizer while signaling that they themselves are outside of it, subordinated to it. The subordination described here is a product of a colonial system that invests in national and ethnic identity categories designed to reinforce a social hierarchy even as those categories are presented as natural or essential. This system must hide its arbitrary nature, including the fixed categories and the hierarchical social order that it constructs; its power relies upon its uncritical and tacit acceptance. An opportunity for resistance, however, appears in a certain dynamic where variation can call attention to the silent hegemony and thereby robs it of its uncontested status. This dynamic has been described by Bhabha in his theory of mimicry, but it has also been explicated more thoroughly by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu in his extensive study of doxa, the set of beliefs and customs that enjoy implicit hegemony, and doxa's disruption by heterodoxy. The relationship between the work of the two theorists will be examined in this article with particular attention paid to the ways Bourdieu can illuminate Bhabha's work and prove very useful to this analysis and to postcolonaial studies more broadly. The argument I take up here is that through parodic performances, which call into question both the neatness of putative ethnic identity categories and their easy signification through linguistic markers, postcolonial subjects can problematize the assumptions of the hegemonic system, expose its arbitrary construction, and thereby weaken it. This article examines the ways Jackson Phillip, a character in Derek Walcott's 1978 play Pantomime, subverts dominant axioms regarding ethnic identity. Walcott himself is widely considered to be masterful both in the elegance of his verbal expression and in its political critique. Seamus Heaney observes, "Walcott possesses English more deeply and sonorously than most of the English themselves. ... And in spite of the sheen off those lines, I suspect he is not so much interested in the 'finish' of his work as in its drive" (307). For the purposes of this argument, then, I read Walcott's virtuosity as mindful, mainly concerned with the action of his work, with its exposure and disruption of the reader's assumptions, particularly those regarding ethnicity. Biodun Jeyifo introduces us to some of Pantomimes main engagements to this end: What powers [Jackson's iconoclastic] impulse is the thinking that 'white' omination is not only political and socio-economic; it is also, or aspires to, total effectivity in the naming of things, in signifying and explanatory systems. In other words, it seeks to be an epistemic order of control and manipulation. ... Jackson Philip [sic] in particular deploy[s] a surfeit of brilliant, witty conceits and tropes to debunk this epistemic, no-menclatural hegemony. (378) Concerns about language come to the fore in the work of Pierre Bourdieu, whose analyses of power dynamics within societies, and of their perpetuation through through hegemonic worldviews, are of urgent relevance--especially as they suggest how these dynamics can be resisted and even disabled. …


In recent years, a growing emphasis has been given to the impact of infrastructure on economy, society and environment as well as to the sustainability of infrastructure projects. The Inter-American Development Bank, a major driver of infrastructure development in Latin America, has partnered with the China International Contractors Association (CHINCA) to advocate for sustainable development as a strategy to boost the comprehensive competitiveness of its members. With a shared vision to promote sustainable infrastructure, CHINCA and IDB will intensify collaboration and offer an impetus and guidance for Chinese contractors to invest in and undertake sustainable infrastructure projects in Latin America and the Caribbean.


Callus induction was tried with leaf explants (third leaf from top of canopy) harvested from in situ control and supplementary UV-B irradiated (UV-B = 2 hours daily @ 12.2 kJ m -2 d -1 ; ambient = 10 kJ m -2 d -1 ) three varieties of green gram viz. CO-8, NVL-585 and VAMBAN-2 to study their viability for germplam conservation. Callus induction occurred both in control and UV-B stressed NVL-585 leaf explants. VAMBAN-2 both in unstressed and UV-B stressed conditions did not initiate callus. Only control leaf explants from CO-8 proliferated callus. Callus of UV-B irradiated NVL-585 weighed less (51.28 %) than control. Parenchyma cells were smaller in callus inducted from in situ UV-B exposed NVL-585 leaf explants. The leaf explants from UV-B stressed NVL-585 varieties of green gram responded to in vitro callus proliferation making them fit for germplasm conservation for cultivating in UV-B elevated environment. Int J ApplSci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 82-91


Restoring the Chain of Memory describes and analyses the writings and records compiled by the notable linguist, T.G.H. Strehlow (1908–1978), on Australian Aboriginal Religions, particularly as practised by the Arrernte of Central Australia. During numerous research trips between 1932 and 1966, the local Indigenous Arrernte Elders entrusted him with sacred objects, allowed him to film their secret rituals and record their songs, partly because he was regarded as one of them, an 'insider', who they believed would help preserve their ancient traditions in the face of threats posed by outside forces. Strehlow characterized Arrernte society as 'personal monototemism in a polytotemic community'. This concept provides an important insight into understanding how Arrernte society was traditionally organized and how the societal structure was re-enforced by carefully organized rituals. Strehlow's research into this complex societal system is here examined both in terms of its meaning and current application and with reference to how the societal structure traditionally was interwoven into religious understandings of the world. It exemplifies precisely how the 'insider-outsider' problem is embodied in one individual: he was accepted by the Arrernte people as an insider who used this knowledge to interpret Arrernte culture for non-Indigenous audiences (outsiders). This volume documents how Strehlow's works are contributing to the current repatriation by Australian Aboriginal leaders of rituals, ancient songs, meanings associated with sacred objects and genealogies, much of which by the 1950s had been lost through the processes of colonization, missionary influences and Australian governmental interference in the lives of Indigenous societies.


Hormone therapy (HT) used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms has been associated with an increased incidence of hormone dependent cancers. Therefore, many women turned to botanical dietary supplements. Previous studies have shown that estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation initiates cell proliferation, potentially leading to the development of cancer. It is believed that ERβ agonists do not initiate cell proliferation suggesting a better safety profile. The primary goal of this study was to compare the ERα and ERβ activities of popular botanicals such as: hops (Humulus lupulus), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), G. uralensis (GU), G. inflata (GI)), along with their respective active compounds, 8-prenylnaringenin, genistein, liquiritigenin(LigF)/isoliquiritigenin (LigC) [GG,GU, GI], and licochalcone A (LicA) [GI]. In ERα Ishikawa endometrial cells, hops and red clover induced estrogen responsive alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and act as full ERα agonists. The three licorice species also induced AP activity; however, they exhibited partial agonist effects with GI being the most potent. Similarly,8-PN showed the highest ERα potency and full agonist activity followed by genistein, LigF/LigC,and LicA. Among the extracts, red clover and GI showed 10 times better potency in the ERE-luciferase assay in ERβ MDA-MB-231/B41 cells compared to ERα cells. While LigF, and LicA were partial ERβ agonists, 8-PN had no ERβ activity. Genistein is the most potent ERβ phytoestrogen and is a full agonist. These data suggest that while hops and 8-PN, have highly potent ERα effects, licorice and its compounds have partial effects for ERα and ERβ. The most potent licorice species, GI, displayed selectivity for ERβ warranting further studies to determine the presence of an unknown ERβ agonist. The ERβ selectivity and the potency of genistein in red clover suggest that red clover may be a relatively safe menopausal remedy.


The #1 Easy, Commonsense Guide to Database Design! Michael J. Hernandezs best-selling Database Design for Mere Mortals has earned worldwide respect as the clearest, simplest way to learn relational database design. Now, hes made this hands-on, software-independent tutorial even easier, while ensuring that his design methodology is still relevant to the latest databases, applications, and best practices. Step by step, Database Design for Mere Mortals , Third Edition, shows you how to design databases that are soundly structured, reliable, and flexible, even in modern web applications. Hernandez guides you through everything from database planning to defining tables, fields, keys, table relationships, business rules, and views. Youll learn practical ways to improve data integrity, how to avoid common mistakes, and when to break the rules. Coverage includes Understanding database types, models, and design terminology Discovering what good database design can do for youand why bad design can make your life miserable Setting objectives for your database, and transforming those objectives into real designs Analyzing a current database so you can identify ways to improve it Establishing table structures and relationships, assigning primary keys, setting field specifications, and setting up views Ensuring the appropriate level of data integrity for each application Identifying and establishing business rules Whatever relational database systems you use, Hernandez will help you design databases that are robust and trustworthy. Never designed a database before? Settling for inadequate generic designs? Running existing databases that need improvement? Start here.


Several fermentation methods for the production of the enzyme dextransucrase have been employed. The theoretical aspects of these fermentation techniques have been given in the early chapters of this thesis together with a brief overview of enzyme biotechnology. A literature survey on cell recycle fermentation has been carried out followed by a survey report on dextransucrase production, purification and the reaction mechanism of dextran biosynthesis. The various experimental apparatus as employed in this research are described in detail. In particular, emphasis has been given to the development of continuous cell recycle fermenters. On the laboratory scale, fed-batch fermentations under anaerobic low agitation conditions resulted in dextransucrase activities of about 450 DSU/cm3 which are much higher than the yields reported in the literature and obtained under aerobic conditions. In conventional continuous culture the dilution rate was varied in the range between 0.375 h-1 to 0.55 h-1. The general pattern observed from the data obtained was that the enzyme activity decreased with increase in dilution rate. In these experiments the maximum value of enzyme activity was ∼74 DSU/cm3. Sparging the fermentation broth with CO2 in continuous culture appears to result in a decrease in enzyme activity. In continuous total cell recycle fermentations high steady state biomass levels were achieved but the enzyme activity was low, in the range 4 - 27 DSU/cm3. This fermentation environment affected the physiology of the microorganism. The behaviour of the cell recycle system employed in this work together with its performance and the factors that affected it are discussed in the relevant chapters. By retaining the whole broth leaving a continuous fermenter for between 1.5 - 4 h under controlled conditions, the enzyme activity was enhanced with a certain treatment from 86 DSU/cm3 to 180 DSU/cm3 which represents a 106% increase over the enzyme activity achieved by a steady-state conventional chemostat. A novel process for dextran production has been proposed based on the findings of this latter part of the experimental work.


The purpose of this study was to examine age and gender differences in waist-stature ratio (WSR) as a measure of centripetal fat patterning in Nigerian children. A cross-sectional study of 2015 children, aged 9-12 years of age who were attending primary schools in Makurdi, Nigeria was undertaken. Anthropometric measurements included body mass, stature and waist circumference. WSR decreased with age in boys (p ≤ 0.05) with the mean WSR being significantly higher at age nine (p ≤ 0.05) compared to girls. The girls had significant lower WSR (p ≤ 0.001) at age 11 compared to boys. No significant differences in WSR were found at ages 10 and 12 in both boys and girls. The proportion of children whose WSR exceeded the 0.500 boundary value was for boys, 9.85% and girls 17.75%. Compared to the boys, girls had higher proportional WSR (5.28% and 6.56%) exceeding 0.500 cut-off values at ages 10 and 11, respectively. Inconsistent gender differences in WSR ≤ 0.500 were observed in both categories of children at all ages. The prevalence of WSR ≤ 0.500 was evident in this sample at all ages, suggesting the existence of central body fatness in the children. The findings demonstrate that WSR can be used as an alternative measure to body mass index to screen children for risk of metabolic disorders. Key words: Waist circumference, waist-to-stature ratio, central fatness, children.


Velocity and property observations were made during February and March 1995 as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) Hydrographic Program (WHP) expedition in the Indian Ocean. The observed circulation in the upper 300 m of the ocean during the northeast monsoon is compared to the output of a high‐resolution, 3‐layer, nonlinear model forced by European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) winds. The data identify several new features in the Bay of Bengal: a shelf‐break coastal current in the northeast corner, an eddy and subsurface jet near the South Preparis Channel, and an eastward countercurrent extending from 80°E to the eastern boundary. The countercurrent transports high‐salinity surface water from the northwest Indian Ocean into the bay, and separates the historically observed North Equatorial Current into two currents with separate sources and water properties. The data also detail the spatial structure of the South Equatorial Current and Countercurrent, and show the Equatorial Undercurrent in the eastern half of the Indian Ocean. The model compares well enough with the data to suggest that such realistic models may provide a useful temporal context for the WHP snapshot.


In this paper, I investigate how Minh, as an immigrant mother, accepts, resists, and transforms
available Korean cultural discourses about mothering. With the goal of exploring and understanding
the discourses about mothering that pertain to immigrant families in Korea, I examine how local,
national, and international histories of race, gender, class, citizenship, nationality, and culture shape
the discourses of mothering in Korea. Through this process, the paper addresses the intersection
between the discourses about mothering and marriage-labor immigrant families in the Korean context.
To examine disparities and contradictions that emerged from my multiple ethnographic interviews
with Minh between 2013 and 2015, I use Bakhtin's idea of heteroglossia as an analytic tool. The
paper concludes by discussing the need for establishing renewed perspectives on the role of
"Koreanness," the complexities of marriage-labor immigrants' lifeworlds, and mothering as cultural,
emotional, and affective labor.


This research background in IAIN Palangka Raya as one of the colleges that there is a container for printing human resources and potentional knowledgeable in the world of work. One of the graduate printed is a graduate of the Faculty of Economics and Business Islam with competence in the Islamic finance. But the facts on the ground are not little public data show that graduates become more dominant than the employees in Islamic banking scholars who really has the educational background of Islamic economics. The problem begins with the researcher tried to explore data about the SWOT analysis of the needs of potential economic scholars of sharia in Islamic banking city of Palangka Raya. The problem in this research are 1) Strength, 2) weakness, 3) opportunities, 4) the threats facing prospective Bachelor of Islamic Economics IAIN Palangka Raya on Islamic Banking city of Palangka Raya and 5) How can the application of a SWOT analysis in developing prospective Bachelor of Islamic Economics IAIN Palangka Raya Britain on Islamic Banking city of Palangka Raya. This study used qualitative research methods, the research subject is the faculty of economics and business of Islamic banking Islamic and 4 cities Palangka Raya ie BMI, BSM, BRIS and BPR Mitra Amanah. Data collection techniques through, observation, interviews and documentation; validating data through triangulation techniques, then the data analyzed by data reduction, a data display and conclusion verification. The results of this study are 1) The strength of a. have a basic knowledge of Islamic banking b. have a scholarly foundation related to Islamic financial institutions c. Output Islamic scholars who are experts in Islamic economics. 2) The weakness in terms of academic, SDM Teachers, curriculum learning, relationship. While the non-academic terms that mindset is still low degree candidate. 3) Opportunities have added value, priority religion, knowledge about Islamic banking contract-agreement, an understanding of the products; have communication skills and proficiency in a polite and courteous and knowledge in the field of Islamic religion. 4) Threats to the economy in the banking degree candidate is not looking at the educational background, dressed and physical conditions prescribed for frontline staff. 5) The results of a SWOT analysis required by prospective students of Islamic Economics Iain Palangka Raya on Islamic banking: a. Internal 1) Improving the teaching of human resources. 2) Development of the learning curriculum. 3) improve the relationship in the field of education. 4) Provide training in human resource development sharia economics degree candidate b. External Improving student mindset to be able to develop themselves independent, creative, innovative and high work ethic.


In this thesis the problem of planning under uncertainty is examined. A classification of uncertainty is given with the purpose of identifying those areas where traditional methods for planning under uncertainty fail to prescribe suitable courses of action. Traditional planning methods have increasingly proved inadequate in their handling of the uncertainty inherent in complex and turbulent environments. Methodologies suitable to planning under uncertainty should attempt to preserve future flexibility, by keeping options open for later resolution. This thesis describes the development of Scenario-Robustness Methodology (SRM), a flexible methodology for planning under uncertainty. SRM uses scenario analysis to develop altemative futures, and robustness analysis to determine the most flexible options under those futures, for both the short and long term. A new criterion is proposed for evaluating the consequences of initial decisions in terms both of the positive options which are maintained and of the undesirable options still left open. This criterion is a composite measure which enables decision-makers to give relative weights to positive outcomes (robustness) or negative outcomes (debility), by varying a key parameter. A number of alternative measures of uncertainty which may be employed in a planning situation characterized by a set of initial decisions and a set of altemative future scenarios, are also examined. The coefficient of concordance W is found to be the most useful of such measures. An example is given of the application of SRM to an HIV/AIDS-related resource allocation problem. Planning for HIV/AIDS is selected as a suitable area of application because of the uncertainties surrounding the nature of the disease, the availability of treatments and their timing, and the size of the planned for population. SRM is used to assist in structuring the problem and to identify those initial commitments which are preferable in terms of flexibility. The problem structuring capability of SRM is of particular value since it initiates a process of reflection and negotiation which helps to incorporate in the analysis, in addition to flexibility, other relevant factors which will shape the final selection of an appropriate course of action.


Franz Kafka was one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. His writing contributed greatly to existentialism, and the term "Kafkaesque" is now synonymous with the literature of the surreal, the complex, and the illogical. His works sustained themes of violence, family conflict, bizarre and all-powerful bureaucracies, and fantastical transformations. However, in Kafka, Angry Poet, Pascale Casanova looks past the customary analyses of Kafka's work and dives deep into his mind, examining his motives rather than the results. She bravely asks the question, "What if Kafka were the most radical of social critics? What if he had actually attempted to pull the wool over our eyes with narratives that are, in fact, subtly deceptive?" The hypothesis she develops is that Kafka began with an awareness of the tragic fate of the German-speaking Jews of early twentieth-century Prague and was subsequently led to reflect on other forms of power, such as male dominance and colonial oppression. The stories produced as a result were traps for the unwary, throwing the reader off the scent with the use of unreliable and even deceitful narrators. Curiously, says Casanova, it is not in literature that one finds the answers to these questions but in German ethnology, a field which, as an intellectual of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kafka knew well. Through her detailed research, Casanova shows us a combative Kafka who is at once ethnologist and investigator, unstintingly denouncing all forms of domination with the kind of tireless rage that was his hallmark. In so doing, she sheds light on the deep-seated reasons for Kafka's anger.


The shear alignment of lamellae-forming diblock copolymers in thin films is examined using coarse-grained Langevin dynamics simulations. We investigate how lamellar orientation is affected by the shear rate, and interactions between polymer segments and the confining surfaces. For neutral confining surfaces, we find that above a critical stress, lamellae melt and reform in the direction of the shear (perpendicular to the walls), irrespective of their initial orientation. The time needed for reorientation was four times longer when the initial configuration was parallel to the walls, relative to lamellae initially oriented perpendicular to both the walls and the shear direction. When the surface–block interactions become non-neutral, there is critical interaction strength above which the perpendicular orientation is no longer favored, because of enthalpic contributions of one block preferentially wetting the non-neutral surface. The formation of parallel lamellae in films under shear requires a smaller degree of preferential interfacial interactions if both confining surfaces are non-neutral. The film thickness affects the rate of lamellar reorientation as well as the lamellar periodicity. Overall, our results are in good agreement with experimental findings and provide insights into how to use shear to control alignment of lamellar structures in thin films.