Objectives . To determine which roles and attributes of clinical educators are perceived as important in creating a clinical learning environment that is conducive to learning, and if there were differences between the perceptions of undergraduate physiotherapy students and clinical educators.  Design . A cross-sectional survey in the form of a purpose-built questionnaire was conducted among physiotherapy students and clinical educators.  Setting . The study was performed at the Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.  Participants . All enrolled undergraduate physiotherapy students ( n =80) with clinical experience, and all clinical educators ( n =37) involved in the delivery of clinical education were invited to participate.  Results . The educator roles that strongly influence the clinical learning environment were found to be those of technique demonstrator, mentor, assessor, knowledge provider and facilitator of learning. Educators' and students' views about the role of the educator as role model, reflector, knowledge provider and technique demonstrator differed. Participants agreed that the attributes of the clinical educator that are conducive to learning are approachability, recognising student abilities, and good communication skills.  Conclusion . The clinical educator is pivotal in the success of the physiotherapy clinical education programme. The study found similarities and differences about the role perceptions of educators and students. The differences might influence the learning experience, and it is recommended that expectations be clarified at the start of the clinical education programme.


There is a substantial body of literature confirming that natural resource-based parks and open space substantially enhance the value of proximate properties. These findings can appropriately be ex- trapolated to greenway trails in contexts where they are accompanied by extended tranquil views which account for the increases in proximate property values associated with parks and open space. However, in other cases where the greenway trail consists of a fairly narrow urban corridor, enhanced property value associated with the trail is likely to come from access to the linear trail, rather than from views of open space. Nine studies were found that addressed the impact of greenway trails on property values. For the most part, the trails were located in relatively narrow corridors. Eight of them used attitude and opinion surveys of homeowners and other stakeholders, rather than changes in actual prop- erty values, to reach their conclusions. This surrogate approach is more tenuous than measuring actual changes in property values. Further, only one of the studies was reported in a refereed journal, indicating that the studies may not meet acceptable standards of social science. Nevertheless, they represent the best information currently available on this sometimes controversial issue. In the concluding section of the paper, suggestions are given for designing a research program in this area. The consistent pattern emerging from the studies which were re- viewed, and the diversity of milieus in which they were conducted, enables a reasonable level of confidence to be placed in generalizations drawn from them, even with their limitations. Across the studies there was broad consensus that trails have no negative impact on either the saleability of property (easier or more difficult to sell) or its value. There was a belief among some, typically between 20% and 40% of a sample, that there was a positive impact on saleability and value. However, the dominant prevail- ing sentiment was that the presence of a trail had a neutral impact on the saleability or value of property.


In modern communication networks, routing protocols are used to determine the shortest path to the destination. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) are the dominant interior routing protocols for such networks. This thesis presents a simulation based analysis of these protocols. We used the combination of EIGRP&IS-IS, OSPF&IS-IS routing protocols on the same network in order to reveal the advantage of one over the other as well as the robustness of each protocol combination and how this is measured. To carry out the network simulations, we used Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET). The comparison analysis is based on several parameters that determine the robustness of these protocols. The routing protocol convergence time is one important parameter which determines the time needed by the routers to learn the new topology of the network whenever a change occurs in the network. The routing protocol which converges faster is considered a better routing protocol. Point-to-point link throughput, HTTP object response time, database response time and e-mail download response time are other parameters we used to measure the routing performance of the network.


In this paper, we propose an atlas-based method for hippocampus-amygdala complex segmentation. An atlas is registered on all subjects and its transformation is calculated for each subject. This transformation is applied to the structural segmentation of the complex in atlas to construct an initial surface for the hippocampus-amygdala complex of each subject. A possibility approach is introduced for the segmentation process. Two different kinds of deformation based on edges and information obtained from tissue segmentation are used to find different parts of the complex. A new energy is defined to use tissue information. This energy is adopted to expand the model to embed dominant gray matter points in the volume and also withdraw from dominant white matter and CSF points. The initial shape is divided into several parts. In the normal direction of the center of each part, we construct a profile which search for the best point that maximizes this new energy. This algorithm is reliable for finding the overall shape of the complex. It overcomes the poor features of the complex such as weak edges and noise. The algorithm is examined on 5 different subjects and validated using two different validation methods.


Yuan Shih Chow was born in Hubei province in China, on September 1, 1924. The eldest child of a local militia and political leader, he grew up in war and turmoil. His hometown was on the front line during most of the Japanese invasion and occupation of China. When he was 16, Y. S. Chow journeyed, mostly on foot, to Chongqing (Chung-King), the wartime Chinese capital, to finish his high school education. When the Communist party gained power in China, Y. S. Chow had already followed his university job to Taiwan. In Taiwan, he taught mathematics as an assistant at National Taiwan University until he came to the United States in 1954. At the University of Illinois, he studied under J. L. Doob and received his Ph.D. in 1958. He served as a staff mathematician and adjunct faculty at the IBM Watson Research Laboratory and Columbia University from 1959 to 1962. He was a member of the Statistics Department at Purdue University from 1962 to 1968. From 1968 until his retirement in 1993, Y. S. Chow served as Professor of Mathematical Statistics at Columbia University. At different times, he was a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley, University of Heidelberg (Germany) and the National Central University, Taiwan. He served as Director of the Institute of Mathematics of Academia Sinica, Taiwan, and Director of the Center of Applied Statistics at Nankai University, Tianjin, China. He was instrumental in establishing the Institute of Statistics of Academia Sinica in Taiwan. He is currently Professor Emeritus at Columbia University. Y. S. Chow is a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, a member of the International Statistical Institute and a member of Taiwan's Academia Sinica. He has numerous publications, including Great Expectations: The Theory of Optimal Stopping (1971), in collaboration with Herbert Robbins and David Siegmund, and Probability Theory (1978), in collaboration with Henry Teicher. Y. S. Chow has a strong interest in mathematics education. He taught high school mathematics for one year in 1947 and wrote a book on high school algebra in collaboration with J. H. Teng and M. L. Chu. In 1992, Y. S. Chow, together with I. S. Chang and W. C. Ho, established the Chinese Institute of Probability and Statistics in Taiwan. This conversation took place in the fall of 2003 in Dobbs Ferry, New York.


This study explored the use of touch in the L'Arche approach to care-giving for people with developmental disabilities. The intent was to explore the nature of touch, and the protective and risk factors of this alternative care setting, to promote a safe and respectful environment that enhanced protective factors and minimized risk. The author was interested in the scientific research on the value of touch, ethics in relationships with power differences, the prevention of abuse, and the prevalence of respectful expressive/affectionate touch between people with disabilities and their caregivers. The study engaged one L'Arche community in Ontario, Canada, through a participatory, ethnographic, case study design. The data collection involved six weeks of participant observation, 11 interviews and two focus-groups (N = 19). Creating an inclusive research experience was important to the author, who sought balanced participation in all research methods between residents with developmental disabilities and staff. Amongst the participants were eight staff, seven residents, and four key-informants. The findings of this study revealed that the nature of touch in care-giving at L'Arche is very complex. The protective factors included capacity-building around touch, boundaries, and communication, and the role of community and long term relationships of mutuality. Risk factors included vulnerability, lack of communication and not respecting boundaries, dual roles, cultural differences and inconsistencies amongst L'Arche communities. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be transferrable to other care settings, in order to create respectful and safe environments for people with developmental disabilities.


In this thesis, we develop partial differential equation (PDE) based numerical methods to solve certain optimal stochastic control problems in finance.
The value of a stochastic control problem is normally identical to the viscosity solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation or an HJB variational inequality. The HJB equation corresponds to the case when the controls are bounded while the HJB variational inequality corresponds to the unbounded control case. As a result, the solution to the stochastic control problem can be computed by solving the corresponding HJB equation/variational inequality as long as the convergence to the viscosity solution is guaranteed.
We develop a unified numerical scheme based on a semi-Lagrangian timestepping for solving both the bounded and unbounded stochastic control problems as well as the discrete cases where the controls are allowed only at discrete times. Our scheme has the following useful properties: it is unconditionally stable; it can be shown rigorously to converge to the viscosity solution; it can easily handle various stochastic models such as jump diffusion and regime-switching models; it avoids Policy type iterations at each mesh node at each timestep which is required by the standard implicit finite difference methods.
In this thesis, we demonstrate the properties of our scheme by valuing natural gas storage facilities—a bounded stochastic control problem, and pricing variable annuities with guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits (GMWBs)—an unbounded stochastic control problem. In particular, we use an impulse control formulation for the unbounded stochastic control problem and show that the impulse control formulation is more general than the singular control formulation previously used to price GMWB contracts.


The objective of this project is the development of new kinds of low-cost, high-quality, mass-customizable building assembly systems that provide visually rich design variations for housing and other small structures. The building systems are intended to be tailored for particular cultures and communities by incorporating local, vernacular, decorative design into the assembly design. Two complementary areas of computational design are brought together in this work: shape grammars and digital fabrication. The visual, aesthetic aspects of the research are explored through shape grammars. The physical design and manufacturing aspects are explored through advanced digital design and fabrication technologies, and, in particular, they build on recent work on mono-material, interlocking, component-based assemblies with parts that can be fabricated with CNC machines and assembled easily by hand. The long-term objective is development of visual-physical design grammars with rules that generate complete CAD/CAM data for fabrication of full-scale components for assembly design variations. If successful, the results of this research will lead to new solutions for economical, easily manufactured housing, which is especially critical in developing countries and for post-disaster environments. These new housing solutions will not only provide shelter, but will also support important cultural values through the integration of familiar visual design features. The use of inexpensive, portable digital design and fabrication technologies will allow local communities to be active participants in the design and construction of their homes. Beyond the specific context of housing, visual-physical grammars have the potential to positively affect design and manufacture of artifacts at many scales, and in many domains, particularly for artifacts where visual aesthetics need to be considered jointly with physical or material requirements and design customization or variation is important. A proof-of-concept study was initiated to establish the potential of this research. A visual, vernacular language of ancient Greek meander designs is the basis for the study. Figure 1 shows an excerpt from a grammar that generates a language of meander variations. The grammar rules generate a wide range of meander patterns (Figure 2) by stacking, shifting, and reflecting rows of meanders. This two-dimensional visual language was then translated into a three-dimensional building system. The components of the system are uniquely designed " meander bricks " (Figure 3). The components have integrated alignment features so that they can be easily fitted and locked together manually without binding materials. The meander bricks were 3D printed at desktop scale with a layered manufacturing machine to assess …


Between Warrior Brother and Veiled Sister: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Politics of Patriarchy in Iran, by Minoo Moallem. Berkeley, Los Angeles, CA and London, UK: University of California Press, 2005. ix+ 187 pages. Gloss to p. 195. Notes to p. 223. Bibl to p. 247. Index to p. 269. $24.95. Through a postmodern and transnational feminist framework, Minoo Moallem analyzes the overlapping of gender and fudamentalism in Iran. She considers Islamic fundamentalism as a by-product of colonial modernity and the process of modernization and Westernization, and sees it as a crisis of modernity, rationality, and gender rather than that of tradition. She further argues that representational practices of "othering" and the identitarian claims of "weness" are inseparable from the modern history of race, gender, religion, and nation (p. 9). The book is divided into five chapters followed by a postscript. The chapters rely on secondary textual sources, and visual materials, especially films. In the first chapter, the author uses a few European travel writings that depict 19th century Persia as absolutist and barbaric, thereby legitimizing European intervention. The Orientalist concept of a "Persian character" was used by the West to justify Western intervention in the Iranian political sphere (p. 40). She also contends that the construction of an Iranian nation cannot be separated from the construction of Persian character by travelers, missionaries, or officers. This is also reflected in the writings of the modernizing and modernized local Iranian elites and their discursive constructions of a Persian character in need of civilization (p. 57). The author further shows that, in Western discourse, racialization of Muslims and the representation of gender relations work hand in hand. The condition of women thus serves to define the boundaries between the "civilized" world of Europe and the "barbaric" world of Islam. Moallem contends that the racist, colonialist image of Muslim women as eternal victims, characterized by ignorance and passivity, has become Westerners' most comforting cliche (p. 60), despite the decoding of such spaces of representation and their historicization by Third World and Middle Eastern feminists. Comparing pre- and post-revolutionary predominant discourses in chapter 2, the author, relying on Michel Foucault, maintains that they both created new feminized subjects and required them to assume heterosexuality. The aim, she argues, is to facilitate modern disciplinary control of the body and to create national and transnational gendered citizenship (p. 82). Chapter 3 elaborates on the reinvention of traditions in the context of political and social oppression. Moallem argues that the Iranian revolution challenged the discourses of modernity through moving beyond the division between mind on one hand, and emotion and body on the other. It also challenged the cultural order of modernity by integrating high and popular culture, and questioned the dichotomy between secular and religious. …


Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated using a novel small molecule, C6-NTTN, as the semiconductor layer in several different architectures. The C6-NTTN layer was deposited via both vacuum evaporation at different substrate temperatures and via solution-processing, which yield maximum hole mobilities of 0.16 and 0.05 cm2/ ${\mathrm{ V}}\cdot {\mathrm{ s}}$ , respectively. Surface treatments of the substrate, insulator, and metal contacts used for OTFT fabrication employing polymer films and different self-assembled monolayers were investigated. In particular, in bottom-gate devices, the insulator surface hydrophobicity was optimized by the deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) or hexamethyldisilazane, while in the top-gate geometry, pentafluorobenzenethiol was efficiently used to modify the substrate surface energy and to change the contact work function. Atomic force microscopy analysis was exploited to understand the relationship between the semiconductor thin-film morphology and the device electrical performance. The results shown here indicate an inverse proportionality between the mobility and the interface trap density, with parameters depending especially on semiconductor–insulator interfacial properties, and a correlation between the threshold voltage and the characteristics of the semiconductor–metal interface.


Congregations  find  themselves  living  in  transformative  times,  but transformation is often an act of subtraction, which means congregations find themselves living  in anxious times as well. Within this context,  it  is tempting  for congregations to base  decisions  on  either  financial  constraint  or  political  expediency.  However,  such superficial discernment is incapable of guiding congregations wishing to respond to God's activity in the world. This author argues that Ignatius of Loyola provides congregations with an alternative. To accomplish this, the author walks the reader through the basic principles of Ignatian spirituality and discernment, making suggestions for how these can impact congregational decision‐making along the way. It concludes by showing how The Deliberation exhibits a two‐sided Ignatian framework that congregations can use to settle their decision‐making in prayer, worship, and personal reflection while also committing themselves to logically and objectively working  toward a sense of consensus. The author advocates  that such a framework is practical, Spirit‐led, action‐oriented, and learnable, allowing congregations to anchor their choices in the movement of the Holy Spirit and the ongoing invitation of God.


The aim of this study was to determine the energy levels of some energy source grains commonly used in ruminant nutrition by in vivo and in vitro methods. To achieve this objective, corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat, and triticale (4 replicates) were utilized. The in vivo digestibility of grains was determined with a metabolism trial using 4 animals per sample in an incomplete block design. The in vitro digestibility of grains was determined using an enzyme technique. For this purpose, cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase and pepsin were used. The in vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat and triticale were 83.81, 79.86, 81.34, 83.05, 75.50 and 84.00%; and 83.90, 81.50, 82.33, 83.84, 76.95 and 84.81%, respectively. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation content of grains, in the same order, were 15.94, 15.49,15.64, 15.93, 14.62 and 16.12 MJ/kg DM; 13.52, 12.76, 12.98, 13.12, 12.39 and 13.23 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 7.84, 7.99, 8.13, 7.52 and 8.21 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of the grains, in the same order, were 81.21, 80.04, 81.04, 81.72, 62.05 and 84.17%; 82.27, 81.07, 81.82, 82.66, 63.25 and 84.76%. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation calculated by the in vitro method were 15.27, 14.98, 15.22, 15.07, 11.88 and 15.61 MJ/kg DM; 12.90, 12.51, 12.68, 12.68, 9.90 and 13.04 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 8.11, 8.23, 8.30, 6.79 and 8.43 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). In this study: a) in vivo and in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were similar in all grains, except for oat; b) the enzyme technique can be used instead of the in vivo method for the calculation of metabolizable energy and net energy for the lactation content of barley, wheat and rye; c) the enzyme technique can replace the in vivo method for the calculation of the net energy for the lactation content for corn, and the metabolizable energy content for triticale; and d) the enzyme technique cannot be used instead of the in vivo method for oat.


Air photographs can play an important part in the investigation of engineering sites because they provide an overall view which can reveal surface features, ground conditions, and evidence of past use and natural changes which may be of importance in site development. Historial series of available air photographs can often allow the history of past use and natural change to be followed in detail over the last 35 years or more. The report reviews the availability of air photographs and gives details of some 20 major sources and collections for the UK. The interpretation of air photographs is discussed, and illustrated by two case studies in which historical series of available photographs allowed the construction and demolition of brick works, the excavation and filling of clay pits, and the progress of opencast mining and restoration to be followed in detail. In addition, examples are given of the successful use of air photographs in the investigation of a wide range of engineering problems. The similar use that can be made of ground-based photographs is also mentioned. (Author/TRRL)


This highly sought-after volume detailing one of the most influential magazines of the twentieth century is now back in print at a newly affordable price. In 1950, Fleur Cowles established what would become one of the most important and talked about magazines ever created. Critically lauded for its sharp mix of clothes, literature, art, travel, decor, theater, and humor, Flair made publishing history with its combination of eclectic editorial content and lavish production quality. Recalled as the first magazine that became an art form, The Best of Flair is a compilation of the magazine's best content as chosen by the woman who created it. Along with its distinctive production values, Flair also features interviews and contributions from some of the most noted artists and celebrities of the past fifty years, including Lucian Freud, Jean Cocteau, Tallulah Bankhead, Saul Steinberg, Salvador Dali, Simone de Beauvoir, Walker Evans, James Michener, Ogden Nash, Gypsy Rose Lee, Clare Boothe Luce, George Bernard Shaw, John O'Hara, Margaret Mead, and Tennessee Williams. Now, more than ten years after this book was first published by Rizzoli, and more than fifty years after the magazine ceased publication, this facsimile edition offers the same ingenious bookmaking of its predecessor, including multiple gatefolds with die-cuts, booklets, and accordion folder leaflets.


BACKGROUND: Pectoralis and serratus blocks have been described recently for use in breast surgery, but evidence supporting their analgesic benefits is limited. This cohort study evaluates the benefits of adding a pectoralis or serratus block to conventional opioid-based analgesia (control) in patients who underwent ambulatory breast cancer surgery at Women's College Hospital between July 2013 and May 2015. We tested the joint hypothesis that adding a pectoralis or serratus block reduced postoperative in-hospital (predischarge) opioid consumption and nausea and vomiting (PONV). We also examined the 2 block types for noninferiority. METHODS: A total of 225 patients were propensity matched on 5 potential confounders among 3 study groups (75 per group): (1) pectoralis; (2) serratus; and (3) control. The propensity-matched cohort was used to evaluate the effect of the study group on postoperative in-hospital oral morphine equivalent consumption and PONV. We considered pectoralis noninferior to serratus block if it was noninferior for both outcomes, within 10 mg morphine and 17.5% in PONV incidence margins. Other outcomes included intraoperative fentanyl requirements, pain scores, time to first analgesic request, and duration of recovery room stay. RESULTS: Both pectoralis and serratus blocks were each associated with reduced postoperative in-hospital opioid consumption and PONV compared with control. Pectoralis was noninferior to serratus block for these 2 outcomes. Pectoralis and serratus blocks were each associated with reduced intraoperative fentanyl requirements, prolonged time to first analgesic request, and expedited recovery room discharge compared with control; there were no differences for the remaining outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Pectoralis and serratus blocks were each associated with a reduction in postoperative in-hospital opioid consumption and PONV compared with conventional opioid-based analgesia after ambulatory breast cancer surgery.


Random number generators are important in fields which
require non-deterministic input, such as cryptography. One example of a
non-deterministic system is found in chemistry via the crystallization of
chemical compounds, which occurs through stochastic processes. Herein, we
present an automated platform capable of generating random numbers from
observation of crystallizations resulting from multiple parallel one-pot
chemical reactions. From the resulting images, crystals were identified using
computer vision, and binary sequences were obtained by applying a binarization
algorithm to these regions. An assessment of randomness of these sequences was
undertaken by applying a barrage of tests for randomness described by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We find that numbers
generated through this method are able to pass each of the three levels for
each of the NIST tests. We then compare the encryption strength of the random
numbers generated from each of the crystallizing systems to that of a
pseudo-random number generation algorithm (the Mersenne Twister). We find that
messages encrypted using chemically derived random numbers take significantly
longer to decrypt than the algorithmically generated number.


This thesis contrasts the influence of the culture-linked prioritisation of pairings of guilt and innocence, shame and honour, and fear and power. In this case study, this influence was explored with reference to the decision making of leaders in education and other fields in two different sub-cultures located in Bolivia, South America. The research involved a qualitative study of data from interviews with forty two leaders from a Bolivian city and from rural villages in order to discover worldview and cultural factors that influence the prioritisation of avoidance-pursuit pairs that may affect the ethical decision making of leaders in different sub-cultures. The distinctive sub-cultures are an Hispanic sub-culture in the city and a primarily Quechua sub-culture in the villages. The affective domain pairs were identified in the literature from work by sociologists, anthropologies and missiologists. In this research the term avoidance-pursuit pair is used and is indicative of the human tendency to avoid the first components (guilt, shame and fear) and pursue the second (justice/innocence, honour and power). The literature suggested that these pairs are ranked differently in contrasting cultures and that this influences the decisions and actions of individuals. This research also investigated worldview and cultural factors that may result in the prioritisation of the avoidance-pursuit pairs. In order to answer the research question the literature referring to the avoidance-pursuit pairs, leadership, ethical decision making, values and worldview is discussed. In addition, reference is made to the literature pertaining to cross-cultural studies and in particular to shame-honour, or face cultures, and Andean animistic cultures and worldviews. The data from the interviews with participants found that across each cultural group there are differences between the prioritisations of the pairs. Within the Hispanic culture of the city, the research participants placed a higher priority on shame and honour whereas in the village communities the priority was on fear and power and these prioritisations influenced the decisions and actions of the leaders. In general terms the findings support the theory in the literature. In the data there were also several linked factors such as issues of trust, the values context of the cultures and the relational structures of their communities. Relationships were found to be a key factor in understanding the influences on the decision making processes and the prioritisation of the avoidance-pursuit pairs. These relationships included interpersonal relationships in the collectivist, Hispanic, culture and strongly influenced perceptions of shame and honour. In the culture of the villages fear and power were linked to the relationships individuals had with the supernatural and the natural environment. The relationship individuals may have with lore, or laws, was found also to be important in terms of perceptions of guilt or innocence.


On the north-eastern coast of Sardinia, from November 2004 to January 2006, the first attempt in the Mediterranean basin to obtain information on encounter rate, group size and incidental capture of bottlenose dolphins in a marine fish farm was assessed, combining direct observations from fish farm boats with photo-identification studies. During 15 months of research, 79 d (65.3% of the total monitored days) were spent in direct observation of 146 groups of bottlenose dolphins around the fish farm cages. There was a peak in bottlenose dolphin presence during winter. Photographs were taken in the fish farm area during 79 encounters on 61 different days (totalling 34 marked individuals). The regular occurrence of some dolphins suggests individual preferences for the fish farm area. The incidental bottlenose dolphin capture observed in large, loose predator nets (1 dolphin per month) is cause for concern, as it is questionable whether or not the bottlenose dolphins in the area can sustain incidental capture of this magnitude. The information gained from this study shows the necessity for further regulations to be established, both in the use of predator nets and management of marine fish farms.


Burnout has been defined as a job-induced syndrome combining emotional exhaustion, depersonalization/cynicism, and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment. In this article, we expand on past analyses of burnout by reviewing key, yet overlooked, problems affecting the construct. We concomitantly examine the implications of these problems for the overall validity of burnout research. Our work shows that burnout research is undermined by 4 main problems. First, what constitutes a case of burnout is unclear. Second, the basic conceptualization and operationalization of burnout are ill aligned. Third, burnout is unlikely to be the specifically job-induced syndrome it has been posited to be. Fourth, the discriminant validity of the burnout construct is unsatisfactory. These fundamental problems, disregarded for decades, render burnout research inconclusive. This state of affairs (a) bears on researchers' and practitioners' ability to monitor and protect workers' health and (b) prevents public health policymakers from producing authoritative recommendations. The burnout construct thus appears to not well serve the goal of promoting occupational health. The depression construct may offer occupational health specialists a way out of the "burnout impasse." Depression is diagnosable. Like burnout, depression can be studied dimensionally (i.e., as a process) and examined from both an individual and a social standpoint. Methods for investigating the etiological link between depressive symptoms and disorders and job stress are available.


In this work, we propose a construction of 2-round tweakable substitutionpermutation networks using a single secret S-box. This construction is based on non-linear permutation layers using independent round keys, and achieves security beyond the birthday bound in the random permutation model. When instantiated with an n-bit block cipher with ωn-bit keys, the resulting tweakable block cipher, dubbed CTET+, can be viewed as a tweakable enciphering scheme that encrypts ωκ-bit messages for any integer ω ≥ 2 using 5n + κ-bit keys and n-bit tweaks, providing 2n/3-bit security.Compared to the 2-round non-linear SPN analyzed in [CDK+18], we both minimize it by requiring a single permutation, and weaken the requirements on the middle linear layer, allowing better performance. As a result, CTET+ becomes the first tweakable enciphering scheme that provides beyond-birthday-bound security using a single permutation, while its efficiency is still comparable to existing schemes including AES-XTS, EME, XCB and TET. Furthermore, we propose a new tweakable enciphering scheme, dubbed AES6-CTET+, which is an actual instantiation of CTET+ using a reduced round AES block cipher as the underlying secret S-box. Extensivecryptanalysis of this algorithm allows us to claim 127 bits of security.Such tweakable enciphering schemes with huge block sizes become desirable in the context of disk encryption, since processing a whole sector as a single block significantly worsens the granularity for attackers when compared to, for example, AES-XTS, which treats every 16-byte block on the disk independently. Besides, as a huge amount of data is being stored and encrypted at rest under many different keys in clouds, beyond-birthday-bound security will most likely become necessary in the short term.


This article examines recent "fetal protection" efforts, which demonize, disenfranchise, and punish pregnant women. These actions erase the bright line of birth which has historically distinguished children from fetuses, and include criminal prosecutions of pregnant women, civil commitments of pregnant women who use alcohol and other drugs, and fetal "guardianship" proceedings. The article critiques the ostensible rationale of fetal protection - that by treating the "unborn" as children, the government will support the birth and life of healthier children - and suggests that the real goal of fetal protection is to limit abortion rights and the ability of women to participate equally in the workplace. But even if the goal of fetal protection was actually to ensure the birth of healthy children, the means chosen are insufficient, discriminatory, and counter-productive. Fetal protection initiatives are insufficient because they focus only on one narrow aspect of risk to fetal and child health, ignoring exposures in the environment and workplace which place many fetuses and children at risk. The new fetal protection is discriminatory. Fetal protection proponents overlook the risks created by the use of assisted reproductive technology, used primarily by wealthier women, and largely ignore the risks posed by alcohol and tobacco use, which is much more widespread than the use of illicit drugs. Instead, fetal protection efforts fall disproportionately at poor women and women of color. Fetal protection efforts are counter-productive, discouraging pregnant women who are using alcohol and other drugs from speaking candidly to their physicians. Most importantly, fetal protection initiatives fail to address the systemic problems of domestic violence, poverty, and lack of access to health care which make it difficult for pregnant women with substance abuse problems to overcome their drug addiction. The article shows how government could achieve the goal of bringing healthy children into the world, by implementing a comprehensive public health strategy to promote women's and children's health across the lifespan, not just during the few months when women are pregnant.


A nonlinear adaptive partial feedback linearizing control scheme is proposed in this work to design switching control actions for the machine-side converter (MSC) and gridside converter (GSC) in a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The main control objective is to ensure the low voltage fault ride through (LVRT) operations of grid-connected PMSGbased WECSs when there are grid faults. In the proposed scheme, the combination of the partial feedback linearization and adaptive backstepping scheme is employed where the first approach is used to linearized the PMSG-based wind farms by canceling nonlinearities and parameters appearing within the partial feedback linearized model is adapted through the later scheme. In this way, the proposed control scheme guarantees to ensure the LVRT operations under any operating condition and maintains robust performance with variations in parameters. In the proposed scheme, the stator flux is also embedded with unknown parameters in order to avoid the estimation of this flux. The switching control actions (for both MSC and GSC) and parameter adaptations laws are designed in such a way that the overall stability of the PMSG-based wind farm is ensured under any circumstance. A grid-connected PMSG-based wind farm is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed adaptive partial feedback linearizing controller (APFBLC) through simulation results and compared with an existing partial feedback linearizing controller (PFBLC).


Background/Context In response to state-level test-based accountability and the federal No Child Left Behind Act, school administrators increasingly view centralized curriculum and prescribed instructional strategies as the most direct means of increasing student performance. This movement toward standardization reduces teachers' autonomy and control over their classroom practices. The consequences of test-based accountability on teacher practice are often conceptualized as a tension between teacher professionalism and standardization. Focus of Study This case study investigates the classroom instruction of an experienced teacher in an elementary school where the principal supported teachers' autonomy and authority over curriculum and instruction. Examining her instructional practice in social studies, a subject not included in state testing, we demonstrate how specific teaching dilemmas that arose in response to state testing led to a new type of professionalism that we call constrained professionalism. Setting This qualitative case study focuses on social studies instruction in a fifth-grade classroom at a rural elementary school in southern California serving a low-income, diverse student population with a large percentage of English language learners. The school was selected for two reasons: (1) as a low-performing but improving elementary school as measured by state testing, the school was under pressure to continue to raise student test scores, and (2) social studies continued to be part of the elementary curriculum. Data Collection/Analysis Data collection extended over a 10-month period and included observation and videotaping of social studies lessons, interviews with the teacher and principal, and document collection. Observation and videotaping covered virtually all the social lessons during the school year in the teacher's classroom, a total of 66 lessons. Findings/Results As state-mandated testing was instituted, administrative support of teacher autonomy continued, but constraints on this teacher's decisions emerged as instructional time and resources shifted to language arts and mathematics. Although able to make independent decisions, this qualified teacher did not teach social studies in the way she believed would best serve her students' needs and interests. Conclusions This case study demonstrates how teachers' professional discretion is being minimized in subtle yet consequential ways amid high-stakes testing, even in subject areas not tested by the state. Constrained professionalism represents a new situation in which teachers retain autonomy in classroom practices, but their decisions are significantly circumscribed by contextual pressures and time demands that devalue their professional experience, judgment, and expertise.


Objective: To investigate the effect of dezocine combined with propofol on pain mediators, inflammatory reaction and immune response indexes in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Methods: 96 cases undergoing colonoscopy in our hospital from March 2016 to March 2017 were randomly divided into observation group (48 cases, anesthetized by dezocine combined with propofol) and control group (48 cases, anesthetized by sole propofol). The expression of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5- HT), Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), prostaglandin (PGE2), Substance P (SP), tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in serum, and the counts of Th1 cells and Th2 cells of all cases were detected respectively before and 30 min after colonoscopy.
Results: The time of insertion and retreat of colonoscopy of the observation group was obviously shorter, and the incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P 0.05). 30 min after colonoscopy, 5-HT, DA, NE, PGE2, SP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CRP in all patients increased markedly and the intragroup differences had statistical significance (P 0.05).
Conclusion: Dezocine combined with propofol in anaesthesia for colonoscopy can inhibit the increase of pain mediators and inflammatory reaction indexes and will not affect patients' immune function. It may help to shorten the examination time and reduce adverse reactions.


Historically, the bookkeeping of the Koran is not as complicated as the books of Hadith. But that does not mean that the codification process of the Qur'an is not interesting to learn. In this case, there are a number of questions that remain relevant to convey; Is the Qur'an still true today? What is the true structure of the Qur'an? Are there standard standards for Koran arrangements agreed upon by Muslims throughout the world? These questions about the codification of the Qur'an often arise, because in the course of the Qur'an, in its capacity as a book (a piece of paper) is bound where there are dictums in Arabic that Muslims consider to be revelations from God - the codification process is no longer normative, but very historical, because related to various types of discourses (social, political, etc.) that surround it. In this context, historical and analytic studies of the historical codification of the Qur'an need to be presented, and this paper was written to meet those needs. Through the study of history based on Muslim scholarship about the history of the Quranic codification from the time of the Prophet Saw. to standardization in the form of reading and writing, which was then supplemented with critical analysis based on Western scholarship, it found that standardization "writing" the Qur'an in rasm Uṡmānī cultural products, and therefore open and allow for tashih, criticism, or even revision with more valid data findings. This does not mean the desecration of the Qur'an, but as a logical consequence of the existence of rasm Uṡmānī as something which is a human form.


To advance the energy efficiency of general digital computing far beyond the thermodynamic limits that apply to conventional digital circuits will require utilizing the principles of reversible computing. It has been known since the early 1990s that reversible computing based on adiabatic switching is possible in CMOS, although almost all the "adiabatic" CMOS logic families in the literature are not actually fully adiabatic, which limits their achievable energy savings. The first CMOS logic style achieving truly, fully adiabatic operation if leakage was negligible (CRL) was not fully static, which led to practical engineering difficulties in the presence of certain nonidealities. Later, "static" adiabatic logic families were described, but they were not actually fully adiabatic, or fully static, and were much slower.In this paper, we describe a new logic family, Static 2-Level Adiabatic Logic (S2LAL), which is, to our knowledge, the first CMOS logic family that is both fully static, and truly, fully adiabatic (modulo leakage). In addition, S2LAL is, we think, the fastest possible such family (among fully pipelined sequential circuits), having a latency per logic stage of one tick (transition time), and a minimum clock period (initiation interval) of 8 ticks. S2LAL requires 8 phases of a trapezoidal power-clock waveform (plus constant power and ground references) to be supplied. We argue that, if implemented in a suitable fabrication process designed to aggressively minimize leakage, S2LAL should be capable of demonstrating a greater level of energy efficiency than any other semiconductor-based digital logic family known today.


Abstract We join Brian A. Sharpless and Jacques P. Barber (2009) in calling for strengthening the evidence base supporting the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP), particularly in the areas of criterion and predictive validity. Although 1 clear purpose of the EPPP is to assess core areas of knowledge, materials from the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards are less clear as to whether the EPPP is also intended to predict future performance as a psychologist. If the EPPP is expected to protect the public from poorly trained psychologists, then data supporting its use for that purpose are urgently needed. Sharpless and Barber offer suggestions for evaluating the EPPP against this criterion. Although a step in the right direction, these suggestions do not fully satisfy the need for predictive validation. Our greatest difference with Sharpless and Barber concerns their recommendation for abandoning generic licensing in favor of specialty exams tied to subfields. Segmenting licensure in this manner would deviate from the profession's long-standing com-mitment to broad and general training and would necessarily be accompanied by an undesirably narrowed scope of practice.


The paper considers how the changing nature of research in digital environments is reshaping the nature of library collections and services in academic and research libraries. It describes two central directions, each a response to the centrality of the user in a network environment. First, the library has an increasing role in managing the research and other outputs of the university (the inside-out collection). Second, the library is facilitating access to a broader range of local, external and collaborative resources organized around user needs (the facilitated collection).


Children's independent migration in the global South has been linked with trafficking and harmful work since the millennium, prompting advocacy and development interventions concerning child protection. Without dismissing occurrences of exploitation and malpractice this chapter debunks some of the misconceptions surrounding adolescents' labour migration. Drawing on qualitative studies in West Africa, the chapter provides evidence of how articulations of kinship and relatedness create opportunities to migrate and find work for rural adolescents, while also curbing their space to make independent decisions. Ideas about age- and gender appropriate work and needs for protection underpin the constraints that boys and girls experience respectively. However, the empirical material reveals that the permanence and depth of constraints depend on the socio-political constitution of the local labour market and on adolescents' ability to navigate trans-local social relations. Through migration they negotiate a range of mobilities and transitions that contribute in different ways to social becoming. The chapter offers detailed insights into the ways in which intersecting mobilities shape adolescents' lives to support their incorporation into a broader range of development initiatives, which are not premised on their rescue but on their roles as social and economic actors.


The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship of work stress and employee job
performance in one of the local authorities in Malaysia which is Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan
(MPK). The independent variable for this study, Work Stress had been measured by three factors
such as Work Overload, Interpersonal Conflict, and Work Environment. For the dependent
variable, Employee Job Performance been measured by Commitment. Using questionnaire as the
research instrument. The questionnaires were distributed to 65 respondents in Majlis Perbandaran
Kuantan (MPK) by using the simple random sampling technique.
The data was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software version
23.0. There are several test had been run such as reliability analysis, regression analysis, and
correlation analysis to analyze all the data. The findings of the data are demonstrated that all the
factors can be used to measure the relationship of work stress and employee job performance at
Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK). Based on the findings also shown the most influential factor
Of Work Stress towards employee's job performance at this organization was Work Environment


Mining activities are one of the numerous ways by which man impacts on his environment. In this study, two non-destructive analytical techniques (XRF and XRD) were employed in the mineralogical characterization of Columbite-Tin ore and their contaminated soils. This investigates associated unnoticed minerals as well as the impact of mining on vicinity farmland soils on the Yelwa-Mbar mining site, Nigeria. The chemical characterization of Columbite ore using electron dispersive XRF revealed that most of the Columbite mineral deposits in the Plateau mining sites contain Niobium mineral in various proportions and vary from deposit to deposit depending on the geochemical composition of the minerals that formed the parent rock. Tin content as determined by ED-XRF impart that the ore can be utilized directly in the furnace because of its high cassiterite content (85.43%). The percentage elemental composition of soil around the mining vicinity unveiled the presence of Radionuclides K-40, Rubidium and Thorium in the soil. This is of great concern. The XRD mineralogical investigation of Columbite shows the presence of associated braunite, cassiterite, ilmenite, quartz, and zircon while the phase pattern for Tin ore confirmed the availability of cassiterite, magnetite and litharge. Pollution status based on contamination factor and geo-accumulation indices gave both radionuclides and heavy metal concentrations that depicts moderate to extreme contaminations.


In electrical power systems, dynamic stability problems may be solved through the application of power system stabilizers (PSS), which improve the performance of the main automatic voltage regulators (AVR's) of the synchronous generators (DeMello, Concordia), (Anderson, Fouad). This paper offers a simple and practical approach to design such power system stabilizers. A prototype PSS has been designed, built and tested in laboratory for a model synchronous generator. The circuits used in monitoring speed changes of the generator, their manipulation until they are mixed up with the input signals to the A VR ate detailed. These circuits are composed of a sequence of stages for filtering and amplification of the monitored signals in addition to lead-lag compensation networks. The system has been put together and tested for different system disturbances. Three system indices; the power angle, speed, and terminal voltage are recorded at different operating conditions. These results show the effective damping effect of the PSS on variations in power angle, speed, and other system dynamics. The system has been tested for both small and large changes in operating condition.


Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a practical and versatile approach to build up ultrathin hydrogel networks using mostly polyelectrolytes via alternate adsorption of oppositely charged molecules. It has recently been applied covalently by means of many different types of molecules, particularly those having low molecular weights or linear polymer structures. Using isocyanate (NCO) end-functional star-type polyethers (NCO-sP(EO-stat-PO)) in such covalent assemblies is a great challenge, since they are prone to form a smooth but non-reactive layer that precludes chemisorption of a subsequent layer. To overcome this problem, we developed a protocol where oligomers (e.g., dimers, trimers) act as building blocks for a monolayer instead of single star shaped molecules. Since these are larger and multifunctional but still flexible, smooth layers thicker than a monomolecular film (ca. 10 nm) result with sufficient mobility of the building blocks to bear enough reactive groups for covalent binding of a subsequent layer. As a second component for the chemical LbL layer buildup, a high molecular weight copolymer of vinylformamide/vinylamine (PVFA-co-PVAm) was used. The first layer was obtained by treating aminosilylated surfaces with NCO-s(EO-stat-PO) followed by incubation with PVFA-co-PVAm and chemical cross-linking with the first layer via urea links. The cycle was repeated to achieve the desired layer growth, and the resulting layers were characterized by ellipsometry, contact angle analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning force microscopy (SFM). The amorphous structures of the polymers were revealed by WAXS analysis, suggesting the lack of the long-range order, which led to structural degree of freedom available to the polymer (i.e., molecular flexibility) on the surface. Thus, multilayers were obtained with homogeneous structure together with low roughness values, and the water contact angles of the layers switched between 37 and 45° depending on the terminal layer. The layers were stable over three months under humid conditions during which no significant changes could be observed in thickness and hydrophilicity.


Despite the progress in automatic detection of radiologic findings from chest X-ray (CXR) images in recent years, a quantitative evaluation of the explainability of these models is hampered by the lack of locally labeled datasets for different findings. With the exception of a few expert-labeled small-scale datasets for specific findings, such as pneumonia and pneumothorax, most of the CXR deep learning models to date are trained on global"weak"labels extracted from text reports, or trained via a joint image and unstructured text learning strategy. Inspired by the Visual Genome effort in the computer vision community, we constructed the first Chest ImaGenome dataset with a scene graph data structure to describe $242,072$ images. Local annotations are automatically produced using a joint rule-based natural language processing (NLP) and atlas-based bounding box detection pipeline. Through a radiologist constructed CXR ontology, the annotations for each CXR are connected as an anatomy-centered scene graph, useful for image-level reasoning and multimodal fusion applications. Overall, we provide: i) $1,256$ combinations of relation annotations between $29$ CXR anatomical locations (objects with bounding box coordinates) and their attributes, structured as a scene graph per image, ii) over $670,000$ localized comparison relations (for improved, worsened, or no change) between the anatomical locations across sequential exams, as well as ii) a manually annotated gold standard scene graph dataset from $500$ unique patients.


Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience poorer access to quality healthcare and poorer health outcomes than people without ID. They are more likely to live with complex and poorly managed health conditions, have limited access to quality healthcare, receive cancer screenings at lower rates, be obese, have undetected vision and hearing problems, and be at risk for overuse of psychotropic medications. While health disparities appear endemic, there remains a dearth of population-based information, leading to lack of recognition of this problem by policy makers, public health, and even healthcare professionals. Efforts to address these disparities are insufficient, owing in part to the challenge of documenting the problem's scope and nature. In the U.S., nearly 4 million adults are currently estimated to have ID. In contrast to European countries and despite attention from the U.S. Surgeon General in 2002 on the poor health of people with ID, little progress has been made on obtaining related population-based data in the U.S. Substantial challenges exist relative to gathering representative data on the population with ID. In response, two international meetings of experts were convened to discuss possible approaches to gathering population-based health information on people with ID. The discussions included about whom to gather information, what data to collect, and options for how to gather the data. Authors note that efforts to improve health surveillance of people with ID in the U.S. can be enhanced through a multistage strategy. Recent healthcare reform in the U.S. sets a new context for major changes in access to and the way that our healthcare system operates. These changes highlight the need to develop accurate and reliable surveillance systems that can monitor the impact of these changes on this often neglected population.


Abstract. Sea salt aerosols (SSA) are generated via air bubbles bursting at the ocean surface as well as by wind mobilization of saline snow and frost flowers over sea-ice-covered areas. The relative magnitude of these sources remains poorly constrained over polar regions, affecting our ability to predict their impact on halogen chemistry, cloud formation, and climate. We implement a blowing snow and a frost flower emission scheme in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, which we validate against multiyear (2001–2008) in situ observations of SSA mass concentrations at three sites in the Arctic, two sites in coastal Antarctica, and from the 2008 ICEALOT cruise in the Arctic. A simulation including only open ocean emissions underestimates SSA mass concentrations by factors of 2–10 during winter–spring for all ground-based and ship-based observations. When blowing snow emissions are added, the model is able to reproduce observed wintertime SSA concentrations, with the model bias decreasing from a range of −80 to −34 % for the open ocean simulation to −2 to +9 % for the simulation with blowing snow emissions. We find that the frost flower parameterization cannot fully explain the high wintertime concentrations and displays a seasonal cycle decreasing too rapidly in early spring. Furthermore, the high day-to-day variability of observed SSA is better reproduced by the blowing snow parameterization. Over the Arctic (> 60° N) (Antarctic, > 60° S), we calculate that submicron SSA emissions from blowing snow account for 1.0 Tg yr−1 (2.5 Tg yr−1), while frost flower emissions lead to 0.21 Tg yr−1 (0.25 Tg yr−1) compared to 0.78 Tg yr−1 (1.0 Tg yr−1) from the open ocean. Blowing snow emissions are largest in regions where persistent strong winds occur over sea ice (east of Greenland, over the central Arctic, Beaufort Sea, and the Ross and Weddell seas). In contrast, frost flower emissions are largest where cold air temperatures and open leads are co-located (over the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, coastal regions of Siberia, and off the Ross and Ronne ice shelves). Overall, in situ observations of mass concentrations of SSA suggest that blowing snow is likely to be the dominant SSA source during winter, with frost flowers playing a much smaller role.


Stratified models are models that depend in an arbitrary way on a set of selected categorical features, and depend linearly on the other features. In a basic and traditional formulation a separate model is fit for each value of the categorical feature, using only the data that has the specific categorical value. To this formulation we add Laplacian regularization, which encourages the model parameters for neighboring categorical values to be similar. Laplacian regularization allows us to specify one or more weighted graphs on the stratification feature values. For example, stratifying over the days of the week, we can specify that the Sunday model parameter should be close to the Saturday and Monday model parameters. The regularization improves the performance of the model over the traditional stratified model, since the model for each value of the categorical `borrows strength' from its neighbors. In particular, it produces a model even for categorical values that did not appear in the training data set.
We propose an efficient distributed method for fitting stratified models, based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). When the fitting loss functions are convex, the stratified model fitting problem is convex, and our method computes the global minimizer of the loss plus regularization; in other cases it computes a local minimizer. The method is very efficient, and naturally scales to large data sets or numbers of stratified feature values. We illustrate our method with a variety of examples.


In order not to be dependent on foreign countries for beef, Malaysia needs to increase
her beef production to attain self-sufficiency level in the near future. In doing so, she
needs to analyze the effect of different alternative production and decision-making
policies in beef production and achievement of self-sufficiency level in beef. Thus, the
objectives of the study were to develop a system modeling for beef production decision making,
to evaluate the impact of production and trade policies on beef production, to
determine the cost and return to government investment for importation of breeding
stock and to suggest policy measures for beef production in Peninsular Malaysia.
Simulation matrix (SIMM) model was developed based on system approach
methodology to analyze the objectives of the study. The SIMM model was used to
simulate the female breeding stock, male breeding stock, male calves and female calves
and slaughter and production components of the beef production system. The ex-post
SIMM model for beef production system from 1960-1996 was used as a base to
simulate the ex-ante component by varying the rate of policy variables such as different calving, slaughter, mortality rates and the level of importation of female breeding stock.
Thus, five SCENARIOS of different rates in decision-making variables were developed
to analyze the impact of such variables on beef production in Peninsular Malaysia.
SCENARIO 3 was found to be the most promising decision making strategy to attain
self-sufficiency level at reasonable time frame and cost of investment. Under
SCENARIO 3, at 76-80% calving rate, 5-7% slaughter rate, 1-2% mortality rate with
10000 heads/year, 5000 heads/year, 500 heads/year importation of beef cattle, dairy
cattle and buffalo female breeding stock respectively, the results of BCR (1.96) and
positive NPW show that beef production can be increased economically and 100% self sufficiency
can be achieved in the period 2011/2012 at lower government investment
cost for importation. Whereas SCENARIOS 1,2,4 and 5 show the negative NPW and
less than 1 BCR and 14%, 24%, 13% and 11% self-sufficiency rate respectively due to
lower calving rate and importation of female breeding stock, higher slaughter and
mortality rate indicating that are not economically acceptable.
Simulated results indicate that in order to maintain the higher level of self-sufficiency in
beef, mortality rate and slaughter rate will have to be reduced. On the other hand, the
rates of calving and importation of female breeding stock will have to be increased.
The management of breeding stock is an important component in beef production
system in order to achieve the level of self-sufficiency in beef.


Based on a cross-sectional, longitudinal follow-up study of graduates from our master's-level elementary education program, in this article we examined changes in espoused beliefs elicited in the form of personal practical theories (PPTs) of three graduates with 2, 4, and 6 years of experience teaching in the same partnership school where they did their student teaching. We compared their original PPTs collected during their teacher education program with their current PPTs elicited in follow-up interviews, and then observed their classroom practices. Case summaries of these teachers are presented, and analysis and implications focus on changes in their PPTs, how their PPTs played out in their classrooms, and perceived barriers and supports to enacting their beliefs.


We propose a new class of large approximate factor models which enable us to study the full spectrum of quarterly Industrial Production (IP) sector data combined with annual non-IP sectors of the economy. We derive the large sample properties of the estimators and test statistics for the new class of unobservable factor models involving mixed frequency data and common as well as frequency-specific factors. Despite the growth of service sectors, we find that a single common factor explaining 90% of the variability in IP output growth index also explains 60% of total GDP output growth fluctuations. A single low frequency factor unrelated to manufacturing explains 14% of GDP growth. The picture with a structural factor model featuring technological innovations is quite different. Last but not least, our identification and inference methodology rely on novel results on group factor models that are of general interest beyond the mixed frequency framework and the application of the paper.


During the last decade in many European Union countries it has clearly emerged that states with weak administrative capacity at the subnational level are more likely to have serious problems with the mismanagement of Structural Funds, or even with accessing them. As a result, some member states such as Italy have embarked upon a programme of institutional and administrative reforms aimed at increasing their administrative capacity. However, retrospective data shows that even though some regions have implemented all the required reforms, their performance has remained unchanged. Along with administrative requirements, are political conditions as such to guarantee that administrative capacity can produce the desired effects? What happens if we do not have political stability that allows for continuity and coherence in administrative actions? Political stability is a controversial variable and theories within the literature present ambiguous results. Some authors strongly claim that stability hinders performance because it fosters the practice of clientelism and the entrenchment of distributional coalitions. In contrast, I aim to explore whether and why, in some cases, stability is actually a variable that accounts for better and improved administrative performance.


OF DISSERTATION IMPLICATIONS OF OFF-FARM INCOME FOR FARM INCOME STABILIZATION POLICIES This dissertation examines to what extent off-farm diversification may be an appropriate and accessible tool to mitigate the adverse effects from market failures and incompleteness in the crop and farm income insurance market. While the influence of the nonfarm sector has long been recognized as a primary force in shaping farm structure, off-farm income is rarely acknowledge as a risk management tool for operators and households of commercial farms. The dissertation develops a dynamic model that includes capital market imperfections, economies of scale in farm production, and the presence of adjustment costs in labor allocation decisions. The model provides a realistic characterization of the environment defining income and financial risks faced by farm operators, as well as the risk management alternatives available to them. It is found that introducing off-farm labor can substantially mitigate the adverse effects of farm income risk on farm operators' and households' welfare, even for larger commercial farms. However, the diversification of labor by the main operator seems to impose labor and managerial constraints that can reduce the intensity and technical efficiency of the farm production. Alternatively, diversification at the household level through the allocation of spousal labor off the farm provides benefits in mitigating the adverse effects of farm income risk on farm production and efficiency, and on operators and households welfare. It thus provides an efficient risk management alternative that is consistent with most rationales that are invoked to justify farm policies. Results suggest that the increasing incidence and importance of off-farm income within the farm population of most OECD countries is highly relevant in the design of effective farm policies This form of diversification can reduce the need and effectiveness of farm income stabilization polices. While it has been argued elsewhere that broader economic policies had a large influence in closing the income gap between farm and urban households, such policies may also have a role to play in addressing farm income risk issues and, in some cases, may represent more sustainable and efficient policy alternatives.


In the present world we are surrounded by various sensors providing us with all
kinds of information. This led to emergence in the research of Wireless Sensor Netwo
rk
(WSN) and Internet Of Things
(IOT). Efficient data gathering
in
these fields
becomes an
important objective as the power and battery life of most of these devices are limited.
We move away from the usual method of sampling the data at Nyquist Rate to a
techn
ique called Compressive Sensing (CS). Compressive technique
ut
ilizes the sparse
nature of
natural
signals allowing
us to sample and recover the signals at much lower
rate.
The recovery algorithm implemented was
Orthogonal
Matching pursuit (OMP)
which is a greedy recovery algorithm. A new method of Compressive Sensing
called
quantized Compressive Sensing was also studied and implemented. Quantized
Compressive Sensing focuses on the quantization of the measured values.
1 bit CS
which is an
extreme case of the quantized Compressive Sensing was implemented.
Binary Iterati
ve Hard Thresholding (BIHT) was implemented
to recover the signal.
I have also shown the other miscellaneous stuffs which I did during my M.tech at
IIT hyd. These include study of the Bluetooth technology and implementing it in Matlab
and Simulink. I had a
lso designed an IoT product which
is ultra
-
low power wireless door
sensor.
The door sensor informs the user the status of doors and windows. This can be
used for variety of applications ranging from reducing the power from Air Conditioner to
security appli
cations


[3] Hollins, B. "What is Service Design?" Design Council, 24 November 2006. When we look at design in all of its many forms, we find numerous examples of manifested, perceivable objects that demonstrate the vision of the designer. Sitting in an Arne Jacobsen chair, holding a William Morris fabric, or using the latest piece of technology from Tokyo, Seoul, or Cupertino, we are acutely aware of the sensibilities of the designer (or design team) that informed the form and the function of the thing with which we are interacting. Interactions like these lead to the notion of "genius design," where the designer plays the role of an absolute authority whose natural instincts produce a considered, desirable experience. Genius design may well work for something that will be built— whether software, hardware, furniture, an environment, or any other tangible form our design might take. But how well does it work when we design for less tangible experiences? If there is nothing that can be seen, touched, or used that clearly embodies the whim of the designer, how does the role of the designer change? The (relatively) recently developed practice of service design seeks to address exactly these types of problems, concerning itself with applying the thinking learned from crafting well-considered, tangible experiences to those that do not terminate in a single product at a single moment in time, such as our experience of interacting with our cell phone provider, using our bank account, or when we visit a hospital. At first glance, the process involved with a typical servicedesign project doesn't look too different from that of any other design project. Broadly, there are phases of discovery (learning about the context in which the service will be delivered), design (ideation and design of the service itself), and delivery (delivering the new service concept to the client, and working with the client to implement it). In a project where the end result is a somewhat "static" experience, this usually results in a fairly clear set of end deliverables [1]. Services present a different challenge, however. They are produced and consumed in the same moment—an interaction with a service does not exist until a customer initiates it by phoning a call center or sitting down in a restaurant. In their book Total Design: Managing the Design Process in the Service Sector, Gillian and Bill Hollins outline exactly what differentiates a service from a product. A key distinction is that "the 'people side' of design is more important in a service product and must be considered right at the start of the process in the specification [2]." The point here is that the quality of a service experience relies, to a huge extent, on the people who will be involved in its delivery. Since very few—if any— services exist that don't involve a person-to-person interaction at some point during the customer's journey through it, it is vital to ensure that those interactions are as carefully considered as any other digital or physical touch point. So what implications does this have for how a design team works within the context of a service-design project? Because of the nature of the work itself— applying techniques and thinking learned from interaction design to business processes in order to deliver a customer-centric experience—the deliverables are often quite strategic and high level in nature. (Bill Hollins also points out that "whichever form it takes, it must be consistent, easy to use, and be strategically applied [3]," "it" in this context meaning the service-design engagement itself). Typical deliverables of a service-design engagement include service blueprints (a document that "describes a service in enough detail to implement and maintain it carefully"), customer journey frameworks (that describe key stages in the customer's journey through a service and the most important touch points at each of those stages), and a service ecology map (that describes the "system of actors and the relationships between them that form a service"). All of these deliverables could fall under the umbrella of "strategic," intended for senior stakeholders within an organization. There may be communication vehicles in te ra c ti o n s M a rc h + A p ri l 2 0 0 9


This book is a snapshot of current research in multiscale modeling, computations and applications. It covers fundamental mathematical theory, numerical algorithms as well as practical computational advice for analysing single and multiphysics models containing a variety of scales in time and space. Complex fluids, porous media flow and oscillatory dynamical systems are treated in some extra depth, as well as tools like analytical and numerical homogenization, and fast multipole method.


Long-horizon predictive regressions in finance pose formidable econometric problems when estimated using the sample sizes that are typically available. A remedy that has been proposed by Hodrick (1992) is to run a reverse regression in which short-horizon returns are projected onto a long-run mean of some predictor. By covariance stationarity, the slope coefficient is zero in the reverse regression if and only if it is zero in the original regression, but testing the hypothesis in the reverse regression avoids small sample problems. Unfortunately this only allows us to test the null of no predictability. In this paper we show how to use the reverse regression to test other hypotheses about the slope coefficient in a long-horizon predictive regression, and to form confidence intervals for this coefficient. We show that this approach to inference works well in small samples.


In this paper, we propose low-complexity, high-performance soft-equalization techniques for mitigating polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and chromatic dispersion (CD) in fiber optic communication systems employing multilevel modulation and coherent detection. Using deterministic sampling and tree search, the two proposed algorithms offer near-optimal performance at a much lower complexity than the maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD). Moreover, the a posteriori symbol probabilities at the output can be employed effectively as a soft-input-soft-output demodulator in a turbo-type receiver in a channel-coded system to successively improve the receiver performance. Computer simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed equalizers in high-speed fiber optic channels.


One of the places that can overshadow the coffee plant seeds is under the shade of oil palm plants. In addition to utilizing shade of oil palm plants, cultivation of coffee in oil palm plantation land is done to make the coffee plants as intercrops. Another factor that consider in coffee plant nursery is fertilization. Fertilization is one way to get a good growth of coffee seeds. This research aims to determine the influence of giving tofu dregs compost and to know better dose for growth of Robusta coffee seeds is under the shade of oil palm plants. This research arranged  experimentally by using completely randomized design (CRD), which consists of 5 treatment. The treatment was repeated 4 times, so there are 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit contained 2 coffee seeds so that the overall amount of coffee seeds used were 40 seeds, then 1 seeds sampled at each treatment. The observed parameters were the plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area and root volume. The results showed that dose of 300 g tofu dregs gives the best results on growth of coffee seeds. Keywords: coffee robusta, compost, tofu dregs


Today, users access information and rich media from anywhere using the web browser on their desktop computers, tablets or smartphones. But the web evolves beyond media delivery. Interactive graphics applications like visualization or gaming become feasible as browsers advance in the functionality they provide. However, to deliver large-scale visualization to thin clients like mobile devices, a dedicated server component is necessary. Ideally, the client runs directly within the browser the user is accustomed to, requiring no installation of a plugin or native application. In this paper, we present the state-of-the-art of technologies which enable plugin free remote rendering in the browser. Further, we describe a remote visualization system unifying these technologies. The system transfers rendering results to the client as images or as a video stream. We utilize the upcoming World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) conform Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) standard, and the Native Client (NaCl) technology built into Chrome, to deliver video with low latency.


[1] A combination of spatially collocated Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud products are used to quantify the impact of cloud heterogeneity on AIRS-based assessments of cloud thermodynamic phase. While radiative transfer simulations have demonstrated that selected AIRS channels have greater sensitivity to cloud thermodynamic phase in comparison to the relevant MODIS bands, the relative trade-offs of spectral and spatial resolution differences that are inherent between AIRS and MODIS have not been quantified. Global distributions of AIRS field-of-view scale frequencies of clear sky (13–14%), heterogeneous cloud (26–28%), and homogeneous cloud (59–60%) are quantified for a four week time period using cloud fraction, and further categorization of cloud uniformity is assessed with the variance of cloud top temperature. Homogeneous clouds with window brightness temperatures (Tb) between 250 and 265 K are shown to have larger cloud thermodynamic phase signatures than heterogeneous clouds. Clouds in this limited Tb range occur 30–50% of the time in the mid- and high latitude storm track regions, are generally difficult to identify as being water or ice phase, and show strong responses in forced CO2 climate change modeling experiments. Two-dimensional histograms of Tb differences sensitive to cloud phase (1231–960 cm−1) and column water vapor (1231–1227 cm−1) show distinct differences between many homogeneous and heterogeneous cloud scenes. The results suggest the potential for a quantitative approach using a combination of hyperspectral sounders with high-spatial-resolution imagers, and their derived geophysical products, to assess cloud thermodynamic phase estimates within increasingly complex subpixel-scale cloud variability.


According to the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, sensation seeking and impulse control follow different developmental trajectories across adolescence and are governed by two different brain systems. The authors tested whether different underlying processes also drive age differences in reward approach and cost avoidance. Using a modified Iowa Gambling Task in a multinational, cross-sectional sample of 3,234 adolescents (ages 9-17; M = 12.87, SD = 2.36), pubertal maturation, but not age, predicted reward approach, mediated through higher sensation seeking. In contrast, age, but not pubertal maturation, predicted increased cost avoidance, mediated through greater impulse control. These findings add to evidence that adolescent behavior is best understood as the product of two interacting, but independently developing, brain systems.


This paper constructs a data set on stocks of bilateral external assets and liabilities for a group of 18 countries, including developed and emerging economies. The data set covers the years 1980 to 2005 and distinguishes between four asset classes: foreign direct investment, portfolio equity, debt, and foreign exchange reserves. A number of stylised facts emerge from it. There has been a remarkable increase in interconnectivity over the past two decades. Financial links have become larger and more frequent and countries have become more open. The global financial network is centred around a small number of nodes, which have many and large links. In addition, the network exhibits 'small-world' properties, such as high clustering and low average path length. The combination of high interconnectivity, a small number of hubs, and 'small-world' properties makes for a robust-yet-fragile system, in which disturbances to the key hubs would be rapidly and widely transmitted. The global financial network is centred around the United States and the United Kingdom, which have large links and are connected to most other countries. This contrasts with the global trade network, which is arranged in three clusters: a European cluster (centred on Germany), an Asian cluster (centred on China), and an American cluster (centred on the United States).


Background. The ball traveling a long distance in the correct direction characterizes good driving performance in golf. The displacement of a golf shot is a direct result of the club heads linear velocity when it makes contact with the ball. To increase the distance the ball travels the golfer must increase the linear velocity at the point of impact. Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the golf downswing in both elite and non-elite golfers and to determine whether there were any differences in rotational speeds of the pelvis, thorax and lead hand and also club head and ball speeds. A secondary aim was to investigate sex differences between groups. Method. 43 participants took part in the study. 20 elite golfers (13 males and 7 females) and 23 non-elite golfers (15 males and 8 females). 3D motion analysis was used to examine the golf swing and data was collected for peak pelvis rotational speed, peak thorax rotational speed and peak lead hand speed. A golf analysis system was used to collect club head speed and ball speed data. Independent samples t-tests were used to investigate differences between the groups. Results. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing elite and non-elite peak thorax rotational speed (p=0.000), peak lead hand speed (p=0.000), club head speed (p=0.000) and ball speed (p=0.000). However no statistical significant difference (p=0.268) was found in peak pelvis rotational speed between elite and non-elite golfers. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing sex differences between the groups for peak thorax rotational speed (male p=0.000; female p=0.005), peak lead hand speed (male p=0.000; female p=0.000), club head speed (male p=0.000; female p=0.000) and ball speed (male p=0.000; female p=0.000). However no statistical significant difference was found in peak pelvis rotational speed between male golfers (p=0.142) or female golfers (p=0.776). Statistically significant sex differences were found within groups for club head speed (elite p=0.000; non-elite p=0.000) and ball speed (elite p=0.000; non-elite p=0.000). However there were no statistical significant sex differences within groups for peak pelvis rotational speed (elite p=0.296; non-elite p=0.573), peak thorax rotational speed (elite p=0.430; non-elite p=0.828) or peak lead hand speed (elite p=0.058; non-elite p=0.257). Conclusion. This study shows that there are differences in kinematic variables, in the thorax and lead hand speed, between elite and non-elite golfers and may provide the basis for future research and to help develop training programs.


This study focuses on how a group of seven Kindergarten teachers perceive their practices to support the language learning of young children. From a socio-cultural perspective, developing language competency at Kindergarten is a priority because of its pivotal role across ·all learning areas and the opportunity it creates for all children to add to their linguistic capital in an informal setting prior to formal schooling. This study is based on a collaborative, participatory model built on a mutually beneficial relationship between researcher and participants. It uses a narrative methodology to foreground the teacher's voice. Teacher participants in the study contribute their own stories and their reflective interpretations on language events in their Kindergartens. Data from these 'teacher stories' and 'narratives of experience' based on semi-stru.:tured interviews provide a base for analysis and interpretation. Partnerships and finding balance through diversity emerge as themes linking the perceptions of this group of teachers. Findings indicate that social partnerships between teacher and children are foundational to language learning at the Kindergarten and that in constructing effective curricula for language learning teachers find a balance between teacher and child-initiated language events, large and small group/individual contexts for learning, acceptance of diversity and intervention practices and finally, balance opportunistic teaching with systematic planning. Significantly, this study provides a space for teachers' voices to be heard through the telling of their own stories. The final outcome is a map of the landscape showing what language learning looks like in seven Kindergartens in regional Western Australia at a time when teachers are adjusting to change and reflecting on their role supporting children learning language on entry to the school system.


in Pilferage,&dquo; &dquo;How to Develop High-Trust Relationships,&dquo; &dquo;How to Deploy Staff to Best Advantage,&dquo; &dquo;How to Avoid Vicious Circles,&dquo; &dquo;How to Remedy Labour Turnover,&dquo; and &dquo;How to Adapt to Changing Situations.&dquo; An annotated bibliography intended to provide the basis of a standard reference on manpower development and management within the hotel and restaurant industries is included.


We all know what makes a good partnership, don't we? Well, do we? Partnership and collaborative working is common in universities and is encouraged by governments and funding agencies seeking to gain the greatest impact from investment. Universities are powerful agents of change and synergistic partnerships for research and course development are seen as a way of increasing the competitiveness of economies. However, as the quotation in the title of this lecture suggests, partnership work often brings difficulties as well as benefits (Weaver et al, 1987).

The seeds of the view, in countries such as the UK, the USA and Australia, that universities should increasingly work in partnership, can be traced back to 1980s political ideas that private sector businesses should show public sector organisations the way to run things. This was a centralised and controlling definition of partnership, in which one partner has the right answers which the other must adopt. The approach to partnerships involving universities has developed over time into one which is more democratic and participatory, and which embeds a social-ethical inflection. It is, therefore, much more common today to see partnerships of interested and skilled people from a range of organisations which are working together to tackle major societal problems. Not all partners will contribute equally, but they will all participate, and the decision-making process will be changing constantly to allow the partners to take account of each other.

I will use two case studies from my research to illustrate the process of partnership, the benefits that can accrue and how problems can be anticipated and overcome. The first case study will examine partnerships between universities, further education colleges and businesses developed to design and deliver undergraduate programmes to encourage widening participation and address labour market needs in the UK. The second is an international research partnership developed to address the skills shortages in demography and population science in the Southern African Development Community and to improve the capacity of the region to tackle major societal problems such as population growth, poverty and food insecurity. My research has shown that, to be successful, partnerships must bring increased benefits to all participants. However, when people work together they will also encounter problems which can be disempowering unless addressed. This is the paradox of partnership.


Primary amyloidosis differs from secondary amyloidosis mainly in that there is no primary pathology to account for the condition, and the amyloid is deposited in the heart, lungs, skin and striated muscle rather than in liver, spleen and kidney. A case is presented of primary systemic amyloidosis characterized clinically by congestive cardiac failure of unknown etiology not responding to intensive therapy. At autopsy, the heart was grossly enlarged due to amyloid deposition in the myocardium. Myloid was also found in the small arteries and arterioles, alveolar walls of the lung, muscle of the gastric wall and uterus, and round the fat cells in the omentum and subpericardial connective tissues. Primary amyloidosis should be considered more frequently in cardiac failure of unknown etiology in the older age groups especially where there is no response to adequate treatment.


This article briefly reviews the different models in existence in our country for in-service teacher training in the area of mathematics teaching, clarifying some of the currents which have made it possible to make progress in the direction of good mathematics learning: skills, the learning context and the connections between different areas of mathematical content. In this context, and building on educational research at both national and international levels, the institutional goal is to promote a training model based on social-constructivist theories of human learning, in which teachers are at the centre of, and are the initiators of, their own training. This model sets out from the observation of what each teacher does, how they do it and why they do it. Interaction with others, with oneself and with theory leads to reflection upon the practice observed and, by means of processes such as contrast and instrument such as portfolios, to reconstruction which brings about appreciable improvement in one's own practices. Even though the features of the model do not allow training to begin on the basis of closed content, readers are offered some arguments to justify the choice of "the methodological use of problems in the mathematics classroom" as apattern for content within the training programme for mathematics teachers run by the autonomous government of Catalonia's department of education and universities


Given the near incomprehensible enormity of the universe, it appears almost inevitable that humankind will one day find a planet that appears to be much like the Earth. This discovery will no doubt reignite the lure of interplanetary travel. Will we be up to the task? And, given our limited resources, biological constraints, and the general hostility of space, what shape should we expect such expeditions to take? In Robots in Space, Roger Launius and Howard McCurdy tackle these seemingly fanciful questions with rigorous scholarship and disciplined imagination, jumping comfortably among the worlds of rocketry, engineering, public policy, and science fantasy to expound upon the possibilities and improbabilities involved in trekking across the Milky Way and beyond. They survey the literature-fictional as well as academic studies; outline the progress of space programs in the United States and other nations; and assess the current state of affairs to offer a conclusion startling only to those who haven't spent time with Asimov, Heinlein, and Clarke: to traverse the cosmos, humans must embrace and entwine themselves with advanced robotic technologies. Their discussion is as entertaining as it is edifying and their assertions are as sound as they are fantastical. Rather than asking us to suspend disbelief, Robots in Space demands that we accept facts as they evolve.


The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor forms a cation-selective channel with a high calcium permeability and sensitivity to channel block by extracellular magnesium. These properties, which are believed to be important for the induction of long-term changes in synaptic strength, are imparted by asparagine residues in a putative channel-forming segment of the protein, transmembrane 2 (TM2). In the NR1 subunit, replacement of this asparagine by a glutamine residue decreases calcium permeability of the channel and slightly reduces magnesium block. The same substitution in NR2 subunits strongly reduces magnesium block and increases the magnesium permeability but barely affects calcium permeability. These asparagines are in a position homologous to the site in the TM2 region (Q/R site) of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors that is occupied by either glutamine (Q) or arginine (R) and that controls divalent cation permeability of the AMPA receptor channel. Hence AMPA and NMDA receptor channels contain common structural motifs in their TM2 segments that are responsible for some of their ion selectivity and conductance properties.


A partial or even complete substitution of icewines by other wines of high quality but harvested under non-icewine conditions has to be anticipated in vintages of unfavorable mild winters. Although stable isotopes reflect incomplete phase transitions and are therefore potentially well suited for icewine authentication, this technique has not yet been applied as an analytical tool against icewine frauds. As a first approach, this study shows that icewine authentication is best achieved by measuring the difference of δ18O values between the water of icewine musts and the remaining water in their grape marcs. A positive difference indicates a fraud. Furthermore, this difference was found to be related to the increase in sugar in the must due to cryoconcentration. Hence, this difference also allows estimation of the extent of cryoenrichment. By measuring 47 commercially produced icewine musts and their corresponding grape marcs, an average difference of ~1.7‰ was observed in vintage 2012 in Germany. This difference corresponds to an average cryoenrichment of ~150% (i.e., an increase over the initial must weight by a factor of 1.5).