Abstract Given the ongoing controversy over official development assistance (ODA) and the reduction to Australia's commitment to aid funding, it is important that Australia's ODA is effective and is perceived to be so. Among the diverse objectives identified by AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness Independent Review of Aid Effectiveness is the need to build local capacity. "Capacity building" is one of the Paris Declaration's development assistance effectiveness principles, and several of the 2013 DAC Recommendations for AusAID refer to capacity building. Australia works with private contractors, governments of partner countries, civil society organizations and multilateral agencies. Partnering with multilateral organizations represents over 30% of Australia's development assistance budget, and the DAC Report recommends further increases in partnering for sustainable capacity development. Because small, localized nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can be flexible, sensitive to local needs, offer grassroots networks, potential specialization, and the ability to assist directly, a strong focus on local NGOs (LNGOs) is recommended to sustainably achieve the aim of capacity building. As is characteristic of the development assistance channel, LNGOs do not work in isolation; their work often involves partnering and cooperation. At a time of increasing multilateral aid and partnering, this study looks at issues of concern to LNGOs through the lens of contracting. Contract and the contracting process can provide critical, though sometimes overlooked, levers of control in the development assistance. The politics of contract law, however, assumes supportive infrastructures of both the government and the market. The utility of contract may take on different dimensions where the legal infrastructure for enforcement is limited and the cultural infrastructure for interpretation requires a pluralistic approach. By framing development assistance effectiveness as a contractual matter, this research adduces relevant threads of contract and organizational theory in its empirical analysis of contracting in development assistance. Semistructured interviews conducted with international and local NGOs and AusAID officials in Southeast Asia shed light on how LNGOs understand the contracting process, how they view contracts and agreements in partnering, what they perceive to be the important issues, and how contracts function. Local context matters nevertheless, this study suggests several common themes with interesting parallels to those in commercial contracting, including issues of control, information, allocation of risk and balance of power. From a theoretical perspective, controversy over the significance and meaning of contract has been part of the academic discourse for decades. This study contributes to better understanding of the role of contract in the development assistance context. Its implications extend to contract theory generally applicable in both commercial and noncommercial realms. From a practical perspective, this study suggests ways contract can better serve the aim of capacity building, and it informs the design of contracting processes better tailored to the actual objectives of contracting parties.


In "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," Paul David challenges an overarching, mainstream assumption that market forces should indeed lead toward efficient and optimal outcomes that include technology selection. David seeks to explain the endurance of technologies that his use of historiography judges inefficient and suboptimal. We challenge David's research, arguing that failure to consider the original institutional economics (OIE) tradition limits his grasp of complex processes to reduced notions of "path dependence" based upon a "lock-in." This inquiry offers an alternative account of QWERTY and technology selection based upon Veblenian thinking, further supported by Paul Dale Bush's emphasis upon the ceremonial.


Two-component systems represent the dominant mechanism for cellular signal transduction in prokaryotes. One particular system, PhoQ, has been the focus of our interest because it is the switch that controls virulence in Salmonella and other pathogenic gram negative bacteria. Certain domains of PhoQ and other twocomponent systems have been studied extensively and this research has yielded several structures with atomic level resolution. However, no complete structure or experimentally-based model has been forthcoming and the precise mechanism by which these diverse systems transmit signals from the exterior of the cell to the interior has remained elusive. We have undertaken a study to examine the E coli PhoQ from a structural and mechanistic viewpoint. We discovered a transmembrane polar residue that is conserved among many twocomponent systems that is critical for signaling in PhoQ. Critically, this feature is shared between PhoQ and the only two-component protein for which a transmembrane domain structure has been solved at the atomic level, HtrII. We undertook a disulfide scanning mutagenesis experiment to probe the structure of the transmembrane domain of PhoQ. We found evidence that PhoQ shares a similar topology with HtrII, especially the presence of a hemi-channel--a striking feature characterized by a group of tightly packed helices that sharply diverge at one end of the bundle to form a pocket that allows water molecules to penetrate into the core of the protein. We used the inferred homology between HtrII and PhoQ to create a model of the TM domain of PhoQ. Through statistical analysis of our Cys-crosslinking data, we determined that our data represented the average of different conformations of PhoQ brought about by changes in signaling state. We determined that the data was best explained by two models of PhoQ, which represent independent signaling states. This discovery represents the first evidence of a two-state model of activation of a Two-component protein, which we present alongside the first full-length model of a sensor kinase. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Pharmacology First Advisor William F. DeGrado Second Advisor Mark D. Goulian


The effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, physiology, distribution and tolerance was examined in root, shoot and leaves of yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). The seeds were grown in pot culture under laboratory conditions for 60 days in Ferriera and Davis nutrient solution with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of cadmium. Cd toxicity was evident from chlorosis in young leaves and increased concentrations of Cd brought significant negative effects on plant growth, photosynthetic rate and protein biosynthesis. Translocation of Cd was found to be more in roots than the above ground parts and the accumulation was in the order of root > shoot > leaf. Low root to shoot translocation of Cd makes the crop ideal for phytostabilization. Relatively high metal tolerance index obtained in the study indicated that the crop has greater tolerance to increase Cd exposure, though accumulation of Cd had altered thickness of root and root biomass. Owing to the crop's adaptability to high temperature, drought conditions and ability to retain Cd in roots makes it a promising candidate for phytostabilization of soil contaminated by Cd.


THE COALITION and NATO face the complex challenge of establishing a legitimate functioning government in Afghanistan that can withstand the withdrawal of Western forces. To meet this challenge, they might look to earlier British efforts to manage the North-West Frontier along Afghanistan's eastern border. (1) Proven methods the British used in the frontier districts could generate a coherent four-step plan for Afghanistan's reconstruction. Indeed, as resources shrink, new, imaginative measures--plus tried and true ones--will be needed to control Afghanistan's geographically dispersed tribes to prevent the reemergence of terrorists or armed insurrection. The North-West Frontier linking Central and South Central Asia, an ethnic Pushtoon area where tribesmen cross freely from Afghanistan and back, was one of the British Empire's most challenging territories. (2) A negligibly small British administrative and military apparatus routinely and successfully controlled this extensive area using a mix of incentives and force to encourage tribes to control themselves. From the 1890s to 1947, British control relied heavily on a small number of highly trained British officers and officials who embraced many of the structures the East India Company established during the previous century. (3) These frontier officers, part of the Indian Civil Service or Indian Political Service, were highly educated, committed, conscientious, and hard working. Many had studied Indian law and history and spoke some of the local languages. They had a deep sense of duty and a strong national identity. All required a great depth of administrative competence and judgment to wield successfully the extensive powers that lay at their disposal. They contributed significantly to the province's security and stability. The political officer and Indian political agents were particularly valuable in navigating the intricacies of tribal politics. (4) Despite the frontier officers' unquestionable ability, it was impossible for British officers alone to administer such a large geographical area. Educated and trustworthy Indians were recruited into the ranks of the Indian Civil Service. (5) Recruitment standards were high, with emphasis on integrity and ability. These Indians were invaluable, and many shared the same ethics and principles as their British counterparts, which they gained during their education in England. Their participation was essential (for balance and legitimacy) and inescapable. A small number of geographically dispersed Britons, unaided from within, could never have successfully governed such a diverse population. The same organizing principle was true of the army. While a relatively small British Army force remained in the North-West Frontier (acting more as a cohesive, reliable reserve than a force of first use), the majority of forces came from the Indian Army. The Indian Army's main duty was to protect the peaceful border inhabitants from hostile tribesmen and, on occasion, to conduct punitive operations. In the main, volunteer British officers commanded these units, which served as a large, capable standing force. However, for more routine activity, frontier scouts normally controlled tribal territory, and the frontier constabulary normally controlled settled areas. Both came from the local Pushtoon populace. Lessons learned from the British experience of the North-West Frontier remain pertinent and are transferable to settling the conflict and furthering the national reconstruction of Afghanistan. Lessons from the British Experience The coalition's mission to defeat the ongoing insurgency in Afghanistan has focused on eliminating guerrilla forces through conventional military attrition in the southern and eastern areas of the country. Little emphasis has been placed on securing and stabilizing the countryside beyond Kabul. The absence of security has diminished the trust of the population in the central government, impaired relief efforts, prevented nationwide reconstruction, and rendered aid agencies vulnerable to guerrilla actions. …


The purpose of this study was to offer preliminary support for the Louisiana Sex Offender Treatment Program (LSOTP) in addressing the needs of juvenile sex offenders. Research objectives were (1) to offer statistical evidence for reductions in anxiety, depression, cognitive distortion and negative attitudes towards women comparing a group of 21 adolescents, 12 of whom received services as usual and nine of whom participated in the LSOTP. A controlled experimental evaluation design was utilized. The juvenile sex offenders were randomly assigned to the experimental group for 12 weeks receiving treatment services and a control group receiving care "as usual" in a residential group care program. Participants in the experimental group experienced statistically significant decreases in cognitive distortions related specifically to rape and molestation.The results of this study offer preliminary support of the LSOTP as a best practices alternative to other treatment modalities.


New computer technologies are applied to the classical material engineering two-body abrasive wear process. The computer simulation provides an interactive and visual representation of the wear process. The influence of grit size, grit tip radius and load (at constant workpiece hardness and tool path) on the wear rate, wear coefficient and wear surface topography is predicted. The simulation implements microcutting and microploughing with material displacement to the sides of the groove. The validation of the simulation is demonstrated by comparing with the previous modelling literature and with experiments.


Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a common non-communicable disease, especially in developing countries like India, posing a huge economic burden on the family and nation as a whole. It is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. In studies of many chronic medical conditions, the health status of a patient may be characterized using a finite number of disease states. The multi-state Markov model is a useful way to describe states of a disease over time. In this research article, we have illustrated the usefulness of multistate Markov models in the analysis of follow-up of diabetes. The valuable information provided by the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test has rendered it as a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to assess the importance and significance of HbA1c as a useful disease marker for type 2 diabetes by using a three-state Markov model. Patients and Methods: A total of 246 type 2 diabetic patients were included in this study. These patients are classified in different states on the basis of their available baseline value of HbA1c. HbA1c repeated after every 1 year for consecutive four years. Based on ranges of HbA1c, three transient states (4 ≤ HbA1C ≤ 5.6, 5.7 ≤ HbA1C ≤ 6.4 and HbA1C ≥ 6.5%) have been defined. Additionally, transition intensities, transition probabilities, mean sojourn time in each state and also expected state specific survival time have been assessed. All the statistical analysis has been performed using the msm package in R software. Results: The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 26.12 years (SD=7.60), ranging from 10 to 49 years. The estimates of transition intensities reveal that a patient in state 1 is 16.4 (0.82/0.05) times more likely to move to state 2 than to move to diabetic state. Similarly, a patient in pre-diabetic is 7.5 (2.34/0.31) times more likely to move to diabetic state as compared to normal state. Additionally, once a patient is in a diabetic state there is 79% chances of remaining in a diabetic state as compared to 4% and 17% of moving to normal or pre-diabetic state, this implies that a patient who once in the diabetic state is difficult to move to a normal or pre-diabetic state. Conclusion: The estimated total length of time spent in each state is forecasted to be four months in normal state, five months in pre-diabetic state and 39 months in diabetic state. Hence, it has been concluded that, once the patient enters the diabetic state (HbA1c>6.4), the chances of getting back to normal or pre-diabetic state are very small.


The understanding of causes of changes in climate-chemistry simulations is an important, but often challenging task. In atmospheric chemistry, one approach is to tag species according to their origin (e.g. emission categories) and to inherit these tags to other species during subsequent reactions. This concept was recently employed to calculate the contribution of atmospheric processes to temperature. Here a new concept for tagging any state variable is presented. This generalized tagging method results from a sensitivity analysis of the individual forcing terms of the right hand side of the governing differential equations. In a couple of examples, the consistency with previous approaches and the synergy by using different analysis techniques are shown. Since the method is based on a ratio describing relative sensitivities, singularities occur where the method is not applicable. For some applications, such as in atmospheric chemistry, these singularities can easily be removed. However, one theoretical example is given, where this method is not applicable at all.


In this essay I attempt a thorough reconstruction and modification of Roy Bhaskar's "transcendental analysis of experimental activity" to show that this analysis contains a powerful critique of regularity theories of causal laws and a strong case for a transcendental realist, powers-based theory of causal laws.  Despite the short and scattered places in which this analysis occurs in Bhaskar's texts, my reconstruction synthesizes these textual resources to formulate a unified analysis of experimentation that derives three distinct conclusions from four presuppositions and a complex of transcendental arguments.  These conclusions are: 1) Extra-experimental reality is, to a significant extent, an open system, 2) Causal laws must be distinguished from constant conjunctions of events, and 3) Causal laws are the transcendentally real tendencies of generative mechanisms.


The brief's key findings are: *Americans need to save more on their own for retirement, but human nature suggests they will focus more on day-to-day financial needs. *Analysis of a recent survey confirms that a household's level of financial satisfaction is tied more to short-term – rather than long-term – concerns. *Even households that are in reasonable shape in the short term do not seem to focus more on distant concerns like retirement saving. *And households that are more financially literate appear only modestly more attuned to long-term financial issues.


This paper describes an approach to accurately separate out and quantify crop dominance areas in the major command area in the Krishna River Basin. Classification was performed using IRS-P6 (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, series P6) and MODIS eight-day time series remote sensing images with a spatial resolution of 23.6 m, 250 m for the year 2005. Temporal variations in the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) pattern obtained in crop dominance classes enables a demarcation between long duration crops and short duration crops. The NDVI pattern was found to be more consistent in long duration crops than in short duration crops due to the continuity of the water supply. Surface water availability, on the other hand, was dependent on canal water release, which affected the time of crop sowing and growth stages, which was, in turn, reflected in the NDVI pattern. The identified crop-wise classes were tested and verified using ground-truth data and state-level census data. The accuracy assessment was performed based on ground-truth data through the error matrix method, with accuracies from 67% to 100% for individual crop dominance classes, with an overall accuracy of 79% for all classes. The derived major crop land areas were highly correlated with the sub-national statistics with R2 values of 87% at the mandal (sub-district) level for 2005–2006. These results suggest that the methods, approaches, algorithms and datasets used in this study are ideal for rapid, accurate and large-scale mapping of paddy rice, as well as for generating their statistics over large areas. This study demonstrates that IRS-P6 23.6-m one-time data fusion with MODIS 250-m time series data is very useful for identifying crop type, the source of irrigation water and, in the case of surface water irrigation, the way in which it is applied. The results from this study have assisted in improving surface water and groundwater irrigated areas of the command area and also provide the basis for better water resource assessments at the basin scale.


This Clinical Guideline addresses the evidence base for the theory and practice of Art Psychotherapy for clients who have severe and complex problems. It draws on different types of evidence – from users, experienced practitioners, local custom and practice, research and other related literature. It addresses both in-patient and community care, and situates the profession and its practices in the context of National Service Frameworks.
The document begins with description of Art Psychotherapists' long-standing history of work with this client population and, in so doing, outlines something of the development of the discipline's theory and clinical practice. It describes the Guideline's development, the aims and objectives of the project and the overall scope of the guideline. The processes of generating evidence through consultation with two expert panels – one comprising Art Psychotherapists experienced in this area of work and another comprising service users – are also described. The identification and critical appraisal of research and other texts relevant to the Guideline's topic, and the development of evidence weightings appropriate to the discipline, are also explained.
The Guideline then moves on to an extensive Evidence Review. This narrative describes the evidence the Guideline Development Group gleaned from all possible sources - textual, oral and practical. This includes research-based literature, other academically rigorous and descriptive literature and the opinions of expert practitioners, local practitioners and local expert users. The findings from the review process are described in the narrative and each is assigned to an evidence level. The evidence is reviewed thematically, for example regarding the contexts and settings of Art Psychotherapy practice, the referral process, assessment and clinical approaches. The theory that underpins clinical work is described first, followed by practice itself; the former (theory) derives almost entirely
from the literature, but the latter (practice) is significantly informed by the opinions of our two expert panels and by the custom and practice of Art psychotherapists at Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust. In so doing, the Guideline addresses some of the gaps in the current Art Psychotherapy literature.
The Evidence Review is followed by Recommendations. These distil the findings of the Review into General Principles and specific Recommendations for Art Psychotherapy practice with users who are prone to psychotic states. Each Principle and Recommendation is accompanied by a brief statement that refers to the evidence it has been derived from; like the evidence in the review, it too is assigned to a level. The highest level (1a and 1b) should be afforded the most significance.
The document concludes with discussion of the implementation of the guideline and audit criteria.


BECAUSE I DID NOT SEE By Deirdre Hennings On sait connu les Cafe Des Trois Colombes au rendezvous des amours sans abris… We know the Cafe of the Three Doves The rendezvous of lovers without refuge … Joe Dassin's lyrical melody washes over me recalling our joyous summer in Montreal, compelling my limbs to lift and linger in the evening air timeless again dancing for him as I used to warm and sweet, sensual and smiling. We kiss tenderly before I paddle off to make toast. But before I sense anything he barks that it's burning. I pop up the bread— untoasted, I see nothing amiss—but it's too late. His over-chemo'd body slumps as he holds his stomach, pain clouding his face. "Why do you always do this?" he cries. But I did nothing except fail to notice an errant drip of soup waiting on the toaster top to burn. Now he is nauseous again and the evening is ruined because I did not anticipate because I did not see.


This Working Paper proposes the development of an approach to researching and analysing migration processes that combines a livelihoods approach to exploring local-level migration dynamics with a relational political economy perspective that deepens understanding of the broader social, economic and political processes and interests interacting with migration at different levels (e.g. causing patterns of vulnerability or creating opportunities that encourage migration). This approach aims to address a number of important weaknesses in contemporary migration research, including a failure to analyse migration as an integral part of social and economic transformation processes (such as development and globalisation), inadequate attention to the precise causes, circumstances and consequences of people's movement, continuing reliance on overly-simplistic migration categories and dichotomies, and poor appreciation or understanding of the changing dynamics of migration processes over time (IMI, 2006).
Patterns and dynamics of migration are highly varied, complex and context-specific. Understanding these dynamics in specific contexts might be improved by exploring the interaction of local-level factors immediately influencing people's migration decisions and strategies (linked to livelihoods) with interacting political, economic and social factors and processes at different levels which affect the agency, vulnerability and/or opportunities of migrants (and associated non-migrants) during the migration process, and that shape migration outcomes. Differential and shifting power relations are crucial to understanding the interaction of migration strategies at the local level with political and economic processes and relationships affecting these strategies, since these are fundamental to understanding the interests and relative agency of individuals, households and other actors involved. The concept of process is also critical to the analysis, since the factors that affect people's migration options, strategies and outcomes are played out over time and can only be properly examined within a historical perspective.


This book is short listed for the 2014 Samuel Johnson Prize 'Part detective story, part Dickensian saga, part labour history. "A thrilling and unnerving read." (Observer). "Mesmeric and deeply moving." (Daily Telegraph). "Remarkable, haunting, full of wisdom." (The Times). Family history is a massive phenomenon of our times but what are we after when we go in search of our ancestors? Beginning with her grandparents, Alison Light moves between the present and the past, in an extraordinary series of journeys over two centuries, across Britain and beyond. Epic in scope and deep in feeling, Common People is a family history but also a new kind of public history, following the lives of the migrants who travelled the country looking for work. Original and eloquent, it is a timely rethinking of who the English were - but ultimately it reflects on history itself, and on our constant need to know who went before us and what we owe them.


—Communications are very important in any situation but in emergency management it is imperative that the communications be reliable and responsive to the evolving situation. In emergency management there are many different types of networks with different objectives. It is of immense value to have the ability to seamlessly integrate other networks and computing resources into one interconnected heterogeneous network. The entire management team should be able to access any of the individual networks and their resources. In this paper we discuss various wireless network communication options in the context of their viability for use in emergency management. We analyze various technical aspects such as propagation delay, packet delivery ratio, and transmission rates. In addition the environmental conditions that impair communications are discussed. All experiments we conducted took place in a setting that was real, using real equipment that was physically situated in settings that can be expected in urban disaster settings—our results are not simulations. They were performed in cooperation with the Ontario Provincial Police, Provincial Emergency Response Team.


While sediment loads in streams draining agricultural landscapes have traditionally been attributed to field sources via overland flow and surface erosion, recent research has identified important nonfield sources of sediment in the Minnesota River Basin. We evaluate the impacts of altered vegetation on water budget and sediment loading in Seven Mile Creek, an agricultural watershed with important nonfield sources of sediment. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and monitoring data for different locations, we developed an approach to account for different sediment sources and show that nonfield sediment export is strongly affected by changes in stream discharge, which is affected by vegetation impacts on water yield. This is important because many watershed-scale models are calibrated to sediment loads at the watershed outlet based on the assumption that all sediment is derived from field sources. This can lead to overestimation of erosion from field sources and unrealistic expectations for watershed-scale reductions based on some conservation practices. In Seven Mile Creek watershed under current conditions, approximately 76% of the sediment delivered to the watershed outlet originates from nonfield sources (streambanks and ravines). Relative to the current landscape, increases in perennial grasses or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cause decreases in water yield owing to differences in evapotranspiration (especially in the spring). As streamflow decreases, sediment export is disproportionately reduced from nonfield sources. These results demonstrating an interaction between evapotranspiration and streambank/ravine erosion are important for showing that nonfield sources of sediment can be important in some watersheds, and that realistic approaches for improving water quality may need to include strategies for managing water quantity.


In this paper, some fundamental investigations are established to demonstrate the potential of harvesting electrical energy from living plants. The energy is harvested by embedding electrodes into the plant to allow flow of ions and hence generate electricity. Multiple random tests have been conducted using different type of electrodes and plants as an attempt to determine the characteristics of the harvesting system. It is found that voltages are produced to greater or lesser extents by all tests where combination of copper-zinc and aloe vera produces the highest voltage. In addition, it is shown in this paper its ability to light up Light Emitting Diode (LED), digital clock and calculator which grants it a potential to be used for low power electrical consumption appliances in the future.


In this paper we approach the problem of computing the characteristic polynomial of a matrix from the combinatorial viewpoint. We present several combinatorial characterizations of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial, in terms of walks and closed walks of different kinds in the underlying graph. We develop algorithms based on these characterizations, and show that they tally with well-known algorithms arrived at independently from considerations in linear algebra.


Recent global initiatives in ecosystem restoration offer an unprecedented opportunity to improve biodiversity conservation and human health and well-being. Ecosystems form a core component of biodiversity. They provide humans with multiple benefits – a stable climate and breathable air; water, food and materials; and protection from disaster and disease. Ecosystem restoration, as defined by the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, includes a range of management interventions that aim to reduce impacts on and assist in the recovery of ecosystems that have been damaged, degraded or destroyed. This Guide promotes the application of the science of ecosystem risk assessment, which involves measuring the risk of ecosystem collapse, in ecosystem restoration. It explores how the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems and ecosystem restoration can be jointly deployed to reduce risk of ecosystem collapse.


The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's ToxCast program uses a wide array of high-throughput screening assays to evaluate the potential toxicity of environmental chemicals. To prioritize organic contaminants with the potential for adverse biological effects, researchers at the U.S. Geological Survey have developed a bioeffects su¬rveillance tool, ToxEval, that links environmental analytic chemistry to published toxicology data from the ToxCast program. ToxEval and other screening methods were used to evaluate environmental chemicals for potential adverse biological effects in an impacted watershed. In September 2016, water samples collected across an impacted watershed detected 91 organic waste compounds, 19 water quality benchmark exceedances were observed, and 17 endocrine disrupting chemicals were identified. Using ToxEval, we identified contaminants that may be potentially harmful to human health and aquatic life despite lacking water quality benchmarks. If this study was done in the traditional manner, the potential of these contaminants to cause adverse effects may have gone unnoticed. Given the large number of chemicals in common use without water quality benchmarks or toxicity information, the application of ToxCast is an effective tool that can be used to assess the potential adverse effects of environmental contaminants on aquatic life or human health.


Synthesis of 2(3,5-disubstituted)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl-thio-5-(pyridin-4-yl)1,3,4-oxadiazoles was achieved via one pot multi-component reaction of 1-(4-substitutedphenyl)-2-((5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio)ethanone, substituted benzaldehydes and hydrazine hydrate by using Bleaching earth clay (pH 12.5, 10 wt%) and Polyethyleneglycol (PEG-400) as a green reaction media. The method is found an efficient, eco-friendly and catalyst recycled for five times with no significant loss in the yield of product. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral data and screened in vitro for their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The compounds 5s and 5l have shown considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, however all other synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate activities


Raman scattering of actinide (VI) ions from carbonate media were obtained. Results indicate bidentate complexation of carbonate and linear geometry for the AnO22+ ions. The trend of the frequency position of the ν1 vibration in AnO22+ ions is U > Np > Pu > Am in both acid and basic solutions, with higher frequencies occurring in acid media.


Using a published single-season model of adult population dynamics and data from field experiments, Mitchell and Riedell develop a complete life cycle model for northern corn rootworm. To develop the life cycle model, Mitchell and Riedell use temperature-dependent development and age-dependent advancement to determine adult population dynamics and oviposition. They also use a simple stochastic hatch and density-dependent larval survival model to determine adult emergence. Mitchell and Riedell then evaluate the long-run performance of the model by using stochastically generated daily air and soil temperatures for 100-year simulations for a variety of corn planting and flowering dates in Ithaca, NY, and Brookings, SD. After correcting for a bias in oviposition, they show that the model's predictions for both locations are consistent with anecdotal field data.


An instrumental system to simultaneously detect one-dimensional atomic or ionic fluorescence images is described. The instrument can also be used to acquire laser light scattering images or laterally resolved emission images. The fluorescence, scattering, or emission image passes through a monochromator and is re-imaged on an intensified diode array detector. Measurement of spatially resolved ground-state populations in inductively coupled plasmas is discussed. Interpretation of the fluorescence data obtained under different plasma operating conditions is considered. Results with the use of laser-induced fluorescence imaging to study the effect of sample transport rate, concomitant species-induced matrix effects, and modulated power plasmas are discussed. Comparison of fluorescence and emission images shows the complementary nature of the information provided by each. Laser light scattering off intact droplets or particles in a 1.0-kW inductively coupled plasma is discussed. Means to minimize the scattering signal are evaluated. Detection of laser light scattering images is discussed.


This article examines how the organizational capabilities of academic spin-off firms in new industries are shaped by the organization of the research communities in universities from which these spin-off firms emerge. Contrasting the organization of research in the biochemistry departments of the University of California at Berkeley (Berkeley), Stanford University (Stanford), and the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and key biotech firms spun-off from these departments, this article attempts to explain the central role UCSF scientists played in comparison with their Berkeley and Stanford counterparts, in the formation and development of the biotech industry in the San Francisco region during the late 1970s and early 1980s. It is demonstrated how the research environment at UCSF during this period positioned UCSF scientists comparatively well to identify in the context of their research new technological opportunities in therapeutic product markets and pursue these opportunities in the industrial research environment of the biotech industry. Finally, drawing parallels between this study on the role of UCSF in the formation of the San Francisco biotech industry and other studies on the role of Stanford in the formation of the Silicon Valley high-tech electronics industry, this article attempts to infer some general insights into the institutional dynamics that give rise to new science-based industries.


This paper reviews the alternative explanations offered to explain the Greek crisis and checks there analytical and empirical validity. The first part focuses on the mainstream explanations. It distinguishes three main versions ('Greek disease', EMU is an unrectifiable non-OCA, EMU has problems but can be rectified). Mainstream explanations are criticized for failing to comprehend properly the deep structural dimensions of the Greek crisis and attributing it to policy errors. The second part reviews the radical explanations and particularly those around the 'financialization thesis'. It also distinguishes three versions (EMU is the problem, Minskian case, equilibrium of class struggle). These explanations are criticized for offering a weak structural explanation of the Greek crisis by focusing upon policy or conjectural elements. The last part surveys the more classical Marxist explanations of the Greek crisis. These have a different understanding of the relationship between real and financial accumulation from all the previous explanations. Three versions are presented (TRPF, TRPF and underconsumption, TRPF and imperialist exploitation). It is argued that Marxist explanations grasp better than the rest the deep structural dimensions of the Greek crisis.


Greece's accession to the EEC represents a fascinating case-study of the history of
enlargement, of European integration and finally of the Cold War in the late 1970s.This
thesis is the first detailed archivally-based study of the second enlargement. It is based on
an extensive multi-archival and multinational research, including records of the Greek,
American, British, French and German governments, of the EEC institutions
(Commission, Council of Ministers) and a collection of personal papers.
The conventional account of the second enlargement focuses solely on Greece and its
policy towards the EEC. In contrast, this thesis casts new light on the way in which the
Nine as a whole responded to the challenges posed by the Greek accession. Through this
Community-based approach, this thesis challenges traditional views of the reasons that
led Greece to apply for EEC membership, the rationale behind the Nine's acceptance of
the Greek application, and generally casts new light on the way in which the Nine
thought and finally acted regarding Greece's membership during the actual accession
negotiations. Looking at these actors can tear down common misconceptions or, indeed,
confirm existing beliefs about the communautaire behaviour of the Nine in the second
enlargement. It also allows new conclusions to be drawn about the internal development
of the Community in the 1970s, especially in relation to the perennial dilemma of
widening versus deepening, while highlighting important aspects of the mechanics of the
enlargement process. Last but not least, this thesis aims to place the details of the Greek
negotiations within the context of regional and international considerations dominated
by the realities of the Cold War, thus underlining the linkage between the two parallel
developments of European integration and the Cold War.
This thesis provides a detailed analysis of a vital chapter not only in post-war Greek
history but, most importantly, in the process of European integration and Cold War in
the 1970s.


Losing information when a storage device or data center fails can bring a company to its knees--or put it out of business altogether. Such catastrophic outcomes can readily be prevented with today's storage technology, albeit with some difficulty: the design space of solutions is surprisingly large, the configuration choices are myriad, and the alternatives interact in complicated ways. Thus, solutions are often over- or under-engineered, and administrators may not understand the degree of dependability they provide.

Our solution is a tool that automates the design of disaster-tolerant solutions. Driven by financial objectives and detailed models of the behaviors and costs of the most common solutions (tape backup, remote mirroring, site failover, and site reconstruction), it appropriately selects designs that meet its objectives under specified disaster scenarios. As a result, designing for disasters no longer needs to be a hit-or-miss affair.


Sustainable entrepreneurs need to balance social, environmental and economic goals. However, some put sustainable goals first whereas others prioritize economic outcomes. This suggests differences in types of sustainable entrepreneurs. We study sustainable entrepreneur archetypes based on their motivations to start a venture and on their entrepreneurial orientation (EO). This is important to understand since the degrees of EO and motivations determines not only the sustainability of a venture but also its success and activities of sustainable entrepreneurs. Based on the extant literature and an exploratory, mixed-method study of 24 sustainable fashion firms we put forward four distinct sustainable entrepreneurship archetypes which differ in motivation and EO, namely: Idealists, Evangelists, Realists and Opportunists. Implications for practice, theory and future research are suggested.


Background Influenza vaccination aims to prevent infection by influenza virus and reduce associated morbidity and mortality; however, vaccine effectiveness (VE) can be modest, especially for subtype A/H3N2. Failure to achieve consistently high VE has been attributed both to mismatches between the vaccine and circulating influenza strains and to the vaccine's elicitation of protective immunity in only a subset of the population. The low H3N2 VE in 2012-13 was attributed to egg-adaptive mutations that created antigenic mismatch between the intended (A/Victoria/361/2011) and actual vaccine strain (IVR-165). Methods We investigate the basis of the low VE in 2012-2013 by evaluating whether vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were infected by different viral strains and assessing the serologic responses to A/Victoria/361/2011 and the IVR-165 vaccine strain in an adult cohort before and after vaccination. Results We found no significant genetic differences between the strains that infected vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination increased titers to A/Victoria/361/2011 as much as to IVR-165. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vaccination served merely to boost preexisting cross-reactive immune responses, which provided limited protection against infection with the circulating influenza strains. Conclusions In contrast to suggestive analyses based on ferret antisera, low H3N2 VE in 2012-13 does not appear to be due to the failure of the egg-adapted strain to induce a response to the intended vaccine strain. Instead, low VE might have been caused by the emergence of anti-genically novel influenza strains and low vaccine immunogenicity in a subset of the population.


In The Queen of America Goes to Washington City , Lauren Berlant focuses on the need to revitalize public life and political agency in the United States. Delivering a devastating critique of contemporary discourses of American citizenship, she addresses the triumph of the idea of private life over that of public life borne in the right-wing agenda of the Reagan revolution. By beaming light onto the idealized images and narratives about sex and citizenship that now dominate the U.S. public sphere, Berlant argues that the political public sphere has become an intimate public sphere. She asks why the contemporary ideal of citizenship is measured by personal and private acts and values rather than civic acts, and the ideal citizen has become one who, paradoxically, cannot yet act as a citizen—epitomized by the American child and the American fetus.

As Berlant traces the guiding images of U.S. citizenship through the process of privatization, she discusses the ideas of intimacy that have come to define national culture. From the fantasy of the American dream to the lessons of Forrest Gump, Lisa Simpson to Queer Nation, the reactionary culture of imperilled privilege to the testimony of Anita Hill, Berlant charts the landscape of American politics and culture. She examines the consequences of a shrinking and privatized concept of citizenship on increasing class, racial, sexual, and gender animosity and explores the contradictions of a conservative politics that maintains the sacredness of privacy, the virtue of the free market, and the immorality of state overregulation—except when it comes to issues of intimacy.

Drawing on literature, the law, and popular media, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City is a stunning and major statement about the nation and its citizens in an age of mass mediation. As it opens a critical space for new theory of agency, its narratives and gallery of images will challenge readers to rethink what it means to be American and to seek salvation in its promise.


Abstract. According to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), emissions must be cut by 41–72 % below 2010 levels by 2050 for a likely chance of containing the global mean temperature increase to 2 °C. The AFOLU sector (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use) contributes roughly a quarter ( ∼  10–12 Pg CO2e yr−1) of the net anthropogenic GHG emissions mainly from deforestation, fire, wood harvesting, and agricultural emissions including croplands, paddy rice, and livestock. In spite of the importance of this sector, it is unclear where the regions with hotspots of AFOLU emissions are and how uncertain these emissions are. Here we present a novel, spatially comparable dataset containing annual mean estimates of gross AFOLU emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O), associated uncertainties, and leading emission sources, in a spatially disaggregated manner (0.5°) for the tropics for the period 2000–2005. Our data highlight the following: (i) the existence of AFOLU emissions hotspots on all continents, with particular importance of evergreen rainforest deforestation in Central and South America, fire in dry forests in Africa, and both peatland emissions and agriculture in Asia; (ii) a predominant contribution of forests and CO2 to the total AFOLU emissions (69 %) and to their uncertainties (98 %); (iii) higher gross fluxes from forests, which coincide with higher uncertainties, making agricultural hotspots appealing for effective mitigation action; and (iv) a lower contribution of non-CO2 agricultural emissions to the total gross emissions (ca. 25 %), with livestock (15.5 %) and rice (7 %) leading the emissions. Gross AFOLU tropical emissions of 8.0 (5.5–12.2) were in the range of other databases (8.4 and 8.0 Pg CO2e yr−1 in FAOSTAT and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) respectively), but we offer a spatially detailed benchmark for monitoring progress in reducing emissions from the land sector in the tropics. The location of the AFOLU hotspots of emissions and data on their associated uncertainties will assist national policy makers, investors, and other decision-makers who seek to understand the mitigation potential of the AFOLU sector.


Since the 1970s, we have witnessed a burgeoning of child-custody disputes unparalleled in history. This increase has primarily been the result of two recent developments in the realm of child-custody litigation, namely, the replacement of the tender-years presumption with the best-interests-of-the-child presumption and the increasing popularity of the joint-custodial concept. The assumption was made that mothers, by virtue of the fact that they are female, are intrinsically superior to men as child rearers. Accordingly, the father had to provide to the court compelling evidence of serious maternal deficiencies before the court would even consider assigning primary custodial status to the father. Under its replacement, the best-interests-of-the-child presumption, the courts were instructed to ignore gender in custodial considerations and evaluate only parenting capacity, especially factors that related to the best interests of the child. This change resulted in a burgeoning of custody litigation as fathers now found themselves with a greater opportunity to gain primary custodial status. Soon thereafter the joint-custodial concept came into vogue, eroding even further the time that custodial mothers were given with their children. Again, this change also brought about an increase and intensification of child-custody litigation. In association with this burgeoning of child-custody litigation, we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the frequency of a disorder rarely seen previously, a disorder that I refer to as the parental alienation syndrome (PAS). In this disorder we see not only programming ("brainwashing") of the child by one parent to denigrate the other parent, but self-created contributions by the child in support of the alienating parent's campaign of denigration against the alienated parent. Because of the child's contribution I did not consider the terms brainwashing, programming, or other equivalent words to be applicable. Accordingly, in 1985, I introduced the term parental alienation syndrome to cover the combination of these two contributing factors. In accordance with this use of the term I suggest this definition of the parental alienation syndrome: The parental alienation syndrome (PAS) is a disorder that arises primarily in the context of child-custody disputes. Its primary manifestation is the child's campaign of denigration against a parent, a campaign that has no justification. It results from the combination of a programming (brainwashing) parent's indoctrinations and the child's own contributions to the vilification of the target parent. When true parental abuse and/or neglect is present the child's animosity may be justified, and so the parental alienation syndrome explanation for the child's hostility is not applicable.


Food stamp benefits can provide an important supplement to the income of working families (families with children under 18 and earnings), who now make up nearly 40 percent of program participants. States can take advantage of Food Stamp Program policy options that increase eligibility and benefits. Seven policy options are particularly important for working families: more liberal vehicle rules, expanded categorical eligibility, transitional benefits for families leaving cash assistance, outreach, longer certification periods, reduced reporting requirements, and waivers of the required face-to-face interviews at recertification.


Anemia in general is a condition where hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels are lower than normal Anemia that is occurred by many adolescents due to Fe deficiency and can be called Fe deficiency anemia (Tarwoto, 2014). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of consumption ofred beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) boiled on hemoglobin levels in adolescent in institute of health science STRADA Kediri. The research design used was pre-experiment with one group pre-post test design. The population in this study were all third semester students in Institute of health Science STRADA who experienced anemia with a sample of 18 respondents. The sampling technique used was Purposive sampling. The results showed that all (100%) had mild anemia before treatment, after the treatment, the results of all respondents (100%) experienced a change to non-anemia. Based on the results statistically using test, Wilcoxon the obtained p value 0.005 <α 0.05 thenH0 is rejected and H1 accepted, which means there is the effect of red beans (PhaseolusvulgarisL) boil on hemoglobin levels in adolescent in institute of health science STRADA Kediri. It can be concluded that boiled red beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) contain iron which is useful for increasing hemoglobin levels in the blood. It is recommended for respondents to use boiled red beans as food to prevent anemia. Keywords--Red beans, Hemoglobin levels, Adolescent


The importance of family businesses in South Africa in general, as well as the considerable influence of Greek family control in the South African economy is often underestimated. Against the background of continued calls for improved corporate governance in South Africa this study investigates the relationship between planning and good governance in family-businesses. More specifically the study identifies the factors that influence good governance in Greek family businesses in South Africa. The empirical results suggest that strategic planning and the use of outside advice are particularly influential in ensuring good corporate governance in Greek family businesses in South Africa.


Transient expression of some proto-oncogenes, cytokines, and transcription factors occurs as a cellular response to growth factors, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, antigen stimulation, or inflammation. Expression of these genes is mediated in part by the rapid turnover of their mRNAs. A + U-rich elements in the 3' untranslated regions of these mRNAs serve as one recognition signal targeting the mRNAs for rapid degradation. I report the identification of a cytosolic factor that both binds to the proto-oncogene c-myc A + U-rich element and specifically destabilizes c-myc mRNA in a cell-free mRNA decay system which reconstitutes mRNA decay processes found in cells. Proteinase K treatment of the factor abolishes its c-myc mRNA degradation activity without affecting its RNA-binding capacity. Thus, RNA substrate binding and degradation appear to be separable functions. These findings should aid in understanding how the cell selectively targets mRNAs for rapid turnover.


The power of judicial review is all too often regarded as something akin to an executive veto. When a court declares a statute unconstitutional or enjoins its enforcement, the disapproved law is described as having been "struck down" or rendered "void" — as if the judiciary holds a veto-like power to cancel or revoke a duly enacted statute. And the political branches carry on as though the court's decision has erased the statute from the law books.
But the federal judiciary has no authority to alter or annul a statute. The power of judicial review is more limited: It allows a court to decline to enforce a statute, and to enjoin the executive from enforcing that statute. But the judicially disapproved statute continues to exist as a law until it is repealed by the legislature that enacted it, even as it goes unenforced by the judiciary or the executive. And it is always possible that a future court might overrule the decision that declared the statute unconstitutional, thereby liberating the executive to resume enforcing the statute against anyone who has violated it. Judicial review is not a power to suspend or "strike down" legislation; it is a judicially imposed non-enforcement policy that lasts only as long as the courts adhere to the constitutional objections that persuaded them to thwart the statute's enforcement.
When judges or elected officials mistakenly assume that a court decision has canceled or revoked a duly enacted statute, they commit the "writ-of-erasure fallacy" — the fallacy that equates judicial review with a veto-like power to "strike down" legislation or delay its effective start date. This article identifies the origins of the fallacy, describes the ways in which the writ-of-erasure mindset has improperly curtailed the enforcement of statutes, and explores the implications that follow when judicial review is (correctly) understood as a temporary non-enforcement policy that leaves the disapproved statute in effect.


BACKGROUND
The biochemical mechanisms involving oxidative stress to explain the relationship between exercise and healthy aging are still unclear.

METHODS
Tai Chi participants and matched sedentary volunteers age 45 and above were enrolled. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities; levels of DNA damage using the comet assay; and malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced glycation end products (AGE) were determined at 0, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS
Tai Chi subjects had decreased normal and increased mildly damaged DNA with elevated GPx activity after 6 months (n=25). Plasma MDA and AGE concentrations decreased significantly after 12 months (n=15) accompanied by increased SOD activity. This may be attributed to the hormesis effect, whereby mild induction of oxidative stress at the first 6 months of exercise resulted in stimulation of antioxidant defenses. These parameters were unchanged in the sedentary subjects in the first 6 months (n=27) except for elevated SOD activity. After 12 months, the sedentary subjects (n=17) had decreased normal DNA and increased severely damaged DNA with unaltered MDA and AGE levels while SOD and GPx activities were significantly elevated.

CONCLUSION
Regular Tai Chi exercise stimulated endogenous antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage markers.


This paper describes a new approach for speaker identification based on lipreading. Visual features are extracted from image sequences of the talking face and consist of shape parameters which describe the lip boundary and intensity parameters which describe the grey-level distribution of the mouth area. Intensity information is based on principal component analysis using eigenspaces which deform with the shape model. The extracted parameters account for both, speech dependent and speaker dependent information. We built spatio-temporal speaker models based on these features, using HMMs with mixtures of Gaussians. Promising results were obtained for text dependent and text independent speaker identification tests performed on a small video database.


Many mutualisms are taken advantage of by organisms that take rewards from their partners but provide no benefit in return. In the absence of traits that limit exploitation, facultative exploiters (partners that can either exploit or cooperate) are widely predicted by mutualism theory to choose an exploitative strategy, potentially threatening mutualism stability. However, it is unknown whether facultative exploiters choose to exploit, and, if so, make this choice because it is the most beneficial strategy for them. We explored these questions in a subalpine plant-insect community in which individuals of several bumble bee species visit flowers both "legitimately" (entering via the flower opening, picking up and depositing pollen, and hence behaving mutualistically) and via nectar robbing (creating holes through corollas or using an existing hole, bypassing stigmas and anthers). We applied foraging theory to (1) quantify handling costs, benefits and foraging efficiencies incurred by three bumble bee species as they visited flowers legitimately or robbed nectar in cage experiments, and (2) determine whether these efficiencies matched the food handling tactics these bee species employed in the field. Relative efficiencies of legitimate and robbing tactics depended on the combination of bee and plant species. In some cases (Bombus mixtus visiting Corydalis caseana or Mertensia ciliata), the robbing tactic permitted more efficient nectar removal. As both mutualism and foraging theory would predict, in the field, B. mixtus visiting C. caseana were observed more frequently robbing than foraging legitimately. However, for Bombus flavifrons visiting M. ciliata, the expectation from mutualism theory did not hold: legitimate visitation was the more efficient tactic. Legitimate visitation to M. ciliata was in fact more frequently observed in free-flying B. flavifrons. Free-flying B. mixtus also frequently visited M. ciliata flowers legitimately. This may reflect lower nectar volumes in robbed than unrobbed flowers in the field. These results suggest that a foraging ecology perspective is informative to the choice of tactics facultative exploiters make. In contrast, the simple expectation that exploiters should always have an advantage, and hence could threaten mutualism persistence unless they are deterred or punished, may not be broadly applicable.


Purpose of reviewTo draw attention to recent work on the role of protein and the amount of protein needed with each meal to preserve skeletal muscle mass in ageing. Recent findingsAgeing does not inevitably reduce the anabolic response to a high-quality protein meal. Ingestion of approximately 25–30 g of protein per meal maximally stimulates muscle protein synthesis in both young and older individuals. However, muscle protein synthesis is blunted in elderly when protein and carbohydrate are coingested or when the quantity of protein is less than approximately 20 g per meal. Supplementing regular mixed-nutrient meals with leucine may also enhance the muscle protein synthetic response in elders. SummaryOn the basis of recent work, we propose a novel and specific dietary approach to prevent or slow down muscle loss with ageing. Rather than recommending a large, global increase in the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein for all elderly individuals, clinicians should stress the importance of ingesting a sufficient amount of protein with each meal. To maximize muscle protein synthesis while being cognizant of total energy intake, we propose a dietary plan that includes 25–30 g of high quality protein per meal.


Abstract A first law thermodynamic model has been developed and used to characterize the performance of an automotive engine charge-air intake conditioner system. This system employs a compressor, intercooler, and expander to provide increased charge density with the possibility of reducing, the charge-air temperature below the sink temperature. The model was validated against experimental measurements. The variation of system effectiveness with compressor, intercooler, and expander efficiency was quantified and system operating limits were identified. While the expander was found to have a greater effect than the compressor, the performance of the system was shown to be most dependent upon intercooler effectiveness.


Femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation provided by the free-electron laser FLASH was used for digital in-line holographic microscopy and applied to image particles, diatoms and critical point dried fibroblast cells. To realize the classical in-line Gabor geometry, a 1 microm pinhole was used as spatial filter to generate a divergent light cone with excellent pointing stability. At a fundamental wavelength of 8 nm test objects such as particles and diatoms were imaged at a spatial resolution of 620 nm. In order to demonstrate the applicability to biologically relevant systems, critical point dried rat embryonic fibroblast cells were for the first time imaged with free-electron laser radiation.


Porous scaffolds of hydroxyapatite (HA), derived from calcined bovine bones and doped with various reinforcing materials, such as Ti, TiO2 and Li2O, were produced with the aid of commercial sugar, which was added as 20 wt% with respect to the total batch, and sintering at 1200°C and 1300°C. The samples were characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction analysis as well as by porosity measurements. The experimental results showed that porosity can be controlled by the correct selection of doping materials. The optimum sintering temperature was 1200°C since firing at 1300°C caused extended sintering and thus porosity was considerably reduced. Matching of chemical nature as well as thermal expansion coefficients between HA and the doping components are of high importance for the structural integrity of the resultant scaffolds. Doping with Li2CO3 seemed to have the highest potential for achieving high porosity, likely due to the decomposition to Li2O, but the amount of Li2CO3 used should not jeopardizing HA bioactivity. The use of natural sugar is an economic way of producing safe for the health porous HA scaffolds.


This document is created to assist the Faculty of Creative
Arts and Industries (CAI) academics in their reporting requirements and
obligations. Specifically it looks to provide data to support the reporting of research
outputs, specifically, assisting with ways to report journal quality and/or
rankings.

Consequently this document includes
embedded links to standard metric tools along with additional tools and options
to supplement the reporting of journal quality beyond standard metrics.


This thesis presents research into reducing microphone artefacts in live sound with no prior knowledge of the sources or microphones. Microphone artefacts are defined as additional sounds or distortions that occur on a microphone signal that are often undesired. We focus on the proximity effect, comb filtering and microphone bleed. In each case we present a method that either automatically implements human sound engineering techniques or we present a novel method that makes use of audio signal processing techniques that goes beyond the skills of a sound engineer. By doing this we can show that a higher quality mix of a live performance can be achieved. Firstly we investigate the proximity effect which occurs on directional microphones. We present a method for detecting the proximity effect with no prior knowledge of the source to microphone distance. This then leads to a method for reducing the proximity effect which employs a dynamic filter informed by audio analysis. Comb filtering occurs when the output of microphones reproducing the same source are mixed together. We present a novel analysis of how the accuracy of a technique to automatically estimate the correct delay of the source between each microphone is affected by source bandwidth and the windowing function applied to the data. We then present a method for reducing microphone bleed in the multiple source, multiple microphone case, both in determined and overdetermined configurations. The proposed method is extended from prior research in noise cancellation, which has not previously been applied to musical sound sources. We then present a method for simulating microphone bleed in synthesised drum recordings, where bleed enhances the realism of the output. Through subjective listening tests and objective measures each proposed method is shown to succeed at reducing the microphone artefacts while preserving the original sound source.


Abstract This article provides a history of the First World Agricultural Census of 1930, an ambitious international attempt to evaluate world agricultural resources through the compilation of global statistics on crops, livestock, and agricultural production. Based on primary archival material, it explores how the census emerged from the connections between American and international institutions at a time when food security and the need to address problems of trade and competition appeared as central economic concerns of interstate relations. The article focuses on the role played by the American agricultural expert Leon Estabrook (1869–1937) and a related network of scientists and economists in the preparation and implementation of the statistical survey. By examining how Estabrook's vision of economic development and scientific planning was shaped by his national background and redefined by his transnational engagement, the article sheds light on the global dominance and limitations of American scientific knowledge and agricultural practices in the interwar years. It uncovers the political manoeuvrings and negotiations that were necessary to move forward with the project, and assesses the survey's outcome against the backdrop of the global economic downturn of the 1930s.


Program slicing is a potentially useful analysis for aiding program understanding. However, in reality even slices of small programs are often too large to be useful. Imprecise pointer analyses have been suggested as one cause of this problem. In this paper, we use dynamic points-to data, which represents optimistic pointer information, to obtain a bound on the best case slice size improvement that can be achieved with improved pointer precision. Our experiments show that slice size can be reduced significantly for programs that make frequent use of calls through function pointers because for them the dynamic pointer data results in a considerably smaller call graph, which leads to fewer data dependences. Programs without or with only few calls through function pointers, however, show considerably less improvement. We discovered that C programs appear to have a significant fraction of direct and nonspurious pointer data dependences so that reducing spurious dependences via pointers is only of limited benefit. Consequently, to make slicing useful in general for such programs, improvements beyond better pointer analyses are necessary. On the other hand, since we show that collecting dynamic function pointer information can be performed with little overhead (average slowdown of 10 percent for our benchmarks), dynamic pointer information may be a practical approach to making slicing of programs with frequent function pointer use more successful in practice.


As companies are increasingly taking on the challenge of global sustainable development, they are forced to rethink the standard business plan based on increasing consumption of products. Drawing from case studies involving Gage Products, PPG Industries Inc. and Xerox Corp., the author shows that some companies are already building their business plans around services and a few key products, and that they are seeing benefits both to the bottom line and in customer retention and acquisition. The author identifies six keys to the new model: building on existing service strengths, redesigning contracts to redefine the basis of profit to create win-win situations when product consumption is reduced and services are improved, communicating the new business plan to current customers, changing sales incentives, acquiring new organizational skills to ensure a better understanding of consumption, and learning to highlight the potential benefits from taking steps to improve the environment


Behaviour and microhabitat use of young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was studied in six trials of four subsequent days between 8 September-20 November 2000 (13.8°C to 1.8°C) in artificial flumes. When the temperature decreased, movements and aggressions by young salmon also decreased. Although the decline in activity was more evident in daytime compared to nighttime, salmon remained more active and aggressive during the day than the night throughout the study. Temperature also affected microhabitat use; salmon used gradually lower water velocities, were located closer to cover and increased their use of low velocity shelters as the temperature decreased. The most pronounced changes in behaviour and microhabitat use took place in temperatures near 10 °C. Juvenile salmon also changed their behaviour and microhabitat use gradually during the four subsequent study days of each trial. Salmon showed a diel pattern of behaviour, they were found closer to cover at night compared to during the day, irrespective of temperature. Temperature is a major factor affecting both behaviour and habitat use of young Atlantic salmon, fish can adapt to decreasing temperatures by minimising their energy expenditure and possible risk. However, other factors, such as food availability, may also interact with temperature in determining behavioural patterns.


Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of
the 21st century. Overweight and obesity drastically increase a person's risk
of developing chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including
cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, obesity is already
responsible for 2% -8% of health costs and 10% -13% of deaths in several
industrialized countries. Lifestyle modifications involving changes in exercise,
diet and psychological support are effective in reducing the incidence of
overweight. Moreover, positive effects of physical activity (PA) for weight
loss and prevention of weight regain are well documented. It was recognized
that health benefits regarding both psychological and physiological aspects,
such as improving cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and/or decreasing
depression symptoms, can be obtained from numerous activities. Public health
institutions (American College of Sports Medicine, World Health Organization)
provide recommendations for PA (volume, frequency, intensity and type of exercise)
to achieve positive effects, at all ages and for many diseases and disorders
situations. Although exercise under guidelines can be safely performed by
obese subjects, several questions still need to be fully answered. In facts,
the exercise program should be tailored according to an individual's habitual
physical activity, physical function, health status, exercise responses, and
stated goals. Thus, this review analyzes the intensity of PA parameters. In the
last years, research has been focused on the
individualization of the right intensity in which different types of
subjects' condition must undergo to achieve the health goals. Aerobic exercise
has been commonly used to reach weight loss goal. Prescription of aerobic exercise
in clinical practice is frequently based on the percentage of maximum heart
rate (%HRmax), heart rate reserve (%HRreserve), rating of
perceived exertion (RPE), maximal oxygen consumption (%VO2max) and
for unhealthy subjects, peak oxygen consumption (%VO2peak). It has
been shown that unhealthy
subjects, such as individuals affected by diabetes, obesity and
cardiovascular diseases have a reduced maximal aerobic exercise capacity. For
instance, using the formula based on percentage of HRmax or VO2max,
it could be prescribed heavy exercises, which would result not appropriated
and fully functional for the specific individual goal. To avoid this problem,
another approach to individualize aerobic exercise could be to consider the
gas exchange parameters such us aerobic gas exchange threshold (AerTGE).
AerTGE corresponds to the first increase in blood lactate during
incremental exercise. This review offers an overview of the different
methods to assess exercise intensity, considering the different subjects health
characteristics, in order to choose the right methods to achieve the health
goals in obese and overweight subjects.


Palaeogene siliciclastic sediments (Reading and London Clay Formations) in the Wessex Basin record an upward change through four tidally influenced deposition systems. The lowest (Reading Formation) was deposited in estuarine and coastal plain environments. The overlying London Clay records discrete upward changes from deltaic, to mixed tidal flat, to tidal sandsheet ('Bagshot Sands'). Erosional topography on the Top Chalk surface had an important control on deposition: (1) topographic lows controlled the initial sites of marine flooding and sedimentation; (2) lows would have acted as conduits for sediment delivery; (3) lows created additional accommodation by the compaction of thick mud fills; (4) lows may have formed preferential sites for delta growth. As topography was reduced by sediment infill, depositional units tended toward more sheet-like geometries. Heavy minerals reveal that an upward progradational/aggradational trend and the development of more sand-rich facies are related to a change in provenance toward sand-rich Cornubian sources.


The Canadian forest products industry has failed to retain its competitiveness in the global markets under stochastic supply and demand conditions. Supply chain management models that integrate the two-way flow of information and materials under stochastic supply and demand can ensure capacity-feasible production of forest industry and achieve desired customer satisfaction levels. This thesis aims to develop a real-time decision support system, using simulation-based optimization approach, for the Canadian forest products industry under uncertain market supply and demand conditions. First, a simulation-based optimization model is developed for a single product (sawlogs), single industry (sawmill) under demand uncertainty that minimizes supply chain costs and finds optimum inventory policy parameters (s, S) for all agents. The model is then extended to multi-product, multi-industry forest products supply chain under supply and demand uncertainty, using a pulp mill as the nodal agent. Integrating operational planning decisions (inventory management, order and supply quantities) throughout the supply chain, the overall cost of the supply chain is minimized. Finally, the model integrates production planning of the pulp mill with inventory management throughout the supply chain, and maximizes net annual profit of the pulp mill. It was found that incorporation of a merchandizing yard between suppliers and forest mills provides a feasible solution to handle supply and demand uncertainty. Although the merchandizing yard increases the total daily cost of the supply chain by $11,802 in the single industry model, there is a net annual cost saving of $17.4 million in the multi-product, multi-industry supply chain. Under supply and demand uncertainty without a merchandizing yard, the pulp mill is only able to operate at 10% of its full capacity and achieve a customer satisfaction level of 9%. The merchandizing yard ensures pulp mill running capacity of 70%, and customer satisfaction level of at least 50%. However, the merchandizing yard is economically viable only, if the sales price of pulp is at least $680 per tonne. Efficient and effective management of inventory throughout the supply chain, integrated with production planning not only ensures continuous operation of forest mills, but also significantly improves the customer satisfaction.


During the last decades households in the U.S. have experienced that residential house prices move in a persistent manner, i.e. that returns are positively serially correlated. Since an owner-occupied home is usually the largest investment of a household it is important to understand how households act when they base their consumption and investment decisions on this experience. We show in a setting with housing market cycles and households who can decide whether they rent or own the home, that - besides the consumption and the precautionary savings motive - serial correlation in house prices generates a new speculative motive for homeownership. In particular, we show how good and bad housing market cycles affect homeownership rates, leverage, stock investments and consumption and can explain empirically observed household behavior during housing market boom and bust periods.


Increasing migration and growing hybridation have fostered the emergence of new cross-cultural expressive forms that can hardly be considered in 'national' terms. The works written (mostly) in English by authors of Hispanic origin seem instead to inhabit the intercultural space of transla¬tion. The question is whether the translations (as usually conceived) of these works remain in an intercultural space. This article will examine the ver¬sions into Spanish of some of these hybrid works in order to determine how this (un)familiar Other is brought home: whether Otherness, difference and hybridity are maintained or neutralized. At least two models can be hinted at: one in which translation seems to return at the service of a 'national' literature; one which explores the possibilities of translation as an openly multicultural and multilingual space.


Neurons of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) perform diverse information processing tasks on incoming activity from the auditory nerve. We have investigated the cellular basis for functional diversity in VCN cells by characterizing the outward membrane conductances of acutely isolated cells using whole-cell, tight-seal, current- and voltage-clamp techniques. The electrical responses of isolated cells fall into two broad categories. Type 1 cells respond to small depolarizations with a regular train of action potentials. Under voltage clamp, these cells exhibit a noninactivating outward current for voltage steps positive to -35 mV. Analysis of tail currents reveals two exponentially decaying components with slightly different voltage dependence. These currents reverse at -73 mV, near the potassium equilibrium potential of -84 mV, and are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA). The major outward current in Type I cells thus appears to be mediated by potassium channels. In contrast to Type I cells, Type II cells respond to small depolarizations with only one to three short- latency action potentials and exhibit strong rectification around -70 mV. Under voltage clamp, these cells exhibit a noninactivating outward current with a threshold near -70 mV. Analysis of tail currents reveals two components with different voltage sensitivity and kinetics. A low- threshold current with slow kinetics is partly activated at rest. This current reverses at -77 mV and is blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) but is only partly affected by TEA. The other component is a high-threshold current activated by steps positive to -35 mV. This current is blocked by TEA, but not by 4-AP. A simple model based on the voltage dependence and kinetics of the slow low-threshold outward current in Type II cells was developed. The model produces current- and voltage-clamp responses that resemble those recorded experimentally. Our results indicate that the two major classes of acoustic response properties of VCN neurons are in part attributable to the types of outward (potassium) conductances present in these cells. The low-threshold conductance in the Type II (bushy) cells probably plays a role in the preservation of information about the acoustic stimulus phase from the auditory nerve to central auditory nuclei involved in low-frequency sound localization.


This book explores the legal culture of the Parsis, or Zoroastrians, an ethnoreligious community unusually invested in the colonial legal system of British India and Burma. Rather than trying to maintain collective autonomy and integrity by avoiding interaction with the state, the Parsis sank deep into the colonial legal system itself. From the late eighteenth century until India's independence in 1947, they became heavy users of colonial law, acting as lawyers, judges, litigants, lobbyists, and legislators. They de-Anglicized the law that governed them and enshrined in law their own distinctive models of the family and community by two routes: frequent intragroup litigation often managed by Parsi legal professionals in the areas of marriage, inheritance, religious trusts, and libel, and the creation of legislation that would become Parsi personal law. Other South Asian communities also turned to law, but none seems to have done so earlier or in more pronounced ways than the Parsis.


Due to resource constraints, Web archiving systems and search engines usually have difficulties keeping the entire local repository synchronized with the Web. We advance the state-of-art of the sampling-based synchronization techniques by answering a challenging question: Given a sampled webpage and its change status, which other webpages are also likely to change? We present a study of various downloading granularities and policies, and propose an adaptive model based on the update history and the popularity of the webpages. We run extensive experiments on a large dataset of approximately 300,000 webpages to demonstrate that it is most likely to find more updated webpages in the current or upper directories of the changed samples. Moreover, the adaptive strategies outperform the non-adaptive one in terms of detecting important changes.


Recent papers by Kim and Nelson (1999) and McConnell and Perez-Quiros (2000) uncover a dramatic decline in the volatility of U.S. GDP growth beginning in 1984. Determining whether the source is good luck, good policy or better inventory management has since developed into an active area of research. This paper seeks to shed light on the source of the decline in volatility by studying the behavior of the U.S. automobile industry, where the changes in volatility have mirrored those of the aggregate data. We find that changes in the relative volatility of sales and output, which have been interpreted by some as evidence of improved inventory management, could in fact be the result of changes in the process driving automobile sales. We first show that the autocorrelation of sales dropped during the 1980s, and that the behavior of interest rates may be the force behind the change in sales persistence. A simulation of the assembly plants' cost function illustrates that the persistence of sales is a key determinant of output volatility. A comparison of the ways in which assembly plants scheduled production in the 1990s relative to the 1970s supports the intuition of the simulation.


While the study of the causes of civil war is a well-established subdiscipline in international relations, the effects of civil war on society remain less understood. Yet, such effects could have crucial implications for long-term stability and democracy in a country after the reaching of a peace agreement. This article contributes to the understanding of the effects of warfare on interethnic relations, notably attitudes of ethno-nationalism. Two hypotheses are tested: first, that the prevalence of ethno-nationalism is higher after than before the war, and second, that individuals who have been directly affected by the war are more nationalist than others. The variation in ethno-nationalism is examined over time, between countries, and between ethnic groups. Three countries that did not experience conflict on their own territory serve as a control group. The effect of individual war exposure is also tested in the analysis. Sources include survey data from the former Yugoslavia in 1989, shortly before the outbreak of war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in 2003, some years after the violence in the region ended. Contrary to common beliefs, the study shows that ethno-nationalism does not necessarily increase with ethnic civil war. The individual war experiences are less important than expected.


Ageing affects individuals and nations everywhere. But a precise definition of what ageing is cannot be provided easily with regard to health aspects, social conventions and lifestyles that are intertwined with the ageing process. As a first step, the ENEPRI AGIR project has attempted to describe this process in EU countries by observing as many dimensions as possible related to it. This summarizes and compares the demographic experience of ten EU countries since the mid-20th century on the basis of the detailed data gathered within the project. With regard to demography, the report focuses on population dynamics as defined by births and mortalities. It also deals in more detail with survival and longevity, as experienced in Europe in the last half century, to ascertain whether an increase in the absolute limit to human life or, rather, the fact that more and more people reach extreme ages is what drives the current population ageing process. Two other phenomena receive attention in the report: the fact that typical life-courses in Western countries are witnessing seemingly contradictory developments concerning, for instance, life duration and early retirement or other lifecycle landmarks; and the issue of how healthy or disability-free people live the extra years as life expectancy increases. The report is organized into sections on demography, life-courses and morbidity. A final section tries to tentatively answer three relevant questions raised by merely putting together part of the data collected from separate sources: What does living longer mean? Is living longer and working less mutually compatible? Does living longer mean living better? It turns out, ironically, that how define ageing is defined depends on the answers given to these questions.


Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) is a diarrheagenic human pathogen. The hallmark of EPEC infection is the formation of the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion in the intestinal epithelial cells, characterized by the effacement of brush border microvilli and the intimate bacterial attachment to the enterocyte in actinrich pedestal-like structures. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) in the EPEC genome encodes a type III protein secretion system (T3SS) that translocates multiple effector proteins into the host cell to subvert cellular functions for the benefit of the pathogen. These effectors are encoded both within and outside the LEE. In vitro cell culture infections have shown that LEE effectors are required for intimate bacterial attachment to the epithelial cells, whereas non-LEE effectors mostly play a role in modulating inflammation and cell apoptosis in the gut epithelium. We constructed a set of EPEC mutant strains harboring deletions in the complete repertoire of genes encoding T3SS effectors. Infection of human intestinal in vitro organ cultures (IVOC) with these mutant strains surprisingly revealed that non-LEE effectors are also needed to induce efficient A/E lesion formation in the intestinal mucosal tissue.


Complaints of agricultural damage by wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), particularly from wine grape growers, have increased in California. We assessed damage by vertebrate pests in vineyards and tested a bioacoustic-aversion technique for turkeys as an alternative to other control techniques (e.g., refl ective tape, trapping, bird netting). We selected 12 vineyards in the Napa Valley and Sierra Foothills American Viticultural Areas of California. We conducted damage surveys to assess percentages of missing or damaged grapes (i.e., grapes that had been stripped, pecked, and plucked) for every grape cluster on 20 randomly-selected vines before harvest in 2007 and on 40 vines in 2008. We assumed that all observed damage was caused by vertebrate pests and that most of this damage was caused by birds. Grape damage caused by wild turkeys was identifi ed by contiguous sections of berries plucked from a cluster, which we referred to as stripped damage. We attributed pecked and plucked damage to passerines. In 2008, we randomly selected 3 vineyards in each area for treatment with broadcast calls (wild turkey alarm, domestic turkey alarm, crow distress). We used motion-activated video cameras to document evidence of damage caused by turkeys and other animals. Damage in the vineyard perimeter was greater than in the interior for all damage types in 2008, but only for plucked damage in 2007. In 2008, stripped, pecked, and plucked damage means for treated vineyards were 1.3%, 1.4%, and 1.5%, respectively; stripped, pecked, and plucked damage means for untreated vineyards were 1.3%, 0.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. There was no difference in mean stripped damage between treated and untreated vineyards in 2008, indicating that broadcast calls had no effect. Comparison between treated sites in 2008 with the same untreated sites in 2007 yielded similar results. Turkeys caused damage in several of the study vineyards, but the problem varied among vineyards and was inconsistent between years. Motion-activated video recordings suggested that raccoons (Procyon lotor), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and other vertebrate pests were to blame for some of the stripped damage.


The article reveals the historical factor that influenced the development of tourism infrastructure in Russian national parks. The borders of the recreational influence zone on the territory of the Pribaikalsky national park were defined with the use of landscapegeographical approach based on zoning, while taking into account the wholeness of tourism-recreational ecosystems and urboecosystems. On the territory under study there are seven small recreational areas: Olkhon Island; the Circum-Baikal Railway; Listvyanka settlement and the Baikal highway; Maloe More Strait; Bolshoe Goloustnoe settlement and its vicinity; Peschanaya Bay and its vicinity; Bolshie Koty settlement and its vicinity. Using statistical and graphoanalytical methods, we have analyzed the condition of the current tourism infrastructure in the Pribaikalsky national park. On the basis of the obtained data we have revealed the general principles of planning of the seven spontaneous tourism areas: the principles of combination, dispersion, discrepancy and opposition.


B M Tang

Dr B M Tang, University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; email@example.com

In patients ⩾50 years of age, does calcium supplementation, with or without vitamin D, prevent osteoporotic fractures?

### Data sources:

Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Current Contents, CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (all to January 2007); clinical trials repositories; resource websites; conference abstracts; review articles; and bibliographies of primary studies.

### Study selection and assessment:

published or unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in any language that compared the effects of calcium, with or without vitamin D, with placebo on fractures or bone-mineral density (BMD) in patients ⩾50 years of age. Exclusion criteria were use of dietary calcium as …


In the first decade of the twentieth century, Paul Kammerer, a zoologist working at the Vivarium in Vienna, Austria, conducted research on developmental mechanisms, including a series of breeding experiments on toads (Alytes obstetricans [3]). Kammerer claimed that his results demonstrated that organisms could transmit acquired characteristics to their offspring. To explain how evolution [4] occurred, biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in France suggested in his 1809 book that offspring inherited the features their ancestors acquired throughout the lives of those ancestors, a process termed the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Kammerer conducted breeding experiments to test the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, which he said described the mechanics of evolution [4]. Additionally, Kammerer's experiments aimed at explaining how development shaped evolutionary processes.


Accountability is an essential element in all societies and to the organizations that inhabit this world. Corporate scandals have been linked to failures in accountability and business leaders are now, more than ever, challenged to be accountable. Leadership can also be understood as a response to transparency and accountability issues that are an important concern in the area of public administration. In substance, leadership and accountability are both attributional phenomena. We conducted a bibliometric review using an integrative synthesis of published peer- reviewed literature on leadership and accountability. Our search in the Web of Science databases identified 37 articles on this topic in several research areas. We used a literature review with bibliometric methods of citation analysis, co-citation analysis, co-author analysis, and co-word analysis. We concluded that despite evidence linking the adoption of a relationship between leadership and accountability, adoption is very low, particularly in the field of business and economics, and therefore, evidence on this topic is sparse. This study intends to contribute to a more complete reflection and understanding of literature review, impact and relevance of accountability in organizational leadership.