Patient organizations today play a major role in the scientific, economic and political arenas. They have become the quasi-obliged partners of researchers, industrialists and political authorities. This book investigates this quite recent configuration by offering an in-depth exploration of three thematic issues: To what social and political stakes are patient organizations confronted as regards the transformation, production, circulation, and governance of knowledge? The involvement of patient organizations in the economic world is acknowledged as confrontational, especially when it comes to relationships with the pharmaceutical industry. To what extent do opposition, "instrumentalization", or cooperation constitute relevant models if we are to account for the multifaceted relationships between patient organizations and economic actors? Patient organisations are the structuring actors of networks, coalitions, and collectives throughout Europe. What social and political concerns arise from these particular forms of collective action on a national or European scale? Each question is fi rst examined through an academic and grey literature review. Then the emerging topics and critical issues are identifi ed and discussed, drawing upon exchanges of experiences, viewpoints, and reflections between actors involved in patients' and users' movements and social scientists. The dynamics of patient organizations in Europe raises a number of questions of interest for all actors from the health system, as well as for social scientists. This book intends to contribute to the refl ection on further research agenda setting and policy-making.


Australian food products have a reputation for exceptional quality and are valued for by consumers for high safety standards. Recently, there have been several high profile incidents where Australian products "made from local and imported ingredients" have resulted in negative health outcomes which were traced back to produce that was not locally sourced. Local processing company Tropico Fruits produces an extensive range of fruit based products and list an Australian Kensington Pride mango puree among their flagship products. In light of the recent health issues arising from composite products using imported ingredients, the ability to test a processed product and identify the country of origin of it constituents is of great value to commercial enterprises that promote their products as locally sourced. Processed mango products are great candidates for assessing the feasibility of applying DNA-based identification methodologies for a number of reasons. DNA profiles have been determined for over 300 mango accession sourced from around the globe, including all the major domestic and overseas commercial varieties. Within all the commercial varieties, unique combinations of DNA markers exist such that a specific DNA profile can be traced back to the source variety. This means that even in composite purees, the major constituent varieties would be detected. To this end, four commercially produced mango purees were provided by Tropico Fruits and samples were subjected to a number of DNA extraction methodologies. While several of the methods produced workable quantities of highly degraded DNA, none of the extracted samples produced any results in the DNA fingerprinting steps. The objective of this project was to produce a set of reliable protocols that could determine the constituents of a processed product on the basis of a DNA profile. Unfortunately, while DNA was isolated using several techniques, the level of DNA degradation arising from the pureeing and sterilisation processes meant that DNA profiles could not be generated


Abstract Political scandals have been observed to be increasingly common everywhere. In April 2008, the Finnish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Ilkka Kanerva, was compelled to resign because of the sensation arising from the enormous number of suggestive text messages that he had sent to a young female erotic dancer. During the scandal, the media followed this episode intensively. The present article considers what kinds of qualities for political leadership the media called for during this scandal and how these qualities were justified. The paper is based partly on quantitative but mostly on qualitative content analyses of the four most read newspapers in Finland. The results show five categories, the qualities being professional competence, personal characteristics and behaviour, trustworthiness, maintenance of relations and communication skills. The results show that the requirements imposed by the media are high, but that evaluation of professional competence is still crucial. Further, the occurrence of a scandal seems to trigger discussions on trust in politicians.


In a 2 × 2 experimental study, we used the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT) to assess the quality of intelligence testing by telephone with a sample of 210 individuals active in the world of work and compared it both inter- and intraindividually with intelligence testing by face-to-face test administration. The population median (rxx = .88) of the reliability of ordinary face-to-face-based Wonderlic test-retest reliabilities fit the present data. The pattern of relationships between the WPT and tests of verbal and emotional intelligence was equal in both modalities. The WPT showed high convergence with verbal intelligence and was orthogonal to emotional intelligence. In both experimental groups, WPT scores were positively related to the level of formal education and occupational attainment. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed. We conclude that, given cooperative testtakers, intelligence testing by telephone is a promising alternative to traditional forms of intelligence testing in work and ...


Serratognathus diversus An, Cornuodus longibasis (Lindström), Drepanodus arcuatus Pander, and eleven other less common conodonts, including Cornuodus? sp., Oistodus lanceolatus, Protopanderodus gradatus, Protoprioniodus simplicissimus, Juanognathus variabilis, Nasusgnathus dolonus, Paltodus? sp., Scolopodus houlianzhaiensis, Semiacontiodus apterus, Semiacontiodus sp. cf. S. cornuformis and Serratognathoides? sp., are described and illustrated from the Honghuayuan Formation in Guizhou, South China, concluding revision of the conodont fauna from this unit, which comprises 24 species in total. The most distinctive species in the fauna, S. diversus, consists of a trimembrate apparatus, including symmetrical Sa, asymmetrical Sb and strongly asymmetrical Sc elements. This species concept is supported by the absence of any other element types in a large collection represented by nearly 500 specimens of this species. The fauna indicates a late Tremadocian to mid-Floian age (Early Ordovician) for the Honghuayuan Formation, which was widely distributed on the Yangtze Platform in shallow water environments. Previously published biostratigraphic zonations for the Honghuayuan Formation are reviewed, and revised on the basis of our knowledge of the entire conodont fauna, supporting the establishment of three biozones, Triangulodus bifidus, Serratognathus diversus, and Prioniodus honghuayanensis biozones in ascending order. Species of Serratognathus enable correlation between Ordovician successions of South China, North China (North China Platform and Ordos Basin), Tarim Basin, and further afield into Malaysia and northwestern Australia.


How should we conceive and address the position of migrants in receiving states? The argument offered here presents an account of this position in terms of civic marginalization, that is, marginalization relative to the norm of the national citizen. Two dimensions of civic marginalization are distinguished. First, marginalization with respect to the status of national citizenship which is addressed in terms of the issue of whether specific kinds of migrants should be entitled to access to national citizenship, and what, if any, conditions governing such access are justifiable. Second, marginalization with respect to the rights and duties of the national citizen, which is addressed in terms of the rights to which specific types of migrant are entitled and the duties which can be demanded of them as well as the duties of the state towards them. Distinguishing these two dimensions also helps to bring into focus their interaction with one another by demonstrating that whether, and under what conditions, a migrant has access to national citizenship is normatively consequential for their rights and duties and the duties of the state towards them. The argument also offers methodological reflections on approaching this topic and draws attention to the strengths and limitations of its own methodological strategy.


A mathematical model of the mirror misalignment of a four-equal-sided nonplanar ring cavity is established in this letter. The variations in the optical axis are discussed through an augmented 6 \times 6 ray matrix formulation. Numerical analysis shows that the self-consistence of the optical axis can always be obtained because of the thermal effects in any case of mirror misalignment. For a fabricated design, optical axis variations always appear. The influence of thermal effects (i.e., pump power) on optical axis variations are studied. The tilt of the optical axis remains constant, whereas its decentration varies with pump power. Further analysis shows that the actual closing point of the optical axis moves close to the ideal point as the pump power increases. The theoretical analysis proposed is proven and validated by the experimental results.


Foreign currency derivative markets are among the largest in the world, yet their role in emerging markets in particular, is relatively understudied. We study firms' currency risk exposure and their hedging choices by employing a unique dataset covering the universe of FX derivatives transactions in Chile since 2003, together with firm-level information on sales, international trade, trade credits, and debt. We uncover four stylized facts: (i) natural hedging of currency risk is limited, (ii) financial hedging is more likely to be used by larger firms, (iii) firms in international trade are more likely to use FX derivatives to hedge their gross (rather than net) cash currency risk, and (iv) firms are more likely to pay larger premiums for longer maturity contracts. We then use a policy reform to study the role of financial intermediaries in affecting the dynamics of the forward exchange rate markets. We show that a negative supply shock -reducing the liquidity of FX derivatives to firmslowers firms use of FX derivatives and increases the forward premium.


From time to time, developers perform sequences of code transformations in a systematic and repetitive way. This may happen, for example, when introducing a design pattern in a legacy system: similar classes have to be introduced, containing similar methods that are called in a similar way. Automation of these sequences of transformations has been proposed in the literature to avoid errors due to their repetitive nature. However, developers still need support to identify all the relevant code locations that are candidate for transformation. Past research showed that these kinds of transformation can lag for years with forgotten instances popping out from time to time as other evolutions bring them into light. In this paper, we evaluate three distinct code search approaches ("structural", based on Information Retrieval, and AST based algorithm) to find code locations that would require similar transformations. We validate the resulting candidate locations from these approaches on real cases identified previously in literature. The results show that looking for code with similar roles, e.g., classes in the same hierarchy, provides interesting results with an average recall of 87% and in some cases the precision up to 70%.


The global climate results from interactions between the ocean and atmosphere. Ocean gyres are perhaps one of the most significant interactions; they regulate temperature, salinity and nutrient flow across the ocean basins. Gyres transport warm, tropical waters to higher latitudes and cold waters to lower latitudes and act as the dominant heat-transport mechanism in the Earth's climate system. They also influence spatial patterns in marine primary production by distributing nutrients between the equator and poles. However, gyre circulation in the subtropics has been strengthening, leading to marine heat waves, changing biogeochemistry and reducing primary production since the early 1900s. These changes are often interpreted as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. However, ocean circulation and primary production can exhibit natural variations on a variety of timescales. Could these recent changes be a part of a long-term natural cycle or a product of anthropogenic change?

This research aims to reconstruct South Pacific Gyre (SPG) circulation and biogeochemistry using a suite of New Zealand black corals. The primary research goal is determining if there is a precedent for the ocean changes observed over the instrumental period. Black corals are an ideal paleoceanographic archive for this work; they provide high-resolution, multi-millennial records of biogeochemistry and ocean circulation within their skeletons, derived using radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotopes (d13C and d15N). In this thesis, I show that late Holocene SPG strength has been highly variable and the relationship between circulation and biogeochemistry is timescale dependent.
The black coral radiocarbon records suggest late Holocene SPG circulation has been controlled by westerly wind strength. Our records show the SPG exhibits natural variability on multi-centennial and millennial timescales that corresponds to the variability within the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The black coral circulation record shows that the modern gyre circulation is not without precedent over the last 3000 years.

The black coral d13C and d15N records show significant variability on multi-decadal to multi-centennial timescales. Multi-centennial variability in black coral d13C and d15N appears to be driven by sea surface temperature (SST), nitrogen fixation rates and wind-driven upwelling and is possibly forced by the mean state of the Southern Oscillation Index and ocean circulation strength. A trend in black coral d13C over the last 1500 years also suggests a shift in phytoplankton community structure towards larger and faster growing phytoplankton. These records also reveal a shift in mean coral d13C and d15N between the 0-2000BP and 2000-3000BP period, the latter corresponding to a period of stronger gyre circulation inferred from the radiocarbon records.

This work shows that: 1) New Zealand's black corals are a promising archive for studying paleoceanography; they can extend instrumental ocean records and fill the gap between traditional southwest Pacific paleoceanographic proxy records (tropical corals, sediment cores); 2) SPG circulation has been highly variable over the last 3000 years; circulation is controlled by atmospheric patterns (e.g. SAM) on multi-centennial to millennial timescales; 3) Gyre circulation is only one of many forcing factors on southwest Pacific primary production and marine biogeochemistry; comparisons between the ∆R, d13C and d15N proxies show that variations in SPG biogeochemical patterns and productivity are likely driven by local dynamics such as phytoplankton community structure, SST, upwelling and gyre circulation. Finally, this research demonstrates the key role that a distributed set of deep-sea coral paleoceanographic reconstructions could play in characterizing the dynamical variability in southwest Pacific Ocean circulation, biogeochemistry and primary production. This information is critical for detecting and attributing past and future anthropogenic impacts on the southwest Pacific Ocean.


This paper offers a brief analysis of aspects related to the significance and the complexities of introducing "different" epistemologies in higher education teaching and learning. We start by introducing the metaphors of abyssal thinking, epistemic blindness and ecologies of knowledge in the work of Boaventura de Souza Santos. In the second part of the paper we use Santos' metaphors to engage with the tensions of translating aboriginal epistemologies into non-aboriginal languages, categories and technologies. In the third part, we offer a situated illustration of an attempt to introduce epistemological pluralism in addressing central concepts in teaching in higher education. In our conclusion we emphasize that political, ontological and metaphysical questions need to be considered very carefully in the process of introducing different epistemologies into higher education.


Before 1995, about three-fourths of the nation's immigrants settled in just six states: California, Texas, Illinois, Florida, New York, and New Jersey. In the decade since, however, immigrants increasingly have bypassed those traditional gateway states in favor of new frontiers, and twenty-two other states have experienced extremely rapid growth in their immigrant populations. How have these new destination states approached the influx of new immigrants, the lion's share of whom are recent arrivals with limited English skills and low incomes? How have officials in these ""laboratories of democracy"" faced the new public policy and political challenges? Immigration's New Frontiers examines the experiences of North Carolina, Iowa, Georgia, Minnesota, and Nebraska. The book provides readers with a better understanding of the enormous difficulties caused by the absence of a functioning federal system. In many cases, states and localities are attempting to resolve within their jurisdictions problems --mostly concerning undocumented immigration --that can only be adequately addressed at the national level. Such issues have become all the more difficult as a combination of racial tensions, job competition, disruption in particular neighborhoods, and political grandstanding have often impeded problem-solving efforts.


Complex Communities explores how sedentary settlements developed and flourished in the Middle East during the Early Iron Age nearly four thousand years ago. Using archaeological evidence, Benjamin Porter reconstructs how residents maintained their communities despite environmental uncertainties. Living in a semi-arid area in the present-day country of Jordan, villagers faced a harsh and unpredictable ecosystem. Communities fostered resilience by creating flexible production routines and leadership strategies. Settlements developed what archaeologists call "communal complexity," a condition through which small-scale societies shift between egalitarian and hierarchical arrangements. Complex Communities provides detailed, scientifically grounded reconstructions of how this communal complexity functioned in the region. These settlements emerged during a period of recovery following the political and economic collapse of Bronze Age Mediterranean societies. Scholars have characterised west-central Jordan's political organisation during this time as an incipient Moabite state. Complex Communities argues instead that the settlements were a collection of independent, self-organising entities. Each community constructed substantial villages with fortifications, practiced both agriculture and pastoralism, and built and stocked storage facilities. From these efforts to produce and store resources, especially food, wealth was generated and wealthier households gained power over their neighbours. However, power was limited by the fact that residents could--and did--leave communities and establish new ones. Complex Communities reveals that these settlements moved through adaptive cycles as they adjusted to a changing socionatural system. These sustainability-seeking communities have lessons to offer not only the archaeologists studying similar struggles in other locales, but also to contemporary communities facing negative climate change. Readers interested in resilience studies, Near Eastern archaeology, historical ecology, and the archaeology of communities will welcome this volume.


The RIOJA project (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ls/rioja) investigated the feasibility of an overlay journal model in collaboration with the arXiv and in the scientific domain of astrophysics and cosmology. Scientists in this community are active users of e-prints repositories such as the arXiv. Furthermore, they have the support of Professional Associations and Learned Societies that have been pioneers in adapting to new publishing models and in particular electronic journals.

Long term access to information as well as maintaining provision to sustainable systems/services is important to various parties in the scholarly communication system: the creators of information, developers and managers of services, libraries, publishers, funders and also users. Although scientific journals have been in existence since the 18th century (Lawal, 2001), factors such as increased journal subscription prices in the last decades and the emergence of new technologies have triggered discussions on the potential of new business models for publishing research. Furthermore, the advent of the open access movement also contributed to exploration of the issues around free access to information and provision of sustainable services. Exploring aspects of sustainability is something that should be seen over a period of time and whether launching, converting or simply maintaining a new or existing system/service the needs of the community it serves should be taken into account.

Scientific journal publishing is a complex process. Besides disseminating scientific knowledge, registration of a claim for new discovery and a quality "stamp" it also facilitates social factors. Besides making research findings available and contributing to the advancement of knowledge, publishing is also a means for measuring quality of the work of scientists, allocating funding, and acknowledging contributions to knowledge.

In this report, we will try to provide an overview of a new publishing model, that of the overlay journal. We will discuss the use of the arXiv by scientists in astrophysics and cosmology as well as the role of professional associations and learned societies in the publishing process for this community.

We will briefly explain the methods employed to compile this report. We will also briefly present the RIOJA toolkit before we try and identify costs in the publishing process associated with the functions of registration, certification, and awareness and archiving.

This report does not aim to provide a comprehensive report of actual journal publishing costings. Despite the fact that there are studies in existence that tried to document costs associated with journal publishing, the information presented there rarely corresponds to the actual costs of individual journal functions. In addition, the interviews with publishers and editors did not reveal any substantial information about costings that have not already been reported in the literature or are available on some publishers' websites. Where appropriate, this report aims to acknowledge studies conducted previously as pointers to further reading and, where applicable, to compare reported findings to observations made during the development and implementation of the RIOJA toolkit (described below).

We will conclude this report with some of the issues reported in the literature around sustainability of services and some brief suggestions for further work.


A compact, user-friendly reference book addressing many of the kinds of questions about grammar that regularly confront teachers, both novice and experienced, when planning or executing their lessons. A glance at any web-site, discussion forum or social network shared by teachers of English suggests that teachers are constantly asking each other questions related to pedagogical grammar. These may simply be questions about terminology or categorisation ('What's a clause?'; 'Is like a preposition?'), or they may seek to unravel subtle grammatical distinctions ('What's the difference between for and since?) or explain persistent learner errors ('Why in bed and not in the bed?'). This book is designed to fulfil this basic, everyday need – as well as being a book that can be read for interest, and even pleasure, in its own right.


This document captures the problem statement for the Softwires Working
Group, which is developing standards for the discovery, control, and
encapsulation methods for connecting IPv4 networks across IPv6-only
networks as well as IPv6 networks across IPv4-only networks. The
standards will encourage multiple, inter-operable vendor
implementations by identifying, and extending where necessary,
existing standard protocols to resolve a selected set of "IPv4/IPv6"
and "IPv6/IPv4" transition problems. This document describes the
specific problems ("Hubs and Spokes" and "Mesh") that will be solved
by the standards developed by the Softwires Working Group. Some
requirements (and non-requirements) are also identified to better
describe the specific problem scope. This memo provides information
for the Internet community.


This paper investigates how investors who face both market risk (interest rate risk) and credit risk in addition to equity risk would optimally allocate their financial wealth in a dynamic, no arbitrage, continuous-time setup. I model credit risk through a defaultable zero-coupon bond and solve the stochastic differential equation of it under the recovery to market value scheme. I obtain a closed-form solution to this investment problem, which enables me to analyze the impact on investors' decisions of various risk parameters. One interesting insight of this paper is that a non-zero recovery rate of the credit-risky bond affects investors' decision in a fundamental way. This is manifested in a dividend-like adjustment term in the drift of the stochastic differential equation (SDE) of the defaultable zero-coupon bond's return process. The optimal asset allocation involves the "separation effect" and "integration effect". As a result, the relation between myopic demands for bonds and market prices of risk becomes relatively complicated compared with that in the traditional setup. In addition, I show the cross-markets correlation is an important factor in the asset allocation decision. In particular, it affects investors' ability to hedge against or speculate on the stochastic risk premium of the defaultable bond. Numerical examples show that the inclusion of credit markets significantly enhances investors' welfare. I also find modeling interest rate as a stochastic process greatly reduces model risk, giving investors more realistic prospects in their investment decisions. Key Words: integration of market risk and credit risk, asset allocation, welfare analysis, corporate bond, model risk


Violin playing in eighteenth-century England was dominated by foreign violinists, of whom Francesco Geminiani was one of the most significant, disseminating the technique and style of his master Arcangelo Corelli, through his compositions, teaching, performance and, above all, his The Art of Playing on the Violin (London, 1751). The latter treatise occupies an important historical position as the only advanced violin method to be published in England in the eighteenth century. It appeared in several editions, as well as translations into French (first edition, L'art de jouer le violon (Paris, 1752)) and German (first edition, Grundliche Anleitung oder Violinschule (Vienna, 1782)) and various abbreviated, 'improved' and plagiarised versions, some of which reflected changes in the instrument's developing technical and expressive vocabulary. It also prompted the publication of various supposititious works in Geminiani's name (some derived from Part V of Peter Prelleur's The Modern Musick-Master (1731)) and influenced the content of several English treatises for the 'amateur violinist', notably those of, among others, Stephen Philpot ([1767]), Robert Bremner ([1777]), Jean Jousse (1805?] and [1811]), Thomas Goodban ([1810]), Robert William Keith ([1813]), John Paine ([c.1815]), John David Loder (1824), Neville Butler Challoner ([1825]), Thomas Howell (1825 and [1828]), Robert Hack ([1835]) and Andrew Thomson ([1840?]), some of which spawned numerous editions. Louis Spohr's Violinschule (Vienna, 1832), which promptly appeared in English translations by C. Rudolphus ([1833]) and John Bishop ([1843] and later by Florence A. Marshall (1878, edited by Henry Holmes), eventually superseded Geminaini's work as the overriding influence in England from the 1840s.
 The chapter discusses briefly the background and content of Geminiani's The Art of Playing on the Violin and evaluates in detail the influence of its principles on the wide variety of pedagogical publications that succeeded it. Attention focuses on the technical and expressive aspects of violin playing which form the basis of Geminiani's method, notably the manner of holding the instrument and bow, left-hand fingering, extensions and contractions, shifting and position-work, intonation, bow management, varied bowings, vibrato, ornamentation, scale usage, and aspects of style and good taste. Reasons for the eventual ascendancy of Spohr's treatise are also discussed, along with the significance of Geminiani's treatise as a seminal text in the modern period-instrument revival.


Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) has proven to be the frontrunner for the removal of nitrogen
oxides (NOX) from exhaust gas. EURO VI emission regulations present a challenge from the
control point of view, so as to achieve high NOX conversion while keeping the ammonia slip under
control. This thesis focuses on a model based feedforward control system to dose the urea. The SCR
is modeled as a series of CSTR (continuously stirred tank reactor) with the main SCR chemical
kinetics. The main reactions are ammonia adsorption, desorption, fast SCR, slow SCR, standard
SCR and ammonia oxidation. The model is simplified so as to capture the important dynamics
and be fast at the same time. A fast and computationally less demanding model is required from
a control aspect if it has to be implemented online.
Two control strategies were evaluated. The first control strategy maintains a constant ammonia
slip whereas the second controller maintains a constant NOX to ammonia ratio at the outlet of the
SCR.
The catalyst used is an extruded vanadia based catalyst. The control strategy was tested on
the engine bench with a 11.4L catalyst and an inline 6 cylinder 12.8L engine. The performance of
the controller was very good compared to a
at urea dosing. The control strategy achieves a higher
NOX conversion, less ammonia slip and uses less urea for injection.


In recent years, Roman Catholic bishops and activists have been highly visible in the public debate over issues such as nuclear arms control and U.S. policy in Central America. Until now, however, the evolution of American Catholic thought on these questions has received little attention. This book is the first comprehensive critical analysis of American Catholic thought on war and peace. The author's purpose is to evaluate the post-Vatican II transformation of the Church's approach to war/peace issues and to point a wiser direction for its future development. The book begins with a survey of American Catholicism's rich and sophisticated heritage of moral reasoning on war, peace, and political community. In a major reinterpretation of American Catholic history, Weigel shows how the American Bishops' development of a theology of democracy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries enriched the Church's classic understanding of peace as political community. Weigel thus challenges the now-prominent idea that the U.S. Catholic bishops were not seriously involved in the war-peace debate until the last decade. A highlight of the book is its detailed intellectual portrait of John Courtney Murray, S.J., whom Weigel calls the finest political theorist ever produced by the American Church. Weigel then demonstrates how, over the past generation, American Catholic intellectuals and publicists began to abandon their heritage, and thereby impoverished the theological and political argument over war and peace, security and freedom. The book analyzes the ideas of seven key figures in the transformation of the American Catholic war/peace debate--Dorothy Day, Gordon Zahn, Thomas Merton, Daniel and Philip Berrigan, James Douglass, and J. Bryan Hehir--and critically explores the U.S. bishops' recent involvement with nuclear and Central American policy. Recovering and developing the classic American Catholic heritage, Weigel argues, is essential to creating a wiser theology and politics whose concern for both peace and freedom challenges realists and idealists alike.


The focus of this thesis is on the evaluation of input modalities for generic
input tasks, such inputting text and pointer based interaction. In particular,
input systems that can be used within a wearable computing system are
examined in terms of human-wearable computer interaction. The literature
identified a lack of empirical research into the use of input devices for text
input and pointing, when used as part of a wearable computing system.
The research carried out within this thesis took an approach that
acknowledged the movement condition of the user of a wearable system, and
evaluated the wearable input devices while the participants were mobile and
stationary. Each experiment was based on the user's time on task, their
accuracy, and a NASA TLX assessment which provided the participant's
subjective workload. The input devices assessed were 'off the shelf' systems.
These were chosen as they are readily available to a wider range of users
than bespoke inpu~ systems. Text based input was examined first. The text
input systems evaluated were::a keyboard,; an on-screen keyboard, a
handwriting recognition system, a voice 'recognition system and a wrist-
keyboard (sometimes known as a wrist-worn keyboard). It was found that the
most appropriate text input system to use overall, was the handwriting
recognition system, (This is forther explored in the discussion of Chapters
three and seven.)
The text input evaluations were followed by a series of four experiments that
examined pointing devices, and assessed their appropriateness as part of a
wearable computing system. The devices were; an off-table mouse, a speech
recognition system, a stylus and a track-pad. These were assessed in relation
to the following generic pointing tasks: target acquisition, dragging and
dropping, and trajectory-based interaction. Overall the stylus was found to be
the most appropriate input device for use with a wearable system, when used
as a pointing device. (This isforther covered in Chapters four to six.)
By completing this series of experiments, evidence has been scientifically
established that can support both a wearable computer designer and a
wearable user's choice of input device. These choices can be made in regard
to generic interface task activities such as: inputting text, target acquisition,
dragging and dropping and trajectory-based interaction.


This article provides an initial overview of the African Union's progress and challenges in implementing the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda in its peace and security architecture. It reviews implementation in relation to representation, programming and in peacekeeping. The article contends that the WPS agenda has strong roots in Africa and that progress has been made in relation to the development of frameworks, policies and strategies. Representation of women in the architecture has improved but the AU still has a long way to go to see this through at programmatic level (for example in peace negotiations and peace support operations). The programmes and activities implemented also appear to be rather ad hoc and attempts at quick-fix measurable exercises. The article argues that the WPS agenda has been narrowed to focus on the inclusion of women into peace and security institutions and processes without a deeper reflection of what their participation may mean for legitimizing post-conflict patriarchal and militarized orders.


Make economics resonate to high school students. This practical handbook will help economics and social studies teachers foster critical thinking by introducing students to the real-life dimensions of the major controversies in contemporary economics. Filled with useful teaching tips and user-friendly information on finding engaging materials and activities for the classroom, the book also includes detailed coverage of the Voluntary National Content Standards for economics. "Introducing Economics" is a one-stop resource for high school teachers who want to make economics relevant to their students' lives. It includes more than 50 sections with lists of suggested "Activities and Resources," many with Internet links. It features boxed "Hints for Clear Teaching" tips for presenting particularly difficult topics. It provides an annotated resource guide to more than 30 organizations involved in economics education, with associated Internet links. It follows the flow of topics in a typical economics course. It addresses real-life topics that are ignored or glossed-over in traditional textbooks - economics and the environment, the distribution of income and wealth, discrimination, labor unions, globalization, the power of corporations, and more. It offers critical guidance for meeting all 20 Voluntary National Content Standards in economics, and also provides an overview of the political and intellectual history and contemporary state of economics education.


ABSTRACT Responding to the threat of climate change, conserving freshwater ecosystems and securing adequate energy and water supplies are among the greatest challenges facing modern societies. Yet recognition of the interdependencies between climate, energy and water policy—with resulting synergies and trade-offs—remains limited, leaving societies and governments alike vulnerable to the dangers of conflicted or unintended policy outcomes from sectoral decisions. In this paper, we analyse current Australian climate, energy and water policies to identify the risks of perverse outcomes between the three policy sectors. In doing so we categorise the conflicts and synergies between particular energy generation, carbon sequestration and water supply policies to improve understandings of the challenges facing decision makers in Australia and internationally. Four types of interventions are identified that would enable integration and optimisation of policies, namely: better cross-sectoral knowledge to inform decisions; the identification of technologies with co-benefits; markets with broader cross-sectoral participation (including linking water and carbon markets); and better-integrated governance institutions.


The transferrin receptor (TfR1), which mediates cellular iron uptake through clathrin-dependent endocytosis of iron-loaded transferrin, plays a key role in iron homeostasis. Since the number of TfR1 molecules at the cell surface is the rate-limiting step for iron entry into cells and is essential to prevent iron overload, TfR1 expression is precisely controlled at multiple levels. In this review, we have discussed the latest advances in the molecular regulation of TfR1 expression and we have considered current understanding of TfR1 function beyond its canonical role in providing iron for erythroid precursors and rapidly proliferating cells.


The prime focus of the book is on Malaysia's radical policy decision to pursue an independent recovery path, cut off from world markets by a system of capital control, as a viable alternative to the conventional market centred approach. The analysis suggests that, against the initial dire predictions of many economists, the capital controls have actually played a crucial supportive role in crisis management. Whether the controls have played a special role in delivering a superior recovery outcome in Malaysia compared to IMF-program countries remains a point of contention. However, there is strong evidence to suggest that this pragmatic policy choice was instrumental in achieving recovery, while minimising potential economic disruption and related social costs.


— Evolutionary Robotics provide efficient tools and approach to address automatic design of controllers for auto-mous mobile robots. However, the computational cost of the optimization process makes it difficult to evolve controllers directly into the real world. This paper addresses the key problem of tranferring into the real world a robotic controller that has been evolved in a robotic simulator. The approach presented here relies on the definition of an anticipation-enabled control architecture. The anticipation module is able to build a partial model of the simulated environment and, once in the real world, performs an error estimation of this model. This error can be reused so as to perform in-situ on-line adaptation of robot control. Experiments in simulation and real-world showed that an evolved robot is able to perform on-line recovery from several kind of locomotion perturbations.


Companion Vector Borne Diseases (CVBD) are diseases transmitted by vectors which can cause fatal outcome for dogs [1]. CVBD frequently attack dogs and are easily transmitted from one dog to other dogs through vectors', such as ticks, mosquitoes, or sand flies, bite [2,3]. Some of the most harmful CVBD that infect dogs via ticks' bite are anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis [4]. These diseases cause decreased appetite, lethargy, fever, anemia, jaundice, emaciation, and finally death if not treated properly [5,6].Blood parasites' infections such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis are often found in the field. However, due to the limitations of diagnosis confirmation, they often go unnoticed. Despite the considerable number of cases in dogs, the exact incidence rate is not yet known. There is an global call to eradicate CVBD owing to the facts that they are dangerous and may cause economic losses, with the additional risk of being zoonotic [1,3].Taking the importance of anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis in the veterinary science into account, seeing the scant amount of data regarding dog patients followed with the lack of attention on said diseases, it is then deemed necessary to properly diagnose those diseases in dogs brought into the clinic, particularly at Klinik Hewan Jogja. This research aims to identify the number of dog patients treated in Klinik Hewan Jogja infected with those particular sicknesses (CVBD).The result of this study will provide a summary of CVBD treated at Klinik Hewan Jogja, which in turn, will raise awareness of the diseases and the significance of working together to tackle the issue. Furthermore, the result will also yield information for clients' education to help them prevent the diseases.


Female firefighters are a minority in their workplace yet also need the same protective equipment as their male counterparts. This research focused on the problems with their bunker gear that female firefighters themselves have identified. Focus groups were held in around the country and the comments made by female firefighters were analyzed. Data were organized by identifying the most common problems areas. Five gear factors (i.e. garment design features, sizing, fit, mobility, and fabrication) are discussed within two main constructs; function and comfort. Suggestions on improving bunker gear for female firefighters include altering the fit and sizing, as well as changing the location of pockets and enhancing the functionality of the suspenders.


The newest piece of public art on the Texas Tech campus is artist Adela Andea's colorful sculpture titled "Primordial Gardens." Its dedication ceremony is slated for 4 to 5 p.m. Friday; the artwork is suspended from the ceiling in the El Centro gathering area at Tech's College of Human Sciences at Akron Avenue and Broadway. Andea installed the piece last week. Expected to speak at the ceremony are the artist; Linda Hoover, dean of the College of Human Sciences; and Michael Molina, vice chancellor for Facilities Planning & Construction at Tech. The ceremony is open to the public at no charge. This work by Andea is the latest in an ongoing project overseen by Emily Wilkinson, public art director at Tech. She has been approved to spend 1 percent of the university's overall construction budget on procuring and inducting public art, adding to the unique beauty of the Tech campus. This particular project had a budget of $89,000, Wilkinson pointed out. Andea, said Wilkinson, "originally is from Romania, but has lived in Houston for several years. She applied for our public art project, but I had previously seen her work when she was at the Texas Sculpture Symposium hosted by Tech in January 2015." The artist is known for uniquely illuminated sculptures. "Primordial Gardens" consists of seven sculpted units created with an outer shell of colorful elements, LED lighting and exterior floating components of flex neon, coils and Plexiglas tubes. The artist said the piece encourages inspiration and contemplation of the impact of human actions on the natural environment. It can be observed by looking up inside the gathering area, and also viewed at eye level through secondfloor windows. Andea feels the piece rewards the El Centro area with newfound vibrancy and energy. The artist has created installations in various Texas locations, using electronics, lights and plastic. Many more of TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2016 Have an account? JOIN OR


Abstract : There is a widespread demand for evidence about the impact and benefits of process improvement based on Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) models. Much has been documented about the practice of CMM-based process improvement and its value for the development and maintenance of software and software intensive systems; however, the existing information is sometimes outdated and there are increasing calls for evidence directly based on CMMI experience. This special report presents selected results from 12 case studies drawn from 11 organizations. While still limited, the case studies provide credible evidence that CMMI-based process improvement can help organizations achieve better project performance and produce higher quality products. The report also describes plans for gathering further evidence from organizations using CMMI models. (5 tables, 7 figures, 50 refs.)


We consider the visual sentiment task of mapping an image to an adjective noun pair (ANP) such as "cute baby". To capture the two-factor structure of our ANP semantics as well as to overcome annotation noise and ambiguity, we propose a novel factorized CNN model which learns separate representations for adjectives and nouns but optimizes the classification performance over their product. Our experiments on the publicly available SentiBank dataset show that our model significantly outperforms not only independent ANP classifiers on unseen ANPs and on retrieving images of novel ANPs, but also image captioning models which capture word semantics from co-occurrence of natural text; the latter turn out to be surprisingly poor at capturing the sentiment evoked by pure visual experience. That is, our factorized ANP CNN not only trains better from noisy labels, generalizes better to new images, but can also expands the ANP vocabulary on its own.


According to their activity level, the radioactive wastes are categorized as high-, intermediateand low-level waste. This report is mostly concentrated on high-level waste, which includes liquid waste from the first cycle of spent fuel reprocessing and solids into which such liquid waste has been converted. The disposal of the high-level radioactive waste consists of placing radioactive waste in a storage facility or repository, so that it is safe from unintentional disturbance in a manner which also prevents escape of any of the waste material for extremely long time periods. However it has shown to be the weakest point of the nuclear power. In this report, an overview is given of the most used materials for nuclear waste immobilization: glasses and ceramics, their properties, different types and a comparison between them. The radioactive waste is immobilized when it has reduced its potential for dispersion of contaminants in the environment and conversion of a waste into a wasteform by solidification (vitrification, cementation, bituminization) and embedding. Different types of glasses and ceramics are under development and further research.


This paper reports a cross-cultural analysis of Wikipedia communities of practice (CoPs). First, this paper argues that Wikipedia communities can be analyzed and understood as CoPs. Second, the similarities and differences in norms of behaviors across three different languages (English, Hebrew, and Japanese) and on three types of discussion spaces (Talk, User Talk, and Wikipedia Talk) are identified. These are explained by Hofstede's dimensions of cultural diversity, the size of the community, and the role of each discussion area. This paper expands the research on online CoPs, which have not performed in-depth examinations of cultural variations across multiple CoPs.


Involuntary turnover among field staff at wilderness therapy programs can result in therapeutic and financial difficulties for the program. This study sought to examine what factors field staff attribute their intent to turnover to. The factors of organizational commitment, burnout, age, and length of days spent in the field were examined to identify if factors identified as predictors of turnover in previous literature were also true for field staff employed by wilderness therapy programs. Three programs agreed to participate by forwarding emails to their field staff containing a link to the survey, and were also emailed a program director survey that asked some basic demographic questions about their program. The field staff survey was comprised of the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, The TCM Employee Commitment Survey, the intent to leave scale, as well as general demographic questions. A total of 13 field staff participated in the study, and as a result the use of multiple regression models was not possible due to the sample size. Six simple linear regressions were conducted to test the predictive hypotheses, and findings suggest that none of the six factors predicted turnover intentions among field staff. Pearson's correlations were conducted to examine the relationship between factors, and suggested that age is negatively related to intent to turnover and that burnout was identified as a stronger contributing factor of intent to turnover than organizational commitment, and the sub factor of continuance commitment. Findings suggested that wilderness therapy programs may want to consider the costs and advantages associated with a workers age when hiring new staff, and to consider using burnout measurement tools to identify burnout in staff so they may employ preventative measures to reduce the number of voluntary turnover among field staff. Future researcher may want to explore additional predictors of turnover intentions not examined in previous literature to continue developing knowledge about programs and those who are employed by wilderness therapy programs.


The production of Mediterranean bath sponges collapsed during the past century as it is shown by Tunisian catches which went from 108 tons in 1920 down to 9 tons in 1988. Another illustration is given by the well-known sponge fishing island of Kalymnos which lost about 90% of its active fishermen population in a century between 1858 and 1967. For what reasons a Mediterranean traditional fishery once prosperous did dramatically decline? What part of the decline can be attributed to the lessening of the bath sponge stock and what to a decreasing number of fishermen? How can this decline of the sponge fishery be related to changes in uses, overfishing, disease outbreaks triggered by climate events? How did sponge fishermen adapt to these Regional Changes in the past? What is the future of such a fishery? What kind of guidelines can we provide for this fishery facing the on-going Regional Change? To answer these questions, SACOLEVE looks through ecological and historical windows into past evolution of the sponge fishery, chosen here as a model of traditional fishery which suffered good number of upheavals over the last three centuries. The overreaching aim of this program is to propose a management strategy for traditional fisheries that will allow attaining eco-durable practices in the current environmental, socio-economic and geopolitical contexts.


Whereas 40% of human breast carcinomas harbor mutations in the tumor suppressor protein p53, the use of tests demonstrating the presence of p53 mutations as a prognostic marker in breast cancer has not altered clinical management. Therefore, the search for new markers, especially among cell cycle-regulatory molecules, is a high priority, both in terms of prognostication and for identification of novel targets. p21 regulates the outcome of the p53 response to DNA damage, as might occur after administration of a chemotherapeutic agent, and we have shown that attenuation of p21 using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) inhibits cell proliferation in vitro and decreases growth of Met-1 mammary carcinomas in mice. In the current study, we extend this work to human cells and tissue. Three of eight human breast tumors that we obtained from a tissue bank show markedly increased p21 levels, variably staining in the nucleus and cytosol. All corresponding normal tissues were p21 negative. In the three p21positive tumors, the phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinaserelevant signaling proteins p85 and PTEN were also increased. To investigate whether p21 is a feasible target for attenuation in human breast cancer, we investigated two human carcinoma cell lines. When transfected with antisense p21 ODN, both MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells exhibit dose-dependent attenuation of p21 levels, associated with apoptosis in the absence of an additional apoptotic stimulus. Because p21 regulates the cellular repair response to damaged DNA, our work suggests that attenuation of p21 using our antisense p21 ODN may be effective in modulating the progression of breast cancer in either the presence or absence of combination chemotherapy and sets the stage for future clinical trials.


A liquid crystal (LC) microlens array using double lenticular electrodes is proposed. Two identical substrates with a lenticular electrode on each surface are prepared. The two lenticular electrodes are placed in parallel position with a gap. When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, a periodically inhomogeneous electric field can be generated. Such an electric field can cause a homogeneous LC with a gradient refractive index distribution. Our experiment results show that the lens cell can present good focusing property. The shortest focal length (~ 1.1 mm) of the lens cell can be obtained at a low operating voltage (18 Vrms).


In Screening Culture, Viewing Politics Purnima Mankekar presents a cutting-edge ethnography of television-viewing in India. With a focus on the responses of upwardly-mobile, yet lower-to-middle class urban women to state-sponsored entertainment serials, Mankekar demonstrates how television in India has profoundly shaped women's place in the family, community, and nation, and the crucial role it has played in the realignment of class, caste, consumption, religion, and politics.

Mankekar examines both "entertainment" narratives and advertisements designed to convey particular ideas about the nation. Organizing her study around the recurring themes in these shows—Indian womanhood, family, community, constructions of historical memory, development, integration, and sometimes violence—Mankekar dissects both the messages televised and her New Delhi subjects' perceptions of and reactions to these messages. In the process, her ethnographic analysis reveals the texture of these women's daily lives, social relationships, and everyday practices. Throughout her study, Mankekar remains attentive to the tumultuous historical and political context in the midst of which these programs' integrationalist messages are transmitted, to the cultural diversity of the viewership, and to her own role as ethnographer. In an enlightening epilogue she describes the effect of satellite television and transnational programming to India in the 1990s.

Through its ethnographic and theoretical richness, Screening Culture, Viewing Politics forces a reexamination of the relationship between mass media, social life, and identity and nation formation in non-Western contexts. As such, it represents a major contribution to a number of fields, including media and communication studies, feminist studies, anthropology, South Asian studies, and cultural studies.


Objective: To compare and analyse retrospectively the clinical effect of Proximal Femoral Nail Anti- Rotation II (PFNA-II) and Proximal Femur Locking Plate (PFLP) for the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly.
Methods: A total of 161 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture, who underwent either PFNA or PFLP in our hospital from March 2012 to March 2013, were enrolled in the study. These patients were assigned into PFNP group and PFLP group. The perioperative bleeding, duration of the surgery, mean out-of-bed time after surgery, mean length of stay, complications, mean perioperative loss of hemoglobin, mean healing time of fracture and Harris scores of both groups were evaluated. The postoperative adverse reactions were compared.
Results: In comparison with PFLP group, the perioperative bleeding, duration of the surgery, mean length of stay, mean off-bed time after surgery, mean perioperative loss of hemoglobin and mean healing time of fracture were significantly lower in PFNA group, P 0.05. And there were no significant differences in patient satisfaction, cutting of head and neck, incidence of incision infection, failure rate of internal fixation, and mortality in follow-up period between 2 groups, P>0.05. In comparison with PFNA group, the greater trochanter pain of patients was significantly milder and the rate of loose screws was significantly lower in PFLP group, P<0.05.
Conclusion: For the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly, surgery methods should be selected appropriately based on the fracture type and degree of osteoporosis.


Polypropylene (PP) mesh is commonly utilized as a patch for hernia repairs and for pelvic slings. However, biocompatibility and infection rates are a concern. Conjugating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to PP mesh may enhance biocompatibility while reducing infection rates. In this study we investigated the size and concentration of gold nanoparticles attached to polypropylene hernia mesh to determine the effects on biocompatibility. The mesh was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine if functional groups and AuNPs had been successfully attached. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was utilized to analyze the heat of fusion and denaturation temperature of the modified PP to determine thermal stability. The antimicrobial properties were assessed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Biocompatibility was evaluated via in vitro cell culture assays using L929 murine fibroblast cells.


The logistic ridge regression estimator was designed to address the problem of variance inflation created by the existence of collinearity among the explanatory variables in logistic regression models. To reduce the bias introduced by the logistic ridge estimator, and at the same time achieve variance reduction, a modified generalized logistic ridge regression estimator is proposed in this paper. By exponentiating the response function, the weight matrix is enhanced, thereby reducing the variance. The modified estimator is jackknifed to achieve bias reduction.


In general, micromilled mould inserts made of steel, aluminum or brass are used today for ceramic injection moulding (CIM) processes. However, tool making via mechanical subtractive manufacturing processes as micromilling is time- and cost-effective and the use of 3D printed mould inserts becomes an attractive alternative to metal mould inserts. In this paper, we report about the use of 3D printed mould inserts for CIM of alumina microreactor parts. It was observed that mould inserts printed using the Polyjet technology were very well suited for functional prototyping via CIM. The mould inserts surface was found without visible thermally introduced damage after twenty CIM process cycles. In contrast to the high quality of mould inserts printed using the PolyJet technology, mould inserts made via fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology revealed as not applicable for the purpose of this study. The mould inserts manufactured using FDM-printer exhibit significantly higher surface roughness, larger longitudinal deflection and manufacturing-related undercuts along the edges of the 3D printed microstructure.


Mobile phone use while driving is one of the most common driver distractions and one of the main causes of traffic accidents. This research aims to investigate the impact of mobile phone use on drivers' behaviour in urban and rural road networks. A driving simulator experiment with 50 participants was carried out, who drove under different types of mobile phone distraction (no distraction, handheld conversation, handsfree conversation, speaker mode conversation). Within the framework of the statistical analysis, discrete choice models were designed to investigate the influence of mobile phone use, as well as other relevant parameters, on driving behaviour considering maximum driving speed, reaction time and standard deviation of lateral position. Based on the findings of the present research, mobile phone conversation is significantly affecting driving performance causing lower drivers' maximum speeds and higher reaction times and standard deviations of the lateral position.


The ecological literature suggests that biodiversity reduces the variance of ecosystem services. Thus, conservative biodiversity management has an insurance value to risk-averse users of ecosystem services. We analyze a conceptual ecological-economic model in which such management measures generate a private benefit and, via ecosystem processes at higher hierarchical levels, a positive externality on other ecosystem users. We find that ecosystem management and environmental policy depend on the extent of uncertainty and risk-aversion as follows: (i) Individual effort to improve ecosystem quality unambiguously increases. The free-rider problem may decrease or increase, depending on the characteristics of the ecosystem and its management; in particular, (ii) the size of the externality may decrease or increase, depending on how individual and aggregate management effort influence biodiversity; and (iii) the welfare loss due to free-riding may decrease or increase, depending on how biodiversity influences ecosystem service provision.


Abstract The author's aim is to identify changes in the rate, intensity and direction of hotel development, as well as their number, type and capacity of in Poland, by category and province in 1990-2015. The objective is to define the influence of both tourism attractiveness and economic development factors (GNP, total capital expenditure, the value of gross fixed capital formation – GFCF) on the changing number of hotel rooms. The identification was based on commonly available materials provided by the Local Data Base (LDB) of the Central Statistical Office (CSO), as well as from statistical year books concerning the tourism sector. The article presents methods for analysing indices, as well as correlation and graphic presentation (graphs, maps). From 1990 to 2015, there was a rapid increase in the number and capacity of hotels in Poland (4.5 times), especially in higher (5* and 4*) and medium standard (3*) hotels. That increase was significantly diversified regionally and strongly depended on the tourism attractiveness and socioeconomic development of provinces.


The recent literature on Nāgārjuna's catuṣkoṭi centres around Jay Garfield's (2009) and Graham Priest's (2010) interpretation. It is an open discussion to what extent their interpretation is an adequate model of the logic for the catuskoti, and the Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā. Priest and Garfield try to make sense of the contradictions within the catuskoti by appeal to a series of lattices – orderings of truth-values, supposed to model the path to enlightenment. They use Anderson & Belnaps's (1975) framework of First Degree Entailment. Cotnoir (2015) has argued that the lattices of Priest and Garfield cannot ground the logic of the catuskoti. The concern is simple: on the one hand, FDE brings with it the failure of classical principles such as modus ponens. On the other hand, we frequently encounter Nāgārjuna using classical principles in other arguments in the MMK. There is a problem of validity. If FDE is Nāgārjuna's logic of choice, he is facing what is commonly called the classical recapture problem: how to make sense of cases where classical principles like modus pones are valid? One cannot just add principles like modus pones as assumptions, because in the background paraconsistent logic this does not rule out their negations. In this essay, I shall explore and critically evaluate Cotnoir's proposal. In detail, I shall reveal that his framework suffers collapse of the kotis. Taking Cotnoir's concerns seriously, I shall suggest a formulation of the catuskoti in classical Boolean Algebra, extended by the notion of an external negation as an illocutionary act. I will focus on purely formal considerations, leaving doctrinal matters to the scholarly discourse – as far as this is possible.


Deep hole drilling processes are relevant for various applications where bore holes with high length-todiameter-ratios (L/D) and good surface qualities are necessary, carried out mostly at the end of the (machining) process chain. Therefore, the avoidance of tool breakage and the resulting process stability is mandatory. One of the main causes for the failure of single-lip drills in the machining of long-chipping materials is the inadequate chip removal along the tool's flute. A successful approach to promote active chip breakage is the use of adequate/matching vibration-assistance, either of the tool or the workpiece. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the positive influence of low-frequency and high-amplitude vibration-assistance on the chip formation of age-hardened copper-zirconium, performed by solid carbide single-lip drills with small diameters (down to 0.94 mm, hence a micro-drilling) and L/D-ratios up to 40. The improvements of this deep hole drilling process reflect in significant increases in chip removal rate and thus productivity.


Seismic data are primarily used in studies of the Earth's inner structure. Since large parts of the world are not yet sufficiently covered by seismic surveys, products from the Earth's satellite observation systems have more often been used for this purpose in recent years. In this study we use the gravity-gradient data derived from the Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE), the elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and other global datasets to determine the Moho density contrast at the study area which comprises most of the Eurasian plate (including parts of surrounding continental and oceanic tectonic plates). A regional Moho recovery is realized by solving the Vening Meinesz-Moritz's (VMM) inverse problem of isostasy and a seismic crustal model is applied to constrain the gravimetric solution. Our results reveal that the Moho density contrast reaches minima along the mid-oceanic rift zones and maxima under the continental crust. This spatial pattern closely agrees with that seen in the CRUST1.0 seismic crustal model as well as in the KTH1.0 gravimetric-seismic Moho model. However, these results differ considerably from some previously published gravimetric studies. In particular, we demonstrate that there is no significant spatial correlation between the Moho density contrast and Moho deepening under major orogens of Himalaya and Tibet. In fact, the Moho density contrast under most of the continental crustal structure is typically much more uniform.


This dissertation presents the cultural study of scientific search for extraterrestrial life conducted over the past sixty years by the scientific community. It introduces an original piece of research that conceptualises the extraterrestrial life hypothesis as a significant part of the general world-view, constantly shaped by the work and discoveries of science. It sheds light on the ways in which alien life is imagined and theorised and presents its concept in both the scientific community and in popular culture.

Drawing from anthropology of science it offers elaboration of 'culture of science' and 'scientific culture' and describes the scientific search for other life as a specific culture of science, here referred to as 'charming science'. The three scientific search methods: message sending, analysing of cosmic signals and the search for extrasolar planets are conceptualised as the three search modes: messaging, listening and exploring respectively.
This work introduces the extraterrestrial 'Other' as a profoundly cultural concept, firstly presented as the missing subject of 'charming science'. Exploration of public understanding the extraterrestrial life and popular imagination of the 'Other' is intended to introduce the scientific search in broader social context and address the role of science in contemporary Western world.

The dissertation draws on the multi-sited and multi-method ethnographic fieldwork conducted over two years in the UK. The research methods included interviewing (semi-structured face-to-face interviews and interviews conducted via email), participation (conferences and scientific meetings), and data collection from the global 'online' community including social networks.


In July 2012 Lichfield District and Tamworth Borough Councils commissioned the Salford Housing & Urban Studies Unit (SHUSU) at the University of Salford to produce an updated Gypsy, Traveller and Travelling Showpeople Accommodation Assessment. The primary purpose of this assessment was to provide up to date information and data regarding the needs and requirements of the Gypsy, Traveller and Travelling Showpeople communities. This report presents the projection of the requirements for the period 2012 – 2028. The assessment was undertaken by conducting a review of the following data sources: the previous assessment of need and information submitted through the previous
regional planning process; the policy and guidance context; the bi-annual Caravan Count; information from the local authorities with regards to pitch provision and supply; information from key stakeholders; and a survey of thirty-eight Gypsy and Traveller households (twenty-one in Lichfield and seventeen in Tamworth).


This study investigates whether second language (L2) phonological learning can be characterized as a gradual and systematically patterned replacement of nonnative segments by native segments in learners' speech, conforming to a two-stage implicational scale. We adopt a dynamic approach to language variation based on Gatbonton's (1975, 1978) gradual diffusion framework. Participants were 40 Quebec Francophones of different English proficiency levels who produced 80 tokens of English in eight phonetic contexts. In Analysis 1, production accuracy data are subjected to implicational scaling, with phonetic contexts ordered solely by a linguistic criterion—sonority hierarchy. In Analysis 2, the production accuracy data are similarly analyzed but with phonetic context ordering determined by psycholinguistic (processing) criteria—cross-language perceptual similarity and corpus-based estimates of lexical frequency. Results support and extend Gatbonton's framework, which indicates that L2 phonological learning progresses gradually, conforming to an implicational scale, and that perceived cross-language similarity and lexical frequency determine its course.This research was made possible through grants to Pavel Trofimovich, Norman Segalowitz, and Elizabeth Gatbonton from the Social Sciences and the Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and support from the Centre for the Study of Learning and Performance at Concordia University. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Melanie Barrière and Randall Halter in all aspects of data collection and analysis. Many thanks are extended to Dawn Cleary, Winnie Grady, Eva Karchava, Nootan Kumar, Magnolia Negrete Cetina, and Alin Zdrite for their help in various stages of this study. The authors wish to thank Tracey Derwing and Murray Munro for sharing their speech elicitation materials. Sarita Kennedy, Randall Halter, and five anonymous SSLA reviewers provided helpful suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript.


Intellectual property rights (IPRs) in agriculture makes agriculture a commodity for trade and transforms it from common heritage to private property on making its use restrictive. As a consequence, for securing investment of private individuals, IPRs in agriculture cause hardships to the mass people in developing and in particular least developed countries with making agricultural products high priced in the disguise of patent monopoly, making people pushed up and dependent on engineered seeds and other agricultural inputs. Nevertheless, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) recognizes some exceptions and flexibilities to the general rule of trade, which include the discretion to redefine patentable invention, choosing between patents and plant breeders' rights (PBRs), and providing for compulsory licensing. Having such flexibilities in consideration, this study shows a clear need for public policy interventions to promote the utilisation and flow of plant genetic resources (PGRs) in general and urges Bangladesh in particular to frame legislations in better suiting development needs in agriculture, meeting the TRIPS Agreement's mandates and respecting other commitments arising out of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) that promote farmers' rights in line with the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the utilisation of genetic resources.


Objective: This study investigates the association between impulsiveness and six dimensions of recovery among homeless people with mental illness. Method: The sample was composed of 418 participants of a randomized controlled trial of Housing First, a recovery-oriented program that provides immediate access to permanent housing. The reliable change index method was used to provide an estimate of the statistical and clinical significance of the change from baseline to 24 months (i.e., clinically meaningful improvement), on outcomes that pertain to recovery dimensions: psychiatric symptoms (clinical), physical health and substance use problems (physical), residential stability (functional), arrests (criminological), community integration (social), and hope and personal confidence (existential). We tested for the effect of impulsiveness, assessed with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale–11, on clinically meaningful improvement on each specific outcome, adjusting for age, gender and intervention assignment, as both intervention arms were included in the analysis. Results: For every increase in total impulsiveness score by one standard deviation, the odds of experiencing clinically meaningful improvement decreased by 29% (OR = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.91) on the clinical dimension and by 53% (OR = 0.47, 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.68) on the existential dimension. However, changes in outcomes pertaining to physical, functional, criminological, and social dimensions were not significantly influenced by impulsiveness. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of addressing impulsiveness in the context of recovery-oriented interventions for homeless people with mental illness. Further research may be required to improve interventions that are responsive to unique needs of impulsive individuals to support clinical and existential recovery.


Background/Context Emotions often accompany discussions of ethnic matters, yet there have been few sustained investigations in education of how, and with what implications, emotional responses are (de)legitimized in the classroom, especially when conflicting historical narratives are involved. Emotions have remained in the margins of educational research about the ways in which historical narratives are dealt with in schools, or at best, they are regarded as epiphenomena rather than constitutive components in teaching practice. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The main objective of this article is to help us better understand how both emotions and historical narratives are constituted and operate interactively at the level of both the individual and the social-political structures within school and the wider society. The particular event on which we focus the present analysis—a classroom activity on the death of Yasser Arafat—was chosen because it is representative of multiple other events in which similar phenomena were identified. Its analysis offers insights into how those involved in education (even in the context of integrated schools) draw selectively from formal and informal sources to support their emotional identification and sense of belonging within their particular political, national, and religious communities. Research Design The events presented are based on rich data gathered from a long-standing ethnographic research effort in the context of the Palestinian-Jewish integrated bilingual schools in Israel. Conclusions/Recommendations We highlight two main implications of the analysis developed in this article. The first concerns the importance of teachers critically analyzing the emotional discourses/practices through which historical narratives are authorized by, implied by, and embodied in schools; this position also entails the recognition that such discourses/practices have consequences for the ways in which affective spaces and communities are constituted within the classroom and beyond. The second is that the findings of this study concerning the teaching of controversial issues in the classroom suggest an imperative need among teachers working with multiethnic children to increase their competence in dealing with conflicting historical narratives at both the cognitive and emotional levels. This competence can be partly developed through preservice and in-service teacher education that pays attention to the emotional complexities of teaching conflicting historical narratives.


Variation in demographic rates within a spatially structured population could have important consequences for management decisions, harvesting strategies and offtake rates. Although there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that demographic rates vary within populations over a range of spatial scales, there has been little research investigating the consequences of this variation for population management. In this paper, data on the dynamics of two female red deer sub-populations on Rum are analysed, and evidence is presented for differences between the fecundity and mortality rates of the two sub-populations. A simple harvesting model is developed to represent the dynamics of the two sub-populations, including density-independent migration between sub-populations and spatially correlated environmental variability. The highest monetary yield in the model is obtained by harvesting the more resilient sub-population at a higher rate. Surprisingly the losses involved in harvesting both sub-populations at the same rate are insignificant. However, if migration were density-dependent, the size of one sub-population would be more relevant to harvesting policy for the other sub-population. The results of this empirical study are compared to theoretical work on spatially structured populations; it is shown that when a species has complex age- and sex-structured population dynamics, previous theoretical results may not hold.


The role of medicinal chemistry has changed over the past 10 years. Chemistry had become one step in a process; funneling the output of highthroughput screening (HTS) on to the next stage. The goal to identify the ideal clinical compound remains, but the means to achieve this have changed. Modern medicinal chemistry is responsible for integrating innovation throughout early drug discovery, including new screening paradigms, computational approaches, novel synthetic chemistry, genefamily screening, investigating routes of delivery, and so on. In this Foundation Review, we show how a successful medicinal chemistry team has a broad impact and requires multidisciplinary expertise in these areas.


Abstract It is often argued that the Constitutional Court adopts an 'administrative law approach' in deciding socio-economic rights matters. Following from this, this article considers the methodology inherent to the so-called 'second wave' of the Court's socio-economic rights jurisprudence. It argues that several features of this methodology correspond to the logic and method inherent to the doctrine of legitimate expectation in South African administrative law. While welcoming the extent to which this method of adjudication appears to have deepened participative democracy and enhanced accountability in the formulation and implementation of socio-economic policy, the article also points to the limits inherent to the Court's approach. First, as with the conventional application of the doctrine which it appears to reflect, the Court's method appears capable of yielding only procedural relief. Secondly (and more worryingly), in reflecting the liberal foundations of the legal culture from which it was adapted, the method appears to hinge on a neo-liberal concept of market-citizenship, which foregrounds entrepreneurial conduct and individual payment for public services in deciding whether a particular socio-economic rights claim is worthy of vindication. The article therefore argues, first, for the modification of the Court's approach so that it may be capable, in appropriate circumstances, of yielding more tangible relief and, secondly, for the realignment of the notion of citizenship informing the approach with the concept of social citizenship evident from a purposive reading of the Bill of Rights.


What is care and who is paying for it?

Valuing care and care work does not simply mean attributing care work more monetary value. To really achieve change, we must go so much further.As the world becomes seemingly more uncaring, the calls for people to be more compassionate and empathetic towards one another—in short, to care more—become ever-more vocal. The Care Crisis challenges the idea that people ever stopped caring, but also that the deep and multi-faceted crises of our time will be solved by simply (re)instilling the virtues of empathy. There is no easy fix.In this groundbreaking book, Emma Dowling charts the multi-faceted nature of care in the modern world, from the mantras of self-care and what they tell us about our anxieties, to the state of the social care system. She examines the relations of power that play profitability and care off in against one another in a myriad of ways, exposing the devastating impact of financialisation and austerity.The Care Crisis enquires into the ways in which the continued off-loading of the cost of care onto the shoulders of underpaid and unpaid realms of society, untangling how this off-loading combines with commodification, marketisation and financialisation to produce the mess we are living in. The Care Crisis charts the current experiments in short-term fixes to the care crisis that are taking place within Britain, with austerity as the backdrop. It maps the economy of abandonment, raising the question: to whom care is afforded? What would it mean to seriously value care?


In Brazil, wives do most of the household work. About sixty percent of them also work outside the household, working a total of about 10 hours more per week than men. Because of this unequal distribution of household work, husbands and wives might have different priorities regarding the purchase of durable goods. Although both husbands and wives enjoy entertainment durable goods, wives might have a relative preference for household-production durable goods such as washing machines over entertainment durable goods such as televisions. Using a Brazilian household consumption survey, we examine whether decisions about ownership of entertainment and production durable goods are the outcomes of a bargaining process between husbands and wives. We use several variables to measure bargaining power, including the ratio of women to men in a state. The results indicate that decisions about durable goods ownership are the outcomes of bargaining processes between husbands and wives with wives having a relative preference for household-production durable goods over entertainment durable goods compared to their husbands. Bargaining might explain why ownership of household production durable goods is relatively low in Brazil, despite their potential to save women's time.


Abstract The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory utilizes a large annular beryllium reflector that is subdivided into three concentric regions and encompasses the compact reactor core. Nuclear transmutations caused by neutron activation occur in the beryllium reflector regions, which leads to unwanted neutron-absorbing and radiation-emitting isotopes. During the past year, two topics related to the HFIR beryllium reflector were reviewed. The first topic included studying the neutron poison (3He and 6Li) buildup in the reflector regions and its effect on beginning-of-cycle reactivity. A new methodology was developed to predict the reactivity impact and estimated symmetrical critical control element positions as a function of outage time between cycles due to 3He buildup and was shown to be in better agreement with actual symmetrical critical control element position data than the current methodology. The second topic included studying the composition of the beryllium reflector regions at discharge and during postdischarge decay to assess the viability of transporting, storing, and ultimately disposing of the reflector regions currently stored in the spent-fuel pool. The postirradiation curie inventories were used to determine whether, for disposal purposes, the reflector regions are discharged as transuranic (TRU) waste or become TRU waste during the decay period and to determine the nuclear hazard category, which may affect the controls invoked for transportation and temporary storage. Two of the reflector regions were determined to be TRU waste at discharge, and the other region was determined to become TRU waste <2 yr after being discharged due to irradiation of the initial uranium impurity content (0.0044 wt% uranium). It was also concluded that all three of the reflector regions could be classified as nuclear hazard category 3 (potential for localized consequences only).


Bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis are characterized by the loss of mineral from the bone tissue leading to its structural weakening and increased susceptibility to fractures. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathophysiological processes involved in the rise of these conditions. As the currently available therapeutic strategies are often characterized by toxic effects associated with their long-term use, natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds such as polyphenols promise to be a valuable alternative for the prevention and treatment of these disorders. In this scope, the marine environment is becoming an important source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmacological applications. Here, we explored the bioactive potential of three species of holothurians (Echinodermata) and four species of tunicates (Chordata) as sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds with a particular focus on polyphenolic substances. Hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts were obtained from animals' biomass and screened for their content of polyphenols and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hydroethanolic fractions of three species of tunicates displayed high polyphenolic content associated with strong antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts were thereafter tested for their capacity to promote bone formation and mineralization by applying an assay that uses the developing operculum of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess the osteogenic activity of compounds. The same three hydroethanolic fractions from tunicates were characterized by a strong in vivo osteogenic activity, which positively correlated with their anti-inflammatory potential as measured by COX-2 inhibition. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of polyphenol-rich hydroethanolic extracts obtained from three species of tunicates as a substrate for the development of novel drugs for the treatment of bone disorders correlated to oxidative stress and inflammatory processes.


Storm events are responsible for more than 60 % of the export of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from head-water catchments due to an increase in both the discharge and concentration. The latter was attributed to changing water pathways inducing the mobilization of DOM from the surface soil horizons. Recent molecular investigations have challenged this view and hypothesized (i) a contribution of an in-stream partition of organic matter (OM) between eroded particles and the dissolved fraction and (ii) the modification of the composition of soil DOM during storm events. To investigate these assumptions, soil solutions in the macro-pores, surface runoff and stream outlet were sampled at high frequency during three storm events in the Kervidy– Naizin catchment, part of the French critical zone observatory AgrHyS. The molecular composition of the DOM was analysed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation (THM) with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) coupled to a gas chromatograph and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. These analyses highlighted a modification of the DOM composition in soil solution controlled by the water-table dynamic and pre-event hydrological conditions. These findings fit with the mechanism of colloidal and particulate destabilization in the soil macroporosity. The different behaviour observed for lignins, carbohydrates and fatty acids highlights a potential chemical segregation based on their hydrophobicity. The composition of surface runoff DOM is similar to the DOM composition in soil solution and could be generated by the same mechanism. The DOM composition in both soil solution and surface runoff corresponds to the stream DOM composition observed during storm events. On the basis of these results, modifications of the stream DOM composition during storm events seem to be due to surface and sub-surface soil erosion rather than in-stream production.


Chancellor Philip Hammond has been urged to increase government infrastructure spending to counteract any economic slowdown (demand management) and to improve the productive potential of the economy (supplyside reform). Yet the 'Keynesian' function of infrastructure spending ignores the opportunity cost of such activity. Even if it worked theoretically, timing problems create challenges, whilst cutting spending in 'good times' is resisted. Importantly, it's impossible to argue there is a 'demand-deficient' high unemployment scenario in the UK now which requires new economic stimulus. Good infrastructure can enhance the productive potential of the economy, but the political decision-making process often leads to bad decisions on spending, whether that is for electoral reasons or inefficiencies driven by a lack of market discipline. For example, the 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review cancelled many strategic road schemes with benefitcost ratios above 3, but pressed ahead with the planned HS2 with a benefit-cost ratio slightly above 1. The costs of the latter HS2 scheme keep getting revised upwards. There is little robust evidence of a systematic link between levels of government infrastructure spending and growth. In many ways, the government impedes the private-sector from delivering infrastructure.


Wild Cicer species possess high levels of resistance to many stresses and can contribute to enhance levels of resistances besides broadening the genetic base of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). However, longer duration of wild Cicer species and nonsynchronization of flowering with cultigen remains a major deterrence for their use in chickpea improvement. In this study, the response to vernalization (V), photoperiod (P), and combination of both (V + P) was studied in terms of rate of progress toward flowering in cultivated and wild Cicer species belonging to primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools. Both V and P treatments, alone and in combination, significantly increased the rate of progress toward flowering in wild Cicer species compared with control. Effect of P in increasing the rate of progress toward flowering was significantly higher than V in C. reticulatum Ladiz., C. echinospermum P. H. Davis, C. judaicum Boiss., C. pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach, C. bijugum Rech. f., and C. yamashitae Kitam. and vice versa in C. chorassanicum (Bunge) Popov and C. cuneatum Hochst. ex A. Rich. Synergistic effects of V and P were observed in C. bijugum, C. yamashitae, C. chorassanicum, and C. cuneatum. However, both V and P treatments had minimal effect on the rate of progress toward flowering in early-maturing and greater effects on medium- and late-maturing chickpea varieties. These results would contribute significantly to enhance use of wild Cicer species for chickpea improvement through synchronization of flowering facilitating hybridization. Also, it would improve the regeneration efficiency of wild Cicer species by genebanks and offer convenient alternate methods for rapid generation turnover.


Pulsed laser ablation has been investigated as a method for the creation of thick segmented scintillator arrays for high-energy X-ray radiography. Thick scintillators are needed to improve the X-ray absorption at high energies, while segmentation is required for spatial resolution. Monte-Carlo simulations predicted that reflections at the inter-segment walls were the greatest source of loss of scintillation photons. As a result of this, fine pitched arrays would be inefficient as the number of reflections would be significantly higher than in large pitch arrays. Nanosecond and femtosecond pulsed laser ablation was investigated as a method to segment cadmium tungstate (CdWO_4). The effect of laser parameters on the ablation mechanisms, laser induced material changes and debris produced were investigated using optical and electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for both types of lasers. It was determined that nanosecond ablation was unsuitable due to the large amount of cracking and a heat affected zone created during the ablation process. Femtosecond pulsed laser ablation was found to induce less damage. The optimised laser parameters for a 1028 nm laser was found to be a pulse energy of 54 μJ corresponding to a fluence of 5.3 J cm^-2 a pulse duration of 190 fs, a repetition rate of 78.3 kHz and a laser scan speed of 707 mm s^-1 achieving a normalised pulse overlap of 0.8. A serpentine scan pattern was found to minimise damage caused by anisotropic thermal expansion. Femtosecond pulsed ablation was also found to create a layer of tungsten and cadmium sub-oxides on the surface of the crystals. The CdWO_4 could be cleaned by immersing the CdWO_4 in ammonium hydroxide at 45°C for 15 minutes. However, XPS indicated that the ammonium hydroxide formed a thin layer of CdCO_3 and Cd(OH)_2 on the surface. Prototype arrays were shown to be able to resolve features as small as 0.5 mm using keV energy X-rays. The most efficient prototype showed low detective quantum efficiency of 0.08±0.01 at 0 lp/mm using a tube voltage of 160 kVp.


Abstract Performance of a green, cost-effective bio-hydroxyapatite (derived from waste Suidae bone) supported nano-anatase catalyst, has been investigated in the synthesis of isopropyl oleate (IPO) in presence of non-ionizing (NI) excitation. FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, NH3-TPD and TEM methods were employed to characterize the catalyst. At identical optimal operating conditions, esterification results demonstrated the energy-efficient augmentation in catalytic performance under NI excitation (OA conversion: 93 ± 2%) compared to the orthodox heating system (OA conversion: 50 ± 2%). This indicated intensification effects of NI excitation over orthodox heating (activation energy: 67.12 kJ/mol). Furthermore, the developed catalyst showed better performance (identified by Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics) in terms of lower esterification activation energy (30 kJ/mol) compared to Amberlyst 15 (48.31 kJ/mol) under NI activation. The developed catalyst also showed 2 times more recycling efficiency compared to Amberlyst 15; thus, enumerating sustainable valorization of slaughterhouse waste for preparation of supported catalysts.