INTRODUCTION Horizontal federalism, a theory of constitutional interpretation, is one of the methods available to aid state high courts in analyzing questions arising under their state constitution. Horizontal federalism has been defined as "federalism in which states look to each other for guidance."(1) Law from other states is one available basis upon which a state court may rest its opinion.(2) As obvious as that sounds, the decision to look to other states is controversial. Professor Teachout characterized the way in which state courts address horizontal federalism as one of the four most important questions facing state courts in the area of state constitutional adjudication.(3) The challenge is whether one state high court should rely on other state high court interpretations of state constitutional provisions similar to its own and, if so, then how extensively should it rely on those decisions?(4) This study will attempt to answer to what extent a court seeks this sister-state guidance. In summarizing the importance of horizontal federalism to the development of state constitutional law, Justice Stewart Pollock of New Jersey speculated that it "may be the hallmark of the rest of the century."(5) Despite its recognized importance, there is a lack of studies that take a comprehensive look at the attention given to one state high court by its sister-state courts in an effort to quantitatively and qualitatively measure the effect of that court across the country.(6) Most studies of state constitutional law focus either on one state's experience(7) or on one topic as treated by many states.(8) In contrast, this study approaches the topic from the inside-out. It attempts to gauge the importance of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts (SJC) to the rest of the nation by measuring the frequency with which the other forty-nine state high courts rely on Bay State opinions. In so doing, it presents a model for future analysis of the depth and breadth of one court's impact on state constitutional law. Not every question can be answered by a study of this length. Instead, the purpose of this study is to hypothesize about why one state, Massachusetts, influences its sister states. This is an attempt to show the factors that may influence one court to look at state X but not state Y and what issues prompt a state court to look to its sister courts in the first place. In Part I, horizontal federalism is examined to show how it has emerged under the "new judicial federalism."(9) Part II details the methods used in studying the Massachusetts court.(10) Part III explains why Massachusetts' history makes it a logical choice for this study,(11) Part IV discusses multiple models that attempt to explain, when taken as a whole, why state high courts rely on decisions from other state high courts and which state courts are examined when a state engages in horizontal federalism.(12) The cases that cited to Massachusetts cases are listed and the results of the study are contained in the Appendix.(13) I. HORIZONTAL FEDERALISM The term horizontal federalism is credited to a work written by Mary Cornelia Porter and George Alan Tarr in 1982.(14) While the term may be new, the use of decisions from sister states by state high courts is not.(15) The importance of horizontal federalism has become more clear recently, as more state courts have relied on sources other than federal precedent to resolve constitutional issues.(16) As Professor Teachout noted, "it]his sort of cross-fertilization has been a distinctive feature of the state constitutional law movement."(17) One strong indicator of its importance is that several state high courts have directed their state bar to look to decisions of other states when advocating constitutional issues before them(18) or have explicitly announced that they will consider sibling-state precedent in ruling on state constitutional issues.(19) Tarr and Porter have cited several explanations for horizontal federalism. …


Background: Obesity and diabetes are the major public health problems in developed as well as developing countries are associated with significant, potentially life-threatening co-morbidities. Insulin and leptin share a common central signaling pathway and there might be a possible role of leptin in the etiology of type 2 DM due to obesity. Moreover few studies have examined the apparent association between serum leptin and type 2 diabetes and those findings are not consonant, so it is useful to reevaluate leptin role in pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: An observational case control study was conducted on OPD patients of SRMS Institute of Medical Science, Bareilly. 40 diagnosed type 2 diabetic obese patients and 25 non diabetic obese subjects were selected and all the biochemical parameters (plasma glucose, leptin and lipid profile) were compared with 25 healthy controls. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 version.
Results: We found that serum leptin levels were significantly increased in obese subjects as well as in diabetic patients (p<0.0001) when compared to control group. Significant positive correlation was observed between leptin and BMI both in obese and diabetic obese group. But serum leptin level was not significantly different ('p'=0.44) in obese group with DM in comparison to obese group without type2 DM.
Conclusion: From our observation, it can be concluded that the increase in serum leptin level is associated with obesity but not responsible for the development of diabetes type 2 due to obesity, though more elaborate study with increased sample size may provide more insights.


Hoiles and Corney argue strongly in favour of the development of a code of ethical practice by youth workers for youth work. The article focuses on the need in Victoria, Australia, and is set within the context of Australian legislation that governs relationships with children and youth, and children's wellbeing. Their main arguments centre on the safety of clients, the safety and protection of youth workers, and the need to develop a platform of consensus for the professionalisation of youth work.


Emergent heterogeneous systems must be optimized for both power and performance at exascale. Massive parallelism combined with complex memory hierarchies form a barrier to efficient application and architecture design. These challenges are exacerbated with GPUs as parallelism increases orders of magnitude and power consumption can easily double. Models have been proposed to isolate power and performance bottlenecks and identify their root causes. However, no current models combine simplicity, accuracy, and support for emergent GPU architectures (e.g. NVIDIA Fermi). We combine hardware performance counter data with machine learning and advanced analytics to model power-performance efficiency for modern GPU-based systems. Our performance counter based approach is simpler than previous approaches and does not require detailed understanding of the underlying architecture. The resulting model is accurate for predicting power (within 2.1%) and performance (within 6.7%) for application kernels on modern GPUs. Our model can identify power-performance bottlenecks and their root causes for various complex computation and memory access patterns (e.g. global, shared, texture). We measure the accuracy of our power and performance models on a NVIDIA Fermi C2075 GPU for more than a dozen CUDA applications. We show our power model is more accurate and robust than the best available GPU power models - multiple linear regression models MLR and MLR+. We demonstrate how to use our models to identify power-performance bottlenecks and suggest optimization strategies for high-performance codes such as GEM, a biomolecular electrostatic analysis application. We verify our power-performance model is accurate on clusters of NVIDIA Fermi M2090s and useful for suggesting optimal runtime configurations on the Keeneland supercomputer at Georgia Tech.


To the Editor: I read with great interest the article by Clifton et al (1) regarding immunotherapy of warts with mumps or Candida antigen. Cassone et al (2) used the term "microbial biological response modifier" to describe the immune modulatory effects of infectious microbes such as Candida albicans . They reported that Candida mannoprotein fragment F2 (MP-F2) is one of the strongest attractants of neutrophils. MP-F2, a powerful immunomodulatory fraction from the cell wall of C. albicans , is an active inducer of interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α , IL-6, and IL-1 β production by human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and monocytes (2). Further, MacPhee et al (3) recovered CD4 + and CD8 +


A major goal over the last decade has been understanding which multidimensional effects are crucial in facilitating core-collapse supernova (CCSN) explosions. Unfortunately, much of this work has necessarily assumed axisymmetry. In this work, we present analyses of simplified two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) CCSN models with the goal of comparing the hydrodynamics in setups that differ only in dimension. Not surprisingly, we find many differences between 2D and 3D models. While some differences are subtle and perhaps not crucial, others are dramatic and make interpreting 2D models problematic. In particular, axisymmetric models produce excess power at the largest spatial scales, power that has been deemed critical in previous explosion models. Nevertheless, our 3D models, which have an order of magnitude less power than 2D models on large scales, explode earlier. Since explosions occur earlier in 3D than in 2D, the vigorous large-scale sloshing is either not critical in any dimension or the explosion mechanism operates differently in 2D and 3D. On the other hand, we find that the average parcel of matter in the gain region has been exposed to net heating for up to 30% longer in 3D than in 2D, an effect we attribute to the differing characters of turbulence in 2D and 3D. We suggest that this effect plays a prominent role in producing earlier explosions in 3D. Finally, we discuss a simple model for the runaway growth of buoyant bubbles that is able to quantitatively account for the growth of the shock radius and predicts a critical luminosity relation.


Abstract IMPROVERAIL is a European project launched on July 1 st , 2002. Besides several European academic institutes as well as consultants and stakeholders from the Railway industry, the project involves the Swiss Federal Railways, the Swiss Ministry of Transport, SMA-partners, Zurich, and EPFL, Lausanne. The general aim of IMPROVERAIL is to support the establishment of railway infrastructure management in accordance with Directive 91/440 and following, by developing the necessary tools for the modelling of railway infrastructure and access management. First of all, the paper briefly presents the main issues tackled by IMPROVERAIL, highlight-ing their relation to the railways infrastructure management. Then, the paper presents more in depth the work done within the first part of the work package 5 (WP5) of the project, encom-passing three particular topics: • Analysis and rough modelling of long-term infrastructure capacity evolution • Analysis and rough modelling for the assessment of long-term policies regarding in-frastructure maintenance and renewal • Functionality of computer-based decision support system to deal with the long-term dependence between renewal/maintenance and capacity The research results in the conceptualisation of a methodology dealing with the above-mentioned objectives, namely the simultaneous consideration of capacity needs (and invest-ments) and strategic maintenance and renewal policies. In particular, two computer-based tools have been developed. The first tool assesses the capacity of a railway network and esti-mates the value of the capacity, which is related (among other things) to the saturation rate. The second tool simulates long-term policies for railway infrastructure maintenance and re-newal.


The post main sequence expansion of a \(5 M_{\odot}\)-star is investigated by means of a simple composite configuration: a contracting He-core of Schoenberg-Chandrasekhar mass surrounded by an H-envelope of polytropic index \(n=3\). While the structure of the envelope is immediately obtained by solving the equations of hydrostatic equilibrium, the core requires some further simplification: if the actual non-local gravitational energy release due to contraction is replaced by its constant core-average, the equation of radiative energy transport may be easily integrated. Thus an explicit relation between pressure and temperature is obtained and the equations of hydrostatic equilibrium may be solved. Specifying \(M,M_{\mathrm{core}}\) and \(T_0\) (the temperature of the H-burning shell-source at the interface), a sequence of models follows with \(L_{\mathrm{core}}\), the gravitational energy released from the core per second, and hence with t , the contraction time, as the parameter. The resulting simple models show very rapid expansion, a consequence of the thermostatic action of the shell-source. Its fixed temperature prevents the shell-source from participating in the contraction of the core -thus causing the outer parts of the core and hence the adjoining envelope to decrease in density. Accordingly, the envelope must expand. This consequence of a fixed temperature \(T_0\) is clearly demonstrated by the distributions of the specific internal and gravitational energies. This characteristic behaviour is also found in stellar models obtained by elaborate numerical simulations.


Studying how the environment shapes current biodiversity patterns in species rich regions is a fundamental issue in biogeography, ecology, and conservation. However, in the Neotropics, the study of the forces driving species distribution and richness, is mostly based on vertebrates and plants. In this study, we used 54,392 georeferenced records for 46 species and 1,012 georeferenced records for 38 interspecific hybrids of the Neotropical Heliconius butterflies to investigate the role of the environment in shaping their distribution and richness, as well as their geographic patterns of phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism. We also evaluated whether niche similarity promotes hybridization in Heliconius. We found that these insects display five general distribution patterns mostly explained by precipitation and isothermality, and to a lesser extent, by altitude. Interestingly, altitude plays a major role as a predictor of species richness and phylogenetic diversity, while precipitation explains patterns of phylogenetic endemism. We did not find evidence supporting the role of the environment in facilitating hybridization because hybridizing species do not necessarily share the same climatic niche despite some of them having largely overlapping geographic distributions. Overall, we confirmed that, as in other organisms, high annual temperature, a constant supply of water, and spatio-topographic complexity are the main predictors of diversity in Heliconius. However, future studies at large scale need to investigate the effect of microclimate variables and ecological interactions.


Global synchronization is important for many sensor network applications that require precise mapping of collected sensor data with the time of the events, for example, in tracking and surveillance. It also plays an important role in energy conservation in MAC layer protocols. This paper describes four methods to achieve global synchronization in a sensor network: a node-based approach, a hierarchical cluster-based method, a diffusion-based method, and a fault-tolerant diffusion-based method. The diffusion-based protocol is fully localized. We present two implementations of the diffusion-based protocol for synchronous and asynchronous systems and prove its convergence. Finally, we show that, by imposing some constraints on the sensor network, global clock synchronization can be achieved in the presence of malicious nodes that exhibit Byzantine failures.


The democracies on both sides of the Atlantic are trying to balance the legitimate needs of the law enforcement and intelligence communities to access online transactional data with the basic rights of citizens to be free from state intrusions on their privacy. From the recent revelations of massive collection of telecommunications data by the US government to the disclosures of the UK tapping transatlantic telecommunications cables, and of the Swedish government's warrantless wiretap rules, national data surveillance seems to have few boundaries that the law has effectively protected. American law has generally focused on access restraints for government to obtain privately held information, ignored the collection and storage of data, and granted special privileges to national security actors. By contrast, Europe emphasizes rules related to the collection and retention of data and focuses less on due process obstacles for government access, while also giving government easier access for national security. In each system, the elusive linkage between retention and access, the privatization of state surveillance activity, and flawed oversight for national security create extensive transparency of citizen's data and undermine values of democracy including the presumption of innocence, the state's monopoly on law enforcement, and the zone of individual freedom. In effect, government data surveillance law in both Europe and the United States has reached a turning point for the future of information privacy online. Three proposals can help to secure privacy that is necessary to preserve democratic values: stricter retention limits must be combined with stronger access controls; government access to personal information must be logged and transparent to citizens; and government officials must be personally liable for over-reaching behavior.


MPLS-based recovery is intended to effect rapid and complete restoration of traffic affected by a fault in an MPLS network. Two MPLS-based recovery models have been proposed: IP re-routing which establishes recovery paths on demand, and protection switching which works with pre-established recovery paths. IP re-routing is robust and frugal since no resources are pre-committed but is inherently slower than protection switching which is intended to offer high reliability to premium services where fault recovery takes place at the 100 ms time scale. We present a model of protection switching in MPLS networks. A variant of the flow deviation method is used to find and capacitate a set of optimal label switched paths. The traffic is routed over a set of working LSPs. Global repair is implemented by reserving a set of pre-established recovery LSPs. An analytic model is used to evaluate the MPLS-based recovery mechanisms in response to bi-directional link failures. A simulation model is used to evaluate the MPLS recovery cycle in terms of the time needed to restore the traffic after a uni-directional link failure. The models are applied to evaluate the effectiveness of protection switching in networks consisting of between 20 and 100 nodes.


Projected impacts from future warming on grapevine phenology have been modelled for two important varieties across six representative wine-growing regions in Australia. Various regional warming projections are based on a range of future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and patterns of climate change from a suite of climate models. Results are compared and contrasted regionally and the sensitivity of grapevine phenology to different climate futures is assessed. Impacts on budburst vary from region to region. Cabernet Sauvignon budburst in Coonawarra is projected to occur earlier by four to eight days in the year 2030, and by six to 11 days in 2050. Season duration (from budburst to harvest) is compressed in all regions studied and harvest is earlier in most cases. Given the highest warming scenario, harvest could be 45 days earlier in Coonawarra by 2050. Some regions may be adversely affected by the chilling requirement not being met in future warmer climates. For example, in the Margaret River region budburst is projected to be later. An important finding of this analysis is that harvest is projected to occur both earlier in the year and in a warmer climate, i.e. a dual warming impact. Harvesting in warmer temperatures can negatively impact grape quality.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To test the feasibility of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for an insomnia (CBT-I) intervention in chronically bereaved hospice nurses.

DESIGN
Five-week descriptive correlational.

SETTING
Nonprofit hospice in central Texas.

SAMPLE
9 agency nurses providing direct patient and family care.

METHODS
Direct care nurses were invited to participate. Two intervention group sessions occurred at the hospice agency and included identification of dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs about sleep, stimulus control, sleep hygiene, and relaxation techniques to promote sleep. Measurements were taken at baseline and three and five weeks postintervention.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Sleep quality, depressive symptoms, and narrative reflections on the impact of sleep quality on self-care.

FINDINGS
Participants reported moderate-to-severe sleep disturbances and moderate depressive symptoms. The CBT-I intervention was well accepted by the participants, and on-site delivery increased participation.

CONCLUSIONS
Additional longitudinal study is needed to investigate the effectiveness of CBT-I interventions to improve self-care among hospice nurses who are at high risk for compassion fatigue and, subsequently, leaving hospice care.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Hospice nurses are exposed to chronic bereavement that can result in sleep disturbances, which can negatively affect every aspect of hospice nurses' lives. Cognitive-behavioral sleep interventions show promise in teaching hospice nurses how to care for themselves by getting quality sleep.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION
Identifying the risks for sleep disturbances and depressive symptoms in hospice nurses will allow for effective, individualized interventions to help promote health and well-being. If hospice nurses achieve quality sleep, they may remain in the profession without suffering from chronic bereavement, which can result in compassion fatigue. A CBT-I intervention delivered at the agency and in a group format was feasible and acceptable by study participants.


Fossils of the raccoon dog (genus Nyctereutes) are particularly rare in the African Plio-Pleistocene record, whilst the sole living representative, Nyctereutes procyonoides, is found in eastern Asia and parts of Europe. In southern Africa, only one fossil species of raccoon dog has been identified - Nyctereutes terblanchei. N. terblanchei is recognised from a handful of Plio-Pleistocene sites in South Africa: Kromdraai, Kromdraai-Coopers and Sterkfontein in Gauteng, as well as Elandsfontein in the Western Cape Province. The validity of this species identification was questioned on the basis of the rarity of southern African fossils assigned to Nyctereutes, that is, fewer than 10 specimens have been identified as Nyctereutes. This study examined this fossil sample of the raccoon dog from the Gauteng sites and compared dental and cranial metrics of the fossil with samples of modern canids and published data. Morphological traits used to distinguish Nyctereutes, such as the pronounced subangular lobe on the mandible and the relatively large size of the lower molars, were observed to be variable in all samples. Analysis showed that the size of the dentition of the southern African fossil samples was larger than that of living raccoon dogs, but fell well within the range of that of African jackals. These results suggest that fossil Nyctereutes cannot be distinguished from other canid species based on metric data alone, and may only be diagnosable using combinations of non-metric traits of the dentition and skull. However, based on the degree of morphological variability of the traits used to diagnose Nyctereutes, as well as the rarity of this genus in the African fossil record, these fossils are more likely to belong to a species of jackal or fox.


The effect of different combination of austenitization temperatures and tempering treatments on microstructure and impact toughness has been studied for the cold work tool steel -Uddeholm Caldie. This is a chromium, vanadium and molybdenum alloyed tool steel with approximately 0.7 wt.% C. It is used as a tool in industrial applications such as cutting, punching, shearing, forming, drawing and extrusion. A combination of high hardness and adequate toughness is required to withstand the common tool failure modesof chipping and cracking.Retained austenite content, hardness and prior austenite grain size were measured. The impact toughness was determined for un-notched impact test specimens. The microstructure and fracture surfaces of impact tested samples were characterized both macroscopically and microscopically. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Light Optical Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction measurements were used. Higher austenitization temperatures resulted in larger amounts of retained austenite and higher hardness. A higher austenitization temperature also caused coarsening of austenite grains and resulted in reduced toughness. Impact specimens austenitized and tempered at lower temperatures were found to have better toughness than those at high austenitization and tempering temperatures.


An open-source information system for high-throughput plant phenotyping enables large-scale image analysis for different species based on real-time imaging data obtained from different spectra. High-throughput phenotyping is emerging as an important technology to dissect phenotypic components in plants. Efficient image processing and feature extraction are prerequisites to quantify plant growth and performance based on phenotypic traits. Issues include data management, image analysis, and result visualization of large-scale phenotypic data sets. Here, we present Integrated Analysis Platform (IAP), an open-source framework for high-throughput plant phenotyping. IAP provides user-friendly interfaces, and its core functions are highly adaptable. Our system supports image data transfer from different acquisition environments and large-scale image analysis for different plant species based on real-time imaging data obtained from different spectra. Due to the huge amount of data to manage, we utilized a common data structure for efficient storage and organization of data for both input data and result data. We implemented a block-based method for automated image processing to extract a representative list of plant phenotypic traits. We also provide tools for build-in data plotting and result export. For validation of IAP, we performed an example experiment that contains 33 maize (Zea mays 'Fernandez') plants, which were grown for 9 weeks in an automated greenhouse with nondestructive imaging. Subsequently, the image data were subjected to automated analysis with the maize pipeline implemented in our system. We found that the computed digital volume and number of leaves correlate with our manually measured data in high accuracy up to 0.98 and 0.95, respectively. In summary, IAP provides a multiple set of functionalities for import/export, management, and automated analysis of high-throughput plant phenotyping data, and its analysis results are highly reliable.


As globalisation increases interdependence health becomes a subject of global governance, posing new challenges to the present global governance mechanisms. The authors explore two areas in which new mechanisms of global governance of health have emerged in the first decade of the 21st century: firstly, international assistance to finance healthcare and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria; and secondly, the Social Protection Floor which aims to ensure basic social guarantees for all. They argue that human rights can help to combine and strengthen these mechanisms, serving as a guide for a true partnership between people across borders, rather than merely a set of norms imposed upon states. Through a Framework Convention on Global Health, the Global Fund could become the cornerstone of a global social protection regime and act as an incentive for compliance with the Social Protection Floor.


This new history of the French language allows the reader to see how the language has evolved for themselves. It combines texts and extracts with a readable and detailed commentary allowing the language to be viewed both synchronically and diachronically. Core texts range from the ninth century to the present day highlight central features of the language, whilst a range of shorter texts illustrate particular points. The inclusion of non-literary, as well as literary texts serves to illustrate some of the many varieties of French whether in legal, scientific, epistolatory, administrative or liturgical or in more popular domains, including attempts to represent spoken usage. This is essential reading for the undergraduate student of French.


To investigate whether men and women respond differently to competition and whether this response depends on the gender mix of the group, the author examines outcomes of the Mellon Foundation's Graduate Education Initiative, a competitive fellowship program instituted in 1991 that was aimed at increasing graduation rates and decreasing time to degree. Men's performance, as measured by time to candidacy, increased 10% in response to the program, with the largest gains for men in departments with the highest proportions of female students. Women did not increase performance, on average, but the response of women did differ greatly depending on the gender mix of their peers, with a more positive response when a larger fraction of the group was female. These results suggest that when devising incentive schemes, policy-makers may need to be mindful of an inherent tradeoff between increasing aggregate outcomes through the use of competition and achieving gender equity.


Background: Periodontal regeneration is dependent on the uninterrupted adhesion, maturation and absorption of fibrin clots to a periodontally compromised root surface. The modification of the root surface with different agents has been used for better fibrin clot formation and blood cell attachment. It is known that Er:YAG laser application on dentin removes the smear layer succesfully. Aim: The aim of this study is to observe blood cell attachment and fibrin network formation following ER:YAG laser irradiation on periodontally compromised root surfaces in comparison to chemical root conditioning techniques in vitro. Materials and methods: 40 dentin blocks prepared from freshly extracted periodontally compromised hopeless teeth. Specimens were divided in 5 groups; those applied with PBS, EDTA, Citric acid and Er:YAG. They were further divided into two groups: those which had received these applications, and the control group. The specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscope and micrographs were taken. Smear layer and blood cell attachment scoring was performed. Results: In the Er:YAG laser applied group, smear layer were totally removed. In the blood applied specimens, better fibrin clot formation and blood cell attachment were observed in the Er:YAG group. In the group that had been applied with citric acid, the smear layer was also removed. The smear layer could not be fully removed in the EDTA group. Conclusion: Er:YAG laser application on the root dentin seems to form a suitable surface for fibrin clot formation and blood cell attachment. Further clinical studies to support these results are necessitated.


An automated oxygen microprofiler measured a positive flux of oxygen from microbial mats in ice‐covered Lake Hoare, Antarctica, from noon, at a photon flux of 20 µmol m−2 s−1, through to midnight (< 2 µmol photons m−2 s−1). Daily average oxygen flux was 200 µmol m−2 h−1; and, whereas it was maximal at noon, when a 10 mm broad concentration peak was observed 5 mm below the mat surface, flux correlated only weakly with irradiance. In contrast, relative electron transfer rate, estimated from variable chlorophyll fluorescence, suggested a linear relationship between photosystem activity and irradiance. This contradiction arose because of the conjunction of photosynthetic production of oxygen deep into these transparent, gelatinous mats (diel oxygen change was observed to 17 mm depth) and oxygen diffusion rates too slow to allow equilibration of oxygen concentration profiles with instantaneous production and consumption of oxygen. To confirm this, we developed a mathematical simulation of oxygen dynamics that included diffusion, photosynthesis, and respiration. The simulation further indicated that (1) net oxygen evolution is light limited is and confined to the upper few millimeters of the mat, (2) below 5–7 mm, respiration balanced photosynthesis, (3) below 17 mm, respiration and photosynthesis approached zero, even though organic carbon and dissolved oxygen were present, and (4) photosynthesis deep into the mat was dependent on high light transmission through the gelatinous matrix. These conclusions are consistent with current understanding of mat growth dynamics and point to approaches for long‐term analysis of microbial mat productivity.


Some five to seven years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, a whole culture of helping "Chernobyl children" grew in the regions most affected by the radioactive fallout, fuelled by the presence of several international charity bodies such as the Red Cross and national charities of some Western countries. For the generation of Belarusian children who travelled abroad via 'health trips', this activity was both a positive and a traumatic cross-cultural experience that contributed to the growth of the Chernobyl mythology and subculture. Based on personal memories of the author's five trips to Germany, France, and Italy, evidence given by her friends and relatives interviewed on their travels to Germany and Italy, as well as on the content analysis of online communities in the biggest Russian-speaking social network Vkontakte, the author argues that all aspects of living in the Chernobyl-affected area, which was subject to the special care of both domestic and foreign authorities(including the 'humanitarian aid' aspect), were (to varying extents) based on a Chernobyl mythology that played a big role in constructing the "Chernobyl zeitgeist" for the young inhabitants of the "zone". Keywords: mythologization of culture, social myths, Chernobyl disaster, Chernobyl children, social memory


This study presents experiments and computational simulations of single-layer passive micromixer designs. The proposed designs consist of chains of interlocking semicircles and omega-shaped mixing modules. The performance of the new designs is compared with the concentric spiral channel configuration. The micromixers are intended to be integrated into a lab on chip (LOC) micro-system that operates under continuous flow conditions. The purpose behind the multi-curvature in these designs is the introduction of Dean vortices in addition to molecular diffusion in order to enhance the mixing performance. The micromixers were fabricated in PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) and bonded to a glass substrate. A three-dimensional computational model of micromixers was carried out using Fluent ANSYS. In experiments, the mixing of a 1 g/L fluorescein isothiocyanate diluted in distilled water was observed and photographed using a charge-coupled device (CCD) microscopic camera. The obtained images were processed to determine the mixing intensity at different Reynolds numbers. The standard deviation (σ) of the fluorescence indicates the mixing completeness, which was calculated along the width of the channel at various locations downstream from the channel inlet. The value of σ = 0.5 indicates unmixed streams and 0 is for complete mixing. It is found that the two new designs have a standard deviation of nearly 0.05. Additionally, complete mixing was observed at the channel outlet as demonstrated by the fluorescence images and the numerical results. However, the location of complete mixing at different positions depends on the Reynolds number, which varies between 0.01 and 50. Good agreement was found between the experiment and the numerical results. A correlation to predict the length scale where complete mixing can be achieved is given in terms of the radius of curvature, the mixing module, and the Reynolds number.


This article argues that leadership has four basic dimensions. It begins as a critical engagement with Gary Yukl and Henry Mintzberg's theoretical models of leadership. Yukl argues that it is possible to identify three meta-categories in leadership research. This article basically agrees that a) task-oriented behaviour, b) relationsoriented behaviour, and c) visionary (information-based) change are essential dimensions of leadership. Nevertheless, both Yukl's and Mintzberg's models lack a robust ethical vision beyond organisational efficiency. Moreover, these models also overlook a possible fourth dimension of leadership, that of spirituality or liturgical leadership. Liturgical leadership may include prayer and worship, facilitation of Christian practices or sacraments and spiritual discernment. It may also serve as the integrating discipline that shapes change-, relations- and task-orientated leadership into a unified whole.


BioBizz World Wide Organics is a fertilizer company interested in doing a technical study in
reference to their current production facilities and methods. With this, the intention was to
find those points where simple and cheap improvements would lead to greater efficiency in
their processes.
For this project is possible to define the structure focused on three main blocks. The first part
is the research, followed by the specific case of BioBizz by mean describing the company and
studying the production process. The last block then is the improvements, their proposal,
definition, implementation and study.
Also the planning for the project it is show in the APPENDIX XIV: Project planning. This way is
easy to identify all the steps follow to reach the goals. Even the plan at the end, changed a
little bit; all the steps described there have been performed.
In order to define the points on which to work to improve, it was studied different
methodologies used in industrial production today, to emphasize Lean manufacturing, which
has been the main one followed in this project. Similarly, the project presents the relationship
between product and production through different research.
Thus, once it was understood the idea and relationship between product and production, the
document goes through each elements and factors according to product and production in
BioBizz. This means that in detail is described the different BioBizz products families, the
facilities and material and employees movements, currently used to produce the final product.
Also is described the different machines used in these facilities and the processes performed
inside all spaces.
Following this study, the project continues with the definition of the problem according to the
research carried out. In order to solve these problems, there is an improvements proposal,
part of this project that describe possible improvements as Lean philosophy recommends.
Following the proposal and once discussed the improvements, comes the definition of these.
Defined these improvements, which basically are focused on plant layout, order and machine
preparation, those are implemented in the factory and then their impact is studied.
The result of the improvements implemented is satisfactory. The organizers and tool boxes
help to maintain order and reduce employee's movements. The mobility of these elements
increases also the flexibility in the line.
The new sample production table allows manufacture 27 units more than the old one. Thanks
to its design, which keeps fixed the baskets with empty samples and caps, its legs, which have
adjustable height, makes produce samples more comfortably and ergonomically.
To finish the document, there have been mentioned different following steps in order to
improve further the production line. These steps also explain how to be undertaken.


INTRODUCTION Cattle production is a complex operation in that it involves the effects of the physical production environment, cattle, product offtake and the socio economic environment. The variability of these effects and the interplay among them creates the potential for many interactions within any climatic zone and across zones the potential for interactions is even greater. The production environment includes feed production (range, pasture and harvested feeds) as one crop and cattle production as another "crop" and, even though management of cattle production systems may be quite unsophisticated, these two "crops" must be simultaneously produced in balance. In addition to a balance between the two "crops", the demands for reproduction, increasing numbers, and production, increasing weight and finish of the cattle, must be balanced. The intended use of herd offtake, marketed and nonmarketed, the skills and objectives of the manager and other elements of the socio-economic environment, such as financial resources and land tenure, have real effects on the efficiency of breeding systems. The production constraints that usually prevail in the tropics tend to compound the problems of increasing efficiency of beef cattle production systems through breeding.


I will, from this day forward, apply myself to the Great Work-which is, to purify and exalt my Spiritual Nature so that with the Divine Aid I may at length attain to be more than human ... and that in this event I will not abuse the great power entrusted to me. --Weschcke, preface to The Golden Dawn This quotation comes from one of the central oaths taken by members of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The Golden Dawn, which we might define as inhabiting a gray area between quasi-Masonic order, cabbalistic cult, and bachelor's fraternity, experienced a surge of popularity following its inception in 1888 through the end of the 1920s. Claiming descent from older occult or cabbalistic orders (including the Rosicrucians), the Golden Dawn began attracting a membership made up of artists, intellectuals, and writers in Britain at the fin-de-siecle, including well-known figures like W. B. Yeats, Algernon Swinburne, and the infamous Aleister Crowley. The existence of the Golden Dawn, and its popularity among intellectuals, is symptomatic of a larger trend in the late nineteenth century. In this article, I aim to show how the larger societal desire for the irrational that was embedded in popular occult movements like the Golden Dawn was also explored in contemporary literature of the Gothic and the supernatural. Moreover, I will demonstrate that the yearning for irrationality displayed by occult groups like the Golden Dawn, and writers like Algernon Blackwood, Arthur Machen, and Robert Louis Stevenson, is an impulse marked by transgression and deviance that can only be described as queer. My use of the word "queer" in this context is perhaps unusual, though not unprecedented. In their recent, groundbreaking volume, Queering the Gothic, William Hughes and Andrew Smith push our understanding of the term "queer" as it relates to the Gothic beyond sexual and interpersonal transgression, focusing attention on the "elusive" queerness of the Gothic that can be "taken outside of the sexual connotations" of the term "queer" (2-3). Following this lead, I suggest using the word "queer" in relation to the Gothic in a triple sense, reflecting the usage of the word before the various meanings differentiated themselves: the occult, Gothic tales of this period are therefore simultaneously (1) peculiar, (2) eerie, and (3) sexually or physically transgressive. These texts are thus marked by queer happenings that engage in this triple definition of the word queer, through the trope of irrationality and the occult. Such a critical approach will thus help tease out the links between various cultural phenomena of the period (e.g., literature, religion, science) and show that the late Victorian and Edwardian era exemplify what Jasbir Puar has termed "queer times"--a period in which, after long repression, queer, transgressive ideologies become incorporated into heteronormative society; in this case through the figure of the occult explorer who attempts to exert mastery over the queer. Enlightened Irrationality As Eric Hobsbawm has argued, rapid scientific advances since the Enlightenment (alongside increasing intellectualization of the bourgeois classes), by the late nineteenth century appeared to have banished all that was deemed to be "supernatural and miraculous," including "the ancient forces of religion," from the central place they had once held, and replaced them with a more materialist understanding of the universe and of humanity's place in it (244). As David Punter and Glennis Byron summarize, the period was marked by "discoveries in the sciences" like evolution and geology that "only served to aggravate a sense of alienation and further disturb notions of human identity" (20). And yet concurrent with this trend towards the material, by the late nineteenth century an "array of mental and physical oddities," such as theosophism, hypnotism, clairvoyance, spiritualism, and other occult phenomena, "helped convince a significant number of Victorian intellectuals (and an even greater number of nameless artisans) that the Enlightenment philosophes had been much too hasty in dismissing the miracles and prodigies of old as fable and hearsay" (Melechi 4). …


Habitat loss due to human-induced factors is intensifying and is a critical threat to most endangered species. Grevy's zebra Equus grevyi is one of the most endangered mammals in the world. Human encroachment on its natural habitat and poaching are the greatest threats to this species' survival in the wild. Grevy's zebra only occur within a few isolated areas in Ethiopia and Kenya. Effective conservation interventions based on scientific information are needed to safeguard this species from extinction. Wildlife managers need to identify the extent of the remaining suitable habitat and achieve a better understanding of human and wildlife interactions if they are to facilitate appropriate conservation strategies. The present study employed the maximum entropy model (Maxent), a species distribution modeling approach, to determine the geographic extent of habitat and seasonal distribution of Grevy's zebra in the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve, Ethiopia, and to use this information to determine the optimum demarcation of conservation boundaries. Field surveys were conducted 4 times annually, twice during the wet season and twice during the dry season, for 2 yr. Field data and predictor variables were separated into 2 seasons, and models were generated for each season independently. Seasonal maximum temperatures, distance to human settlements and slope were the best predictors for both the dry and wet seasons. Evaluations of model performances were high, with AUC (area under the receiver operating curve) values of 0.96 and 0.97 for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Our results will be critical for modifying the existing boundaries of the Alledeghi Wildlife Reserve and directing conservation strategies for the Grevy's zebra.


The proposed Space Operations Learning Center (SOLC) Facebook module, initially code-named Spaceville, is intended to be an educational online game utilizing the latest social networking technology to reach a broad audience base and inspire young audiences to be interested in math, science, and engineering. Spaceville will be a Facebook application/ game with the goal of combining learning with a fun game and social environment. The mission of the game is to build a scientific outpost on the Moon or Mars and expand the colony. Game activities include collecting resources, trading resources, completing simple science experiments, and building architectures such as laboratories, habitats, greenhouses, machine shops, etc. The player is awarded with points and achievement levels. The player s ability increases as his/her points and levels increase. A player can interact with other players using multiplayer Facebook functionality. As a result, a player can discover unexpected treasures through scientific missions, engineering, and working with others. The player creates his/her own avatar with his/her selection of its unique appearance, and names the character. The player controls the avatar to perform activities such as collecting oxygen molecules or building a habitat. From observations of other successful social online games such as Farmville and Restaurant City, a common element of these games is having eye-catching and cartoonish characters, and interesting animations for all activities. This will create a fun, educational, and rewarding environment. The player needs to accumulate points in order to be awarded special items needed for advancing to higher levels. Trophies will be awarded to the player when certain goals are reached or tasks are completed. In order to acquire some special items needed for advancement in the game, the player will need to visit his/her neighboring towns to discover the items. This is the social aspect of the game that requires the player to go out of his/her own establishment to explore what is in the neighborhood. Spaceville will take advantage of Facebook s successful architecture to inspire a new audience of scientists and engineers for the future.


Turnell et al. report cell cycle-independent interaction between the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and the histone acetyltransferase transcriptional coactivators CBP and p300 (CBP/p300). This interaction was mediated by the APC5 and APC7 subunits, which have a domain similar to the viral protein EA1 N-terminal CR1 region that is known to interact with CBP/p300. APC5 and APC7 increased CBP/p300-mediated gene expression in two reporter assays. APC subunits (APC5 and APC7, as well as subunits that did not directly bind CBP/p300) were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation at two CBP/p300-regulated genes: p21CIP/WAF1 and cdc6. In vitro assays indicated that APC/C enhanced p300 acetyltransferase activity. RNAi-mediated inhibition of APC5 or APC7 decreased p53-mediated stimulation of p21CIP/WAF1 gene expression and protein abundance in response to ionizing radiation without decreasing the abundance of p53. In cells in which APC5 or APC7 was knocked down, acetylated histone 4 (H4) at the p21CIP/WAF1 and the cdc6 promoter was decreased, as was the acetylation of p300 itself. The abundance of CBP and p300 was increased in cells deficient for APC5 or APC7. Thus, APC/C appears both to control the abundance of CBP/p300 and to stimulate the acetyltransferase activity of the protein. Reciprocal regulation of APC/C was also noted, such that CBP and p300 immunoprecipitates exhibited ubiquitin ligase activity. Cells in which CBP was knocked down, but not those in which p300 was knocked down, exhibited decreased APC/C ubiquitin ligase activity, increased abundance of APC/C substrates, and accumulation of cells in mitosis. CBP and APC/C colocalized during mitosis. Thus, APC/C and CBP/p300 appear to directly regulate each other's enzymatic activity, allowing APC/C to contribute to cell cycle-independent gene regulation and CBP to contribute to cell cycle progression. A. S. Turnell, G. S. Stewart, R. J. A. Grand, S. M. Rookes, A. Martin, H. Yamano, S. J. Elledge, P. H. Gallimore, The APC/C and CBP/p300 cooperate to regulate transcription and cell cycle progression. Nature 438, 690-695 (2005). [PubMed]


We aim at finding the comorbidity patterns of substance abuse, mood and personality disorders using the diagnoses from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions database. To this end, we propose a novel Bayesian nonparametric latent feature model for categorical observations, based on the Indian buffet process, in which the latent variables can take values between 0 and 1. The proposed model has several interesting features for modeling psychiatric disorders. First, the latent features might be off, which allows distinguishing between the subjects who suffer a condition and those who do not. Second, the active latent features take positive values, which allows modeling the extent to which the patient has that condition. We also develop a new Markov chain Monte Carlo inference algorithm for our model that makes use of a nested expectation propagation procedure.


Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the most common cause of severe, irreversible, vision loss in elderly people. It is estimated that 20 to 25 million people suffer from ARMD worldwide, of which 8 million people experience blindness. The treatment options are few and usually not successful in restoring the vision back. The anti-oxidants prevent the damage to the macula by free radicals and are beneficial in retarding the progress of ARMD. They also prevent the onset of ARMD. Anti-oxidant supplements are indicated to prevent the onset and retard the progression of ARMD. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study found that the daily supplementation of vitamin C 500 mg, vitamin E 400 IU and beta carotene 15 mg, zinc 80 mg and copper 2 mg for five years significantly retarded the progression of ARMD. Based on the results of this high quality, double blinded study, the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that patients with intermediate and severe ARMD consider taking antioxidants plus zinc on a daily basis.


Implementing the goal of sustainable development has long been heralded as the means by which the needs of both present and future generations can be met. However, finding a long-term balance between economic, social and environmental interests, the basic tenet of sustainable development, has proved largely illusive in practice.

This book shows that while a number of legal frameworks to help promote the goal of sustainable development have been proposed at the international level they fail to fully capture the essence of sustainable development and international law's capacity to support its implementation. The book offers a critical analysis of past attempts to develop legal frameworks for promoting sustainable development at the international level, and advocates for a fresh approach based on lessons learnt from the law of international watercourses.

The book is divided into four sections. The first section includes an overview of the topic area and an understanding of international law. In section two the book explores the meaning of sustainable development and considers the term's relationship with international law. A detailed analysis of how the law of international watercourses seeks to reconcile competing economic, social and environmental interests is carried out in section three. The book concludes with a section advocating the need for a fresh approach to international law and sustainable development and offering the foundations for this approach based on lessons learnt from the law of international watercourses.

This title belongs to Water Law & Policy Series

ISBN: 9781843390756 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780402673 (eBook)


Sustainable Water Ecosystems Management in Europe examines the anthropogenic deterioration of water ecosystems, in particular in coastal areas. It proposes a new approach to enhance connectivity between research and policy-making. The book exploits the concept of integrated adaptive ecosystem management, by engaging scientists, policy makers and the public (the latter including both stakeholders and lay citizens/water users) in comparable case studies. Emphasis is given to the role of the public to enlarge the concept of organisational learning to the wider concept of social learning.

The EC 7th Research Framework Program funded project AWARE engaged a panel of randomly selected citizens living in three different coastal areas of Europe - in a pilot experience of knowledge brokerage with water scientists and decision makers focused on coastal waters quality. Results and lessons learned from the project are summarized in this volume, and recommendations are made for this pilot's replication and transferability to different coastal areas and sustainable water management tasks - and beyond to other sustainability research and policy issues. This book is a must-read for water managers and policy makers looking to effectively organize citizen and stakeholder participation in river basin and coastal water planning, as required by the EU Water Framework Directive.

Sustainable Water Ecosystems Management in Europe provides useful recommendations for organising effective participation of citizens in the science and policy dialogue, promoting a collective awareness of the plans and actions needed to protect the water environment and ensure sustainable use of water resources.

This title belongs to European Water Research Series .

ISBN: 9781780401140 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780401157 (eBook)


I investigate the nature of accentual faithfulness constraints and their rankings relative to markedness constraints, starting from an analysis of stress in 23 Pama-Nyungan (PN) and neighboring Australian aboriginal languages (e.g. Pintupi, Diyari, Warlpiri). In many of these systems, unsuffixed forms are stressed identically, but suffixed forms differ according to the type of paradigmatic uniformity effect observed. The proposed account differs from prior work (e.g. Crowhurst 1994, Kager 1997, Kenstowicz 1998) as it does not appeal to feet and uses directional base-derivative (BD) identity constraints (Benua 1997) to model cyclic effects.  Predictions of the constraint set are explored through a factorial typology. To constrain the typology's predictions, I introduce the visibility hypothesis: constraints backed by positive evidence from frequent forms dominate constraints that lack such evidence. Integrating the visibility hypothesis into the factorial typology results in accurately restrictive predictions for the typology of stress-morphology interactions.


We have studied the onset of secretory responsiveness to cholecystokinin (CCK) during development of the rat exocrine pancreas. Although acinar cells of the fetal pancreas (1 d before birth) are filled with zymogen granules containing the secretory protein, alpha- amylase, the rate of amylase secretion from pancreatic lobules incubated in vitro was not increased in response to CCK. In contrast, the rate of CCK-stimulated amylase discharge from the neonatal pancreas (1 d after birth) was increased four- to eightfold above that of the fetal gland. The postnatal amplification of secretory responsiveness was not associated with an increase in the number or cell surface expression of 125I-CCK binding sites. When 125I-CCK-33 binding proteins were analyzed by affinity crosslinking, two proteins of Mr 210,000 and 100,000-160,000 were labeled specifically in both fetal and neonatal pancreas. To determine if cell surface receptors for CCK in the fetal pancreas are functional and able to generate a rise in the cytosolic [Ca++], we measured 45Ca++ efflux from tracer-loaded lobules. 45Ca++ efflux from both fetal and neonatal pancreas was comparably increased by CCK, indicating CCK-induced Ca++ mobilization and elevated cytosolic [Ca++]. The Ca++ ionophore A23187 also stimulated the rate of 45Ca++ extrusion from pancreas of both ages. Increased amylase secretion occurred concurrently with A23187-stimulated 45Ca++ efflux in neonatal pancreas, but not in the fetal gland. A23187 in combination with dibutyryl cAMP potentiated amylase release from the neonatal gland, but not from fetal pancreas. Similarly, the protein kinase C activator, phorbol dibutyrate, did not increase the rate of secretion from the fetal gland when added alone or in combination with A23187 or CCK. We suggest that CCK-receptor interaction in the fetal pancreas triggers intracellular Ca++ mobilization. However, one or more signal transduction events distal to Ca++ mobilization have not yet matured. The onset of secretory response to CCK that occurs postnatally may depend on amplification of these transduction events.


The IMF uses its well-known "financial programming" model to derive monetary and fiscal programs to achieve desired macroeconomic targets in countries undergoing crises or receiving debt relief. This paper considers under what conditions financial programming would work best, and then tests those conditions in the data. The key restrictions of financial programming are assumptions about exogeneity of some components of identities with respect to others, and the assumption of stable and "reasonable" parameters for some very simple behavioral relationships. In at least the literal applications of the framework, financial programming does not do well in forecasting the target variables, even when some components of the identity are known with certainty.


A priori, locking seems easy: To protect shared data from concurrent accesses, it is sufficient to lock before accessing the data and unlock after. Nevertheless, making locking efficient requires fine-tuning (a) the granularity of locks and (b) the locking strategy for each lock and possibly each workload. As a result, locking can become very complicated to design and debug. We present GLS, a middleware that makes lock-based programming simple and effective. GLS offers the classic lock-unlock interface of locks. However, in contrast to classic lock libraries, GLS does not require any effort from the programmer for allocating and initializing locks, nor for selecting the appropriate locking strategy. With GLS, all these intricacies of locking are hidden from the programmer. GLS is based on GLK, a generic lock algorithm that dynamically adapts to the contention level on the lock object. GLK is able to deliver the best performance among simple spinlocks, scalable queue-based locks, and blocking locks. Furthermore, GLS offers several debugging options for easily detecting various lock-related issues, such as deadlocks. We evaluate GLS and GLK on two modern hardware platforms, using several software systems (i.e., HamsterDB, Kyoto Cabinet, Memcached, MySQL, SQLite) and show how GLK improves their performance by 23% on average, compared to their default locking strategies. We illustrate the simplicity of using GLS and its debugging facilities by rewriting the synchronization code for Memcached and detecting two potential correctness issues.


One promising approach for scalable quantum computing is to use an alloptical architecture, in which the qubits are represented by photons and manipulated by mirrors and beam splitters. So far, researchers have demonstrated this method, called Linear Optical Quantum Computing, on a very small scale by performing operations using just a few photons. In an attempt to scale up this method to larger numbers of photons, researchers in a new study have developed a way to fully integrate single-photon sources inside optical circuits, creating integrated quantum circuits that may allow for scalable optical quantum computation. [12]


Paleontological museums should adopt a code of ethics in order to carry out restorations and to set-up exhibits without any falsification. Indeed, alterations can often be voluntary because an exhibit needs to be 'beautiful', 'realistic' or 'charming' for the public. Therefore, the reconstructed parts are painted and then 'soiled' artfully to look more realistic. An incomplete skeleton might be completed by reconstructing the missing bones, or by adding casts of other bones. Sometimes skeletons are 'created', by assembling together bones from several specimens of the same species. Therefore, the museum staff should also inform visitors if a specimen has undergone such tampering, because otherwise each visitor is convinced that they have seen a 'true' fossil. So all museum staff should be trained not only in the techniques of museums, but also in the ethics of restoration and installation.


The value of the social sciences is increasingly recognised in health services and clinical research, contributing to an increasing number of multi-disciplinary, multi-method studies. Such studies offer numerous advantages, but also pose particular challenges, including different approaches to or foci in research ethics across disciplines. Drawing on two similar studies conducted in coastal Kenya and in rural South Africa, we share the ethical challenges we faced in relation to several key principles, the responses we adopted, and the new dilemmas that resulted from our actions. Given that multi-disciplinary, multi-method studies are often reviewed by committees with greater familiarity with biomedical than social science research, we conclude by drawing on our experiences, and the wider literature and guidelines around conducting social science research, to make suggestions of additional considerations for social science elements of multi-disciplinary research. We also emphasise that in practice it is the social relationships that are established between researchers and field-teams, and between field-teams and community members, that are critical to fulfilling the moral (as opposed to the legal) aspects of ethics guidelines. These essential elements of ethical practice, and of producing quality data, are not easily tested and checked by ethics committees. Rather they are linked to the insight and integrity of the principle investigators and their research teams. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Thirty years ago in the Spring 1982 issue, The Journal of the American Forensic Association (now Argumentation and Advocacy), published a "Review Symposium on Argument Fields." The special issue, which was edited by Charles Arthur Willard, included essays by a number of leading scholars in argumentation including: David Zarefsky, Joseph Wenzel, Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar (one of the first journal essays by a brand new assistant professor who had yet to complete his Ph.D.), Robert Rowland, and an essay by G. Thomas Goodnight, which at first glance seemed to be out of place. Unlike the others, Goodnight's essay focused on "spheres," not "fields," of argument. Thirty years later field theory is no longer a core topic of debate within argumentation studies, but the situation is very different in relation to spheres of argument. The study of the public, personal, and technical spheres of argument that Goodnight inaugurated with his groundbreaking essay remains vibrant today. It is not too strong to say that all of the many scholars, using a variety of approaches, who study public controversies of various kinds owe a debt to Goodnight for foregrounding not only the role of argument in public deliberation, but the way that other spheres overlap with and influence the public sphere. The present special issue pays tribute to the enormous influence of Goodnight's work on spheres of argument and research traditions that emerged out of that focus. Perhaps one of the most important virtues of the issue is that it reprints Goodnight's original essay that helped create the research tradition. In addition to this foundational work, the issue includes David Zarefsky's thoughtful consideration of the argument tradition in which Goodnight was working and of the influence of the spheres concept. The issue also includes three case studies that usefully extend Goodnight's work. Edward Schiappa considers the interaction of the public and technical spheres in the legal and political debate about Proposition 8 in California, which overturned same-sex marriage. He uses the case study to inform the debate about the boundaries between, and proper relationship among, the three spheres of argument. Nicholas S. Paliewicz focuses on the interaction of the public and technical spheres in the debate about global warming. His essay makes the important point that, for the public, sphere to function properly in relation to highly technical issues like global warming, there is a need for representatives of the public sphere to apply precise standards drawn from the technical sphere in assessing scientific issues that relate to questions for public deliberation. Rachel Avon Whidden considers two case studies relating to vaccination in order to further reveal the complex interactions among the three spheres. She notes both that in some cases there may be a danger that application of personal sphere evaluation standards to technical issues may lead to inappropriate health decisions and also that large corporations may attempt to "colonize" the personal sphere when large profits are at stake. Finally, G. Thomas Goodnight himself concludes the discussion with a thoughtful reflection on the development of research about the spheres concept and a consideration about possible ways to extend such research in the future. It is fair to say that thirty years later Goodnight remains a provocative theorist. WHY THE SPHERES DEBATE MATTERS In his essay, David Zarefsky makes the point that, of all the essays in the 1982 special issue on argument fields, the one that continues to strongly influence argumentation theorists to this day is Goodnight's essay. What is the source of this influence? It seems to me that there are several reasons for this state of affairs. The first is that Goodnight focused the attention of argumentation on the work that argument does or should do in public life. Implicitly, democracy itself is built around the presumption that societal problems can be solved and conflicts overcome if the public, their representatives, and other stakeholders argue strongly about the particular issue and then use the resources of argument to resolve any conflict or issue. …


The Department of Energy is responsible, in terms of Federal Legislation, for remedial action work at 24 inactive uranium mill tailings piles in ten states. This paper describes the setting and the conceptual design of the remedial works proposed for the Ambrosia Lake pile in New Mexico. The remedial action will involve reshaping the tailings pile by filling in a depression and providing a top profile from which precipitation will drain. A radon barrier of compacted clay will be placed over the pile to control radon emanation. Durable rock and graded filters are placed over the pile to protect the radon barrier and tailings from erosion by extreme precipitation. Large swales around the pile will divert water from the upland watershed. The remedial works are an exercise in protecting the environment and the public for a long design life: up to 100 years.


After manufacture and before retail, ice hockey helmets must pass safety standard tests based primarily on multiple impacts at several global sites to receive certification. Unknown is the effective "shelf life" of these products; that is, do material and construction properties deteriorate with aging to a point below the impact criteria for certification? To address this question, a prospective 6 year study has been completed to investigate the effects of aging on hockey helmet impact attenuation. A longitudinal study (2001–2007) was performed on five models of ice hockey helmet to investigate the effects of aging on these helmets' impact attenuation characteristics. Helmets were tested on the date of manufacture and years two and six (Y0, Y2, and Y6). The five brands (Nike-Bauer-3000, Nike-Bauer-4000, Nike-Bauer-5000, CCM-HT500, and Jofa-690) were evaluated according to ASTM 1045-99 protocol, impacting four sites: the crown, front, rear, and side. All helmets were stored at ambient temperatures 20±4°C and relative humidity between 10 and 50%. Helmets in Y2 and Y6 did not have prior impacts before testing. Peak acceleration (PA, g) and severity index (SI) were calculated for third impacts and compared between years. In general, PA and SI measures remained within safety criteria levels for all helmets and sites during all testing intervals (that is, all met certification standards). Though some specific helmet/site differences were noted, no substantial change in impact attenuation was observed. Visual inspection of helmets postimpact showed no conspicuous damage to liner or shell, though in several instances the binding glue had disintegrated allowing liners to shift or fall away from the shell. From these results, contemporary ice hockey helmets retain their robust impact attenuation characteristics even after several years of storage, though adhesive embrittlement needs to be addressed. Further testing should evaluate the viability of used helmets in a similar prospective manner to ensure safe helmet function.


When the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Roper v. Simmons, a longstanding debate about comparative analysis in constitutional cases came to national prominence. In Roper the Court relied in part on comparative precedent in ruling that the execution of juvenile offenders violates the Eighth Amendment's proscription against cruel and unusual punishment. This look beyond our borders earned the Supreme Court both accolades and scathing criticism. This article comprehensively evaluates the place of comparative analysis in our constitutional jurisprudence. It discusses and adds to the arguments in support of comparative constitutional advocacy offered by several leading scholars, and responds to arguments against the practice, including many that figured in the confirmation hearings for Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito. The article identifies several catalysts that have driven comparative constitutionalism to the fore, including the exponential growth of foreign constitutional precedent, the similarity of constitutional issues worldwide, shared analytic methods among jurists, and increased availability of foreign materials. Also supporting the appropriateness of comparative analysis are increasing globalization, international judicial interaction, constitutional convergence, and the growing sophistication of foreign constitutional courts. Countering these factors are the U.S. Supreme Court's tradition of separateness, a longstanding view of our own constitutional uniqueness, America's head start in constitutionalism, and the persistence of insularity and exceptionalism in American legal education. Comparative analysis is only worthwhile if it confers unique benefits not available from domestic law that justify the added challenges of identifying and contextualizing foreign constitutional law. On the benefits side of this formula are satisfaction of constitutional curiosity, shared institutional responsibility among jurists, and increased opportunities for constitutional dialogue. Further, by looking to decisions of foreign courts, U.S. jurists can identify rules that work elsewhere and consider their application here, as well as reject rules that have either proven detrimental elsewhere or clearly would do so here. Considering the opinions of foreign courts also exposes U.S. jurists to ideas uninfluenced by American political landscape, gives jurists the opportunity to return to first principles, and allows them opportunities for judicial cross-fertilization. The article evaluates and rejects claims against comparative constitutional analysis that stem from conceptualization of the US Constitution as a social contract, reliance on original intention, or assertions that reliance on foreign precedent unconstitutionally delegates decision making and interferes with separation of powers. The article accepts some limits on use of foreign precedent based on American exceptionalism but argues that these concerns go to the weight of foreign precedent, not its admissibility. The main challenges inherent in comparative constitutional advocacy, however, stem primarily from U.S. lawyers' and judges' lack of expertise with foreign materials. Many advocates and jurists are not sufficiently familiar with foreign jurisdictions to ensure that materials selected are sufficiently similar and relevant to the case at hand. Adding to the challenge are obvious language and access barriers. Despite these challenges, comparative constitutional advocacy is worth the candle, although the article argues for several significant changes in legal education to give American lawyers more skill in using foreign materials. The exercise of looking beyond our borders for insight into constitutional issues should begin in law school and become a norm in constitutional advocacy.


In this article the author draws attention to misunderstandings surrounding court interpreting. Various facets are highlighted to demonstrate their distinct nature in spite of considerable complexity. Starting with an explanation of how this designation was adopted within the framework the European Union, the article draws a comparison between the task of interpreters at international courts and tribunals and interpreters at national courts. The obvious parallels relate to the type of discourse in court and the professional code of ethics. In the light of the challenges this implies there is an urgent need to adapt interpreter training accordingly, especially in the case of languages of lesser diffusion. In line with the tradition of the Nuremberg Trials, international courts employ experienced interpreters as a matter of course, or if the need arises they will organise in-house training in order to reach the equivalent standard. The article proposes a curriculum of further education, including languages of lesser diffusion, taking into account the challenges of interpreting at national courts.Court interpreting covers a wide area of law and must be considered in terms of human rights and the defence of basic freedoms.


This treatment of "Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Solids" begins with a phenomenological description of the transport of some unspecified entity. It is assumed that the transport is caused by mechanical stresses or temperature fields. This hypothesis is based upon just a few well-established methods such as, for instance, the Zener theory of diffusion and the Inglis equation for stress enhancementof. Using these assumptions, it is possible to deduce formulae for a theoretically based description of several phenomena without referring to any specific process or entity.These theoretical results then provide the tools for performing methodologically better scientific work and for a better analysis of data in the practical application of materials. By publishing this work, the author hopes improve technical safety in transportation and other fields of practical materials application. Another goal is to stimulate the scientific investigation of a wider range of substances in order to analyze more extensively the elementary processes which produce observed phenomena.Because the intended readership of this work is not limited to scientists, the author has deliberately avoided the use of tensor calculus in the deduction of the formula. This is altogether a groundbreaking essay which will repay careful study.


The first National Mortality Followback Survey in 18 years was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics on a national probability sample of adult deaths in the United States in 1986. Data were collected on (a) socioeconomic differentials in mortality, (b) prevention of premature death by inquiring into the association of risk factors and cause of death, (c) health care services provided in the last year of life, and (d) the reliability of certain items reported on the death certificate. In addition to demographic characteristics of the decedent available from the death certificate and the questionnaire, information was secured on cigarette smoking practices, alcohol use, food consumption patterns, use of hospital, nursing home, and hospice care, sources of payment for care, duration of disability, and assistance with activities of daily living. A rich body of data was collected for analysis. In a large pretest, response was received from 87.3 percent of the next of kin of the decedents. The pretest included several methodologic studies to increase the level and quality of response in the main survey. Response rates were compared for data collection by mail, telephone, and personal interview. A test of certified mail and first class mail was conducted. Response to two forms of different lengths was compared. An experiment was also conducted on the effect of inclusion of boxes for a "don't know" response. A public use data tape is available from the National Center for Health Statistics.


In the Grundrisse, Marx argued that the circulation of productive capital was "a process of transformation, a qualitative process of value". As capitalists sought to overcome the barriers to this transformatory process, they worked to revolutionise both the means of production via organisational and technological change, and circulation time via transportation and communication changes. Reducing friction in the production and circulation of capital is critical to the extraction of surplus value, and Marx argued that in this transformation "Capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier [and]… the annihilation of space by time - becomes an extraordinary necessity for it." Higher education is increasingly a space which is being recalibrated so as to increase the mobility or fluidity of intellectual production and circulation. Thus, technology, technical services and techniques are deployed to collapse the interfaces between space and time, and to subsume academic labour inside processes for valorisation. However, this collapse also reveals the stresses and strains of antagonisms, as the friction of neoliberal higher education reform deforms existing cultures and histories. Through such a deformation, it also reminds us of alternative historical and material re-imaginings and alternatives like the Chilean CyberSyn project, the Ecuadorian National Plan for Good Living, the Hornsey Experiment, and so on. This presentation argues that inside the University, the deployment of technologies, technical services and techniques enables education and academic labour to be co-opted for value-production. As a result, academics and students are defined as entrepreneurial subjects with limited power-to produce a world beyond value. A question is the extent to which pedagogical and transitional alternatives might be described, and whether in the process it is possible to uncover ways in which education might be used for co-operation rather than competition, as a form of resistance. Acknowledgement: This podcast is an audio recording of a talk Richard Hall gave in the Communication and Media Research Institute's (CAMRI) Seminar Series at the University of Westminster on March 25, 2015.


Mongolian Stress, Licensing, and Factorial Typology* Rachel Walker University of California, Santa Cruz June 1997 This paper examines the analysis and typology of prominence-based stress systems, which do not call on binary rhythms but depend solely on factors such as syllable weight or sonority, peripherality, and nonfinality in locating stress (Prince 1983, 1990; Prince & Smolensky 1993). Four prominence-driven constraints are defined which position stress independent of foot structure. Pursuing the optimality-theoretic hypothesis that typology derives from factorial constraint ranking, it is established that reranking accurately captures attested variation, and further, that the range of prominence-driven patterns is richer than previous conceptions, including variation in nonfinality effects. Two important empirical and theoretical findings are presented. First, new data from East Mongolian dialects are introduced, correcting a misinterpretation of the Khalkha stress pattern and illuminating the analysis with a case uniquely employing all four prominence-driven constraints. Second, opposite-edge default is argued to be a categorical licensing effect, informed by the typological result that nonfinality only fails to cooccur with opposite-side systems when the default is to the right. This finds new evidence for Zoll's (1996) licensing account of conflicting directionality and offers an argument against alternative foot-based analyses.


The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) needs consideration of both clinical and biological aspects such as auxological data, GH provocative tests and active metabolites of GH including IGF-I and IGFBP-3. In children with GHD, recombinant human GH (rhGH) replacement therapy has been used worldwide with minimal serious side effects. This study aimed to report the results of an investigations for GHD, to describe the growth responses to rhGH in deficient children compared to those without GH deficiency, to evaluate the relationship between clinical and biochemical responses, and to describe the experience of diagnosis and treatment with rhGH at Hamad General Hospital, the main hospital in Qatar where most short children are referred for further investigation. The clinical records of 116 short children were reviewed retrospectively. Forty-six failed the clonidine test and 42 of these also failed the glucagon test and were confirmed with GHD. These and 16 children without GDH were treated with rhGH (25 gg/kg/ day) and were evaluated in terms of growth response, HtSDS, changes of IGF-I concentration and the relationship between these parameters. Treatment with GH of short children with GHD does produce a satisfactory growth response but the HtSDS gain was significantly higher in those with GHD compared to children without GHD. Measurement of IGF-I was found not to be a useful diagnostic test in GHD.


Societal importance of the social studies fields is the key to what makes the development of social studies curriculum political. State standardized curricula adopted in the 1990s gave freedom to individual states to create their own standards on what information they were requiring their students to learn. The standards we require students to know inherently molds their political philosophy throughout schooling. By focusing attention on two separate cases, Texas and Michigan, inherent differences in the creation process of these standards are highlighted to show how the differences in the creation process have an effect on the standards document. This thesis explores factors such as how the choice of board members, effect of interest groups and the type of revision process all effect how politicized state social studies standards can be. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Political Science First Advisor Jeffrey L. Bernstein Second Advisor Edward Sidlow


Digital labor markets are rapidly expanding and connecting companies and contractors on a global basis. We review the environment in which these markets take root, the micro- and macro-level studies of their operations, their ongoing evolution and recent trends, and perspectives for undertaking research with micro-data from these labor platforms. We undertake new empirical analyses of Upwork data regarding 1) the alignment of micro- and macro-level approaches to disproportionate ethnic-connected exchanges on digital platforms, 2) gravity model analyses of global outsourcing contract flows and their determinants for digital labor markets, and 3) quantification of own- and cross-country elasticities for contract work by wage rate. Digital labor markets are an exciting frontier for global talent flows and growing rapidly in importance.


Although the term complaining represents an ostensibly straightforward behaviour, it has come to obtain a range of meanings within academic and commercial works which have directed research toward understanding the behaviour and attempting to improve the way that it is undertaken, particularly in commercial environments where complaint handling constitutes an important field of commercial practice for many firms. It is proposed in this thesis that such variation in the way that complaining is approached is problematic, as it is treated ways that frequently underemphasise the fundamental point that it is overwhelmingly conducted in interpersonal interactions using language as its primary vehicle (Edwards, 2005). This thesis offers an approach to complaint handling and complaining that eschews such approaches in favour of an empirically grounded account based on the principles of ethnographic analysis, conversation analysis, and discursive psychology. Through investigating the complaint handling procedures as practiced by employees in an institution expressly dedicated to the receipt of complaints and enquiries from customers by employing participant observation and interviews, an account of complaint handling is developed that identifies how a range of forces works to impact on the way that it is performed in an institutional environment, furnishing complaint handling with a level of detail not currently offered in managerial literature dedicated to developing the practice. Next, two research chapters present the investigation of two different aspects of complaint interactions themselves. The first of these focuses on call openings as customers and institutional agents work to align themselves to the project of the call, demonstrating varying orientations to institutional complaining as callers demonstrate their own procedures for complaining (and enquiring) which may not match the institutional prerogatives and procedures of the agents receiving the calls. The final research chapter offers an analysis of a recurrent practice in the complaint calls themselves: callers' use of self-disclosure in the service of rendering matters as problematic and warranting complaint. This finding adds to existing discursive understandings of how complaining is done. Taken together the findings offer an alternative approach to investigating complaint handling by treating it as an indexical practice bound to local demands. This offers a detailed depiction of complaint handling and complaining 'in situ' that may offer researchers and commercial entities a new approach to investigating how it is that complaining is done and how, in commercial or institutional contexts, complaint handling may be improved through the methods employed in the thesis.


We have used Process Compensated Resonant Testing (PCRT) for studying structural integrity and functional performance of ceramic balls used in various auxiliary power units (APUs), propulsion engines, and defense and space missiles. The results show that PCRT is successful in sorting acceptable parts from parts with defects such as micro‐structural changes, C‐cracks, and scuffs. However, PCRT suffers from limitations, generally not determining the type, size or location of the anomaly. The pursuit of improvements to PCRT is an on‐going process.


Deep clustering is a recently introduced deep learning architecture that uses discriminatively trained embeddings as the basis for clustering. It was recently applied to spectrogram segmentation, resulting in impressive results on speaker-independent multi-speaker separation. In this paper we extend the baseline system with an end-to-end signal approximation objective that greatly improves performance on a challenging speech separation. We first significantly improve upon the baseline system performance by incorporating better regularization, larger temporal context, and a deeper architecture, culminating in an overall improvement in signal to distortion ratio (SDR) of 10.3 dB compared to the baseline of 6.0 dB for two-speaker separation, as well as a 7.1 dB SDR improvement for three-speaker separation. We then extend the model to incorporate an enhancement layer to refine the signal estimates, and perform end-to-end training through both the clustering and enhancement stages to maximize signal fidelity. We evaluate the results using automatic speech recognition. The new signal approximation objective, combined with end-to-end training, produces unprecedented performance, reducing the word error rate (WER) from 89.1% down to 30.8%. This represents a major advancement towards solving the cocktail party problem.


Nowadays, multi-view clustering has attracted more and more attention. To date, almost all the previous studies assume that views are complete. However, in reality, it is often the case that each view may contain some missing instances. Such incompleteness makes it impossible to directly use traditional multi-view clustering methods. In this paper, we propose a Doubly Aligned Incomplete Multi-view Clustering algorithm (DAIMC) based on weighted semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (semi-NMF). Specifically, on the one hand, DAIMC utilizes the given instance alignment information to learn a common latent feature matrix for all the views. On the other hand, DAIMC establishes a consensus basis matrix with the help of  L2,1-Norm regularized regression for reducing the influence of missing instances. Consequently, compared with existing methods, besides inheriting the strength of semi-NMF with ability to handle negative entries, DAIMC has two unique advantages: 1) solving the incomplete view problem by introducing a respective weight matrix for each view, making it able to easily adapt to the case with more than two views; 2) reducing the influence of view incompleteness on clustering by enforcing the basis matrices of individual views being aligned with the help of regression. Experiments on four real-world datasets demonstrate its advantages.


This paper is a study of Song dynasty panche tu (paintings of traveling bullock carts), a unique genre combining elements of jiehua (paintings requiring the aid of measuring tools), landscape, and genre art. As early as the Five Dynasties, bullock carts were represented in paintings showcasing water mills to celebrate technology and its contribution to agricultural prosperity. In the Song period, the realistic representation of bullock carts meandering along the mountain paths of northern landscapes became a distinctive genre. This paper examines the forces contributing to this transformation: a dominant interest in landscape painting and realism, and the grain contribution required of commoners for the defense of the northern frontier.


The use of gateway proxies is one important approach to facilitating adaptation across wireless and mobile environments. Importantly, augmented service entities deployed within the gateway proxy residing on the wired network can be composed and deployed to shield mobile clients from the effects of poor network characteristics. The usual approach to the static composition of service entities on the gateway proxy is to have these service entities interact with each other by explicitly invoking procedures on the named interface, but such a tight coupling of interfaces inhibits the flexible composition and adaptation of the service entities to the dynamic operating characteristics of wireless networks. In this paper, we present a mobile gateway for the active deployment of transport entities or, for short, MobiGATE (pronounced Mobi-Gate). MobiGATE is a mobile middleware framework that supports the robust and flexible composition of transport entities, known as streamlets. The flow of data traffic is subjected to processing by a chain of streamlets. Each streamlet encapsulates a service entity that adapts the flow of traffic across the wireless network. To facilitate the dynamic reconfiguration of the streamlets, we advocate applying the concept of coordination as the unifying approach to composing these transport service entities. Importantly, MobiGATE delineates a clear separation of interdependent parts from the service-specific computational codes of those service entities. It does this by using a separate coordination language, called MobiGATE coordination language (MCL), to describe the coordination among streamlet service entities. The complete design, implementation, and evaluation of the MobiGATE system are presented in this paper. Initial experimental results validate the flexibility of the coordination approach in promoting separation-of-concern in the reconfiguration of services, while achieving low computation and delay overheads.


This research examines the ways in which migrant workers are represented in mainstream Canadian news print press. In particular, representations of domestic workers and farm workers are the focus of analysis. This analysis is helpful in revealing the extent to which Canadian nation-state interests, including neo-liberalism and nationalist multicultural sentiment, are articulated within the discourses of the mainstream newsprint media. Emphasized is how neo-liberalism operates within a nation-state where the dominant discourse of multiculturalism is predominant. Overall this research demonstrates that the acceptance of migrant workers is conditional. This type of acceptance is characterized by their limited existence as economic participants in the Canadian economy, and their especially oppressed experiences as social and political participants. Overall this research demonstrates that within the mass media, as one component in the larger discourses of neo-liberal capitalism and multicultural tolerance, the subjectivity and agency of migrant workers goes hugely unrecognized.


Liberal peacebuilding is the prominent and popular framework employed by intergovernmental organisations and many international non-government organisations in conflict management and resolution in conflictual societies globally. This peacebuilding framework is based on the liberal peace theory, which advances the idea that liberally constituted states are more peaceful in comparison to their illiberal counterparts. With the significant decline of interstate conflicts in the post-Cold War era, IGOs and NGOs shifted their focus and attention to intrastate conflicts in the developing world using the same liberal peacebuilding framework. This paper seeks to explain the process whereby IGOs and NGOs transport, and therefore domesticate, the liberal peace in the context of intrastate conflict in Mindanao—a war-torn region in the southern Philippines. The primary argument of this paper is that the commodification of peace is a strategic mechanism of IGOs and donor agencies to incentivise NGOs in transporting the liberal peace in Mindanao, which has been riven by decades of insurgency conflict and violence. The arguments presented in this paper are drawn from in-depth interviews and ethnographic field observations in conflict-affected communities in the southern Philippines. This paper offers two major contributions. First, it seeks to advance the scholarly understanding of the nexus between liberal democratic peacebuilding and the politics of aid in the context of intrastate conflict. Second, it presents the different ontological and empirical referents of the domestic variants of the liberal peace theory, which are embedded in the activities of NGOs in Mindanao.