As part of a major atmospheric chemistry and aerosol field program carried out in March 2006, a study was conducted in the area to the north and northeast of Mexico City to investigate the evolution of aerosols and their associated optical properties in the first few hours after their emission. The focus of the T1-T2 aerosol study was to investigate changes in the specific absorption αABS (absorption per unit mass, with unit of m2 g−1) of black carbon as it aged and became coated with compounds such as sulfate and organic carbon, evolving from an external to an internal mixture. Such evolution has been reported in previous studies. The T1 site was located just to the north of the Mexico City metropolitan area; the T2 site was situated approximately 35 km farther to the northeast. Nephelometers, particle soot absorption photometers, photoacoustic absorption spectrometers, and organic and elemental carbon analyzers were used to measure the optical properties of the aerosols and the carbon concentrations at each of the sites. Radar wind profilers and radiosonde systems helped to characterize the meteorology and to identify periods when transport from Mexico City over T1 and T2 occurred. Organic and elemental carbon concentrations at T1 showed diurnal cycles reflecting the nocturnal and early morning buildup from nearby sources, while concentrations at T2 appeared to be more affected by transport from Mexico City. Specific absorption during transport periods was lower than during other times, consistent with the likelihood of fresher emissions being found when the winds blew from Mexico City over T1 and T2. The speCorrespondence to: J. C. Doran (email@example.com) cific absorption at T2 was larger than at T1, which is also consistent with the expectation of more aged particles with encapsulated black carbon being found at the more distant location. In situ measurements of single scattering albedo with an aircraft and a ground station showed general agreement with column-averaged values derived from rotating shadowband radiometer data, although some differences were found that may be related to boundary-layer evolution.


Addressing the generation of food waste is a major challenge nowadays. An increasing interest in studying food waste generation has emerged over the last decade. However, little attention has been devoted to understanding the root of the problem by carrying out a whole-supply-chain analysis and applying multidimensional approaches. The aim of this paper was to identify the causes of food waste in the metropolitan region of Barcelona along the food supply chain, considering the relevant stakeholders' perceptions. Moreover, we examined the circumstantial or structural nature of the identified causes. We conducted a qualitative study consisting of 24 in-depth interviews of key stakeholders in the region along the food supply chain from October 2014 to January 2015. The interviews were analyzed by content analysis, and the main results are presented here. We used a conceptual framework that differentiates among micro, meso, and macro causes to disentangle the nature of the causes. The results from this study show the great interest of regional stakeholders in the issue of the generation of food waste and provide a complete map of the causes of food waste in the metropolitan region. From our study, we advocate that food waste is not only a sum of incidentals but it a structural problem.


Cognitive information processing has long been an area of interest for Interpreting Studies scholars. This paper discusses the interdisciplinary relation between Interpreting Studies (IS) and psycholinguistics as a source of a possible synergy effect and explains why Interpreting Studies matters not only to interpreters and interpreting researchers, but also to psycholinguists. First, the most significant contributions of psycholinguistics to interpreting research are identified, including in particular theoretical memory models and experimental methodology in mental lexicon studies. This is followed by an overview of the potential contribution of IS to psycholinguistics and bilingual studies. Conference interpreting is a unique case of bilingual/multilingual use of languages with more frequent code switching and greater inhibitory demands as compared to the non-interpreting use of language. Therefore, 'bidirectional' (A into B and B into A) and 'unidirectional' (C into A) interpreters and trainee interpreters are interesting experimental populations for mental lexicon studies and other cognitive studies. Finally, a progress report on COGSIMO, a research project aiming at leveraging the synergy of psycholinguistics and IS, will be presented. The project seeks to examine psycholinguistic processes and the skills of conference interpreting to establish efficient aptitude testing procedures for interpreter trainees based on cognitive predictors of success.


Elemental signatures in both the natal and post-settlement regions of otoliths from newly settled Pomacentrus coelestis were measured from multiple sites, reefs, years and reef clusters at different latitudes on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Significant differences in latitude and year were found for Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca in the post-settlement portion of the otoliths, and discriminant function analyses identified clear separations in otolith signatures from different reef clusters and years. The spatial and annual variation found in the post-settlement signatures was similar to that determined for the brooding damselfish Acanthochromis polyacanthus, and suggests that these 2 species record environmental variation in a similar manner. This similarity also extended to reefs, although some reefs showed persistent trends for individual elemental ratios. However, the natal portion of the otoliths proved less useful in discriminating groups, and appeared to be decoupled from the post-settlement portion of the otoliths. Such a decoupling could be the result of differences in the food source during the natal period, protein content of the 2 otolith portions which could potentially influence affinity for trace elements, or ontogenetic changes in the depositional process itself. Our findings indicate that robust elemental signatures are likely to be found among clusters of reefs rather than individual reefs, which has important ramifications for future studies attempting to discriminate reef fish populations.


The notion of using games in education is as old as games themselves. In addition, the massive market opened by the digital games industry has caused great interest regarding their specific potential in education. However, this interest is sometimes thwarted by the resistance of traditional educational settings toward technology-enhanced learning and digital games. The future, on the contrary, is much more promising within the eLearning field. This field is in a process of evolution and reinvention, seeking new features and ideas to improve the learning experience. We believe that educational games are a perfect medium for these new directions in eLearning. In this article, the synergies between the new eLearning environments and educational games are explored and reviewed.


This thesis, entitled Spectral Theory Using Linear Systems and Sampling from the Spectrum of Hill's Equation is submitted by Caroline Brett, Master of Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September 2015. It uses linear systems to solve various problems connected with Hill's equation, −f + qf = λf for q ∈ C2, real-valued and π-periodic. Introducing a new operator, Rx constructed from a linear system, (−A, B, C) allows us to solve Hill's equation and the inverse spectral problem. We use Rx to construct a function, T(x, y) that satisfies a Gelfand–Levitan integral equation and then derive a PDE for T(x, y). Solving this PDE recovers q. Extending Hill's work in [28], we show that there exist Hilbert–Schmidt operators, Rp and Rc analogous to Rx, such that the roots of their Carleman determinants are elements of the periodic spectrum of Hill's equation. The latter half concerns sampling from entire functions in Paley–Wiener space. From the periodic spectrum of Hill's equation we derive a sampling sequence, (tn)n∈Z. Whittaker, Kotel'nikov and Shannon give a sampling result for (n)n∈Z where samples occur at a constant rate. Samples taken from the periodic spectrum do not occur at a constant rate, nevertheless we provide analogous results for this case. From (tn)n∈Z we also construct Riesz bases for L2[0, π] and L2[−π, π], the Fourier transform space of PW(π). In L2[0, π] we construct the dual Riesz basis using linear systems. Furthermore, we show that the determinant of the Gram matrix associated with the Riesz basis is a Lipschitz continuous function of (tn)n∈Z. Finally, we look at an integral, Ia associated with Ramanujan and use it to create a basis for PW π2. We conclude with an evaluation of various determinants associated with Ia.


The transportation network is continuously being congested. One way governments all over the world have been trying to solve this problem is by urging commuters to shift from using private transportation to public transportation. While many countries have been successful in this, the Philippines is being left behind with its ever-worsening Metro Manila traffic problem. This paper aims to share the researchers' experiences in implementing a public transportation route planner based on OpenTripPlanner for the general reference of commuters in Metro Manila. The said system aims to provide direction to all kinds of commuters on how to go around Metro Manila, equip them with additional important travel information, guide them in transfer points from one transportation mode to another, and produce analytical studies regarding public transportation to relevant offices and organizations. All these follow the researchers' goal of providing ways for a more sustainable transportation network in the long run. Normal 0 false false false EN-PH JA X-NONE


This research paper contains challenges and prospects of good governance in Buee town 01 Kebele, Ethiopia. At recent time the different definition of the term of good governance given by various international organizations and an attempt has been made to explain in detail the meaning, element and characteristics of good governance. Hence, the principles indicators of poverty reduction need to begin by looking at improvement of the standards of living of people given human needs fundamentals. This research paper used to follow the necessary procedure orderly written by designing background, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and also used different research design and methodology of the study such as data source that includes primary and secondary source of data and sampling techniques, method of data collection. The major findings are concluded, lack of community participation in plant preparation, discontinuity of public utility, lack of efficient and effective service delivery to the community, lack of competent work force between the community, the Kebele's manager is not elected by community and the concerned body is not created awareness to the community with the concept and elements of good governance that contribute in reduction of poverty. The researcher believes that reduction of poverty need the existence of practical of good governance more. The conclusions and recommendations have been put in brief manner.


A new algorithmic framework is proposed for learning autoencoders of data distributions. We minimize the discrepancy between the model and target distributions, with a \emph{relational regularization} on the learnable latent prior. This regularization penalizes the fused Gromov-Wasserstein (FGW) distance between the latent prior and its corresponding posterior, allowing one to flexibly learn a structured prior distribution associated with the generative model. Moreover, it helps co-training of multiple autoencoders even if they have heterogeneous architectures and incomparable latent spaces. We implement the framework with two scalable algorithms, making it applicable for both probabilistic and deterministic autoencoders. Our relational regularized autoencoder (RAE) outperforms existing methods, $e.g.$, the variational autoencoder, Wasserstein autoencoder, and their variants, on generating images. Additionally, our relational co-training strategy for autoencoders achieves encouraging results in both synthesis and real-world multi-view learning tasks. The code is at this https URL Relational-AutoEncoders.


Modern photo editing tools allow creating realistic manipulated images easily. While fake images can be quickly generated, learning models for their detection is challenging due to the high variety of tampering artifacts and the lack of large labeled datasets of manipulated images. In this paper, we propose a new framework for training of discriminative segmentation model via an adversarial process. We simultaneously train four models: a generative retouching model G_R that translates manipulated image to the real image domain, a generative annotation model G_A that estimates the pixel-wise probability of image patch being either real or fake, and two discriminators D_R and D_A that qualify the output of G_R and G_A. The aim of model G_R is to maximize the probability of model G_A making a mistake. Our method extends the generative adversarial networks framework with two main contributions: (1) training of a generative model G_R against a deep semantic segmentation network G_A that learns rich scene semantics for manipulated region detection, (2) proposing per class semantic loss that facilitates semantically consistent image retouching by the G_R. We collected large-scale manipulated image dataset to train our model. The dataset includes 16k real and fake images with pixel-level annotations of manipulated areas. The dataset also provides ground truth pixel-level object annotations. We validate our approach on several modern manipulated image datasets, where quantitative results and ablations demonstrate that our method achieves and surpasses the state-of-the-art in manipulated image detection. We made our code and dataset publicly available.


One of the major challenges of climate prediction is a correct representation of the interactions among aerosols, clouds and precipitation. Aerosols have a strong impact on the life cycle of boundary layer clouds, which are known to significantly influence the energy available to the Earth-Atmosphere system. Specifically, drizzle formation in low-level clouds, which has been shown to depend on aerosol concentration (second indirect aerosol effect), determines cloud life time.
In models, the transition from liquid cloud to precipitation must be parameterized by the so-called autoconversion process. Different parameterizations of autoconversion have been developed, whereby the corresponding transition rates differ of up to one order of magnitude.

Even observations of this microphysical process are very challenging. Satellite observations have been exploited in the past to evaluate different autoconversion schemes but one of the main reasons for the encountered differences between models and observations was the poor representation of the vertical cloud structure in the satellite observations.
In this context, ground-based cloud observations present a unique tool to provide observational constraints for model parameterization development by exploiting their highly temporally and spatially resolved profiling capability. In recent years, new ground-based techniques exploiting higher moments of the cloud radar Doppler spectrum (the skewness, in particular) have been successfully applied for the detection of drizzle onset in maritime clouds.

In this thesis, a new, extended ground-based dataset for continental liquid clouds is exploited in order to assess the potential for early drizzle detection.
For this purpose, ground-based observations of liquid water path and of the cloud radar Doppler moments reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, spectral width and skewness have been synergetically exploited. It has been found that skewness detects drizzle formation at an earlier stage than the other radar moments.

The different observational variables have been used for the development of a drizzle probability index (DI) to improve currently available drizzle classification schemes, i.e. Cloudnet. The DI represents the probability of each cloud radar bin to contain drizzle. In comparison to the Cloudnet classification, case studies show that the DI detects earlier stages of drizzle formation and eliminates falsely detected, inconsistent time-height drizzle structures. However, due to the presence of turbulence, the DI sometimes falsely attribute drizzle to a pixel.

In order to understand how turbulence can impact radar Doppler measurements and also in order to optimize the radar measurement settings for the purpose of drizzle detection, sensitivity studies on integration time, spectral resolution and radar antenna beam width have been conducted using raw radar data and a forward radar simulator. It has been found that integration times no longer than 2 seconds should be used for drizzle detection and that the spectral resolution obtained with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) using 256 FFT points resolves the characteristics of the Doppler spectrum with sufficient accuracy. Also, simulations showed that smaller beam widths are beneficial for drizzle detection and that turbulence is responsible for an increase of spectral width and a reduction of observed skewness values.

Finally, a microphysical interpretation of the skewness signal is provided by comparing the simulations of drizzle formation from a 1D steady-state binned microphysical model to observations. The forward simulated vertical profiles of skewness based on the modeled cloud drop and drizzle size distributions strongly depend on the applied autoconversion parameterization. A validation of the different schemes indicates that the scheme from Seifert et al., (2010) best matches the observations of reflectivity and skewness. The comparison also suggests that the modeled autoconversion rates tend to produce large drizzle too fast and too early for continental liquid clouds. This first model comparison thus demonstrates that ground-based cloud radar observations, particularly skewness, can be used for testing autoconversion parameterizations.

The dataset and the results of this work constitute a unique basis for evaluating model outputs, e.g. in a next step the results of large eddy simulations, and for carrying out additional process studies to refine for example the drizzle detection criterion. Also, this data set could be exploited for future validations of satellite products, e.g. of EarthCARE.
This thesis hence shows how ground-based cloud radar observations can be optimally exploited to better understand the autoconversion process and also represents an important step forward in bringing observations of drizzle and modeling together.


The LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS (LWV) OF CLEVELAND was formed in April 1920 by a group of suffragists, after the disbanding of the Woman's Suffrage Party of Greater Cleveland. Founders followed the example of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association, which had organized the National League of Women Voters in February 1920. The local league worked to complete ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and to educate new voters, with the motto, "Every Woman an Intelligent Voter." Nonpartisan, the league also proposed to support legislation protective of WOMEN and encourage women's involvement in POLITICS. The Cleveland LWV was the first local chapter to send questionnaires to candidates and to hold public forums between opposing candidates. It hosted the second national convention in 1921, where activist Carrie Chapman Catt made a plea for world peace. This speech ignited a women's peace movement that culminated locally in the Women's Council for the Prevention of War and the Promotion of Peace and the1924 WOMEN'S COUNCIL PEACE PARADE. BELLE SHERWIN, the Cleveland league's first president, served as national president from 1924-1934. The league has endorsed legislation concerning women workers, child welfare, and EDUCATION, as well as particular local issues. In 1921, the local LWV supported the CITY MANAGER PLAN; in the 1950s it began to call for protecting Lake Erie as a water source; and in 1981 it successfully advocated a smaller CLEVELAND CITY COUNCIL. In the 1960s, the LWV actively supported legislation to establish accessible institutions of HIGHER EDUCATION such as CUYAHOGA COMMUNITY COLLEGE. The league, however, refused to endorse the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) for close to half a century, until 1970, because of its threat to special legislation for working women. The league has also assisted election boards and conducted voter registration and public demonstrations of registration and voting techniques. In 1972, the LWV established the League of Women Voters of Cleveland Educational Fund, Inc., as its nonprofit educational division. The Fund sponsored a yearly series of Town Hall and Public Forums addressing issues of importance for the Cleveland area, established (1975) the Cleveland Area Voter Information Center (as of 1984, the Voter Information Center) to encourage citizens to participate in government, held a "Government Day" and a "Journalism Day" for students in the CLEVELAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS, and established a newsletter and video to teach new voters the voting process.During recent years, the LWV conducted studies on the effect of tax abatement on the finances of the Cleveland Public Schools (1997), presented a 1999 forum on campaign finance reform, andorganized the State of Ohio's youthvote2000 initiative. In 2007, LWV offices were at 850 EUCLID AVENUE. That same year, the League president was Penny Jeffrey, while Sharon McGraw served as executive director of the Education Fund. Abbott, Virginia Clark. The History of Woman Suffrage and the League of Women Voters in Cuyahoga County, 1911-1945 (1949). League of Women Voters of Cleveland. "The LWV of Cleveland: Serving Cleveland for 70 Years, 1920-1990." League of Women Voters of Cleveland Records, WRHS.


The objectives of the study were to determine the normal dental arch width of Malays, their correlation with the facial framework and the ideal size of orthodontic impression trays that fit the dental arch. Eighteen adult Malays with normal Class I occlusion were evaluated. Arch width was measured on each subject's dental cast. Direct anthropometric measurements were taken for 8 facial landmarks. Orthodontic impression trays were tried on each subject's dental cast to determine the best fitting tray. Correlations analysis was made between the arch widths and the best fitting impression trays used and also with various craniofacial anthropometric measurements. The eight measurements from the craniofacial region were compared with the maxillary and mandibular intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths. In the maxillary arch, there were significant correlation between the face width and the interpremolar and intermolar widths respectively, while in the mandibular arch, significant correlations were noted between the mandible depth and the interpremolar and intermolar widths respectively. The most common fitting impression tray was size 6 for the upper jaw and size 5 for the lower jaw. There was a significant correlation between the maxillary intercanine width and the size of the impression trays. The significant correlation between upper and lower interpremolar and intermolar widths and the anthropometric measurements of this Malay population may assist in predicting arch expansion to achieve Class 1 occlusion during orthodontic or maxillofacial surgical treatment. The significant correlation between the upper intercanine width and the size of impression tray can be a useful parameter when determining the size of impression tray.


Despite problems with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), new microbial agents, malnutrition in one-third of children under the age of five, and decline in income for many parts of Africa, the startling facts, as published by the World Bank in the 1993 World Development Report, show that the past four decades have seen greater improvements in health, greater increases in life expectancy, and greater declines in infant mortality for all regions of the world than in all recorded history before that time. The reason is a grand accumulation of many factors, many health and nonhealth interventions, and the work of countless groups and people. No single intervention can assume the credit.
Having said that, vaccines have been one of the most welcome additions ever seen in international health. A decade ago, measles was perhaps the single most lethal agent in the world, with deaths in the neighborhood of three million a year.


This paper describes a technique for computing approximate maximum pseudolikelihood estimates of the parameters of a spatial point process. The method is an extension of Berman & Turner's (1992) device for maximizing the likelihoods of inhomogeneous spatial Poisson processes. For a very wide class of spatial point process models the likelihood is intractable, while the pseudolikelihood is known explicitly, except for the computation of an integral over the sampling region. Approximation of this integral by a finite sum in a special way yields an approximate pseudolikelihood which is formally equivalent to the (weighted) likelihood of a loglinear model with Poisson responses. This can be maximized using standard statistical software for generalized linear or additive models, provided the conditional intensity of the process takes an 'exponential family' form. Using this approach a wide variety of spatial point process models of Gibbs type can be fitted rapidly, incorporating spatial trends, interaction between points, dependence on spatial covariates, and mark information.


Summary

It is necessary to improve knowledge exchange between scientists and decision-makers so that scientific evidence can be readily accessed to inform policy.

To maximise impact of scientific evidence in policy development, the scientific community should engage more fully with decision-makers, building long-term working relationships in order to identify and respond to 'policy windows' with science that is reframed for policy-relevance.

We illustrate the process and challenges using a case study in which we synthesised evidence from studies of habitat fragmentation to provide information for improved biodiversity conservation in the oil palm sector, resulting in the uptake of this research into new industry guidelines.

Policy implications. The case study demonstrates how having an in-depth understanding of the 'policy arena' (the state of policy and the actors and influencing factors that affect policy) and responding with relevant and specific information, enabled effective uptake of science to inform the design of conservation set-asides in the oil palm industry.


In 1973 the Supreme Court of Canada issued a ruling in Murdoch v Murdoch, denying Irene "Ginger" Murdoch an interest in the cattle ranch that she and her husband, James Alexander "Alex" Murdoch, had built together over many years. Irene performed extensive manual labour on the farm, including driving, branding, vaccinating and de-horning cattle, haying, raking, and mowing. She often did this work alone due to long, off-ranch, work-related absences by Alex. When their marriage began to break down, Irene sought to receive her ownership interest in the ranch property. However, the certificate of title to the property showed that the land belonged solely to Alex Murdoch. For Irene to receive an interest in the property it would be necessary for a court to declare that a portion of the title to the ranch was held by Alex Murdoch in trust for his wife. The principal basis for finding such a trust, her lawyer argued, was her contribution through labour to the ranch operations. That argument was rejected at trial and ultimately also by the Supreme Court of Canada, which held that under existing Canadian law no property claim was available to Irene Murdoch in the circumstances of her case. In one sense, the case was unremarkable. Irene Murdoch's circumstances reflected the socio-economic reality of many Albertan farm wives, in fact most married women in Canada, during the 1960s and 70s. Cultural and legal perceptions of farms had been profoundly shaped by the traditional belief that "men farm, women help" and remained an omnipresent example of the invisibility of women's work. While husbands no longer subsumed their wives' legal and financial identities (as was the law in Alberta until 1915), anachronistic matrimonial law, as well as hierarchical farming and family structures subjugated wives, forced them into positions of dependency, and often trapped them in relationships. Those who left their husbands often found themselves invisible under the law, and left their marriages with nothing. The case reports were replete with decisions similar to that in Murdoch, almost all unsuccessful. In these and other cases, women worked on family farms and in households held in their husbands' names and were left without proprietary interests at the relationship's dissolution. Behind these, there are likely unreported judgments to the same effect, as well as many instances in which no claim was advanced owing to the perceived futility of such a tack, the absence of the needed resources to take legal action, or myriad other personal factors. What is exceptional is that the Murdoch case prompted outrage in Canada and undoubtedly contributed to law reform that sought to ameliorate the plight of women in the position of Irene Murdoch. Her circumstances provided an important narrative tool to feminists and other advocates for law reform. Canadian women identified with Irene, and became conscious of how easily they could find themselves in a similar situation. Women's groups mobilized around her experience, stood up to say "I am an Irene Murdoch," and successfully secured reforms to Canadian marital property law regimes. None of that would have been possible had it not been for Irene Murdoch's personal determination — and that of her lawyer, Ernest Shymka — to bring her case to court in the face of formidable obstacles. Irene suffered extreme violence at the hands of her husband, had little money and even less desire for public fanfare, and faced an uphill legal battle. Yet she and Shymka pursued the case to the Supreme Court of Canada. Much has been written about the political and legislative consequences of this decision. This chapter looks at the Murdoch case through two lenses. The first is through the personal account of Ernest Shymka. The second is by framing the case as part of a larger feminist movement for law reform, including reform to matrimonial property regimes. Murdoch was not only the product of personal struggle by Irene and her lawyer; it was also a pivotal event within the Canadian women's movement.


The Public Administration, in its function of satisfying the interests of the collective, and taking into account the principle of legality and the corresponding legal guarantees, often requires things of personal property for reasons of public utility or social interest. These cases include: compulsory expropriation, temporary occupation, limitations and administrative easements; all them legal institutions regulated by Administrative Law.
Administrative easements arise to respond to the needs of social existence. They have evolved from civil servitudes to an institution of Administrative Law. How many times it has become necessary to provide electrical or water services that the poles, towers or pipes are located on lands that are not public property? It is of public utility to receive an adequate electrical service and aqueduct service, and for this, administrative easements are indispensable. These easements allow to obtain advantages, for the benefit of the collective.
Several aspects of this legal institution have not yet achieved a uniform approach between the branches of Civil and Administrative Law. Those aspects include: conceptual delimitation, legal nature, fundamental characteristics of the institution, and its distinction with other related institutions, diversity of classification approaches, or the adequate manner of compensation. This situation creates confusion regarding the institution, which affects its theoretical, legislative and jurisprudential treatment and, as a consequence, affects legal certainty. This article discusses the approaches to the controversial definition of administrative easements."[1].
According to ALBALADEJO, the servitude consists of the real power over the property of others to make partial use of it. He adds that it is not possible a better delimitation of the concept because the power, object and content of these institution can include very different situations[2]. It is also recurrent to find that servitude is considered as a real, perpetual or temporary right of one or more persons over the property of others, with a certain right over its usefulness [3].
Previous definitions constitute a minimum reference of the long list of approaches about this institution from the Civil Law doctrinal perspective. Nonetheless, common elements can be appreciated. It is not possible to determine with complete precision a definition of easements, which allows us to identify them convincingly in relation to other legal institutions that also have an impact on property rights.
There is no identity between civil and administrative easements. Although servitudes of public utility come from civil servitudes, the individuality of each is undeniable, especially because administrative easements have their cause in public utility or social interest, which permeates the characters and the legal regime Administrative procedures.
JOUSSELIN is one of the first authors to note that easements of public utility are modifications to real property made in favor of public utility, as determined by laws and regulations. In such a case, the institution of public easements would contain the whole legal system of property, without recognizing distinctions between limitations, charges, obligations, temporary occupation or expropriation.[4]
For OTTO MAYER the definition is more restricted. It refers to the fact that public law easement is a partial legal power constituted on property in favor of a public company.[5]
In contrast, BIELSA considers administrative easement a real right, constituted by a public entity (state, county or commune) on a private land, with the objective of serving the public use as an extension or dependence of the public domain. This conception finds several followers in the administrative doctrine, because they recognize in the administrative easements a real right over the other´s thing in order to serve the public interests, real right that ends up being part of the public domain.
An almost unanimous element in doctrine is the reference to the general interest as the cause for establishing administrative servitude. GARCINI recognizes this element expressly. Although it limits the conception of administrative easements to the burdens that can fall on properties originated not by the necessity of another private thing that is adjacent to her, but by the closeness of public things..[6]
For GARRIDO FALLA, closeness is not an essential element of administrative easements, but the partial subjection of the immovable to a use by the collective.[7]
The above definitions show the diversity of approaches to administrative easements, which confirms the difficulty of uniformity. The elements that often converge are: they are recognized as a real right, are constituted on the property of others, and respond to public interests.
These common elements are not enough to identify administrative easements in the juridical traffic. Its complexity is given by the lack of delimitation of its contours and to achieve a more suitable definition.
The administrative easement is the real right whose content includes the use or improvement of the thing property of other, for reasons of public utility or social interest, without it is indispensable reciprocity, or vicinity. For example, there is an administrative easement when the Public Administration in other people's property requires establishing pipes, posts or electric cables; or establishment the sign that identify the name of the streets. However, do not constitute servitudes, some figures historically conceived as such, for example: the prohibition to build beyond a certain height, or to build on the strip of roads and railways.
In summary, in order to qualify an easement as an administrative one, real use of the private property of other persons for reasons of public utility or social interest is required.

[1] Diez Picazo, L. y Gullon, A. Sistema de Derecho Civil. Volumen III. Derecho de cosas y Derecho Inmobiliario Registral. Sexta Edicion. Editorial Tecnos. SA. Madrid. 1997. Pag. 434.
[2] Albaladejo, M. Derecho Civil. Tomo III. Volumen segundo. Quinta edicion. Editorial Bosch. Barcelona. 1983. Pag. 94.
[3] Vease Gatti, E – Alterin, J.H El derecho real. Elementos para una teoria general. Reimpresion. Abeledo-Perrot. Buenos Aires. 1998. Pag. 99.
[4] Citado por Gascon y Marin, J. Limitaciones del derecho de propiedad por interes publico. Establecimiento tipografico de Jaime Rates. Madrid. 1906. Pag. 33.
[5] Mayer, O. Derecho administrativo aleman. Editorial De Palma. Buenos Aires. 1951. Pag. 272.
[6] Garcini, H. Derecho Administrativo. Editorial Pueblo y Educacion. La Habana.1986. Pag.184.
[7] Garrido Falla, F. Tratado de Derecho administrativo, Vol. II, Thirteenth edition. Madrid. 2012. Pag. 284.


The usage of cloud services is increasing for each day. This applies to private persons which store pictures and documents, as well as bigger corporations whom outsource parts of, or all, handling of their ICT infrastructure to cloud providers. Despite the continuous increase in application, there are still substantial security concerns among current and potential cloud users. Much of the concerns are due to lack of transparency to how the cloud providers maintain and process the user data. Motivated by this, multiple cryptographic schemes has been proposed to provide users with confidence that their data are maintained as agreed upon, without the necessity of changing the architecture of the cloud provider. In this master thesis we have studied some of these cryptographic schemes, and performed a practical and economical analysis on one of them, the hourglass scheme. The hourglass scheme utilizes economical incentives to provide the cloud provider with reasons to act as agreed upon. Through implementation of hourglass functionality we identified that the validity of the scheme is dependent on resource pricing by the cloud provider, together with the actual implementation. Based on the hourglass scheme and observations while studying the different schemes, we propose a new cryptographic scheme applying to deletion of data in the cloud. Remote deletion is a challenging task to prove, but we argue that our approach will deliver the user of a cloud service comfort that the actual data in the cloud has been deleted by the cloud provider.


The use of less impacting techniques in agricultural systems is the global trend, so the use of High dilutions on these systems has been studied as ecologically sound technology. This study had the object to study the interaction between the High dilutions and the development of Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake seedlings. Was conducted from May 2007 to July 2007, in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Science at the Federal University of Viçosa. Applications were made in one day intervals and preparations utilized were: Phosphorus, Calcarea carbonica, Kali muriaticum, Magnesia carbonica, in dynamizations 3CH and 12CH and water and alcohol dynamised CH3. Morphological parameters of quality seedlings were analyzed over time and the end of the experiment. The prepared Kali muriaticum 12CH promoted increased root length of approximately 55% compared to control water . The prepared Phosphorus 3CH differed from other treatments in the green total mass variable. The High dilutions Phosphorus 3CH and Kali muriaticum 12CH promoted increase in root growth. The responses obtained with the application of Phosphorus 3CH indicate the viability of agronomic use to the increase of the root exploration and absorbing elements necessary for plant growth.


I was pleased with the theme Cindy selected, "CSCA at the Millennium, Prospects for the Future," because it so captures my hope for our discipline at the early dawn of the 21st Century. Although I believe the 20th century, with its advances in technology and transportation, science, art and education, created opportunities for communication at all levels and in all arenas, it is this century that could bring the discipline the greatest opportunity for the institutionalization of our research and scholarship by the expansion of our intellectual boundaries both within the academy and with external constituencies. Does society need the communication scholar as citizen? You be the judge.... On Jan. 14, 1999 a 24 year-old woman opened fire in an office-building killing one person and wounding another. April 15, 1999: a 71 year old man shot 6 people at the Mormon Family History Library in Salt Lake City, killing two and wounding four. Five days later two teenagers made Columbine the site of the worst school shooting in United States history. On May 20 another teenager, 15 year-old T. J. Solomon wounded six students when he fired 14 shots from the rifle he typically brought to school. One of the suggested motives was that Solomon was angry about his girlfriend breaking up with him. In July, 1999, 44 year-old Mark Barton went on the worst killing spree in Atlanta's history, shooting nine people to death and injuring 12 more. His wife and two children had earlier been found bludgeoned to death in their home. August 5, a 34 year-old man walked into his former place of employment and shot and killed two co-workers. He then went to another of his workplaces and killed a third man. No motive was given. November 2, 1999, a 40 year-old man murdered seven co-workers in Hawaii because he was worried that he was going to be laid off from his job. The next day, November 3rd, a man in Seattle walked into the shipyard at which he was formerly employed and killed two workers and wounded two others. And just last month, three additional incidents captured national attention when, here in Michigan, a six year old boy pulled a gun from his pants and shot a six year old classmate to death. The next day in Pennsylvania a man went into a rage because of a broken door in his apartment building and killed two people and critically wounded three others; and in Georgia a teenage boy was shot to death and two other teenagers were wounded. Other than the last three, all of these events occurred in an 11-month span in 1999. While overall national statistics show violent crime to be decreasing, instances of mass murders seem to be on the rise. In fact, I cannot remember a time when mass murders, especially those based on hate, have happened with such frequency as they did in that 11-month span. I use this litany of horrors to emphasize my contention that we must link our work as scholars to the most fundamental problems of our communities in new and more forceful ways, and that we are uniquely positioned to do so. The thoughts I wish to share with you today involve the re-discovery of the role social science generally, and several areas of our field specifically, can play in the arena of policy making; and how we may begin to address the "so what" question which our discipline has traditionally faced. As you know, the theme for the 2000 Seattle convention is, "Communication: The Engaged Discipline," and the 2001 CSCA Conference theme is "I dream of a Community Where ..." The focus of those conventions mirrors the purpose of my remarks this morning--turning "our collective attention outward to a society that so desperately needs what we have to offer." The Engaged Scholar: Communication and the Social Sciences My emphasis today really involves an area of scholarship some of us have too frequently ignored, what Ernest Boyer called the scholarship of application. Whether the problem lies in the halls of academia or "out there," now, more than ever, we must address the ways in which knowledge can be linked to contemporary issues and problems. …


Traditional organizations appear to be incapable of adequately addressing critical global issues such as war, climate change, and economic inequality. Addressing these issues suggests the need for organizational innovation to develop global social contracts. Successful innovation must address four integration imperatives: (1) integrate effort and resources across organizational sectors (business, government, civil society) and sense-making, (2) create successful individual to global aggregations, (3) integrate the short and long term, and (4) integrate major issue areas. A new type of organization, Global Action Networks, aims for this integration. Based upon analysis of this new type of organization, five design principles for global social contract organizations are proposed.


Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer death in the developed world. It is also the second most incident cancer in males and the third in females. Tobacco is its main risk factor, with 90% of all LC deaths attributable to tobacco consumption. It has a 13% 5-year survival,1 and more than 60% of all LCs are diagnosed in advanced stages. To reduce the burden of disease, it would be very important to have a screening test that is able to: (1) detect LC at an early stage to modify its prognosis, (2) present a low percentage of false-positives, to avoid unnecessary harms, (3) minimise adverse effects for the patient (ie, cancer-induced radiation) and (4) be cost-effective for the health system.

Screening effectiveness is being assessed in randomised trials. There are seven ongoing trials comparing low-dose CT (LDCT) with usual care.2 The only trial which has published final incidence and mortality results is the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which compared LDCT versus chest X-ray (CXR).3 The NLST has the highest sample size to date and there are no forthcoming trials with higher sample sizes. It included individuals aged between 55–74 years who had smoked at least 30 pack-years, and ex-smokers with less than 15 years since quitting. It found a 20% relative risk reduction in LC mortality and a 6.7% reduction in all-cause mortality. For each 1000 participants in the trial, LDCT avoids 5 deaths of which 3 are due to LC. The NLST was a well-designed study including more than 53 000 participants with three screening rounds and an extra follow-up of 5 years after the screening stopped.

These results have encouraged many scientific societies to recommend LC screening …


The United States relies on its vast network of roadways to transport people, goods, and services across the nation. These roads need to be maintained to an acceptable level in order to effectively provide a safe, reliable, and efficient road. The use of infrastructure management systems (IMS) has aided in keeping an inventory of existing roads, identifying assets in need of repair, and assisting in allocating funds for maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation. The current practice in the United States has shown a lack of consistency in the way assets are rated in each state. Individual states have employed their own methodology for rating each asset type. This makes comparison of assets between states difficult. Several methods in use have provided a way to effectively rate an asset, but no method exists that can be used to compare ratings in different states. To successfully maintain the network of roads across the United States, a method to assess assets between states is necessary. Consistency between states in their data collection, rating calculation, and rating reporting are all necessary to identify poor sections of roadway. Another useful reporting item will be a condition rating of all the assets contained within a corridor. A corridor is a series of travel routes which move people between two major points of interest. By analyzing corridor level condition ratings, it will be possible to examine the overall condition of all the corridor sections across the nation and identify sections that need assistance in raising their condition. The objective of this thesis was to develop a framework for rating assets at the corridor level. The framework was developed to be applied to any asset contained within a roadway and allow the combination of individual asset ratings into a single corridor rating. The final methodology iii not only reports the overall corridor condition, but the functional and structural health of each individual asset, the rating of all of an asset type within a corridor, and performance indicators for individual items on a single asset. The methodology was tested using data provided by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to test if the methodology would produce ratings similar to those in use. For the application methods were developed for two major roadway assets; pavements and bridges. The product of this thesis is a general framework which can be applied to roadway corridors to assess the overall condition of all the assets contained within the corridor's boundaries. It can be used in conjunction with an IMS to help improve and maintain the overall condition of the roads, which are critical to the United States. Without unification of condition rating methods into a single method it will never be possible to compare assets from every state in the nation.


The superconducting and magnetic properties of FeySe0.25Te0.75 single crystals (0.9≤y≤1.1) were studied by means of x-ray diffraction, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, muon-spin rotation, and elastic neutron diffraction. The samples with y<1 exhibit coexistence of bulk superconductivity and incommensurate magnetism. The magnetic order remains incommensurate for y≥1 but with increasing Fe content superconductivity is suppressed and the magnetic correlation length increases. The results show that the superconducting and the magnetic properties of the FeySe1−xTex can be tuned not only by varying the Se/Te ratio but also by changing the Fe content.

©2010 The American Physical Society


In this study, 33 homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) genes were identified in peach using the HD-ZIP amino acid sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana as a probe. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and the individual gene or protein characteristics, the HD-ZIP gene family in peach can be classified into 4 subfamilies, HD-ZIP I, II, III, and IV, containing 14, 7, 4, and 8 members, respectively. The most closely related peach HD-ZIP members within the same subfamilies shared very similar gene structure in terms of either intron/exon numbers or lengths. Almost all members of the same subfamily shared common motif compositions, thereby implying that the HD-ZIP proteins within the same subfamily may have functional similarity. The 33 peach HD-ZIP genes were distributed across scaffolds 1 to 7. Although the primary structure varied among HD-ZIP family proteins, their tertiary structures were similar. The results from this study will be useful in selecting candidate genes from specific subfamilies for functional analysis.


Calpastatin has been known as candidate gene in muscle growth efficiency and meat quality. This gene has been located to chromosome 5 of sheep. In order to evaluate the calpastatin gene polymorphism, random blood sample were collected from 111 Arabic ram sheep from different regions. The DNA extraction was based on Boom et al. (1989) method. Exon and entron I from L domain of the ovine calpastatin gene was amplified to produce a 622 bp fragment. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel and stained by etidium bromide. Then, they were digested with restriction enzyme MspI and then electrophoresed on 2.5% agarose gel with ethidium bromide and revealed two alleles, allele A and allele B. Data were analysed using PopGene32 package. In this population, AA, AB, BB genotype have been identified with the 70.27, 28.82, 0.9% frequencies. A and B allele's frequencies were 0.85, 0.15, respectively. The population was found to follow Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.


Founded in 1970, the Open University UK (OU) is now Europe's largest university with around 200,000 distance learners. The university's teaching and learning methods have evolved over time from paper-based correspondence learning with accompanying television broadcasts, the use of the telephone and some face-to-face teaching to the present day where these methods are supplemented or replaced by the widespread use of the internet. Course teams and tutors can now select materials and activities for students from a wide range of multimedia and social software and interact in a variety of ways with their students online.
Surveys demonstrate that a significant proportion of the university's students expect more online activities and interaction with fellow students and tutors than are currently provided. The OU needs to maximise the use of its new VLE but faces significant change management issues such as:
• Lack of knowledge and expertise in how to develop online and collaborative learning content and activities
• Embedded working practices where academic staff activities are centred around developing text-based content
• Tutors who are not equipped with the skills to facilitate online learning
• A complex organisational matrix with embedded power structures and different departmental cultures
A three year programme of activities is currently underway to examine policies and processes around the development and delivery of elearning, staff incentives and training, general coordination and communication, and intelligence gathering on the successes and failures in elearning at the OU and elsewhere. The outcome of these activities will be to transform the way that course teams conceive of courses, moving from a conception of collections of largely static, print-based materials to viewing them as web-centred, dynamic, and activity-based.


The concept of organisational culture has been the subject of considerable debate
within the literature on corporate culture and organisational behaviour. Central to the
issue is whether or not managers can create, manage and change culture in the
workplace. Some commentators are clear that it is within the sphere of management
control; others are equally clear that it is not; others support the idea that managers
can influence the dominant culture within their organisation. Organisational culture
has become closely associated with the concurrent development of the models of
human resource management (HRM). Employee commitment is frequently a stated
aim and aspiration for both corporate culture initiatives and HRM practices, both
seeking to affect employee behaviour at work. This research investigates how culture
within the workplace affects the behaviour of service industry employees and their
intentions regarding whether or not to leave their job.


ABSTRACT 'Ivory tower' is frequently used phrase when Turkish executive politicians question the representativeness of other parties or their members. The intention of this claim is to provoke other parties into a discussion about the legitimacy of the targeted party. This research aims to shed a light on the problem of party-voter congruence in Turkish politics, which has important implications for the representativeness of Turkish political parties. Comparing the three major political parties in Turkey; the current study investigates to what extent these political parties' manifesto documents, fail to connect with their constituencies' policy positions on four prominent issues in Turkish politics: Left-right political positioning, democratic support, support for the military, and support for a controlled economy. Party level Manifesto Project data and aggregated individual level World Values Survey (WVS) data were combined for the analysis of this research and analysed by using a series of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. The findings suggest that the ivory tower claim is largely correct for all three political parties investigated. Finally, these findings also have important implications for the legitimacy of the Turkish democratic political system.


Background: Vitiligo is defined as an idiopathic, autoimmune condition characterized by destruction of the
melanocytes. Melanocytes in the eye are present in two layers, the uvea and retinal pigment epithelium. Ocular
findings in vitiligo have been studied to a very limited extent. Aim: To study the clinical pattern of ocular
manifestations in cases diagnosed with vitiligo and to reveal any demographic or clinical feature that might suggest an
association or risk factor for ocular involvement in cases of vitiligo. Material and methods: It was a Prospective case
control observational study. 75 cases of vitiligo and 75 controls with similar demography were included. Cases were
evaluated for relation of ocular involvement with type and duration of vitiligo, location of lesions and demographic
characteristics. Simultaneously ocular manifestations of the control group were tested, for significance of the
demographic characteristics and analyzed using chi-square test. Results and Conclusions: Ocular involvement in
vitiligo is asymptomatic. In 75 diagnosed cases of vitiligo male to female ratio was 1:1.34 and 11 to 30 years age group
had maximum number of cases. Iris hypopigmentation (33.3%) was the most frequent followed by fundus
changes(30.6%) and hyper-pigmentation of the anterior chamber angle(20%). In the fundus peripapillary chorioretinal
atrophy(18/23 cases) is the most common, diffuse hypopigmentation, background tessellation and temporal crescent
being the others. The ocular involvement was found to be more in cases with vitiligo lesions located around the orbital
or oral or genital areas. The duration of vitiligo and demographic characteristics are not the risk factors for ocular
involvement in vitiligo.


This article will try to pinpoint the conditions leading to the emergence of Islamic fanaticism in Europe. The fascination Islamism exerts over the Old World here designates both the attraction to jihad and intellectual blindness in the face of the phenomenon. This symptom of contemporary life will be interpreted in light of the effects of "historical truth" caused in the people involved, while the issues this presents for the work of human culture will be explored.


With the rapid development of mobile health, mechanisms for automatic data input are becoming increasingly important for mobile health apps. In these apps, users are often required to input data frequently, especially numbers, from medical devices such as glucometers and blood pressure meters. However, these simple tasks are tedious and prone to error. Even though some Bluetooth devices can make those input operations easier, they are not popular enough due to being expensive and requiring complicated protocol support. Therefore, we propose an automatic procedure to recognize the digits on the screen of medical devices with smartphone cameras. The whole procedure includes several "standard" components in computer vision: image enhancement, the region-of-interest detection, and text recognition. Previous works existed for each component, but they have various weaknesses that lead to a low recognition rate. We proposed several novel enhancements in each component. Experiment results suggest that our enhanced procedure outperforms the procedure of applying optical character recognition directly from 6.2% to 62.1%. This procedure can be adopted (with human verification) to recognize the digits on the screen of medical devices with smartphone cameras.


A frequency division duplex (FDD) wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) medium access control (MAC) protocol is developed for wireless wide area multimedia networks. In order to reach the maximum system capacity and guarantee the heterogeneous bit error rates (BERs) of multimedia traffic, a minimum-power allocation algorithm is first derived, where both multicode (MC) and orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) transmissions are assumed. Based on the minimum-power allocation algorithm, a multimedia wideband CDMA generalized processor sharing (GPS) scheduling scheme is proposed. It provides fair queueing to multimedia traffic with different QoS constraints. It also takes into account the limited number of code channels for each user and the variable system capacity due to interference experienced by users in a CDMA network. To control the admission of real-time connections, a connection admission control (CAC) scheme is proposed, in which the effective bandwidth admission region is derived based on the minimum-power allocation algorithm. With the proposed resource management algorithms, the MAC protocol significantly increases system throughput, guarantees BER, and improves QoS metrics of multimedia traffic.


PURPOSE
To offer a better understanding of the experiences, preferences, and needs of patients with thyroid cancer.

PARTICIPANTS & SETTING
17 patients with thyroid cancer receiving treatment at a university-affiliated hospital in Montreal, Québec, Canada.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
Interviews were conducted with patients, and descriptive phenomenology was used to explore patients' lived experience.

FINDINGS
Coping with uncertainty was a major theme that emerged from interviews, with some of the main concerns being difficult treatment decisions, long surgery wait times, and fears about surgical complications, potential metastases, and death. Study participants reported that without a nurse and an interprofessional team, they would be lost in a system they believed minimized their illness and offered few resources to support them in a time of crisis.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Nurses must understand how the needs of individuals with thyroid cancer are often overlooked because of the good prognosis associated with the disease and should work to meet these information and support needs.


Earthworms eat many types of organic waste materials and convert them into vermin-compost which is highly valued as a fertilizer because it contains plant-available yet stable nutrients. The optimum environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, pH, EC etc required for vermin-composting of municipal solid waste with different earthworm species and with different substrates are studied. The study indicates that the addition of soil or cow dung appears to be essential in order to provide favorable medium for the growth of earthworms and microorganisms present in them. The loss in the weight of vermin-compost of municipal solid waste with Eisenia foetida is 62.8% after 60 days of vermincomposting where as the loss in the weight of vermin-compost in the case of Perionyx excavatus is only 51% for municipal solid waste. Out of the four substrates used, MSW with the addition of cow-dung appears to be best substrate for E.foetida whereas MSW with cow-dung and soil are best substrates for P. excavatus. Out of the two earthworm species used P. excavatus is a suitable earthworm to convert the MSW mixed with soil and cow dung into nutrient rich vermin-compost.


Effects of snow-melt timing on alpine plants were studied in a snow-bed in the Taisetsu Mountains by setting six plots (A to F) on a slope along a snow-melting gradient, from 1988 to 1990. Chapter 1: Geological, topographical and meteorogical aspects of the Taisetsu Mountains and snow condition of study area were mentioned. Although the time of snow disappearance fluctuates from year to year, snow disappearance patterns were similar every year. The length of snow-free season were 120 - 50days in 1988, 95-45 days in 1989 and 130-60 days in 1990 (from plots A to F). Chapter 2: Distributional pattern of plants was studied along the snow-melting gradient. Study area was divided into two habitats by microtopographic aspects within each plot; the flat habitat and the mound habitat. The number of species per plot decreased with the shortened snow-free period. Some tendencies were recognized between plant growth form and distributional pattern. At the flat habitat, dominant growth forms exchanged from long snow-free plot to short one as follows; lichens - evergreen and deciduous shrubs - forbs - graminoids - mosses. At the mound habitat, evergreen and deciduous shrubs prevailed widely along the gradient in comparison with that at the flat habitat. This indicated the ability of shrubs to exploit new habitat by creeping up exposed rocks. Since plants can get much light resource and escape from cold melting water by inhabiting on the mounds, exploitation of the mound habitat is adaptive for these shrubs. Deciduous shrubs and forbs completely disappeared in the extremely short snow-free plot, F. Forbs and graminoids shifted their distributional mode to shorter snow-free plots where shrubs decreased the vegetation cover, as a result of competitive exclusion by shrubs. Chapter 3.1: Phenological pattern of various species was studied along the snow-melting gradient. The contraction of snow-free period reduced the flowering and fruiting rates. Thephenology of plants was controlled primarily by (1) growth form,(2) the span of pre-flowering, and (3) the term for the maturity of seeds. Evergreen shrub species required a long term for the maturing of seeds. They abandoned sexual reproduction and reproduced vegetatively by layering in short snow-free plots. Whereas, forb and graminoid species opened flowers even in the short snow-free plots. Some graminoid species shifted their leaf habit from summergreen to semi-evergreen in short snow-free plots. This is considered strategy to extend the photosynthetic period. Chapter 3.2: Factors controlling flowering and fruiting time were studied with nine species. Effective cumulative temperatures for flowering and fruiting were physiologically determined in each species, and actual flowering time was affected by the timing of snow disappearance. Alpine plants could not regulate the pre-flowering and fruiting periods in accordance with habitat conditions, and the species having short pre-flowering and fruiting periods were adaptive for seed-set success under the short snow-free condition. Chapter 4.1: For five forb species, height, leaf number, flower number and fruit number were measured along the gradient.Responses of plant performance to snow-melt condition varied among species. Veronica stelleri var. longistyla and Solidago virga-aurea var. leiocarpa, which decreased flower and leaf numbers, were less tolerant for short growing season. Whereas Primula cuneifolia and Potentilla matsumurae. Which maintained their flower number throughout the gradient, had high tolerance of reproductive activity to short growing season. Although Peucedanum multivittatum had a high tolerance, long pre-flowering period prevented the seed-set in late melting plot, E. Chapter 4.2: Relationships between snow-free period and leaf characteristics of evergreen shrubs were studied for Phyllodoce aleutica and Rhododendron aureum. Along the snow-melting gradient, leaf size and the number of new leaves were reduced and while leaf longevity, leaf specific weight and nitrogen contents in leaves increased. These phenomena are considered adaptations aimed at maintaining a carbon balance under the conditions where the growing season is severely limited. In short snow-free places where the photosynthetic assimilation is extremely limited, plants need long periods of time in order to pay back leaf construction costs. Hence tough leaves having a long life-span are produced at the expense of leaf area. Chapter 5: lnterrelationship between reproductive success and pollinator activity were studied with reference to the flowering time along the snow-melting gradient. Fruiting of early flowered individuals in early snow-melt plots was restricted by pollinator limitation because of low pollinator activity under the low temperature condition of an early season.Fruiting rate obviously increased with lateness of flowering time, or increase of temperature. Since too late flowering brought about low fruiting success because of lack of fruiting period, existence of best flowering timing for seed-set was expected.


Considerable work has focused on the deterioration of jointing compounds used to seal building joints; less emphasis has been placed on understanding the consequences of seal failure, particularly in respect to watertightness. Jointing products are subjected to different climate effects; some induce aging in the sealant that in time leads to deficiencies. Deficiencies may also come about from design faults or improper installation. Water entry at deficiencies may lead to a number of different deteriorating effects on the building fabric that may induce failure of other envelope components or premature failure of the joint sealant. Joints are also subjected to substantial wind driven rain loads, in particular atop multi-story buildings. The approach taken in this study focuses on determining the fault tolerance of joint systems of a simulated wall panel when subjected to watertightness tests that emulate heightened wind-driven rain loads. Vertical and horizontal joints of 20 mm width and sealed with a one-component polyurethane product were subjected to water spray rates ranging between 1.6 and 6 L/(min-m2) and pressures of up to 2 kPa. Faults introduced to the sealed joint and representative of deficiencies through which water could penetrate consisted of cracks of 2 to 16 mm long introduced along the sealant to substrate interface. For specific crack lengths, the crack size related to the degree of joint extension, the extension reaching a maximum of 10 % of joint width. Rates of water entry across the joint were determined for cracks of different lengths and size and the nature of water entry at deficient joints in which cracks were introduced was also examined. Results on vertical joints indicated that water readily enters open cracks in relation to the crack size, quantity of water present at the crack, and pressure across the opening. Water may also penetrate cracks of nonextended "closed" joints.


Among the genres that make regular use of the first person in the Second Temple period, the testament and the apocalypse have received widespread attention. I isolate and analyze a different first-person narrative genre, the liturgical autobiography. In the liturgical autobiography, the speaker narrates an experience that he has undergone as a way of offering and attempting to elicit in his audience praise of God. I highlight the commonalities between the two best attested instances of the genre, the book of Tobit and Daniel 4, from their shifts in person to their use of Deuteronomy 32. Finally, I reflect on connections between the liturgical autobiography and novel elements in post-classical third-person narrative, especially the book of Ruth.


An important property for lifelong-learning agents is the ability to combine existing skills to solve new unseen tasks. In general, however, it is unclear how to compose existing skills in a principled manner. Under the assumption of deterministic dynamics, we prove that optimal value function composition can be achieved in entropyregularised reinforcement learning (RL), and extend this result to the standard RL setting. Composition is demonstrated in a high-dimensional video game, where an agent with an existing library of skills is immediately able to solve new tasks without the need for further learning.


Objectives To evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in preventing low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasias and anogenital warts (condyloma acuminata). Design Data from two international, double blind, placebo controlled, randomised efficacy trials of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (protocol 013 (FUTURE I) and protocol 015 (FUTURE II)). The trials were to be 4 years in length, and the results reported are from final study data of 42 months' follow-up. Setting Primary care centres and university or hospital associated health centres in 24 countries and territories around the world. Participants 17 622 women aged 16-26 years enrolled between December 2001 and May 2003. Major exclusion criteria were lifetime number of sexual partners (>4), history of abnormal cervical smear test results, and pregnancy. Intervention Three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (for serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18) or placebo at day 1, month 2, and month 6. Main outcome measures Vaccine efficacy against cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I and condyloma in a per protocol susceptible population that included subjects who received all three vaccine doses, tested negative for the relevant vaccine HPV types at day 1 and remained negative through month 7, and had no major protocol violations. Intention to treat, generally HPV naive, and unrestricted susceptible populations were also studied. Results In the per protocol susceptible population, vaccine efficacy against lesions related to the HPV types in the vaccine was 96% for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (95% confidence interval 91% to 98%), 100% for both vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (95% CIs 74% to 100%, 64% to 100% respectively), and 99% for condyloma (96% to 100%). Vaccine efficacy against any lesion (regardless of HPV type) in the generally naive population was 30% (17% to 41%), 75% (22% to 94%), and 48% (10% to 71%) for cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade I, respectively, and 83% (74% to 89%) for condyloma. Conclusions Quadrivalent HPV vaccine provided sustained protection against low grade lesions attributable to vaccine HPV types (6, 11, 16, and 18) and a substantial reduction in the burden of these diseases through 42 months of follow-up. Trial registrations NCT00092521 and NCT00092534.


Background: For more than two decades microbiologists have used a highly conserved microbial gene as a phylogenetic marker for bacteria and archaea. The small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene, also known as 16 S rRNA, is encoded by ribosomal DNA, 16 S rDNA, and has provided a powerful comparative tool to microbial ecologists. Over time, the microbial ecology field has matured from small-scale studies in a select number of environments to massive collections of sequence data that are paired with dozens of corresponding collection variables. As the complexity of data and tool sets have grown, the need for flexible automation and maintenance of the core processes of 16 S rDNA sequence analysis has increased correspondingly. Results: We present WATERS, an integrated approach for 16 S rDNA analysis that bundles a suite of publicly available 16 S rDNA analysis software tools into a single software package. The "toolkit" includes sequence alignment, chimera removal, OTU determination, taxonomy assignment, phylogentic tree construction as well as a host of ecological analysis and visualization tools. WATERS employs a flexible, collection-oriented 'workflow' approach using the opensource Kepler system as a platform. Conclusions: By packaging available software tools into a single automated workflow, WATERS simplifies 16 S rDNA analyses, especially for those without specialized bioinformatics, programming expertise. In addition, WATERS, like some of the newer comprehensive rRNA analysis tools, allows researchers to minimize the time dedicated to carrying out tedious informatics steps and to focus their attention instead on the biological interpretation of the results. One advantage of WATERS over other comprehensive tools is that the use of the Kepler workflow system facilitates result interpretation and reproducibility via a data provenance sub-system. Furthermore, new "actors" can be added to the workflow as desired and we see WATERS as an initial seed for a sizeable and growing repository of interoperable, easyto-combine tools for asking increasingly complex microbial ecology questions.


The development of industrial products such as cars, mechanical tools as well as civil engineering structures includes the task of identifying components and arranging them in a product structure. This task is commonly called configuration. It can be formalized as a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), which provides a concise mathematical model for combinatorial tasks. A CSP is defined by the variables of interest, each with a domain of possible values, and a set of constraints which restrict the allowed value combinations. The formulation of a configuration task as a CSP gives flexibility required to apply complex optimization criteria during search which often cannot be expressed by a single utility function. Solving a CSP corresponds to finding a consistent assignment to the variables that satisfies all constraints. Solution methods for CSPs encompass consistency and search techniques. Consistency techniques are preprocessing methods which remove inconsistent value combinations before search thus reducing the search space; Furthermore, a dynamic CSP model (DCSP) makes possible the introduction of new variables and constraints during problem resolution. However, CSP techniques have been weak for handling mixed (discrete-continuous) as well as dynamic problems. In this thesis, I present a new algorithm for solving DCSPs with mixed, continuous and discrete, constraints. It isolates and approximates the solution sets of a DCSP by local consistency techniques. To this purpose, local consistency techniques for continuous constraints had to be enhanced and integrated with existing discrete local consistency methods. Some advantages of this algorithm are: It can solve problems in which the existence of a variable depends on a decision taken over a continuous value domain. Different locally consistent solution spaces can be compared, thus providing additional information for decision making. Local consistency techniques are also applied to search for a single solution within the resulting locally consistent solution spaces. These techniques are particularly efficient for searching in continuous domains. The algorithm proposed is applied to a number of different problems such as conceptual bridge design, design of steel structures, configuration of trains, and industrial mixers.


Theories of wetting have a long history and they are intensively used in interpreting experimental data. Nevertheless, many basic aspects, such as the pinning of a contact line and contact angle hysteresis, are still poorly understood. The development of a rigorous consensus theory has suffered from concepts that are based on faulty intuitions. These include the force interpretation of Young's equation, the use of the principle of minimizing the global free energy, and the concepts of the work of adhesion and the mechanical surface tension on a solid. In this paper, the appropriate treatment of the basic ingredients of surface thermodynamics is discussed and the route towards the physically justified theoretical approach on wetting is outlined.


This paper investigates whether the curricular structure of an Economics course (semester, trimester, or compressed block schedule) has an effect on an undergraduate's subsequent retention of course material. We test separately for theoretical/process comprehension and for graphical construction/interpretation, while separating micro from macro content as well. We use an instrument to address the no stakes testing problem, and our Heckman two-stage estimations present some interesting results for educators and institutional policymakers alike.


The International Convention Against Doping in Sport seeks to harmonize anti-doping commitments for non-professional sports at the international level. This Convention was adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2005 and entered in force on February 1, 2007. Issues that could arise as the Senate considers the treaty include its relationship to anti-doping regulations in professional sports, potential consequences that non-ratification could pose to the United States, and the legitimacy and effectiveness of current international anti-doping activities.


We studied the absorption spectrum of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid between 312 and 238 nm (32,000–42,000 cm−1) at different pH values. The spectrum was deconvoluted into log-normal curves that showed three different transitions; the first two bands are due to π-π* transitions between the HOMO and LUMO, and from the HOMO to the LUMO + 1, respectively. We also recorded the spectrum of the acid in dioxane/water mixtures and found band I to shift to shorter wavelengths with an increase in the medium polarity. Theoretical calculations allowed us to ascribe this behavior to the fact that the β-lactam nitrogen atom possesses a high electron density in the ground state. As the medium polarity increases, so does the stability of this state, which results in the band being shifted to higher energy values. The theoretical calculations (MNDO) performed yielded 36.8 and 39.8 kK (1 kK = 103 cm−1) for the first two electron transitions, i.e., very close to the experimental values (∼36 and 39 kK).


Because of the limited number of strong‐motion records that have measured ground response at large strains, any statistical analyses of seismic site‐response models subject to strong ground motions are severely limited by a small number of observations. Recent earthquakes in Japan, including the M w 9.0 Tohoku earthquake of March 2011, have substantially increased the observations of strong‐motion records that can be used to compare alternative site‐response models at large strains and can subsequently provide insight into the accuracy and precision of site‐response models. Using the Kiban‐Kyoshin network (KiK‐net) downhole array data in Japan, we analyze the accuracy (bias) and variability (precision) resulting from common site‐response modeling assumptions, and we identify critical parameters that significantly contribute to the uncertainty in site‐response analyses. We perform linear and equivalent‐linear site‐response analyses at 100 KiK‐net sites using 3720 ground motions ranging in amplitude from weak to strong; 204 of these records have peak ground accelerations greater than ![Graphic][1] at the ground surface. We find that the maximum shear strain in the soil profile, the observed peak ground acceleration at the ground surface, and the predominant spectral period of the surface ground motion are the best predictors of where the evaluated models become inaccurate and/or imprecise. The peak shear strains beyond which linear analyses become inaccurate in predicting surface pseudospectral accelerations (PSA; presumably as a result of nonlinear soil behavior) are a function of vibration period and are between 0.01% and 0.1% for periods 0.5  s do not display noticeable effects of nonlinear soil behavior.

Online Material: Site‐specific information and model residuals at 100 KiK‐net stations.

 [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif


A diverse assemblage of sulfide morphologies and a wide range of sulfur-isotope compositions indicate that precipitation of sulfide minerals was an ongoing process during both early and later stages of diagenesis in the Silurian Waldron Shale in Indiana. Five distinct forms of sulfide minerals have been identified in samples from seven locations in southern Indiana: (1) pyritized brachiopod shells, (2) pyritized burrows, (3) pyrite cubes, (4) prismatic marcasite, and (5) cockscomb marcasite. Petrographic evidence is used to determine a probable sequence of sulfide precipitation. Isotope compositions range from about -40‰ to +40‰, and each sulfide morphology exhibits a distinctive range of δ34S values. These results are consistent with a model in which sulfate reduction and subsequent precipitation of sulfide minerals occurred in a system that became progressively more closed with respect to sulfate. The sequence of sulfide mineralization reflects the chemical evolution of pore waters during diagenesis of the Waldron Shale. Redox conditions in the sediment were initially aerobic to dysaerobic, sulfate reduction occurring only in reducing microniches where brachiopod shells and then organic-walled burrows were pyritized. Sediments became more fully reducing with burial, when euhedral sulfides were formed. The transition from pyrite to marcasite precipitation suggests a decrease in pore-water pH during later diagenesis and may also indicate fluctuations in redox conditions.


Surface water resources are scarce, and groundwater is the main source of water in Oman. Water shortage has lead to overpumping and reservoir depletion, which has caused seawater intrusion in coastal areas and salinization of groundwater and soils. Treated wastewater maintains environmental quality while providing sustainable agriculture and preserving scarce water sources. The numbers of wastewater treatment plants in Oman have been increased enormously, with the produced water utilized in forage production. Field experiments were conducted during the 2006–7 season to determine the effect of water quality (thrice-treated wastewater and fresh water), water quantity (1.4 ETc, 1.0 Etc, and 0.6 ETc), and their interaction on the chemical composition of forage maize. Soil moisture distributions and salinity redistributions were monitored throughout the experiments. The results indicated that treated wastewater leached more salts down the profile than fresh water. Treated wastewater also reduced the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) by 74%, whereas fresh water reduced it by 68%. Fresh water treatments were observed to have greater moisture content than the treated wastewater. This was attributed to the fact that treated wastewater contained dissolved organic matter that slightly improves the physical conditions of the soil, resulting in increased water penetrations, and contained greater amounts of nutrients, resulting in vigorous plants that abstracted more water. The results also indicated that plants irrigated with treated wastewater contained greater nitrogen concentrations at all levels of water quantities than those irrigated with fresh water. However, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur, boron, zinc, copper, and manganese uptakes of forage maize did not show any significant differences between fresh and treated wastewater.


1. Fishing changes the structure of fish communities and the relative impacts of fishing are assessed usefully against a baseline. A comparable baseline in all regions is fish community structure in the absence of fishing. 2. The structure of unexploited communities cannot always be predicted from historical data because fisheries exploitation usually precedes scientific investigation and non-fisheries impacts, such as climate change, modify ecosystems over time. 3. We propose a method, based on macroecological theory, to predict the abundance and size-structure of an unexploited fish community from a theoretical abundance-body mass relationship (size spectrum). 4. We apply the method in the intensively fished North Sea and compare the predicted structure of the unexploited fish community with contemporary community data. 5. We suggest that the current biomass of large fishes weighing 4-16 kg and 16-66 kg, respectively, is 97.4% and 99.2% lower than in the absence of fisheries exploitation. The results suggest that depletion of large fishes due to fisheries exploitation exceeds that described in many short-term studies. 6. Biomass of the contemporary North Sea fish community (defined as all fishes with body mass 64 g-66 kg) is 38% lower than predicted in the absence of exploitation, while the mean turnover time is almost twice as fast (falls from 3.5 to 1.9 years) and 70% less primary production is required to sustain it. 7. The increased turnover time of the fish community will lead to greater interannual instability in biomass and production, complicating management action and increasing the sensitivity of populations to environmental change. 8. This size-based method based on macroecological theory may provide a powerful new tool for setting ecosystem indicator reference levels, comparing fishing impacts in different ecosystems and for assessing the relative impacts of fishing and climate change.


A field study in a boreal lake using a remotely operated vehicle equipped with a camera established that falling fish carcasses did not tend to be buried in sediments after deposition. Decomposition rates of fish carcasses in three boreal lakes were experimentally assessed at different depths. In shallow waters (between 0 and 4 m), decomposition was fast (half lives, τ, ranging from 40 to 230 h) and controlled by vertebrates. In deep waters (below the thermocline), decomposition was slow (τ between 770 and 1,733 h) and was controlled by bacterial processes. Water temperature was a promising predictor of decomposition half‐lives in freshwater. Using a novel underwater infrared camera system, we identified the daily and seasonal patterns of scavenging activity by littoral fish. Only three species displayed scavenging behavior, with creek chubs being the most active. Fast fish‐mediated littoral recycling of fish carcass may explain the lack of direct observations of carcasses in lakes. Estimates of phosphorus fluxes in one of the studied lakes indicate that falling carcasses can represent a significant water‐to‐sediment flux of nutrient.


Young generations make extensive use of mobile devices, such as smart-phones, tablets and laptops, for a variety of daily tasks with potentially critical impact, while the number of security breaches via portable devices increases exponentially. A plethora of security risks associated with these devices are induced by design shortcomings and vulnerabilities related to user behavior. Therefore, deploying suitable risk treatments requires the investigation of how security experts perceive the digital natives (young people, born in the digital era), when utilizing their user behavior models in the design and analysis of related systems. In this article, we present the results of a survey performed across a multinational sample of security professionals, in comparison to our earlier study over the security awareness of digital natives. Through this study, we seek to identify divergences between user behavior and the conceptual user-models that security experts utilise in their professional tasks. Our results indicate that the experts understanding over the user behaviour does not follow a solidified user-model, while influences from personal perceptions and randomness are also noticeable.


In this paper, the authors discuss three basic steps related to the application of digital technology to reconstructive oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), in an effort to improve surgical outcomes. These steps include acquiring digital images, processing images in order to build three-dimentional structures, and mapping images to patient anatomy for guided surgery. For each step mentionioned, available technologies and barriers that need to be overcome are discussed. Digital technology is still under development and it has begun to merge into surgical care. Surgeons and computer scientists are required to work together to find solutions when facing such challenges.


Context.—ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2) is currently the only biomarker established for selection of a specific therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the assessment of HER2 in patients with GEA. Objectives.—To establish an evidence-based guideline for HER2 testing in patients with GEA, to formalize the algorithms for methods to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing while addressing which patients and tumor specimens are appropriate, and to provide guidance on clinical decision making. Design.—The College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an expert panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based guideline with recommendations for optimal HER2 testing in patients with GEA. Results.—The panel is proposing 11 recommendations with strong agreement from the open-comment participants. Recommendations.—The panel recommends that tumor specimen(s) from all patients with advanced GEA, who are candidates for HER2-targeted therapy, should be assessed for HER2 status before the initiation of HER2-targeted therapy. Clinicians should offer combination chemotherapy and a HER2-targeted agent as initial therapy for all patients with HER2-positive advanced GEA. For pathologists, guidance is provided for morphologic selection of neoplastic tissue, testing algorithms, scoring methods, interpretation and reporting of results, and laboratory quality assurance. Conclusions.—This guideline provides specific recommendations for assessment of HER2 in patients with advanced GEA while addressing pertinent technical issues and clinical implications of the results. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2016;140:1345–1363; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0331-CP; 10.5858/arpa.2016-0331CP.s1)


As part of an ongoing investigation, a corroborative study was conducted to follow changes in fiber quality, moisture content, and microbial population in cotton bales with high moisture contents for approximately 1-, 2- and 6-mo storage periods. The target moisture contents were 6% (control/ambient moisture content), 8%, 10%, and 12%. The high target moisture content bales (12%) lost moisture after 6 mo of storage, while bales at the three other moisture levels retained the same moisture content. The distribution of moisture, however, was not uniform in the treatment bales. Uneven distribution, or spottiness, increased with increased moisture treatment. Microbial populations did not change during the 1 and 2 mo of storage, which occurred during the colder winter months. The greatest microbial changes associated with moisture content occurred during the 6 mo of storage, which included warmer spring and summer months. Observations on fiber quality associated with moisture content directly linked color degradation to bale moisture content. Moisture was directly correlated with decreases in reflectance and increases in yellowness. The effect of moisture on yellowness and reflectance increased with exposure (storage duration), and the higher moisture treatments were associated with the greatest decreases in reflectance and increases in yellowness.


We all know what the words cat and dog and mother and tree mean. What we really need is a dictionary that helps us with the tough words, like elucubrate, or demesne, or cynosure. True, a standard dictionary can bail us out when we run across a tough word at home or in a library. But we often read elsewhere--in a doctor's waiting room or on a plane, or while on vacation. What do we do then? The Oxford Dictionary of Difficult Words is designed to meet this need. A portable, pocket-sized reference, it features more than 10,000 entries that focus exclusively on words that, while outside most people's working vocabulary, are often encountered in literature, in technical writings (such as computing or medical terminology), and in such diverse subject areas as law, philosophy, and art. Entries contain pronunciations, parts of speech, concise definitions, example sentences showing the word used in context, and etymologies when a word's history may shed light on its meaning. Special attention is given to easily confused or closely related words (such as efficacious, effective, effectual, and efficient, or cynical, sarcastic, sardonic, and ironic). Usage notes are provided to ensure that readers know how to integrate these words into their vocabularies for more precision and power in speech and writing. Produced by a team of experienced lexicographers, drawing on Oxford's exclusive 200-million-word database of contemporary English, this handy volume helps us with the words that lie just outside our vocabulary, words we just won't find in other pocket dictionaries.


1. Social Conformity or Radical Chic? Fashion, Design and Events 2. A Dashing, Positively Smashing, Spectacle...: Female Spectators and Dress at Equestrian Events in the United States During the 1930s 3. Glamorous Intersection: Ralph Lauren's Classic Cars at the Musee, and the Fashioning of Automotive Style 4. National Dress and Fashion Trends of a Royal Bhutanese Wedding 5. Female Civil War Reenactors' Dress and Magic Moments 6. When the Event is Insufficient: An Apposite Story of New Zealand Fashion Week 7. Wedding, Hats, Intellectual Property and Everything! 8. Creating Wow in the Fashion Industry: Reflecting on the Experience of Melbourne Fashion Festival 9. Millinery and Events: Where have all the Mad Hatters Gone? 10. Absolutely Fabulous: Using Fashion Events to Brand a Destination 11. Emerging Fashion: Berlin Fashion Week 12. The Role of Fashion in Subculture Events: Exploring Steampunk Events 13. Tres Chic: Setting a Research Agenda for Fashion and Design Events