This thesis examines Shelley's art of sensuous imagery, or poetics of sensibility. To elucidate Shelley's concept of sensibility which links his poetry to its ethical and aesthetic concerns, I combine close textual readings of Shelley's imagery of the senses with his intellectual and cultural inheritance from the 'Age of Sensibility' which encompasses 'moral philosophy' (ethics and aesthetics) and 'natural philosophy' (science).
Chapter I focuses on Shelley's notions of sensuous pleasure and sympathy. _A Defence of Poetry_ is a pivotal text that expounds Shelley's aesthetic and ethical taste, exemplified by his concept of sympathy. Taking up this argument, Chapter II investigates Shelley's vegetarian politics in _Queen Mab_, rooted in what I call _(dis)gusto_, 'taste' in both its physical and aesthetic senses. Chapter III focuses on aural imagery in 'Hymn to Intellectual Beauty' and 'Mont Blanc.' Exploring the interplay between motion and emotion reveals how aesthetics and psychology, in Shelley's lyrics, are associated with the vocalisation of poetic inspiration. Chapter IV considers the relation of sight to Shelley's notion of the fragmentary in two ekphrastic texts concerned with visual representation, 'The Coliseum' and 'On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci, In the Florentine Gallery,' which illuminate Shelley's idea of a circulating and sympathetic power that unifies humans or subject with object, alongside a fragmentary imperative within these texts. Chapter V investigates Shelley's treatment of touch and Nature's economy in 'The Sensitive-Plant' by juxtaposing Shelley's poem with Erasmus Darwin's cyclical system of Nature known as 'organic happiness,' which is recognised only by sympathetic sensibility. Chapter VI considers the intermingled imagery of scent and sympathetic love in _Epipsychidion_ in conjunction with Shelley's theory of nervous vibrations influenced by eighteenth-century psycho-physiological discourses, mediated through the imagery of Venus, whose duality embodies the interrelations between sensuous pleasure and ideal beauty in Shelley's poetics of sensibility.


Inoculation of a common bean differential series is the usual method for identification of races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. This procedure is extremely useful for phytopathological as well as breeding purposes, but it requires strict control of the number of spores and incubation conditions. Furthermore, this method may result in misclassifications of isolates because of the subjectivity of symptom evaluation. We propose the use of DNA-based molecular markers as an auxiliary tool to aid the classification of races of C. lindemuthianum. Specific DNA bands were identified for races 73, 65, and 64 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of bulked DNA samples from isolates of these three races with random primers. The presence of these bands was checked on four isolates previously classified by inoculation on a differential series as belonging to races 23, 72, 79, and 585. The molecular procedure showed that two of these isolates had been misclassified, confirming the high potential of the proposed procedure to aid the identification of races of C. lindemuthianum. Amplification products obtained with 44 different primers also allowed the determination of the genetic distances among isolates from races 73, 65, and 64. These data were used to cluster the isolates into three groups that coincide with the ones obtained by inoculation.


This article is a summary of the research carried out in relation to the experiences of asylum-seeking and refugee families regarding access and participation in local childcare services. Focus groups and interviews were carried out with 16 refugee and asylum-seeking parents, five childcare practitioners, and two support and development staff in a small, mainly rural county, in the northwest of Ireland. Following a review of the literature in relation to social networks, social capital and social support, the research was designed to establish the perceptions of service users as well as service providers. The findings showed that levels of isolation experienced by both refugee and asylum-seeking families, largely because of current policy provisions, had a significant impact on their ability to develop informal supports networks in their host community. Families found that the formal and informal networks provided through childcare services were sources of valuable support. Both service users and staff identified a number of challenges in meeting various needs and in providing culturally responsive services. Challenges identified by service users came from their living experiences in the direct provision system, and social exclusion experienced by both asylum-seeking and refugee families, such as the cost of childcare and isolation. Communication and language barriers present as a significant challenge for both service users and service providers.


Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute fatal septicaemic disease of cattle and buffaloes associated with strains of serotypes B:2 and E:2 of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. Asia and Africa are currently the regions where HS occurs with the highest prevalence and has the greatest economic importance. There is currently only limited information available on the diversity of P. multocida strains that cause HS in these regions.

A retrospective epidemiological case-control study was performed in Karachi, Pakistan from January to April 2013 looking at HS cases that occurred in the 2012 calendar year. The owners from 217 dairy cattle and dairy buffalo farms from six different locations around Karachi were interviewed. The study was based on a questionnaire that was designed to identify independent variables that were statistically associated with the presence of HS on the farm. The final multivariable logistic model contained five factors. Two protective factors were identified: HS vaccination (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.22) and the length of time cattle were kept on farm (months): for every extra month cattle were kept, the odds of disease were reduced by a factor of 0.9. In contrast, supplying underground water and the presence of foot and mouth disease on the farm increased the risk of infection by 2.90 and 2.37, respectively. In addition, for every extra animal on the farm, the risk of infection increased by a factor of 1.01. To understand the epidemiology of HS in Karachi dairy herds more fully, further in-depth research is required to study the risk and protective factors identified in this survey and to evaluate risk mitigation strategies where possible. The study also showed the need for developing a point-of-care diagnostic test that can be used by veterinarians to diagnose the disease on the farm.

Haemorrhagic septicaemia-associated strains of P. multocida were then analysed using molecular methods. Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine strains and HS-associated field isolates were obtained from different places in Pakistan and as a comparison group, vaccine strains and HS-associated field strains were obtained from Thailand to investigate the genetic diversity of strains associated with the disease from two endemic countries. Initially, 21 field isolates and three vaccine strains from different regions within these countries were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

The MLST technique was not able to differentiate between the strains from Pakistan and Thailand as all of the tested isolates (n = 21) were sequence type (ST) 122. The PFGE technique showed a difference of one band between the Thai and Pakistani isolates. Neither technique was able to show any variation between isolates from the same country.

Based on the MLST and PFGE results, 12 of the 24 HS-associated strains were selected for next generation sequencing (NGS). Analyses of the genome data identified a core set of 1824 genes that were shared by the 12 HS-associated Asian strains, M1404 (North American HS-associated strain), and the available P. multocida complete genomes of strains Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06. Four sets of unique genes were found. One set (96 genes) was shared by all HS-associated strains. The second set (59 genes) was shared by the Asian HS-associated strains only. The third set (39 genes) was shared by seven out of nine Pakistani HS-associated strains. The last set (42 genes) was shared by the remaining two Pakistani HS-associated strains that were studied.

The set of 96 unique genes, found in all HS-associated strains but absent from the non-HS-associated strains Pm70, 3480, 36950 and HN06, was identified by the PHAST bacteriophage detection algorithm to encode two putative temperate phages. It seems reasonable to suspect that the presence of these putative prophages may provide virulence genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of HS.

The set of 59 unique genes shared by the 12 Asian HS-associated strains but not the North American HS-associated strain M1404, was also predicted to encode a temperate phage. Likewise, another putative temperate phage was predicted in the seven Pakistani strains that accounted for the set of 39 unique genes they shared. Interestingly, two Pakistani strains (BUKK and TX1) carried acquired antimicrobial resistance genes as predicted by the Resfinder tool. BUKK and TX1 strains shared 42 unique genes that were not present in any other HS strains. Some of these unique genes may contribute to a putative integrative conjugative element (ICE). The putative ICE of BUKK and TX1 is not identical to ICEPmu1, the first ICE that was found in P. multocida (strain 36950), and therefore, it may be the second ICE to be discovered in P. multocida strains.

Phylogenetic analysis, predicted by analysis of core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms, demonstrated a strong correlation between the individual strains and their countries of origin. The Pakistani and Thai strains were more closely related to each other than the North American strain. Similarly, the isolates from Pakistan clustered together, and were distinctly separate from Thai isolates.

A specific rapid diagnostic test, based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), for HS-associated B:2 strains, was developed using the previously-identified 96 unique genes obtained from NGS. Duplicates of each reaction were run, and this allowed two different definitions of a positive result to be applied to the experimental data. The first definition, "singlets", treated each reaction tube as an independent entity. The second definition, "duplicates", required that both tubes containing the same reactants must be positive for the overall reaction to be considered positive. The best sensitivity and specificity for HS-LAMP singlets (96.7% and 92.5%) and duplicates (100% and 100%) was achieved at 27 and 28 minutes, respectively. The detection limit for template DNA amount was 5 pg. The sensitivity and specificity have not yet been determined using clinical specimens in the field.

This thesis looked at HS in a funnel-shape pattern, from theoretical research to application. We first conducted a survey to understand the husbandry conditions in Pakistan and identify the variables that were statistically associated with the disease. Molecular epidemiology was then used to compare the genetics of different field and vaccine strains. Consequently, unique genes found only in HS-associated strains were identified. This allowed the design of a rapid and cheap diagnostic test suitable for the limited infrastructure in developing countries like Pakistan. Two important future directions of research are identifying potential virulence genes and validating the LAMP test under field conditions to evaluate its performance.


The high shoreline of the late Pleistocene (Sehoo) lake in the Lahontan basin is used as a passive strain marker to delineate the magnitude and character of regional deformation since 13 ka. The elevations of 170 high shoreline sites document that the once horizontal (equipotential) shoreline, which traverses almost 4° of latitude and 3° of longitude, is now deflected vertically about 22 m. Most of the deformation is attributed to isostatic rebound, but a small down-to-the-north regional tilting also appears to contribute to the overall deformation pattern. Active faults locally offset the high shoreline, but cannot explain the regional upwarping attributed to isostatic rebound since 13 ka. Preliminary models of the rebound yield an upper mantle viscosity of 10 18 Pa s that implies a Maxwell relaxation time of about 300 yr. The rapid Earth response, coupled with the rapid fall in lake level at the end of Pleistocene time, may have acted to divert some of the major rivers flowing into the basin from one terminal subbasin to another. The regional deformation caused by the rebound may also have acted to control the present location of Honey Lake. These shoreline data, therefore, support the potential for a link be


Initiation rites, among the most organized that exist, are characteristic of adolescence, with their emphasis on the body and everything related to sexuality. The rites are a means of confronting the threats that weigh on the subject and on the group. They are [performed/conducted] to sustain the subject and integrate him into the adult world. Their very ambiguity illustrates a paradoxal situation, that of the subject requesting what is in fact imposed upon him by others. They enable the co-creation of a common space of mediation by the group and the individual, thus avoiding the potential violence of a narcissistic clash over territories. Their meaning is expressed through performance but they open up the path to a shared trust, the bedrock of symbolization.


Baffin Bay is an Arctic basin between Canada and Greenland, connected via Davis Strait with the Labrador Sea in the south. Due to its shallow water depth of only 500 m, Davis Strait acts as a gateway for the Arctic water exchange between Baffin Bay and the Atlantic.
The nature of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait crust has long been a subject of debate. Either oceanic or stretched continental crust have been proposed by different authors from sonobuoy readings, seismic reflection and potential field data. We here present the new results of two seismic refraction lines acquired with ocean bottom seismometers. P-wave velocity models for both lines are constrained and complemented by density models, seismic reflection and magnetic anomaly data.
Line AWI-20080500/AWI-20100400, in southern Baffin Bay, is oriented across a proposed Eocene spreading centre. This line confirms the existence of oceanic crust in southern Baffin Bay and allows for a regional mapping of the oceanic crust. With a plate kinematic model we depict the evolution of this basin and can distinguish between Palaeocene and Eocene oceanic crust.
Line AWI-20080700 in Davis Strait crosses the Ungava Fault Complex, a major transform fault, where extension was followed by a stage of transpression. We here find deformed blocks of continental crust that are separated by transform faults of the Ungava Fault Complex. Between these blocks a region of 50 km is characterized by high P-wave velocities and a thin crust that we interpret as stretched and highly intruded crust. Tectonic modelling depicts a great lateral movement of 310 km of the continental blocks along the Ungava Fault complex. The compressional component is visible in a 70 km wide overlap of crust that had to be compensated by deformation of the blocks.
With our new models and the compilation of published Moho depth and seismic stratigraphy we try to estimate the paleo bathymetry and the role of Davis Strait as a polar gateway.


This study investigates how international trade are affected by liberalization, starting with the export and import function. It aims to determine the main empirical factors of imports and exports in Indonesia, which is one of the developing countries that are participating in cooperation agreements for free trade. Import and export functions are then added to the liberalization factors to determine the impact of liberalization on export and import activities in Indonesia in both the short and long terms. We find that world income, relative price, and export taxes affect the volume of exports in the long term, while import volume is affected by relative price, domestic income, and import duties in the long term. Thus, a long-term equilibrium relationship can be established between the variables for research purposes. Liberalization policies have a positive and significant impact on imports in the short term.


When it comes to moving health care practices forward efficiently, Canada is a country of perpetual pilot projects. We seldom move proven projects into stable, funded programs, and we rarely transfer the outcomes of pilot projects across jurisdictions. This approach is not serving our health care


Decision makers in operational environments perform in a world of dynamism, time pressure, and uncertainty. Perhaps the most stable empirical finding to emerge from naturalistic studies in these domains is that, despite apparent task complexity, performers only rarely report the use of complex, enumerative decision strategies. If we accept that decision making in these domains is often effective, we are presented with a dilemma: either decision strategies are (covertly) more complex than these performers claim, or these tasks are (subtlely) more simple than they might appear. We present a set of empirical findings and modeling results which suggest the latter explanation: that the simplicity of decision making is not merely apparent but largely real, and that tasks of high apparent complexity may yet admit to rather simple types of decision strategies. We also discuss empirical evidence that sheds light on the error forms resulting from the tendency of performers to seek and employ heuristic solutions to dynamic, uncertain decision problems.


The wide availability of renewable energy sources in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is at the core of several large-scale European initiatives to support clean energy generation in the region and import part of it to Europe. Given the current socio-economic and political challenges in the MENA region, this goal could be realized if the renewable energy sector becomes a channel for local industrial development, private sector competitiveness and a source of employment and capacity building.Within the specific context of Egypt, this study assesses: (1) what is the potential for localizing the value chain for solar and wind technologies; (2) what institutional and political obstacles impede the domestic benefits; and (3) what policy recommendations could be proposed for national policy-makers and international cooperation agencies to support this development process.The study finds that while important local technological capabilities exist, specific policy measures need to be considered in several areas: energy subsidy reform, supply chain development, knowledge and R&D capabilities. Moreover, Egyptian policy-makers should disseminate a new narrative to mobilize alliances between various stakeholder groups to make renewable energy viable for Egypt.


Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon berries and calli were irradiated with ultraviolet C (UV-C) to investigate the effects on the biosynthesis of stilbene. The stilbene content in the berry skins was enhanced significantly after 10 min of UV-C irradiation over the 24 h time course, and the results varied depending on the development stage of the fruit. The maximum production of total stilbene in the berry skins occurred at 12 h after treatment, with a content of 848.45 ± 23.53 μg/g fresh weight (FW) at the beginning of veraison, 591.77 ± 26.90 μg/g FW at the end of veraison, and 170.71 ± 6.85 μg/g FW at the ripening stage. Different UV-C dosages, from 5 to 30 min, induced stilbene accumulation considerably in the calli over the 120 h experimental period, and 20 min was the most efficient. The maximum of total stilbene accumulation in the calli was 125.07 ± 3.01 μg/g FW at 96 h after 20 min irradiation. Total phenolics and total flavonoid content increased after UV-C irradiation in both the berry skins and calli. The relative expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the branching point of stilbene and flavonoid biosynthesis was up-regulated by UV-C irradiation. The results show that UV-C irradiation significantly promotes stilbene and flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berry skins and calli, and the induction effects depend on fruit development stage and UV-C dosage.


Abstract This article aims to critically assess claims that the Internet could facilitate the participation of civil society organisations in (European) policy–making processes. Participation is a much contested notion, strongly interlinked with power and the ability to change outcomes. While deliberation and consultation are put forward as ways to counter the crisis of representative democracy, they raise numerous questions at the same time. Civil society is a similarly contested notion, which prompts academics, as well as policy makers, to delineate the different spheres of influence. Thus, civil society cannot be conceived of as a single actor. It is comprised of very distinct organisations, employing different strategies to achieve different goals. By analysing the results of an indicative survey of civil society organisations active within the Convention on the Future of Europe, this article evaluates the constraining and enabling factors of this innovative policy–making approach from a civil society perspective, assesses the potential of the Internet to facilitate the process and addresses the issue of intra–movement tensions and differences.


The loadability of a pulp refiner was studied using refiner data such as gap movement, total power, no-load power, and net refining power. Two different types of pulp and three different types of refiner filling were used in the study. The floc formation and floc size of each pulp was studied in a flow channel simulating filling grooves. The loadability of the pulp refiner was linked to refining effects such as fiber shortening, and internal and external fibrillation. The trapping point of the refiner, and therefore refiner loadability, was found to be more related to fiber characteristics such as fiber length and coarseness, while being less dependent on refining consistency in the range of 2.0-5.5%. The data on the formation of flocs and floc size was used to explain the trapping of fibers between refiner bars and the refiner gap width. Filling design characteristics such as groove width and cutting speed affect the gap width and trapping of flocs inside the refiner. Fillings with high cutting speed tend to break flocs composed of long and short fibers at the same rate and therefore both types of floc maintain the same gap width. On the other hand, wide-groove fillings with lower cutting speed have a gentler effect and the differences in fiber characteristics are easily reflected in the gap width and trapping point. Fillings with low cutting speed have a greater straightening effect than fiber cutting, whereas narrow-bar fillings have a more noticeable effect on fiber cutting, external fibrillation, and fiber swelling.


Spectinamides are a novel class of antitubercular agents with the potential to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis infections. Their antitubercular activity is derived from both ribosomal affinity and their ability to overcome intrinsic efflux mediated by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1258c efflux pump. This study explores the structure-activity relationships through analysis of 50 targeted spectinamides. Compounds are evaluated for ribosomal translational inhibition, MIC activity in Rv1258c efflux pump deficient and wild type tuberculosis strains, and efficacy in an acute model of tuberculosis infection. The results of this study show a narrow structure-activity relationship, consistent with a tight ribosome-binding pocket and strict structural requirements to overcome native efflux. Rationalization of ribosomal inhibition data using molecular dynamics simulations showed stable complex formation for halogenated spectinamides consistent with the long post antibiotic effects observed. The lead spectinamides identified in this study demonstrated potent MIC activity against MDR and XDR tuberculosis and had desirable antitubercular class specific features including low protein binding, low microsomal metabolism, no cytotoxicity, and significant reductions in bacterial burdens in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis. The structure-activity relationships detailed here emphasize the need to examine efflux-mediated resistance in the design of antituberculosis drugs and demonstrate that it is possible to overcome intrinsic efflux with synthetic modification. The ability to understand the structure requirements for this class has produced a variety of new substituted spectinamides, which may provide useful alternative candidates and promote the further development of this class.


This paper describes the Dynamic Baseline Model© (DBM) as a framework for analysis of the project management learning process and an indicator of the expected success of a project. By matching project complexity with the appropriate project management approach, the DBM identifies individual learning needs and the appropriate response to the challenges of today's projects. As project management tools and techniques are more and more applied as a one-size-fits-all solution, there is a need to explore beyond these tools and techniques. The DBM suggests that our ability to create solutions is bounded by our current learning horizon, which may be too restrictive for the needs of a project. The model helps us find suitable solutions by enabling us to ask the right questions.


Prepared by the Earthquake Investigation Committee of the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. This TCLEE Monograph describes the performance of lifelines in two earthquakes: the Gujarat earthquake of January 26, 2001, and the Napa earthquake of September 3, 2000. The Gujarat earthquake severely struck the Kutch District of the Gujarat State, India, and resulted in about 17,000 fatalities, 150,000 injuries, and left more than 500,000 homeless. The most heavily damaged lifelines were water and electric power. Other lifelines were substantially affected included communications, wastewater, ports, railways, highways, roads, and bridges. The Napa Earthquake was a moderate-sized earthquake in California. Recorded peak ground accelerations were as high as 0.49g, with a recorded peak ground velocity of 15 inches per second. This report presents the findings for the following lifelines: water, telephone, highways, railroads, ports, hospitals, airports, fire department response, radio communications, highway bridges, electric, and natural gas.


Variations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC) associated with ultralow frequency (ULF) magnetic field variations in the Pc4 (6.7–22.0 mHz) frequency band were observed in the early morning sector. TEC variations were observed by the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in Sanikiluaq, Nunavut (56.54°N, 280.77°E), which is located near the equatorward edge of the auroral region. Small‐amplitude Pc4 ULF waves were observed by the Sanikiluaq ground magnetometer and by the geosynchronous GOES 13 satellite. TEC and magnetic field both exhibited narrowband, highly regular, quasi‐sinusoidal waveforms, with high correlation and coherence indicating a clear link between TEC variations and Pc4 ULF activity. Variations in TEC and 30–50 keV electron flux observed by GOES 13 were also highly correlated and coherent. TEC variations observed directly above Sanikiluaq were in antiphase with eastward magnetic field variations on the ground, while TEC variations observed at the footprint of the GOES 13 satellite were in phase with GOES radial magnetic field and 30–50 keV electron flux. Intermittent occurrence of TEC variations observed by multiple GPS satellites indicated a localized ionospheric response to the Pc4 activity. This is the first clear evidence of a TEC response to these so called "giant pulsations (Pgs)." By applying a multisatellite triangulation technique, the phase velocity, group velocity, and azimuthal wave number of TEC variations were also calculated for an interval of highly coherent measurements. The phase and group propagation velocities were 2–7 km/s and 1–3 km/s north and westward, respectively, while the azimuthal wave number ranged from −35 to −310.


We study the class of graphs known as $k$-trees through the lens of Joyal's theory of combinatorial species (and a extension known as 'Γ-species' which incorporates data about 'structural' group actions). This culminates in a system of recursive functional equations giving the generating function for unlabeled $k$-trees which allows for fast, efficient computation of their numbers. Enumerations up to $k = 10$ and $n = 30$ (for a k-tree with $n + k − 1$ vertices) are included in tables, and Sage code for the general computation is included in an appendix.


Oral and dental diseases are a major global burden, the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and may even affect an individual's general quality of life and health. The most prevalent dental and oral health conditions are tooth decay (otherwise referred to as dental caries/cavities), oral cancers, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontal (gum) disease, Noma, oro-dental trauma, oral manifestations of HIV, sensitive teeth, cracked teeth, broken teeth, and congenital anomalies such as cleft lip and palate. Herbs have been utilized for hundreds of years in traditional Chinese, African and Indian medicine and even in some Western countries, for the treatment of oral and dental conditions including but not limited to dental caries, gingivitis and toothaches, dental pulpitis, halitosis (bad breath), mucositis, sore throat, oral wound infections, and periodontal abscesses. Herbs have also been used as plaque removers (chew sticks), antimicrobials, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiseptics. Cannabis sativa L. in particular has been utilized in traditional Asian medicine for tooth-pain management, prevention of dental caries and reduction in gum inflammation. The distribution of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the mouth suggest that the endocannabinoid system may be a target for the treatment of oral and dental diseases. Most recently, interest has been geared toward the use of Cannabidiol (CBD), one of several secondary metabolites produced by C. sativa L. CBD is a known anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-microbial and anti-cancer agent, and as a result, may have therapeutic potential against conditions such burning mouth syndrome, dental anxiety, gingivitis, and possible oral cancer. Other major secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. such as terpenes and flavonoids also share anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic and anti-microbial properties and may also have dental and oral applications. This review will investigate the potential of secondary metabolites of C. sativa L. in the treatment of dental and oral diseases.


It is well known that TCP has low performance over wireless links. With the rapid development of wireless and mobile communications, there is a pressing need to enhance TCP performance over wireless links. In the past few years, a number of enhancements have been proposed. In this paper, we review these proposals and analyze the degradation of TCP performance due to errors in the wireless link. We propose an enhancement that meets several desirable requirements and relieves TCP from all degradations caused by wireless errors. Simulation results and analysis show this enhancement works much better than other enhancement proposals for all ranges of wireless error rates.


The pharmaceutical industry is exceptional. Pharmaceutical development is one of the most cost- and time-intensive areas of technology largely because it is one of the industries most subject to regulatory intervention. Unlike most other technologies, pharmaceuticals are heavily regulated by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") to ensure their safety and efficacy; indeed, the FDA regulates the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceuticals more strictly than it regulates food, dietary supplements, or cosmetics. The pharmaceutical industry is now exceptional in two additional ways. First, pharmaceuticals are subject to provisions both limiting and extending patent protections that do not apply to other technologies. Second, pharmaceuticals now enjoy non-patent regulatory exclusivities that no other technology enjoys. Both the latter two exceptions are thanks to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known informally as the Hatch-Waxman Act after its two leading sponsors, and its subsequent amendments. Some of Hatch-Waxman's provisions favor brand-name pharmaceutical innovators, whereas other provisions foster market entry of generic pharmaceuticals and their typically much lower-price imitations of brand-name pharmaceuticals. In terms of increasing generic entry, the Hatch-Waxman Act seems to be a huge success, although a number of other unintended consequences also seem to have arisen from Hatch-Waxman's provisions. One change that many commentators continue to debate, however, is the creation of periods of regulatory exclusivity. Some sort of market exclusivity is widely believed to be necessary to protect the large investments that pharmaceutical manufacturers invest in creating and testing new drugs. For most of the pharmaceutical industry's history, however, patents have been widely regarded as a highly effective means of providing such exclusivity. What, then, can be the role of regulatory exclusivities? Originally created partially in compensation for the more pro-generic provisions of Hatch-Waxman, and partially to incentivize further studies on existing drugs, regulatory exclusivities may also provide other advantages. Accordingly, the following discussion looks at regulatory exclusivity as not just an adjunctive form of exclusivity but in fact as a possible alternative to patents. This article therefore takes a closer look at the differences between the two and how data exclusivity more aptly protects innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The discussion concludes that, depending on whether pharmaceutical innovators are currently receiving enough of the returns on their investments, leveraging the potential advantages of regulatory over patent exclusivity may be more or less difficult. Regardless, given the exceptionalism of the pharmaceutical industry and its unique regulatory exclusivities, examination of how to take advantage of that exceptionalism is warranted.


Horse gram and moth bean are the unexploited legumes of the tropics and subtropics grown mostly under dry‐land agriculture. The chemical composition is comparable with commonly cultivated legumes. Like other legumes, these are deficient in methionine and tryptophan. Horse gram is an excellent source of iron and molybdenum. Comparatively, horse gram seeds have higher trypsin inhibitor and hemagglutinin activities and polyphenols than moth bean seeds. Dehusking, germination, cooking, and roasting have been shown to produce beneficial effects on nutritional quality of both the legumes. Both the legumes require prolonged cooking to obtain product of acceptable nature. A soak solution (1.5% NaHCO3 + 0.5% Na2CO3 + 0.75% citric acid) treatment has been shown to reduce cooking time and improve protein quality. Moth bean is mostly consumed as dhal or sprouts. The whole seeds of horse gram are generally utilized as cattle feed. However, it is consumed as a whole seed, sprouts, or whole meal by a large population in...


Focusing your body and mind on an ancient discipline can contribute towards a sense of harmony and well-being, and in today's fast-paced world more people are turning to the martial arts to alleviate stress and keep fit. Drawing on the knowledge of highly qualified practitioners, this book examines the underlying philosophy behind each martial art and the physical benefits to be gained, and presents the most popular techniques, and some of the more advanced moves. From Tae Kwondo and Judo to Tai Chi and Shinto Ryu, there is sure to be an ideal discipline to suit everyone.


It is believed that socio-historical changes in the way Americans view dying and death have increased the need for formal and informal instruction in this area (Kubler-Ross 1969, Farmer 1970, Pine 1977, Simpson 1979). These and other authors postulate there was a more positive attitude toward death in the nineteenth century due in part to higher childhood mortality rates, large extended families, and shorter life expectancies. These factors often brought people into direct contact with death experiences. However, in the twentieth century, childhood mortality rates decreased, families developed a more nuclear structure, and death was removed from the family residence to institutions such as hospitals (Simpson 1970). For these reasons, it is believed that death became a taboo topic of discussion (Feifel 1963, Wass and Shaak 1976).


Disease prevalence is ideally estimated using a 'gold standard' to ascertain true disease status on all subjects in a population of interest. In practice, however, the gold standard may be too costly or invasive to be applied to all subjects, in which case a two-phase design is often employed. Phase 1 data consisting of inexpensive and non-invasive screening tests on all study subjects are used to determine the subjects that receive the gold standard in the second phase. Naive estimates of prevalence in two-phase studies can be biased (verification bias). Imputation and re-weighting estimators are often used to avoid this bias. We contrast the forms and attributes of the various prevalence estimators. Distribution theory and simulation studies are used to investigate their bias and efficiency. We conclude that the semiparametric efficient approach is the preferred method for prevalence estimation in two-phase studies. It is more robust and comparable in its efficiency to imputation and other re-weighting estimators. It is also easy to implement. We use this approach to examine the prevalence of depression in adolescents with data from the Great Smoky Mountain Study.


We propose a new method for the large-scale collection and analysis of drawings by using a mobile game specifically designed to collect such data. Analyzing this crowdsourced drawing database, we build a spatially varying model of artistic consensus at the stroke level. We then present a surprisingly simple stroke-correction method which uses our artistic consensus model to improve strokes in real-time. Importantly, our auto-corrections run interactively and appear nearly invisible to the user while seamlessly preserving artistic intent. Closing the loop, the game itself serves as a platform for large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of our stroke correction algorithm.


It is the contention of this Essay that the international principles of human rights must form the foundations of any future policing service in Northern Ireland. Leaving behind the sterile communalism that has characterized past approaches to policing in favor of a rights-based approach, would benefit all in Northern Ireland. A human rights policing framework would particularly relieve those living in working class communities, both catholic and protestant, who have borne the brunt of heavy policing policies and tactics. While acknowledging that no approach to policing reform can appease all shades of Northern Ireland's political and cultural opinion, the current political climate provides considerable opportunities for bringing about positive change. Furthermore, unless policing becomes more representative, accountable, and respectful of human rights, the continuation of negative contact between the police and the policed will create tension and conflict and ultimately threaten the peace. POLICING AND CHANGE IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE CENTRALITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS


The International Encyclopedia of Propaganda addresses in a comprehensive manner those forms of communication -- mass communication in particular -- that are intended to produce changes in the thinking or the behaviour of their audiences. It offers 510 alphabetically-ordered essays that cover the historical, political, sociological, cultural, and artistic aspects of propaganda. The encyclopedia defines the arenas in which propaganda is employed; pinpoints the political systems in which propaganda is prominent; describes notable theorists, practitioners and their works; and examines organizations that have utilized propaganda in a systematic fashion. This well-organized, easy-to-use encyclopedia will be of use to students of world history, politics, media studies, and literature.


The field of rehabilitation, its systems, agencies, facilities, companies, and especially its rehabilitation professionals, individually and collectively share major responsibilities in responding to the needs of the estimated 34 million individuals with disabilities in the United States. For purposes of addressing the primary phenomena of this paper, rehabilitation is defined as "a process of helping handicapped individuals move from positions of dependency in their community toward positions of independency in a community of their choice" (Emener, Patrick & Hollingsworth, 1984, p.6). Furthermore, the following considerations of "empowerment" presume some of rehabilitation's basic, a priori, philosophical assumptions such as those articulated by Dowd and Emener (1978): First, the profession has consistently held the belief that each individual is of great worth and dignity. Second, rehabilitation professionals have maintained that every person should have equal opportunity to maximize his or her potential and is deserving of societal help in attempting to do so. Third, the rehabilitation profession assumes that people by and large strive to grow and change in positive directions, reflecting both traditional American optimism and the belief in human perfectability characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment. Fourth, the rehabilitation profession assumes that individuals should be free to make their own decisions about the management of their lives (p. 35). Thus, pertinent empowerment issues such as locus of control (Lefcourt, 1976), especially in terms of the roles and functions of rehabilitation professionals (Emener & Cottone, 1989), are critically contingent upon rehabilitation's a priori philosophical tenets. For example, Condeluci (1989) poignantly offered that "the concept of community integration and the empowerment model have their roots in social vaporization, right to choose and risk, individualization and consumer control" (p. 16). There are, however, other critical aspects of rehabilitation theory and philosophy which also are germane to considerations of empowerment. There are numerous divergent positions regarding the interface between what people "need" versus what people "want". For example, the author of this paper frequently has felt that what some people need is to learn that they cannot always have what they want. What does "independence" mean for an individual with a severe disability--especially if considerations are given to the vicissitudes of economic independence, functional independence, social independence and psychological independence. Similar considerations also are pertinent to the concept of "freedom". Perhaps independence is sine qua non to freedom. Nonetheless, if rehabilitation professionals are dedicated to issues of individual independence and freedom on behalf of individuals with disabilities, then it indeed would appear fitting to assure that "empowerment" is a critical construct and guiding operational value within rehabilitation's systems, agencies, facilities, companies and professional service delivery personnel. Empowerment The process of empowering an individual or a system, means "to give power or authority to; to authorize; as, the president is empowered to veto legislation" (Webster, 1978, p. 595). Thus, the rehabilitation professional committed to an empowerment approach to rehabilitation service delivery, should facilitate and maximize opportunities for individuals with disabilities to have control and authority over their own lives. This approach involves modifications and controls both internal and external to the individual. For example, as an individual with a severe disability it is important for me to be internally empowered--I should be helped to empower myself so that I see myself as being powerful, and in a position of authority, over my own life. To a great extent, empowerment is a mind-set. Likewise, from an external point of view, the laws, rules and regulations governing aspects of my life also should be designed to accommodate my self-empowerment (Hahn, 1982, 1985). …


Without positional information, attention-based Transformer neural networks are permutation-invariant. Absolute or relative positional embeddings are the most popular ways to feed Transformer models with positional information. Absolute positional embeddings are simple to implement, but suffer from generalization issues when evaluating on sequences longer than seen at training time. Relative positions are more robust to input length change, but are more complex to implement and yield inferior model throughput due to extra computational and memory costs. In this paper, we propose an augmentation-based approach (CAPE) for absolute positional embeddings, which keeps the advantages of both absolute (simplicity and speed) and relative positional embeddings (better generalization). In addition, our empirical evaluation on state-of-the-art models in machine translation, image and speech recognition demonstrates that CAPE leads to better generalization performance as well as increased stability with respect to training hyper-parameters.


Abstract. We implement the Predicting Particles Produced in Power-Plant Plumes (P6) sub-grid sulphate parameterization for the first time into a global chemical-transport model with online aerosol microphysics, the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS model. Compared to simulations using two other previous treatments of sub-grid sulphate, simulations using P6 sub-grid sulphate predicted similar or smaller increases (depending on other model assumptions) in globally, annually averaged concentrations of particles larger than 80 nm (N80). We test in simulations using P6 sub-grid sulphate the sensitivity of particle number concentrations to changes in SO2 or NOx emissions to represent recent emissions control changes. For global increases of 50% in emissions of either SO2 or NOx, or both SO2 and NOx, we find that globally, annually averaged N80 increase by 9.00, 1.47, or 10.24% respectively. However, both sub-grid and grid-resolved processes contribute to these changes. Finally, we compare the model results against observations of particle number concentrations. Compared with previous treatments of sub-grid sulphate, use of the P6 parameterization generally improves correlation with observed particle number concentrations. The P6 parameterization is able to resolve spatial heterogeneity in new-particle formation and growth that cannot be resolved by any constant assumptions about sub-grid sulphate. However, the differences in annually averaged aerosol size distributions due to the treatment of sub-grid sulphate at the measurement sites examined here are too small to unambiguously establish P6 as providing better agreement with observations.


Extant porpoises (Phocoenidae) are odontocetes characterized by their small size, short and wide rostrum, late (or absent) completion of epiphyseal ankylosis in the vertebral column (= physical maturity), and short life cycles, all of which are thought to have resulted from progenetic evolution. We describe a small fossil phocoenid from the lower Pliocene Koetoi Formation of Hokkaido (northern Japan), preserving a small, narrow rostrum, as well as anteroposteriorly elongate thoracic and lumbar vertebral centra with completely fused epiphyses. Physical maturity in this specimen occurred significantly earlier than in extant phocoenids, as shown by dental data indicating that the specimen died at only four years of age. The difference between the present material and extant porpoises may be attributable to different growth rates during ontogeny. The long centra and caudally inclined neural spines of the specimen from Hokkaido are primitive characters among phocoenids. By contrast, the great height of its neural spines is highly derived, even among extant species, and suggestive of a fast swimmer. In terms of its vertebral morphology, the new specimen falls within a morphological continuum defined by the archaic Numataphocoena yamashitai and the highly derived vertebral morphology of Phocoenoides dalli. Phocoenid vertebral evolution has been complex and frequently convergent, as opposed to stepwise and unidirectional. The different vertebral morphologies of the new specimen and the contemporaneous extinct taxa Numataphocoena and Piscolithax longirostris indicate that they were adapted to different environments.


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) have shown reductions of brain volume associated with prenatal exposure to alcohol. Previous studies consider regional brain volumes independently but ignore potential relationships across numerous structures. This study aims to (a) identify a multivariate model based on regional brain volume that discriminates children/adolescents with FASD versus healthy controls, and (b) determine if FASD classification performance can be increased by building classification models separately for each sex. Three‐dimensional T1‐weighted MRI from two independent childhood/adolescent datasets were used for training (79 FASD, aged 5.7–18.9 years, 35 males; 81 controls, aged 5.8–18.5 years, 32 males) and testing (67 FASD, aged 6.0–19.6 years, 38 males; 74 controls, aged 5.2–19.5 years, 42 males) a classification model. Using FreeSurfer, 87 regional brain volumes were extracted for each subject and were used as input into a support vector machine generating a classification model from the training data. The model performed moderately well on the test data with accuracy 77%, sensitivity 64%, and specificity 88%. Regions that contributed heavily to prediction in this model included temporal lobe and subcortical gray matter. Further investigation of two separate models for males and females showed slightly decreased accuracy compared to the model including all subjects (male accuracy 70%; female accuracy 67%), but had different regional contributions suggesting sex differences. This work demonstrates the potential of multivariate analysis of brain volumes for discriminating children/adolescents with FASD and provides indication of the most affected regions.


MARINOVA, P., M. IGNATOVA, J. NAKEV, T. POPOVA and M. TODOROVA, 2015. Carcass composition and physicochemical characteristics of m. Longissimus dorsi and m. Semimembranosus in pigs crosses of Youna and Pietrain. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 1272–1277 The study was carried out with 47 male castrated and female pigs, crosses of Youna and Pietrain. The aim of the work was to determine the meat productivity and quality of m. Longissimus dorsi (m. LD) and m. Semimembranosus (m. SM ) in fattened pigs with a pre-slaughter weight of 105 kg (+ 2.5) and average weight of skinned and cooled carcass of 61.66 kg. The percentage of the valuable parts of the carcass was as follows: leg – 27.05%, loin - 16.89%, shoulder - 14.06%, neck - 14.76%, belly with bones - 13.74%. Muscle tissue in the half carcass had the highest percentage - 61.80%. The contents of the rest of the tissues were respectively: intermuscular fat - 8.31%, subcutaneous fat – 15.16% and bones – 14.64%. Values of pH 45 min post mortem, typical for PSE meat, were not found and those of pH 24 h in both muscles were within the normal range for pork. The quality traits had normal values for this kind of meat and were close for m. LD and m. SM. The content of intramuscular fat in m. LD was 2.61%, while in m. SM it was 2.36%. These values are relatively high (above 2%) and are important for the good sensory characteristics of the meat.


It's a known fact that unless and until women are given their rightful place, no society or country can progress. The Tirupur People Forum (TPF), a Non-Government Organisation in Tamil Nadu studied the state of affairs of the women workers in textile industries during 2001 to 2008. Young unmarried women below the poverty line had under gone worst form of exploitation in their working environment and the social activists accuse that this continues unabated. The provisions of Indian Factories Act, The Industrial Disputes Act, Minimum Wages Act and other acts empowering women and children were flouted by various textile industrial owners under the scheme launched by them called "Sumangali Scheme" (Marriage scheme for unmarried girls). This exploitation barring rights and privileges to women employees in textile industry amounts to unfair trade practice and a punishable offence. This is also against the norms of corporate social responsibility. This article/presentation describes the repression of women employee through Sumangali scheme in Tamil Nadu and the mismanagement of human relations legally and morally by the employers.


Background Patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIA) treated with biological therapy are usually monitored by rheumatologists. Research shows that a nurse-led rheumatology clinic is safe and effective in monitoring biological therapy (1) and contributed added value in patients within rheumatology care, because the encounter with the nurse led to a sense of security, familiarity and participation (2). Objectives To compare the cost of monitoring biological therapy in a nurse-led rheumatology clinic with those of a rheumatologist-led clinic in patients with low disease activity or in remission. Methods Cost comparison was based on data from a 12 month randomised controlled trial (1). A total of 107 patients were randomly assigned to either a rheumatologist-led clinic or to a nurse-led rheumatology clinic. The purpose of the intervention was to replace one of two annual monitoring visits at the rheumatologist-led clinic (control group; n=54) by a visit to a nurse-led rheumatology clinic (intervention group; n=53), based on person-centred care. Inclusion criteria were ongoing biological therapy and Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) ≤3.2. All patients met the rheumatologist at inclusion and after 12 months. All outpatient visits, team rehabilitation and all the telephone advice at the Rheumatology Clinic were registered for the patients who participated in the trial. Main outcome measures were direct costs related to rheumatology care during the 12 month follow-up period. Results After 12 months 97 patients completed the study. At the inclusion the patients had mean age of 55.4 years, disease duration of 16.7 years, and DAS28 was 2.1, with no significant differences between the two groups. After 12 months there was no mean difference in changes in clinical outcome between the two groups (DAS28 -0.06; p=0.66). The total annual cost of team rehabilitation in rheumatology care, per patient monitored by the nurse-led rheumatology clinic was €580 compared with €1278 for monitoring by a rheumatologist-led clinic, translating in a €698 (55%) lower annual cost. The annual cost of just the outpatient rheumatology care provided by rheumatologist and rheumatology nurse, per patient was €457 for monitoring by the nurse-led rheumatology clinic compared with €598 for monitoring by a rheumatologist-led clinic, translating in a €141 (24%) lower annual cost. Conclusions Patients with stable CIA undergoing biological therapy can be monitored more cost effectively by a nurse-led rheumatology clinic compared to a rheumatologist-led clinic, with no difference in clinical outcome as measured by DAS28. References Larsson et al. (2014). Randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led rheumatology clinic for monitoring biological therapy. J Adv Nurs, 70(1): 164-175. Larsson et al. (2012). Patients' experiences of a nurse-led rheumatology clinic in Sweden – a qualitative study in patients undergoing biological therapy. Nurs Health Sci, 14(4): 501-507. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.3805


We describe a family of dispersion-free and diffraction-free optical beams consisting in two-dimensional wave packets with a spatiotemporal Bessel (STB) profile propagating in media with anomalous dispersion. We also describe quasi-invariant optical beams with a spatiotemporal Bessel-Gauss (STBG) profile; these wave packets have finite dimensions and energy, conditions to be representative of physical beams. The paper provides a detailed account of the properties of STB and STBG beams, including their spatially resolved frequency spectrum, their far-field behaviour and a comparison of the propagation of STBG beams with that of Gaussian wave packets. An experimental setup based on a folded pulse shaper has allowed to generate STBG beams using the ultrashort pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser. The analysis of the spatially resolved frequency spectrum and of the spatial and temporal profiles obtained experimentally shows good agreement with theory.


The branch of psychology that studies the psychological growth of individuals. It deals with the psychological responses and changes in behavior that characterize such stages of life as infancy, adolescence, and old age.


[Purpose] This research study was performed to investigate the barriers to using the research findings of physical therapists on evidence-based practice. [Subjects] The subjects of this research were physical therapists employed by hospitals that agreed to cooperate with the research in B city. [Methods] A questionnaire made up of 6 research items, 8 physical therapist items, 6 presentation items, and 8 setting items, for a total of 28 items, was distributed. The responses were scored so the higher result scores indicate a higher barrier level to using research findings. Differences in barrier levels related to the likelihood of therapists using research findings in their practice varied according to the general characteristics of the result as according to the t-test and ANOVA. Scheffe's test was used as a post hoc test. [Results] The analysis of 158 returned questionnaires revealed that there were significant relationships between the age, educational level, and professional satisfaction of the therapists and the barriers to using research finding. Significant relationships were also found between the items of "Research participation in clinical research", "Frequency of reading research articles", and "Support of manager to use research" and the barrier level. No relationship was demonstrated between the recognition level of evidence-based practice and the performance level with the barrier score to using research findings. [Conclusion] This study demonstrated that to improve the utilization of research findings, there is a need to provide therapists with continual education and opportunities to participate in research, and environments and ways in which the research results can be given practical applications.


ABSTRACT In 2009, television networks worldwide broadcast the performance of the nonagenarian Pete Seeger, an aging icon of the Sixties, accompanied by his son Tao, Bruce Springsteen, and a choir of children, at the inauguration of President Barack Obama, a figure intimately associated by many with a fulfilment of at least some of the progressive potential of the Sixties. The event encapsulated an overlooked legacy of the Sixties: televised old age and intergenerationalism. From 1965 to 1966, Seeger produced and presented thirty-nine episodes of Rainbow Quest, a television program in which the musician-activist shared songs and conversation with a diverse set of guests. The show has attracted the interest of several scholars for the ways it reflected Seeger's enthusiasm for internationalism, multiculturalism, world "folk" music, and, surprisingly, the mass media. Yet few have given thought to the overrepresentation of older musicians on the show: over half of the episodes feature at least one guest in their late fifties or older, often paired with younger performers. The program represents a strident, if underrecognized, zeal for intergenerationalism on the part of an iconic Sixties performer, and challenges essentialization of the era as one of pervasive youth culture and generational division. This article reappraises Rainbow Quest with this age frame by identifying the role of aging and generational identity in the making of the show, and the risks of inadvertently reinforcing entrenched ageist tropes on television. Rainbow Quest also serves as a useful springboard for reconsidering some of the specific complexities of the folk revival, particularly its relative uniqueness as a site of intergenerationalism. Just as significantly, this article also situates notions of aging as significant threads in the interconnected and shifting web of race, class, and gender dynamics that characterized the Sixties, Seeger's career, and the folk scene he helped build.


Abstract.  The surface properties of newsprint and other paper qualities are to a great extent determined by the properties of the cellulose fibres. An appropriate description of these fibres as they appear in the paper is therefore important and can be used for quality classification and process monitoring. We suggest a model that considers the fibre geometry and appearance. It is based on a two‐dimensional shot‐noise process. The model is fit by minimizing a weighted least squares distance between the model‐based and estimated covariance functions and this provides estimates of the fibre size, intensity and the non‐uniform distribution of the fibre orientation. The model is applied to simulated and real data.


In Matthew 11:7, Jesus asks the crowd a question concerning John the Baptist : what did you go out into the wilderness to see; a reed shaken by the wind? There is a depth to this question which has remained unexplored. Far from being a poetic image meant to convey something prosaic, this question probably alludes to an actual term of contempt used by the enemies of John. A proposed Aramaic reconstruction reveals not only the pun behind this, but may also allows exegetes a greater glimpse at the way Jesus uses this image to force the crowd to acknowledge him as Messiah.
The story starts in Matthew 11:1-6, when the disciples of John the Baptist come to Jesus with a question from their master, who was at that time in prison. They ask on his behalf: are you the one who is to come or shall we look for another? Jesus sends them back to John suggesting that the signs and wonders performed provided the self-evident answer. It isn't that these displays of miraculous power in themselves proved anything. Jesus is claiming that his ministry is the fulfillment of messianic prophecy. The list Jesus gives is an allusion to a conflated version of Isaiah 61:1-2, which seems to have encapsulated the messianic expectations of the time.


Cancer therapy using carbon ions has gained increasing interest in the last decade due to its advantageous dose distributions. For the dosimetry and treatment planning, the accurate knowledge of the stopping power of water for carbon ions is of crucial importance. In the high energy region, the stopping power can be calculated rather accurately by means of the Bethe–Bloch formula. In the case of projectile velocities comparable to those of the valence electrons of the target, these calculations are subject to large uncertainties.
There exist no experimental data for the stopping power of water for projectile energies prevailing in the so–called Bragg peak region. The currently available stopping power data for water are derived from measurements in water vapour or D2O ice and, hence, neglect the dependence on the state of aggregation. The stopping power of water for charged particles is of high interest not only for practical applications but also to consider how physical and chemical state of the target influence the collisional energy transfer.
For the measurement of the stopping power of water, the inverted Doppler–shift attenuation method was used in this work. This method has the advantage that the projectile itself is not needed to be detected and can be slowed down entirely in the target. In this method, the stopping power is determined from the Doppler–shift of the gamma–quanta emitted by projectiles during their slow down. This experiment can be performed at atmospheric pressure and consequently, the stopping power of water can be measured in its real physiological condition.
In this work, the stopping power of water for carbon ions was measured for the first
time in the energy range between 1 MeV and 6 MeV covering the kinetic energies of carbon ions in the Bragg peak region. The experimental method is presented in detail along with the design of the apparatus and of the data acquisition system.
A comprehensive analysis of instrumental effects influencing the experimental results was performed. The overall relative uncertainty of the present data amounts to 11.9%.
Within the uncertainty, the measured data is consistent with the stopping power predicted by MSTAR [68], CASP [82] and the recommendation of the ICRU report 73 errata [91].
The data predicted by SRIM2013 [99] and ICRU report 73 [11] appear to be higher by 13% in average.


Haruka Touyama is a twelve-year-old girl with incredible precognitive abilites. But her accuracy in predicting the future has made her a target for any number of greedy corporations that would use her power for their own profits. After she is taken from her family, Haruka uses her gift to seek out someone who can help her escape her captors and fixes upon a blind man making his way through the busy streets of Tokyo. Though it may seem an odd choice, Haruka's powers have not led her wrong. Despite his inability to see, her chosen protector's fighting skills become apparent when he draws a sword from his walking stick and takes out a corporation's thugs. Haruka knows she will always be pursued and begs the mystery swordsman to keep her safe..."until death do us part."


BACKGROUND
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of occlusive arterial lesions, whereas vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is considered to be involved in occlusive arterial disease. We previously showed that bacteremia caused by Pg infection induced proliferation of mouse aortic SMCs. Furthermore, human SMCs stimulated with human plasma incubated with Pg showed a marked transformation from the contractile to proliferative phenotype. In the present study, we examine the involvement of Pg gingipains and fimbriae in induction of the SMC transformation and proliferation, and effective inhibitors.

METHODS
Pg strains including gingipain- and fimbria-null mutants were incubated in human plasma, after which the bacteria were removed and the supernatants were added to cultured SMCs. To evaluate the effects of inhibitors, Pg organisms were incubated in plasma in the presence of apple polyphenol (AP), epigallocatechin gallate, KYT-1 (Arg-gingipain inhibitor), and KYT-36 (Lys-gingipain inhibitor).

RESULTS
Plasma supernatants from wild-type and fimbria-mutant cultures markedly stimulated cellular proliferation, whereas those containing gingipain-null mutants showed negligible effects. SMC proliferation was also induced by plasma treated with trypsin. Furthermore, plasma supernatants cultured in the presence of KYT-1/KYT-36 and AP showed significant inhibitory effects on SMC proliferation, whereas cultures with epigallocatechin gallate did not.

CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that Pg gingipains are involved in the induction of SMC transformation and proliferation, whereas this was inhibited by AP.


Volunteers eager to help disaster victims have begun to draw on open source models of organization to mobilize and coordinate vast resources from around the world. This paper investigates two such groundbreaking efforts, involving responses to Hurricane Katrina and to the South East Asian tsunami. The study sheds light on how these organizations evolve so rapidly, how leaders emerge and confront challenges, and how interactions with traditional, more hierarchical disaster recovery efforts unfold. Lessons from these early efforts show how they can be improved, and also point to the need for more research on networked non–state actors that are playing increasingly prominent roles.


Over the last decade, there has been increasing debate around how to most effectively use research evidence to inform policy processes. A two-year study led by Young Lives set out to identify challenges and opportunities for translating research into policy and practice in the area of child poverty and child protection. On the basis of two case studies – one focusing on orphanhood and vulnerability in Ethiopia and the other on children's work in Andhra Pradesh, India – the team developed a consultative approach involving a mixed group of stakeholders in each country. The groups identified several barriers to using research to improve policy and practice for children. These included lack of interaction between stakeholder groups, problems with who sets research agendas, lack of resources for supporting research uptake, and researchers' lack of awareness of policy contexts. Part of strengthening the links between research, policy and practice is supporting the inclusion of children's perspectives and participation in this process.


A comprehensive number of novel, symmetrically or unsymmetrically substitutedtriphenylmethane dyes have been synthesised from their respective leuco-bases or carbinols. The terminal groups and substituents were chosen to give a good variation in structural and electronic properties.
The rates of alkaline hydrolysis of the dyes at various hydroxide ion concentrations, ionic strengths, temperatures and in mixed solvents of varying composition have been investigated with a view to elucidating the mechanism of reaction and the nature of substituent effects.
A complete reaction scheme for the acidic and basic hydrolysis of Pyrrolidine Green is advanced and the associated equilibrium constants have been calculated.
The rate data obtained for some substituted Pyrrolidine·Greens have been used to test the applicability of an isokinetic relationship in the TPM system.
The 4-morpholino-and 4-piperidino-Pyrrolidine Green dyes show enhanced reactivity relative to the other dyes studied and the reasons for this behaviour have been discussed.
The thermodynamic parameters t.Ht and t::S* have been obtained for all the dyes and compared with data from the literature for related dyes.
The effect of substitution and the influence of the tenninal group on the visible spectra of the dyes have been examined in solvents of varying acidity.
The nature of the electrical and/or steric effects in some 2-, 3-, and 4-substituted Pyrrolidine Greens has been examined by the analysis of both kinetic and spectroscopic data using single substituent parameter and multiparameter regression techniques.
Substituent constants and electron donor potentials for a number of nitrogen-containing substituents have been interpolated.
The light fastness of some Pyrrolidine Green derivatives has been measured and the commercial implications assessed.


"Pricing path-dependent options presents significant challenges, especially when they also involve American exercise. Taking account of every possible path for the price of the underlying over time and aggregating the payoffs can lead to an enormous computational burden. In this article, Neave and Slavinsky present a technique for greatly increasing efficiency in a lattice implementation, using as an example, an option on the maximum asset price attained over the option&'s lifetime. Since the total number of possible payoffs is much smaller than the number of distinct paths through the lattice, it is much more efficient to bundle equal value paths together first, and apply the total probability to the common payoff for that bundle. As a bonus, the authors provide a computer code to perform the calculations."


Mutations in voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for several types of epilepsy. Genetic epilepsies often exhibit variable severity in individuals with the same mutation, which may be due to variation in genetic modifiers. The Scn2aQ54 transgenic mouse model has a sodium channel mutation and exhibits epilepsy with strain-dependent severity. We previously mapped modifier loci that influence Scn2aQ54 phenotype severity and identified Kcnv2, encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv8.2, as a candidate modifier. In this study, we demonstrate a threefold increase in hippocampal Kcnv2 expression associated with more severe epilepsy. In vivo exacerbation of the phenotype by Kcnv2 transgenes supports its identification as an epilepsy modifier. The contribution of KCNV2 to human epilepsy susceptibility is supported by identification of two nonsynonymous variants in epilepsy patients that alter function of Kv2.1/Kv8.2 heterotetrameric potassium channels. Our results demonstrate that altered potassium subunit function influences epilepsy susceptibility and implicate Kcnv2 as an epilepsy gene.


Today scientists are working in e-Science environments and carry out in silico experiments. A powerful approach, with proven capabilities to facilitate the design process of computational experiments is based on Scientific Workflows, which are receiving considerable interest in recent years. This thesis thoroughly reviews the Scientific Workflows Management Systems field and investigates in detail popular open source workflow systems from a scientific applicability perspective. Moreover, a complex computational experiment from the life sciences field is implemented using current workflow technology in order to better assess their strengths and weaknesses. Emphasis is placed on features which make these systems attractive for scientific use, e.g. user friendliness, use of distributed resources, reusability, provenance, collaboration, data integration, etc. Our conclusions indicate that although Scientific Workflow Management Systems have open issues, discussed in detail in the context of this thesis, their strong momentum clearly suggests that is only a matter of time before they are adopted by even more scientific fields.


Many wild and underutilised plants contribute to food and nutrition. However, overexploitation due to ever increasing demand for wood products has frequently led to declines in populations of these species. Enhanced knowledge of the status of such species is necessary for livelihood
security and conservation of these valuable species. The present study considers an underutilised and threatened species of Bangladesh, namely wild mango (Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.). Although this wild mango is one of the genetically closest species to the common mango (Mangifera indica L.) research is very limited and mostly focused on wood quality and phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, this study investigated the conservation potential of wild mango considering its contribution for food, nutrition and livelihoods. To do so, an assessment was made of the current
and future distribution of the species, which is a crucial first step towards mitigation and management of future species losses or habitat shifts. The study characterized fruit quality by profiling morphological, nutritional and medicinal values. Finally, farmers' preferences, and the
agroforestry potential of this unutilized native fruit species were explored. The study conveyed five key messages: 1. Wild mango may become extinct under future climate change scenarios so it is high time to start thinking about conservation initiatives. 2. Wild mango is a small sized mango with a large kernel in relation to other Mangifera species which provides significant nutritional and medicinal advantages that can contribute to nutrition and health of local people. 3. Wild mango fruit kernels producing a butter which has the potential to be used as a Cocoa Butter Alternative (CBA) thus providing new market potential. 4. Wild mango is a considered as a food for wildlife but local people are also appreciative of the taste and colour of the fruits and consume them. The unripe fruit is also sold to the pickle industry and can generate income during the fruiting season. 5. The crown architecture of wild mango is similar to other popular
agroforestry species (M. indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Acacia auriculiformis). Therefore, urgent conservation initiatives are required to evaluate its potential as a new native agroforestry tree species. It is concluded that these attractive properties of wild mango could be promoted by a coalition of land use planners, climate change policy makers, government or non-government organizations, commercial breeder, potential investors (chocolate, butter, nutraceuticals, flavourings), food industries, food technologists, minister responsible for foreign direct
investment in Bangladesh and Bangladesh forestry department to promote more widespread cultivation of this wild fruit species to realise its full potential.


Both case law and legal literature have recognized that all, and not just clearly statistical, evidence is probabilistic. Therefore, we have much to learn from the laws of probability with regard to the evaluation of evidence in a criminal trial. The present Article focuses on the confession. First, we review legal and psychological literature and show that the probability of a false confession and, consequently, a wrongful conviction, is far from insignificant. In light of this, we warn against the cognitive illusion, stemming from the fallacy of the transposed conditional, which is liable to mislead the trier of fact in evaluating the weight of a confession. This illusion in evaluating the weight of a confession occurs when the trier of fact believes that, if there is only a low probability that an innocent person would falsely confess, then there is also only a low probability of innocence in each and every case where a person does confess guilt. The surprising truth is that even if there is only little doubt regarding the credibility of confessions in general, in some cases, this raises considerable doubt regarding the certainty of a conviction. We demonstrate this through the case of George Allen, who was convicted in 1983 of the rape and murder of Mary Bell. This is an example of a case in which the fallacy reaches extreme proportions, since nothing connected the accused to the crime, apart from his confession. Following this, we turn to a Bayesian calculation of probability for evaluating the weight of a confession. First, we discuss the standard of proof required for a criminal conviction. We show that the optimistic expectation of the U.S. Supreme Court in Kansas v. Marsh regarding the rate of false convictions (0.027%) is inconsistent with Blackstone's famous approach, accepted by many judges, whereby it is better for ten criminals to be acquitted than for one innocent to be convicted (9.09% wrongful convictions). We then demonstrate the untenability of the optimistic estimate that it is possible to convict with a relatively low probability of guilt (approximately 91%) without paying a very heavy price in wrongful convictions. Considering this, we explain why we prefer the ratio proposed by Thomas Starkie, whereby it is better for a hundred criminals to be acquitted than for one innocent to be convicted. The probabilistic calculation that we perform based on this threshold of 1:100 dictates a new and surprising conclusion that calls for a significant reversal in how we view the confession: a confession should only be treated as corroboration of other solid evidence-if it exists-and not as key evidence for a conviction. Furthermore, even if we suffice with Blackstone's familiar threshold of 1:10, the strength of the other evidence against the suspect, apart from the confession, must still be at least a balance of probabilities (51%) in order to achieve proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the burden required for a conviction. Given the real danger of convicting innocents, we call on law enforcement officials to refrain from interrogating a person, with the aim of extracting a confession, when there is no well-established suspicion against this person, and even when the law allows for such an interrogation. Moreover, we call on legislatures to amend the law so that such an interrogation would not be possible, and to set forth that a confession is insufficient to constitute the sole, or key, evidence for a conviction, but it can be used only as corroboration for other key evidence-if it exists.


Lt. Ehren Watada, a Japanese American, became the first commissioned officer to speak out against the Iraq War. Asian Americans from all generations and experiences expressed their views on his actions. In essence, he was racialized: the mere fact that he was Asian American became a catalyst to opinions on what he represents as an Asian American. The significance of these viewpoints has yet to be assessed, which is precisely what this research explores, at least in a fundamental sense. This analysis examines various Asian American organizations and their opinions on Lt. Watada. These insights offer glimpses into the views of the Asian American community and the forms of racialization associated with these groups. Categorizing similarities in racialization, the implications of such constructions and what they represent to the Asian American community is discussed. The analysis sheds light on the significance of Lt. Watada and his significance beyond the mere facts of his trial, the story behind the story. The analysis also provides suggestions for further research for people who are interested in studying race relations in American society and contemporary Asian American issues.


When a man is discovered dead by poisoning in his empty home his beautiful wife, Ayane, immediately falls under suspicion. All clues point to Ayane being the logical suspect, but how could she have committed the crime when she was hundreds of miles away? As Tokyo police detective Kusanagi tries to unpick a seemingly unrelated sequence of events he finds himself falling for Ayane. When his judgement becomes dangerously clouded his assistant must call on an old friend for help; it will take a genius to unravel the most spectacular web of deceit they have ever faced...SALVATION OF A SAINT is a magnificently complex and page-turning thriller starring international crime fiction's most enigmatic sleuth.This is essential reading for all fans of exceptional crime fiction.


Abstract. Data represented in the form of geospatial context and detailed building information are prominently nurturing infrastructure development and smart city applications. Bringing open-formats from data acquisition level to information engineering accelerates geospatial technologies towards urban sustainability and knowledge-based systems. BIM and GIS technologies are known to excel in this domain. However, fundamental level differences lie among their data-formats, which developed integration methods to bridge the gap between these distinct domains. Several studies have conducted data, process, and application-level integration, considering the significance of collaboration among these information systems. Although integration methods have narrowed the gap of geometric dissimilarity, semantic inconsistency, and information loss yet add constraints towards achieving interoperability. Integration using semantic web technology is more flexible and enables process-level integration without changing data format and structure. However, due to its developing nature and complex BIM-GIS data-formats, most approaches adapted requires human intervention. This paper presents a method, named OGGD (Ontology Generation for Geospatial Data), that implements a formal method for automatic ontology generation from XSD documents using transformation patterns following three extensive processes; first, formalization of XSD elements and transformation patterns; the second process identifies corresponding patterns explicitly, and the last process generates ontology for XSD schema. XSD elements from open-standard data models of BIM and GIS, ifcXML and CityGML, are manipulated and transformed into a semantically rich OWL model. The ontology models created can be applicable for information-based integration systems that will nurture knowledge-discovery and urban applications.


BACKGROUND
Korea is one of the highest indium-consuming countries worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between interstitial lung disorders and indium exposure in Korea.

METHODS
In 50 indium workers from seven plants, the effect of serum indium on the lungs was determined using laboratory tests, spirometry, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT).

RESULTS
Higher serum indium and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels were associated with HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes. Workers with high serum indium levels (≥3 µg/L) had longer exposure durations and a higher prevalence of HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes. KL-6 and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) levels were significantly higher in the highest serum indium quartile than the lowest quartile. Significant dose-effect relationships existed between serum indium levels and KL-6, SP-D levels and the prevalence of HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes.

CONCLUSIONS
Workforce medical surveillance should be established to prevent indium-induced interstitial lung disease in Korea.


Considering some of the problems of surface reservoirs, such as unsteady stream flow, high evaporation losses and loss of storage owing to sediment entrapment, subsurface dams may be an effective solution in arid–semiarid regions. Combined surface and groundwater dam projects can be developed to withdraw the additional water from the porous alluvial sediments beneath the surface reservoir. We describe the investigation, construction and operation of such a hydraulic structure: the Elmadag dam, near Ankara, Turkey, which stores both surface water and groundwater behind the dam. The height of the Elmadag dam is 26 m but most of the dam wall (15 m) is located beneath the surface, and is constructed in an alluvial sand–gravel aquifer. The surface and subsurface storage capacity of the dam is 3 × 106 m3 and on average 80 l s−1 was pumped between January 2014 and October 2015, which equates to a rate almost equal to the 2015 domestic water demand of Elmadag town. If the surface reservoir dries up temporarily, the dam will continue to provide a supply from groundwater. More importantly, even if the surface reservoir is filled with sediments, the dam will ensure its function by subsurface storage.


'Imagine there's no Heaven…No hell below us…Imagine there's no countries…Nothing to kill or die for…And no religion too…Imagine all the people Living life in peace' - John Lennon, 1971.If you are in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan or Israel, the next time you go shopping for your groceries, you might be dead in a terror attack: no matter whether you are rich or famous, or poor and unknown. An act of violence derided as terrorism by some, may be respected as a martyr in a liberation struggle to another (Turk, 2004). In this proposal, I shall focus only on religion-based terrorism. As far as religious reasons for violence are concerned, the source of violence is more than perception of threat to religion and could range from issues such a power dynamics in terrorist organizations, ethnicity and political power (Witte, 2007). Most major religions sanction violence in the form of animal sacrifice for therapeutic reasons by evoking and venting violent impulse in general (Freud as quoted in Juergensmeyer, 2008, Staal, 1983). Such ritual violence performs a positive role in society by spending violence on victims whose death shall not provoke reprisals but in the process releasing the hostile feelings of individuals towards members of their own community and achieving greater social cohesion (Girard, 1977). Indiscriminate killing of innocent people for religious reasons rarely involve psychopathology or material deprivation and perpetrators of terror are likely to be respected individuals from stable family and community ties who are likely to be honored in their communities rather than be condemned for their violence (Silke, 1988; Turk, 2004; Hassan, 2002; Sageman, 2004; Taylor and Qualye, 1994; Rasch, 1979). Terror attacks are likely to be a response to feelings of indignity and frustration developed in repressive political environments (Krueger and Maleckova, 2003) and strategic, religious, political and other objectives act on the mind of a terrorist to transform humiliating defeat into victory over victimization and assumption of the divine (Prof J.S. Piven as quoted by Hill and Kinney, 2007/08). Terrorists do not see themselves as instigators of harm but rather as individuals reacting to the provocative abuses and injustices of others (Silke, 2003). Terror organizations systematically target individuals who might get indoctrinated to violence and are likely to target shy, serious youth, slightly aloof from the crowd and like the sacrificial victim of religious rituals, perceived as a symbol of disorder, from an uncertain category, and sublimely wacky in order that their sacrifice is seen as pure, their almost un-human holiness making them right candidates for martyrdom (Krammer, 1991; Juergensmeyer, 2008; Hawley, 1994). The sacrificial victim is said to represent destruction in a battle of 'us' versus 'them' and war organizes social history in a storyline of persecution, conflict and the hope of redemption, liberation and conquest (Juergensmeyer, 1991). Although there is no way to know how exactly the process of indoctrination to violence takes place, Juergensmeyer (2008) estimate that after targeting a prospective terrorist, terror organizations identify their enemies, subhumanize them by denying them personhood and preferably give them a faceless collective enemy to target, and lastly satanize/humiliate/belittle the enemy through a process of delegitimization (Sprinzak, 1991). The role of persuasion in the struggle against terrorism is an under-researched area as pointed out by RAND researchers Cragin and Gerwerhr (2005). My research vision is to devise a social marketing intervention to resist the attempt of terror groups to turn individuals into terrorists.


While cosmic ray muons themselves are relatively easy to veto in underground detectors, their interactions with nuclei create more insidious backgrounds via (i) the decays of long-lived isotopes produced by muon-induced spallation reactions inside the detector (ii) spallation reactions initiated by fast muon-induced neutrons entering from outside the detector, and (iii) nuclear recoils initiated by fast muon-induced neutrons entering from outside the detector. These backgrounds, which are difficult to veto or shield against; are very important for solar, reactor, dark matter, and other underground experiments, especially as increased sensitivity is pursued. We used FLUKA to calculate the production rates and spectra of all prominent secondaries produced by cosmic ray muons, in particular focusing on secondary neutrons, because of their importance. Since the neutron spectrum is steeply falling, the total neutron production rate is sensitive to just the relatively soft neutrons and not the fast-neutron component. We show that the neutron spectrum in the range {approx}10-100 MeV can instead be probed by the (n,p)-induced isotope production rates {sup 12}C(n,p){sup 12}B and {sup 16}O(n,p){sup 16}N in oil- and water-based detectors. The result for {sup 12}B is in good agreement with the recent KamLAND measurement. Besides testing the calculation of muon secondaries, thesemore » results are also of practical importance, since {sup 12}B (T{sub 1/2}=20.2 ms, Q=13.4 MeV) and {sup 16}N (T{sub 1/2}=7.13 s, Q=10.4 MeV) are among the dominant spallation backgrounds in these detectors.« less


EU-funding opportunities create incentives for local governments to partake in the implementation of EU regional policies; yet there is a lack of knowledge on the local effects in everyday municipal work. In this article we examine how the European Social Fund (ESF) is used by the EU and national level to govern local activities, how the subnational level acts in response to this and with what consequences for local autonomy. We analyze policy instruments within the ESF, with particular emphasis on how funding criteria are used for governing purposes, here analyzed in terms of soft and hard governing. The results show that despite the EU's emphasis on local implementation, municipalities lack a formal place in the ESF-governance architecture as the rules target the project level directly. This results in municipalities establishing new local roles, services and agencies in order to facilitate funding and implementation. Governance by incentives may appear as soft. However, when analyzing conditions for funding a number of mandatory requirements shows. Thus, autonomy is opened up, yet circumscribed through formal requirements. (Less)


The rise of the regulatory state in the latter half of the 20th century is reflected in the text of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements and specifically its transparency related obligations. The oldest transparency and good governance obligation of the WTO is Article X of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Article X imposes broad publication and due process requirements on the administration of measures in the area of trade in goods. The language of Article X is duplicated or incorporated by reference throughout the WTO Agreements. During the GATT years (1947-94), Article X was a silent provision dismissed by GATT panels as 'subsidiary' to the other 'substantive' provisions of the GATT. Since the creation of the WTO, Article X has emerged from obscurity, and is now viewed as creating obligations of 'fundamental importance,' such as transparency and due process. In addition, there has been an exponential increase in the number of cases asserting Article X claims before WTO panels and the Appellate Body. The resulting treatment of such claims by the WTO dispute settlement bodies reflects both the emerging role of the WTO as a supranational administrative body and the continuing discomfort of panels and the Appellate Body with applying good governance obligations. , Oxford University Press.


Worldwide, researchers routinely study children indirectly through adults who act as proxies for such children. The call for researchers to rather study children directly and adopt less intrusive child-friendly methodologies has become louder. The draw-and-write technique is regarded as a less intrusive child-friendly method of collecting data that can be used for this purpose. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study that sought to establish the feasibility of the draw-and-write technique in exploring the resilience of children orphaned by AIDS. This study involved a convenience sample of 23 IsiXhosa-speaking orphaned children aged from 13 to 17. The participants were in grades 6 to 10 and they resided in two child and youth care centres in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. As part of the draw-and-write technique the participants were asked to make drawings of what enabled them to cope with their lives and to write short narratives in which they explained their drawings. Inductive content analysis was used to analyse the data and this process yielded two main themes, namely: personal protective resources and socio-ecological protective resources. The findings show that complex combinations of personal and socio-ecological resilience resources enabled the resilience of the orphaned children. The findings challenge researchers not to be oblivious to alternative child-friendly methods of research such as the draw-and-write technique when young people are the unit of analysis. The findings of this study have implications for research as well as practice in the field of education and psychology.


The accurate knowledge of the neutron-induced fission cross-sections of actinides and other isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle is essential for the design of advanced nuclear systems, such as Generation-IV nuclear reactors. Such experimental data can also provide the necessary feedback for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of nuclear fission models. In the present work, the 240Pu(n,f) cross-section was measured at CERN's n TOF facility relative to the well-known 235U(n,f) cross section, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to almost MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors. This measurement was the first experiment to be performed at n TOF's new experimental area (EAR-2), which offers a significantly higher neutron flux compared to the already existing experimental area (EAR-1). Preliminary results as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, are presented.