This research considers how marketers can encourage or "nudge" consumers to transmit word of mouth (WOM), such as referrals or recommendations to friends, in a manner that helps reach, inform, or influence large numbers of consumers quickly, which is an outcome referred to as faster diffusion. Building on studies showing diffusion is faster when higher-connectivity people are involved, the authors propose a mechanism based on network externalities that encourages regular customers to select receivers who have higher levels of social connectivity. Three experiments and a simulation demonstrate the mechanism's efficacy by showing (i) how regular consumers can be encouraged to select higher-connectivity friends as WOM receivers, (ii) why this mechanism works, and (iii) how encouraging this receiver selection behavior can lead to faster diffusion at the macro level. The findings extend the WOM marketing literature by introducing an approach for encouraging transmissions to specific types of consumers that is a viable alternative to directly targeting higher-connectivity consumers in seeded WOM campaigns, which is often practically infeasible.


It has been argued based on electric-magnetic duality and other ingredients that the Jones polynomial of a knot in three dimensions can be computed by counting the solutions of certain gauge theory equations in four dimensions. Here, we attempt to verify this directly by analyzing the equations and counting their solutions, without reference to any quantum dualities. After suitably perturbing the equations to make their behavior more generic, we are able to get a fairly clear understanding of how the Jones polynomial emerges. The main ingredient in the argument is a link between the four-dimensional gauge theory equations in question and conformal blocks for degenerate representations of the Virasoro algebra in two dimensions. Along the way we get a better understanding of how our subject is related to a variety of new and old topics in mathematical physics, ranging from the Bethe ansatz for the Gaudin spin chain to the M-theory description of BPS monopoles and the relation between Chern-Simons gauge theory and Virasoro conformal blocks.


This paper outlines the conceptual background to a broader intellectual project that aims to study 'European Constitutional Imaginaries'. These are understood as ideas that stand behind various conceptualisations of the EU constitution, produced by EU constitutional lawyers and theorists. The paper first explains the concept and identifies the gap in various approaches to the study of EU constitutionalism that come close to the one proposed here. It briefly discusses works by some constitutional lawyers, legal historians and legal sociologists that engaged with deeper structures of EU constitutional thought. Two particular are then made: the need to pay more attention to political economy behind constitutional theory and to the comparative dimension of how EU constitutional theory has been generated over time. In the concluding part the paper outlines the whole project.


Isolated spots, which are spatially solitary states, are triggered at the desired positions by a control light in a nonlinear optical system with two-dimensional feedback. They exist because of the balance between isotropic transverse couplings of diffraction and an automatic regulation of feedback-loop gain owing to a simple low-cut spatial frequency filter. Self-scanning of isolated spots is caused by slight unisotropic transverse couplings without a special scanning mechanism. It provides a novel method for image display and image delay.


A study was made of the corrosion behaviour in the ASTM standard Nitric acid and Oxalic acid tests, of two commercial AISI type 304L steels in the as received condition and after various heat treatments. Optical microscopy and SEM, TEM and STEM in conjunction with energy dispersive x-ray analysis, were used to correlate the corrosion behaviour of these steels with their microstructure. Some evidence of phosphorus segregation at grain boundaries was found. The corrosion behaviour at microstructural level was studied by examining on the TEM thin foils of steel that had been exposed to boiling nitric acid. Banding attack in the nitric acid and oxalic acid tests was studied using SEM and EPNA and found to be due to the micro-segregation of chromium and nickel. Using two experimental series of 304L, one a 17% Cr, 91 Ni, steel with phosphorus additions from 0.006% to 0.028%, the other a 20% Cr, 121 Ni steel with boron additions from 0.0011 to 0.00B51. The effect of these elements on corrosion in the nitric acid test was studied. The effect of different cooling rates and different solution treatment temperature on the behaviour of these steels was examined. TEM and STEM in conjunction with energy-dispersive x-ray analysis were again used to study the microstructure of the steels. Phosphorus was found to affect the corrosion behaviour but no effect was found with boron.


Many requests, especially from school officials and civic organizations, have been made to the Texas State Department of Health concerning head louse control. A detailed report upon our experience, including methods of application, amount of DDT dust applied, and effectiveness of the insecticide, is given in this paper.
In addition to being a pest, the head louse, Pediculus humanus var capitis de Greer, has also been found capable of transmitting important diseases such as typhus and trench fevers. Various insecticides, including many home remedies, have been used for treating infested persons with varying degrees of success. These treatments in the main have been messy and have required repeated applications. Dusting with DDT powder appears to be an easier and more effective treatment.
In February, 1946, arrangements were made through the Hidalgo County Health Officer and officials of the Roosevelt School, McAllen, Texas, and the Saint Joseph School, Donna, Texas, to treat some of the children enrolled in these schools.


We report on InP-based p-type/intrinsic/n-type (PIN) photodiodes with a novel strain-compensated type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum well active region. The device has optical response out to 3.0 μm, specific detectivity (D*) of 7.73×10(9) cm Hz(0.5)/W at 290 K for 2.7 μm. These preliminary results show that this novel strain-compensated approach leads to similar performance when compared to a conventional strain-compensated approach.


The semantic gap is the lack of coincidence between the information one can extract from data and its interpretation. It is an yet solved issue for multimedia applications like image captioning, where it is often challenging to select the best fitting wording out of a group of candidates. To create a measurement for the perceived differences between words, this doctoral research proposes the idea of analyzing crawled image data to gain a better semantic understanding of language and vision. Abstract words have a broad mental image due to them being less visually defined, while concrete words with a rather narrow visual feature space are visually easier to grasp. The core goal of this research is to approximate this perceived abstractness of those words as a metric. The thesis proposes two methods, looking at both relative and absolute measurements. For the relative method, a data-driven approach is proposed, while the absolute measurements train a machine-learned model on existing data from Psycholinguistics. Each method is evaluated using crowd-sourced data and compared to related approaches. With this, the thesis presents methods to analyze the mental image of words from different angles, targeting a way to quantify the semantic gap between vision and language.


Multi-model ensembles can be used to estimate uncertainty in projections of regional climate, but this uncertainty often depends on the constituents of the ensemble. The dependence of uncertainty on ensemble composition is clear when single model initial condition large ensembles (SMILEs) are included within a multi-model ensemble. SMILEs introduce new information into a multi-model ensemble by representing region-scale internal variability, but also introduce redundant information, by virtue of a single model being represented by 50–100 outcomes. To preserve the contribution of internal variability and ensure redundancy does not overwhelm uncertainty estimates, a weighting approach is used to incorporate 50-members of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1.2.2), 50-members of the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2), and 100-members of the MPI Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE) into an 88-member Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble. The weight assigned to each multi-model ensemble member is based on the member's ability to reproduce observed climate (performance) and scaled by a measure of historical redundancy (dependence). Surface air temperature (SAT) and sea level pressure (SLP) diagnostics are used to determine the weights, and relationships between present and future diagnostic behavior are discussed. A new diagnostic, estimated forced trend, is proposed to replace a diagnostic with no clear emergent relationship, 50-year regional SAT trend.

The influence of the weighting is assessed in estimates of Northern European winter and Mediterranean summer end-of-century warming in the CMIP5 and combined SMILE-CMIP5 multi-model ensembles. The weighting is shown to recover uncertainty obscured by SMILE redundancy, notably in Mediterranean summer. For each SMILE, the independence weight of each ensemble member as a function of the number of SMILE members included in the CMIP5 ensemble is assessed. The independence weight increases linearly with added members with a slope that depends on SMILE, region, and season. Finally, it is shown that the weighting method can be used to guide SMILE member selection if a subsetted ensemble with one member per model is sought. The weight a SMILE receives within a subsetted ensemble depends on which member is used to represent it, reinforcing the advantage of weighting and incorporating all initial condition ensemble members in multi-model ensembles.


Introduction : Leadership in the area of curriculum development is increasingly important as we look for ways to improve our programmes and practices. In curriculum studies, leadership has received little attention. Considering the lack of an evaluation tool with objective criteria in postgraduate curriculum leadership process, this study aimed to design a specific tool and determine the validity and reliability of the tool. Method: This study is a methodological research. At first, domains and items of the tool were determined through expert interviews and literature review. Then, using Delphi technique, 54 important criteria were developed. A panel of experts was used to confirm content and face validity. Reliability was determined by a descriptive study in which 30 faculties from two of Isfahan universities and was estimated by internal consistency . The data were analyzed by SPSS software, using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and reliability analysis. Results: At first, considering the definition of curriculum leadership determined the domains and items of the tool and they were developed primary tool. Expert's faculties' views were used in deferent stages of development and psychometry. The tool internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficient times was 96.5. This was determined for each domain separately. Conclution: Applying this instrument can improve the effectiveness of curriculum leadership. Identifying the characteristics of successful and effective leaders, and utilizing this knowledge in developing and implementing curriculum might help us to have better respond to the changing needs of our students, teachers and schools of tomorrow.


In lung cancer CD133+ cells have properties of cancer initiating cells (CICs) as stemness features, high tumorigenic potential and chemoresistance. Within the CD133+ CICs, we have recently identified a specific subset, defined as CD133+CXCR4+EpCAM-, endowed with high dissemination and metastatic potential (metastasis initiating cells, MICs). In normal tissues stem cells reside in specialized niches composed of both stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) while factors responsible for CICs maintenance and modulation are relatively unknown. Collagen, the most abundant protein of ECM, plays a pivotal role in mediating regulation of adhesion, survival and proliferation of tumor cells. The relevance of collagen glycosylation, a fundamental post-translational modification controlling several biological processes, remains however largely unexplored. To investigate the effects of interactions between tumor cells and differentially glycosylated ECM epitopes, we cultured primary (LT73) and established lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460) on type I collagen films neo-glycosylated with glucose, galactose or sialic acid residues. Our results showed a general increase of CICs subsets, evaluated by flow cytometry, in tumor cells cultured on glycosylated collagen compared to pristine collagen or tissue culture plates with a concomitant increased expression of stemness-related genes. Particularly, we observed that collagen functionalized with glucose had the highest efficiency in enriching for MICs (3-fold change). Analysis of proliferation and viability of tumor cells cultured on collagen films showed that glucose residues were particularly proficient in causing G1 phase growth arrest and cell death compared to pristine collagen resulting in an overall decrease in the bulk population and CICs enrichment. In PKH label-retention assays, glucose-glycosylated collagen also selected and increased the fraction of PHK-labeled quiescent tumor cells, enriched for MICs component, confirming the preferential selection/survival of MICs subset. Using LT73 cell line depleted for CD133+ cells, we then proved that CICs increase was also due to a de novo generation of CD133+ cells and in particular of CD133+CXCR4+EpCAM- metastatic subset through non-CICs to CICs conversion. The immunophenotypic increase of CD133+ cells was functionally validated in vivo by a limiting dilution tumorigenic assay that estimated a 4.6 higher frequency of CICs in LT73 cells cultured on glucose-glycosylated collagen compared to control group. Moreover tumors derived from cells exposed to glucose residues retained a higher contents of MICs associated with an increased dissemination potential compared to controls. Our results suggest that differential collagen glycosylation could play an essential role in the creation of a niche favorable for the generation and selection/survival of lung metastasis initiating cells. Citation Format: Giulia Bertolini, Cecilia Gardelli, Francesca Andriani, Massimo Moro, Laura Russo, Laura Cipolla, Gabriella Sozzi, Luca Roz. Differential glycosylation of extracellular matrix specifically modulates lung cancer initiating cells subsets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3351.


When national borders in the modern sense first began to be established in early modern Europe, non-contiguous and perforated nations were a commonplace. According to the conception of the shapes of nations that is currently preferred, however, nations must conform to the topological model of (approximate) circularity; their borders must guarantee contiguity and simple connectedness, and such borders must as far as possible conform to existing topographical features on the ground. The striving to conform to this model can be seen at work today in Quebec and in Ireland, it underpins much of the rhetoric of the P.L.O., and was certainly to some degree involved as a motivating factor in much of the ethnic cleansing which took place in Bosnia in recent times. The question to be addressed in what follows is: to what extent could inter-group disputes be more peacefully resolved, and ethnic cleansing avoided, if political leaders, diplomats and others involved in the resolution of such disputes could be brought to accept weaker geometrical constraints on the shapes of nations? A number of associated questions then present themselves: What sorts of administrative and logistical problems have been encountered by existing non contiguous nations (such as the United States) and by perforated nations (such as Italy, which circumcludes the Vatican and the Republic of San Marino, and South Africa, which circumcludes Lesotho), and by other nations deviating in different ways from the received geometrical ideal? To what degree is the desire for continuity and simple connectedness a rational desire (based for example on well-founded military or economic considerations), and to what degree does it rest on species of political rhetoric which might be countered by, for example, philosophical argument? These and a series of related questions will form the subject-matter of the present essay


Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) come equipped on most modern vehicles and are intended to assist the driver and enhance the driving experience through features such as lane keeping system and adaptive cruise control. However, recent studies show that few people utilize these features for several reasons. First, ADAS features were not common until recently. Second, most users are unfamiliar with these features and do not know what to expect. Finally, the interface for operating these features is not intuitive. To help drivers understand ADAS features, we present a conversational in-vehicle digital assistant that responds to drivers' questions and commands in natural language. With the system prototyped herein, drivers can ask questions or command using unconstrained natural language in the vehicle, and the assistant trained by using advanced machine learning techniques, coupled with access to vehicle signals, responds in real-time based on conversational context. Results of our system prototyped on a production vehicle are presented, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving driver understanding and usability of ADAS.


Recently, the Federal Reserve reported that U.S. households net worth dropped by $17 trillion, a stunning 26% loss from the peak of the cycle to the bottom. The precipitous drop in home and stock prices that continued through the first quarter of 2009 accelerated the drop in household wealth. Meanwhile, U.S. air travel suffered tremendously. While the economy contracted by around 1% in 2008 and the first part of 2009, total domestic enplanement dropped more than 4% over its 2007 level. Gross domestic product (GDP) or some other measure of current income has been a good predictor of air travel in the past. While current income is considered to be a good proxy for current discretionary spending, of which air travel is only one small part, recent destruction of wealth has significantly reduced the average consumer's traditional appetite for expenditure, including air travel. Interestingly, there is very little empirical analysis that establishes a link between wealth and air travel. The paper seeks to address this gap by asking and investigating two empirical questions: (a) Does wealth have any quantifiable impact on U.S. air travel, controlling for all other relevant variables such as current income, past wealth, fare, and credit availability? (b) What has been the quantitative impact of wealth loss on air travel? The paper finds that the household wealth loss of U.S. $17 trillion yielded a loss of air travel demand of 730,000 passengers; or a loss of revenue of $244 million. As household wealth improved during the last two years, air travel recovered. Some of the lost passenger demand has been recouped (435,000) but a complete wealth-induced recovery still seems to be far off. Results of this analysis are important for both understanding future transitions in U.S. air travel, and hence forecasting, and formulating policy responses that may be designed more narrowly and effectively.


The object of research is arched bridges made of concrete blocks backfilled with soil. The aim of the study was to develop a technique for determining the arch bridge's optimal shape in order to ensure the required size of the compressed cross-sectional zone at any automobile load position. The calculation takes into account the horizontal and vertical pressure of the backfill soil and the arch dead weight. The concrete blocks can have variable heights. Method. To solve the problem in a physically nonlinear formulation, the stepwise loading method and the possible stress states principle in increments were used. The solution was constructed by the finite element method based on piecewise constant approximations of the moments and forces. The nodes equilibrium equations obtained using the possible displacements principle are added to the additional energy functional written in increments form. The nodes vertical and horizontal displacements are accepted as possible displacements. When determining the required dimensions of the arch, the automobile load all possible positions are considered. Results. The optimum geometric parameters have been determined for an arch bridge with a span of 12 meters. The destructive automobile load value is determined. For the design load, the obtained internal moments and forces are compared with the ones calculated by the program based on the finite element method in displacements.


This symposium essay takes as its starting point the contestable position that some degree of immigration federalism is both constitutionally permissible and politically desirable. It suggests, however, that liberating the issue of immigration from the shadows of federal exclusivity does not necessarily tell us much about what a conceptual framework or legal jurisprudence of immigration federalism should or will actually be like. This is not solely a function of the difficulties inherent in incorporating principles of federalism into what is usually understood to be an exclusive federal field of immigration. Rather, it is also a consequence of the rifts and tensions that underlie the very concept and promise of federalism itself. Because of this, the stake of immigration federalism cannot help but be driven into contested grounds. This essay is an initial foray into the issues that arise when some of the complexities of the federalism discourse are superimposed on the emerging field of immigration federalism. It does so by exploring the contemporary issues surrounding immigration through the lens of three different understandings of our federalist structure: as dueling sovereigns, transacting parties, and overlapping communities. These frames offer a way of talking about immigration federalism which goes beyond simply applying general "values of federalism" to the field of immigration regulation and enforcement. They also suggest that the best way to tackle this issue is to refrain from seeing immigration jurisprudence as distinct and separate from the broader federalism discourse; instead, we should understand it as always having been a part of the ongoing refinement of our federalist structure.


Children are among the fastest growing groups of users of the Internet, so it is important to design searching and browsing interfaces, such as those found in digital libraries, to support them. However, many interfaces geared toward elementary-age children suffer from at least one of two common problems. First, many assume that young users can spell, type, read, navigate, compose queries, and/or select small objects. Second, many assume that children search for books using the same criteria as adults. In fact, children have difficulty using and understanding traditional interface tools, and often employ different searching and browsing strategies from adults. A number of researchers have created digital libraries that better support young children. Our lab has also focused on this goal, most recently with the International Children's Digital Library (ICDL) project. This paper elaborates on the reasons why children require different searching and browsing tools and how interfaces that fail to recognize this lead to frustrating experiences. It describes how the ICDL addresses these issues and a study designed to investigate them further.


This thesis provides a novel empirical treatment of the dynamics of financial market risk and liquidity, two very important areas both for financial research as well as to practitioners in the financial markets: We devise empirical non-linear time series models of the two concepts that specifically take into account 'explosive', self-reinforcing dynamic patterns. While 'conventional' empirical models are often 'linear' and tend to neglect these effects, real-life evidence such as e.g. the 1987 crash, the large stock market drops on February 27th, 2007 or the huge losses posted by investment banks and hedge funds during July and August 2007, suggest that such an approach is warranted: In the first part of the thesis we extend a time series model of Value-at-Risk (VaR) with non-linear multiplicative features and endogenous regime thresholds. When estimated with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method against real data, the resulting 'Self- Exciting Threshold CAViaR' (Conditional Autoregressive Value-at- Risk) model is able to detect trigger thresholds for explosive market risk as well as the scale of such a possible expansion in risk. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the 'Conditional Autoregressive Liquidity' (CARL) model, a multiplicative time series approach to the empirical modelling of market liquidity. The newly con-ceptualised model is capable of picking up self-reinforcing dynamics, i.e. autoregressive patterns in liquidity, which is in accordance with theoretical research on the topic. Moreover, by incorporating a multidimensional liquidity proxy, the model CARL is explicitly designed to take into account the fact that liquidity is a concept with many facets, unlike other empirical treatments that often view liquidity only along a single dimension (e.g. the bid-ask spread, volume, trade duration). In this thesis, we demonstrate the empirical versatility of the model using both fixed interval data (daily and weekly) as well as tick-by-tick intraday data, for which we propose a filtering technique in order to be able to use the model in such a data environment. We note that the model is able to pick up autocorrelation structures in liquidity rather well and find the forecast performance very encouraging for practical use.


This research is focused on the cooperative multi-task assignment problem for heterogeneous UAVs, where a set of multiple tasks, each requiring a predetermined number of UAVs, have to be completed at specific locations. We modeled this as an optimization problem to minimize the number of uncompleted tasks while also minimizing total airtime and total distance traveled by all the UAVs. By taking into account the UAV flight capacities. For the solution of the problem, we adopted a multi-Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) method [1] and designed a new genetic structure for it so that it can be applied to cooperative multi-task assignment problems. Furthermore, we developed two domain specific mutation operators to improve the quality of the solutions in terms of number of uncompleted tasks, total airtime and total distance traveled by all the UAVs. The simulation experiments showed that these operators significantly improve the solution quality. Our main contributions are the application of the Multi Structure Genetic Algorithm (MSGA) to cooperative multi-task assignment problem and the development of two novel mutation operators to improve the solution of MSGA.


It has been shown in a number of studies that the Kalina cycle can have considerably higher efficiencies than the Rankine cycle. An especially advantageous application is as a bottoming cycle to a gas turbine. In this paper a gas turbine topping cycle has been assumed. Three different configurations of the Kalina bottoming cycle have been examined and compared. One is an original cycle (El-Sayed and Tribus, 1985) with a flash separator. In another configuration, a second feedwater heater is added and in a third a distillation column instead of a flash separator is used. The stages of the column are heated by exchanging heat with two different streams in the Kalina distillation condensation subsystem. For each configuration, the different compositions in the cycle have been varied. The First Law efficiency and the exergetic efficiency have been calculated as well as the rate of exergy loss in each unit. The results show that the cases with the best performance of each of the three configurations differ very little in efficiency. The original cycle has the highest efficiency for the conditions studied.


In Nigeria, it seems there is sparse of indigenous measure of emotional intelligence. Therefore, this research fills a gap in literature by developing a valid and reliable indigenous scale. To achieve this, the author combined the Bar-On and Goleman's models of emotional intelligence. In Study 1, 255 items were generated and were reduced to 198 based on expert advice. At the end of several analyses, 52 items were retained. These items were put in a questionnaire form and administered to 850 students in a university. The author determined the factorial validity of the scale using a sample of 834 participants who returned the scale. The scale (using varimax rotation method) was then subjected to principal component analysis and 40 items were retained in a 7 well defined factor structure. The factors/dimensions include interpersonal skill (r = .77), empathetic response (r = .73), stress tolerance (r = .69), optimism (r = .75), assertiveness (r = .78), problem solving (r = .74) and flexibility (r = .80). The scale has convergent validity because of its positive relationship with empathy (r = .67) and social intelligence (r = .79) and negative relationships with aggression (r = -.41) and impulsiveness (r = -.32). A test re-test reliability of .79 was also established for the scale.


Recent advances in genetic technology now allow seeds to be designed so that germination will occur only under the influence of proprietary chemical activation. These genetic technical protections, known as genetic use restriction technologies, or GURTs, hold the potential to suppress unauthorized uses of proprietary plant varieties. These systems may be used either in conjunction with or in replacement of so-called "seed-wrap" licenses, which purport to restrict the uses of proprietary seed after sale. Intellectual property rights including Plant Variety Protection and utility patents may form the basis for such licenses. However, license-based restriction of seed usage may be difficult or costly to police and to enforce. Technical restrictions are largely self-enforcing, but when used in to restrict seed usage may effectively confer greater rights than would be afforded by the relevant intellectual property statute. Such application of GURTS raises a series of troubling policy problems. Employment of GURTs and related licenses in such strategies also implicate competition doctrines including tying, exhaustion, and misuse. While the United States Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit have addressed some of these issues in the seed licensing context, the reasoning of the relevant opinions lacks coherence, and substantial questions remain regarding the application of these decisions to technological controls.


An experimental study on the flow boiling heat transfer in a horizontal annular passage outside the single tube using R410A. The tested tubes contain a smooth tube, a 1EHT tube (dimpled tube) and a herringbone micro-fin tube with the same outside diameter of 12.70 mm. Tests were carried out at a saturation temperature of 6 °C for a mass flux range of 8∼107 kg/m2s with a fixed inlet quality of 0.1 and three different outlet qualities (0.4, 0.6, 0.8). Changes in vapor quality and annular gap size are found to have a significant impact on boiling heat transfer in the concentric annulus. For tests in the annuli with a 25.4-mm-ID outer tube, the HTC of the herringbone micro-fin tube is highest together with the largest pressure drop. Both the annulus of 1EHT tube and the annulus of herringbone micro-fin tube show a higher boiling HTC at an outlet quality of 0.6. The larger penalty factor is found at an outlet quality of 0.8. For flow boiling in the annuli having different annular gap sizes, it is found that the heat transfer enhancement ratio decreases sharply with the increasing average quality. When the inner diameter of outer tube is 19.0 mm, HTC decreases at first and then rises slowly. The huge bubbles occurred at the low mass fluxes and the scouring effect on the heated annulus walls of high-speed flow may be responsible.


Much of the current debates in the social service delivery have focused on the blurring boundaries between three sectors - the nonprofit, business and public sector. Surprisingly no empirical research has been given to this phenomenon from macro and comparative perspectives. First contribution of the study to is the conceptual and methodological model to link organization and strategic management theory with network theory. The study calls this new framework as collaboration network. Second, this survey of 33 nonprofit organizations in the Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania uncovers the hidden patterns of collaboration between the sectors including empirical evidence of blurring boundaries. In order to reveal the hidden patterns of collaboration, the study adopts blockmodel from network analysis that is useful to reduce complex networks into concise and easily understandable forms. Major findings uncovered by network analysis are; 1) Network structures are different according to specific types of collaboration relationships. Network structures become less dense as the collaborative relationships intensify. While nonprofits do not have to spend much of their valuable resources such as time and money on maintaining informal or infrequent information sharing or work referral relations, nonprofits should commit themselves to maintaining intensive relations such as formal contract or joint program. In addition, the types of six network structures are different from each other. For example, while formal contract network is shaped as a cohesive subgroup structure, resource sharing network shows a central-periphery system. 2) When three sector organizations are participated in the work referral network, the social service system emerges. Three sectors play a unique role respectively - a sender for public agencies, a service provider for businesses. As a major actor in the social service field, nonprofits not only play these two roles, but also play a coordinating or broker role between three sectors. 3) When either of the business or public sector is introduced in the collaboration network, new network structures replace the network structure which is composed exclusively of nonprofits. For example, when the public sector is involved in the formal contract network, the network structure changes from a cohesive subgroup system to a hierarchy system.


Problem statement: Balouch tribe can be considered one of the genuine Iranian tribes who has continued the livestock breeding and nomadic life in Iran. Various arts are common among this tribe, but the most important one is the art of needle-working. This art, with its geometric and highly abstract designs, displays the history of tribal Balouchi lifestyle. Like other Iranian nomadic arts, Balouchi life has a very high geometric dimension. One can also refer to the similarity of the geometric patterns of this art and the Neolithic arts. Balouch needlework art designs are categorized and studied in various humans, animals, plants, geometric shapes and marginal types. Research question: What is the most important aesthetic aspect of Balouchi's art of needle-working Research objective: The aim of this study is to recognize of the aesthetic elements of Balouchi needle working as the most important native art of the Balouchistan region. Research method: The research method is qualitative using logical reasoning. Library data and observation were taken into consideration in data collection of this research and also the objective observations of the writer and field information were effective in achieving research findings. Conclusion: The most important aspect of these designs is their geometricity and excessive abstraction. The aesthetics of this native art can be examined in the form of a line (right and with an angle), shape (based on the shape of the triangle), texture (dense and prolific), rhythm (alternating) and color (with the domination of the red color and combination of strong and powerful colors). Symbolic abstraction can be considered as the most important aesthetic aspect of Balouchi's art of needle-working.


One of the founding fathers of the Neo-realist movement and a Communist dedicated to populist filmmaking, Guiseppe De Santis (b. 1917) has been a significant force in Italian cinema. In spite of his crucial contribution De Santis has received little critical recognition and his work has been largely excluded from the canon of traditional cinematic teaching. In this first book-length study of De Santis, Antonio Vitti explores the filmmaker's life and work, and addresses why he has been marginalized as a result of the politics of critical reception in Italian cinema and within the academy. Through critical analysis of such films as Riso amaro (Bitter Rice), Non c'? pace tra gli ulivi ( No Peace Among the Olives), and Cesta Duga Godinu Dana (The One-Year-Long Road), Vitti offers an informative profile of a director who refused to compromise what were often unpopular political and aesthetic principles. De Santis emerged as a strong opponent of government censorship in Fascist Italy and strove throughout his career to remain faithful to his political objectives: to create a genuine popular narrative voice, and to offer, through filmmaking, a form of entertainment for the masses and a means of promoting social and political change. At the same time, possessed of considerable technical abilities and a passion for formalized beauty and sensuality, De Santis resisted the rigid rules for socio-realistic representation dictated by the Soviet Union. He conformed neither to the mainstream nor to the leftist critical expectations of his day. He anticipated, in his own critical approach, the direction of contemporary film theory, and focused on the role of the medium itself as a means of mass communication and a repository of collective imagination.Vitti draws on his extensive personal interviews with De Santis as well as on the latter's previously unpublished writings. This volume captures the intelligence, passion, aesthetic flair, and occasionally fiery temperament of this important filmmaker.


For many parallel applications, performance relies not on instruction-level parallelism, but on loop-level parallelism. Unfortunately, many modern applications are written in ways that obstruct automatic loop parallelization. Since we cannot identify sufficient parallelization opportunities for these codes in a static, off-line compiler, we developed an interactive compilation feedback system that guides the programmer in iteratively modifying application source, thereby improving the compiler's ability to generate loop-parallel code. We use this compilation system to modify two sequential benchmarks, finding that the code parallelized in this way runs up to 8.3 times faster on an octo-core Intel Xeon 5570 system and up to 12.5 times faster on a quad-core IBM POWER6 system. Benchmark performance varies significantly between the systems. This suggests that semi-automatic parallelization should be combined with target-specific optimizations. Furthermore, comparing the first benchmark to hand-parallelized, hand-optimized pthreads and OpenMP versions, we find that code generated using our approach typically outperforms the pthreads code (within 93-339%). It also performs competitively against the OpenMP code (within 75-111%). The second benchmark outperforms hand-parallelized and optimized OpenMP code (within 109-242%).


The family is an important link in the reawakening of interest in tourism of young people. Interesting travel begins at home. Most operators, however, begins in school. Youth is your interest as for the trips by the assimilation of knowledge of historical nature, etc. The younger generation by participating in tourist trips becomes independent and resourceful. There are many reasons why the tourist trips, some want to relax relax, others on the contrary, they want extreme sensations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the level of knowledge of young people in tourism high school, as well as showing their attitudes to tourism. The work was written on the basis of the literature, and on the basis of research carried out in a public high school in Zbojno.


Originally published in 1979, "The Darwinian Revolution" was the first comprehensive and readable synthesis of the history of evolutionary thought. Though the years since have seen an enormous flowering of research on Darwin and other nineteenth-century scientists concerned with evolution, as well as the larger social and cultural responses to their work, "The Darwinian Revolution" remains remarkably current and stimulating. For this edition Michael Ruse has written a new afterword that takes into account the research published since his book's first appearance. "It is difficult to believe that yet another book on Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution could add anything new or contain any surprises. Ruse's book is an exception on all counts. Darwin scholars and the general reader alike can learn from it."-David L. Hull, "Nature" "No other account of the Darwinian Revolution provides so detailed and sympathetic an account of the framework within which the scientific debates took place."-Peter J. Bowler, "Canadian Journal of History" "A useful and highly readable synthesis. . .skillfully organized and written with verve, imagination, and welcome touches of humor."-John C. Greene, "Science"


Though blacks were not often seen on the streets of seventeenth-century London, they were already capturing the British imagination. For two hundred years, as Britain shipped over three million Africans to the New World, popular images of blacks as slaves and servants proliferated in London art, both highbrow and low. Catherine Molineux assembles a surprising array of sources in her exploration of this emerging black presence, from shop signs, tea trays, trading cards, board games, playing cards, and song ballads to more familiar objects such as William Hogarth's graphic satires. By idealizing black servitude and obscuring the brutalities of slavery, these images of black people became symbols of empire to a general populace that had little contact with the realities of slave life in the distant Americas and Caribbean. The earliest images advertised the opulence of the British Empire by depicting black slaves and servants as minor, exotic characters who gazed adoringly at their masters. Later images showed Britons and Africans in friendly gatherings, smoking tobacco together, for example. By 1807, when Britain abolished the slave trade and thousands of people of African descent were living in London as free men and women, depictions of black laborers in local coffee houses, taverns, or kitchens took center stage. Molineux's well-crafted account provides rich evidence for the role that human traffic played in the popular consciousness and culture of Britain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and deepens our understanding of how Britons imagined their burgeoning empire.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the scientific evidence on the association of physical activity with urinary incontinence in older women.

DESIGN
Searches were performed in MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and ScienceDirect. Observational studies were included. The following search terms were used: urinary incontinence, older adult, and physical activity. Methodological quality was assessed using the checklist proposed by Downs and Black.

RESULTS
Ten articles were included. Sedentary lifestyle and <150 min/week of physical activity are at risk of developing urinary incontinence. Walking (at least 30 min) and physical activities (600-1,500 and 600 METs/min per week) prevent urinary incontinence. Seven of the 10 studies indicated a good level of methodological quality.

CONCLUSIONS
Sedentary lifestyle is at risk of urinary incontinence, and walking, moderate and vigorous physical activities are associated with prevention of urinary incontinence.


Objective:

The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model that integrated various image features and neuropsychological scores to yield a single estimate reflecting the probability of dementia.

Method:

A total of 130 subjects belong to Normal control group, AD group, and MCI group, were recruited in this study. For these subjects, the multiple features obtained from different modalities, including structural MRI morphometry (volume / shape), rs-fMRI, and neuropsychological assessment measures (NPA) were used to explore an optimal set of predictors of conversion from MCI to AD. Unlike previous studies using logistic regression analysis, a new method based on learning vector quantization (LVQ) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) is proposed to establish a prediction model.

Results:

We test the baseline, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up scans of 17 AD subjects (M/ F=5/12), 22 normal controls (NC; 13/9), 16 subjects that remain stable MCI (MCI-s; 11/5), and 4 subjects convert to AD within a given timeframe (MCI-c; 2/2). This study found that the proposed quantitative indicator provides well-behaving AD state estimates, corresponding well with the actual diagnosis.

Conclusion:

According to the results, all of the test data have the trend that decreased over time. It has the potential to establish an effective decision support and data visualization framework for improving AD diagnostics, allowing clinicians to rapidly analyze large quantities of diverse patient data and as a screening measure and evaluated tool in therapeutic trials.


Pancreas transplantation, when successful, is a reproducibly effective method to normalize glycemia without the use of exogenous insulin treatment in patients with diabetes mellitus. Success rates for combined pancreas and kidney transplantation are -70% and patient survival rates are -90% 1 yr postoperatively. Metabolic benefits of this procedure include normalization of levels of fasting plasma glucose and HbA,,. Glucose-induced insulin secretion and intravenous glucose tolerance are normalized. Improvements are also observed in glucose recovery after insulin-induced hypoglycemia and in glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia. Pancreas transplantation is also associated with normalization of kidney structure and both motor and sensory nerve function. However, no benefits have been observed with regard to pancreatic polypeptide secretion, kidney function, and the retinal pathology of diabetes mellitus. Pancreas transplantation has reached a point in its history where the operative technique and its ancillary medical therapy have been optimized. Improvement in the rates of success, morbidity, and mortality will probably depend on improvement in immunosuppressive drugs and the physical condition of the recipients themselves. The time is at hand when we need to carefully consider whether it is ethical and advisable to make pancreas transplantation available to individuals who have fewer chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Future studies of pancreas transplantation must incorporate more rigid experimental controls than have been used in the past to better assess the relative merits of this procedure. Diabetes: 40:1085-89, 1991 mellitus. However, the reality of the situation is that few patients are able to establish normal levels of circulating glucose throughout the day and maintain normal levels of HbA,,. Among the experimental forms of treatment that have been developed to improve control of glycemia, none is more effective or controversial than pancreas transplantation. In this perspective, I provide a brief history of the operative procedure, the known metabolic benefits it provides, its impact on the chronic complications of diabetes, and a consideration of the future of pancreas transplantation.


In order to determine the limits of the biologically safe maximum allowable levels of pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation, a prototype of apparatus has been developed for the irradiation of cell cultures immersed in a liquid medium with broad-band THz radiation in the 0.05–1.2 THz frequency range. The action of THz radiation on the functional activity of the cells of a number of biological cultures, including mouse thymocytes and splenocytes, has been investigated. This was evaluated by means of flow-through cytometry, using fluorescence-intensity analysis of DNA-binding stains. It is shown that THz radiation with a mean power density of up to 10  μW/cm2 and a time of action of 1 min has no effect on the variation of the functional activity of the cells. No statistically reliable variations were detected in the relationship of living cells and cells at different stages of apoptosis or in the distribution of cells over the phases of the cellular cycle. It is concluded that THz radiation with such characteristics can be used for medical spectroscopy.


[Abstract]: The educational literature has popularised models of school leadership such as Instructional, Transformational, Strategic, Educative, and Servant Leadership. Whilst valuable as ways of conceptualising leadership styles, worldviews, traits, roles and functions of individual principals, these models fall short of capturing the dynamic between the outcomes of leadership and the leadership process in contemporary school contexts.

Distributed leadership theory is held by many to be more attuned to the post-industrial needs of organisations, and its influence on educational research has seen the emergence of new ways of comprehending leadership in schools. One influential example is 'parallel leadership', a derivative of distributed leadership that describes teachers as leaders of curriculum and pedagogy and principals as metastrategic leaders. This study looks specifically at the leadership processes of a small sample of principals in the process of school revitalisation titled IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing the Achievements of Schools).

A key motivation for this study was that the concept of 'parallel leadership' had been subjected to little serious critique. Uncertainty surrounded how principals in IDEAS schools conceptualised their leadership, and what impacts experience with the IDEAS Project has on conceptions of leadership. The purpose of this study was to tease out the meanings that a sample of principals gave to their highly complex role as principal, whilst engaging with the concept of 'parallel leadership' during their schools' implementations of IDEAS. The Research Problem was stated as: What conceptions of principal leadership arise out of a sample of principals' experiences with a process of school revitalisation that emphasises a distributed approach to school leadership?

The overarching inquiry took the form of a multi-case or collective case study and comprised four principals who had engaged with IDEAS over a period of at least two years. Data collection strategies included the in-depth interview, which was chosen as the primary method for informants to describe their perceptions of their leadership, together with concept mapping and a structured interview that was utilised to gain staff perceptions of informants' leadership. Methods of analysis involved detailed transcriptions of taped interviews and tools derived from the literature review that were used to code and categorise the texts of interviews.

Crowther et al. (2001) proposed a Model of Successful School Revitalisation as a result of their research conducted under the auspices of the Australian Research Council and Commonwealth Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETYA). Source: (Crowther, Hann & McMaster 2001, p. 141). First, the Model identifies principal leadership and teacher leadership as each having concrete meaning and significance and that success occurs through a mutual and respectful association. This relationship is captured by the authors in the new concept of 'parallel leadership'. Second, the Model makes clear a view that effective school leadership impacts three school processes that are conceptualised as culture building, shared approach to pedagogy and schoolwide learning. Third, the Model proposes that through the enrichment and integration of these three processes school outcomes are enhanced.

This study focussed on the principal leadership aspect of 'parallel leadership' and resulted in a Model of Metastrategic Principal Leadership that conceptualises the intersection of principal leadership and the ideas process which Crowther et al. described as the Stimulus.

The present study thereby extends the definition of 'parallel leadership' by describing how principals contribute to transformations of leadership, learning, and pedagogy through three principal-led processes. The proposed Model of Metastrategic Principal Leadership suggests that when activated by a principal's continuous professional learning the combination of the interactions of personal style (Personal), the process of revitalisation (Processual), and personal conceptualisation of role (Conceptual) result in principal-led processes that support successful school revitalisation. The three principal-led processes that were uncovered are described as re-imaging school leadership, support of organisation-wide learning, and management of meaning.

The researcher hopes the outcomes of the study will be of benefit to principals and teachers in the increasing numbers of schools now engaging with IDEAS across Australia and internationally. A further hope is that the present study's descriptions of new ways of comprehending leadership in schools might be of assistance to school practitioners seeking to move from traditional to distributed forms of leadership and also educational theorists who are working in the field of school improvement.


Creating earth models for deep-water appraisal and development studies is perhaps the most challenging task confronting the petroleum geologist today. Data are limited (few wells, limited core, untested seismic quality), time is limited and drilling, testing and facilities costs are very high. Uncertainty in geological characterization of the reservoir can have the greatest potential impact on project value. How can a thorough characterization of reservoir uncertainty be made based on limited data and in a timely fashion? A workflow for creation of suites of models for appraisal and development studies of deep-water reservoirs is described. The goal of the workflow is to rapidly construct suites of earth models based on limited data that capture the full range of uncertainty in reservoir characteristics and properties. After characterizing possible distributions for individual parameters, suites of earth models are built in a single step using an experimental design framework, aided by a powerful workflow manager which automates earth model construction. Earth models created using the experimental design framework are seamlessly linked to flow simulation software. Plackett–Burman, folded Plackett–Burman and Full Factorial experimental designs were used in different appraisal and development cases. Multiple experimental designs were produced by adding and modifying uncertainty parameters as additional data arrived, and ideas about the possible character of the reservoir evolved. In the appraisal case described here, 6 experimental designs were made, 388 earth models were created and studied, and 79 of those models were dynamically simulated. The process of quickly building and re-building suites of earth models using experimental designs to address changing perceptions and concerns about uncertainty in reservoir character is termed here 'procycling'. Procycling is complementary to experimental design studies, in that multiple experimental designs are employed over time: procycling focuses on changes in predictions made by individual experimental design studies. The results of procycling are not necessarily to change the perception of uncertainty (for example the range of possible outcomes), but to anchor what the limits of uncertainty are and what the most important uncertainties are with the given data.


Judicial review of arbitration awards is highly deferential- but when does it become rubber stamping? Using original data, I find that federal courts vacated only 4.3 percent of 162 disputed awards. Nearly the same result was observed for a sub-sample of 44 employment discrimination awards under Title VII. By comparison, federal appeals courts in 2006 reversed 12.9 percent of 5,917 rulings made by civil court judges on the merits of legal claims. Why are the rulings of Article III judges scrutinized more than the awards of citizen-arbitrators? What does this mean when companies can avoid Article III court rulings by requiring employees to arbitrate their claims? Judicial review of awards based on statutory claims is inadequate, and undermines the constitutional role of federal courts. I explore these empirical findings from a historical perspective. English kings and merchants helped to fashion modern arbitration. Nearly 700 years ago, small merchants traded goods at fairs that operated under a royal franchise. Arbitrators improved the efficiency of these markets by adjudicating transactional disputes. This role was codified by the Statute of the Staple of 1353, where the king delegated his sovereign power to ensure the success of the fair. I point to two prominent junctures - in 1698, and again in 1925 - when lawmakers in England and the U.S. believed that court litigation hampered commerce. They enacted similar statutes to authorize courts to confirm disputed awards, unless these private rulings resulted from corruption or misconduct. This deference grew out of practical considerations. The parties had chosen the arbitrator, agreed to the private process, and bound themselves to an industry norm. Courts deferred so heavily to awards because William III wanted these merchant tribunals to be autonomous. His law, the 1698 Arbitration Act, did not allow courts to vacate awards for fact finding or legal errors. Great deference in its reviewing standards reflected the king's infallibility. My textual research shows that the FAA's reviewing standards descended from William III. I suggest that our law crowns today's statutory arbitrator with the king's mantle of infallibility. But this deference is too extreme for awards that rule on statutory claims. In Gilmer v. Johnson/Interstate Lane Corp., the Supreme Court ignored the commercial history of arbitration when it broadly approved a theory of forum substitution. Gilmer said that arbitrators may decide statutory claims, even if one disputant objects to the forum and wishes, instead, to be heard by a court. The result is that the ruling of the arbitrator is subject to a narrower standard for review than an Article III judge's order. Epitomizing this regal deference, a contemporary court said: The arbiter was chosen to be the Judge. That Judge has spoken. There it ends. In textual and empirical analysis, I show that statutory arbitrations enjoy a presumption of royal infallibility. I conclude with two solutions for aligning the review of rulings by statutory arbitrators and Article III judges.


This thesis develops a layered historical, ethnographic and theoretical analysis of 'xenophobic' mobilisation and informal residence in South Africa. It explores the role of historically and spatially defined political identities in shaping exclusionary collective mobilization in the informal settlement, countering notions of 'xenophobia' as an effect of poverty, racism, elite manipulation, or psychological pathology. It argues that, in a context of stratified citizenship, 'exclusionary' mobilization by infra-citizens may be directed toward fuller citizenship andinclusion rather than toward the exclusion of a racial, cultural or ethnic other.
Moving from the national to the local scale, and using a combination of archival data, documentary analysis, and ethnographic field research, I demonstrate how the South African squatter camp emerged as a site for the insurgent claiming of citizenship and became a place of anticipated transition to equal citizenship in the years leading up to 1994. A doubleembedded case study in the settlement of Mshongo in Atteridgeville, Tshwane, depicts how, post-democracy, this site of transition transformed into a static and apparently permanent 'threshold space' neither inside nor outside citizenship. Here, the distinct institutional structures and repertoires of collective mobilization and violence produced by spatial and political inequalities continued to produce a threshold form of (infra-)citizenship, leading to a resurgence of the settlements' traditions of collective action. I argue that individualistic economic and political practices by non-citizen newcomers became vivid transgressions of this tradition, particularly at times of protest where the salience of collective labour and priorities was magnified.
Theoretically, the thesis provides an account of local belonging as built on anteriority and political involvement, challenging dominant readings of autochthony. In addition, it explores the relationship between 'threshold space' and exclusion so as to illuminate tensions between inclusion and exclusion; agency and 'bare life'; citizens' and human rights.


Abstract The life-sciences community has grown increasingly concerned that dangerous microbes or their products might be mishandled or misused, with serious harm done to human or ecosystem health locally, regionally, or globally. The community has sought to address this concern in cooperation with responsible governments, but it has also sought to act in ways not chiefly dependent on governmental initiatives or intergovernmental agreements. Concurrently, it has sought to obviate policies materially restricting scientific, entrepreneurial, or commercial freedoms. I ask whether the enhancement of biosecurity and the advancement of bioscience should be accepted as divergent or might yet be made complementary, so as to be accomplished jointly. To encourage discussion of this latter possibility, I propose an institutional innovation, a transnational, nongovernmental life-sciences organization called here "The Biosecurity Trust."


The purpose of this study has been to investigate the social consequences of unemployment and to give a possible interpretation of unemployment experiences through the application of the economy-shame model. It intends to put forward and show the significance of economic stress in combination with the feeling of shame as a factor important for the understanding of differences in unemploy-ment experiences. A significant feature for the appreciation of variations in unemployment experiences is the study of how the unemployed themselves experience and interpret their relation to others. In the study's different articles, data from two questionnaire surveys and one based on interviews with 26 long-term unemployed persons has been used. In total, 2143 unemployed persons have been included in the data material. The results in the articles show that there seems to be a strong relationship between the combination of a high degree of economic stress with that of more experiences of shame and the incidence of serious (self-reported) ill-health when being unemployed. Unemployment related health problems were especially salient among those who during their unemployment had been exposed to a higher degree of economic stress and had more experiences of shame. Under the circumstances where economic stress was small or insignificant and the treatment from others was supportive, the occurrence of unemployment related health problems was low. Major economic difficulties seem to be a strong contributing factor to the emergence of controversies leading to deteriorating atmosphere in the family between adults (wife/husband) as well as the relation to teenage children. Experiences of shame affected the relation with the children more than the relation between the adults in the family. What seemed to overshadow the economic difficulties for several of the interviewees was the worry about not being able to cope on their own, to become dependent on social welfare benefits. The intensive feeling, which many expressed when talking about how important it was to be able to cope by themselves and to be independent, was something that did not come through in the quanti-tative studies. The stories seem to indicate a will to be free of dependence on the social authorities and from living on benefits – that it is shameful to be dependent.


The current climate in research has focused on the rational design of new materials with desirable characteristics. The demand for their full characterisation has in turn placed a new importance on structural chemistry, and important developments have taken place as a consequence. For instance an important probe to understand the interactions between molecules is to use variable pressure, and this has been exploited experimentally through the design and implementation of the diamond anvil compression cell (DAC). Using a DAC to study molecular materials at high pressure can result in problems, however: in X-ray diffraction the physical presence of the cell restricts access to reciprocal space, resulting in experimental structures of lower precision and often missing hydrogen atom location data. Traditionally the solution has been sought in neutron diffraction where hydrogen (deuterium) atoms scatter more intensely and so contribute more to the scattering pattern. This introduces another set of problems, however, in that the assumption is made that the isotope substitution does not alter the overall structure. In addition expense and time delays are incurred through this protracted experimental route. This thesis reports the development of a computational technique which can be used to reliably locate hydrogen atoms without the need for neutron diffraction data. The project reports rigorous testing on cases of varying difficulty, from the simple to the more complex. The test cases selected were also of industrial and environmental importance, so determining their complete structures under high pressure conditions was in itself a desirable outcome. Computationally completed structures were then compared to neutron diffraction results or used as the model to be refined against the neutron diffraction pattern.


This study aimed to examine age and educational inequalities in smoking cessation due to the implementation of a tobacco tax increase, smoke-free legislation and a cessation campaign. Longitudinal data from 962 smokers aged 15 years and older were used from three survey waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. The 2008 survey was performed before the implementation of the interventions and the 2009 and 2010 surveys were performed after the implementation. No significant age and educational differences in successful smoking cessation were found after the implementation of the three tobacco control interventions, although smokers aged 15-39 years were more likely to attempt to quit. Of the three population-level tobacco control interventions that were implemented simultaneously in the Netherlands, only the smoke-free legislation seemed to have increased quit attempts. The price increase of cigarettes may have been only effective in stimulating smoking cessation among younger smokers. Larger tax increases, stronger smoke-free legislation and media campaigns about the dangers of (second-hand) smoking are needed in the Netherlands.


communities. The community labels for the nodes are unknown and it is of major interest to estimate them (i.e., community detection). Degree Corrected Block Model (DCBM) is a popular network model. How to detect communities with the DCBM is an interesting problem, where the main challenge lies in the degree heterogeneity. We propose a new approach to community detection which we call the Spectral Clustering On Ratios-of-Eigenvectors (SCORE). Compared to classical spectral methods, the main innovation is to use the entry-wise ratios between the rst leading eigenvector and each of the other leading eigenvectors for clustering. Let X be the adjacency matrix of the network. We rst obtain the K leading eigenvectors, say, ^ 1;:::; ^ K, and let ^ R be then (K 1) matrix such that ^ R(i;k) = ^ k+1(i)=^ 1(i), 1 i n, 1 k K 1. We then use ^ R for clustering by applying the k-means method. The central surprise is, the eect of degree heterogeneity is largely ancillary, and can be eectively removed by taking entry-wise ratios between ^ k+1 and ^ 1, 1 k K 1. The method is successfully applied to the web blogs data and the karate club data, with error rates of 58=1222 and 1=34, respectively. These results are much more satisfactory than those by the classical spectral methods. Also, compared to modularity methods, SCORE is computationally much faster and has smaller error rates. We develop a theoretic framework where we show that under mild conditions, the SCORE stably yields successful community detection. In the core of the analysis is the recent development on Random Matrix Theory (RMT), where the matrix-form Bernstein inequality is especially helpful.


Imperatives exhibit cross-linguistically a wide range of structures, which makes it difficult to generalize about them or to propose a structural definition that would apply to all or at least to most of them. This article is concerned with canonical imperatives, that is, information units that have an (implicit) second person singular subject referent as a hearer (or reader or signee) and express commands or requests directed at the hearer. Canonical imperatives have been called extragrammatical or extrasyntactical forms; they resemble nominalized verb forms in being non-finite. But non-finiteness appears to possess a different quality here from what it has, for example, in participial, infinitival, or other non-finite verb forms or clause types. Building on recent work on Discourse Grammar (Kaltenbock et al. 2011, Heine et al. 2013), the article attempts to account for this difference by looking at the role that imperatives play in structuring discourse.


We consider example-critiquing systems that help people search for their most preferred item in a large catalog. We compare 6 existing approaches in terms of user or system-centric, implicit or explicit use of preferences, assumptions used and their behavior in underconstrained and overconstrained situations. We consider several types of explicit passive analysis to guide the users in their search, that is, information offered to the user about his current search but without any action taken by the system. We suggest that such a user-centric system together with the right analysis makes the users feel more confident in their decision and reduces session time and cognitive effort. We have implemented a prototype to evaluate the impact of explicit passive analysis in (1) a query-building and (2) a preference-based approach.


Plain packaging of cigarettes as a way of reducing tobacco consumption and its related health costs and effects raises a number of international trade law issues. The plain packaging measures adopted in Australia impose strict format requirements on word trademarks (such as Marlboro or Camel) and ban the use of figurative marks (colors, logos, etc.). As a result, questions have been raised as to plain packaging's compatibility with the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). WTO members can validly take measures to protect and promote public health, but in doing so they must comply with the WTO agreements. In order to determine compliance, a proper method to interpret applicable WTO rules is indispensable for the stability and predictability of the world trading system. In this Article, the authors consider the proper interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement as it applies to plain packaging regulations using the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). The VCLT has been adopted several times in WTO disputes as a set of interpretive rules. The authors argue that the interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement in the cases filed in 2012 against Australia by a number of developing countries after Australia's adoption of the plain packaging legislation is likely to impact future cases involving the TRIPS Agreement and specifically the method and approach to be used to interpret it. As such, the cases will likely impact other public health issues (beyond tobacco use) and the interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement in several other contexts. The two major issues discussed in this Article are (a) Article 20 of the TRIPS Agreement, which prohibits certain unjustified encumbrances on the use of trademarks, and (b) the debate about the nature of trademark owners' rights in the TRIPS Agreement. The latter issue has been referred to as the "right to use" debate — namely, whether trademark owners have a right to use trademarks protected under the TRIPS Agreement. The authors contend that the issue is better seen as a debate over the nature and scope of trademark owners' rights and interests that the TRIPS Agreement seeks to protect. Specifically, the Article argues that the fact that the principal rights of trademark owners under the TRIPS Agreement are rights to exclude others from using their mark (or "negative rights") is not determinative of the issue but rather should inform the interpretation of Article 20 in light of the TRIPS Agreement's object and purpose.


A novel fiber-optic sensor system is suggested in which fiber Bragg grating sensors are demodulated by a wavelength-sweeping fiber laser source and a spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a diffraction grating and a 512-pixel photo-diode array. The reflected Bragg wavelength information is transformed into spatial intensity distribution on the photo-diode array. The peak locations linearly correspond to the Bragg wavelengths, regardless of the nonlinearities in the wavelength tuning mechanism of the fiber laser. The high power density of the fiber laser enables obtaining high signal-to-noise ratio outputs. The improved demodulation characteristics were experimentally demonstrated with a fiber Bragg grating sensor array with 5 gratings. The sensor outputs were in much more linear fashion compared with the conventional tunable band-pass filter demodulation. Also it showed advantages in signal processing, due to the high level of photo-diode array signals, over the broadband light source system, especially in measurement of fast varying dynamic physical quantities.


In this paper, we propose a new state-of-the-art particle filter (PF) system to infer the metrical structure of musical audio signals. The new inference method is designed to overcome the problem of PFs in multi-modal probability distributions, which arise due to tempo and phase ambiguities in musical rhythm representations. We compare the new method with a hidden Markov model (HMM) system and several other PF schemes in terms of performance, speed and scalability on several audio datasets. We demonstrate that using the proposed system the computational complexity can be reduced drastically in comparison to the HMM while maintaining the same order of beat tracking accuracy. Therefore, for the first time, the proposed system allows fast meter inference in a high-dimensional state space, spanned by the three components of tempo, type of rhythm, and position in a metric cycle.


Water is an indispensable resource. Modern urban areas have come to rely on extensive water supply networks which collect, store, treat, and distribute massive amounts of water from remote locations. Most systems in the northeastern United States were constructed several decades ago and still function very well. End users of such systems have become accustomed to an abundant supply of cheap, high quality water. Rapid growth in population and economic development in recent years is placing a strain on existing water supply systems. At the same time, watershed and wellhead areas which are sources of supply are being threatened by increasing contamination sources resulting from intensified and sometimes inappropriate land use. Where the traditional solution to increasing demand is to create additional water supply sources, the fiscal and environmental impacts of such action are rapidly escalating. There is increasing interest a more comprehensive approach to the management of water, where a premium is placed on protecting surface and groundwater supplies, conservation, and the integration of the efforts of government and the water industry. The purpose of this research project is to describe and evaluate the water resources management institutional structure in the state of Rhode Island. Using selected criteria, a comparison is made with alternative institutional approaches in Massachusetts, California and elsewhere. Based on this analysis, a recommendation for a new water resources and waste water management authority in Rhode Island is presented.


For several decades now, liberal public-interest litigators have argued that insufficiently generous subsidies for the education of disadvantaged children violate the education or equal protection clauses of state constitutions. Their opponents responded that the evidence that more money would substantially improve student outcomes was too speculative to warrant judicial intervention. More recently, conservative public-interest litigators have started attacking teacher tenure and seniority protections on the same constitutional grounds. In response, liberals are parroting the evidentiary and causation arguments that conservatives made in school-finance cases. Both factions in this back-and-forth have overlooked a critically important fact: the state's own choices substantially determine whether researchers — and hence litigators — can produce credible evidence concerning the causal effect of state laws and funding arrangements on the outcomes that ground the education right. States exercise this control through the architecture of administrative data systems; through the rules for assigning students, programs, and funding to schools; through the manner in which educational reforms are rolled out; and through the terms on which the state provides access to administrative data. Recognizing that the information needed to enforce the education right is endogenous to law, we make the case for a new, information-oriented education rights jurisprudence in which courts would intervene not simply to resolve disputes about how to organize and fund the education of disadvantaged children, but to enable more credible tests of the competing predictions of warring education reformers. Our analysis directs attention to a number of issues that have been overlooked since education-rights litigation got underway in the 1970s and it does so at a critical moment — as educational research undergoes a "scientific revolution" bearing on the very questions that must be answered to implement the education right.


This work extends the area of research termed software
metrics by applying measures of system structure and measures
of system code to three realistic software products.
Previous research in this area has typically been limited to
the application of code metrics such as : lines of code,
McCabe's Cyclomatic number, and Halstead's software science
variables. However, this research also investigates the relationship
of four structure metrics: Henry's Information
Flow measure, Woodfield's Syntactic Interconnection Model,
Yau and Collofello's Stability measure and McClure's Invocation
complexity, to various observed measures of complexity
such as, ERRORS, CHANGES and CODING TIME. These metrics are
referred to as structure measures since they measure control
flow and data flow interfaces between system components.
Correlating the metrics to observed measures of complexity
indicated that the Information Flow metric and the Invocation
Measure typically performed as well as the three code
metrics when project factors and subsystem factors were taken
into consideration. However, it was generally true that
no single metric was able to satisfactorily identify the
variations in the data.


This book studies the information spillover among financial markets and explores the intraday effect and ACD models with high frequency data. This book also contributes theoretically by providing a new statistical methodology with comparative advantages for analyzing co-movements between two time series. It explores this new method by testing the information spillover between the Chinese stock market and the international market, futures market and spot market. Using the high frequency data, this book investigates the intraday effect and examines which type of ACD model is particularly suited in capturing financial duration dynamics. The book will be of invaluable use to scholars and graduate students interested in co-movements among different financial markets and financial market microstructure and to investors and regulation departments looking to improve their risk management.


Bhramari is an ancient technique of the yogic pranayama practice. It has been described in the Vedic-Upanishadic literature. Currently, it is being actively practiced and taught in the yoga classes all over the world. Jala-Bhramari is a new term that I am proposing for doing the classical Bhramari while floating in water on one's back, swimming back-stroke, and while standing or sitting in water with both ears under water, while the face is in the air to breathe and vocalize. With this technique, one can hear the humming sound of Bhramari loud and clear through the water and feel the transmitted biomechanical vibrations in the head, face, chest, spine, and the whole body. It is a unique variation of the Bhramari technique with calming and energizing effects. The OM chanting is another very ancient yogic meditation practice from the Vedic-Upanishadic period. Mandukya Upanishad described this valuable meditative practice in detail and gave its rationale as well as the benefits. With this practice, one can achieve a state of profound stillness, silence, and serenity. One can become Atma-tushta, self-satieted, and Atma-shanta, at peace with self. One can also feel liberated from the stressful burdens of one's body, mind, and ego. Such a state was described as Turiya, the fourth state of consciousness. It is also called Kaivalya or the absolute self-freedom and a feeling of unity with the natural existence. Kaivalya is defined as the holistic state of absolute unity, self-liberation, and timeless serenity. Very few people can achieve such an advanced spiritual state and live a blessed life in nature. However, there have been many examples of sages and enlightened visionaries from India as well as other parts of the world. Most of us live with a limited outlook and an isolated individual perspective in this busy and challenging human world. Yogic meditation is a disciplined and purposeful process of self-discovery, which may lead to great insights and a blissful nondual self-awareness.


Permafrost coasts in the Arctic are susceptible to a variety of changing environmental factors all of which currently point to increasing coastal erosion rates and mass fluxes of sediment and carbon to the shallow arctic shelf seas. Rapid erosion along high yedoma coasts composed of Ice Complex permafrost deposits creates impressive coastal ice cliffs and inspired research for designing and implementing change detection studies for a long time, but continuous quantitative monitoring and a qualitative inventory of coastal thermo-erosion for large coastline segments is still lacking. Our goal is to use observations of thermo-erosion along the mainland coast of the Laptev Sea, in eastern Siberia, to understand how it depends on coastal geomorphology and the relative contributions of water level and atmospheric drivers. We compared multi-temporal sets of orthorectified satellite imagery from 1965 to 2011 for three segments of coastline ranging in length from 73 to 95 km and analyzed thermo-denudation (TD) along the cliff top and thermo-abrasion (TA) along the cliff bottom for two nested time periods: long-term rates (the past 39–43 yr) and short-term rates (the past 1–4 yr). The Normalized Difference Thermo-erosion Index (NDTI) was used as a proxy to qualitatively describe the relative proportions of TD and TA. Mean annual erosion rates at all three sites were higher in recent years (−5.3 ± 1.3 m a −1 ) than over the long-term mean (−2.2 ± 0.1 m a −1 ). The Mamontov Klyk coast exhibits primarily spatial variations of thermo-erosion, while intrasite-specific variations caused by local relief were strongest at the Buor Khaya coast, where the slowest long-term rates of around −0.5 ± 0.1 m a −1 were observed. The Oyogos Yar coast showed continuously rapid erosion up to −6.5 ± 0.2 m a −1 . In general, variable characteristics of coastal thermo-erosion were observed not only between study sites and over time, but also within single coastal transects along the cliff profile. Varying intensities of cliff bottom and top erosion are leading to diverse qualities of coastal erosion that have different impacts on coastal mass fluxes. The different extents of Ice Complex permafrost degradation within our study sites turned out to influence not only the degree of coupling between TD and TA, and the magnitude of effectively eroded volumes, but also the quantity of organic carbon released to the shallow Laptev Sea from coastal erosion, which ranged on a long-term from 88 ± 21 to 800 ± 61 t per km coastline per year and will correspond to considerably higher amounts, if recently observed more rapid coastal erosion rates prove to be persistent.


An increasing number of projects have examined the perceptual magnitude of visible artifacts in animated motion. These studies have been performed using a mix of character types, from detailed human models to abstract geometric objects such as spheres. We explore the extent to which character morphology influences user sensitivity to errors in a fixed set of ballistic motions replicated on three different character types. We find user sensitivity responds to changes in error type or magnitude in a similar manner regardless of character type, but that users display a higher sensitivity to some types of errors when these errors are displayed on more human‐like characters. Further investigation of those error types suggests that being able to observe a period of preparatory motion before the onset of ballistic motion may be important. However, we found no evidence to suggest that a mismatch between the preparatory phase and the resulting ballistic motion was responsible for the higher sensitivity to errors that was observed for the most humanlike character.


The explosive growth of online data and the diversity of goals that may be pursued over the web have significantly increased the monetary value of the web traffic. To tap into this accelerating market, web site operators try to increase their traffic by customizing their sites to the needs of specific users. Web site customization involves two great challenges: the effective identification of the user interests and the encapsulation of those interests into the sites' presentation and content. In this paper, we study how we can effectively detect the user interests that are hidden behind navigational patterns and we introduce a novel recommendation mechanism that employs web mining techniques for correlating the identified interests to the sites' semantic content, in order to customize them to specific users. Our experimental evaluation shows that the user interests can be accurately detected from their navigational behavior and that our recommendation mechanism, which uses the identified interests, yields significant improvements in the sites' usability.


BACKGROUND
Adjunctive measures to enhance nerve repair have focused on a variety of trophic factors that alter the physiologic response to nerve injury through Schwann cell-axonal interactions.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of two trophic factors, ciliary neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, on axonal response to injury.

DESIGN
A prospective, randomized, blinded animal study with a placebo control using lactated Ringer's solution.

INTERVENTION
Rat sciatic nerves were transected and repaired as a model of injury following which experimental factors were delivered in vivo through an implantable osmotic pump.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Functional nerve recovery, muscle mass, and gene expression in the three experimental groups were evaluated.

RESULTS
The ciliary neurotrophic factor group (n=6) showed a higher sciatic functional recovery (P=.003) and preservation of affected muscle mass (P=.03) compared with the nerve growth factor (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. Molecular analysis of injured nerves showed no difference in expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor, myelin basic protein, or low-affinity neurotrophin receptor messenger RNA among the three groups.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest that ciliary neurotrophic factor may serve as an important neurocytokine for axonal regrowth during peripheral nerve regeneration.


Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction The Events of 9/11 and How They Affect Global Supply Chains Overview of Issues and Concerns 9/11: How Were Supply Lines Affected? It Costs More to Ship More Attention Had to Be Paid to Documentation and Logistics Detail Regulations Changed, Making It More Cumbersome to Import and Export Corporations Had to Modify Their Supply Lines Purchasing and Selling Decisions Were Altered Carriers' Futures Were Uncertain Increase in Potential Fines and Penalties An Entirely New Corporate Responsibility Was Created in Security and Compliance The Mind-Set of the United States Government The Big Picture The Risks of Global Trade: Now, Add Compliance and Security The Security Concern in Our Transportation Infrastructure Operation Safe Commerce (OSC) Free and Secure Trade (FAST) What Is the FAST program? What Are the Benefits of the FAST Program? Who Is Eligible to Apply? Where Is FAST Available? Compliance and Security: Import Supply Chains Protecting our Borders Against Terrorism CBP's "Twin Goals": Anti-Terrorism and Facilitating Legitimate Trade and Travel Better Targeting Pushing Our "Zone of Security" Outward Partnering with Other Countries Partnering with the Private Sector (C-TPAT) Inspection Technology and Equipment Keeping Weapons and Money from Falling into Terrorist Hands: Outbound Inspections Protecting the Miles of Open Border Between Official Ports of Entry Basic Import Management Classification Valuation Origin Markings Record Keeping Importers Customs Brokers Records Storage Methods Customs Initiatives Since 9/11 Highlights of CBP's Accomplishments Strengthening Our Control of U.S. Borders Improving Selectivity, Screening, and Targeting Private, Public Sector, and International Partnerships Importer Self Assessment (ISA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Imports) New (Interim) Final Rules Require Registration of Facilities, Prior Notice Filing for Food Shipments Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) Managing Inbound Supply Chains: Purchasing Control Export Supply Chains Department of Commerce Census Bureau Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security USPPI Export Licensing Denied Parties Screening Deemed Exports Anti-Boycott Compliance Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Asset Controls Department of State Implementing a Successful Export Compliance Program Designating Responsibility Senior Management Support Developing Standard Operating Procedures Best Practices Internal Assessment Developing a Compliance and Security Management Program Analysis of Risks Obtaining Senior Management Involvement Forming a Committee Structure Creating Standard Operating Procedures Infrastructure and Communication Systems Resource Development Risk Management Attitude Disaster and Contingency Planning Self-Assessment Managing Vendors, Suppliers, Freight Forwarders, Customhouse Brokers, and Service Providers for Compliance and Security Issues Overview of Global Service Providers Customhouse Brokers and Freight Forwarders Specific Compliance and Security Reference Points for Forwarders and Brokers Carriers: Air, Ocean, Truck, and Rail Warehouses and Consolidation/De-Consolidation Facilities Selling Distributors and Agents in Export Purchasing Distributors and Agents in Import Third-Party Providers Banks and Other Finance Houses Miscellaneous Companies and Services Cost-Effective Logistics Critical Issues in Compliance and Security Sarbanes-Oxley and the Interface with Global Supply Chain Management DOT Hazardous Material Regulations (49 CFR 100-179) Purpose Overview Shipping Papers Marking and Labeling Labeling Placarding Segregation of Hazardous Materials Packaging Selection of Proper Packaging Employee Training Materials of Trade Managing Hazardous Materials Transportation as Part of Compliance in Global Supply Chains Facility Security Checklist Security Checklist for Shipper Carrier Safety Assessment Employee Background Check Guidelines International Port Security Program The SAFE Port Act Technology Issues In Compliance and Security Department of Homeland Security (DHS): "Best Practices for Container Seals" Plan to Require Container Seals Motivates Adoption of 13 Cargo Security Best Practices Standards and Deadline to Come Getting Ahead of the Curve Best Practices Outlined Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): Smart and Secure SST Phase I Results SST Phase II Objectives SST Phase II Benefits SST Phase II Deliverables Required Shipper's Resources Supply Chain Benefits Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Food and Drug Administration/Environmental Protection Agency Propose Security Restrictions Food and Drug Administration Environmental Protection Agency Ultimate Consignee INCO Terms Use of the Term "Ex Works" by Parties in International Contracts and Purchase Agreements Routed Export Transactions under the July 10, 2000, Federal Register Notice Responsibilities of Parties in a Routed Export Transaction Record Keeping: A Vital Issue Transfer Pricing: A Serious and Potentially Costly Compliance Issue IRS, CBP, SEC, and DOJ Involvement? What Business Travelers Need to Know Container Security Update 2007 Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism Security Requirements for Validation of Participants Business Partner Requirements Security Procedures Security Training and Threat Awareness Information and Technology Security CBP Proposal for Advance Trade Data Elements Background Security Filing: Proposed Data Requirements Vessel Stow Plan: Container Status Messages Security Filing: Responsible Parties Notes Annex A: Proposed Data Definitions Annex B: Data Elements Comparison Customs Bonds Parties to a Bond Types of Bonds Amounts of Bonds Continuous Bond Breach of Bond Ten Steps to a Secure and Compliant Supply Chain Acknowledge the Issues Identify the Point Person Obtain Senior Management Authorization Develop an Initial Execution Strategy Obtain External Resources and Support Develop a Compliance and Security Committee Complete a Facilities Review Prioritize the Issues. Finalize an Action Plan. Implement the Program Training and Education Self-Audit Concluding Remarks The Challenges of Compliance and Security in our Global Supply Chains Appendix Legislation Related to the Attack of September 11, 2001 Bills and Joint Resolutions Signed into Law Other Resolutions Approved Legislation with Floor Action New Government Cargo Security Rules Call on Forwarders to Work with Agents on Securing the Supply Chain General Aviation Security: Increased Federal Oversight Is Needed, but Continued Partnership with the Private Sector Is Critical to Long-Term Success, GAO-05-144, November 10, 2004 Key Acronyms Glossary Index


When serial results from examinations of a measurand in laboratory medicine are made in an individual, they are unlikely to be identical over time, even when the state of health or disease in that person has not changed. In part, this is because there are many sources of variation in the pre-examination, examination and post-examination phases of generating a result. However, intrinsic biological variation additionally contributes, often being the most important source of variation. Some measurands have biological variation over the span of life, with important changes at times of rapid physiological development such as the neonatal period, puberty, and the menopause.


The data produced by sensors are expected to grow exponentially in the next several years. In particular, e-science applications need to move big data for remote analysis or data distribution, which is required to efficiently utilize distributed resources such as supercomputers, data centers, scientific instruments and the network that connects these facilities. In this article, we evaluate prior work on data transfer over wide-area networks focusing on parallel and cross-layer optimization methods. The cross-layer optimization methods reduce the overhead incurred by many layers or improve the performance of data transfer by appropriately using the information of layers in a holistic way. The goal of this study is to help researchers focus more on unexplored areas, e.g., multipath-aware network protocols, to better handle big data.