The Cu-Co ± Au (± Ag ± Ni ± REE) ore deposits of the Blackbird district, east-central Idaho, have previously been classified as Besshi-type VMS, sedex, and IOCG deposits within an intact stratigraphic section. New studies indicate that, across the district, mineralization was introduced into the country rocks as a series of structurally controlled vein and alteration systems. Quartz-rich and biotite-rich veins (and alteration zones) and minor albite and siderite veinlets maintain consistent order and sulfide mineral associations across the district. Both early and late quartz veins contain chalcopyrite and pyrite, whereas intermediate-stage tourmaline-biotite veins host the cobaltite. Barren early and late albite and late carbonate (generally siderite) form veins or are included in the quartz veins. REE minerals, principally monazite, allanite, and xenotime, are associated with both tourmaline-biotite and late quartz veins. The veins are in mineralized intervals along axial planar cleavage, intrafolial foliation, and shears. Mineralized intervals are hosted by a variety of metasedimentary rocks, including three phyllitic units of Mesoproterozoic age and two schistose units. All of these units are S-tectonites in the footwall of a regional thrust fault. Specifically, the district lies within an oblique thrust ramp containing a series of structural horses (three domains) in a duplex system. The deposits span the three domains and are hosted by metamorphic rocks that range from lower amphibolite facies in the structurally upper domain to lower-middle greenschist facies in the lower domain (an inverted metamorphic sequence). Early quartz and biotite veins were introduced during progressive folding and prolonged peak metamorphic conditions and they underwent late-tectonic retrograde recrystallization and metamorphic mineral growth, to the same extent as the country rocks in each domain. Where little subsequent deformation occurred, early veins are discordant to bedding but, where folding was polyphase and fabrics are penetrative, mineralized zones are concordant with metamorphic compositional layering. Late quartz veins in the zones are associated with retrograde minerals and textures and are only locally deformed. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of unoriented muscovite from the selvage of a late quartz vein yields a Late Cretaceous age of about 83 Ma, the time of retrograde metamorphism associated with introduction of late quartz veins. Textural data at all scales indicate that the host sites for veins and the tectonic evolution of both host rocks and mineral deposits were kinematically linked to Late Cretaceous regional thrust faulting. Heat, fluids, and conduits for generation and circulation of fluids were part of the regional crustal thickening. The faulting also juxtaposed metaevaporite layers in the Mesoproterozoic Yellowjacket Formation over Blackbird district host rocks. We conclude that this facilitated chemical exchange between juxtaposed units resulting in leaching of critical elements (Cl, K, B, Na) from metaevaporites to produce brines, scavenging of metals (Co, Cu, etc) from rocks in the region, and, finally, concentrating metals in the lower-plate ramp structures. Although the ultimate source of the metals remains undetermined, the present Cu-Co ± Au (± Ag ± Ni ± REE) Blackbird ore deposits formed during Late Cretaceous compressional deformation.


This study is motivated by the observation that countries in adverse extemal financial situations have to make larger use of more expensive trade financing and payment arrangements. It attempts to contribute to the understanding of the channels through which the external financial situation of debtor countries affects their trade financing, and to identify the determinants of the costs associated with such financing. These costs reflect the higher risk of default associated with credits extended to them and include, for example, interest rate spreads and credit insurance premia. For the purpose of demonstrating the channels through which the perception of such a risk influences these costs, the study adopts the perspective of a "small" creditor or credit insurer, meaning that the risk is exogenous to the creditor/insurer. This leaves the problem of incorporating these risks in the credit insurance premia and interest rate spreads. For this purpose, a theoretical concept of the determination of credit insurance premia is established. Based on the idea that export credit insurance, viewed as a security, is similar to a contingent claim, such as a European put option, the concept uses tools from option pricing theory. Some of its implications are compared with observations and found to be consistent with them, i.e. there is some support for the following hypotheses. The less favourable a country's solvency and liquidity indicators, the higher are the insurance premium rates applying to it, the latter indicators appearing to be relatively more important than the former ones. Moreover, they are higher the greater the volatility of the rates of change in these indicators. The impact of the share of public (and publicly guaranteed) debt in total foreign debt on the costs of external financing is discussed within the same theoretical framework. It is shown that these costs may be a non-monotonic function of that share.


Current UK energy efficiency policy is very fluid, with a number of new policies due to be introduced in 2012 and 2013, including the Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation. These mark a substantial change from the existing policy regime in a number of ways, notably the explicit aim of supporting higher cost energy efficiency technologies in housing and an attempt to engage new sources of private sector finance. This paper provides a critical analysis of the proposed policy changes both in terms of the institutional changes and the implications of a new finance mechanism for energy efficiency policy, as well as the overall impact on reduction of greenhouse gasses, in particular through the installation of different types of retrofitted insulation.


Real-time linear spectral interference measurements of ultrashort pulses are shown experimentally. The technique involves measurements of the two-dimensional interference pattern of the spectral interference between a reference and a signal pulse propagating at an angle with respect to each other. No postprocessing is needed to extract the spectral phase difference between the two pulses. Quadratic spectral phase distortions as well as spectral phase discontinuities are measured. The method is applicable to single-shot measurements of ultraweak pulses and is useful for identification of the critical adjustments of ultrashort pulse shapers and compressors.


AIMS
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is proven to reduce blood loss following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but there are limited data on the impact of similar dosing regimens in revision TKA. The purpose of this multicentre randomized clinical trial was to determine the optimal regimen to maximize the blood-sparing properties of TXA in revision TKA.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
From six-centres, 233 revision TKAs were randomized to one of four regimens: 1 g of intravenous (IV) TXA given prior to the skin incision, a double-dose regimen of 1 g IV TXA given both prior to skin incision and at time of wound closure, a combination of 1 g IV TXA given prior to skin incision and 1 g of intraoperative topical TXA, or three doses of 1950 mg oral TXA given two hours preoperatively, six hours postoperatively, and on the morning of postoperative day one. Randomization was performed based on the type of revision procedure to ensure equivalent distribution among groups. Power analysis determined that 40 patients per group were necessary to identify a 1 g/dl difference in the reduction of haemoglobin postoperatively between groups with an alpha of 0.05 and power of 0.80. Per-protocol analysis involved regression analysis and two one-sided t-tests for equivalence.

RESULTS
In total, one patient withdrew, five did not undergo surgery, 16 were screening failures, and 25 did not receive the assigned treatment, leaving 186 patients for analysis. There was no significant difference in haemoglobin reduction among treatments (2.8 g/dl for single-dose IV TXA, 2.6 g/dl for double-dose IV TXA, 2.6 g/dl for combined IV/topical TXA, 2.9 g/dl for oral TXA; p = 0.38). Similarly, calculated blood loss (p = 0.65) and transfusion rates (p = 0.95) were not significantly different between groups. Equivalence testing assuming a 1 g/dl difference in haemoglobin change as clinically relevant showed that all possible pairings were statistically equivalent.

CONCLUSION
Despite the higher risk of blood loss in revision TKA, all TXA regimens tested had equivalent blood-sparing properties. Surgeons should consider using the lowest effective dose and least costly TXA regimen in revision TKA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B(Supple 7):10-16.


ABSTRACT Over the past several years, research has been conducted to determine the importance of cyclones on the morphodynamics and morphological maintenance of barrier islands along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Data are presented indicating the complexity and highly variable response of a 12 km stretch of barrier along the Florida panhandle to cold front passage across the northern Gulf, in addition to the impacts of tropical storms, hurricanes and winter storms in the Gulf of Mexico. Two temporal scales are used to evaluate short-term response and adjustment to these events, i.e., months and a near five year record of sediment volume change, the combination of which have resulted in a time series of change for the subaerial and nearshore environments. These data incorporate the morphological signature of six tropical storms/hurricanes and approximately 100 frontal passages. Three important conclusions have been reached based on these data: (1) low-lying barrier islands, which are vulnerable to overwash, can conserve mass during catastrophic hurricanes (e.g., Hurricane Opal, a strong category 4 hurricane near landfall); (2) less severe hurricanes can promote rapid dune and berm aggradation and contribute sediment to the entire barrier system; and (3) cold fronts play a critical role in the post-storm adjustment of the barrier by deflating the subaerial portion of the overwash terrace and eroding its marginal lobe. The data presented also indicate that barrier systems along the northern Gulf do not necessarily enter an immediate post-storm recovery phase after catastrophic hurricanes, even though they are nested in sediment-rich nearshore environments. It is anticipated that these findings will have important implications for better understanding the longer-term evolution of barrier systems in mid-latitude, micro-tidal settings elsewhere around the globe.


This paper briefly reviews the literature on economic growth and poverty and then examines whether economic growth influences poverty dynamics. The literature relating to the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction usually relies on national or state-level information on economic growth and incidence of poverty. While this may capture broader dimensions of growth, it is usually economic growth at the district or village level that is likely to have a greater impact on poverty reduction. This paper uses household-level data in rural India to capture poverty dynamics and district- and village-level estimates of economic growth. Physical assets, village infrastructure and urban linkage play a significant role in reducing poverty. The paper also finds that growth alone may not be sufficient to achieve poverty reduction. Other factors may need to be in place before growth has a poverty-reducing impact.


The aims of the study presented in this paper are to assess the demand for and test the commercial viability of a crop insurance scheme in different natural disaster-prone areas in Bangladesh, as an alternative poverty alleviation and natural disaster mitigation strategy. In a large scale household survey carried out at the end of 2006, 3600 riverine and coastal floodplain residents in Bangladesh were asked for their preferences for crop insurance schemes using the double bounded contingent valuation (CV) method. For example, asking them for their willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance schemes to eliminate future catastrophe risks. We find crop insurance demand to be positively correlated with household head's primary occupation, land ownership and size of agricultural farm land. Our study further reveals that crop damage cost and households' willingness to pay to reduce damage vary significantly across the nature of the disaster risk. Using the data collected through household survey, we tested our simple analytical model of commercial viability of a crop insurance scheme by comparing the future value of expected premium receivable by insurer, with the expected indemnity payable to the insured. Assuming zero administrative cost and 10% interest rate per annum, we find crop insurance schemes are marginally viable in riverine flood plain areas (both embanked and unembanked). The difference between the average expected indemnity payment and the future value of expected insurance premium is way too high for the nature of risk and amount of damage cost faced by households living in haor basin and coastal floodplain areas.


Frequency estimation is a classical problem in signal processing, with applications ranging from sensor array processing to wireless communications and structural health monitoring. Modern algorithms based on atomic norm minimization can cope with missing data but incur a high computational cost. To recover missing data from an ensemble of frequency-sparse signals, we propose a computationally efficient low-rank tensor completion algorithm that exploits the fact that each signal in the ensemble can be associated with a Toeplitz matrix. We name our algorithm JAZZ in the spirit of the classical MUSIC algorithm for frequency estimation and in tribute to the random, improvisational nature of jazz music.


Traditional building materials and techniques should be preserved when selecting retrofit strategies. The most recurrent energy retrofit strategies proposed for the historic centre of Oporto are mainly focused on achieving, or even overlapping, the reference U-values established for the external envelope on national energy regulations, although historic sites are not obliged to comply with it. On the other hand, national cultural heritage preservation policies, by allowing alterations on these historic buildings interior, validate the adding of thermal insulation materials on internal walls. Nevertheless, these interventions may put to risk architectural patrimonial values, hence, sustainable ones. A more opportune intervention could be the enhancement of the windows performance, due to its most common bad state of conservation. This article analyses the performance of two non-intrusive retrofit strategies, in a representative model of these buildings: the enhancement of ventilation and the substitution of the single glazed windows for double glazed ones, and the two combined. On a first approach, using as a reference the heating loads limits established in the energy regulation of 2013 and the normative methodology, it is calculated the corresponding number of hours of daily heating use, in order to stand below these limits. The results obtained showed that this is attainable, in comfortable conditions of heating use. In order to achieve more accurate results and conclusions a dynamic simulation was performed using energy models, for the heating and cooling season. The enhancement of ventilation proved to be the most effective retrofit strategy.


We describe a simple procedure to allow the broad nature of the organic substrates used for planktonic bacterial growth to be determined. The method analyzes the coupled oxygen and ammonia fluxes in terms of the relative proportions of nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous substrates assimilated by the microheterotrophs. The model uses a stoichiometric equation that requires the knowledge of the respiratory quotient, substrate C/N ratio, cell C/N quota, and bacterial carbon growth yield and the assumption that nitrification was not occurring. We discuss the uncertainties associated with the attribution of values for these constants and illustrate the use and limitations of the approach in the interpretation of field observations on bacterioplankton metabolism in a temperate coastal ecosystem. With the exception of a single observation, we were able to interpret the data using the proposed model. Our findings are that during the spring bloom, nitrogenous substrates made up 40–80% of the total, falling to <20% in the postbloom period. Thus, with essentially routine methods for determining oxygen and ammonia fluxes, we have been able to determine a fundamental aspect of the cycling of organic material by the bacterioplankton.


Little information is available on the distribution of soil organisms such as enchytraeids in Greek agricultural soils. Therefore the aim of this work was to study their population densities under different farming practices, in different regions, and in relation to physico-chemical soil properties such as texture, pH, organic matter content, C:N ratio, and total copper content in soil. Soil samples were taken from 380 sites located in 18 regions all over Greece, but only data from 120 sites in 9 regions were appropriate for statistical evaluations. At each site soil samples were taken once, transported to the laboratory and kept there at 20 oC and at a moisture of 40–50 % WHC for six weeks. Enchytraeids were extracted from the soils by a wet extraction method and counted. Species composition was determined in a few samples, revealing species of the genera Fridericia and Enchytraeus. Enchytraeids were absent from many soil samples which may be caused by the fact that many soils in Greece have a xeric moisture regime, conditions that are unfavourable to soil organisms. Highest abundances (about 14 000 ind. m-2) were recorded at olive groves and vineyard sites in mainland regions. Lowest abundances were recorded on islands such as Santorini, where no enchytraeids were detected in 13 out of 17 samples. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences of enchytraeid abundance among crop types (higher in olive than in vineyards or citrus) but not among farming practices or soil properties, including copper content. Sites with the same crop located in different regions differed in enchytraeid abundance in the case of olive groves and vineyards but not in citrus orchards. Total copper content was significantly higher in citrus orchards than in the other two crop types, but the determined copper levels were generally below those considered to harm oligochaetes. Further sampling using standard methods while addressing the species level are needed to reveal details of enchytraeid distribution, species composition and their ecological role in Greek soils.


External beam radiation therapy is a widespread treatment for prostate cancer. The ensuing patient follow-up is based on the evolution of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Serum levels of PSA decay due to the radiation-induced death of tumour cells and cancer recurrence usually manifest as a rising PSA. The current definition of biochemical relapse requires that PSA reaches nadir and starts increasing, which delays the use of further treatments. Also, these methods do not account for the post-radiation tumour dynamics that may contain early information on cancer recurrence. Here, we develop three mechanistic models of post-radiation PSA evolution. Our models render superior fits of PSA data in a patient cohort and provide a biological justification for the most common empirical formulation of PSA dynamics. We also found three model-based prognostic variables: the proliferation rate of the survival fraction, the ratio of radiation-induced cell death rate to the survival proliferation rate, and the time to PSA nadir since treatment termination. We argue that these markers may enable the early identification of biochemical relapse, which would permit physicians to subsequently adapt patient monitoring to optimize the detection and treatment of cancer recurrence.


The consumption of spiced food is steadily increasing, subsequently leading to increased incidence of spice-related food illnesses. Many outbreaks can be traced to human pathogens that can survive in low moisture content of spices, prompting development of additional inactivation treatments that reduce bacterial pathogens while maintaining spice quality. Spices are currently treated by fumigation with ethylene oxide, pasteurization with ionizing radiation, or steam treatment. However, these treatments exhibit flaws pertaining to consumer preference, regulatory issues, and quality degradation. In this study, two novel treatments were evaluated for reduction of Salmonella enterica Tennessee: far infrared radiation (FIR), a short time – high temperature treatment, and pasteurization with ethanol vapor (EV). Both treatments were effective in reducing levels of Salmonella Tennessee between 3-5 logs. FIR treatment showed increased efficacy at longer treatment times with a maximum reduction of 5 log CFU/g in paprika at 24s. EV reduced Salmonella Tennessee by 3 log CFU/g within 120s when applied to inoculated paprika and black pepper without detrimentally affecting spice quality. However, the samples receiving FIR treatments suffered reductions in volatile content and color changes to the spices. High levels (up to 1% w/w) of residual ethanol were also detected on samples treated for 300s. Concluding, both treatment show similar results when comparing efficacy; however, based on the magnitude of change in volatile content associated with FIR being significantly greater than those samples receiving EV, FIR treatment requires additional research before recommending for use with dried, ground paprika, black pepper, or sage.


INTRODUCTION

The objective of the research reported here is to examine how the value of time varies over time. A key factor in inter-temporal variations in the value of time is expected to be the impact of income growth, although changes in other socio-economic, demographic, attitudinal, employment and travel characteristics could also lead to variations in the value of time over time.

The most widely held convention relating to the adjustment of recommended values of time over time is that they should be linked proportionately to growth in some measure of income. No consideration is given to possible changes in the value of time for other reasons. Even disregarding the latter issue, there is no reason from a theoretical standpoint why the income elasticity for private travel should be unity since it is a matter of personal preference how an individual or household allocates additional income to time savings. In contrast, the case for a close link between the value of time and income is much stronger for business travel.

Official recommendations in Britain, as elsewhere, increase the value of non-work travel time over time in line with growth in income. DETR's Transport Economics Note specifies that both work and non-work time values should be increased in line with real GDP per head.

Beesley (1971) pointed out various sources of variation in the value of time over time and, on the basis of the uncertainty as to even the direction in which the values might vary, he argued for in favour of a zero trend value. The first British national value of time study (MVA et al., 1987) claimed that a constant real value of time was on theoretical grounds "equally logical and defensible" as the convention of linking the value of time to income growth. However, it was recognised that there did seem to have been an increase in the value of time over time. It was concluded that, "We do not feel able, therefore, in the absence of any specific work on this topic within our programme, and given the existence of plausible arguments in contrary directions, to come to any firm conclusions. The matter must remain on the agenda for further investigation".

A large amount of recent evidence, which we shall cover, is being taken to indicate that the income elasticity for the value of time spent in private travel is far less than unity. It is important that such a challenge to the widely used convention is tested against the widest body of evidence possible before any conclusions are drawn, particularly given the implications of amended recommendations for practical project evaluations.

The aim of this paper is to review the existing evidence relevant to inter-temporal variations in the value of time and to present some fresh empirical evidence. The approach adopted here is threefold. Firstly, we examine the cross-sectional variations in the value of time with income apparent from a number of empirical studies, both British and from other countries, and we develop a model to explain cross-sectional income elasticities across British studies. Secondly, the opportunity exists of analysing two data sets obtained from the same SP design conducted in the same area but at different points in time. Finally, variations in values of time over time are analysed by means of 'meta-analysis' of a large data set of British empirical evidence.

The structure of this report is as follows. Section 2 contains a discussion of various background issues relating to theoretical maters, methodology and previous findings. Section 3 reports analysis of cross-sectional variations in values of time with income whilst section 4 reports on joint analysis of two data sets collected in the first and second national value of time studies commissioned by the Department of Transport. Section 5 reports the findings of our meta-analysis of a large body of British evidence on the value of time. A discussion of the various findings is provided in section 6 and concluding remarks are provided in section 7. The final stage of the study will draw together this evidence to form recommendations concerning the value of time over time.


We describe the role of diatoms on nitrogen and silicon cycling in the equatorial Pacific upwelling zone (EUZ) using water column nutrient data from 19 equatorial cruises and particle concentration, new production, and sediment trap data from the U.S. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) equatorial Pacific (EqPac), France JGOFS fluxes in the Pacific (FLUPAC), and U.S. Zonal Flux cruises. Our results suggest that production and sinking of diatoms dominate particulate nitrogen export at silicate concentrations above 4 μM. Below this level, silicate is preferentially retained; while inorganic nitrogen is completely utilized, silicate remains at concentrations of 1–2 μM and is completely exhausted only under nonsteady state conditions. This lower nutrient condition accounts for a majority of particulate nitrogen export in the EUZ with minor loss of particulate silicon. Retention of silicon relative to nitrogen appears due to a combination of new production by nondiatoms, dissolution of silica frustules after grazing, iron limitation, and steady state upwelling. This synthesis supports the argument that diatom production was tightly coupled to new production during the U.S. JGOFS EqPac survey II cruise [Dugdale and Wilkerson, 1998]. However, this compilation suggests EqPac survey II cruise took place during a period of atypically high subsurface nutrients. We conclude that silicon and nitrogen are tightly coupled only at periods of very high nutrient concentration and nonsteady state. In addition, nutrient cycling in the EUZ is consistent at all times with a mechanism of combined iron and grazing control of phytoplankton size classes [Landry et al., 1997].


Nesfatin-1 is a peptide secreted by peripheral tissues, central and peripheral nervous system. It is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis related with food regulation and water intake. Nesfatin-1 can pass through the blood-brain barrier in both directions. It suppresses feeding independently from the leptin pathway and increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta islet cells. That is why nesfatin-1 has drawn attention as a new therapeutic agent, especially for the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Its effects on nutrition have been studied in more detail in literature. On the other hand, its effects on other physiological parameters and mechanisms of action still need to be clarified. Synthesizing the research on nesfatin-1 can help us better understand this field. Hippokratia 2015, 19 (1): 4-10.


We describe what is to our knowledge a novel technique for phase unwrapping. Several algorithms based on unwrapping the most-reliable pixels first have been proposed. These were restricted to continuous paths and were subject to difficulties in defining a starting pixel. The technique described here uses a different type of reliability function and does not follow a continuous path to perform the unwrapping operation. The technique is explained in detail and illustrated with a number of examples.


This paper explores the use of decomposition-based methods for aircraft family design. The traditional approach in multidisciplinary design optimization is to decompose a problem along disciplinary lines. For aircraft family design problems, a more natural approach is decomposition by individual aircraft. This decomposition facilitates the concurrent development of several aircraft variants, providing substantial autonomy to individual aircraft development programs. Two decomposition-based methods are applied to the aircraft family problem: collaborative optimization and analytical target cascading. This paper marks the beginning of a collaborative eort to clarify the distinctions between these two methods, and to identify how these dierences impact the relative performance and applicability of these methods. Initial product family results illustrate how decomposition-based methods can be applied to the aircraft family problem.


Convergent product is an assembly shape concept integrating functions and sub-functions to form a final product. To conceptualize the convergent product problem, a web-based network is considered in which a collection of base functions and sub-functions configure the nodes and each arc in the network is considered to be a link between two nodes. The aim is to find an optimal tree of functionalities in the network adding value to the product in the web environment. First, an algorithm is proposed to assign the links among bases and subfunctions. Then, numerical values as benefits and costs are determined for arcs and nodes, respectively, using a mathematical approach. Also, customer's value corresponding to the benefits is considered. Finally, the Steiner tree methodology is adapted to a multi-objective model optimized by an ant colony optimization method. The approach is applicable for all digital products, such as mobile, tablet, laptop, etc. An example is worked out to illustrate the proposed approach.


ABSTRACT The following chapter will discuss the relation between home computer history and computer programming – with a focus on game programming. The nurseries of the early 1980s are the origins of the later computer game industry and the private use of microcomputers becomes an essential part of the 'playful' exploration and emancipation of technology. This is why the contribution that home computing added to the history of digital economics, culture and even thought cannot be estimated high enough. After the definition of central terms and discussing the main problems of the historiography of technology and computing, the main topic separated in decades will be portrayed. The milestones of home computer technology will be linked to the scenes and (sub)cultures of their users. Some of these links will be highlighted. My presentation will not be exhaustive but will try to highlight some of the playful uses of computers – from the perspective of this technology.


ABSTRACT African countries amidst low credit security, low-income level and sub-optimal growth outcomes are facing many challenges on the incidence of terrorism and how to combat it. The increased terrorist incident in Africa has structural implications for a continent that has relied heavily on foreign inflow to jump-start and augment her developmental process. This paper leaned empirical credence to the terrorism-financial flow literature by estimating cross-country data on indices of terrorism and financial flows. We employed the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation procedure and found the long-run negative relationship among the increase in the number of terror incidents foreign direct investment, remittances inflow and portfolio investment. Short-run estimates show that military expenditure is positive and statistically significant for all indices of financial flow (foreign direct investment, remittances, official development assistance and portfolio investment) in Africa. Based on the findings, we recommend that counter-terrorism policymakers should employ in specific terms, targeted measures, to attack the socio-economic roots of terrorism, that improve the fiscal responsibility, control inflation and all policy components will help to reduce the threat of terrorism and aid improve financial flows to Africa.


The five Universal Exhibitions held in Paris between 1855 and 1900 share the particularity of having been, unlike their British counterparts, financed first wholly, then in part, by the Government. Public financing led to public finance principles (budgetary and public accounting) being applied to the organisation of the Exhibitions. Along with these, the organisation in charge of running these events imported a set of well-formatted techniques. However, these techniques (budgeting and accounting technique) were part of a highly specific type of organisation that bore all the hallmarks of a project:  an Exhibition is characterised by strong notions of vision, intentionality and voluntarist action: it seeks to achieve objectives (of presentation/democratisation and dissemination) which require a certain number of specific activities to be set up, the results of which, subject to uncertainty or exogenous variables, must be measured both as preparations advance, and then again retrospectively, after the event.  an Exhibition is an event limited in time and space (it opens on a given date and for a length of time decided by the law (or decree) and its organisation is traditionally divided into four well-defined phases: preparation, realisation, exploitation and liquidation. The principles of public finance must therefore be adapted to a specific organisational environment and in particular, to the managerial constraints of the event. The system of accounting information is very much part of a process of organisational perception, governance and strategic mobilisation. The Universal Exhibitions provide an original field of investigation for examining the roles attributed to accounting within the framework of the organisation of such events. The originality here derives as much from the context (a project to be managed over a period of time and where no tool or project management model existed (MichaA¯lesco, 2007)) as from the public nature of the accounting technique used. Indeed, since knowledge of public accounting practice is incomplete, the study of organisation by the state would seem extremely interesting for the history of public finance (Thuillier, 1999). From this point of view, the Universal Exhibitions organised in Paris during the second half of the 19th century were organised under two different political regimes and within two distinct public finance frameworks. Changes in the regulations governing public finances had an impact on the powers bestowed on the organisations in charge putting on the Exhibitions. The accounting systems which were set up therefore had to be adapted to fit within the time limit. Moreover, public accounting was designed with the aim of controlling the collection of taxes and their use (Lemarchand, 1999), which is different from running an Exhibition, in particular if the event is seen in terms of project management. This change of objective modified the use of accounting systems and led to the emergence of specific roles that had to evolve as a result of both the accumulation of knowledge and the political context. The aim of this article is therefore to analyse the role of public accounting within the framework of the five Universal Exhibitions organised in Paris during the second half of the 19th century. The analysis was carried out using Burchell & al.'s classification system (1980). The latter distinguishes between four types of role assumed by accounting systems with reference to the characteristics of decision-making within an organisation. Indeed, decision-making is affected by adhesion to an objective and the uncertainty surrounding the consequences of the action taken. Depending on the degree of adhesion and uncertainty, decision-taking is described as 'decision by computation', 'decision by judgement', 'decision by compromise', or 'decision by inspiration'. The roles of accounting ascribed to these are as follows: 'answer machines', 'learning machines', 'ammunition machines' and 'rationalization machines'. Two groups of Universal Exhibitions have been identified: those held under the Second Empire (the 1855 and 1867 Exhibitions) and those held under the 3rd Republic (the 1878, 1889 and 1900 Exhibitions). This division into two main periods allows us to take two important factors into account: on the one hand, the change of political regime that influenced the rules of public finance and on the other, the constitution of fairly general principles for the running of these events. The comparative study of these two groups of Exhibitions reveals that two distinct roles can be allotted to the accounting systems: a learning role during the Exhibitions of the first period, then a rationalization role in the case of the Exhibitions held during the second period. Under the Second Empire, the Universal Exhibitions financed exclusively by the Government were supported by strong political, economic and social aims. The importance given to holding such an event dispensed these projects from control by Parliament, whose influence had already been weakened considerably under Napoleon III. Although the decision to organise an Exhibition was unanimous, lack of knowledge on how to run such a project meant there was great uncertainty as to the consequences of decisions since the concept was new. Experience of running such a wide-ranging project therefore had to be acquired. An accounting system based on the rules and principles of public accounting and adapted to the events in question therefore met these needs. Within the framework of the Universal Exhibitions organised under the Second Empire, accounting may therefore be analysed as a learning instrument and aid to decision-making (learning machine). The arrival of the 3rd Republic and with it the return of strict parliamentary control, saw great controversy emerge as to the economic usefulness of Universal Exhibitions and the financial implication of the Government in their organisation. The difficulty in obtaining a consensus on how they should be run led to a process of retrospective justification in which accounting acquired considerable importance. Despite the financial disengagement of the Government, the principles of public finance were still applicable but had evolved as a result of changes in the political and economic environment. Experience acquired in the organisation of the preceding Exhibitions reduced the uncertainty inherent in evaluating the consequences of decisions taken. However, the need then arose to rationalize the existence of these events and the use of the private finances obtained. Budgetary procedures were strengthened and there was an overproduction of information in the shape of financial reporting and statistics. In this context, the accounting system, which had been adapted many times after the first Exhibitions as a result of changes in the environment, was then used to rationalize the action taken (rationalization machine). The documents used to carry out this study are of two different kinds. On the one hand, there are the various documents generated by the organization of the Exhibitions (correspondence, plans of the exhibition palaces, photographs, administrative and accounting documents etc.) that were presented to the national archives by the Ministry for Commerce between 1877 and 1910 (de Maurepas, 1998). In addition to these documents there are the official reports written by the general commissioners of the successive Exhibitions assessing the organisation of the events and the results (these reports are available in the BibliothA¨que Nationale de France and the BibliothA¨que des Arts DA©coratifs).


I read with interest the paper by So et al., "Patient descriptions of rectal effluents may help to predict the quality of bowel preparation with photographic examples",1 which showed that photographic example-guided patient descriptions of rectal effluents may predict the quality of bowel preparation.

This article represents an important issue on the quality of bowel preparation. Approximately 25% of colonoscopies performed are considered to have inadequate preparation,2,3 which results in many adverse consequences including a lower detection rate of adenoma, prolonged cecal intubation time, prolonged withdrawal time, increased costs of colorectal cancer prevention, and increased patient dropout rates from colorectal cancer screening programs.4

Several patient-related and precolonoscopic bowel preparation-related factors are demonstrated to be linked to inadequate bowel preparation (Table 1).4,5 The 2015 guidelines from the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommended that patients who have a medical predicator for inadequate preparation or a history of inadequate preparation should be considered to be prescribed more aggressive preparation.5

Table 1

Risk Factors for Inadequate Bowel Preparation

Patients with inadequate preparation usually require a repeat examination with more aggressive colonic cleansing, a repetitive endoscope disinfection, and intravenous sedation. These repeated procedures are time- and cost-consuming. Therefore, if patients' descriptions of rectal effluents can predict the quality of bowel preparation before colonoscopic examination, this would be a very useful time-saving and cost-saving method. In the case of a prediction of inadequate preparation, these patients may benefit from additional preparation, which may be particularly useful if it can be administered in the endoscopy unit followed by colonoscopy on the same day. Fatima et al.6 reported only a slight agreement between the patients' descriptions of rectal effluent and the bowel preparation quality, but patients reporting rectal effluent as brown liquid or solid have a substantial likelihood of inadequate preparation.

So et al. developed a new scoring method that could describe rectal effluent more objectively and accurately, and evaluated its efficacy in predicting the quality of bowel preparation. They showed that photographic example-guided patient descriptions of rectal effluents showed a statistically significant association with the quality of bowel preparation. I believe this method may be slightly too complex and difficult to apply to the general population. The high drop-out rate (68.1%) in this study may be related to this. (In the text, the reasons for exclusion were not described fully.) Identifying the exact grade of the last three rectal effluents by photographic examples may be difficult, especially in patients with patient-related risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. Matching only the last rectal effluent with photographic examples could have higher accuracy and applicability. In addition, among the photographic examples, the differences between B and C and the description of D (liquid with small amount of feces) are ambiguous. The development of a more easily applicable classification of rectal effluent using photographic examples is needed.

I think that the specificity is more important than the sensitivity in a predictive factor for suboptimal preparation. If the cutoff value is determined as 4, most subjects would get additional bowel preparation, which is not cost-effective.

Interestingly, they found that the presence of diverticula was an independent predictive factor for suboptimal quality. A further, large scale study to identify the associations between diverticulosis and bowel preparation quality will be warranted. Old age, obesity, and physical inactivity are known to be risk factors for both colonic diverticulosis and inadequate bowel preparation. The consideration of these confounding factors will be very important in these studies. In addition, the location and number of diverticula may be important and an interesting factor, as authors mentioned.

In conclusion, So et al. provide a new surrogate indicator in predicting the quality of bowel preparation, but modification is needed in order to correctly predict the status of bowel preparation and to make it more easily applicable.


This study was conducted to investigate the salt tolerance of five cotton genotypes [three Gossypium hirsutum L. (DN 1, DP 491, and FM 989) and two G. barbadense L. (Cobalt and Pima S-7)] under NaCl or Na2SO4 salinity conditions at similar osmotic potentials (100 mM NaCl vs. 70 mM Na2SO4 and 150 mM NaCl vs. 111 Na2SO4). To investigate whether the addition of calcium sulfate could alleviate the deleterious salinity effect, two more treatments were prepared by adding 10 mM CaSO4 to 150 mM NaCl and 111 mM Na2SO4 solutions. All genotypes had significant growth reduction in all salt treatments as compared to their respective controls. Whereas Upland and Pima cotton did not differ in response to salt, DP 491 had lower growth reduction as compared to other genotypes and was therefore more salt tolerant. Salt type did not affect the growth of FM 989 and Pima S-7; however, dry weight (DW) of all organs were reduced to a greater extent by NaCl than by Na 2SO4 in most organs in Pima Cobalt, shoot and total DW in DP 491, and root DW in DN 1. The addition of CaSO 4 alleviated some detrimental effects in DN 1 caused by NaCl and in Pima Cobalt caused by Na2SO4. The five genotypes also responded to salt treatments differently in that DN 1 and DP 491 had higher Na + and Cl - concentrations


Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM‐2; 54.1 Ma) was the second largest Eocene hyperthermal. Like the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), ETM‐2 was characterized by massive carbon emissions and several degrees of global warming and thus can serve as a case study for assessing the impacts of rapid CO2 emissions on ocean carbonate chemistry, biota, and climate. Marine carbonate records of ETM‐2 are better preserved than those of the PETM due to more subdued carbonate dissolution. As yet, however, the magnitude of this carbon cycle perturbation has not been well constrained. Here, we present the first records of surface ocean acidification for ETM‐2, based on stable boron isotope records in mixed‐layer planktic foraminifera from two midlatitude ODP sites (1210 in the North Pacific and 1265 in the SE Atlantic), which indicate conservative minimum global sea surface acidification of −0.20 +0.12/−0.13 pH units. Using these estimates of pH and temperature as constraints on carbon cycle model simulations, we conclude that the total mass of C, released over a period of 15 to 25 kyr during ETM‐2, likely ranged from 2,600 to 3,800 Gt C, which is greater than previously estimated on the basis of other observations (i.e., stable carbon isotopes and carbonate compensation depth) alone.


The Actor model is a mathematical theory that treats "Actors" as the universal primitives of concurrent digital computation. The model has been used both as a framework for a theoretical understanding of concurrency, and as the theoretical basis for several practical implementations of concurrent systems. Unlike previous models of computation, the Actor model was inspired by physical laws. It was also influenced by the programming languages Lisp, Simula 67 and Smalltalk-72, as well as ideas for Petri Nets, capability-based systems and packet switching. The advent of massive concurrency through client-cloud computing and many-core computer architectures has galvanized interest in the Actor model.
Actor technology will see significant application for integrating all kinds of digital information for individuals, groups, and organizations so their information usefully links together. Information integration needs to make use of the following information system principles:
* Persistence. Information is collected and indexed.
* Concurrency: Work proceeds interactively and concurrently, overlapping in time.
* Quasi-commutativity: Information can be used regardless of whether it initiates new work or become relevant to ongoing work.
* Sponsorship: Sponsors provide resources for computation, i.e., processing, storage, and communications.
* Pluralism: Information is heterogeneous, overlapping and often inconsistent.
* Provenance: The provenance of information is carefully tracked and recorded
The Actor Model is intended to provide a foundation for inconsistency robust information integration


Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a behavioural-educational sleep intervention delivered in the early postpartum in improving maternal and infant sleep. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Postpartum units of two university affiliated hospitals. Participants 246 primiparous women and their infants randomised while in hospital with an internet based randomisation service to intervention (n=123) or usual care (n=123) groups. Interventions The behavioural-educational sleep intervention included a 45-60 minute meeting with a nurse to discuss sleep information and strategies to promote maternal and infant sleep, a 20 page booklet with the content discussed, and phone contacts at one, two, and four weeks postpartum to reinforce information, provide support, and problem solve. The usual care group received calls at weeks one, two, and four to maintain contact without provision of advice. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was maternal nocturnal (9 pm to 9 am) sleep (minutes) and secondary outcome was longest stretch of infant nocturnal sleep (minutes) measured at six and 12 weeks postpartum by actigraphy. Other outcomes measured at six and 12 weeks were number of maternal and infant night time awakenings by actigraphy, fatigue visual analogue scale, general sleep disturbance scale, and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Rates of exclusive breast feeding were measured at 12 weeks postpartum only. Results All women who completed any outcome measures at six or 12 weeks were included in analysis. Sleep outcomes were completed at one or both of six and 12 weeks postpartum for 215 of 246 (87%) women (110/123 intervention and 105/123 usual care). Longitudinal mixed effects model analyses indicated no significant differences between the groups on any of the outcomes. The estimated mean difference in maternal nocturnal sleep between the intervention and usual care groups was 5.97 minutes (95% confidence interval −7.55 to 19.5 minutes, P=0.39). No differences in any outcomes were noted based on the specific nurse delivering the intervention or the number of phone contacts received. Conclusion A behavioural-educational intervention delivered in the early postpartum, in hospital, and in the first weeks at home, was ineffective in improving maternal and infant sleep or other health outcomes in the first months postpartum. Trial registration ISRCT No 13501166.


Recent estimates of the intergenerational correlation of income in the United States are centered around 0.6. Existing empirical work is only able to explain about half of this correlation. The first chapter of this dissertation provides a behavioral explanation that accounts for almost half of the unexplained correlation. Heterogeneous agents in the model are loss averse and must choose their education level after learning their " earning ability " and inheriting a reference level of consumption and bequest from the previous generation. These agents make education choices in part to avoid losses relative to reference consumption in the first and second periods of their lives. Agents with high inherited reference consumption choose high levels of education in order to avoid losses in the second period and are therefore likely to have high income and consumption themselves. Those with very low reference consumption are likely to get more education than those in the middle of the reference consumption distribution, as they are less likely to experience a loss in the first period. I find support for this U-shaped education decision rule using the NLSY97 data set. The dissertation also tries to answer the question of why black and white workers display significant differences in their labor market outcomes. Black workers tend to have less education and earn lower income than their white counterparts at each level of education. The second chapter explores three possibilities (wage discrimination, lower earning ability, and low aspirations) for these gaps within the framework of a model with loss aversion and inherited reference consumption. When people have loss-averse preferences, low aspirations lead to lower levels of chosen education. Loss aversion and low aspirations can lead to education outcomes similar to those caused by outright discrimination or lower earnings ability. When combined with wage discrimination the model can also help explain the larger poverty trap and lower affluence net in black families as opposed to white families. Simulation results compare favorably to intergenerational quintile transition rates in the literature. The model takes many generations to reach educational equality after a period of wage discrimination is ended.


Even before its release to coincide with Ash Wednesday in 2004, director Mel Gibson's self-financed film The Passion of the Christ had become a topic of considerable controversy. Like previous films treating the life of Jesus, the film became the subject of criticisms from various quarters - ranging from Jewish community leaders to leading biblical scholars - on charges that the film was excessively violent, anti-Semitic and presented a distorted view of history. From the outset Gibson fastidiously denied some of these accusations, pointing out what he asserted were the positive depictions of Jewish characters and arguing for the historical authenticity of the original leaked script. Yet his own formative influences, his choice of theological themes, and his adoption of certain aesthetic conventions suggested a far more complex situation, one which, as a number of commentators noted, was largely overshadowed by the way in which the film soon became a site of contestation in the so-called American 'culture wars'.


We analyze different methods for controlling positions of guided modes of planar photonic-crystal waveguides. Methods based both on rearrangements of holes in the photonic-crystal lattice and on changes of hole sizes are presented. The ability to tune frequencies of guided modes within a frequency bandgap is necessary to achieve efficient guiding of light within a waveguide, as well as to match frequencies of eigenmodes of different photonic-crystal-based devices for the purpose of good coupling between them. We observe and explain the appearance of acceptor-type modes in donor-type waveguides. © 2001 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 250.0250, 000.4430, 230.7390, 230.3990, 250.5300.


From the Publisher:

Blind synchronization with single- and multi-sensor arrays
Space-time transmit-receive diversity combining systems
New physical layer solutions for CDMA and multicarrier systems
For every engineering professional involved with signal processing for advanced communications

Key advances in signal processing for single-user and multi-user systems.

Signal Processing Advances in Communication, Volume II is the second in a two-volume set that introduces important recent advances in signal processing (SP) tools for wireless and mobile communications, and bringing together contributions by leaders in the field worldwide. This two-volume set covers an exceptionally wide range of technologies and methodologies, including noise and interference cancellation, modem design, mobile Internet services, next-generation audio/video broadcasting, cellular telephony, and wireless multimedia networks.

Volume II focuses on single- and multi-user communication systems, presenting an exceptionally wide range of today's best work on topics such as:

Blind synchronization with single- and multi-sensor arrays
Space-time transmit-receive diversity combining systems
Time-varying channel modeling
Signal separation with constant modulus constraints
Parallel factor analysis tools
New methods for canceling multiuser interference and mitigating multipath effects in CDMA and multicarrier systems at the physical layer
Key signal processing issues at the network layer

This book brings together research previously scattered across multiplejournals worldwide, delivering an unprecedented collection of advanced SP techniques for practicing engineers, researchers, managers, and any professional involved with designing or building state-of-the-art single- or multi-user communications systems.


Health professionals confronting the COVID-19 pandemic need to learn vicariously—that is, learn the lessons of others' experiences—if they are to adopt and spread best practices for treatment, avoid costly repetition of prior mistakes, and not waste time "reinventing the wheel." Digital communication tools and social media could be leveraged to facilitate this vicarious learning in much the same way that they are being used to support other types of interpersonal interactions amid social distancing. Yet these tools are often not used to their full potential for learning and knowledge sharing among health professionals fighting COVID-19. Drawing on organizational and behavioral science research into how individuals and organizations learn from others' experiences, I recommend guidelines, policies, and practices that can increase both the use and the effectiveness of technological tools and social media to enhance vicarious learning among the health professionals at the front lines of pandemic care.


The family Geyerophyllidae Minato, 1955 includes corals having clinotabulae, lonsdaleoid dissepiments and a variable complex axial structure formed as an extension of the cardinal septum. Included in the family are four genera originally considered to have a colonial (fasciculate) growth habit Carniaphyllum Heritsch, Carinthiaphyllum Heritsch, Lonsdaleoides Heritsch, and Darwasophyllum Pyzhyanov. More recent studies and a review of the type specimens of Carniaphyllum, Carinthiaphyllum and Lonsdaleoides have shown them to be solitary corals with a gregarious growth habit. In its original description and in all subsequent works, Darwasophyllum has consistently been referred to as a fasciculate coral, but the presence of offsets has not been illustrated in the genus and a colonial growth habit has not been clearly demonstrated. Early Serpukhovian specimens of Darwasophyllum from the Etherington Formation (Mississippian) in Canada were initially regarded as fasciculate colonies with long, sub-parallel, closely spaced corallites. When they were studied in detail by means of serial sections, however, these corals were found to be solitary individuals grouped into gregaria, without shared structures or offsets. Thus, true colonies are unknown in the Geyerophyllidae and all genera described as colonial in that family consist of gregarious, solitary corals.


The current trial was conducted to determine the influence of different raising systems on the meat quality properties of male Turkish Pekin ducks. Ninety male ducklings were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: an animal-fish integrated farming group (IG), a non-animal-fish integrated farming group (NIG) and a poultry house group (PHG). All ducklings were fed a starter diet from weeks 2 to 6 and a finisher diet from weeks 6 to 10. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. At the end of the trial all ducks were slaughtered and the carcasses were stored at 3 °C for 24 hours, after which L*, a* and b* values of the carcass skins were measured. After standard dissection of carcasses, pectoralis muscles were obtained on which pH, colour (L*, a*, b*, C and H), total aerobic mesophilic, total aerobic psychrotrophic, lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, yeast-mould and Enterobacteriaceae counts were determined. The different raising systems of the ducks had significant effects on the pH, total aerobic mesophilic, Enterobacteriaceae, and L* and b* values of the pectoralis muscle. The lowest pH, total aerobic mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceae counts were found in the PHG group. The lowest L* values for the pectoralis muscle were found in the IG group while the highest a* value was recorded in the IG group. Significant differences in skin colour were observed between the experimental groups. For all production groups, all microbial counts were found to be within acceptable ranges. However, pH, total aerobic mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceae results were found to be lower in the PHG group than in the other groups. Different raising systems were thus found to affect the meat and skin colour of ducks, which may influence the preference of consumers. Keywords : Pekin duck, integrated farming, carcass and meat colour, microbial properties South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 38 (3) 2008: pp. 217-223


Preface. Notes on Contributors. 1. The Humanity of Christ: Reflections on Orthodox Late Medieval Representations and The Humanity of Christ: Representations in Wycliffite Texts and Piers Plowman: David Aers. 2. The Wife of Bath and the Painting of Lions: Mary Carruthers. 3. Eunuch Hermeneutics: Carolyn Dinshaw. 4. Misogyny and Economic Person in Skelton, Langland, and Chaucer: Elizabeth Fowler. 5. At the Table of the Great: Morea s Self--Fashioning and Self--Cancellation: Stephen Greenblatt. 6. The Colonial Wyatt: Contexts and Openings: Roland Greene. 7. Price and Value in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Jill Mann. 8. William Langlanda s Kynde Name: Authorial Signature and Social Identity in Late Fourteenth--Century England: Anne Middleton. 9. Historical Criticism and the Claims of Humanism: Lee Patterson. 10.a Abject odiousa : Feminine and Masculine in Henrysona s Testament of Cresseid: Felicity Riddy. 11. Prison, Writing, Absence: Representing the Subject in the English Poems of Charles da Orleans: A. C. Spearing. 12. False Fables and Historical Truth: Paul Strohm. Index.


Here we prove the usefulness of the quantitative activity-activity relationship (QAAR) approach by giving an example of its practical application. To assess and manage chemical sub- stances, experiments are often done on animals. However, in terms of time and cost efficiencies and the need for animal protection, there is increasing global demand to use statistical methods to reduce the need for animal testing. Although the QAAR approach has been introduced to esti- mate unknown toxicity values from the relationships between different toxicity endpoints (item for observation of hazardousness), there are few examples of its practical application. We considered the QAAR approach was useful from the viewpoint of effective utilization of existing data. We therefore adopted covariance structure analysis as a statistical method to develop our QAAR model for inferring the missing no-observable-effect level (NOEL) values for each target (e.g. internal or- gan) in animal testing data from repeated dose toxicity studies and reproductive toxicity studies. We emphasize here that the data were sparse. One of the major advantages of our model is that it enables us to make estimations by using confidence intervals, which means that we not only infer the missing NOEL values but also quantify their uncertainty. As a specific example, we discuss toluene, for which there were 19 missing NOELs out of 48 endpoints. Finally, we discuss the validation of the model in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's Prin- ciples for Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship models, and we conclude that the accuracy of this model is high.


Extracted from text ... Moneyweb's PERSONAL FINANCE December 2006 5
MONEY MANAGEMENT
Nine ways to manage
money effectively
Want to manage your money better? Here are nine of
the most important financial ideas.
By JONATHAN CLEMENTS
YOU get the idea.
As a columnist, my goal isn't to
report the news or to offer up an
ever-changing list of experts'
investment recommendations.
Rather, there are some key financial
insights that, I believe, should
guide everyone's investing, and I
pound away at them week after
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I have been talking about some
of these ideas for years, while others
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This paper studies business women and their opinions in order to find out whether or not there is evidence of gender discrimination. The study is based on a survey of women-owned businesses in Spain, across a wide range of industrial sectors. We examine the difficulties that female entrepreneurs encounter when creating their own companies and their opinions about gender discrimination. The results show that female entrepreneurs do not perceive gender disadvantage in their professional lives although they consider that it persists in society. There are no differences in this perception with respect to the age or the education of women.


In Cuba, 2 epidemics of dengue virus occurred: 1 caused by DEN-1 in 1977 and 1 caused by DEN-2 in 1981. The latter was associated with cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). To study viral risk factors for DHF/DSS, a retrospective seroepidemiological survey was conducted in Cerro, a densely populated district in Havana City. The prevalence of plaque reduction neutralizing antibodies to DEN-1 and DEN-2 viruses was measured in 1,295 individuals (children and adults). Of these, 43.7% were immune to DEN-1 virus and 23.6% to DEN-2 virus. Of those individuals who were immune, 26.1% were immune to DEN-1 virus only, 6% to DEN-2 virus only, and 17.6% to both viruses. The DEN-2 virus infection rate in DEN-1 immune individuals was 3.8 times higher than in non-immune individuals. The 5 DHF/DSS cases in the sample had evidence of DEN-1 virus plus DEN-2 virus infections. Three were children and 2 were young adults. No cases were found in individuals infected with DEN-1 virus or DEN-2 virus only. Children infected by DEN-1 virus followed by DEN-2 virus had a high risk of acquiring DHF/DSS. Blacks and whites were equally infected with DEN-1 and DEN-2 viruses.


Like in the other Central-European countries, Romania's industrial development model over 19501989, focused on the accelerated and extensive socialist-type industrialisation, explosive urbanisation and the implementation of urban and rural planning schemes. It was a stage in which the national urban system expanded and consolidated. It might be said that the aim of post-war industrialisation and urbanisation was largely attained by a gradual transition from the traditional rural-agrarian society to the urban-industrial society of the 1990s. It was a stagewise evolution that took on different forms, had a dynamics of its own, and developed sociocultural particularities in the course of urbanisation. After 1989, reflected the urban system underwent a deep-going restructuring process that the country's socio-political changes; urbanisation itself acquring new scope and breadth. This new stage of transition from the industrial to the services town-type mirrored the country's socio-political transition. The industrial function preserved its importance even more than in the economically developed West European states, modern industry and technology being expected to provide the Romanian urban system a development that would enable it to integrate into the town system of Europe. The urban system is undergoing a process of restructuring now, the urban phenomenon acquiring new characteristics and dimensions. The industrial city – the representative type of urban settlement, is to be gradually replaced by the polifunctional and services town, as part of the country's economic and social-political development targets for the beginning of the third millennium.


Economic growth requires capital. This article reviews the relationship between economic growth around the world and six different kinds of capital: real capital; human capital; financial capital; foreign capital; social capital; and natural capital. Economic theory and empirical evidence suggest that domestic and foreign investment, education, financial maturity, and reasonable equality in the distribution of income are all good for growth. However, recent theory and evidence also seem to suggest that natural capital—i.e., abundant natural resources—may crowd out or impair other types of capital and thus impede economic growth over long periods.


We quantify the structure and scale of the Universe using redshift surveys of galaxies and QSOs and observations of Galactic open star clusters. We obtain the galaxy power spectrum from the Durham/UKST Galaxy Redshift Survey. By comparing the shape of the observed power spectrum to the APM real space power spectrum, we quantify the size of the redshift space distortions and find β = Ω(^0.6)/b=0.60±0.35. We also apply counts-in-cells analysis to the Durham/UKST and Stromlo-APM Surveys and measure the skewness directly out to 20h(^-1)Mpc. We find that the skewness measured from CDM models can only be reconciled with that of galaxies if bias is non-linear. We make predictions for the clustering in the 2dF QSO Survey by constructing mock catalogues from the Hubble Volume N-body simulation, with geometry, selection function and clustering matching those expected in the completed Survey. We predict that the correlation function will be reliably measured out to ~ 1, 000h(^-1)Mpc and the power spectrum out to 500h(^-1)Mpc. We measure the power spectrum from the 2dF QSOs observed by January 2000 and find it has a shape of F ~ 0.1. We also find little evolution in the clustering amplitude as a function of redshift. We obtain constraints on the cosmo- logical parameters Ωn and β by combining results from modeling geometric distortions introduced into the clustering pattern due to inconsistent cosmological assumptions and results from the QSO-mass bias. Finally, we consider the scale of the Universe. We check the calibration of the Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation using U,B,V and K'band imaging of Galactic Open Clusters containing Cepheids and measure the distance modulus to the LMC to be 18.51 ±0.10. However, we find anomalous colour-colour diagrams for two clusters and suggest that the effects of metallicity may be greater than previously considered.


This is the first in a series of articles that maps legal conceptions of (in)equality onto the socio-geographical concept of spatial inequality, with a view to generating legal remedies for those living in places marked by socioeconomic disadvantage. Written for a symposium on "rural law," this article considers in particular whether the funding and delivery of government services at the county level in the state of Montana violate the state's constitution because of the grossly disparate abilities among Montana counties to finance and provide such services. Pruitt's analysis focuses on children as a particularly vulnerable and immobile population, many of whom are deprived of government services based on place of residence. Further, the article scrutinizes the provision of health and human services as a category of services to which Montana children experience great variations in access. County governments in Montana are financed principally by local property tax revenue. Uneven development across the state, from one county to the next, consequently confers on individual counties vastly different capacities to provide services. Because of the lack of centralized funding for services such as public health and other human services, those who live in sparsely populated, relatively undeveloped and property-poor counties are least served by local government. At the same time, wealthy counties - which tend also to be more populous - have economies that are more diversified, property tax bases that are more substantial, and a correspondingly greater capacity to deliver services. More densely populated counties also face lower per capita costs for delivering services because they are better able to achieve economics of scale. To illustrate these disparities, Pruitt discusses in detail the economic and demographic profiles of five Montana counties. These include Yellowstone County, home to Billings, the state's largest city; fast-growing Gallatin County, which exemplifies rural gentrification and the rural resort phenomenon; Stillwater County, a sparsely populated nonmetropolitan county with significant mineral wealth; Big Horn County, a persistent poverty county with a majority American Indian population; and Wheatland County, a tiny county with a dwindling population and an agriculture-based economy. The legal critique of this spatially and economically uneven landscape relies primarily on the 1972 Montana Constitution, which is among the most progressive state constitutions in the nation. In particular, Pruitt argues that the constitution's equal protection and dignity clauses are violated by the county government funding scheme and its consequences. The Montana equal protection clause forbids discrimination based on "race, color, sex, culture, social origin or condition, or political or religious ideas." Pruitt maintains that significant disparities in service provision, which occur arbitrarily across county lines, violate this equality guarantee. Pruitt's second argument is for state provision of a minimal degree of services to children. Relying on the constitution's dignity clause and the doctrine of parens patriae, Pruitt argues that children cannot live with dignity unless their fundamental needs are met. She asserts that the typical emphasis on autonomy with respect to the dignity right is misplaced with regard to children. For the child population, Pruitt maintains that a right to dignity should be grounded instead in their inherent dependency and vulnerability, thus imposing a duty on the state to provide children's first-order needs when their parents cannot or do not do so. In addition to this analysis under the Montana Constitution, the article also challenges the orthodoxy of U.S. constitutional jurisprudence regarding poor people, public benefits, and equal protection. Finally, Pruitt argues that Montana's school funding scheme, which has been the subject of recent litigation, now represents a better model - albeit a still-imperfect one - for financing public services. This is because the school funding formula seeks to level the funding playing field by providing more state monies, along with federal funds that are somewhat similarly allocated, to school districts based on the presence of at-risk students. School districts with the highest percentages of at-risk students tend also to be the school districts with poorer property tax bases. By contrast, the scheme for financing county government results in a situation in which more affluent counties are better able to provide services to residents, while those living in the most rural and property-poor counties have access only to very limited health and human services. Financing so linked to the local scale thus aggravates and further entrenches spatial inequalities, an outcome that is in contrast to the school funding formula, which aims to achieve greater substantive equality by channeling money to the schools with the greatest need. While this article analyzes spatial inequality in the context of a specific state and with respect to a particular type of government service, the capacity and significance of spatial inequality as a critique of legal equality guarantees is not so limited. The services that governments provide implicate a wide range of rights, and these rights may be violated if the services are not provided in an equitable manner. Pruitt thus calls for all branches and scales of government to be more attentive to the difference place makes to service delivery, in order to ensure more even and fair access.


If you had to buy just one text on algorithms, Introduction to Algorithms is a magnificent choice. The book begins by considering the mathematical foundations of the analysis of algorithms and maintains this mathematical rigor throughout the work. The tools developed in these opening sections are then applied to sorting, data structures, graphs, and a variety of selected algorithms including computational geometry, string algorithms, parallel models of computation, fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), and more. This book's strength lies in its encyclopedic range, clear exposition, and powerful analysis. Pseudo-code explanation of the algorithms coupled with proof of their accuracy makes this book is a great resource on the basic tools used to analyze the performance of algorithms.


Dust greatly influences the light transmittance of solar panels and their corresponding photovoltaic (PV) performance. However, this critical issue (dust resistance for PV devices) has not been given much attention. In this work, a new self-cleaning coating is proposed to address this problem. The coating consists of patterned scallion-like zinc oxide (ZnO), which is hydrothermally grown on a colloidal monolayer template. The crystallization and fluorescence properties of the scallion-like ZnO are quite good. This self-cleaning coating can reduce the light reflection of the PV device as well as convert the ultraviolet (UV) photons into visible photons, thus reducing light-induced degradation of amorphous silicon PV devices. Also, the surface of this coating possesses superhydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle (CA) larger than 150° and a sliding angle (SA) less than 10°, after modification with heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (HTMS). Most importantly, a predictive self-assembly method enabled by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is developed to obtain a wafer-scale colloidal monolayer consisting of hexagonal-close-packed polystyrene (PS) spheres. This method combines spin-coating with thermal treatment which plays a key role in forming a high-quality colloidal monolayer. As commonly known, identifying the optimized self-assembly temperature through experiments is a great challenge and no studies are located in the literature investigating predictive self-assembly of the colloidal monolayer. Herein, we develop MC simulation to predict the optimized temperature of the colloidal monolayer self-assembly, which can effectively reduce experimental burden, and then fabricate a wafer-scale colloidal monolayer with high quality for the first time.


This paper deals with an innovation of approaching Islamic Architectural Heritage through an
educational learning approach named Problem Based Learning (PBL). The Department of Architecture
(DoA), in Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design (KAED), of International Islamic
University Malaysia (IIUM), has implemented the so-called Problem Based Learning in one of its core
courses, named AAR 3201: Heritage Studies. Although PBL has not been thoroughly discussed in
numerous forums, seminar, and conferences of architectural education through out the world, yet this
approach has always been unconsciously implemented in learning and teaching of architecture. Similarly
in DoA, this theoretical educational approach was not discussed when the process of developing the
course was carried out, yet recent analysis on the course shows the existence of PBL essence in learning
and teaching process of the course. The implementation of PBL educational approach has proven to
effectively develop students' independency in learning, and enhance their proficiency in understanding
Islamic Architectural Heritage. Students are also found to appreciate Islamic Architectural Heritage better
through this PBL educational approach as compared to learning the subject in traditional way of listening
to lectures. This course of Islamic Architectural Heritage requires students to initially choose old
buildings with heritage quality to be measured and researched for the purpose of producing
comprehensive documentation of the buildings and their history, in the format of report, construction
drawings, presentation drawings, architectural model, miniature artefact, digital multimedia documents
etc. After buildings are identified, students are expected to have field work of measuring the buildings,
and researching for historical and constructional background of the buildings. Based on students and
lecturers feedback, the experiential and practical qualities of PBL approach implemented in this Heritage
Studies course have effectively thought students to gather knowledge of Islamic Architectural Heritage
better than theoretically teaching them via lectures in history of architecture classes. Indeed, more and
more theoretical courses in architectural education should be implemented using Problem Based Learning
educational approach to enhance students' competencies in becoming talented architects.


Abstract Ventilation and mixing systems in the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) are being designed to account for the flammable gas hydrogen that will form in process streams, just as it also does in the radioactive liquid wastes awaiting immobilization at the Hanford Tank Farms. Tank wastes forming hydrogen at the highest rates do so by reactions involving dissolved organic complexant compounds, even though hydrogen is also formed by the better known radiolysis pathway. Hydrogen generation rates (HGRs) are predicted with a correlation relating waste properties to reaction pathways involving radiolysis of water and the degradation of organic compounds. This correlation accounts only for aqueous phase reactions. An antifoam agent (AFA) will be added to waste processed in the WTP. This organic liquid mixture is immiscible in aqueous systems and will therefore form a nonaqueous phase liquid layer on the processed waste, unless some of its compounds are unstable in the hostile physical/chemical environment and break down into soluble degradation products. Dissolved organic species increase the organic source term in the WTP HGR correlation, but the correlation requires adaptation to address hydrogen formed from immiscible organic liquids. Here, we report our initial evaluation of the hydrogen formed by 60Co gamma irradiation of a waste simulant containing Dow Corning Q2-3183A AFA with an adapted WTP HGR correlation.


Navigation Solution for the Texas A&M Autonomous Ground Vehicle. (August 2006) Craig Allen Odom, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Make McDermott The need addressed in this thesis is to provide an Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV) with accurate information regarding its position, velocity, and orientation. The system chosen to meet these needs incorporates (1) a differential Global Positioning System, (2) an Inertial Measurement Unit consisting of accelerometers and angular-rate sensors, and (3) a Kalman Filter (KF) to fuse the sensor data. The obstacle avoidance software requires position and orientation to build a global map of obstacles based on the returns of a scanning laser rangefinder. The path control software requires position and velocity. The development of the KF is the major contribution of this thesis. This technology can either be purchased or developed, and, for educational and financial reasons, it was decided to develop instead of purchasing the KF software. This thesis analyzes three different cases of navigation: one-dimensional, two dimensional and three-dimensional (general). Each becomes more complex, and separating them allows a three step progression to reach the general motion solution. Three tests were conducted at the Texas A&M University Riverside campus that demonstrated the accuracy of the solution. Starting from a designated origin, the AGV traveled along the runway and then returned to the same origin within 11 cm along the North axis, 19 cm along the East axis and 8 cm along the Down axis. Also, the vehicle traveled along runway 35R which runs North-South within 0.1°, with the yaw solution consistently within 1° of North or South. The final test was mapping a box onto the origin of the global map, which requires accurate linear and angular position estimates and a correct mapping transformation.


Integrability conditions for almost cosymplectic structures on almost contact manifolds are obtained. Examples of these structures are given by taking the direct product of an almost Kaehler manifold with a line R or a circle S 1 . If the curvature transformation of the metric associated with an almost cosymplectic space M commutes with the fundamental singular collineation ό of M, then the related almost contact structure on M gives rise to a complex structure on M X R. The manifold M is then a cosymplectic space, examples being given by taking the direct product of a Kaehler manifold with R or S 1 . In particular, an almost cosymplectic manifold is cosymplectic if and only if it is locally flat.


The current literature does not provide efficient models for commodity prices and
futures valuation. This inadequacy is partly due to the fact that the two main streams
of the literature - structural models and reduced form models - are largely disjoint. In
particular, existing structural models are developed under rigid discrete time framework
that does not take into account the mean-reverting properties of commodity prices.
Furthermore, most of the literature within this class does not analyze the properties of the
futures prices. Current reduced-form models allow cash-and-carry arbitrage possibilities
and do not take into account the dependence between the spot price volatility and the
inventory levels.
This thesis investigates three new models for the price of a storable commodity
and futures valuation. Specifically, we develop a structural model and two reduced-form
models. In doing so, we expand the leading models within each of the two streams of
the literature, by establishing a link between them. Each of these models provide an
advance of their type.
This study makes several contributions to the literature. We provide a new
structural model in continuous time that takes into account the mean reversion of commodity
prices. This model is formulated as a stochastic dynamic control problem. The
formulation provided is flexible and can easily be extended to encompass alternative
microeconomic specifications of the market. The results provide an optimal storage
policy, the equilibrium prices and the spot price variability. We also develop a numerical
method that allows the construction and analysis of the forward curves implied by this
model. We provide a separate analysis considering a competitive storage and considering
a monopolistic storage. The results are consistent with the theory of storage. Furthermore,
the comparison between monopoly and competition confirm the economic theory.
We developed a simple reduced-form model that focuses both on the mean reverting
properties of commodity prices and excludes cash-and-carry arbitrage possibilities. This
model is compared with a standard single-factor model in the literature. This new model
adds two important features to the standard model and motivates the development of a
more sophisticated reduced-form model. Accordingly, the last model developed in this
thesis is a reduced-form model. It is a two-factor model that represents the spot price
and the convenience yield as two correlated stochastic factors. This model excludes
cash-and-carry arbitrage possibilities and takes into account the relationship between the spot price volatility and the inventory level. We find an analytical solution for the
futures prices. This model is tested empirically using crude oil futures data and it Is
compared with one of the leading models in the literature. Both models are calibrated
using Kalman filter techniques. The empirical results suggest that both models need to
be improved in order to better fit the long-term volatility structure of futures contracts.


We propose a unified and simple approach for capturing and recreating 3D sound fields by exploring the reciprocity principle that is satisfied between the two processes. Our approach makes the system easy to build, and practical. Using this approach, we can capture the 3D sound field by a spherical microphone array and recreate it using a spherical loudspeaker array, and ensure that the recreated sound field matches the recorded field up to a high order of spherical harmonics. A design example and simulation results are presented. For some regular or semi-regular microphone layouts, we design an efficient parallel implementation of the multi-directional spherical beamformer by using the rotational symmetries of the beampattern and of the spherical microphone array. This can be implemented in either software or hardware. A simple design example is presented to demonstrate the idea. It can be easily adapted for other regular or semi-regular layouts of microphones.


Throughout the developing world, resource-poor farmers (about 1.4 billion people) located in risk-prone, marginal environments, remain untouched by modern agricultural technology. A new approach to natural resource management must be developed so that new management systems can be tailored and adapted in a site-specific way to highly variable and diverse farm conditions typical of resource-poor farmers. Agroecology provides the scientific basis to address the production by a biodiverse agroecosystem able to sponsor its own functioning. The latest advances in agroecological research are reviewed in order to better define elements of a research agenda in natural resource management that is compatible with the needs and aspirations of peasants. Obviously, a relevant research agenda setting should involve the full participation of farmers with other institutions serving a facilitating role. The implementation of the agenda will also imply major institutional and policy changes. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20


ABSTRACT Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary neoplasm of the brain. Moreover, the prognosis of patients with GBM has been poor, with almost uniform progressive neurological impairment and rapid death. Despite the availability of multimodal treatments through surgery, focal radiation, and chemotherapy, no major progress has been reported until recently. Area covered: The development of interstitial biodegradable carmustine wafers (Gliadel) for treating selected patients with malignant gliomas has resulted in marginal survival benefits in such patients (only approximately 2 months longer than that of those who did not receive the treatment). Therefore, this study summarizes several recent representative studies, presents emerging studies, and highlights the directions for additional developments in this area. An overview of the current knowledge of preclinical developments, efficacy and safety observed in clinical trials and practice following drug approval, and future avenues of research is imperative. Expert opinion: Studies are being conducted to improve the efficacy of interstitial chemotherapy by using nanobiotechnology and polymeric material science in addition to different chemotherapeutic, antiangiogenesic, and gene therapy agents and growth factors. Nanocarrier-based noninvasive techniques may have considerable potential to enhance the efficacy of GBM treatment.


A case of invasion of the brain of a 48-year-old man, a native of Louisiana, by a larval tapeworm is described. Inasmuch as there were no scolices or rostellar hooks present the parasite was identified as a racemose cysticercus which could be either a sterile coenurus of Taenia multiceps (= Multiceps multiceps), Taenia serialis (= Multiceps serialis), or an aberrant cysticercus of Taenia solium or of a different species of Taenia. Most of the parasite was removed surgically with a preoperative diagnosis of brain tumor. After operation the patient improved, and 32 months after onset of his illness he was working and showed no evidence of a recurrence.


Background: This article describes two examples of online ad testing used to assess effectiveness of tobacco control ads in Minnesota (United States). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends mass-media campaigns to change tobacco-related attitudes and encourage quitting. ClearWay MinnesotaSM uses online surveys to test ads with target audiences, select the most effective ads, and complement traditional evaluations of its campaigns. Two examples in this article demonstrate the method and how results have been used. Methods: Example 1 used an online survey to test two ad campaigns with 600 tobacco users. Participants were randomly assigned to evaluate two CDC Tips From Former Smokers ads and two ClearWay Minnesota QUITPLAN® Services ads for motivational effectiveness. In Example 2, 805 adult Minnesotans evaluated three of ClearWay Minnesota's Still a Problem educational ads to determine whether the campaign was having the intended effect on its target audience. Results: Results for Example 1 revealed CDC's ads were more effective than QUITPLAN Services ads in motivating tobacco users to seek help. Results for Example 2 demonstrated that the Still a Problem campaign was having the intended effect on the target audience. Discussion: Example 1 results compelled ClearWay Minnesota to tag CDC's ads with the QUITPLAN Services brand and buy more advertising time. Observed service volumes increased. Example 2 results suggested no need for adjustments to change the Still a Problem campaign because it was working as intended. Traditional evaluation requires longer time frames than online testing. Online message testing can inform social marketing and educational campaign development in real time, typically for less cost than traditional methods. Conclusions: Online message testing is an efficient way to test ads, improve program effectiveness, and protect investments in public health marketing campaigns.


[Abstract]:
Technology has the ability to act as a catalyst for redesigning traditional teaching practice. Tablet PC technology combined with screen casts of the annotated work is particularly useful in addressing student learning styles, especially when learners require both visual and auditory mechanisms in order to process information (Radosevich and Kahn, 2006). Integrating this type of technology into the educator's pedagogy can enhance the learning environment positively and there have been a number of examples in various disciplines where a more dynamic, student-centred learning atmosphere has been promoted (Loch and Donovan, 2006; Rogers and Cox, 2008).

Over the last four years I have used Tablet PC technology predominately in teaching chemistry and biochemistry. This has proven to be a very valuable tool in these disciplines, particularly where the teaching is a dynamic process (eg illustrating chemical equations and metabolic pathways). I also utilised the Tablet PC in teaching microbiology albeit to a lesser extent and was inclined only to highlight main points.

Concepts maps and flow charts are a key feature in my teaching approach in microbiology, and, although I had used these two visual strategies for a number of years using the whiteboard, it wasn't until I had used Tablet PC technology in other disciplines that I started to reflect on how best I could use the technology in microbiology. According to Sandholtz, Ringstaff and Dwyer (1997) there is an evolution of thought and practice during the process of change that educators undergo with integration of technology. Tablet PC incorporates elements of traditional white-board teaching and PowerPoint presentation where tools of both old (pen and paper) and new (computer software) are combined. Therefore, incorporating Tablet PC in the instruction of concept maps and flowcharts in microbiology was a natural progression and exemplified how technology can be an impetus for new teaching practices. The ability to annotate and produce screen casts enabled me to promote the use of flow charts and concept maps amongst students by providing the support in terms of visual display and consequently gave students more confidence in constructing them.

This paper documents how my pedagogical approaches in teaching an introductory microbiology class has evolved and how the use of Tablet PC has been the mechanism by which innovative practice has emerged over time. It outlines the progressive change in the use of concept maps from teacher-centred 'chalk and talk' generated concept maps and flow charts to a more constructivist approach where students now generate their own maps through the aid of Tablet PC instruction. The combination of live audio and screen recordings using Camtasia recording software has produced a more dynamic approach to the construction of concepts maps and gives students another dimension to the interrelatedness of concepts which is not as easily afforded by traditional static concept maps on power point slides. This presentation will detail the role that Tablet PCs have played in designing innovative approaches, highlighting how pedagogical methods have evolved from previously taught concept map and flow chart exercises in an introductory microbiology class.