Child abuse became a public issue in the early 1970s. The alleged failure of social workers and welfare agencies to prevent children being killed by their parents and caretakers led to changes in the practice and organisation in child abuse work. The way public inquiries and government departments framed the problem of child abuse produced solutions which were essentially legalistic and bureaucratic. No longer was the aim to rehabilitate poorly functioning families, but to protect children from dangerous parents. But in order to achieve this aim, it was first necessary to identify the factors that would allow child protection agencies to recognise which families were dangerous and which were not. Once these factors were identified, it was possible to develop administrative systems that would facilitate the collection and analysis of information obtained during the investigation of suspected families. These systems allowed welfare agencies to identify 'high risk' cases. During the translation of the problem of child abuse into a set of judicial and bureaucratic procedures, therapeutically orientated professional practices found themselves out-manoeuvered. The translation witnessed the production of social workers as 'passive agents', a new cognitive perspective on the problem of child abuse, and a contribution to the bureaucratisation of child care practice.


MatchGUI software, based on MATLAB, automatically matches two images and displays the match result by superimposing one image on the other. A slider bar allows focus to shift between the two images. There are tools for zoom, auto-crop to overlap region, and basic image markup. Given a pair of ortho-rectified images (focused primarily on Mars orbital imagery for now), this software automatically co-registers the imagery so that corresponding image pixels are aligned. MatchGUI requires minimal user input, and performs a registration over scale and inplane rotation fully automatically


Our understanding of the transition from school to work has traditionally been underpinned by a three-stage model. This is one in which the first stage is a preparatory one, where the focus is on school, followed by a second transition stage and ending in a third stage, the successful entry to work. This is a model that has been challenged by work from the 'cultural studies' school but still informs much contemporary work. The study of freelance dancers' entry into work reveals a very different experience of the transition. Rather than a sequence of experiences of school, preparation for work and then entry into established employment, the dancer's experience is one of coterminus experiences of work, vocational training and family life that can start before the entry into primary education. This represents a serious challenge to the three-stage model as a general model for conceptualising transitions. Using the experience of the dancers and building on the work of Becker and Wyn, this paper explores how the concept of belonging points the way forward towards a more comprehensive conceptualisation of the transition.


Many actors—including scientists, journalists, artists, and campaigning organizations—create visualizations of climate change. In doing so, they evoke climate change in particular ways, and make the issue meaningful in everyday discourse. While a diversity of climate change imagery exists, particular types of climate imagery appear to have gained dominance, promoting particular ways of knowing about climate change (and marginalizing others). This imagery, and public engagement with this imagery, helps to shape the cultural politics of climate change in important ways. This article critically reviews the nascent research area of the visual representations of climate change, and public engagement with visual imagery. It synthesizes a diverse body of research to explore visual representations and engagement across the news media, NGO communications, advertising, and marketing, climate science, art, and virtual reality systems. The discussion brings together three themes which occur throughout the review: time, truth, and power. The article concludes by suggesting fruitful directions for future research in the visual communication of climate change. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:73–87. doi: 10.1002/wcc.249


It is widely acknowledged that stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms can efficiently find models of satisfiable formulae for the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem. There has been much interest in studying SLS algorithms on random k-SAT instances. Compared to random 3-SAT instances which have special statistical properties rendering them easy to solve, random k-SAT instances with long clauses are similar to structured ones and remain very difficult. This paper is devoted to efficient SLS algorithms for random k-SAT instances with long clauses. By combining a novel variable property subscore with the commonly used property score, we design a scoring function named comprehensive score, which is utilized to develop a new SLS algorithm called CScoreSAT. The experiments show that CScoreSAT outperforms state-of-the-art SLS solvers, including the winners of recent SAT competitions, by one to two orders of magnitudes on large random 5-SAT and 7-SAT instances. In addition, CScoreSAT significantly outperforms its competitors on random k-SAT instances for each k = 4; 5; 6; 7 from SAT Challenge 2012, which indicates its robustness.


Introduction: Repeater F‐waves are sometimes seen in routine studies. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical significance of repeater F‐waves in median, ulnar, and fibular nerve recordings in 50 healthy subjects and groups of 50 patients each with diabetic polyneuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar mononeuropathy, and L5 root lesion. The number of identical F‐waves and their repetitions in samples of 20 stimuli were estimated. Results: Repeater F‐waves occurred significantly more frequently in all nerves and patient groups than in healthy individuals. Their persistence was negatively correlated with that of non‐repeater F‐waves. Conclusions: Based on the presented material and recording condition it appears that repeater F‐waves differentiate between health and disease but not between different types of pathology of motor neurons or their axons. Even in routinely recorded samples of 20 traces, the index of repeater all F‐waves could be used as a sign of nerve pathology. Muscle Nerve, 2012


In the summer 2010 Western Russia was hit by an extraordinary heat wave, with the region experiencing by far the warmest July since records began. Whether and to what extent this event is attributable to anthropogenic climate change is controversial. Dole et al. (2011) report the 2010 Russian heat wave was "mainly natural in origin" whereas Rahmstorf and Coumou (2011) write that with a probability of 80% "the 2010 July heat record would not have occurred" without the large‐scale climate warming since 1980, most of which has been attributed to the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter explicitly state that their results "contradict those of Dole et al. (2011)." Here we use the results from a large ensemble simulation experiment with an atmospheric general circulation model to show that there is no substantive contradiction between these two papers, in that the same event can be both mostly internally‐generated in terms of magnitude and mostly externally‐driven in terms of occurrence‐probability. The difference in conclusion between these two papers illustrates the importance of specifying precisely what question is being asked in addressing the issue of attribution of individual weather events to external drivers of climate.


The rise in natural disasters, combined with a decrease in the cost of miniaturised avionics has resulted in a significant interest in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
(UAV's) within the disaster management field. This project seeks to serve as a first step towards developing a fully autonomous UAV targeted at this application. A com-
prehensive literature review was undertaken to assess the current state of the art in small UAV research and establish the context for this project. Legislation and standards related to the development and operation of small UAV's in Australia was also reviewed.

On completion of the review, an existing remote controlled aeroplane was purchased to be used as the parent vehicle and the control system hardware and software designed.
The goal of this stage was to develop a UAV stabilisation system as a step towards fully autonomous flight. Some future work is required to rectify some problems that
were encountered but signififcant progress was made. A
y-by-wire or co-pilot mode was also developed to facilitate easy manual control of the aircraft and lead in to the
integration of a navigation module.

On completion of the final adjustments the UAV will undergo extensive flight trials to tune the control system ready for further research.


We have examined the protective effect of ethanol extract of Sargassum polycystum on hepatic antioxidant status in D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Levels of diagnostic marker enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK)] in plasma, lipid peroxides, reduced glutathione and the activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione- S-transferase (GST)] and antiperoxidative enzymes [catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] in the liver tissue were determined. Prior oral administration of S. polycystum extract [125mg/kg bodyweight/day for 15 days] considerably ( P<0.05 ) attenuated the D-galactosamine-induced increases in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes in plasma of experimental rats. It also demonstrated an antioxidant activity against D- galactosamine-induced hepatitis by inhibiting the stimulation of lipid peroxidation and by preserving the hepatic enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system at near normal. The antihepatotoxic potential of S. polycystum might be related to its antioxidant property and membrane stabilizing action.


This thesis explores the way in which interior decorating developed as a practice during the interwar period in Britain and seeks to address broader contexts of gender, class, taste and styles. While traditional design histories have tracked the development of the interior design model through a direct sequence of movements and ideologies through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this thesis addresses issues which have been problematic within the context of art and design history. It acknowledges the more linear dimension of the original strand and seeks to offer a complementary appraisal which considers and appreciates the role of class, wealth and privilege and deconstructs boundaries which have marginalized gender and obscured certain important influences.

The study examines the way in which decorators, many of whom were female, negotiated a design agenda which engaged with modernity without fully renouncing hard-fought signifiers of their class, taste and individuality. It argues that in the development of its practices, significant alliances were formed with fashion and that the vital role performed by media representation and social commentary underpinned its commercial profile and provided the public locus of its discourse.
The nature of professional decorating is explored against a background of emerging practices in the first decades of the twentieth-century which included the antiques trade; grand scale establishments such as Lenygon & Morant, White Allom, Thornton-Smith and Keebles; department-store studios including those at Heal's, Waring & Gillow and Fortnum & Mason; and individual practitioners and designers including Syrie Maugham, Sibyl Colefax, Dolly Mann and Ronald Fleming. In a period rife with social and political upheavals and conflicting ideologies as well as technological advancement and life-style changes, the study's analysis aims to provide a broader understanding of the way in which decorators proactively negotiated such conditions and presented a cultural and aesthetic response to modernity through the diversity of their styles.


Support vector data description (SVDD) is a machine learning technique that is used for single-class classification and outlier detection. The idea of SVDD is to find a set of support vectors that defines a boundary around data. When dealing with online or large data, existing batch SVDD methods have to be rerun in each iteration. We propose an incremental learning algorithm for SVDD that uses the Gaussian kernel. This algorithm builds on the observation that all support vectors on the boundary have the same distance to the center of sphere in a higher-dimensional feature space as mapped by the Gaussian kernel function. Each iteration involves only the existing support vectors and the new data point. Moreover, the algorithm is based solely on matrix manipulations; the support vectors and their corresponding Lagrange multiplier αi's are automatically selected and determined in each iteration. It can be seen that the complexity of our algorithm in each iteration is only O(k2), where k is the number of support vectors. Experimental results on some real data sets indicate that FISVDD demonstrates significant gains in efficiency with almost no loss in either outlier detection accuracy or objective function value.


Managing for sustained biodiversity and restoration of natural habitat has become increasingly important over the last two decades, first as mitigation for development (especially in wetlands), and , more recently in natural areas. The latter has come about as land managing agencies like the Department of Defense and Bureau of Land Management have seen the need to reverse the impact of past land uses and agencies like the National Park Service and The Nature Conservancy have taken on the responsibility for less-than-pristine lands. On the California Channel Islands, the need for restoring and managing biodiversity is great, but this restoration and management needs to be based on a sound ecological understanding. By conducting surveys, implementing long-term research and monitoring, and by conducting population and community dynamics research, the necessary data to arrive at such an understanding can be obtained. Once management actions have been taken to effect restoration, monitoring needs to be conducted to determine the success of those actions. The need is to gain enough of an understanding of the islands' ecosystems that we can manage to restore, not just populations of native plants and animals, but also the processes of a naturally functioning ecosystem. The challenges that confront this goal are many and include ecology and popUlation biology, conservation ecology, information management, agency mandates and regulations, the need to build constituencies and consensus among disparate groups, financing, and political pressures.


Herein, we demonstrate a synergistic approach involving polar-based oxide and polysulfide additives for effectively suppressing polysulfide dissolution during cycling. The MnO2 hollow spheres not only provide physical confinement for the polysulfide species but also enable strong chemical interactions between polysulfide species and oxides, while the added polysulfide furnishes a mass buffering effect and compensates for the capacity losses due to partial cathode dissolution during discharge. The capacity retentions of S/KB, S/KB/LiPS, S/KB/MnO2, and S/KB/MnO2/LiPS composite cathodes are 31%, 45%, 59%, and 91% respectively. The remarkable capacity retention of the S/KB/LiPS/MnO2 composite electrode is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect between MnO2 and polysulfide additives.


♠ Correspondig Author: Giuseppe Riva, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy Tel: +39-02-72343734 Fax: +39-02-70034918 E-mail: email@example.com The lack of usability is a problem for developers and companies: different studies of user behavior on the Web find a low tolerance for unusable sites. There is a simple motivation for this behavior: on the Internet, switching costs how much effort it takes to switch from one provider to another are low. If you don't find what you want, the competition is only a couple of mouse clicks away. Nevertheless, if most people agree about the need of usable web sites, there are no general theories about how web usability should work. If we check the most influential books on this topic we found different usability guidelines coming from authors' experience but no general theories to justify them. The aim of this article is to defining the starting points of a web usability framework based on the viewpoint of ecological realism. The framing assumptions of this new approach are one form of a general theoretical stance, which can be called situativity theory, in which cognitive processes are analyzed as relations between agents and other systems.


A crystalline germination stimulant (trivial name strigol) for the rootparasite, witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.), has been isolated from cotton rootexudates and characterized as a C19H22O6 compound. Although apparently different from known plant hormones, the stimulant is active at hormonal levels, causing germination at concentrations less than 1O-5 part per million.


Joint epicenter determination of earthquakes that occurred in northern Algeria near Ech Cheliff (named Orleansville in 1954 and El Asnam in 1980) shows that the earthquake of 9 September 1954 ( M = 6.5) occurred at nearly the same location as the earthquake of 10 October 1980 ( M = 7.3). The 1954 main shock and earliest aftershocks were concentrated close to the boundaries of segment B (nomenclature of Deschamps et al. , 1982; King and Yielding, 1984) of the 1980 fault system, which was to experience approximately 8 m of slip in the 1980 earthquake. Later aftershocks of the 1954 earthquake were spread over a broad area, notably in a region north of the 1980 fault system that also experienced many aftershocks to the 1980 earthquake. The closeness of the 1954 main shock and earliest aftershocks to the 1980 segment B implies that the 1954 earthquake involved either (1) rupture of segment B proper, or (2) rupture of a distinct fault in the hanging wall or footwall block of segment B. The first interpretation cannot be accommodated in the characteristic-displacement model of fault behavior but instead requires a model, such as the time-predictable model, which would permit slip in 1954 to have released only a fraction of the elastic strain that was stored on segment B and which would later be released in 1980. The second interpretation, specifically with rupture in the hanging-wall block of segment B, accounts more directly than the first interpretation for differences in the focal mechanisms and ground deformations associated with the two main shocks; this interpretation is therefore preferred. The second interpretation is consistent with a characteristic-displacement model of the 1980 fault system. No matter how it is modeled, the Algerian episode provides an example of an earthquake (1954) that was large enough to perhaps be judged the culminating event of the seismic cycle in a regionally important fault zone but that was followed instead by an even larger shock (1980). The space-time characteristics of the episode are unusual enough that they cannot represent the most likely mode of strain release on reverse-fault systems in general, but the episode should be viewed as one possible scenario for the evolution of seismicity on other such fault systems.


Chris Stringer's bestselling "The Origin of our Species" tackles the big questions in the ongoing debate about the beginnings of human life on earth. Do all humans originate from Africa? How did we spread across the globe? Are we separate from Neanderthals, or do some of us actually have their genes? When did humans become 'modern' - are traits such as art, technology, language, ritual and belief unique to us? Has human evolution stopped, or are we still evolving? Chris Stringer has been involved in much of the crucial research into the origins of humanity, and here he draws on a wealth of evidence - from fossils and archaeology to Charles Darwin's theories and the mysteries of ancient DNA - to reveal the definitive story of where we came from, how we lived, how we got here and who we are. "A new way of defining us and our place in history". ("Sunday Times"). "When it comes to human evolution Chris Stringer is as close to the horse's mouth as it gets..."The Origin of Our Species" should be the one-stop source on the subject. Read it now". ("BBC Focus"). "Britain's foremost expert on human evolution ...you need a primer to make sense of the story so far. Here is that book". ("Guardian"). "Combines anecdote and speculation with crisp explanation of the latest science in the study of the first humans ...an engaging read". ("New Scientist"). Chris Stringer is Britain's foremost expert on human origins and works in the Department of Palaeontology at the Natural History Museum. He also currently directs the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain project, aimed at reconstructing the first detailed history of how and when Britain was occupied by early humans. His previous books include "African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity", "The Complete World of Human Evolution" and most recently, "Homo Britannicus", which was shortlisted for the Royal Society Science Book of the Year in 2007.


The design of policies and interventions aiming at the reduction of energy consumption requires a good understanding of the underlying social logics. In this perspective, this paper focuses on how the distribution of daily activities at home and away, in various locations, result into different levels of energy consumption in buildings and transportation. This analysis is based on an ad hoc survey of 2000 French households in late 2013. The questionnaire was focused on daily activities, mobility and energy consumption. This core information was complemented with questions about values, residential location and equipment choices. Additional information was collected regarding building types, appliances and socio-demographics. We also did a socio-spatial description of the geographical areas, based on several databases from the French statistical office (INSEE). Our initial analysis consists in clustering respondents based on their stated daily activities and values, in an attempt to qualify distinct lifestyles. Short- and long-term choices at the individual and household level were considered in this task. We then described how these lifestyles and how they deploy in space, imply the use of different types and levels of energy consumption.


While clinical health services exist for service members with existing mental health conditions like posttraumatic stress, they are not stemming the rising tide of service suicides. A new approach to mental health intervention and suicide prevention in military-connected personnel is required, one that speaks to the participatory, hardworking ethos of military culture. Social work and health promotion professionals working to prevent and treat mental health problems like depression and stress injuries must understand the confluence of warrior culture and mental health issues in the veteran community. While the research literature does not yet address this confluence issue directly, programs exist that provide guidance, and a mindfulness-based training protocol may provide the answer. The purpose of this review is to provide programming recommendations based on a review of successful exemplars in treatment settings, the limited evaluation of best practices currently available when working with this priority population in prevention settings, and a cultural analysis of the military veteran community.


From city high-rise to southern desert, from urban sprawl to virgin canyons, the American landscape is endless in its variety. On the initiative of the Netherlands Foundation for Visual Arts, Design and Architecture, a group of landscape architects, architects, urban designers, artists and critics travelled through this imposing landscape, drawing inspiration for their own work from its history and transformations. Their journey is recorded in Reading the American Landscape, which includes essays by the members of the group and a number of American landscape researchers. The backbone of the book is a bibliography compiled specially for the study trip, from which the authors each took one title as the starting point for their essays. The result is a remarkable series of reflections on American landscape architecture and public space, with visual essays by the artists and photographers who were part of the group. The bibliography is brought to life in over 6500 photographs, pointing beyond words to a landscape that can only be truly grasped in its infinite expanse.


What is the relationship between critical theory and law? Have people like Patricia Williams, Robin West, Kimberle´ Crenshaw, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, and the late Derrick Bell been standing for over thirty years outside the gates of a walled city, critiquing the work of its inhabitants? Many traditionalist leaders seem to think so. Inside the city, they go about their work unaffected, using the same language and methods they learned from their mentors. Occasionally a traditionalist defender reacts to the prophets, usually with name-calling derision. Richard Posner, for instance, has accused critical race theory of repudiating reasoned argumentation and choosing storytelling instead. He has called critical race theorists "whiners and wolf-criers," coming across as "intellectually limited." He says that their presence in law schools is a disgrace and their scholarship is "bunk." Having hurled his attack over the city walls, he goes back to his own work, unaffected by oppositionist critique. Posner and others like him thus maintain that oppositionists stand outside the gates of law. True, few traditionalists have tried to understand the oppositionist critique, but frankly, oppositionists have often failed to speak in a language traditionalists can understand. The result has not been pretty. The 25th anniversary of the publication of Peter Goodrich's Legal Discourse: Studies in Linguistics, Rhetoric and Legal Analysis offers a chance to do better. This article uses narrative theory and cognitive science to help traditionalists begin to understand critical theory – specifically, why critical theory insists on telling stories and why those narrative critiques are legitimately a part of law. In traditional law talk, the controlling meta-narratives are kept implicit. We don't speak of those things. But like psychoanalysts looking for what lies beneath an explicit behavior, oppositionists look deeper to ask what is really going on. Can such questions be asked inside the wall? The article begins with what Posner says he wants – logical argument – to "reason" its way to the conclusion that critical theory critiques law from the inside. Part of that argument is the premise that master stories operate at a largely unconscious level beneath the language of law. To demonstrate that premise, we look at the role of one myth – the myth of redemptive violence – in legal decision-making. The article explains the myth and how it is pervasively reinforced through movies, video games, and other media, and then shows how it affected the deliberations in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, the saga of an American citizen imprisoned without due process by his own government. Deductive argument cannot be the end of the matter, however, because what we mean by "law" is not a matter of some logical structure – mine or anyone else's. Rather, it is a matter of human choice, and thus is driven by contested values and frames. The article ends with some reasons for choosing to define law broadly enough to include oppositionist critique. A primary difference between the Right and the Left is the starkly different set of constitutive myths and metaphors each uses to structure the world. The question for each of us, including for judges, is which set of myths we will choose to live within. We can call them law, or not, but that's where the real action is.


The mode expansion approach in vectorial form, using a complete set of guided modes of a circular step-index fiber (SIF), is developed and applied to analyze multimode interference in multimode fibers (MMFs) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The complete set of guided modes of an SIF is defined based on its modal properties, and a suitable modal orthogonality relation is identified to evaluate the coefficients in a mode expansion. An algorithm, adaptive to incident fields, is then developed to systematically and efficiently perform mode expansion in highly MMFs. The mode expansion approach is successfully applied to investigate the mode-selection properties of coreless fiber segments incorporated in multicore fiber lasers and the self-imaging in MMFs.


Calcium represents a critical signaling mediator in a number of biological systems, including in excitable cells such as neurons and in lymphocytes of the immune system. However, the identity of channels that mediate calcium entry in lymphocytes has been unclear. Badou et al. (see Perspective by Winslow and Crabtree) find that T cells express two forms of voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav) that are required for mediating activation signals critical for normal T cell functions. Cav activity was increased directly by T cell receptor stimulation. A. Badou, S. Basavappa, R. Desai, Y.-Q. Peng, D. Matza, W. Z. Mehal, L. K. Kaczmarek, E. L. Boulpaep, R. A. Flavell, Requirement of voltage-gated calcium channel β4 subunit for T lymphocyte functions. Science 307, 117-121 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] M. M. Winslow, G. R. Crabtree, Decoding calcium signaling. Science 307, 56-57 (2005). [Summary] [Full Text]


Lyme disease is caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which is transmitted to humans by deer ticks. The infection manifests usually as a rash and minor systemic symptoms; however, the bacteria can spread to other tissues, causing joint pain, carditis, and neurological symptoms. Lyme neuroborreliosis presents itself in several ways, such as Bell's palsy, meningitis, and encephalitis. The molecular basis for neuroborreliosis is poorly understood. Analysis of the changes in the expression levels of messenger RNAs and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, following Bb infection could therefore provide vital information on the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of neuroborreliosis. To this end, we used cultured primary human astrocytes, key responders to CNS infection and important components of the blood-brain barrier, as a model system to study RNA and microRNA changes in the CNS caused by Bb. Using whole transcriptome RNA-seq, we found significant changes in 38 microRNAs and 275 mRNAs at 24 and 48 hours following Bb infection. Several of the RNA changes affect pathways involved in immune response, development, chromatin assembly (including histones) and cell adhesion. Further, several of the microRNA predicted target mRNAs were also differentially regulated. Overall, our results indicate that exposure to Bb causes significant changes to the transcriptome and microRNA profile of astrocytes, which has implications in the pathogenesis, and hence potential treatment strategies to combat this disease.


Abstract Relationship between running loads and soft-tissue injury in elite team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 26(4): 953–960, 2012—Although the potential link between running loads and soft-tissue injury is appealing, the evidence supporting or refuting this relationship in high-performance team sport athletes is nonexistent, with all published studies using subjective measures (e.g., ratings of perceived exertion) to quantify training loads. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of low-intensity (e.g., walking, jogging, total distances) and high-intensity (e.g., high acceleration and velocity efforts, repeated high-intensity exercise bouts) movement activities on lower body soft-tissue injury in elite team sport athletes. Thirty-four elite rugby league players participated in this study. Global positioning system data and the incidence of lower body soft-tissue injuries were monitored in 117 skill training sessions during the preseason and in-season periods. The frailty model (an extension of the Cox proportional regression model for recurrent events) was applied to calculate the relative risk of injury after controlling for all other training data. The risk of injury was 2.7 (95% confidence interval 1.2–6.5) times higher when very high–velocity running (i.e., sprinting) exceeded 9 m per session. Greater distances covered in mild, moderate, and maximum accelerations and low- and very low–intensity movement velocities were associated with a reduced risk of injury. These results demonstrate that greater amounts of very high–velocity running (i.e., sprinting) are associated with an increased risk of lower body soft-tissue injury, whereas distances covered at low and moderate speeds offer a protective effect against soft-tissue injury. From an injury prevention perspective, these findings provide empirical support for restricting the amount of sprinting performed in preparation for elite team sport competition. However, coaches should also consider the consequences of reducing training loads on the development of physical qualities and playing performance.


The demand for large high-speed wave piercing catamarans has developed strongly over the past two decades for their superior performance in commercial and military applications. In severe sea conditions, wave piercing catamarans experience a unique transient loading, known as slamming, when incoming waves impact the centre bow and the wetdeck. Mathematical models up to date have failed to predict the impact loads accurately as most codes are based on two dimensional simulations which have predicted up to five times the actual loads. Three dimensional codes are still under verification which is difficult due to the lack of published trials data. Incat Tasmania monitored the performance of most of their vessels in terms of motion and structural behaviour. A 98m Incat platform, HSV2-SWIFT, that was configured for military operations underwent an extensive sea trials program by the US Navy to define the vessel's operational envelop. Data measured during sea trials of motion and structural response has been analysed using the wavelet transform. Also, experimental pressure mapping of slam loads on a towing tank model and finite element analysis of the full scale ship are used to predict slamming loads at full scale by both quasi-static and dynamic analyses. Normal modes were investigated using FEA simulations and the slam load time history was predicted by a direct transient dynamic analysis. The study shows that quasi-static analysis of slamming loads can be used to predict slamming loads to an acceptable accuracy with some caution in the prediction procedures. A characteristic slamming load time history is introduced and the investigation shows that the vessel experienced and withstood slamming loads in excess of two thousand tonnes.


The effectiveness of interview training was investigated in a study involving seventy-two lesser-qualified school-leavers, allocated to the following groups: (1) interview training (IVT); (2) interview training + videotape feedback (IVT + Video); (3) videotape feedback - 3 sessions (3 Video); (4) videotape feedback - 1 session (1 Video); (5) discussion (3 Disc.); (6) handout (Handout); (7) attention-only control (Att.C). For the IVT group a combination of modelling, coaching, roleplay, feedback and discussion was used to train both verbal and non-verbal interview skills in 3 sessions. This programme was modified to include videotape feedback for the IVT + Video group. Videotape feedback without the other components was administered to 3 Video, and 1 Video. The 3 Disc. group spent 3 sessions discussing problems at interview and how to resolve them (without the active components included in the IVT programme). The Handout group received only the written material used with the IVT group, together with a brief description of the appropriate use of such information. The Att.C group had 3 sessions of discussion of leisure interests etc., to control for the non-specific effects of being in therapy. Subjects were assessed using videotaped roleplayed interviews. Analyses of verbal and general items demonstrated the superiority of the two experimental groups (IVT, and IVT + Video) over the alternative procedures. A good degree of social validation was achieved, there was evidence of generalisation and at follow-up the post-training improvements were well-maintained. Interview training was shown to be effective irrespective of the subject's level of intelligence.

The interview training programme was extended to eight clinical single case studies. The programme was found to be effective with this population also, especially for subjects without wider social skills problems. Training in verbal skills was particularly important, as was generalisation training. In contrast, relaxation training, and training of non-verbal skills contributed little. Videotape feedback had less effect than expected, however, this was possibly due to the adoption of a random allocation procedure.


The Proterozoic banded granulite facies complex of BÅrdsholmen, Western Gneiss Region, Norway (T=815–845°C) was locally transformed to eclogite (T=455–510°C, P>12 kbar) and amphibolite facies rocks (T=460°C) during the Caledonian continental collision. The granulite complex consists of mafic two‐pyroxene granulite and leucocratic orthopyroxene+garnet‐bearing layers alternating on a scale from 1 cm to 10 m. The granulite facies rocks change to eclogite facies rocks over centimetre‐scale distances along well defined fluid‐infiltration fronts. The mafic granulite was transformed to omphacite+garnet‐rich eclogites and the leucocratic rocks were converted to quartz+phengite‐rich assemblages with minor garnet and local omphacite. Melange‐like lithologies consisting of mafic lenses of eclogite surrounded by felsic material represent an advanced stage in the process of converting deep crust to eclogite facies. During amphibolitization this melange‐like lithology evolves to a rock where amphibolite lenses and layers are surrounded by granitoid gneiss, a lithology typical of the Western Gneiss Region. The BÅrdsholmen locality illustrates the profound control exerted by fluids on the timing of metamorphism, the structural make up and petrophysical properties such as density and rheology of crustal root zones. Fluid‐induced metamorphism will therefore exert control on the attributes of orogenic belts such as topography and Moho depth and influence the dynamics of collision zones by controlling the time of orogenic collapse and the buoyancy of the subducted crust. We suggest that orogens may develop differently depending on the fluid budget.


This study aims is to develop integrative comics as a medium and additional teaching materials on thematic curriculum lesson 2013 theme 6 aspect of class IV of elementary school. This research uses research and development method (R and D)
 Dick and Carey model with 10 stages. The study was conducted on the fourth grade students of SDN Majalengka Kulon II and SDN Majalengka Wetan VII, amounting to 75 students. Instruments used in this study in the form of interviews, questionnaires, and
 test results learning. Validation results from the three experts get an average media expert score of 4.42, language experts 4.2, and material experts 4.58. Thus it can be stated that the media and comic integrative teaching materials worthy to be
 used in the learning process in primary school with the condition of revision in accordance with the advice given by the three experts before The use of media and comic learning materials also get a very good response from students with a percentage
 individual test 85.8% and small group test 85.3%. The effectiveness of the use of media and integrative comic learning materials can be seen from the learning outcomes after conducting field trials by providing pretest and postes questions. The data
 obtained are t = 10,009 with df 74 and pvalue 0,000 tess than 0,05 or Ho is rejected. Thus it is concluded that there are differences in learning outcomes in learning the theme of 6 goals between before and after using media and integrative comic
 learning materials.


In this paper, we study learning generalized driving style representations from automobile GPS trip data. We propose a novel Autoencoder Regularized deep neural Network (ARNet) and a trip encoding framework trip2vec to learn drivers' driving styles directly from GPS records, by combining supervised and unsupervised feature learning in a unified architecture. Experiments on a challenging driver number estimation problem and the driver identification problem show that ARNet can learn a good generalized driving style representation: It significantly outperforms existing methods and alternative architectures by reaching the least estimation error on average (0.68, less than one driver) and the highest identification accuracy (by at least 3% improvement) compared with traditional supervised learning methods.


Marine renewable energy (MRE) is an emerging technology and at present there are an increasing number of MRE prototypes and full-scale devices deployed. The future commercialization in the near future may contribute to the mitigation of carbon emissions and diversify the renewable electricity generation portfolio. Because of the high costs of marine intervention, it is important to establish reliable, remote monitoring techniques. The underwater sound around MRE devices is often monitored for environmental impact assessments. This approach can also be potentially utilized to monitor the engineering health of MRE devices. This is the objective of the project ÆMORE (Acoustic Emission technology for environmental and engineering health Monitoring of Offshore Renewable Energy), jointly conducted by the Universities of Exeter and Bath, with J+S Ltd. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is already used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of land-based structures and devices such as wind turbines. AE allows faults and defects to be detected early in a device's lifetime, providing more time to plan and implement necessary maintenance and repair procedures to avoid catastrophic failure. This is highly desirable for MRE structures, which operate in energetic seas with tight weather access windows. This paper explores the remit for AE monitoring to SHM and maintenance planning for MRE devices and demonstrates that this novel application is principally feasible. A brief review of the state of the art of AE for land-based systems aids to illustrate how its techniques can be applied to underwater environments and MRE components. This literature review will inform a classification system that relates likely failure modes to their expected acoustic emissions. The results from previous underwater environmental studies are used to evaluate their potential for SHM of MRE structures. AE environmental data collected during the operation of the Fred Olsen Lifesaver wave energy converter at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, SW UK) is used to demonstrate this novel application. The case study provides proof that this concept is valid for underwater SHM of marine renewable structures.


How do people motivate each other to participate in a peer production environment? This question is addressed through the study of user-initiated contests on the electronically mediated social network that surrounds the programming language Scratch. The users of Scratch, mainly youths, have created their own mechanisms to motivate and recognize creative achievement. Some wish to achieve popularity on the site by having their project posted on the front page so contest creators offer to perform actions that will help participants reach that goal. Other contest creators, though, offer hand-made, personalized gifts such as drawings and animations made to spec. For those who offer both incentives, the ad hoc, personalized rewards are deemed more valuable than the mechanisms provided by the web site. Users are appropriating the technology, establishing their own organizational structures that encourage creativity.


The relationship between computer technology and supervision is examined with reference to new empirical evidence drawn from a study of the computerisation of freight operations in British Rail. Attention is focused on the extent to which computerisation allows for a more integrated system of management control, and the possibility of devolving additional elements of control from middle management to the local supervisory level. Contemporary research often claims that the first-line supervisor is becoming more peripheral to the direct control of operations, as computerised equipment takes over the execution of many supervisory tasks, and as operatives who are skilled in the use of new technology overtake the apparent skill superiority of first-line supervisors. This thesis contends that it is misleading to focus on the 'pure' role of the first-line supervisor when studying the effects of computer technology on supervision. The main body of empirical data is drawn from an in-depth study of the effects of change in five traditional marshalling yards in three British Rail regions. The case study examines how the application of a comprehensive computer system to process and transmit information over diverse and spatially distant freight yards can transform the distribution of responsibilities for operational control within management. It is argued that the redistribution of management control functions over a network of organisational levels has resulted in a far more complex redefinition of supervision than is implied by the apparent erosion of the role of the first-line supervisor. A broader conception of supervision is presented in order to explain changes in the distribution of supervisory tasks across various supervisory levels, within the context of changes in work organisation and the system of management control. Finally, it is argued that whilst computerisation may erode the traditional basis of supervision, it may also result in the emergence of a new type of computer-oriented supervisor, whose role is to use the 'realtime' information provided by the computer to co-ordinate and control previously diverse areas of production or service operations.


American lower courts are presently conflicted over whether foreign coerced confessions are admissible under the Due Process Clause. The confusion can be traced largely to the Supreme Court's opinion in Colorado v. Connelly which justified the exclusion of involuntary confessions only in the deterrence of wrongful police action. This Note offers a solution to the current circuit split by examining the justifications foreign jurisdictions and international courts offer to explain the exclusion of coerced confessions.A review of international reasoning indicates that a strong majority of courts exclude coerced evidence out of a protest against admitting coerced evidence into judicial proceedings. This Note argues that this approach would more fully protect the values codified in the Due Process Clause.


The study of historic thin shell structures shows how masterpieces of Mid-Century Modern architecture were realized without complex mathematical analysis or numerical techniques but with solid foundation in simplified yet realistic structural performance and construction practice. Historic knowledge studies how successful past designs, such as the shells of the Miami Marine Stadium, advanced in the light of limited scientific knowledge and cost restrictions. In 2009 the United States National Trust for Historic Preservation put the Stadium on the list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. This study briefly reviews the roof's construction history, reconstructs its original structural analysis, and confirms its validity through a comparative study of four finite element models (FEMs). These models conceptualize the roof as a folded plate or a hypar shell, analyze the structural influence of stiffeners and groin thickening and investigates the connection between numerical results and physical observed crack patterns. Generally, this study allows a better constructional and structural understanding of one of the successful modern architectural masterworks, and of simplified and complex folded plate and shell analysis models. The study also demonstrates how the close link between analysis interpretation and actual structural phenomena can inform decisions about the structural integrity of historic structures.


Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) catalyzes the N(tau)-methylation of histamine. The level of HNMT activity in human red blood cells is controlled by a common genetic polymorphism. We previously cloned and expressed a cDNA for human kidney HNMT, and we have now determined the structural organization of the human HNMT gene as a step toward studies of the genetic regulation of levels of HNMT activity in human tissue. Structural characterization of the HNMT gene was performed by use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategy. The gene was approximately 34 kb in length and contained 6 exons. All exon-intron splice junction sequences conformed to the "GT-AG" rule. The longest transcript isolated after 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends indicated that transcription initiation occurred 252 nucleotides 5'-upstream from the cDNA translation initiation codon. HNMT mapped to human chromosome 2. Structural characterization of the gene for HNMT will make it possible to study molecular genetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of this important enzyme in humans.


Diosmin, a vascular-protecting agent, is practically insoluble in water, and its oral absorption is limited by its extremely low dissolution rate. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) were obtained to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of diosmin. Phase solubility studies of diosmin with βCD and HPβCD in distilled water were conducted to characterize the complexes in liquid state. The solid-state characterization of the complexes prepared with different methods was performed by fourier transform-infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Dissolution studies were carried out in distilled water using US pharmacopeia dissolution rate testing equipment. The complexation of diosmin with βCD and HPβCD both indicated an AL type of phase-solubility diagrams, and the apparent stability constants (Kc) was found to be 222.13 and 200.08 M−1, respectively. The Kc values indicated the βCD and HPβCD showed the similar equal complexation ability with diosmin, HPβCD provided higher solubility for diosmin due to its higher water solubility. The dissolution studies suggest that the inclusion complexes provide higher dissolution rate compared with the physical mixtures and the drug alone. Furthermore, the inclusion complex prepared by freeze drying method presented higher dissolution rate than kneading method.


The highly rewarding experience of electronic music persists throughout our daily lives. Our immediate environments are replete with events that emit sounds that are extremely complex. Electronic music engages with the listening habits we take for granted in our everyday lives, and reveals how intricate they can be. Inspired by such intricacies, I have conducted a series of listening experiments with 80 participants over the course of three years to explore the cognition of electronic music. In this article, I will first present the method and the results of this experiment, including a categorical analysis of mental associations evoked by different works of electronic music. Next, I will offer a discussion of narrativity in electronic music supported by these results and diverse perspectives on narrativity from a number of disciplines. I will then construct a definition of gestures as narrative units in electronic music in relation to events in the environment. In doing so, I will bring together various theories on electronic music with not only the findings of the current study but also existing research on auditory cognition.


Background: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late onset hereditary myopathy of autosomal dominant transmission characterised by ptosis, dysphagia and limb weakness. The disease is caused by short heterozygous expansions of a (GCN)10 triplet located in the first exon of the PABPN1 gene at chromosome 14q11.1. Most affected individuals from North America and Europe carry a mutant (GCN)13 allele. Although evidence for a founder mutation effect has been shown in several populations with OPMD, analysis of large groups of patients from different ethnic backgrounds will help to identify the relative contribution of each allele to the disease and a possible genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods: 22 unrelated patients with OPMD from Mexico, a previously uncharacterised population, were clinically and molecularly analysed. Detailed ophthalmological and clinical examinations were performed in each proband and molecular analysis of the PABPN1 gene was carried out by PCR amplification and allele-specific cloning/sequencing. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to PABPN1 were determined in each individual and in a number of affected first-degree relatives. Results: 15 subjects (68%) carried a mutant (GCN)15 or (GCG)11(GCA)3(GCG) PABPN1 allele; the remaining 7 (32%) exhibited an abnormal (GCN)13 or (GCG)9(GCA)3(GCG) allele. Analysis of two SNPs linked to PABPN1 strongly suggests that both expanded alleles originate from two independent founder effects. In addition, in this particular population the (GCN)15 allele was associated with an earlier onset of the disease (mean 46.5 years) compared with the (GCN)13 allele (mean 54.7 years). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that OPMD in the Mexican population is mostly due to (GCG)11 or (GCG)9 PABPN1 expanded alleles arising from two independent founder effect mutations. These findings add to the definition of the genetic features of the disease and to the establishment of a probable genotype-phenotype correlation.


The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has asked for estimates of selected driver support systems with a potential to reduce the number of fatalities. The driver support systems considered were: Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), maximum speed governor, Alcolock, seat-belt lock, sleep/fatigue warning system, programmable electronic ignition lock ("Smartcard"), adaptive cruise control (ACC), and electronic stability control (ESC). Estimates of lives saved are for the most part based on in-depth investigations of fatal accidents that may have been prevented if respective systems had been activated. The most effective is ISA with an estimated 41 lives saved per year in Norway, the least effective system is a maximum speed governor with an estimate of 8 lives saved per year. Estimates of lives saved for the other seven systems vary between 14,9 and 37,5 lives saved per year.


Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious pathogen that is resistant to current antibiotic therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents that can effectively combat these new strains of drug-resistant "superbugs". Recently, fractionation of an extract from Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore) leaves produced an active kaempferol molecule, 3-O-alpha-L-(2″,3″-di-p-coumaroyl)rhamnoside (KCR), in four isomeric forms; all four isomers exhibit potent anti-MRSA activity. In order to further the preclinical development of KCR as a new antibiotic class, we developed and validated a simple analytical method for assaying KCR plasma concentration. Because KCR will be developed as a new drug, although comprising four stereoisomers, the analytical method was devised to assay the total amount of all four isomers. In the present work, both a plasma processing procedure and an HPLC method have been developed and validated. Mouse plasma containing KCR was first treated with ethanol and then centrifuged. The supernatant was dried, suspended in ethanol, centrifuged, and the supernatant was injected into an HPLC system comprising a Waters C18, a mobile phase composing methanol, acetonitrile, and trifluoroacetic acid and monitored at 313 nm. The method was validated by parameters including a good linear correlation, a limit of quantification of 0.27 μg/mL, and high accuracy. In summary, this method allows a rapid analysis of KCR in the plasma samples for pharmacokinetics studies.


Adsorption of phosphate onto construction solid waste (CSW) was investigated in a batch system. CSW as an inescapable by-product of the construction and demolition process, was used as a composite adsorbent for the removal of phosphate in this study. The adsorption kinetics was investigated under various parameters such as contact time, pH, CSW dosage, initial phosphate concentration and particle size. Greater percentage of phosphate was removed with decrease in the initial concentration and increase in the amount of CSW used. Adsorption of phosphate was pH dependent, and maximum phosphate immobilisation capacity was obtained in alkaline condition. Lagergren first-order, second-order, intra-particle diffusion and external diffusion model were used to test the experimental data. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption was best fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption mechanism studies revealed that both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion had rate limiting effects on the removal process. These results demonstrated that the CSW could be used as a low-cost adsorbent media for phosphate removal, and the data were relevant for optimal design of wastewater treatment plants.


Data warehouses have been traditionally optimized for read-only query performance, allowing only offline updates at night, essentially trading off data freshness for performance. The need for 24x7 operations in global markets and the rise of online and other quickly reacting businesses make concurrent online updates increasingly desirable. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art approaches fall short of supporting fast analysis queries over fresh data. The conventional approach of performing updates in place can dramatically slow down query performance, while prior proposals using differential updates either require large in-memory buffers or may incur significant update migration cost.
 This article presents a novel approach for supporting online updates in data warehouses that overcomes the limitations of prior approaches by making judicious use of available SSDs to cache incoming updates. We model the problem of query processing with differential updates as a type of outer join between the data residing on disks and the updates residing on SSDs. We present MaSM algorithms for performing such joins and periodic migrations, with small memory footprints, low query overhead, low SSD writes, efficient in-place migration of updates, and correct ACID support. We present detailed modeling of the proposed approach, and provide proofs regarding the fundamental properties of the MaSM algorithms. Our experimentation shows that MaSM incurs only up to 7% overhead both on synthetic range scans (varying range size from 4KB to 100GB) and in a TPC-H query replay study, while also increasing the update throughput by orders of magnitude.


The mahogany glider Petaurus gracilis is an endangered species of gliding possum that is only found within a limited distribution in North Queensland, Australia. The foraging behaviour of the mahogany glider was examined to determine how it changes seasonally, by extensive observations of radio-collared animals over a 2-year period. A total of 440 h was spent following mahogany gliders, of which 222 h of feeding behaviour was observed. Nectar and pollen were clearly the most important food items, comprising between 50 and 99% (mean 72.8%) of the observed feeding time when available. Nectar and pollen were consumed almost exclusively from Myrtaceae species with Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Melaleuca being eaten. Casual observations of a number of faecal samples showed that c. 80% of pollen grains were digested suggesting that pollen is a major source of protein. Other food items consumed included sap from Albizia procera and Acacia mangium, insects, lerps and honeydew, Acacia arils and fruit from mistletoes. In using these food items, the mahogany glider relied on complex seasonal cycles of food availability, requiring a high diversity of plants, with each species having distinct periods when it provides food during the year.


This study analyzes negative particle variation (i.e., the variable presence or absence of the negative particle ne) in synchronous French chat discourse within a labovian-inspired framework. Selected morphosyntactic, lexical, and phonological constraints are considered. Multivariate analyses performed by GoldVarb 2001 revealed that subject type (i.e., NP, [- overt] subject environment, pronoun) and the phonological environment preceding the position of neregardless of its presence or absenceare determining factors in the variation. In addition, discursive-pragmatic effect was explored in a sub-sample of data. The results indicate that ne is seldom present in verbal negation during explanatory discourse style, yet it is very likely to be retained in ludic, emphatic, and proverbial styles.


The study examined the impact of microfinance on female and male owned enterprises in Bahir Dar city. The study predicted that male owned enterprises have higher growth potentials than female owned enterprises. To test empirically whether there is a difference on growth performance, 104 male and 121 female small enterprise owners were surveyed. The finding shows that the female owned enterprises demonstrated a slightly lower level of micro finance growth compared to enterprises owned by male. We can conclude that female owners' have lower motivations for growth potential compared to male owners'.


Rock masses may present
remarked geostatic stress anisotropy and anisotropic material properties; thus,
the tunnel alignment with the geostatic principal stress directions and with
the axes of material anisotropy is unlikely. Nevertheless, tunnel design often
neglects those misalignments and; yet, the misalignment effects were unknown.
In this doctoral research, tunnels under complex anisotropic conditions were
modelled analytically and numerically with 3D nonlinear Finite Element Method
(FEM). When the tunnel misaligns with the geostatic principal stress
directions, anti-symmetric axial displacements and shear stresses are induced
around the tunnel. Analytical solutions for misaligned shallow and deep tunnels
in isotropic elastic ground are provided. The analytical solutions were
validated with 3D FEM analyses. Near the face, the anti-symmetric axial
displacements are partially constrained by the tunnel face, producing
asymmetric radial displacements and stresses. The asymmetric radial
displacements at the face can be divided into a rigid body displacement of the
tunnel cross-section and anti-symmetric radial displacements. Those asymmetries
may affect the rock-support interaction and the plastic zone developed around
the tunnel. In anisotropic rock masses, the tunnel misalignment with the axes
of material anisotropy also produces anti-symmetric axial displacements and
stresses around the tunnel. It occurs because when the tunnel is not aligned
with the principal material directions, the in-plane stresses are coupled with
the axial displacements (i.e. the compliance matrix is fully populated). Thus,
tunnels in anisotropic rock mass not aligned with the geostatic principal
stresses and with the axes of material anisotropy are substantially more
complex than tunnels not aligned with the principal stress directions in
isotropic rock mass. An analytical solution for misaligned tunnels in
anisotropic rock mass is provided. It was observed that the relative
orientation of the geostatic principal stresses with respect to the axes of
material anisotropy plays an important role. The axial displacements produced
by far-field axial shear stresses and by the rock mass anisotropy may
compensate each other; thus, axial and radial displacements around the tunnel
are reduced. On the other hand, those anti-symmetric axial displacements may be
amplified; thus, the ground deformations are increased. Asymmetric radial and
axial deformations, and asymmetric spalling of the tunnel walls are commonly
observed on tunnels in anisotropic rock masses. The tunnel misalignment with
the geostatic principal stress directions and with the axes of material
anisotropy could be associated with those phenomena that, so far, are not well
comprehended


Extreme events of all kinds are increasing in number, severity, or impacts. Transportation provides a vital support service for people in such circumstances in the short-term for evacuation and providing supplies where evacuation is not undertaken, yet, transportation services are often disabled in disasters. Nationwide and in New York (NY) and New Jersey (NJ) record-setting weather disasters have occurred and are expected to continue. Disadvantaged populations are particularly vulnerable. Network theories provide insights into vulnerability and directions for adaptation by defining interconnections, such as multi-modality. Multi-modal connectivity provides passenger flexibility and reduces risks in extreme events, and these benefits are evaluated in the NY area. Focusing on public transit, selected passenger multimodal facilities are identified that connect to transit, emphasizing rail-bus connectivity. Publicly available databases are used from Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), NJ rail, and U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT's) Intermodal Passenger Connectivity Database (IPCD). For New York City (NYC), statistical analyses suggest there may be some differences by poverty levels. For NYC and three northeastern NJ cities connectivity differs for stations that are terminuses and have high rail convergence. This report provides statistical summaries, cases, and a literature review to characterize multi-modal facilities and their use in extreme events. Recommendations and future research directions are provided for the role of passenger multi-modality to enhance transit flexibility.


Interviews have been commonly used as a data-gathering instrument in research which approaches interpreting as a socially-situated practice (e.g. Angelelli, 2004; Inghilleri, 2006 & 2012). This paper focuses on a set of six interviews conducted with indigenous community leaders who had participated in an interpreter-mediated consultation process led by the Peruvian government in the Ucayali region between March and September of 2015. The aim is not to discuss the findings derived from the interviews themselves, but, rather, to evaluate critically the implications of adapting a well-established method for the purposes of studying the role of interpreting in a novel socio-political context. The objective of the interviews was to garner information regarding the interviewees' perceptions of the role of the interpreters, not from a clients' perspective (the interpreters had been trained and employed by the government), but as end-users, or beneficiaries, of the interpreters' work. They were conducted in Spanish, which was the second language of all the interviewees, who had varying degrees of bilingualism. Thus, the underlying hypothesis was that they would have been able to evaluate the competence of the interpreters throughout the consultation process, which could color their perceptions as to their performance and also, potentially, their remit. The decision was made to depart from clear-cut methodological distinctions between types of interview and adopt a hybrid approach: the questions were open-ended, but fixed, as in structured interviews; on the other hand, the possibility of seeking clarification or of prompting a follow-up (e.g. examples) to the interviewees' answers was left open, as in semi-structured interviews. An interest in how Peruvian indigenous communities construct meaning from their experience of linguistically and culturally mediated exchanges between themselves and the state underpins the choice of method. Its potential limitations is considered and measured against the benefits of tailoring research tools to the study of new realities which result from the involvement of interpreters in emerging legislated scenarios.


We live in an age of paradox. Systems using artificial intelligence match or surpass human level performance in more and more domains, leveraging rapid advances in other technologies and driving soaring stock prices. Yet measured productivity growth has declined by half over the past decade, and real income has stagnated since the late 1990s for a majority of Americans. We describe four potential explanations for this clash of expectations and statistics: false hopes, mismeasurement, redistribution, and implementation lags. While a case can be made for each, we argue that lags have likely been the biggest contributor to the paradox. The most impressive capabilities of AI, particularly those based on machine learning, have not yet diffused widely. More importantly, like other general purpose technologies, their full effects won't be realized until waves of complementary innovations are developed and implemented. The required adjustment costs, organizational changes, and new skills can be modeled as a kind of intangible capital. A portion of the value of this intangible capital is already reflected in the market value of firms. However, going forward, national statistics could fail to measure the full benefits of the new technologies and some may even have the wrong sign.


Blue Economy is related to economic growth through the sustainable utilization of ocean resources with technological inputs to improve livelihoods. Economically important coastal and marine resources are the main components of the Blue Economy for Bangladesh. These resources are categorized into living, nonliving, renewable resources and trade and commerce. As Bangladesh is vulnerable to climate change, related extreme events are making the coastal and marine resources vulnerable which may hamper the smooth Blue Economy development in Bangladesh. Climate change extreme events include warming trend, cyclone, sea level rise, droughts, erosion, tidal surge, saline water intrusion, flood, change in precipitation trend and ocean acidification. These extreme events may cause coral belching, species migration, biodiversity loss, altered species life style, disruption in marine food chain and ultimately will affect the national economy. Thus, it is a prime need to build marine ecosystem's resilience to climate change to get the maximum benefits from ocean. This background paper offers a strategic framework for climate change resilient Blue Economy practice in Bangladesh. This framework is a four steps process (i.e. identification of issues, focus on important areas for climate change resilient Blue Economy development, performing activities for achieving the goal and achievement of goal). Special focus is required on energy efficiency, marine and coastal biodiversity, ecosystem based adaptation, environmental resilience building in the coastal areas, ecosystem restoration, building economic resilience and policy formulation for climate change resilient Blue Economy development. Mangrove plantation, oyster reef building, mussel bed, sea grass bed, salt marsh bed and coral reef conservation, use of renewable energy, special interventions in fisheries and development of islands, crop insurance, salt tolerant and floating agriculture, eco-tourism development, MPA and ecologically critical area declaration, marine spatial planning, policy formulation, institutional integration and continuous ocean monitoring are example of some possible interventions required for climate resilient Blue Economy development in Bangladesh. This research article is available in Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics: https://cbe.miis.edu/joce/vol6/iss2/6


Interchange within mode influences the demand for that mode through the effect it has on time spent waiting, time spent transferring between vehicles and the inconvenience and risks involved, whilst interchange between modes has additional implications in terms of information provision, through ticketing and co-ordination. The valuation and behavioural impact of each of these factors will vary with an individual's socio-economic and trip characteristics as well as with the precise features of the interchange.

A reduction in the costs of interchange brought about by an improvement to any of the above factors will lead to increasingly 'seamless journeys' and such benefits which must be quantified. Indeed, this issue has been identified as an area of key importance in the Government's Transport White Paper (DETR, 1998a) which states:

Quick and easy interchange is essential to compete with the convenience of car use.

This message was reiterated by the draft guidance for Local Transport Plans (DETR, 1998b), which called for:

more through-ticketing, better connections and co-ordination of services, wider availability of information and improved waiting facilities.

Rather than being perceived simply as a barrier to travel, quality interchange is now also being regarded as an opportunity to create new journey opportunities. A recent report on the subject of interchange (Colin Buchanan and Partners, 1998) claimed that :

It will become more sensible and economic to base public transport networks around the concept of interchange rather than the alternative of trying to avoid it.

whilst in response to the diffuse travel patterns made possible by increased car availability, CIT (1998) commented:

people should readily be able to complete a myriad of journeys by changing services (and modes) if a through facility is not available. Ease of interchange should be something we take for granted.

Regardless of the precise direction in which transport policy and public transport provision develop, practical constraints and the fact that the most heavily trafficked routes tend to have through services places limitations on the extent to which the need to interchange can be reduced whilst no matter how fully integrated different modes of transport are the need to transfer between them cannot be removed. In contrast, the need to change would inevitably increase with the adoption of a practice of building networks around interchange to create new journey opportunities. However, there is considerable scope to improve existing interchange situations or to design new ones which impose minimum costs. Although previous empirical research has focused on the need to interchange or not, and this remains important, it is essential that research is also directed at improvements which facilitate interchange.The aims of this study, as set out in the terms of reference, are centred around the demand side response to interchange rather than the technical supply side issues relating to improving interchange and integration which have been covered in other studies (Colin Buchanan and Partners, 1998; CIT, 1998). The objectives are:

to explore the extent to which the reality and perception of interchange deters public transport use, absolutely and in relation to other deterrents

to investigate how public transport users perceive interchange; how they make choices and trade-offs in travel cost and time and the influence of interchange attributes (e.g. information, through ticketing) on those choices

to assess which components of interchange act as the greatest deterrent to travel

to investigate the extent to which interchange penalties vary according to journey purpose, distance and time of travel (or other factors).


The International Workshop on Parallel and Symbolic Computation (PASCO) is a series of workshops dedicated to the promotion and advancement of parallel algorithms and software in all areas of symbolic mathematical computation. The pervasive ubiquity of parallel architectures and memory hierarchy has led to the emergence of a new quest for parallel mathematical algorithms and software capable of exploiting the various levels of parallelism: from hardware acceleration technologies (multicore and multi-processor system on chip, GPGPU, FPGA) to cluster and global computing platforms. To push up the limits of symbolic and algebraic computations, beyond the optimization of the application itself, the effective use of a large number of resources (memory and specialized computing units) is expected to enhance the performance multi-criteria objectives: time, energy consumption, resource usage, reliability. In this context, the design and the implementation of mathematical algorithms with provable and adaptive performances is a major challenge.


The aerodynamics of a generic aircraft configuration known as Swing was investigated. The configuration used had two trailing-edge flaps on each wing used for control around all three stability axes included pitch, roll, and yaw. Tests are done in the low-speed wind tunnel L2000 at a freestream velocity of 30 m/s corresponding to a Reynolds number of 6.9 · 105 was applied. A NACA-66009 airfoil was used for the wing, and the outer wing section was twisted up 5° around the leading-edge point of the wing. Asymmetric deflections with the same amplitude for both flaps on each wing were applied for roll control. The deflection of the flaps was recorded with a motion capture system. The infrared light was emitted from four cameras and the light was reflected back to the cameras with a scan rate of 100 Hz and the system computed the distance to the markers. The results revealed that a sudden increase in pitch moment were observed at angles of attack above 10° and the flaps deflected with the same amplitude.


PurposeDi Tella et al. (2001) show that temporary fluctuations in life satisfaction (LS) are correlated with macroeconomic circumstances such as gross domestic product, unemployment and inflation. In this paper, we bring attention to labour market measures from search and matching models (Pissarides 2000).Design/methodology/approachOur analysis follows the two-stage estimation strategy used in Di Tella et al. (2001) to explore sectoral unemployment levels, labour market tightness and matching efficiency as LS determinants. In the first stage, we use a large sample of individual data collected from a continuous web survey during the 2007–2014 period in the Netherlands to obtain regression-adjusted measures of LS by quarter and economic sector. In the second-stage, we regress LS measures against the unemployment level, labour market tightness and matching efficiency.FindingsOur results are threefold. First, the negative link between unemployment and an employee's LS is confirmed at the sectoral level. Second, labour market tightness, measured as the number of vacancies per job-seeker rather than the number of vacancies per unemployed, is shown to be relevant to the LS of workers. Third, labour market matching efficiency affects the LS of workers differently when they are less satisfied with their job and in temporary employment.Originality/valueNo evidence of this relationship has been documented before. Our results give support to government interventions aimed at activating demand for labour, improving the matching of job-seekers to vacant jobs and reducing information frictions by supporting match-making technologies.


Research examining effective reading interventions for students with reading difficulties in the upper elementary grades is limited relative to the information available for the early elementary grades. In the current study, we examined the effects of a multicomponent reading intervention for students with reading comprehension difficulties. We used a partially nested analysis with latent variables to adequately match the design of the study and provide the necessary precision of intervention effects. We examined the effects of the intervention on students' latent word reading, latent vocabulary, and latent reading comprehension. In addition, we examined whether these effects differed for students of varying levels of reading or English language proficiency. Findings indicated the treatment significantly outperformed the comparison on reading comprehension (Effect Size = 0.38), but no overall group differences were noted on word reading or vocabulary. Students' initial word reading scores moderated this effect. Reading comprehension effects were similar for English learner and non-English learner students.


Following the lead of Stanley and Gessel, we consider a linear map which associates to an acyclic directed graph (or a poset) a quasi-symmetric function. The latter is naturally defined as a multivariate generating series of nondecreasing functions on the graph. We describe the kernel of this linear map by using a simple combinatorial operation that we call cyclic inclusion-exclusion. Our result also holds for the natural noncommutative analogue and for the commutative and noncommutative restrictions to bipartite graphs. An application to the theory of Kerov character polynomials is given.


In this paper, we report on the numerical simulation of a multiphysic electromagnetic/mechanical problem, as a further step toward the development of microwave circuits based on phonon propagation at micro and nanoscale. In the future, this kind of circuits is likely to integrate optomechanically pumped phonon sources and detectors, as well as phonon processing components (waveguides, splitters, and memories) to process information by means of phonons. In particular, we propose a rigorous approach for the solution of the electromagnetic/mechanical system of equations governing light behavior in optomechanical cavities, with the help of the transformation optics method. Such a kind of calculation allows the development of an efficient generation of microwave coherent phonon sources, by engineering their propagation or coupling with phonon waveguides.


CYP3A4 is a major cytochrome P450. It catalyses a broad range of substrates including xenobiotics such as clinically used drugs and endogenous compounds bile acids. Its function to detoxify bile acids could be used for treating cholestasis, which is a condition characterised by accumulation of bile acids. Although bile acids have important physiological functions, they are very toxic when their concentrations are excessively high. The accumulated bile acids in cholestasis can cause liver and other tissue injuries. Thus, control of the concentrations of bile acids is critical for treatment of cholestasis. CYP3A4 is responsively upregulated in cholestasis mediated by the nuclear receptors farnesol X receptor (FXR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) as a defence mechanism. However, the regulation of CYP3A4 is complicated by estrogen, which is increased in cholestasis and down regulates CYP3A4 expression. The activity of CYP3A4 is also inhibited by accumulated bile acids due to their property of detergent effect. In some cholestasis cases, genetic polymorphisms of the CYP3A4 and PXR genes may interfere with the adaptive response. Further stimulation of CYP3A4 activity in cholestasis could be an effective approach for treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarise recent progress about the roles of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of bile acids, its regulation and possible implication in the treatment of cholestasis.


We applied laser-diode sheetlike end pumping to a multimode Nd:YVO(4) laser and observed high-speed (>400-MHz) modulation of the intensity of chaotic pulsation near 1 MHz. The frequencies of modulation were the beat frequencies for pairs of closely spaced lasing modes. Asymmetric optical confinement and the resultant modal interference are shown to lead to oval-hollow-mode operation in which modal beat notes induce high-speed modulation, the frequency range of which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic relaxation oscillation frequency. Good numerical reproduction of the observed chaotic pulsations and their high-speed modulation was obtained with model equations in which such effects as nonlinear gain coupling among modes and field interference between pairs of modes were included. High-speed pulsations in nonchaotic lasers were also demonstrated.


ABSTRACT: In 2013, Colombia implemented a tax reform that reduced payroll taxes by a total of 13.5 percentage points of wages. This paper evaluates the effects of this component of the 2012 Colombian tax reform on firms' formal employment and average wages. We construct a panel of firms based on their employees' administrative records. To account for the endogeneity of the treatment, we use an instrumental variables technique that exploits the exogenous variation from the decisions of firms that are similar to each other in several dimensions, but belong to different economic sectors. Based on our preferred specification, we estimate a positive and significant increase in formal employment, as a result of the implementation of the reform, of approximately 213,000 jobs in existing pre-reform firms. In the long run, these effects will increase to more than 600,000 jobs. The effect of the reform on the average wages paid by firms was also found to be positive for some sizes of firms, but the overall effect in the short run is rather small.


The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of studies concerning social support in youth sport from 1990 to 2013. A total of 73 studies were evaluated and are reported in four sections: sample characteristics; research designs; social support provider type; and key correlates relating to social support. Samples ranged from 1 to 564. Studies examined a wide range of sports, ages (10–22 years) and competition levels. Studies used qualitative (23%), quantitative (75%) and mixed-model (2%) designs. The main conclusion is that recent advances in the conceptualization of social support have generated a more diverse set of methods to examine the quantity and satisfaction of social support in a sports context. Coaches were identified as the most prevalent provider of social support through offering participants unique forms of tangible, informational, emotional and esteem support. Furthermore, coach, parent and peer support plays a significant role in shaping youth sport experiences both from a positive (athlete motivation levels, elite sport participation) and negative (drop-out) perspective. The discussion focuses on the current status of the research area, limitations, suggested practical implications (e.g., providing proactive support) and future research directions (e.g., examining optimal support matching).


Many articles from many countries have been submitted to the Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation (JER). In this issue, the studies on the various effects of exercise, such as antioxidant effects, the effects of exercise on blood sugar, hypertension, and also on anxiety are published. Studies on the effect of rehabilitation training in an artificially heated environment and the effect of whole body vibration are also included in this issue. The editorial board of the JER strengthened the research ethics and publication ethics to the submitted articles. In addition to being approved by the ethics committee, a detailed explanation of the experiment needs to be given to the participants. The editorial board of JER also measured the similarity of all submitted manuscripts. The high degree of similarity with other studies is one of the important factors rejected by the JER. Compliance with research ethics and publication ethics is a fundamental condition for the JER to maintain its status as an international journal. The editorial board of the JER also attaches importance to the format of the submitted manuscripts. It is important to comply with the JER submission guidelines by referring to "Instructions to Authors" or existing published articles. It is an important role of the JER to inform the effects of exercise in various disease states. However, in order to expand the scope and role of exercise rehabilitation, mechanisms of exercise for rehabilitation should be identified. Evaluating the mechanisms of exercise rehabilitation is a necessary task for the development of a new therapeutic area of exercise rehabilitation. JER welcomes the studies on the mechanisms of exercise rehabilitation. The editorial board of the JER has been striving to become an international journal in the section of exercise rehabilitation since 2013, and JER has made a lot of progress in terms of content. Now we look forward to further development of JER as an international journal.


There are over one billion organisms in a pinch of soil, and many of them perform functions essential to all life on the planet. Yet we know much more about deep space than about the universe below. In Tales from the Underground, Cornell ecologist David W. Wolfe lifts the veil on this hidden world, revealing for the first time what makes subterranean life so unique and so precious. Home to miniscule water bears and microscopic bacteria, mole rats and burrowing owls, the underground reigns supreme as it produces important pharmaceuticals, recycles life's essential elements, and helps plants gather nutrients. An original, awe-inspiring journey through a strange realm, Tales from the Underground will forever alter our appreciation of the natural world around-and beneath-us.


Abstract Tokamak plasmas can be sensitive to external non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations that are several orders of magnitude smaller than the axisymmetric field. These perturbations, which are usually undesired and are referred to as error fields, can limit operation by braking the plasma rotation until an instability such as a tearing mode, a resistive wall mode, or an error field–driven locked mode leads to an unacceptable confinement degradation or a disruption. Auxiliary heating can have two competing effects: On one hand higher β leads to a degradation of the error field tolerance through plasma amplification and stronger braking, and on the other hand higher toroidal rotation can tolerate a higher magnetic braking torque. A widely used technique to detect and correct error fields is based on the characteristic density dependence of the error field tolerance in ohmic plasmas. An alternative technique is based on the measurable plasma amplification of the error field in high-β plasmas. However, the detection and correction of error fields in ITER will require a modification of the present techniques in order to avoid disruptions and deal with insufficient plasma amplification of the error field at low β, before the full set of auxiliary heating systems will be available. The adaptation of current techniques to address these concerns is likely, but an experimental demonstration as well as an improved physics basis is needed and remains the subject of current research.


Global aquaculture faces developmental and expansion constraints due to the impacts of diseases. To meet the global demand for protein, aquaculture will need to double by 2050, but a growing concern in aquaculture is the development of drug and chemical resistance by various pathogens, including fish ectoparasites. Of particular concern is the current lack of regulation and surveillance for resistance in the vast majority of aquaculture producing countries, which notably suffer up to 40% production losses due to diseases, at a global combined annual cost exceeding US$6 billion.

Biocontrols such as cleaner fishes have been used successfully in salmonid aquaculture to reduce the impacts of ectoparasitic sea lice, which have traditionally cost this industry millions of US$ annually. This is the only example of exploiting the benefits of a natural cleaning symbiosis for food production. The development of the cleaner fishes biocontrol model was born out of the need to find alternative control measures against the ectoparasitic sea lice which had developed increased levels of resistance to almost all approved commercial drug or chemical applications. The cleaner fishes model is highly successful, and has been developed into its own aquaculture support industry. However, the success of the cleaner fishes model for salmonid aquaculture is restricted geographically, and restricted by the specific feeding preferences of the cleaner fishes to sea lice, and their susceptibility to them.

Tropical and sub-tropical aquaculture experiences a high diversity of economically important fish ectoparasites for which there are no known commercial vaccines, or biocontrols. One of the limiting factors for considering a cleaner fish biocontrol model in tropical and sub-tropical aquaculture is the high probability of susceptibility of cleaner fishes to cosmopolitan ectoparasites with low host-specificity, which infest a large diversity of farmed finfish species. However, the benefits of cleaning symbiosis in a biocontrol model are likely attainable through the use of cleaner shrimp, which are not susceptible to fish ectoparasites.

Initially, cleaning symbiosis required re-evaluation because it represented two separate but similar mutualisms. Cleaning symbiosis was redefined in Chapter 2 to highlight the importance of predisposing communicative behaviour as the catalyst for true symbiotic cleaning interactions, and a comprehensive global list of cleaners and their distribution was provided. This stabilised the foundation on which to explore questions on the truly symbiotic nature of cleaner shrimp, and their specific cleaning abilities at removing different economically important ectoparasites from cultured fishes and from the environment.

In Chapter 3, the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis was shown unequivocally to tend to injured fish clients in a true cleaning symbiosis, and injury-related inflammation was significantly reduced by the presence of the shrimp. This established the first evidence of wound cleaning of injured fish by cleaner shrimp. The diel ability of L. amboinensis was further tested, together with three other shrimp species, L. vittata, Stenopus hispidus, and Urocaridella antonbruunii against three economically important ectoparasites of cultured fish, Cryptocaryon irritans (ciliate), Neobenedenia girellae (monogenean), and Zeylanicobdella arugamensis (leech) for the first time, in Chapter 4. Although all cleaner shrimp reduced ectoparasites, they did so unequally. Of all the cleaners tested, L. vittata was considered the superior performer for its ability to reduce parasites by up to 97%. Given the potential of the reduction of reinfective stages in aquaculture by this shrimp's performance, L. vittata was selected as the first candidate cleaner shrimp for testing under recirculating aquaculture conditions in Chapter 5 against N. girellae infesting cultured grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus.

Lysmata vittata, when used as a biocontrol in Chapter 5, significantly reduced the reinfection of N. girellae under recirculating aquaculture conditions by ~87% by consuming the eggs that attach to fish-cage netting. This confirmed the potential of cleaner shrimp to be used to manage ectoparasites in aquaculture. Ectoparasite benthic stages such as eggs, cysts and cocoons are the traditional source of ectoparasite reinfection in aquaculture, and are impervious to drug and chemical treatments. The use of cleaner shrimp may support the reduction of chemical and drug use to treat parasitic outbreaks on fish, but also offers the first real solution to reducing reinfection pressure by consuming traditionally problematic life-stages, thereby reducing infection severity, translating to improved stock health.


A need to measure attitude towards contraception was felt since Pakistan is one of the most populated countries in the world. For this, in the present study Keye's (1998) Contraceptive Attitude Scale was translated and validated to investigate attitudes toward contraception in Pakistan. Back-to-back translation method was used for translation followed by try out of Contraceptive Attitude Scale-Urdu on 15 couples to ascertain the understanding of language by target sample. On a sample of 120 married couples, exploratory factor analysis using Direct Oblimin Method was performed on Contraceptive Attitude Scale-Urdu for validation purpose which showed that the scale was unidimensional in nature. Item-total correlation ranged from .21 to .72 (p < .01). Two items were excluded for having non significant item total correlation. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient achieved was .90. Cross-language validity determined on a sample of unmarried M.Sc. students showed highly satisfactory validity indices. As indicator of construct validity using the concept of contrasted group, difference in attitudes of users and non users of contraceptives was explored on the sample of 120 couples. Contraceptive users displayed more positive attitudes toward contraception than non users. Gender differences in attitudes showed that wives had more positive attitudes toward contraception than husbands. Findings can increase awareness among the common masses in general and married couples in particular that family planning is an important component of healthy married life in which attitudes towards contraception play very significant role.