Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the Western world. The metastasis of prostate cancer cells is the major cause of prostate cancer-related death. Understanding which genes are altered in prostate cancer and their implications for cell signaling and function is crucial for designing therapy strategies. Our group has identified a high frequency of somatic missense mutations in the plexin-B1 gene in localized and metastatic prostate cancer. The mutations are correlated with elevated metastatic features such as increased cell invasion, adhesion and decreased cell collapse relative to wildtype. Given the fact that Sema4D/plexin-B1 regulates cell signaling through coupling with tyrosine kinases and small GTPases, I hypothesized that plexin-B1 mutations may contribute to prostate cancer cell progression through affecting these pathways. The aims of this study were to characterize the molecular features of the three mutated forms of plexin-B1, A5359G, A5653G, and T5714C and to determine how the mutations affect cell signaling. It was found, using co-immunoprecipitation assays, that none of the three mutations affected the binding of either ErbB-2 or Met to plexin-B1. Sema4D/plexin-B1 mediated cell motility depending on the stoichiometry of plexin-B1, ErbB-2 and Met in prostate cancer cells. In addition, positive evidence was found for the impact of wildtype and mutant plexin-B1 on PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. All the three mutants exhibited an increased binding ability to RhoD GTPase relative to wildtype in GST-pulldown assays. This increased binding to RhoD is also associated with increased cell motility as shown in transwell migration assays. My study suggests that the three mutants confer a gain of metastatic phenotype to the cells through inactivating inhibitory pathways and has lead to the construction of a new model describing the mechanism by which plexin-B1 mutations contribute to cancer progression.


An ad hoc grid is a wireless heterogeneous computing environment without a fixed infrastructure. This study considers wireless devices that have different capabilities, have limited battery capacity, support dynamic voltage scaling, and are expected to be used for eight hours at a time and then recharged. To maximize the performance of the system, it is essential to assign resources to tasks (match) and order the execution of tasks on each resource (schedule) in a manner that exploits the heterogeneity of the resources and tasks while considering the energy constraints of the devices. In the single-hop ad hoc grid heterogeneous environment considered in this study, tasks arrive unpredictably, are independent (i.e., no precedent constraints for tasks), and have priorities and deadlines. The problem is to map (match and schedule) tasks onto devices such that the number of highest priority tasks completed by their deadlines during eight hours is maximized while efficiently utilizing the overall system energy. A model for dynamically mapping tasks onto wireless devices is introduced. Seven dynamic mapping heuristics for this environment are designed and compared to each other and to a mathematical bound.


Objective Most people experience bone damage and bone disorders during their lifetimes. The use of autografts is a suitable way for injury recovery and healing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are key players in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Their proliferation potential and multipotent differentiation ability enable MSCs to be considered as appropriate cells for therapy and clinical applications. Differentiation of stem cells depends on their microenvironment and biophysical stimulations. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of an electromagnetic field on osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental animal study, we assessed the effects of the essential parameters of a pulsatile electromagnetic field on osteogenic differentiation. The main purpose was to identify an optimum electromagnetic field for osteogenesis induction. After isolating MSCs from male Wistar rats, passage-3 (P3) cells were exposed to an electromagnetic field that had an intensity of 0.2 millitesla (mT) and frequency of 15 Hz for 10 days. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed the mesenchymal identity of the isolated cells. Pulsatile electromagnetic field-stimulated cells were examined by immunocytochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Electromagnetic field stimulation alone motivated the expression of osteogenic genes. This stimulation was more effective when combined with osteogenic differentiation medium 6 hours per day for 10 days. For the in vivo study, an incision was made in the cranium of each animal, after which we implanted a collagen scaffold seeded with stimulated cells into the animals. Histological analysis revealed bone formation after 10 weeks of implantation. Conclusion We have shown that the combined use of chemical factors and an electromagnetic field was more effective for inducing osteogenesis. These elements have synergistic effects and are beneficial for bone tissue engineering applications.


These days, 3D-printers are on the rise in various fields including radiation therapy. This preliminary study aimed to estimate the dose characteristics of 3D-printer materials that could be used as compensators or immobilizers in radiation treatment. The cubes with length of 5 cm and different densities of 50%, 75% and 100% were printed by using a 3D-printer. Planning CT scans of the cubes were performed by using a CT simulator (Brilliance CT, Philips Medical System, Netherlands). Dose distributions behind the cube were calculated after a 6 MV photon beam had passed through the cube. The dose responses for the 3D-printed cube, air and water were measured by using EBT3 film and a 2D array detector. When the results of air case were normalized to 100, the dose calculated by the TPS and the measured doses to 50% and 75% cube were of the 96 ~ 99. The measured and the calculated doses to water and to 100% of the cube were 82 ~ 84. The HU values for the 50%, 75% and 100% density cases were -910, -860 and -10, respectively. The dose characteristics of the 50% and the 75% products were similar to that of air while the 100% product seemed to be similar to that of water. This information will provide guidelines for making an immobilization tool that can play the role of a compensator and for making a real human phantom that can exactly describe the inside of the human body. This study was necessary for Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) based 3D-printer users who are planning to make something related to radiation therapy.


Primary speech and language impairment (PSLI) is a term used to describe children with a range of significant speech and language impairments, in the context of normal cognitive abilities. The aims of this thesis were firstly to explore identity construction in children with PSLI, and secondly to explore how these children made sense of their experiences.

Narrative inquiry was used to conduct this study. The participants were 11 children aged 9-12 years-old, presenting with PSLI. The aim was to generate storied accounts of events and happenings in their lives using interviews, supplemented with visual methods. An innovative analytical framework was designed, drawing on a range of narrative analytical methods, including an analysis of verbal and nonverbal evaluation markers, cohesion markers, as well as an analysis of agency and identities presented in the children's narratives.

 The key findings were four interrelated themes, which were conceptualised in a working model comprising facilitators and potential barriers to well-being and belonging. The four themes which contributed to well-being and belonging included: relationships; autonomy, agency, and competence; identities of belonging and difference; and hope and concern for the future. Facilitators of well-being and belonging were life events and experiences that the children evaluated in positive ways, whereas potential barriers were life events and experiences which they evaluated in negative ways. Although some children evaluated their experiences in mixed and sometimes contradictory ways, their evaluations were predominantly positive.

This thesis contributes to the field in four ways. Firstly, it provides new insights into identity construction in children with PSLI. Secondly, it adds to understandings of ways in which children conceptualise communication impairment. Thirdly, it deepens understandings of the determinants of well-being and belonging in children with PSLI. Finally, this thesis highlights the value of narrative inquiry as a means for listening to the voices of children with communication impairments.


Medical devices are routinely employed in healthcare settings since they provide clinicians with a means of administering nutrients, drawing blood samples and drug delivery. However, local and systemic infections are frequently associated with the use of medical devices and implants. In fact, implanted devices often provide a highly suitable surface for bacterial adhesion and colonization resulting in the formation of complex, differentiated and structured communities known as biofilms. Once a biofilm infection is established, conventional treatments frequently fail as bacteria in the form of biofilms are much more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. A variety of implantable drug-delivery systems have been developed to combat biofilm related infections. The main goal of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of a drugdelivery method using polymer hydrogels. The University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB) group has developed a novel drug-delivery polymer matrix consisting of a poly 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogel coated with ordered methylene chains forming an ultrasound-responsive coating. The polymer hydrogel was loaded with ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic well known for its action against gram-negative bacteria. This system was able to retain the drug inside the polymer in the absence of ultrasound but showed a significant drug release when low intensity ultrasound was applied. A consistent experimental program has been developed to determine the effectiveness of the UWEB hydrogels against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Biofilms were grown on hydrogel surfaces in flowcells. Ultrasound was applied for twenty minutes every twenty four hours for three days using a 43 kHz ultrasonic bath. Confocal images were taken both before and after ultrasound application. The confocal data was then analyzed quantitatively using the biofilm analysis software package, COMSTAT. In addition, a numerical model was developed to demonstrate and characterize drug-delivery from hydrogel surfaces. Experimental results showed that biofilm accumulation on ciprofloxacin loaded hydrogels with ultrasound induced drug-delivery was significantly reduced compared to biofilms grown in control experiments. The results of these studies may ultimately facilitate future development of medical devices sensitive to external ultrasonic impulses, capable of treating or preventing biofilm growth via "on demand" drug release.


BACKGROUND
Patients with substantive bleeding usually require transfusion and/or (re-)operation. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is independently associated with a greater risk of infection, morbidity, increased hospital stay and mortality. ROTEM (ROTEM® Delta, TEM International GmbH, Munich, Germany; www.rotem.de), TEG (TEG® 5000 analyser, Haemonetics Corporation, Niles, IL, USA; www.haemonetics.com) and Sonoclot (Sonoclot® coagulation and platelet function analyser, Sienco Inc., Arvada, CO) are point-of-care viscoelastic (VE) devices that use thromboelastometry to test for haemostasis in whole blood. They have a number of proposed advantages over standard laboratory tests (SLTs): they provide a result much quicker, are able to identify what part of the clotting process is disrupted, and provide information on clot formation over time and fibrinolysis.

OBJECTIVES
This assessment aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of VE devices to assist with the diagnosis, management and monitoring of haemostasis disorders during and after cardiac surgery, trauma-induced coagulopathy and post-partum haemorrhage (PPH).

METHODS
Sixteen databases were searched to December 2013: MEDLINE (OvidSP), MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily Update (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), BIOSIS Previews (Web of Knowledge), Science Citation Index (SCI) (Web of Science), Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI-S) (Web of Science), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) HTA programme, Aggressive Research Intelligence Facility (ARIF), Medion, and the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed for quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Prediction studies were assessed using QUADAS-2. For RCTs, summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using random-effects models. Continuous data were summarised narratively. For prediction studies, the odds ratio (OR) was selected as the primary effect estimate. The health-economic analysis considered the costs and quality-adjusted life-years of ROTEM, TEG and Sonoclot compared with SLTs in cardiac surgery and trauma patients. A decision tree was used to take into account short-term complications and longer-term side effects from transfusion. The model assumed a 1-year time horizon.

RESULTS
Thirty-one studies (39 publications) were included in the clinical effectiveness review. Eleven RCTs (n=1089) assessed VE devices in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; six assessed thromboelastography (TEG) and five assessed ROTEM. There was a significant reduction in RBC transfusion [RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 0.96; six studies], platelet transfusion (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.89; six studies) and fresh frozen plasma to transfusion (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.65; five studies) in VE testing groups compared with control. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of other blood products transfused. Continuous data on blood product use supported these findings. Clinical outcomes did not differ significantly between groups. There were no apparent differences between ROTEM or TEG; none of the RCTs evaluated Sonoclot. There were no data on the clinical effectiveness of VE devices in trauma patients or women with PPH. VE testing was cost-saving and more effective than SLTs. For the cardiac surgery model, the cost-saving was £43 for ROTEM, £79 for TEG and £132 for Sonoclot. For the trauma population, the cost-savings owing to VE testing were more substantial, amounting to per-patient savings of £688 for ROTEM compared with SLTs, £721 for TEG, and £818 for Sonoclot. This finding was entirely dependent on material costs, which are slightly higher for ROTEM. VE testing remained cost-saving following various scenario analyses.

CONCLUSIONS
VE testing is cost-saving and more effective than SLTs, in both patients undergoing cardiac surgery and trauma patients. However, there were no data on the clinical effectiveness of Sonoclot or of VE devices in trauma patients.

STUDY REGISTRATION
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005623.

FUNDING
The NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme.


This article presents a new model for analyzing determinants of absorptive capacity in companies and shows how can be operacionalized. We propose that absorptive capacity is not only determined by R&D activities but also by a set of internal factors, which we group into three basic categories: organizational knowledge, formalization, and social integration mechanisms. We pilot our model on a sample of 84 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in the province of Valencia, Spain. The results of our pilot study suggest that the model specification is useful to explain the determinants of firm's absorptive capacity. In addition, our findings show that the determinants of absorptive capacity differ with respect to the applicability of knowledge absorbed and that R&D activities have two different effects. Greater investment in R&D promotes the exploitation of external knowledge, regardless of its nature, while sustained R&D activities over time are a decisive factor for the exploitation of scientific knowledge.


The present paper aims at presenting all major morphosyntactic means of expressing future meaning in Vilamovicean, the smallest Germanic language spoken in the town of Wilamowice in Southern Poland. As will be demonstrated – and contrary to the opinion found in the literature published so far – the concept of futurity is not limited to the wada future but, rather, can be conveyed by a number of constructions. These forms may be divided into two main groups: the first one includes formations that are employed with no restriction by all speakers (among others these are constructions like the present tense, the periphrases wada + infinitive, wjyd + past participle or adverbials, wada hon /zajn + past participle, and zuoa + infinitive, as well as various modally based future expressions) while the second class consists of two novel and "rare" locutions which are accepted uniquely by a limited number of speakers (this group includes locutions such as wada + past participle and wada + present). Furthermore, two other Vilamovicean periphrases will be discussed, namely wie + past participle and wie + present, which, even though restricted to the conditional value, display a similar morphosyntactic shape as the "rare futures".


The relative importance of different mechanisms through which devaluations affect output are analyzed using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for a small open economy with imperfect competition and nominal rigidities. Devaluations are defined as an increase in the central bank's nominal exchange rate target, which induces a decrease in the nominal interest rate. Three main mechanisms through which devaluations affect output are considered: The traditional expansionary expenditure-switching effect, the balance sheet effect which allows the possibility of contractionary effects when firms' debt are dollar-denominated, and a monetary channel associated with an interest rule that targets the nominal exchange rate. The model is calibrated and simulated under alternative scenarios of exchange rate regimes and shocks. Devaluations are found to be expansionary despite the contractionary balance sheet effect. In response to adverse external shocks the economy's output response improves with a devaluation the less flexible the exchange rate regime is.


Policy innovation to face complex problems

Society, meant as an aggregate of people interacting with each other in a more or less ordered community, is by definition complex. The relations among its elements (i.e. the people) have different properties that create a distinctly complex system. For instance, as one of the characteristics of complexity theory, they have a nonlinear behavior, meaning that they might respond in different ways to an identical input depending on the circumstances (Byrne, 2002). While it is largely recognized that evolution increased the complexity of social environments (Bar-Yam, 1997), the quick diffusion of digital communication channels and tools (i.e. ICTs) has radically increased the number of interactions among humans, diversifying nature (i.e. digital messaging) and amplifying scale (i.e. social network platforms), thus increasing de facto the complexity of the social system (McChrystal et al., 2015). Indeed, if on the one hand, the technological progress brought a range of benefits like higher connectivity, quicker mobility or easier flow of information, on the other hand it also carried new and critical social and ethical challenges, both on a micro scale (i.e. privacy issues), and on a macro one (i.e. migration). These increasingly complex sociotechnical problems are challenging both the traditional models and solutions used by governments for regulation (the traditional policymaking process), and the old process of public and private innovation (new disruptive technologies like AI or blockchain will radically modify some of the workings of civil society like the type and distribution of jobs).

Focusing on governments and their traditional model to produce and enact regulations, the main reasons behind this scenario can be further described using the following categories:

Procedures, that are often inappropriate for the scale and speed of technological change, as more often the traditional process for policy development and implementation is linear and deterministic;
Organizational structures and procedures, that are often inadequate to support the new need for policy innovation determined by the current scenario (i.e. old silos structure);
Citizen engagement, that is often not appropriately applied to the design and development of policy.
Building on this, the public sector at large needs a renovation, that can include the advantages of Digital Government, modernization of procedures and organizational structures, as well as the development of new ways to include citizens as new sources of solution and generation of public value.

Design for policy and Complexity theory to aid policy innovation

Due to the scenario described, institutions around the world are looking for and experimenting with new approaches to transform the public sector, also looking at design as a potential source of new methods, principles, and tools (Junginger, 2017). In the last decades, design has increasingly accepted this new area of work, evolving its interests toward intangible solutions and acting in what Buchanan (2001) defines third and fourth orders of design, that is working, studying and experimenting on interactions (third order) and systems (fourth order). More recently, Norman et al. (2015) have described how design can play an active role in reducing political, social and cultural disruption while building more resilient solutions alongside optimizing resources. Furthermore, Bason (2017) has underlined the potential of applying design practice in public sector and administration using three dimensions:

Exploring the problem space
Generating alternative scenarios
Enacting new practices
Interestingly, he argues that ethnographically-inspired design approaches can support and inform the process of identification of policy needs, by understanding people's needs and wishes. Beyond people centricity, the relevance of design approaches for government also lies in the ability to map and visualize information and languages (Mauri and Ciuccarelli, 2016), thus helping insights emerge and create a shared vocabulary with citizens to start social conversations (Manzini, 2015). One of the essential aspects of this generation of alternative scenarios in complex systems of stakeholders is the ability to trigger a debate based on a desirable vision of the future. Therefore, we can say that design scenarios use creativity to enable collaborative ideation and prototyping (Kimbell & Bailey, 2017), an aspect that is particularly relevant to renovate current policymaking practice. However, traditional design practices are not yet accustomed to handling complexity for policy formulation, as until now they have mainly been focused on tangible policy outputs (i.e. public services), and would therefore benefit from further understanding about how to integrate and handle a complex system to understand new social challenges and devise solutions to them. The aim is therefore to support this through proposing an integration between complexity theory and design for policy aiming at policy innovation.

From a theoretical point of view, these two areas have a common ground, for instance:

The object of the analysis is in both cases a complex system, its elements, their relations and characteristics (i.e. emergence);
The perspective on the system takes into consideration all its elements with a holistic approach, in contrast with a reductionist one.
From a practical point of view, few experiences and projects can be found in which the concepts of complexity theory are beginning to enrich the design process (i.e. healthcare system design). However, structured reflection and enquiry about how to connect these two areas can seldom be found, and here lies the contribution this paper aims at making. In particular, the intention is to begin to work on a shared vocabulary, methods, and tools that embedded in design for policy could significantly advance the knowledge of both areas as well as innovation in policymaking.
Research design: Focusing on the intersection between Complexity, Policy and Design

In order to comprehend the connection between complexity theory and design for policy, the research selects and analyses the scientific papers published in the last ten years in the most accredited databases (WOS and Scopus) produced with references to the topics of Complexity Theory, Policy Design and Design for Policy, either looking at how these are connected or to extract the most relevant principles for each, for further connection.
Regarding complexity, special attention will be paid to the scale of the system, as its complexity is highly influenced by the number of interactions and increases when the number of interacting elements increases.
In the area of Policy Design, the discussion will reflect on those contributions that frame policy formulation as a design problem to understand where/how design is already considered part of the process and where this process can be further supported by principles coming from complexity studies.
Finally, literature in the area of Design for Policy is analyzed to match the characteristics of this activity with the above areas and create a more compelling understanding on the topic.
The knowledge retrieved from this research will be analyzed placing concepts in a matrix based on Buchanan's fourth orders of design, declined by Jones and van Patter (2009) in the four domanis of design, arguing that "many more will be engaged in the Design 3.0 and Design 4.0 activity spaces with more knowledge and better tools". In our research, these are considered as four distinct design domains from design 1.0 to 4.0 and are useful to understand two aspects: the scale of the system and the kind of design domain (fig. 1).
Based on this, the most relevant domains for our research will be the third and the fourth because connected to organizational structures, social systems and policymaking, thus these will be the object of literature mapping. Moreover, the policy cycle defined by Howlett and Ramesh (2003) and further illustrated by Junginger (2015) (fig. 2) will be used to understand where the activity of design mainly plays a role in the formulation and ideation of a policy.
Finally, these theoretical models are matched to map scientific papers and arguments built by other scholars following the structure provided in Table 1 below.

Conclusions

The mapping tool proposed through the table will generate insights on how in the last decade the conversation around the introduction of design methods and processes in policymaking has evolved also in connection to complexity theory, and what theoretical elements can be useful to create a share language and vocabulary for mutual enrichment and disciplinary enhancement.
This analysis creates a base of knowledge from which other scholars and researchers might work to share a research field that connects complexity theory and design for policy, thus contributing to make use of complexity theory in design for creating value and not to perceive complexity as a problem.


Maturation and spawning of the penaeid prawn, Metapenaeus monoceros
from Cochin area have been studied. Five maturity stages, namdy, immature, early
maturing, late maturing, mature and spent-recovering, are recognised in the
development of the ovary. The maturation process of the intra-ovarian eggs is
described in detail. The minimum Size at first sexual maturity is found to be 118
mm. Metapenaeus monoceros breeds throughout the year with intensive spawning
during October to April. The nature and distribution of ova in the mature stage
indicate that the spawning of individuals of the species is restricted to a short
and definite period and the occurrence of mature females in various size groups
suggests that the species spawns more than once during its life-time. The fecundity
of the species has been estimated to be varying between 155,000 at 146 mm and
338,000 at 175 mm. The relationship between the length of the prawn and
fecundity is found to be logarithmic.


The Saratoga transfer protocol was developed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) for its Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) satellites. In over seven years of operation, Saratoga has provided efficient delivery of remote-sensing Earth observation imagery, across private wireless links, from these seven low-orbit satellites to ground stations, using the Internet Protocol (IP). Saratoga is designed to cope with high bandwidth-delay products, constrained acknowledgement channels, and high loss while streaming or delivering extremely large files. An implementation of this protocol has now been developed at the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for wider use and testing. This is intended to prototype delivery of data across dedicated astronomy radio telescope networks on the ground, where networked sensors in Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) instruments generate large amounts of data for processing and can send that data across private IP- and Ethernet-based links at very high rates. We describe this new Saratoga implementation, its features and focus on high throughput and link utilization, and lessons learned in developing this protocol for sensor-network applications.12


Eu-doped fluorosilicate apatites M2Y3[SiO4]3F (M = Sr, Ba) are prepared by solid state reaction. Unlike conventional Eu-doped materials, coexistence of Eu3+ and Eu2+ ions is found from the photoluminescence of Eu-doped apatites M2Y3[SiO4]3F (M = Sr, Ba) which were prepared in reducing atmosphere. Eu2+ ions are converted from Eu3+ ions in the reduction process. It is suggested that Eu2+ ions occupy A(I) (4f) or A(II) (6h) crystallographic site in the apatite lattices. Intense emission lines due to Eu3+ are observed at 600-630 nm, while broad emission band due to Eu2+ is observed at 450-650 nm. These emissions combined with blue emission from LED are suitable to obtain white light, i.e., white LEDs for lighting and display. Different luminescence characteristics are obtained between Sr2Y3[SiO4]3F:Eu and Ba2Y3[SiO4]3F:Eu, which were prepared in reducing atmosphere.


The summary form only given. We have demonstrated that the inherent inefficiency of the TPA process in semiconductors can be overcome by incorporating the semiconductor in a microcavity structure. Proof of concept devices with a 0.27/spl mu/m Ga/sub 0.7/Al0.3As active region and two Bragg reflectors with the cavity resonance of 890 nm were fabricated. We measured the TPA photocurrent of these devices and have demonstrated a factor of 12000 enhancement over a nonmicrocavity device at 890 nm. Our active length of 0.27 nm is as efficient as 5.4 mm without a microcavity, overcoming the very long detector lengths limiting the use of TPA in practical autocorrelators, optical switches and sampling devices for real telecommunication systems. The effect of the cavity is to enhance the intra-cavity optical intensity, which leads to an increase in the nonlinear response of the active region. We studied, theoretically and experimentally, the impact of the cavity on the temporal response and the sensitivity of the device, which are critical considerations for commercial applications. This cavity design has a 3 pico-second response time and the autocorrelation trace is comparable with the BBO crystal response for an input 1.6 ps pulse. Devices designed for 1550 nm have also been realised and our measurements indicate these two-photon absorption based detectors are potential candidates for optical autocorrelation of short optical pulses, and for optical switching and sampling in optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) communications systems.


Abstract. The Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) is applied to the analysis of observations obtained during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B (INTEX-B), conducted over the eastern Pacific Ocean during spring 2006. Predicted trace gas and aerosol distributions over the Pacific are presented and discussed in terms of transport and source region contributions. Trace species distributions show a strong west (high) to east (low) gradient, with the bulk of the pollutant transport over the central Pacific occurring between ~20° N and 50° N in the 2–6 km altitude range. These distributions are evaluated in the eastern Pacific by comparison with the NASA DC-8 and NSF/NCAR C-130 airborne measurements along with observations from the Mt. Bachelor (MBO) surface site. Thirty different meteorological, trace gas and aerosol parameters are compared. In general the meteorological fields are better predicted than gas phase species, which in turn are better predicted than aerosol quantities. PAN is found to be significantly overpredicted over the eastern Pacific, which is attributed to uncertainties in the chemical reaction mechanisms used in current atmospheric chemistry models in general and to the specifically high PAN production in the SAPRC-99 mechanism used in the regional model. A systematic underprediction of the elevated sulfate layer in the eastern Pacific observed by the C-130 is another issue that is identified and discussed. Results from source region tagged CO simulations are used to estimate how the different source regions around the Pacific contribute to the trace gas species distributions. During this period the largest contributions were from China and from fires in South/Southeast and North Asia. For the C-130 flights, which operated off the coast of the Northwest US, the regional CO contributions range as follows: China (35%), South/Southeast Asia fires (35%), North America anthropogenic (20%), and North Asia fires (10%). The transport of pollution into the western US is studied at MBO and a variety of events with elevated Asian dust, and periods with contributions from China and fires from both Asia and North America are discussed. The role of heterogeneous chemistry on the composition over the eastern Pacific is also studied. The impacts of heterogeneous reactions at specific times can be significant, increasing sulfate and nitrate aerosol production and reducing gas phase nitric acid levels appreciably (~50%).


Database security comprises a set of measures, policies and mechanisms to provide secrecy, integrity and availability of data and to combat possible attacks on the system from insiders and outsiders, both malicious and accidental. The increasing development of information technology in the past few years has led to the widespread use of computer systems in various public and private organizations, such hospitals, universities, banks, libraries and so on. The increased reliability now offered in hardware and software technologies, coupled with the continuous reduction of costs, the increasing technologies, the increasing professional expertise of information specialists and the availability of support tools, have all contributed to encourage the widespread use of computing services. This has meant the more data than ever before is now stored and managed by computer systems, or rather by the tools and techniques capable of supporting and meting these application requirements. A great attention is according to medical databases. These databases are statistical databases because we want to have information about an interrogation set and not for a specifically record. Is very important for medical statistically databases to keep the secrecy about a separated records, because in most situations these information are confidentially. The paper presents a new approach to the notion of protection for statistical databases. This approach is inspired by the idea of integrity in the database semantics of all its defining characteristics, on one hand, and by a previous approach, which introduced statistical elements in the protection of the database, on the other hand. The proposed protection mechanism, based on the perturbation of answers, allows time and space reduction, compared to previous approaches. The modularity of the protection mechanism that we propose facilitates its implementation. Beside the protection of the database, the central element in this study is the utility (the accuracy of the answers altered by statistical means).


Fatigue crack initiation and propagation are the central issues for understanding fatigue behaviours, and early detection of fatigue will be useful in industry before cartographic events occur. It has been found that surface work function, Young's modulus and surface energy are inter-dependent with the occurrence of fatigue, and we compute these material properties using ab intio simulation for aluminium. We found that the highest work function represents stability of the surface with respect to fatigue, and that the closest-packed (111) face has the highest work function. Also, the work function with C impurities is higher than that without C impurities for all orientations of Al, indicating that C impurities can help to stabilise the surface. Surface work function is also found to be dependent on the surface roughness, and the dependence varies with Al orientations. In particular, the work functions of the closest-packed Al (111) and Al (100) decrease as roughness increases. However, for Al (110), the work function increases with roughness, and the different dependences on roughness require further study in order for work function to be used to detect the potential site of fatigue as well as the initiation of fatigue. Lower surface energy indicates a more stable surface from fatigue as most cracks initiate from the surface. Our calculation shows that Al surface energy decreases with the existence of Si impurities but increases slightly with that of Ca impurities, showing the importance of surface impurities in affecting fatigue early behaviours. It has been shown that Young's modulus decreases with fatigue cycles and when a low threshold is reached, cracks will be initiated. We find that the Young's modulus of Al (111) is the largest, indicating its robustness against fatigue as compare to other orientations.


A 37 year old multip presented at 34 weeks with shortness of breath on exertion and yellowed sclera. Investigations showed her to have a haemolytic anaemia (Hb 56 g/l) and abnormal LFTs (ALT 67, bilirubin 58). Liver imaging and virology were normal. The haematologists recommended a bone marrow biopsy which was declined by the patient. Following a blood transfusion she continued to haemolyse so the decision was taken for further blood transfusion and induction of labour at 36 weeks. It emerged that during her last pregnancy, 8 years previously, she had been extensively investigated for deranged LFTs with no cause found. Her Hb at this time was 80g/l but was not investigated. In both pregnancies the abnormalities resolved spontaneously within a few weeks post delivery. A handful of case reports describe similar cases but all fail to identify the underlying aetiology despite extensive investigations. It has been proposed that there may be an immune-mediated element and that high dose corticosteroids and immunoglobulins may be effective. However there remains a distinct lack of information and guidance available, including a consensus as to whether this should be termed 'Pregnancy associated haemolytic anaemia' or indeed 'Pregnancy induced haemolytic anaemia'. References Starksen NF. Unexplained hemolytic anemia associated with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146(6):617–22 Kumar R. Pregnancy induced hemolytic anemia: an unexplained entity. Ann Hematol 2001;80(10):623–6 Bjornsson S. Unexplained haemolytic anaemia in successive pregnancies with negative direct antiglobulin test and response to high dose i.v. IgG. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101(1):75–7


Holocene climate records from northern Europe improve our understanding of important North Atlantic ocean and atmospheric circulation systems to long-term insolation-driven changes, as well as more rapid forcing and feedback mechanisms. Here we assess Holocene climate and environmental changes in northern Norway based on the analysis of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, plant macrofossils, and plant wax biomarkers from a high latitude ombrotrophic bog. We define the extent and thickness of Hollabåttjønnen Bog (0.16 km2), which is located 10 km north of Tromsø. Several cores were analyzed, including a 5.16-m core that spans the last 9.5 cal ka BP. Vegetation changes from several sites were reconstructed and the distribution and hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) of n-alkanes (C21–C33) were analyzed. Our data show several distinct climate intervals that primarily indicate changes in bog surface moisture. In the early Holocene (c. 9.5–7.7 cal ka BP), wetter conditions are defined by the presence of wetland sedges and grasses, higher concentrations of mid-chain length n-alkanes, and a similarity in δD values among homologs. A dry mid-Holocene (c. 7.7–3.8 cal ka BP) is inferred from the presence of a heath shrubland, low peat accumulations rates, and significant differences between δD values of mid- and long-chain length n-alkanes. The late Holocene (c. 3.8 cal ka BP-present) is marked by the onset of wetter conditions, lateral bog expansion, and an increase in sedges and grasses. The Hollabåttjønnen Bog record is also significant because its margins were an important location for human settlement. We correlate early Holocene environmental conditions with changes in Stone Age structures recently excavated, and we identify the occurrence of coprophilous fungi, such as Sporormiella and Sordaria, likely associated with reindeer grazing activity beginning c. 1 cal ka BP. This site therefore provides important regional paleoclimate information as well as context for evaluating local prehistoric human-environment interactions.


The presence of a delay between sensing and reacting to a signal can determine the long-term behavior of autonomous agents whose motion is intrinsically noisy. In a previous work [M. Mijalkov, A. McDaniel, J. Wehr, and G. Volpe, Phys. Rev. X 6, 011008 (2016)], we have shown that sensorial delay can alter the drift and the position probability distribution of an autonomous agent whose speed depends on the illumination intensity it measures. Here, using theory, simulations, and experiments with a phototactic robot, we generalize this effect to an agent for which both speed and rotational diffusion depend on the illumination intensity and are subject to two independent sensorial delays. We show that both the drift and the probability distribution are influenced by the presence of these sensorial delays. In particular, the radial drift may have positive as well as negative sign, and the position probability distribution peaks in different regions depending on the delay. Furthermore, the presence of multiple sensorial delays permits us to explore the role of the interaction between them.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to calculate the effect of a soft liner on stress distribution within a mandibular complete denture. Although patients have welcomed soft-lined complete dentures, early fracture is one of the main reasons for failure. To minimize and prevent prosthesis fracture, the understanding of the stress distribution within a prosthesis is important.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A 3-dimensional finite element model of a mandibular complete denture for a severely reduced residual alveolar ridge was constructed. The stress was calculated with linear static finite element analysis. The stress distribution in the soft-lined acrylic resin mandibular complete denture was compared with that of a conventional acrylic resin denture. The resulting stresses were displayed in terms of von Mises equivalent stress and the major principal stresses according to 5 different loading conditions: vertical loads in premolar, molar, and incisor regions; and oblique loads in premolar and molar regions.

RESULTS
Oblique loads produced higher levels of stress in the labial notch regions than vertical loads, where tension was the primary mode of stress. Significantly reduced levels of von Mises stress were calculated in soft-liner layers under all loading conditions. Acrylic resin denture base portions, however, exhibited higher levels of von Mises stress in soft-lined complete dentures.

CONCLUSION
Three-dimensional finite element analysis gave a realistic explanation of denture fractures and patient response to mandibular complete dentures with and without soft linings. Control of excess lateral occlusal contact might be helpful to reduce the probability of a fracture in soft-lined mandibular complete dentures.


The efficient evolution of CO-free hydrogen by the decomposition of formic acid using iridium catalyst with 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine as a ligand in H2O was demonstrated. The highest catalytic activity (turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 14000 h−1 at 90 °C) and an almost complete consumption of formic acid were obtained for the catalytic system. Furthermore, it was found that hydrogen could be generated even at elevated pressures. We discuss the possibility of a cycle for CO2 as a hydrogen carrier by combining the decomposition of formic acid (evolution of H2) with the hydrogenation of bicarbonate (fixation of CO2 and storage of H2) using the iridium catalyst.


This article examines Mary Robinson's novel Walsingham (1797) from a Lacanian perspective. By offering readings of the novel's two masquerade scenes from its narrator's perspective within the imaginary order, and then tracing his confusion into the symbolic, this essay will seek to explain how (and why) Walsingham makes a spectacle of himself as he enters the very scene of social spectacle. We will find that Walsingham's lingering in the imaginary—a product of his having made a series of specular identifications—establishes the conditions of his further humiliation even as it establishes the conditions for his eventual entry into the symbolic order. In attempting to forestall sexuation and even derive a certain enjoyment from its forestallment, Walsingham in effect reinforces the phallus and eventually bows to its demands. I argue that Walsingham dramatizes a transition between incommensurate modes of experience, that much of the novel's plot stems from Walsingham's entrapment in the imaginary, and that the novel is more invested in establishing characters within normative sexuated positions than enacting any sort of destabilizing gender trouble. Robinson's novel reveals the force of the patriarchy (despite its unnaturalness) and suggests that sexual, gendered, and economic experience are interlaced through desire. The novel especially suggests that the subject is formed through the experience of the spectacle, and it deploys the entanglements of spectacle so that subjective experience can be seen to reorganize itself in the face of pressures political and social.


Aims CFS/ME is a complex illness, causing severe incapacitating fatigue, physical and cognitive complaints and is as disabling as many other serious chronic conditions. The prevalence in children is estimated to be 0.2-0.5%. The aim of this study was to take a cohort of children and adolescents with the condition and determine the pattern of co-morbid conditions. Methods Our study took the form of a quantitative and semi-qualitative analysis undertaken as a retrospective case note review of a cohort of 131 patients attending a hospital based, consultant-led specialist CFS/ME clinic. Patients must have been diagnosed with CFS/ME using NICE and RCPCH criteria whilst under the care of a consultant paediatrician to be eligible to be included in the study. Information gathered from their hospital notes included basic demographics, CFS/ME diagnosis information and any co-morbid conditions present. Results 80% of patients were female which was as expected, with CFS/ME acknowledged to be a female dominated disease. The median age at diagnosis of CFS/ME was 14 years, and there were a total of 38 different symptoms recorded at diagnosis. Other than fatigue, the most common symptoms were headaches, abdominal pain, musculoskeletal pain and decreased concentration and short term memory. 56% of the cohort had at least 1 co-morbid condition. There were 51 separate co-morbid conditions, with the most common conditions being psychiatric, gastrointestinal, respiratory and musculoskeletal problems. 30% of the patients had at least 1 co-morbid condition that the RCPCH lists as a differential diagnosis of CFS/ME. Conclusion This is the first study exploring co-morbid conditions in children and adolescents with CFS/ME. More than half of the cohort had at least one co-morbid condition. We wish to highlight to paediatricians that the presence of a co-morbid differential diagnosis does not appear to exclude CFS/ME.


Two methods for color coding of phase variations of an object in coded correlation filtering quasi-interferometry are introduced. One is based on dispersive filtering, the other on color correlation filtering with colored masks. Performances are analyzed in terms of geometrical optics. Various possible configurations are studied. Experiments have proved its usefulness in practice. The phase variation can be measured to a high degree of precision if a spectroscopic measurement is made.


The study examines the reasons for Sociology's lack of contribution
towards the theory and practice of moral education aid sets out to suggest
am approach to the sociology of morality which would be relevant to
educational research.
Pars: I discusses the sociology of morality's theoretical heritage,
the American pragmatic tradition, and the ethical foundations of the
sociological traditions derived from Marx, Durkheim and Weber. The
inadequacies of the founding fathers' conceptualisation of morality and
the effect of this theory on sociological practice is discussed with
reference to studies in deviance and education.
The critical theory of alrgen Habermas is reviewed and it is suggested
that his work could provide a basis for a sociological study of morality
in which theory relates to practice and where morality is seem both
socially and universalistically.
Part II describes an attempt to put Habermas' moral theory into
practice in an empirical study of moral judgement in a girls' comprehensive
school. A theoretical scheme for conceptualising and analysing procedures
of moral judgement is presented. The scheme incorporates conceptualisations
of Habermas and Schutz and allows moral judgement to be approached as a
procedure involving the ideal and the real and relating beliefs and
practices. The basis of the scheme is the assessment of the style of the
judgemental procedures according to Habermas' distinction between work and
interaction. This approach is contrasted with the essentially Kantian
scheme of Lawrence Kohlberg.
A study is conducted in the sixth form of Greenbank School w'ien the
scheme is applied. An intensive phase investigates the relatioiships of
home and school to the function of moral consciousness. It allows certain
observations about the function of comprehensive education to be made. The study illustrates the potential of Habermasian theory for a
sociology of morality and helps to pinpoint weaknesses in his formulations.
It serves as a practical critique of Kantian based approaches to morality.


Recent years have shown a promising progress in understanding geometric underpinnings behind the structure, function, and dynamics of many complex networks in nature and society. However, these promises cannot be readily fulfilled and lead to important practical applications, without a simple, reliable, and fast network mapping method to infer the latent geometric coordinates of nodes in a real network. Here, we present HyperMap, a simple method to map a given real network to its hyperbolic space. The method utilizes a recent geometric theory of complex networks modeled as random geometric graphs in hyperbolic spaces. The method replays the network's geometric growth, estimating at each time-step the hyperbolic coordinates of new nodes in a growing network by maximizing the likelihood of the network snapshot in the model. We apply HyperMap to the Autonomous Systems (AS) Internet and find that: 1) the method produces meaningful results, identifying soft communities of ASs belonging to the same geographic region; 2) the method has a remarkable predictive power: Using the resulting map, we can predict missing links in the Internet with high precision, outperforming popular existing methods; and 3) the resulting map is highly navigable, meaning that a vast majority of greedy geometric routing paths are successful and low-stretch. Even though the method is not without limitations, and is open for improvement, it occupies a unique attractive position in the space of tradeoffs between simplicity, accuracy, and computational complexity.


Black and white (faded) of Denton Experimental Station Barbeque, 1926 (written on back) taken and collected by H.F.Browder, former County Agent, Denton County. The photo includes a crowd of men and a few women and children with 3 houses in the background.


Consider making a prediction over new test data without any opportunity to learn from a training set of labelled data - instead given access to a set of expert models and their predictions alongside some limited information about the dataset used to train them. In scenarios from finance to the medical sciences, and even consumer practice, stakeholders have developed models on private data they either cannot, or do not want to, share. Given the value and legislation surrounding personal information, it is not surprising that only the models, and not the data, will be released - the pertinent question becoming: how best to use these models? Previous work has focused on global model selection or ensembling, with the result of a single final model across the feature space. Machine learning models perform notoriously poorly on data outside their training domain however, and so we argue that when ensembling models the weightings for individual instances must reflect their respective domains - in other words models that are more likely to have seen information on that instance should have more attention paid to them. We introduce a method for such an instance-wise ensembling of models, including a novel representation learning step for handling sparse high-dimensional domains. Finally, we demonstrate the need and generalisability of our method on classical machine learning tasks as well as highlighting a real world use case in the pharmacological setting of vancomycin precision dosing.


This paper is about the so-called "prophet dance movement" that emerged out of Indigenous communities in the Columbia River Plateau in the Nineteenth century. The paper argues that though the movement was distinctly rooted within oral Indigenous traditions, its gradual appropriation of Christian images into its practices situates it as a unique cultural encounter between Europeans and Indigenous peoples. Proposed is that the movement, as an unsystematic, unmediated manifestation of cultural exchange, defies easy classification and instead exists in a space of necessary ambiguity between cultures. Also examined is the way that the demographic and cultural effects of upheavals, specifically epidemic diseases, may be linked to the adopted popularity of the movement. Ultimately, the author suggests that the distinctive situation of the prophet dance movement could represent an alternative to the way that conventional historical narratives are constructed conceptualized, specifically in the context of British Columbian history.


This paper highlights challenges that the researcher encountered during fieldwork. It argues that despite the popularity of qualitative research scholars are only beginning to publicize segments or summaries of ethnographic fieldwork experiences. Using critical self-reflections of the interactions between the researcher and the participants during fieldwork, the paper identifies five ethical dilemmas and how they were addressed in an African context. The paper concludes that an omission to reflect on fieldwork experience hides the conflicts and tensions that all researchers inevitably face and can learn from. Finally, the paper concludes that lessons from the data on the interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee can inform ethical research methodologies and the representation of research findings.


The Agile Manifesto emphasizes value on individuals and interactions over processes and tools, explicitly encouraging face-to-face communication as the most effective way of conveying information and collaboration between Agile teams. Effective collaboration enables teams to develop workable solutions to complex problems. However, in reality, this is continuously challenged by large, distributed teams, forcing communications in different directions. Towards the interest of (Collaborative Networked) Organizations in the adoption of emerging technologies to support communication and collaboration needs of their Distributed Agile and Adaptive Development Environment (DADE), we propose a DADE architecture based on the emerging Liquid Multi-Device Software paradigm. The evaluation of our LiquiDADE prototype showed that our approach is relevant and a valuable enhancement for improving agile development practices.


Background: Evidence-based guidelines recommend strategies for reducing risk factors for secondary prevention of acute coronary syndromes, yet referral to and completion of programs to deliver this advice are poor. Purpose: In this article we describe the complexity of factors that influence referral and delivery of evidence-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs through an Australian context and provide direction for solutions for clinicians and policy makers to consider. The Ecological Approach is used as a framework to synthesize evidence. The approach has 5 categories, the characteristics of which may act as barriers and enablers to the promotion and adoption of health behaviors and includes (a) interpersonal factors, (b) interpersonal factors, (c) institutional factors, (d) community networks, and (e) public policy. Conclusions: Despite the context of strong evidence for efficacy, this review highlights systematic flaws in the implementation of CR, an important intervention that has been shown to improve patient outcomes and prevent cardiac events. Recommendations from this review include standardization of program delivery, improvement of data capture, use of technological innovations and social networks to facilitate delivery of information and support, and establishment of a cohesive, consistent message through interorganizational collaboration involved in CR. Clinical Implications: These avenues provide direction for potential solutions to improve the uptake of CR and secondary prevention.


Moustafa Hussein Aly On Soliton Transmission in Nonlinear Inhomogeneous Graded-Refractive Index Media This paper investigates the soliton transmission of optical pulses in nonlinear inhomogeneous graded-refractive index fibers (biquadratic profile). Avoiding the lin~ar fashion approximation, the radial dependence of the field is treated. The obtained solutions are parametrically controlled in such a manner that both the light and dark solitons exist in both normal and anomalous dispersion regions. The controlling parameters affect the power required to achieve soliton propagation, the bit rate, and the group velocity.


Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Lysophospholipid receptors [70]) are activated by the endogenous lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Originally cloned as orphan members of the endothelial differentiation gene (edg) family, current gene names have been designated as S1P1R through S1P5R [52]. S1PRs, particularly S1P1, are expressed throughout all mammalian organ systems. Ligand delivery occurs via two known carriers (or "chaperones"): albumin and HDL-bound apolipoprotein M (ApoM), the latter of which elicits biased agonist signaling by S1P1 in multiple cell types [15, 39]. The five S1PRs, two chaperones, and active cellular metabolism have complicated analyses of receptor ligand binding in native systems. Signaling pathways and physiological roles have been characterized through radioligand binding in heterologous expression systems, targeted deletion of the different S1PRs, and most recently, mouse models that report in vivo S1P1R activation [74, 76]. A crystal structure of an S1P1-T4 fusion protein confirmed aspects of ligand binding, specificity, and receptor activation determined previously through biochemical and genetic studies [48, 14]. fingolimod (FTY720), the first drug to target any of the lysophospholipid receptors, binds to four of the five S1PRs, and was the first oral therapy for multiple sclerosis [26]. The mechanisms of action of fingolimod and other S1PR modulating drugs in development include binding S1PRs in multiple organ systems, e.g., immune and nervous systems, although the precise nature of their receptor interactions requires clarification [107, 28, 43, 44].


The study has been designed to investigate the attenuation of cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation by diltiazem and lignocaine. Endotracheal intubation is often associated with a hypertension and tachycardia. This response is primarily because of sympatho-adrenal stimulation, associated with laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. The rise in the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure increases the myocardial oxygen demand. This increase is tolerated well by normal healthy individuals. However, in patients with Ischemic heart disease (IHD), Hypertensive heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, this sudden rise of heart rate and blood pressure can produce deleterious effects, in the form of myocardial ischemia, pulmonary oedema and cerebral haemorrhage. Many methods, like beta-blockers, deep inhalational anaesthesia, intravenous lignocaine, calcium channel blockers and direct acting vasodilators, have been tried to blunt these harmful pressor responses associated with laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Intravenous lignocaine is a popular method of blunting this response, because of its ability to depress the myocardium and membrane stabilization effect. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker can blunt these responses because of its direct acting vasodilating properties and negative chronotropic effect. In view of it, the present study was undertaken to compare the effects of 1.5 mg/kg lignocaine IV given 3 minutes before laryngoscopy and intubation, Diltiazem 0.2 mg/kg IV given 60 seconds before laryngoscopy and intubation and combination of 0.2 mg/kg of diltiazem IV and 1.5 mg/kg of lignocaine IV given 60 seconds before laryngoscope and intubation on laryngoscopic reactions. It was noted that,both lignocaine and diltiazem attenuated the pressor response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation compared to control group. However, the combination of lignocaine and diltiazem gave better protection against the laryngoscopic reaction than when either of the drugs was given alone.


Abstract This article explores the particular tensions surrounding judicial review in EU external relations. The tensions are classified using a two-dimensional framework. Firstly, a distinction based on policy domains of high and low politics, which is derived from constitutional theory, and external to the CJEU; and secondly a distinction based on legitimizing paradigms of administrative (EU as effective global actor) or constitutional (judicial review as guarantee of fundamental rights) in character and determined by the Court itself. Even though one would expect a dominance of the administrative paradigm in the domain of high politics, the Court uses both the administrative and the constitutional paradigm in its external relations case-law. The decision on which of these becomes the guiding frame seems to depend more on the policy domain, and be made case by case, which suggests politically sensitive adjudication, rather than a coherent approach to legitimizing the nascent judicial review in EU external relations.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing cause of concern "over a" worldwide and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity, both, in adults and children. Pediatric CKD should be considered differently from adult CKD as they differ with respect to epidemiology, etiology, evaluation and management. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) defined CKD however, this definition may not be applicable for children under 2 years of age, as their nephrons are yet to mature. Also, an infant born with a congenital renal anomaly may be diagnosed as CKD very early. Common complications of CKD like anemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are similar in pediatric CKD like their adult counterparts. However, there are certain complications which are special among pediatric patients like growth retardation and neurocognitive impairments. This review describes the various aspects of pediatric CKD highlighting complications unique to pediatric CKD.


The dynamics of coherent clock recovery (CR) using self-pulsing two-section distributed feedback (TS-DFB) lasers have been investigated. Both simulation and experimental results indicate fast lockup and walk-off of the clock-recovery process on the order of nanoseconds. Phase stability of the recovered clock from a pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) signal can be achieved by limiting the detuning between the frequency of free-running self-pulsation and the input bit rate. The simulation results show that all-optical clock recovery using TS-DFB lasers can maintain a better than 5% clock phase stability for large variations in power, bit rate, and optical carrier frequency of the input data and therefore is suitable for applications in optical packet switching.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim was to describe the process of role transition by an individual who has assumed the position of a consultant nurse in cardiovascular health care. The objective was to explain the 'gestalt' of being a consultant nurse and how the 'gestalt' has evolved.

BACKGROUND
The development of the consultant nurse role is new, research has described the value and potential contribution of the role. The literature suggests that the role still requires further evaluation and description to be understood better. DESIGN. A free-association narrative interview method was chosen as the research design.

METHOD
An in depth interview, tape-recorded and analysed along with field note analysis was the method for eliciting the narrative.

RESULTS
The analysis of the narrative reveals an emerging 'gestalt' for being a consultant nurse. Various concepts and phenomena attributable to the role are identified from the experience described. The gestalt explains the journey of the individual through an 'apprenticeship' to role attainment, whereby a new sense of professional self or 'Me' is realized.

CONCLUSION
The significance of the paper lies in the analysis of the narrative and the insights it gives to help other aspirant consultant nurses. It is through the understanding of these insights that individuals could plan their own learning and development to be achieved in the role of consultant nurse.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
To be effective and provide effective patient care, one can argue that appropriate learning needs to take place. Those that have been appointed to the role have battled to find achievement and acceptance. These battles may be made easier to win if the role is better understood and appropriate preparation provided. Only then will the real potential of the role be realized in improved patient care outcomes.


Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate osteoarthritis at 2, 6, and 12 weeks following transection of the cranial cruciate ligament of the stifle (femorotibial) joint of 6 dogs. A quantitative radiographic scoring system was used to assess the progression of hard and soft tissue changes of osteoarthritis. Mediolateral (flexed joint) and oblique (extended joint) radiographic projections enabled identification of small osteophytes on the femoral trochlear ridges, which were detected at an earlier stage of development than was previously reported. Magnetic resonance imaging was useful in detecting changes in cartilage thickness, osteophytosis and intraarticular loose bodies. Radiography and magnetic resonance imaging were complementary in the assessment of pathologic changes of osteoarthritis.


Abstract Bird aircraft collisions (bird strikes) are a recognized safety hazard and land uses that attract birds hazardous to aircraft should be avoided on and near airports. Many airfields contain large areas of anthropogenic grassland habitats, often dominated by cool season grasses. Land managed as native warm season grasses (NWSG) potentially could increase bird strike hazards on and near airports by attracting hazardous birds and harboring small mammals that are prey for hazardous raptors. We investigated bird and small mammal communities at three NWSG areas and three adjacent on airfield grassland areas in western Ohio, U.S.A. to determine whether NWSG increased bird strike hazards. Species specific differences in bird abundance and density were evident between the two landcover types, presumably the result of differences in plant community characteristics. Seven species of birds were found exclusively in NWSG or airfield grasslands. Birds of species categorized as 'moderate' to 'extremely high' in regard to hazard (severity) level to aircraft accounted for only 6% and 2% of all birds observed in airfield grasslands and NWSG areas, respectively. Small mammal capture success was approximately three times higher in NWSG areas, although raptor abundance did not differ between the two landcover types. Our findings suggest that NWSG might be considered a viable land use adjacent to airfields; however, similar research at additional locations, including larger NWSG areas, should be conducted.


Two products of unknown qualities are simultaneously launched by two different firms in the market. An infinite population of consumers with heterogeneous preferences sequentially decide whether to purchase one of the two products or not to buy at all. Arriving consumers estimate the qualities of products based on the distribution of binary online reviews reported by prior consumers and decide accordingly, obeying a non-Bayesian rule. The goal of our work is to describe how the online review mechanism drives the spread of information in a competitive market and to provide conditions under which consumers' quality estimates converge almost surely to the true qualities of products.


ABSTRACT: Secular trends and multi-timescale oscillations of global and regional surface airtemperature (SAT) have been widely investigated in recent decades. In this paper, the method ofensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is first used to decompose 18 station SAT anom-alies in eastern China from 1921 to 2011; 16 stations are then grouped into 4 regions based on thesecular non-linear trend and multi-timescale oscillations longer than 10 yr in these SAT anomalyseries. The analysis showed that multi-timescale oscillations commonly exist in eastern China,while the 2 largest regional warming trends of 3.3 and 1.21°C per century exist in Northeast Chinaand North China, respectively. Four regional secular non-linear trends and multi-timescale oscil-lations were explained and used in the extrapolation for the coming 2 decades. Although there isa secular warming trend, the predicted SAT anomaly for Northeast China is expected to continuethe recent warming slowdown in this decade and then a new warm flat in the following decade.For other regional SAT anomaly predictions, North China will have a slight warming trend in thecoming 2 decades, central China will have a warming process in this decade then a new warmspell in the 2020s, and South China will maintain the current level in this decade then have aquick warming process in the 2020s.KEY WORDS: Secular trend · Multi-timescale variability · Surface air temperature · Eastern China ·Climate prediction


Across the energy sector, alternatives to fossil fuels are being developed, in response to the dual drivers of climate change and energy security. For transport, biofuels have the greatest potential to replace fossil fuels in the short‐to medium term. However, the ecological benefits of biofuels and the role that their deployment can play in mitigating climate change are being called into question. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used approach that enables the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of biofuel production to be calculated. Concerns have nevertheless been raised that published data show widely varying and sometimes contradictory results. This review describes a systematic review of GHG emissions and energy balance data from 44 LCA studies of first‐ and second‐generation biofuels. The information collated was used to identify the dominant sources of GHG emissions and energy requirements in biofuel production and the key sources of variability in published LCA data. Our analysis revealed three distinct sources of variation: (1) 'real' variability in parameters e.g. cultivation; (2) 'methodological' variability due to the implementation of the LCA method; and (3) 'uncertainty' due to parameters rarely included and poorly quantified. There is global interest in developing a sustainability assessment protocol for biofuels. Confidence in the results of such an assessment can only be assured if these areas of uncertainty and variability are addressed. A more defined methodology is necessary in order to allow effective and accurate comparison of results. It is also essential that areas of uncertainty such as impacts on soil carbon stocks and fluxes are included in LCA assessments, and that further research is conducted to enable a robust calculation of impacts under different land‐use change scenarios. Without the inclusion of these parameters, we cannot be certain that biofuels are really delivering GHG savings compared with fossil fuels.


Incomplete knowledge of the longitudinal relaxation time constant (T1 ) leads to incorrect assumptions in quantitative kinetic models of cellular systems, studied by hyperpolarized real-time NMR. Using an assay that measures the intracellular signal of small carboxylic acids in living cells, the intracellular T1 of the carboxylic acid moiety of acetate, keto-isocaproate, pyruvate, and butyrate was determined. The intracellular T1 is shown to be up to four-fold shorter than the extracellular T1 . Such a large difference in T1 values between the inside and the outside of the cell has significant influence on the quantification of intracellular metabolic activity. It is expected that the significantly shorter T1 value of the carboxylic moieties inside cells is a result of macromolecular crowding. An artificial cytosol has been prepared and applied to predict the T1 of other carboxylic acids. We demonstrate the value of this prediction tool.


The focus of this paper is on language objects in contemporary 'word cities', or urban landscapes, shaped by art and consumer culture. I define 'language objects' as two- or three-dimensional pieces of writing (e.g. needlework samplers, fridge magnets, wooden or metal sculptures, etc.) that do not serve any apparent informational or utilitarian purpose, i.e. they are not 'attached' to or displayed on any objects with identifiable practical functions, e.g. buildings, t-shirts, mugs, paper weights, and so on. Two specific language objects considered here are Robert Indiana's LOVE sculpture and a Marks & Spencer 'love letters decoration'. It is suggested that such language objects perform largely Jakobson's (1960) poetic function with its key focus on form. Yet, they are also instances of linguistic performances with complex trajectories of appropriation and recontextualization of prior cultural and linguistic material (Bauman, 2001; Bauman & Briggs, 1990), while their appropriation for specific 'personal' uses is best explained by treating them as 'shifters' — referential indexes, or signs constituted by the combination of their symbolic value and the communicative act itself (or 'rules of use') (Jakobson, 1971; Silverstein, 1976).


The owners of the Milwaukee Brewers baseball team decided in the late 1980s that their current home, the 50-year-old County Stadium, could no longer offer the facilities that attract crowds to baseball games; a new stadium had to be built. Key to the new ballpark design is a retractable roof that will allow play in the open on natural grass whenever possible but also provide protection from the rain and, early and late in the season, snow. From the beginning, the designers looked for a way to integrate the baseball diamond shape into the design of the stadium and its roof. Other baseball parks with retractable roofs have either a rectangular or a circular geometry. The designers came up with a unique fan configuration that would rotate about a pivot base at home plate. The retractable roof would be combined with an 80 ft (24 m) high wall around the outfield that could be opened for ventilation. Unlike other retractable roofs, Miller Park's roof can expand and contract with movement joints above its mechanism, so it does not need to rely on the design of the seating structure to accommodate the movements of the roof. The stadium's completion is set for April 2001, when the Brewers will play the opening game of the season in their new home.


Recent events around the world have convinced political scientists and policymakers that nationalist conflicts are an important feature of the post-Cold War world. Conflicts in Bosnia, Chechnya, Kosovo, and Kurdistan have all been prominent in headlines in recent years; but such conflicts are not just a post-Cold War phenomenon, and many have been going on for decades. This article outlines the scope of this phenomenon - violent conflicts between nationalist groups within states - in the post-war period. It presents a dataset of violent nationalist conflicts within states from 1945 to 1996, measuring cases in terms of initiation, duration, and intensity of conflict, and comparing this effort to other intrastate conflict data collections. The characteristics of these conflicts before and after the Cold War are examined, to test the popular notion that the end of the Cold War has `unleashed' a new era of nationalist strife. This survey concludes that these conflicts are not simply a post-Cold War phenomenon, nor has the end of the Cold War brought an unprecedented wave of new nationalist conflicts to the world. On the contrary, many such conflicts do get resolved, and more have been resolved in the past ten years - particularly by peaceful methods - than in any comparable period in recent history.


Indigenous knowledge systems of livestock care and health care is the only asset in the hands of the small holder farmers to mitigate the impact of climate change on livestock production. This study explores the role of indigenous knowledge systems of livestock care and veterinary care in the face of climate change. Developing countries such as Zimbabwe bear the brunt of climate change due to poor mitigation capacity. Small holder farmers are more affected by climate change than large scale commercial farmers because it is difficult for them to diversify to other livestock species which are tolerant to climate shocks. However ethno-veterinary knowledge is not evenly distributed in society. Gender, age and social class are major determinants of the amount of knowledge that one has. The elderly have more knowledge on ethonoveterinary practices because the knowledge is experiential. Specialists like ethno veterinary herbalists also have more knowledge on ethno veterinary methods because of their specialized skills. Government departments like the department of Veterinary Services are stumbling blocks to the development and utilisation of ethno veterinary medicines because they dismiss them as unapproved and based on mythology. Instead, farmers are encouraged to use modern veterinary medicines. However, the use of ethonoveterinary methods persists because of their ready availability and affordability. Climate change has increased the number of disease in livestock; this makes ethonoveterinary medicine more relevant and useful to adapt livestock production to climate change. This study exposes the need for adaptive mechanisms if small livestock production is to remain viable under the growing threat of climate change.


Recently, the demand for small RF front ends has been ever increasing for modern compact versatile wireless systems. It brings new design challenges to RF engineers, as the dimensions of antennas and passive circuits are proportional to a guided wavelength. Coupled-line circuits still remain the bottleneck for miniaturization due to their more complexity over other passive circuits.

In this thesis, novel slow-wave coupled line circuits and antennas are proposed to address the above-mentioned bottleneck. Initially, a complete theoretical study is conducted on both right-handed and left-handed artificial coupled transmission lines. Design criteria and tradeoffs are illustrated for right-handed slow-wave coupled lines through guided-wave characteristics in terms of propagation constants, line impedances, slow-wave factors, and cut-off frequencies under even- and odd-mode excitations. High-density 3D metallization on multilayer substrate can help to enrich inductive and capacitive effects periodically within a small unit cell. New slow-wave coupled and isolated lines are designed with least dispersion and attenuation based on the three-layer inverse mushroom topology.

In succession, high-performance miniaturized coupled line circuits with DC isolation are demonstrated with over 80% planar area reduction, in contrast to their conventional microstrip counterparts. Apart from directional coupler, two low-order coupled line band-pass filters are presented in both regular and folded configurations. A Marchand balun is shown with an impedance transformation ratio of 1:3 from source to load impedances. A novel coupled line 180o hybrid coupler is developed with equal power splitting and excellent isolation at outputs. In addition, circuit architectures, analyses, and syntheses are provided.

Finally, miniaturized printed folded helical dipole and monopole antennas at GSM1800/1900 bands are investigated as two examples of electrically small antennas with self resonance, sufficient bandwidth, and self impedance matching. Their radiation Q-factor reductions of about 40% and 62% are observed, respectively, over their non-folded helix counterparts.


AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the narratives of parents addressed to their children of different ages. The study had two major aims: first, to describe the formal and functional aspects and relationships in these Hebrew-speaking parents' narratives; and second, to describe the social-interactional exchanges that take place in the parental storytelling activity and trace a developmental pattern in such interactions. Using the Frog, Where Are You? picture book (Mayer, 1969), 75 monolingual Hebrew-speaking parents were asked to tell the story to their children (child's age groups: 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+ years old) in their homes. Sessions were recorded by the parents. The stories were transcribed and coded by two independent raters. The findings show that the parental narrative input to which children are exposed at various ages is different. There is a developmental trend in this input in terms of structure and interaction. As far as structure is concerned, parental narrative input shows similar developmental traits to those observed in the narratives produced by children of the same age groups. As far as the interactional aspect of the parental narrative input, a three-stage developmental model of the socio-interactional nature of the input is proposed.


From its origins protecting the rights of authors and producers on a national level, copyright has expanded to become a semi-harmonised body of law with international reach. With the advance of technology, and in particular the Internet, that reach is directly influencing how many types of business operate and use and protect rights around the world. This title features contributions from experts in over 40 jurisdictions, setting out the legal framework of their copyright law and how to protect and exploit rights in creative works. It covers the types of work that can be protected, formalities for and duration of protection, rules relating to the ownership of copyright works and infringement. International Copyright Law will assist individuals in multinational companies and lawyers in private practice who deal with copyright works such as publications, music and films in knowing their rights under copyright law in all the main markets in the world.


[1] The recent explosive eruptions of Okmok and Kasatochi volcanoes provide an opportunity to use seismic, local infrasound, distant infrasound array, and remote sensing data in concert to better monitor volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc and to better understand the source processes. The eruption of Okmok Volcano began on 12 July 2008 and included a seismically active phase that lasted continuously for about 10 h. In contrast, the eruption of Kasatochi which began on 7 August 2008 consisted of five explosive events that lasted from 26 to 68 min each and had a cumulative duration of 3.4 h. Given the event times by local seismic stations, the corresponding infrasound signals were found in the data recorded by local infrasound sensors and by distant infrasound arrays. Signals from the Okmok eruption were detected by three International Monitoring System (IMS) arrays as far away as 4400 km; signals from the Kasatochi eruption were detected at greater distances up to 5200 km away by seven infrasound arrays including the ones that detected the event at Okmok Volcano. Back azimuth propagation and a simple acoustic wave propagation model in unison with known event times were used to confirm that the planar, acoustic signals recorded at the arrays had originated from the eruptions. The infrasound array data reflected the differences in eruption styles between Okmok and Kasatochi as the signals from Kasatochi were of shorter duration, of greater amplitude, and detected over greater distances. The infrasound array data were also able to distinguish between two types of tremor episodes that occurred at Kasatochi Volcano based on atmospheric disturbance.


A central part of technological innovation for industrial firms involves search for new external knowledge. A well‐established stream of literature on firms' external knowledge search has demonstrated that firms investing in broader search may have a great ability to innovate. In this paper, we explore the influences of technology search on firms' technological innovation performance along three distinctive dimensions: technical, geographic, and temporal dimensions, using a unique panel data set containing information on Chinese firms that were active in technology in‐licensing and patenting during the period 2000–2009. Our findings reveal that Chinese firms' technological innovation performances are related to external technology search in quite different ways from the ones suggested in the extant literature using evidence from developed countries. We find that Chinese firms searching 'locally' along the technical dimension have better technological innovation performance than those searching 'distantly'. However, when a Chinese firm in‐license relatively old (mature) technologies or those from geographically nearby areas, it will be less bounded to searching familiar technical knowledge.


This paper reports on an online discussion forum that was created on the University of Wollongong's Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) to aid and support the learning of French grammar at beginner/false beginner level. The aim was to provide a blended learning situation which combines face to face teaching with online learning using multimedia resources. The key objective of the online forum is to encourage undergraduate students take an active role in their language learning through interaction with peers. Methodology draws on educational practice influenced by a constructivist approach, particularly on the importance of building one's knowledge and linguistic skills through interaction and cooperation with others. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of data show examples of peer exchanges acting as activators in the meta-learning that was occurring outside class hours including reflection and independent language learning awareness.


Magnetorheological (MR) fluids enable the rapid and continuous alteration of flow
resistance via the application of a magnetic field. This unique characteristic can be
utilised to build semi-active dampers for a wide variety of vibration control systems,
including structural, automotive, and aeronautical applications. As an example, MR
fluids could enhance the performance of aircraft landing gear, which are subject to
widely varied and unpredictable impact conditions with conflicting damping
requirements.
In this thesis, a numerical sizing methodology is developed that enables the impact
performance of MR landing gears to be optimised. Using real data provided by landing
gear manufacturers, the sizing methodology is applied to both lightweight aircraft, and
large-scale commercial jets in order to demonstrate scalability. For both aircraft types,
results indicate that the peak force and the severity of fatigue loading can be enhanced
over a wide range of impact conditions. However, it is shown that MR landing gears
can be heavier than passive systems. To validate the numerical approach, a prototype
MR landing gear shock strut is designed, fabricated, and tested. Good correlation
between the model and experiment is demonstrated, particularly for low velocity
excitations.
MR dampers exhibit highly non-linear force-velocity behaviour. For landing gear
impacts, it transpires that this behaviour can be used to an advantage, where it is shown
that an acceptable performance can be obtained using open-loop control i.e. with a
constant magnetic field. However, this non-linear behaviour is highly undesirable for
other scenarios (e.g. an aircraft taxiing), and as a consequence, the choice of an effecti\'e
control strategy remains an unresolved problem. A further aim of this thesis is therefore
to develop effective control techniques for broadband excited MR vibration systems.
Through an extensive series of numerical and experimental investigations, case studics
representative of the general single-degree-of-freedom and two-degree-of-freedom
vibration isolation problem are presented. In the experiments, the hardware-in-the-Ioopsimulation
method is adopted, which provides an excellent means to bridge the gap
between theory and practice when the behaviour of a specific component is complex.
Here, the MR damper is physically tested, whilst the remainder of the structure is
simulated in real-time. The results demonstrate that the chosen control strategy can
provide significant performance benefits when compared to more commonly used
strategies and equivalent passive systems. Furthermore, the control strategy is shown to
be insensitive to factors such as the type of input excitation.


SAN ANTONIO – Active-shooter events and other episodes of workplace violence can be better managed with proper planning and training by hospitals and staff, Lewis J. Kaplan, MD, said in a late-breaking session at the Critical Care Congress. "Workplace violence is not just active shooter – it's ubiquitous, and we only know a little bit about it," noted Dr. Kaplan, section chief, surgical critical care, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia. "The facility and everyone in the health care team have a role in being an active participant, rather than a passive one." To actively prepare for premeditated events, clinicians should develop partnerships with local law enforcement officials and initiate active training that involves anyone who could come into contact with an active shooter, Dr. Kaplan recommended. There are many steps that can be taken to protect the facility, including visitor screening and management, security that extends to the perimeter of the facility, building design that limits access to specific places in the facility, and deployment of firearm-detection canines, Dr. Kaplan said, during the session at the congress, sponsored by the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Prehospital antibiotics improved sepsis care


Teaching and learning are two basic processes underlying the activity of students and teachers nowadays. Learning process puts both parties toward each other , what it teaches , and what it takes, the teacher and the student. Today takes great importance to the training of students to teach themselves , their education, equipping them with the skills of independent work with the most advanced methods of learning conscious , sustainable , active and creative. The purpose of this topic is to know the importance of usage of all skills during a lesson hour. The teacher is free to use a variety of methods and strategies of teaching / learning to suit the needs of students in different classes. He combines these methods during the learning process and adapts according to the increasing development of linguistic competence and independence of student development, the consistency of this process. Teaching has at its center the method of communication, task -based methods, functional methods and situations as real life etc . These methods are realized through various strategies and techniques, according to language skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) . Teacher and students collaborate on the organization of teaching / learning. To facilitate the teaching / learning, the teacher finds efficient ways to organize communication activities , provides and suggests source materials for students. In contemporary teaching teacher does not only play the role of teachers, but also plays the role of supervisor. Together they establish cooperative relations in the process of learning . The teacher clarifies the students and takes their understanding of what happens in the classroom. This means clarifying the rules of the line of work and responsibilities of students in the process of activities. The teacher suggests and provides the use of audiovisual means , electronic , and helps students to use various forms of information technology within and outside the classroom . It gives students the website in accordance with the age and educational requirements . On a teaching hour should be applied all four language skills strategies , but they escalate from level to level depending on the objectives . Setting the students in the spotlight makes the student actively participate in linguistic interaction , preparing it for a new phase of his education or of being able to face the demands of the labor market.


This book offers students and researchers a guide to distributed algorithms that emphasizes examples and exercises rather than the intricacies of mathematical models. It avoids mathematical argumentation, often a stumbling block for students, teaching algorithmic thought rather than proofs and logic. This approach allows the student to learn a large number of algorithms within a relatively short span of time. Algorithms are explained through brief, informal descriptions, illuminating examples, and practical exercises. The examples and exercises allow readers to understand algorithms intuitively and from different perspectives. Proof sketches, arguing the correctness of an algorithm or explaining the idea behind fundamental results, are also included. An appendix offers pseudocode descriptions of many algorithms. Distributed algorithms are performed by a collection of computers that send messages to each other or by multiple software threads that use the same shared memory. The algorithms presented in the book are for the most part "classics," selected because they shed light on the algorithmic design of distributed systems or on key issues in distributed computing and concurrent programming. Distributed Algorithms can be used in courses for upper-level undergraduates or graduate students in computer science, or as a reference for researchers in the field.


A plasma-membrane preparation of crayfish muscle showed an adenylate cyclase activity which is inhibited to about 80% of its original activity by 100 microM-EGTA. Measurements of the enzyme activity in the presence of 100 microM-EGTA and various concentrations of Ca2+ revealed an increase in enzyme activity of about 400%, indicating an adenylate cyclase which is dependent on Ca2+ for activity. Fluphenazine (1 mM), a blocker of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin, decreased enzyme activity to zero. The enzyme can be re-activated by the addition of certain concentrations of calmodulin to the assay medium. This suggests that crayfish muscle adenylate cyclase is dependent on Ca2+ and calmodulin for activity.