During the 1970s, members of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) intensively debated the topic of border tax adjustments (BTAs). The debate focused on the definition of BTAs, the practices of countries in relation to BTAs (such as value added taxes, excise taxes, cascade taxes) and the potential effects of BTAs on international trade, including their impact on developing countries. Though the parties involved could not agree on all aspects being debated, they all recognised the confusing character of the concept of BTA. Forty years later, the debate is still ongoing. It has, however, taken on a new dimension with the introduction of the concept of "environmental BTAs". Interest in these new measures can be explained by the important environmental challenges facing today's world. In light of the limited international commitment to dealing with these challenges, environmental BTAs may appear as useful in complementing domestic environmental policies. This new dimension to BTAs has not eased the debate. After forty years of heated discussion on the concept of BTAs, a new question – probably even more complex – has arisen: "how to define environmental BTAs?" The purpose of this paper is to determine the specificities of the concept of environmental BTAs by way of comparison to the "traditional" concept of BTAs. Hence, this paper does not, contrary to what is often done in literature on the subject, focus on the question of the compatibility of environmental BTAs with the rules of the GATT/WTO. The objective is rather to highlight the distinguishing features of environmental BTAs. First, this paper recalls the scope of the debate on environmental BTAs and presents its main controversies. Second, it reviews the different concepts that have been used to describe the legal phenomenon of environmental BTAs. Finally, the third part identifies the specificities of the measures that are usually referred to as "environmental BTAs", pointing out the differences between these measures and the traditional concept of BTAs.


The wireless technology of today provides combat systems with the potential to communicate mission critical data to every asset involved in the operation. In such a dynamic environment, the network must be able maintain communication by adapting to subsystems moving relative to each other. A theoretical and experimental foundation is developed that allows an autonomous ground vehicle to serve as an adaptive communication node in a larger network. The vehicle may perform other functions, but its primary role is to constantly reposition itself to maintain optimal link quality for network communication. Experimentation with existing wireless network hardware and software led to the development, implementation, and analysis of two main concepts that provided a signal optimization solution. The first attracts the communication ground vehicle to the network subsystems with weaker links using a vector summation of the signal-to-noise ratio and network subsystem position. This concept continuously generates a desired waypoint for repositioning the ground vehicle. The second concept uses a-priori GIS data to evaluate the desired vehicle waypoint determined by the vector sum. The GIS data is used primarily for evaluating the viewshed, or line-of-sight, between two network subsystems using elevation data. However, infrastructure and ground cover data are also considered in navigation planning. Both concepts prove to be powerful tools for effective autonomous repositioning for maximizing the communication link quality.


The curriculum is the whole activity designed by the school for provide various experiences to students, both inside and outside class. The curriculum is not only synonymous with subject matter, but all activities designed by schools to develop students' personal capacities as well included in the curriculum. Education is a human human process which must be developed with human needs. Human needs always developing at any time together rapidly change era.


Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. As a progressive condition, it is important to monitor how the visual field (VF) changes over time with perimetry in preventing vision from deteriorating to a stage where quality of life is affected.
However, there is little evidence of how clinical measurements correlate with meaningful quality of life landmarks for the patient or, by extension, the proportion of patients in danger of progressing to these landmarks. Further, measurement variability associated with visual fields make it difficult to monitor true change over time. The purpose of this thesis was to use large-scale clinical data (almost 500,000 VFs) to address some of these issues.

The first study attempted to relate clinical measurements of glaucoma severity to UK legal fitness to drive status. Legal fitness to drive (LFTD) was estimated using the integrated visual field as a surrogate of the Esterman test, which is the approved method by the UK DVLA of defining LFTD, while the mean deviation (MD) was used to represent defect severity. An MD of -14dB or worse in the better eye was found to be associated with a 92% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 87-95%) probability of being legally unfit to drive.

The second study used a statistical model to estimate the number of patients progressing at rates that could lead to this landmark of significant visual impairment or blindness in their predicted remaining lifetime. A significant minority of patients were progressing at rates that could lead to statutory blindness, as defined by the US Social Security Administration, in their predicted remaining lifetime (5.2% [CI: 4.5-6.0%]) with a further 10% in danger of becoming legally unfit to drive (10.4% [CI: 9.4-11.4%]). More than 90% (CI: 85.7-94.3%) of patients predicted to progress to statutory blindness had an MD worse than -6dB in at least one eye at presentation, suggesting an association between baseline VF damage and risk of future impairment.

The next section investigated whether choice of testing algorithm, SITA Standard or SITA Fast, affected the time taken to detect progression in VF follow-up. The precision of the tests was measured using linear modelling techniques and the impact of these differences was analysed using simulations. Though SITA Fast was found to be slightly less precise, no evidence was found to suggest that this resulted in progression being detected later.

The final study evaluated a validated and published risk calculator, which utilised baseline risk factors to profile risk of fast progression. A simpler model using baseline VF data was developed to have similar statistical properties for comparison(including equivalent R2 statistics). The results suggested that risk calculators with low R2 statistics had little utility for predicting future progression rate in clinical practice.

Together these results contribute a variety of novel findings and demonstrate the benefit of using large quantities of data collected from the everyday clinical milieu to extend clinical knowledge.


How do we talk about feelings to children who are cut off from feeling? How do we raise hope and a sense of safety in despairing and terrified children without offering false hope? How do we reach the unreachable child and interest the hardened child?

The Thinking Heart is a natural sequel to Live Company, Anne Alvarez' highly influential and now classic book about working with severely disturbed and damaged children. Building on 50 years experience as a child and adolescent psychotherapist, Alvarez uses detailed and vivid clinical examples of different interactions between therapist and client, and explores the reasons why one type of therapeutic understanding can work rather than another. She also addresses what happens when the therapist gets it wrong.

In The Thinking Heart, Alvarez identifies three different levels of analytic work and communication:

The explanatory level the "why - because"

The descriptive level - the "whatness" of what the child feels

The intensified vitalizing level - gaining access to feeling itself for children with chronic dissociation, despairing apathy or 'undrawn' autism.

The book offers a structured schema drawing on and updating some of her classic work. It is designed to help the therapist to find the right level of interpretation in work with clients and, provides particular help with the unreachable child. It will be of use to Psychotherapists, Psychoanalysts, Clinical and Educational Psychologists, Child Psychiatrists, Social Workers, Special needs teachers and carers of disturbed children.


To be able to research the chain of development and its causes within military doctrines you need to describe the change and categorize it to make it understandable.This essays intent is to categorize a phenomenon within the Swedish doctrine to make it available for further research about doctrinal development. The categories are found in two of the great theorists on guerrilla warfare due to the subjects' resemblance to guerrilla tactics and its means.The phenomenon that is to be researched is directly translated as "the free war" which basically means the use of irregular warfare behind the enemy lines. The description of "the free war", by whom and when it is used, are the factors that have changed during the second half of the 20th century, and have therefore been placed into different categories. Before 1982 "the free war" was planned in advance and used as a complement to the regular forces and is conducted by specially chosen or educated people. From 1982 and foreword "the free war" has been described as a last resort if you have been cut off from your own forces. In this last definition of "the free war" everyone are supposed to be able to conduct the irregular tactics used behind enemy lines. The conclusion from this essay is that there has been a change within the Swedish doctrine and is therefore a subject for further research on doctrinal development within the Swedish armed forces. In this way this paper will contribute to the debate on doctrinal development.


Cistanche deserticola (CD) has been considered as a tonic agent on reproductive function for thousands of years. The effects of CD extract on penis erectile response were investigated in present study. After castration surgery, rats were treated intragastrically with CD extract (0.45, 0.90 and 1.8 g/kg) daily for four weeks. Penis erectile response was measured and the serum hormones were assayed at the end of the experiment. It was evaluated that the erectile latency became longer and the erectile duration shorter significantly in castrated rats compared to sham operated controls. However, CD extract shortened the erectile latency and prolonged the erectile duration to minimize the negative effects of castration. At the dosage of 0.9 g/kg, CD extract regulated the serum luteinizing hormone concentration approach to normal level in castrated rats. These findings indicated that CD facilitated the penis erectile response and modulated the serum hormone level to some extent.


This paper examines the anthropology of markets and shopping practices in Mercado Pino Suárez, a traditional indoor market located in the historic center of Mazatlán, Mexico. The research objective of this anthropological fieldwork is to investigate how markets are a center for social relationships that influence shopping and consumption practices. Sociability between consumers and vendors is significant, as it represents the traditional market. The field research is a two-month-long summer project to understand why people shop at the market, with a major focus on shopping for food-related products. Interviews and participant observation, including participation as a consumer and as a volunteer vendor, support observations of social shopping practices that occur within the market. Shoppers attend the market for various reasons, such as convenience, price, and quality of produce; however, this paper will show how shoppers visit the market for the experience of socializing, which contributes to familiarity and trust from knowing vendors and their products. Shopper and vendor interactions go beyond economic reasons to create social influences in the participants' daily lives, illustrating the market's strong effect in shaping local culture.


Well-known techniques from homological algebra and alge- braic topology allow one to construct a cohomology theory for groups on which the action of a Þxed group is given. After a brief discussion on the modules to be considered as coecients, the Þrst section of this paper is devoted to providing some def- initions for this cohomology theory and then to proving that they are all equivalent. The second section is mainly dedicated to summarizing certain properties of this equivariant group cohomology and to showing several relationships with the or- dinary group cohomology theory.


ABSTRACT  Juglans nigra (black walnut) is widely distributed throughout the US eastern forest, with high concentrations occurring in Missouri and the Ohio and Tennessee River basins. It is an extremely desirable tree for wildlife forage and timber production on forest land, and for shade, aesthetics, and wildlife forage in urban areas. Current (2009–2010) estimates from US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data indicated that there were 306 million live black walnut trees in the eastern United States with a live volume totaling 112.76 million cubic meters (m3). This resource is currently threatened by the newly discovered presence of thousand cankers disease (TCD) in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. Thousand cankers disease may have been present in these areas for at least 10 years prior to discovery; however, no evidence of TCD in the forest at large was apparent in the crown condition and mortality data collected by FIA between 2000 and 2010. During this time period black walnut crown conditions were within the range of what is typically considered normal and healthy for hardwood trees and dead black walnut accounted for < 5% of the total number of black walnut trees in 82% of the counties where black walnut occurred. Lack of evidence of TCD in our study could be due to its actual absence or to an inability of the inventory and monitoring system to detect its presence.


Since March 1995 Amsterdam Water Supply has applied biological activated carbon filtration (BACF) in the treatment process of the Leiduin plant. In this plant (capacity 70 × 10 6 m 3 /y) pretreated River Rhine water is infiltrated in the dune area, west of Amsterdam, for artificial recharge. Post treatment comprises rapid sand filtration, ozonation, hardness removal, biological activated carbon filtration and slow sand filtration. At the start the carbon reactivation frequency was set at 18 months, based on removal efficiencies for AOX (adsorbable organic halogens), DOC, pesticides and micropollutants. After four years of operation of a pilot plant (10 m 3 /hour) in parallel with the full-scale plant, the remaining removal capacity and the break-through profile of the carbon filters was investigated. In contrast to the full-scale plant, no carbon reactivation was applied in the pilot plant during the operation of 4 years. Spiking experiments were carried out after ozonation, in the influent of the biological activated carbon filtration with a cocktail of different pesticides after 1.5, 3 and 4 years. Influent concentrations varied between 2 to 10 μg/l. Without carbon reactivation the filter effluent still complies with the Dutch drinking water standards and guide lines, as well as with the Amsterdam Water Supply standards: DOC is less than 2 mg/l (actually 1.2 mg/l) and AOX remains below 5 μg/l. After four years, with spiking concentrations of 2 μg/l still no pesticide break-through was observed in the two-stage biological activated carbon filtration process. It can be concluded that a running time of 3 years between two reactivations in the two stage biological active carbon filtration is achievable, without negatively affecting the finished water quality. Average DOC concentrations will increase up to 1.2 mg/l, from 1 mg/l with running times of 2 years. After four years or 100,000 bedvolumes the AOC content is equal to or lower than 10 μg/l after biological activated carbon filtration. With slow sand filtration at the end and as polishing step AOC will be less than 10 -5 μg/l. With every extension of six months duration time a saving of Euro 305,000 on reactivation costs is possible. With every 6 month extension of the running time of the carbon filters a saving of €610,000 is realised on the reactivation costs of the Leiduin treatment plant.


A customized product is a special product designed and manufactured for individual customers to meet their individual needs. Managers need to understand why customers demand and how companies supply customized products. The importance of this study is to highlight business, marketing and manufacturing strategies so as to supply customized products efficiently. It is expected from a manufacturer to successfully adopt relationship marketing, mass customization, agile manufacturing and supply chain management (SCM) strategies. This paper is prepared (1) to facilitate a basic understanding of customized products for especially scholars and executives, (2) to explain the importance of these strategies and (3) to illustrate how they might be combined for supplying customized products efficiently.


Two-dimensional periodic plasma structure of a density above 1×1010 cm-3 is produced by a 400 kHz capacitively-coupled discharge, where the discharge is operated at ~10 Pascal argon. A living electrode, which is covered with a periodically hollowed insulator, is powered from a 400 kHz power supply through an impedance matching circuit. The net power is increased up to 450 W in the present experiments. The Langmuir probe diagnosis shows the formation of the spatially periodic modulation of the plasma density, where the densities at the peak and trough in the structure are 1.8×1010 cm-3 and 1×1010 cm-3 for 180 W rf power. The density ratio at the peak and trough positions in the structure is unchanged by the rf power.


Collaborative writing is the joint production of a text by two or more writers. Despite the widespread use of collaborative writing in the world outside the second language (L2) classroom, the use of collaborative writing tasks in L2 classes, to date, seems relatively limited. The overarching aim of this article is to suggest that collaborative writing activities, if carefully designed and monitored, may form an optimal site for L2 learning. The article begins by providing a brief theoretical rationale for collaborative writing, drawing on both cognitive and sociocultural theories. It then reviews the small number of published studies that have investigated collaborative writing in different L2 contexts. This review provides empirical evidence that working jointly on producing a written text provides opportunities for language learning, but that factors such as task type, L2 proficiency, and the relationships that the learners form affect these opportunities and may also affect language-learning gains. The chapter then considers new directions in implementing collaborative writing: online collaboration via wikis. The article concludes by highlighting the factors that need to be considered in order to maximize the language-learning potentials of collaborative writing in face-to-face and online modes.


Moves towards a more flexible labor market have focused research attention on the health effects of downsizing, temporary employment, and job insecurity. Most published research documents adverse effects on health, although null findings and direct associations have been observed. There is evidence that major downsizing is associated with poor mental health, medically certified sickness absence, and poor physical health, including cardiovascular disease mortality, among the survivors of downsizing. Recent research suggests that repeated exposure to personnel expansion also predicts sickness absence and hospitalization. There is strong evidence that job insecurity adversely affects psychological health and also evidence of increases in poor self-reported physical health, workplace injuries and accidents, sickness absence, and health service use. However, evidence of a link with disease and premature death remains limited. While temporary workers are initially selected for good health, they generally have poorer mental and physical health, including increased premature mortality, in the long term.


The 1870 Cash/Burke narrative/manuscript narrated by Irish bushranger, Martin Cash, and co-authored by fellow convict, James Lester Burke, was not published in its entirety in the twelve editions after the first edition of 1870. The words in the full narrative/manuscript total 151,104. Of these, 62,501 were omitted from all post-1870 editions. This removal of text resulted in the loss of large portions of a significant document from the convict era in New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land and Norfolk Island. The narrative is told from the point of view of an illiterate Irish convict. It is established that Cash's recall of his twenty-seven years in the British penal system and Burke's scribing and co-authoring produced a narrative/manuscript which adds fresh dimensions to the historiography of time and place and also buttresses already known data. The basic dilemma was to establish a methodology which both separated and rejoined the exclusions into the full manuscript and in the process examine the origins and meanings of the omissions.
With the separation and rejoining of the text in mind, the thesis examines the Cash/Burke narrative/manuscript closely by extricating Cash's words and experiences from sometimes seemingly unconnected material inserted by Burke or others. By reinstating the missing material from the twelve editions of 1880-1981, a fuller understanding of a long-term convict's experience within the British penal system emerges. Also examined is the relationship the Cash/Burke work has with Marcus Clarke's For the Term of His Natural Life. The result is the reconstruction of the Cash/Burke narrative/manuscript as a primary source from the years 1828-1855. This reconstructed information is in addition to material gained from official records, the opinions of contemporaries, newspaper reports and the mythology of bushranger Cash. Burke's role in the production may be referred to in a number of ways as 'editor', 'biographer', 'amanuensis', 'co-author' 'scribe' or 'author'. He was all of these. For the purpose of this thesis, the term 'co-author' will be the operative definition. The result is a new examination of an overlooked Australian colonial manuscript.


An Open Community Engagement Process (OCEP) applies open source mechanics and software engineering to water science research. To operationalize OCEP, the authors conceptualize a Water Science Software Institute whose mission is to support and accelerate water science by transforming both the software and research cultures of the water science community. This article describes the OCEP open source community amplification principle as well as the authors' experiences, lessons learned, and challenges with operationalizing OCEP.


The present study analyses the research output of the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) for the period of 25 years (1993 to 2017). The study emphasizes on the various characteristics of the publications such as highly cited papers, national & international collaboration profile, Degree of Collaboration, most prolific authors, most preferred journals for communication, citation impact of the publications, most frequently used author keywords. The Web of Science, a multidisciplinary bibliographic database was used to retrieve the data for the study. The scientists of IITR preferred to publish in the foreign journals. No journal in which the research works of IITR scientists were published belonged to India. 5.73% of the total publications remained uncited. Only 0.86% of the total publications were contributed by the single authors and rest of the 99% publications were contributed by multiauthors in collaboration. The 13% of the total publications were internationally collaborated and 86% of them were domestically collaborated. The Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation were found to be the most active research areas as per the analysis of keywords of authors.


This research investigates relationships between group cognitive make‐up, co‐operative context, and the development of interpersonal trust. Results show that groups composed of individuals with similar cognitive processes are more trusting and achieve higher levels of performance than heterogeneous groups. Outlines the motivation and results of this study. Technological advancements are changing the competitive landscape in most industries. Many organizations are modifying both inter‐ and intra‐organizational structures to address the resultant competition. These modifications largely focus on increased small group co‐operation. In the execution of these changes managers frequently assume that employees will adapt to new co‐operative forms. In the adaptive process, previous research documents the importance of trust for successful co‐operation during organizational changes. Recognizes the importance of evaluating and considering two important factors prior to assigning groups to change teams: cognitive flexibility; and front loading group activities with collaborative decision processes.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of propensity of student upward influence behaviors with instructors on classroom performance. Students from a mid-sized regional comprehensive university returned completed surveys. Support for the proposed model was found and findings suggest that student self-perceived individualized consideration and passive leadership styles predict grades received for coursework from instructors. Limitations, implications for instructors and students, and directions for future research are discussed. Introduction Extant leadership literature demonstrates many aspects of downward influence from leader to follower. However, leadership can also be viewed as a process of mutual and counterinfluence between leaders and followers where followers have the potential to influence, shape, and even direct leader behavior (c.f. Bass, 1981). This so-called upward influence can be considered informal because subordinates exercising influence do not have formal authority or hierarchical power over the superior (Chacko, 1990). Just as upward influence is found in business organizations, it is also found in higher-education classroom environments. Instructors have reward power over students in terms of the grades given in a course and as such there is potential for students to influence grades received by employing any number of upward influencing tactics. Background Recent literature has focused on individual success associated with followers gaining compliance from leaders in a higher organizational level (c.f. Cable & Judge, 2003; Farmer, Maslyn, Fedor & Goodman, 1997; Kipnis & Schmidt, 1998). This concept is referred to as upward influence where followers using multiple influence tactics are able to gain favor, better relationships, and even enhanced perceptions of promotability from such behavior (Thacker & Wayne, 1995). A study by Chacko (1990) examined the effects of subordinates' use of specific upward influence-directed behaviors such as reasoning, coalition, higher authority, bargaining, friendliness, and assertiveness to influence superiors. Findings from the study suggest that reasoning and coalition were the most often used upward influence tactics and that followers use assertiveness and higher authority more often when leaders exhibit low structure initiation and individualized consideration behaviors. Maslyn, Farmer, & Fedor (1996) point out that most research on upward influence assumes that such behaviors are a single event and that follow-up actions are irrelevant. However, the opposing view that upward influence is an ongoing process is reasonable considering the process of leading and following is itself an ongoing process. Consequently, formal influencing (downward) and informal influencing (upward) together encompass the leadership relationship between leaders and followers. This ongoing process is illustrated by Maslyn et al. where findings suggest that upward influencing behaviors after a failed attempt at informal influence can be predicted with situational variables such as goal importance. In the case of college students, grade in a course is an important measure in the present study given the findings from Pollio and Beck (2000) which suggest that grades represent primary goals to students in the learning process. Leadership from the point of view of the leader has been studied in a variety of ways. Transformational and transactional leadership have generated much research including studies focusing on the emotional intelligence of transformational leaders (Barbuto & Burbach, 2006), employee cynicism (Bommer, Rich, & Rubin, 2005), and technology acceptance (Schepers, Wetzles, & Ko, 2005) to name a few. One component of transformational leadership is individualized consideration behavior. Individualized consideration is the degree to which a leader focuses on the needs of each follower and develops them to their full potential. …


In this critical overview four recent studies of computer games are discussed and compared. First, Steven L. Kent's The Ultimate History of Videogames (2001), which gives an insight into the daily practice of the video gaming industry and all that is linked to it. In Rusel DeMaria & Johnny L. Wilson's High Score! The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2004) about 200 different games are discussed in detail. This is done in chronological order but with thematic excursions supplying a treasure of (visual) information, as a result of which it has become a reference book. The other two publications are clearly of a more scientific approach, and the video game is seen to be a cultural and societal object. In Trigger Happy. The Inner Life of Videogames (2002) Steven Poole analyses the various parts of the computer game (cinematic character, storyline, graphic aspects) in an effort to determine why some games are received better than others. Lastly, James Newman's Videogames (2004) is a thorough introduction to the world of video gaming. He describes the industry and how it has developed over the past few decades into one of large studios that employ specialists.


From the 1950s through the 1970s, several liberation movements emerged in Lusophone Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the Cape Verde Islands) that fought for independence from Portugal. One of the most significant ideological frameworks that informed the political orientation of these movements was socialism. In Lusophone Africa, several liberation leaders gravitated toward the economic and political potentialities inherent in the discourses and practices of pan-Africanism and Afro-socialism. The liberation movements in Lusophone Africa that most identified with a socialist paradigm were the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA of Angola); Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO of Mozambique); Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC of Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde Islands); and Comité de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe (CLSTP—later, MLSTP—of São Tomé and Príncipe). These groups suffered the burden of Portuguese colonialism and actively fought for independence from colonial rule. Although several other liberation movements also emerged in the Lusophone colonies, these four movements most espoused the hallmarks of Afro-socialism to challenge Portuguese colonial rule. All four liberation movements maintained networks with international actors opposed to colonialism, as well as diplomatic connections with sympathetic socialist and communist nations. Most notable among these bases of support were the Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas (CONCP) and the governments of Tanzania, Egypt, Guinea, the People's Republic of China, East Germany, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and Cuba.


Bestselling winner of the 1986 Pulitzer Prize, "Lonesome Dove" is an American classic. First published in 1985, Larry McMurtry's epic novel combined flawless writing with a storyline and setting that gripped the popular imagination, and ultimately resulted in a series of four novels and an Emmy-winning television miniseries. Now, with an introduction by the author, "Lonesome Dove" is reprinted in an S&S Classic Edition. "Lonesome Dove, " by Larry McMurtry, the author of "Terms of Endearment, " is his long-awaited masterpiece, the major novel at last of the American West as it really was. A love story, an adventure, an American epic, "Lonesome Dove" embraces "all" the West -- legend and fact, heroes and outlaws, whores and ladies, Indians and settiers -- in a novel that recreates the central American experience, the most enduring of our national myths. Set in the late nineteenth century, "Lonesome Dove" is the story of a cattle drive from Texas to Montana -- and much more. It is a drive that represents for everybody involved not only a daring, even a foolhardy, adventure, but a part of the American Dream -- the attempt to carve out of the last remaining wilderness a new life. Augustus McCrae and W. F. Call are former Texas Rangers, partners and friends who have shared hardship and danger together without ever quite understanding (or wanting to understand) each other's deepest emotions. Gus is the romantic, a reluctant rancher who has a way with women and the sense to leave well enough alone. Call is a driven, demanding man, a natural authority figure with no patience for weaknesses, and not many of his own. He is obsessed with the dream of creating his own empire, and with the need to conceal a secret sorrow of his own. The two men could hardly be more different, but both are tough, redoubtable fighters who have learned to count on each other, if nothing else. Call's dream not only drags Gus along in its wake, but draws in a vast cast of characters: -- Lorena, the whore with the proverbial heart of gold, whom Gus (and almost everyone else) loves, and who survives one of the most terrifying experiences any woman could have... -- Elmira, the restless, reluctant wife of a small-time Arkansas sheriff, who runs away from the security of marriage to become part of the great Western adventure... -- Blue Duck, the sinister Indian renegade, one of the most frightening villains in American fiction, whose steely capacity for cruelty affects the lives of everyone in the book... -- Newt, the young cowboy for whom the long and dangerous journey from Texas to Montana is in fact a search for his own identity... -- Jake, the dashing, womanizing exRanger, a comrade-in-arms of Gus and Call, whose weakness leads him to an unexpected fate... -- July Johnson, husband of Elmira, whose love for her draws him out of his secure life into the wilderness, and turns him into a kind of hero... "Lonesome Dove" sweeps from the Rio Grande (where Gus and Call acquire the cattle for their long drive by raiding the Mexicans) to the Montana highlands (where they find themselves besieged by the last, defiant remnants of an older West). It is an epic of love, heroism, loyalty, honor, and betrayal -- faultlessly written, unfailingly dramatic. "Lonesome Dove" is the novel about the West that American literature -- and the American reader -- has long been waiting for.


In the late 1990s, political analyst and linguist George Lakoff proposed an intriguing new way to understand what separates liberals from conservatives in American politics. His theory was based on the premise that there are two opposing frames through which Americans view politics, and that parenting values determine which frame one chooses. Those who adhere to the strict father model hold conservative beliefs on a wide range of issues, while nurturant parents are more liberal. Lakoff's writings have since become widespread and his parenting theory has convinced many political strategists and activists, despite the fact that his hypotheses lacked empirical evidence. This study used survey data to test the impact of parenting values on a wide range of controversial policies. It finds strong support for the hypotheses that strict fathers tend to prefer stronger security measures and support traditional social norms, while nurturant parents are more liberal on these issues. However, parenting style proved to be a poor indicator of political attitudes on the government's role in the economy. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/ respublica/vol19/iss1/12


We have shown previously that the Ca2+-specific fluorescent dyes chlortetracycline (CTC) and indo-1/AM can be used to distinguish between prestalk and prespore cells in Dictyostelium discoideum at a very early stage. In the present study, pre- and post-aggregative amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were labelled with CTC or indo-1 and their fluorescence monitored after being drawn into a fine glass capillary. The cells rapidly form two zones of
Ca2+-CTC or Ca2+-indo-1 fluorescence. Anterior (air side) cells display a high level of fluorescence; the level drops in the middle portion of the capillary and rises again to a lesser extent in the posteriormost cells (oil side). When bounded by air on both sides, the cells display high
fluorescence at both ends. When oil is present at both ends of the capillary, there is little fluorescence except for small regions at the ends. These outcomes are evident within a couple of minutes of the start of the experiment and the fluorescence pattern intensifies over the course of
time. By using the indicator neutral red, as well as with CTC and indo-1, we show that a band displaying strong fluorescence moves away from the anterior end before stabilizing at the anterior-posterior boundary. We discuss our findings in relation to the role of Ca2+ in cell-type
differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum.


Interconnected smart vehicles offer a range of sophisticated services that benefit the vehicle owners, transport authorities, car manufacturers, and other service providers. This potentially exposes smart vehicles to a range of security and privacy threats such as location tracking or remote hijacking of the vehicle. In this article, we argue that blockchain (BC), a disruptive technology that has found many applications from cryptocurrencies to smart contracts, is a potential solution to these challenges. We propose a BC-based architecture to protect the privacy of users and to increase the security of the vehicular ecosystem. Wireless remote software updates and other emerging services such as dynamic vehicle insurance fees are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed security architecture. We also qualitatively argue the resilience of the architecture against common security attacks.


In this brief, the authors suggest five areas for action to put rural India on a higher growth trajectory that would cut hunger, malnutrition, and unemployment at a much faster pace than has been the case so far. The five areas for action are interlinked and would best work if pursued in conjunction. The authors emphasize investments with a human face that include and reach out to the rural poor and a reorientation of subsidies toward such investments: 1. India should increase investments in rural infrastructure including transport and information technology that connects villages) and agricultural RD help strengthen the human resource base through education, nutrition, and empowerment of women; and build physical infrastructure. 3. Water is going to be increasingly scarce. Investing large sums in new mega-irrigation schemes may not be the best course of action, but it is important to complete those in which a lot of money has already been invested. 4. India must liberalize its marketing and trade policies to encourage vertical coordination between farms, firms, and forks (supermarkets); facilitate increased flow of rural credit, especially to smallholders, through, say, nonbanking financial intermediaries; and withdraw any special concessions in support of foodgrain policies. 5. Trade liberalization in agriculture has the potential to bring rich dividends to developing countries, including India. To realize this potential, India must work toward establishing and strengthening a rules-based multilateral trading system through WTO negotiations. from Text


This paper explores the use of a bio-inspired control algorithm, termed "local pursuit", as a numerical tool for computing optimal control-trajectory pairs in settings where analytical solutions are difficult to obtain. Inspired by the foraging activities of ant colonies, local pursuit has been the focus of recent work on cooperative optimization. It allows a group of agents to solve a broad class of optimal control problems (including fixed final time, partially-constrained final state problems) and affords certain benefits with respect to the amount of information (description of the environment, coordinate systems, etc.) required to solve the problem. Here, we present a numerical optimization method that combines local pursuit with the well-known technique of multiple shooting, and compare the computational efficiency and capabilities of the two approaches. The proposed method method can overcome some important limitations of multiple shooting by solving an optimal control problem "in small pieces". Specifically, the use of local pursuit increases the size of the problem that can be handled under a fixed set of computational resources. Furthermore, local pursuit can be effective in some situations where multiple shooting leads to an ill- conditioned nonlinear programming problem. The trade-off is an increase in computation time. We compare our pursuit-based method with direct multiple shooting using an example that involves optimal orbit transfer of a simple satellite.


More than 98 percent of the Brazilian population descend from people who arrived in the country, willingly or forced, during the last five centuries. French and Dutch Calvinists established colonies during the 1500s and 1600s. The Portuguese, including Jewish conversos, expelled these imperial rivals and, unlike in Portuguese India, managed to forge the Luso-Brazilian culture to which later arrivals would eventually assimilate. Close to four-tenths of the eleven million slaves trafficked across the Atlantic landed in Brazil, giving the country the largest Afro-descendant population in the world outside Nigeria. The large numbers, the traffic's long temporal span, and the country's close connection to Portuguese Africa infused Brazil with distinctively intense and varied African ethnic cultures that shaped both the slaves' strategies of adaptation and resistance and the national ethos. Brazil also received over five million immigrants after its independence in 1822, most of them between the 1880s and the 1920s. Latin Europe accounted for four-fifths of the arrivals (1.8 million Portuguese, 1.5 million Italians, and 700,000 Spaniards). Others came from elsewhere in Europe and beyond, giving Brazil the largest population of Japanese descendants in the world outside Japan, the largest of Lebanese descendants outside Lebanon, and the second largest of German descendants outside Germany (after the United States). This engendered a strikingly multicultural society. Yet over a few generations, Brazil absorbed these new populations in a manner that resembles the experience of the rest of the New World. Economically, immigrants turned southern Brazil from a colonial backwater into the richest region of the country, but, in the process, they also brought racially embedded regional inequalities to the forefront.


As a teacher educator you are (or were) identified as a credible practitioner in your given community of practice. As an early career teacher educator, there is an assumption that the transition from your successful previous position, in a related community of practice, to that of an academic teacher educator will occur through a process of osmosis or instinctive learning in situ.

Handbook for Teacher Educators contains chapters written by experienced international teacher educators who draw on their experience and expertise to help early career teacher educators prepare for some of the demands, challenges and rewards. The chapters discuss some of the habits intrinsic to the profession and provide an insight into procedures and practices that are compatible with core professional expectations and professional values. In essence, if you are an early career teacher educator, what is useful to know in order to develop an identity as a knowledgeable skilled teacher educator?


Plants have a strong influence on climate by controlling the transfer of carbon dioxide and water between the biosphere and atmosphere during the processes of photosynthesis and transpiration. Chronic exposure to surface ozone (O 3 ) differentially affects photosynthesis and transpiration because it damages stomatal conductance, the common link that controls both processes, in addition to the leaf biochemistry that only affects photosynthesis. Because of the integral role of O 3 in altering plant interactions with the atmosphere, there is a strong motivation to incorporate the influence of O 3 into regional and global models. However, there are currently no analyses documenting both photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to O 3 exposure through time using a standardized O 3 parameter that can be easily incorporated into models. Therefore, models often rely on photosynthesis data derived from the responses of one or a few plant species that exhibit strong negative correlations with O 3 exposure to drive both rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, neglecting potential divergence between the two fluxes. Using data from the peer-reviewed literature, we have compiled photosynthetic and stomatal responses to chronic O 3 exposure for all plant types with data available in the peer-reviewed literature as a standardized function of cumulative uptake of O 3 (CUO), which integrates O 3 flux into leaves through time. These data suggest that stomatal conductance decreases ~11% after chronic O 3 exposure, while photosynthesis independently decreases ~21%. Despite the overall decrease in both variables, high variance masked any correlations between the decline in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance with increases in CUO. Though correlations with CUO are not easily generalized, existing correlations demonstrate that photosynthesis tends to be weakly but negatively correlated with CUO while stomatal conductance is more often positively correlated with CUO. Results suggest that large-scale models using data with strong negative correlations that only affect photosynthesis need to reconsider the generality of their response. Data from this analysis are now available to the scientific community and can be incorporated into global models to improve estimates of photosynthesis, global land-carbon sinks, hydrology, and indirect radiative forcing that are influenced by chronic O 3 exposure.


Metaphor is an important tool for describing musical structure and interpretation. Recent research suggests that metaphor goes beyond a linguistic device; we use conceptual metaphor frameworks and cross-domain mapping based upon our embodied experiences to understand our world around us. I review the linguistic origins of metaphor theory and show how the purview of metaphor theory has recently extended into cognitive domains through a case study, primarily using the work of metaphor scholar Zoltán Kövecses. I then review how two prominent music theorists—Michael Spitzer and Lawrence Zbikowski—have developed current theories of metaphor to refine their approach to music analysis. These sources provide an effective backdrop into my case study of isomorphic conceptual underpinnings of metaphors used in two prominent analytical essays in music theory, Donald F. Tovey's, "Tonality" and David Lewin's "Music Theory, Phenomenology, and Modes of Perception." Finally I utilize conceptual metaphor and cross-domain mapping to support my analysis of the tonal role of C♯/D in Beethoven String Quartet No. 7 in F Major, op. 59, no. 1, first movement, and hexatonic cycles in Schubert Piano Trio in E Major, D. 929, first movement. My analyses aim to elucidate the isomorphic aspects of evocative and useful metaphors in music analysis that help us engage with music in a deeper, nuanced manner.


Objective— VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor-A) signaling to the endothelial cell (EC) through VEGFR2 (VEGF receptor-2) is the principal cue driving new blood vessel formation. FGD5 (faciogenital dysplasia-5)—a Rho-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor—is selectively expressed in EC. Deficiency of FGD5 is embryonically lethal in mice and perturbs angiogenesis and VEGF signal transduction. However, the mechanism of FGD5 regulation of VEGF signaling is poorly understood. Approach and Results— Angiogenic sprouting and EC cytoskeletal remodeling were evaluated in a 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro model. We examined the subcellular localization of FGD5 and VEGFR2 in EC by immunofluorescent staining and studied the association by immunoprecipitation. FGD5 deficiency reduced the number of angiogenic sprouts and tip cell filopodia by ≈80% and ≈70%, respectively. These defects were accompanied by downregulation of the expression of tip cell-specific markers. FGD5 inactivation led to a decrease in EC migration and early protrusion (lamellipodia) formation. In resting and VEGF-stimulated EC, FGD5 forms a complex with VEGFR2 and was enriched at the leading edge of the cell and among endosomes. FGD5 loss reduced mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2)/Akt-dependent cortactin activation downstream of VEGFR2 but did not alter VEGFR2 plasma membrane expression, Y1175 phosphorylation, or endocytosis. However, FGD5 loss decreased endosomal VEGFR2 coupling to phosphoinositide-3 kinase and diverted VEGFR2 to lysosomal degradation. Conclusions— FGD5 regulates VEGFR2 retention in recycling endosomes and coupling to PI3 (phosphoinositide-3) kinase/mTORC2-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling.


PURPOSE
This paper explores the importance of family daily routines and rituals for the family's functioning and sense of identity.

METHODS
The findings of this paper are derived from an analysis of the morning routines of 40 families with children with disabilities in the United States and Canada. The participants lived in urban and rural areas. Forty of the 49 participants were mothers and the majority of the families were of European descent. Between one and four interviews were conducted with each participant. Topics included the family's story, daily routines, and particular occupations. Data on the morning routines of the families were analyzed for order and affective and symbolic meaning using a narrative approach.

FINDINGS
The findings are presented as narratives of morning activities in five families. These narratives are examples for rituals, routines, and the absence of a routine. Rituals are discussed in terms of their affective and symbolic qualities, routines are discussed in terms of the order they give to family life, whereas the lack of family routine is discussed in terms of lack of order in the family.

CONCLUSIONS
Family routines and rituals are organizational and meaning systems that may affect family's ability to adapt them.


The successful launch of the Swedish microsatel- lite Astrid-2 in December 1998 began a new era of auroral research, with advanced microprobes of 30 kg or less used as research tools. Innovative technologies and low-mass so- lutions were used for the sensors and deployment systems to allow a fairly complete set of scientific instruments within the 10 kg allocated for the scientific payload. A newly devel- oped wire boom deployment system proved to function ex- cellently. During its seven month lifetime Astrid-2 collected more than 26 Gbytes of high-quality data of auroral electric and magnetic fields, and auroral particle and plasma charac- teristics from approximately 3000 orbits at an inclination of 83 and an altitude of about 1000 km. Scientific results cover a broad range of topics, from the physics of energization of auroral particles to how the magnetosphere responds to the energy input from the solar wind and global magnetic field modelling. The fulfilment of both the technological and the scientific mission objectives has opened entirely new possi- bilities to carry out low-budget multipoint measurements in near-Earth space.


The use of nature scenes in photographs, digital media and colours for stress reduction
has increased in recent years. However, there are few studies of the effects of such
initiatives. This study began with the researcher's observation that whilst the practice of
meditation could reduce stress and increase relaxation, many people who could benefit
from it were unwilling to carry it out. They may however be willing to gain some of the
benefits of meditation by engaging in other ways.
The research started with a developmental investigation into the effects of three
different media - photographs, coloured light and film - on participants in the UK. A
large number of nature photographs and video footage was created and collected for this
study. The selection of the nature scenes for the tests on participants, and the inclusion
of coloured lights, was based on the researcher's own experience and knowledge in the
fields of visual art, meditation and alternative therapy practice, notably Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM).
These UK investigations were used as developmental studies to refine the methodology
for China, where the research for this thesis was carried out. In China, collaboration with
two different hospitals in three locations was established, and investigations were carried
out with three different groups of participants: hospital patients, relatives of patients
(relatives who were staying in the hospital to look after the patient's living needs) and
'healthy' staff and students at associated universities. Because of the facilities provided in
China, the part of the study which looked at the effects of photographs was dropped.
Collaborations were formed with film makers and with hospitals to achieve the
maximum research benefits. Whilst slight changes were made during the data collection
phase to suit the participants and the differing environments offered by the hospitals,
every attempt was made to keep the tests similar to one another. Quantitative data on
pulse rate and blood pressure changes, along with participants' post-test ratings of their
relaxation levels were collected, as was qualitative information from participants
consisting of their own descriptive words, phrases and comments.
The process was designed to avoid any research method that might negatively affect
participants, and to achieve maximum similarity of methods and fieldwork environments
for the different groups of participants. This was so that the numbers of participants in
each group in the different hospitals could be added together, thus creating three large
groups overall, and the data from the three different groups compared.
The tent structure (which was used for the coloured lights and created to provide an
immediate therapeutic environment), the analytical method used and the 'key elements'
diagram which describes the results of the qualitative data relating to nature films, were
new developments which emerged during the study.
The major quantitative and qualitative results, both positive and negative, are reported.
Comparisons are made which show how the three different groups in China were impacted
by experiencing the coloured lights and watching the films. The different impacts of the
coloured lights and the films are also compared. A memory stick is included with the
thesis which contains all the still and moving images used, as well as photographs of the
tent structure and of some of the hospital environments encountered in China. The thesis
concludes with a summary and discussion based on the findings. This argues that
coloured lights and visual imagery of nature scenes both had a positive effect on
participants, and that this effect could be understood as similar to some of the beneficial
effects of meditation. The conclusion also discusses some of the other findings in more
detail.


Background: The majority of HIV-infected children in resource-limited countries are not aware of their HIV status because of the various reasons responsible for the delay in seeking HIV testing for children. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and barriers to testing and disclosing the HIV status of children aged between 5 and 18 years. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 405 caregivers of HIV perinatally infected children receiving anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in primary health care facilities in a rural district of Mpumalanga province in South Africa. Results: The prevalence of disclosure was 27%, and disclosure was done to promote adherence (26%) or because it was the child's right to know his/her status (43%). Children's age was significantly associated with disclosure (AOR = 2.81, p < 0.000, CI 1.64–4.81). Concerns that children were too young and would not understand the implications of HIV diagnosis (74.5%) or would not keep the diagnosis secret (7%) were reasons for non-disclosure. Over half of the caregivers intended to disclose status when the child was aged between 12 and 15 years. In response to children's questions about medication, caregivers substituted HIV with other less stigmatising conditions (32%). Conclusion: The prevalence of disclosure was low and delayed till the child was above 10 years of age. The main barrier to disclosure was fear of stigma, or fears of the child telling others about their HIV status with consequences of stigma. The need for guidelines to provide caregivers with disclosure skills, to overcome the barriers that prevent disclosure, is crucial.


One approach recently proposed in order to improve the forecast of weather events, such as cyclogenesis, is to increase the number of observations in areas depending on the flow configuration. These areas are obtained using, for example, the sensitivity to initial conditions of a selected predicted cyclone. An alternative or complementary way is proposed here. The idea is to employ such an adjoint sensitivity field as a local structure function within variational data assimilation, 3D-Var in this instance. Away from the sensitive area, observation increments project on the initial fields with the usual climatological (or weakly flow-dependent, in the case of 4D-Var) structure functions. Within the sensitive area, the gradient fields are projected using all the available data in the zone, conventional or extra, if any. The formulation of the technique is given and the approach is further explained by using a simple 1D scheme. The technique is implemented in the ARPEGE/IFS code and applied to 11 FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment) cyclone cases, together with the targeted observations performed at the time of the campaign. The new approach is shown to allow for the desired stronger impact of the available observations and to systematically improve the forecasts of the FASTEX cyclones, unlike the standard 3D-Var.


Important aspects of South Africa's flagship health legislation, the National Health Act, conflict with legally binding commitments the former apartheid regime negotiated under the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services. This trade treaty conflict threatens to undermine the legislation and, if left unresolved, would make meeting the health needs of the majority of the population more difficult. South Africa has several options for resolving this conflict in favour of its health policy imperatives, but each entails risk. South Africa's dilemma should serve as a worldwide warning that health policy-makers, governments and citizens need to be far more attentive to international treaties governing services and ongoing negotiations to expand them. Hopefully, this increased awareness will spur action to ensure that South African health policy initiatives can proceed without World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Trade in Services interference.


In farming operations, one of the fundamental issues facing farmer is the cost of running the farm. If the equipment the farmer is using can be made more efficient, the cost of farming will be reduced. One way of making agricultural equipment more efficient is to develop automated or autonomous functions for the equipment. One of the fundamental tasks for autonomous equipment is to plan the path for the equipment to travel. This paper reports the research on the feasibility of creating an automated method of path planning for autonomous agricultural equipment. Genetic algorithms were chosen to plan the paths with a primary goal of creating an optimal path guiding the equipment to completely cover a field while avoiding all known obstacles. Two example fields were designed for evaluating the feasibility of this concept on simple problems. While simulation results verified the feasibility of this conceptual path planning method, they also indicated that further development would be required before the algorithm could actually be implemented on agricultural equipment for real-world field applications. Keywords: Automonous equipment, genetic algorithms, off-road vehicle, path planning


We seek to quantify the impact on euro area GDP of the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) enacted in response to the financial crisis of 2008–2009. To do so, we estimate an extended version of the ECB's New Area-Wide Model with a richly specified fiscal sector. The estimation results point to the existence of important complementarities between private and government consumption and, to a lesser extent, between private and public capital. We first examine the implied present-value multipliers for seven distinct fiscal instruments and show that the estimated complementarities result in fiscal multipliers larger than one for government consumption and investment. We highlight the importance of monetary accommodation for these findings. We then show that the EERP, if implemented as initially enacted, had a sizeable, although short-lived impact on euro area GDP. Since the EERP comprised both revenue and expenditure-based fiscal stimulus measures, the total multiplier is below unity.


Abstract It is widely known that family practice osteopathic physicians actively use osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) as a part of their everyday practices, but many DOs in other specialty areas fail to use OMT at all. Physicians who use this modality often limit its use to musculoskeletal complaints. This pattern likely begins during undergraduate training at the time that OMT is taught. To warm student attitudes to OMT and provide a more integrated OMT training background, the University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine has added to the clinical curriculum a required 1-month rotation in manipulative medicine. With the rotation in place for a full academic year, it was important to determine the efficacy of the rotation curriculum. This assessment has been accomplished using a specialized protocol designed to gauge student attitudes and opinions regarding OMT, osteopathic medicine, and their own OMT skills.


Variations in load bring about drifts in frequency and voltage which in turn leads to generation loss owing to the line tripping and also blackouts. These drifts might be reduced to the smallest possible value by automatic generation control (AGC) which constitutes of two sections viz load frequency control (LFC) along with automatic voltage regulation (AVR). Here simulation evaluation is done to know the working of LFC by building models in SIMULINK which helps us to comprehend the principle behind LFC including the challenges. The three area system is also being taken into consideration together with single area in addition to two area systems. Several important parameters of ALFC like integral controller gains (KIi), parameters for governor speed regulation (Ri) as well as parameters for frequency bias (Bi) are being optimized by using an optimization technique that is Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) because using the general hit and trial method in the simulation has some demerits which has insisted on using BFOA for obtaining the desired values of the different parameters. Simultaneous optimization of certain parameters like KIi, Ri and Bi has been done which grants not only the best dynamic response for the system but also permits us to use quiet larger values of Ri than put into practice. This will help the industries concerning power for simpler as well as cheaper realization of the governor. The performance of BFOA is also investigated through the convergence characteristics which reveal that that the Bacteria Foraging Algorithm is relatively faster in optimization such that there is drop in the computational load and also minimum use of computer resource utilization


In this paper, we attempt to redesign the 4:2 compressors. Since its inception by Weinberger in 1981[1], this concept of compressor has been used in most digital multiplications and multi operand operation scheme. The original of 4:2 compressor has been build using the full adder unit. Hence this compressor is no improvement compare using Wallace tree or other tree structure. Early 90's some designer has modified the 4:2 compressor in order to reduce the critical path. As a result, a worse case to cross a level of 4:2 compressor is 3 XOR [4]. While in this paper, we have redesign 4:2 compressor based on modification of 4:2 compressor [2, 3, 4]. This design has been simulated using Quartus II software to verify the circuit. As a result, total transistor used in our compressor is less 4 than the modified 4:2 compressor and less 2 transistor than the original 4:2 compressor. In term of speed, the critical path of Carry Out signal is same as the original 4:2 compressor. Our compressor is 0.05% faster than modified 4:2 compressor.


Cepharanthin enhances the cytotoxicity of adriamycin by inhibiting its efflux incorporated into cancer cells. Therefore, it may also enhance accumulation of adriamycin, and then enhance toxicity by adriamycin in normal cells as well as in cancer cells. In this study, we first examined influence of cepharanthin on the accumulation of adriamycin in normal liver cells or spleen cells in vitro and in vivo. Cepharanthin lowered the accumulation of adriamycin in liver cells, in both in vitro and in vivo. In spleen cells, it enhanced adriamycin accumulation slightly in vitro, but did not affect that in vivo. Further, cepharanthin lowered the amount of adriamycin in plasma. This suggests that decreased levels of adriamycin in plasma may be one of factors in the decrease of adriamycin accumulation in liver cells. On the other hand, cepharanthin enhanced the NK 2280 accumulation used for an indicator of cell membrane potential for 60-100 minutes in liver cells, but did not change that in spleen cells. These suggest that the cell membrane potential may not affect the adriamycin accumulation in both cells since adriamycin accumulation increases with increasing accumulation of NK-2280. Moreover, no change in adriamycin efflux of liver cells was demonstrated by the treatment of cepharanthin. This indicates that the decrease in adriamycin accumulation in liver cells may not be due to the inhibition of adriamycin efflux. In conclusion, cepharanthin enhances adriamycin accumulation in cancer cells, but lowers its accumulation in normal liver cells and does not affect that in spleen cells. Therefore, cepharanthin may be useful in cancer chemotherapy.


The amalgamation of a unique spectrophotometric technique and principle concept of studying variations in pharmaceutical brands as a contrivance for simultaneous determination of the highly marketed combination of Bisoprolol fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide  is established  hereby. The commercial purpose of marketing same drugs or drug combinations by different names creates scope for such analysis. Hence an accurate, precise and sensitive Q-Absorbance ratio UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed  and validated for the  simultaneous estimation of  Bisoprolol Fumarate (BF) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in combined pharmaceutical dosage form. The analysis was performed using 0.1 N NaOH as solvent. Q-Absorbance ratio method involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at two wavelengths 274 nm (max of HCT) and 238.4 nm (iso-absorptive point). Calibration curves were linear in range of 8-96 μg/mL (r2=0.999, 0.999) and 4-48 μg/mL (r2= 0.998, 0.999) for BF and HCT respectively. The method was found to be rapid, economical and rugged as indicated by low values of percent RSD, can successfully be applied for the routine analysis of BF and HCT in bulk and combined pharmaceutical dosage form.


Extensive research has been conducted since 11 September 2001 to develop and evaluate evidence-based treatments for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in active duty United States military personnel treated in the combat theater and in garrison. This chapter reviews the results of 20 PTSD clinical trials funded by the United States Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs on the treatment of combat-related PTSD. All of the studies were conducted under the leadership and management of two research consortia: the South Texas Research Organizational Network Guiding Studies on Trauma and Resilience (STRONG STAR) Consortium and the Consortium to Alleviate PTSD.


A consumer panel of 1,500 participants, theoretically representative of all U.S. households, were surveyed during one full year (February 1969 to January 1970) to obtain a complete record of fish purchases. This report summarizes the purchase patterns for fresh and frozen fish and shellfish. The more distinct differences in purchases among households are due to race, religion, region, and age of the head of the household. On a per capita basis, Negro households purchased well over twice the amount of fresh and frozen seafoods as white households, while Jewish households used about twice the amount as Catholic and Protestant households. Most of these products were found to be rather localized in usage, although a few-- notably shrimp--retained a national market. In households where the age of the household head was over 45 years, purchases of fresh and frozen products were distinctly greater than in those with younger household heads. Purchases of fish meals in restaurants were definitely srelated to income level, in addition to the above factors.


IPsec can secure the links of a multihop network to protect
communication between trusted components, e.g., for a secure virtual
network (VN), overlay, or virtual private network (VPN). Virtual links
established by IPsec tunnel mode can conflict with routing and
forwarding inside VNs because IP routing depends on references to
interfaces and next-hop IP addresses. The IPsec tunnel mode
specification is ambiguous on this issue, so even compliant
implementations cannot be trusted to avoid conflicts. An alternative
to tunnel mode uses non-IPsec IPIP encapsulation together with IPsec
transport mode, which we call IIPtran. IPIP encapsulation occurs as a
separate initial step, as the result of a forwarding lookup of the VN
packet. IPsec transport mode processes the resulting (tunneled) IP
packet with an SA determined through a security association database
(SAD) match on the tunnel header. IIPtran supports dynamic routing
inside the VN without changes to the current IPsec architecture.
IIPtran demonstrates how to configure any compliant IPsec
implementation to avoid the aforementioned conflicts. IIPtran is also
compared to several alternative mechanisms for VN routing and their
respective impact on IPsec, routing, policy enforcement, and
interactions with the Internet Key Exchange (IKE). This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


This paper shows that a pro-competitive shock leading to a steep price drop in one market segment may benefit substitute products. Consumers move away from the cheaper product and demand for the substitutes increases, possibly leading to a drop in consumer surplus. The channel leading to this outcome is non-price competition: the competitive shock on thefirst set of products decreases the firms' ability to invest in promotion, which cripples their ability to lure consumers. To assess the empirical relevance of these findings, we study the effects of generic entry into the pharmaceutical industry by exploiting a large product-level dataset for the US covering the period 1994Q1 to 2003Q4. We find strong empirical support for the model's theoretical predictions. Our estimates rationalize a surprising finding, namely that a molecule that loses patent protection (the originator drug plus its generic competitors) typically experiences a drop in the quantity market share-despite being sold at a fraction of the original price.


The objective of this article is to present a panorama of the way in which journalistic coverage of science and technological themes is being carried out in Latin America, having as a case study seven newspapers of significant impact in the region. We analyzed all stories published by the science section during all the month of April 2004, in the following newspapers: La Nación, Argentina; El Mercurio, Chile; Mural, Mexico; El Comercio, Ecuador; O Globo, Folha de S. Paulo and Jornal do Commercio/Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 482 texts were collected. The methodology joins quantitative and qualitative analysis. There are very few studies on science journalism in Latin America and even fewer that seek to explore a comparison among countries. We believe that studies such as ours can provide subsidies to stimulate the improvement of journalistic coverage of scientific and technological issues.


A natural language based system has been used to author and mark short-answer free-text assessment tasks. Students attempt the questions online and are given tailored and relatively detailed feedback on incorrect and incomplete responses, and have the opportunity to repeat the task immediately so as to learn from the feedback provided. The answer matching has been developed in the light of student responses to the questions. A small number of the questions are now in low-stakes summative use, alongside other e-assessment tasks and tutor-marked assignments, to give students instantaneous feedback on constructed response items, to help them to monitor their progress and to encourage dialogue with their tutor. The answer matching has been demonstrated to be of similar or greater accuracy than specialist human markers. Students have been observed attempting the questions and have been seen to respond in differing ways to both the questions themselves and the feedback provided. We discuss features of appropriate items for assessment of this type.


Journalists, politicians, jurists, and legal academics often describe the privacy problem created by the collection and use of personal information through computer databases and the Internet with the metaphor of Big Brother - the totalitarian government portrayed in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Professor Solove argues that this is the wrong metaphor. The Big Brother metaphor as well as much of the law that protects privacy emerges from a longstanding paradigm for conceptualizing privacy problems. Under this paradigm, privacy is invaded by uncovering one's hidden world, by surveillance, and by the disclosure of concealed information. The harm caused by such invasions consists of inhibition, self-censorship, embarrassment, and damage to one's reputation. Privacy law has developed with this paradigm in mind, and consequently, it has failed to adapt to grapple effectively with the database problem. Professor Solove argues that the Big Brother metaphor merely reinforces this paradigm and that the problem is better captured by Franz Kafka's The Trial. Understood with the Kafka metaphor, the problem is the powerlessness, vulnerability, and dehumanization created by the assembly of dossiers of personal information where individuals lack any meaningful form of participation in the collection and use of their information. Professor Solove illustrates that conceptualizing the problem with the Kafka metaphor has profound implications for the law of information privacy as well as which legal approaches are taken to solve the problem.


Models used to guide policy, as well as some empirical studies, suggest that the effect of housing wealth on consumption is large and greater than the wealth effect on consumption from stock holdings. Recent theoretical work, in contrast, argues that changes in housing wealth are offset by changes in housing consumption, meaning that unexpected shocks in housing wealth should have little effect on non-housing consumption. We reexamine the impact of housing wealth on non-housing consumption, employing the Case-Quigley-Shiller data on U.S. housing wealth that have been used in prior studies to estimate a large housing wealth effect. Existing empirical work fails to control for the fact that changes in housing wealth may be correlated with changes in expected permanent income, biasing the resulting estimates. Once we control for the endogeneity bias resulting from the correlation between housing wealth and permanent income, we find that housing wealth has a small and insignificant effect on consumption. Additional analysis of time-series results provides further support for that view.


ABSTRACT Research question: How does athlete brand image (ABI) affect psychological commitment (PC) when operationalised at the dimension- (attribute-) level, and measured using reflective indicators? Previous studies operationalise ABI at a higher-order construct level, and/or measure ABI using formative measures. Such operationalisations obscure potentially different relationships between ABI's image attributes and PC. Research methods: A questionnaire was used to collect data from 197 UK respondents over a six-day period within two weeks of the Rio 2016 Olympics concluding. Data were analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM) and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) techniques. Results and findings: Through SEM, the ABI attributes, athletic expertise, life story, role model, and competition style are positively related to PC, sportsmanship and symbol are negatively related, and rivalry, physical attractiveness, body fit, and relationship effort are nonsignificantly related. Many structural paths between ABI's attributes and PC are also significantly different. Through fsQCA, high PC exists under three complex ABI attribute configurations, while it is absent under four complex configurations. Implications: Theoretically, finding different relationships between ABI's attributes and PC highlights why operationalising ABI at the dimension-level provides a more in-depth understanding of athlete brand image's effects on PC. Managerially, the findings suggest athletes need only a subset of ABI attributes for high PC. Subsequently, managers can more-efficiently and effectively direct resources towards those attributes that best-capitalise on athletes' images.


Using water supply as a model for a wider range of infrastructure services, the effect of a negative exponential density gradient on distribution costs is investigated for four monocentric urban development scenarios: (a) Densification; (b) Dispersion; (c) Suburbanisation; and (d) Constant density. It is shown that economies of scale in production can be outweighed by diseconomies in distribution in cases (b) and (c), suggesting that the agglomeration benefits of infrastructure cannot be taken for granted. They depend as much on the effect of density on distribution costs as the effect of size on production costs.


Brown heartwood rot is commonly found in mature lemon groves in southwestern Arizona. Two basidiomycete fungi, Antrodia sinuosa and Coniophora eremophila, have been isolated from symptomatic trees. Similarities between the two pathogens include the following: each fungus grows optimally at 30 to 35°C, neither organism produces a fleshy fruiting body, they colonize lemon trees primarily through branch fractures and other non-pruning wounds, and both cause a brown wood rot in infected trees. A major difference between the two pathogens is that Antrodia forms spore-producing fruiting bodies on infected wood within lemon groves, whereas fruiting on lemon wood infected by Coniophora has not been observed. The rate of wood decay in lemon branches inoculated with Antrodia is at least three times greater than that caused by Coniophora. Wood decay columns produced by either fungus from late spring to early autumn were at least three times larger than those that developed from late autumn to early spring. When inoculated with either pathogen, the length of wood decay columns on branches 10 mm in diameter was numerically smaller than those on branches 20 and 40 mm in diameter. Wood decay on Lisbon lemon branches inoculated with either Antrodia or Coniophora was significantly greater than that on Marsh grapefruit, Orlando tangelo, and Valencia orange. Treatment of lemon branch inoculation sites with azoxystrobin or propiconazole at 20 g of active ingredient per liter of solution reduced the resultant length of wood decay columns by 61 and 77%, respectively, for Antrodia, and 92 and 85%, respectively, for Coniophora. When selected desert plants were inoculated, Antrodia produced wood decay columns on Palo Verde, salt cedar, greasewood, and mesquite branches that were much shorter than those recorded on Lisbon lemon branches. On the other hand, Coniophora produced longer wood decay columns on salt cedar and mesquite than on Lisbon lemon, whereas wood rot on lemon was greater than that on Palo Verde and greasewood. Current disease management strategies include minimizing branch fractures and other non-pruning wounds, and periodic inspection of trees and removal of infected branches, including physical removal of all wood infected with Antrodia from the grove site.


Smoking cigarettes is harmful to the cardiovascular system. Considerable attention has been paid to the reduced harm potential of alternative nicotine-containing inhalable products such as e-cigarettes. We investigated the effects of E-vapor aerosols or cigarette smoke (CS) on atherosclerosis progression, cardiovascular function, and molecular changes in the heart and aorta of female ApoE-/- mice. The mice were exposed to aerosols from three different E-vapor formulations: (1) carrier (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerol), (2) base (carrier and nicotine) or (3) test (base and flavor) or to CS from 3R4F reference cigarettes for up to 6 months. Concentrations of CS and base or test aerosols were matched at 35 µg nicotine/L. Exposure to CS, compared with sham-exposed fresh air controls, accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, while no such effect was seen for any of the three E-vapor aerosols. Molecular changes indicated disease mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inflammation in general, plus changes in calcium regulation, and altered cytoskeletal organization and microtubule dynamics in the left ventricle. While ejection fraction, fractional shortening, cardiac output, and isovolumic contraction time remained unchanged following E-vapor aerosols exposure, the nicotine-containing base and test aerosols caused an increase in isovolumic relaxation time similar to CS. A nicotine-related increase in pulse wave velocity and arterial stiffness was also observed, but it was significantly lower for base and test aerosols than for CS. These results demonstrate that in comparison with CS, E-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses associated with smoking-related cardiovascular diseases.


The author focuses on a Christian broadcaster in Parakou, northern Benin, and analyses its main production structures, its programming, and the actors and their motives involved. It demonstrates how religious media, themselves an assemblage of institutions, actors, significations and infrastructures, participate in consituting the religious domain. Religious culture in Parakou and, more generally, in Benin is not dictated by religious authorities alone: it is made by pastors, lay presenters and their listeners – especially when they participate in interactive radio shows, or join a listeners' club. Both producers and listeners find new avenues to live their faith. Radio producers and their listeners occupy new spaces to live their faith and gain new media experiences to valorise their skills and knowledge, as well as to experience themselves as part of a larger religious community.


Societies often create smaller subsets or communities that connect with one another for commerce and intellectual exchange over mutual interests. In science and engineering, the need for communication among researchers is often hampered by artificial barriers of university politics, economic market forces, and the sheer momentum of an academic reward structure that values individual discovery over joint development. Recent initiatives have attempted to reduce some of these barriers, encouraging collaborative multidisciplinary research programs. Through this effort, we have studied the processes that lead to the successful foundation of new communities.


The role of law in social change has been a subject of many academic debates. However, not much attention has been given to the contradictory ways in which activists for social change justify or criticize the use of law. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 25 social justice activists, I analyze the ways in which activists evaluate the role of law in social change. I find that activists invoke three distinct schemas of evaluation: instrumental, political, and cultural. The instrumental schema emphasizes change in the allocation of concrete resources; the political schema views change as the empowerment of marginalized communities; and the cultural schema emphasizes the transformation of assumptions that are shared by all members of society. Each schema provides activists with a particular order of justification that enables them to justify or to criticize the role of law in social change. While the multiplicity of schemas sustains the commonsense notion of law as a means for social change, it also accounts for possible changes in this notion. Introduction Does law matter for progressive social change? Can social movements use legal tactics to promote social justice? These questions have been of great concern for sociolegal scholars in the past decades. Some studies of the effects of law on social change have tended toward a critical view of law, arguing that legal tactics are usually futile in bringing about meaningful social reform (Rosenberg 1991). Reacting against this critical view of law, other studies have suggested broadening the definition of law to include the meanings that activists who participate in legal campaigns assign to legal norms. Based on this redefinition of law, scholars have argued that legal tactics may indirectly empower social movements and provide leverage for political mobilization (McCann 1994; Silverstein 1996). However, both perspectives on law and social change do not explore systematically the ways in which social justice activists conceptualize social change and the extent to which this conceptualization shapes their understanding of the role of law in social change. In other words, the current literature does not give us a good account of how culture works in the interaction between law and activism for social reform. To study how the culture of law and activism works in action, I have conducted interviews with 25 social justice activists, all of whom work primarily on issues of educational justice. These interviews allow me to analyze the various ways in which social justice activists understand the relationships between law and activism. I find that activists express a variety of views about the role of law in promoting or preventing social change. At face value, these views seem chaotic. A closer analysis, however, reveals that ideas about the role of law in social change are justified based on three distinct cultural schemas: instrumental, political, and cultural. Each schema represents a different way of understanding activism for social change. The instrumental schema emphasizes the need of marginalized people to have concrete resources such as jobs, health care, and quality education. The political schema emphasizes the need of marginalized people to be empowered, united, and politically mobilized. The cultural schema emphasizes the need to transform the taken-for-granted assumptions that are shared by all members of society. Each schema provides activists with a particular rhetoric, or "order of justification" (Boltanski & Thevenot 1991), which enables them to evaluate the role of law in social change. Under each schema, activists may praise or criticize the role of law, but their mode of justification is different in each schema. The various academic accounts on law and social change tend to ignore this complexity, and therefore, each of these accounts provides us with only a partial understanding of the relationships between law and social change. …


We conduct a systematic and interdisciplinary review of empirical literature assessing evidence on induced innovation in energy and related technologies. We explore links between demand-drivers (both market-wide and targeted); indicators of innovation (principally, patents); and outcomes (cost reduction, efficiency, and multi-sector/macro consequences). We build on existing reviews in different fields and assess over 200 papers containing original data analysis. Papers linking drivers to patents, and indicators of cumulative capacity to cost reductions (experience curves), dominate the literature. The former does not directly link patents to outcomes; the latter does not directly test for the causal impact of on cost reductions. Diverse other literatures provide additional evidence concerning the links between deployment, innovation activities, and outcomes. We derive three main conclusions. (a) Demand-pull forces enhance patenting; econometric studies find positive impacts in industry, electricity and transport sectors in all but a few specific cases. This applies to all drivers—general energy prices, carbon prices, and targeted interventions that build markets. (b) Technology costs decline with cumulative investment for almost every technology studied across all time periods, when controlled for other factors. Numerous lines of evidence point to dominant causality from at-scale deployment (prior to self-sustaining diffusion) to cost reduction in this relationship. (c) Overall innovation is cumulative, multi-faceted, and self-reinforcing in its direction (path-dependent). We conclude with brief observations on implications for modelling and policy. In interpreting these results, we suggest distinguishing the economics of active deployment, from more passive diffusion processes, and draw the following implications. There is a role for policy diversity and experimentation, with evaluation of potential gains from innovation in the broadest sense. Consequently, endogenising innovation in large-scale models is important for deriving policy-relevant conclusions. Finally, seeking to relate quantitative economic evaluation to the qualitative socio-technical transitions literatures could be a fruitful area for future research.


Inclusion of young people identified as having a disability has recently become a much debated issue both internationally as well as locally in Malta. This gave rise to the move from special schools to mainstream schooling for all young people to have a quality education. Moreover, the idea of what needs to be done to cater for the diverse needs of all young people to thrive in a serene and welcoming environment is greatly discussed. This thesis will examine what constitutes inclusion to different stakeholders, more specifically what constitutes inclusion to young people identified as falling within the autism spectrum, parents, and learning support assistants (L.S.A.s). A qualitative approach will be adopted for this study, involving six young people identified as falling within the autism spectrum, six parents and six L.S.A.s. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, using participant produced images, semi-structured interviews and critical discourse analysis. The theoretical framework that underpins this research is that of social constructionism. Six young people identified as falling in different spectra of the autism spectrum were chosen and given a camera. They were asked to take photos of what they like and dislike at school. This was followed by semi-structured interviews for the young people who responded verbally and discussions using social stories for young people who did not respond verbally. Semi-structured interviews were then carried out with the young people, parents and L.S.A.s. Carla Willig's six-step methodological approach to critical discourse analysis was adopted to analyse the interviews. The research gave insight on various aspects of what constitutes inclusion for different stakeholders including inclusion as relational and inclusion as one-size-fits-all as two examples. The study indicates that different stakeholders viewed inclusion differently. Lacunae were also found such as, for example the lack of voice that young people identified as falling within the autism spectrum have, and the need for more training programmes to equip L.S.A.s and other teaching professionals with the necessary skills to cater for the diverse needs of such young people.


The problems associated with the consumption of high-fat foods have increased the requirement to use new formulations based on fat replacer. Inulin has textural properties and it's a prebiotic source. Due to the cream's wide usage in dairy industry, it is tried to make cream with textural and organoleptic characteristics that contains the least amount of calories. Meanwhile, Table cream (30%) was used as basis for production and the treatments were added to the different containers which contain skim milk and the temperature was raised to about 70 °C to completely dissolve the mixture. Then, skim milk containing hydrocolloids (T1 = 0, T2 = 0.5%, T3 = 1%, T4 = 1/5%, T5 = 2 and T6 = 2/5% w/w) were added to the cream tanks until the fat percentage was reached to 10%. After performing of the "two-stage homogenization" process which carried out at 150 bar under temperature of 70 °C, the pasteurization process was executed. The control sample was prepared with a fat content of 30%. After packing, samples stability was investigated every 10 days during the 2 months by rheological, physicochemical and sensory tests. In this study in order to analysis of the results, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P˂5%) were used and all tests were done in three replications. According to the results of this study, in terms of physicochemical and rheological properties, T6 and T5 treatments and regarding to sensory characteristics T1, T2 and T3 treatments found as superior formulations in maintenance periods.


The advantages of pay-as-you-go model, elasticity, and the flexibility and customization offered by virtualization make cloud computing an attractive economical option for meeting the needs of some HPC users. However, there is a mismatch between current cloud environments and HPC requirements. HPC is performance-oriented, whereas clouds are cost and resource-utilization oriented. The poor interconnect and I/O performance in cloud, HPC-agnostic cloud schedulers, and the inherent heterogeneity and multi-tenancy in cloud are some bottlenecks for HPC in cloud. This means that the tremendous potential of cloud for both HPC users and providers remains underutilized. In this talk, we will go beyond the common research question: "what is the performance of HPC in cloud?" and present our research on "how can we perform cost-effective and efficient HPC in cloud?" To this end, we will present the complementary approach of making clouds HPC-aware, and HPC runtime system cloud-aware. Through comprehensive HPC performance and cost analysis, HPC-aware VM placement, interference-aware VM consolidation, Multi-dimensional Online Bin Packing, malleable jobs, and cloud-aware HPC load balancing, we demonstrate significant benefits for both: users and cloud providers in terms of cost (up to 60%), performance (up to 45%), and throughput (up to 32%).