Store misses cause significant delays in shared-memory multiprocessors because of limited store buffering and ordering constraints required for proper synchronization. Today, programmers must choose from a spectrum of memory consistency models that reduce store stalls at the cost of increased programming complexity. Prior research suggests that the performance gap among consistency models can be closed through speculation--enforcing order only when dynamically necessary. Unfortunately, past designs either provide insufficient buffering, replace all stores with read-modify-write operations, and/or recover from ordering violations via impractical fine-grained rollback mechanisms.
 We propose two mechanisms that, together, enable store-wait-free implementations of any memory consistency model. To eliminate buffer-capacity-related stalls, we propose the scalable store buffer, which places private/speculative values directly into the L1 cache, thereby eliminating the non-scalable associative search of conventional store buffers. To eliminate ordering-related stalls, we propose atomic sequence ordering, which enforces ordering constraints over coarse-grain access sequences while relaxing order among individual accesses. Using cycle-accurate full-system simulation of scientific and commercial applications, we demonstrate that these mechanisms allow the simplified programming of strict ordering while outperforming conventional implementations on average by 32% (sequential consistency), 22% (SPARC total store order) and 9% (SPARC relaxed memory order).


PURPOSE
To evaluate the vasoactive response of isolated perfused arteries of the pig to K+ and adrenergic agonists and to compare the effects of intraluminal (IL) and extraluminal (EL) drug delivery.

METHODS
A new microperfusion system was developed, in which short lengths of porcine retinal arteries (outer diameter 90.4 +/- 2.7 microns) were cannulated at both ends and perfused at a controlled rate (5 microliters/min) with outflow through a single side branch. The diameter of the vessel and the intraluminal pressure were monitored, and the effect of intraluminally and extraluminally applied agonists was determined. Endothelial cell function and the integrity of the blood retinal barrier was verified.

RESULTS
Consistent vasoactive responses were obtained from most vessels. The resting diameter of the vessel was not greatly influenced by changes in flow rate or intraluminal pressure over the physiological range. Adrenaline and noradrenaline caused dose-dependent contractions, which were larger when applied intraluminally than they were when applied extraluminally. The largest contraction for adrenaline was 19.0% +/- 2.1% (n = 13) IL and 8.4% +/- 1.5% (n = 13) EL, and for noradrenaline, 17.8% +/- 1.9% (n = 13) IL and 6.8% +/- 1.1% (n = 13) EL. The IL contraction to 124-mM K+, 19.0% +/- 1.6% (n = 21), was also greater than that for EL application, 5.0% +/- 1.0% (n = 13). We found that the existence of myogenic contractions was restricted to the special case in which vessels with no branches were pressurized under zero flow conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
Pig retinal arteries exhibited asymmetry in their responses to adrenergic agonists and K+, with contractions significantly larger when the drug was applied to the intraluminal surface rather than the extraluminal surface. This asymmetry may reflect an important property of retinal vessels. Microperfusion systems of this type may prove valuable in developing a better understanding of control mechanisms in retinal circulations.


A one-group pre-test post-test design (including 6and 12-month follow-up), supplemented with benchmarking analyses, was employed to assess the effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for youth displaying antisocial behaviours in New Zealand. An additional aim of the current study was to assess for predictors and moderators of outcome. The predictor variables assessed included: Client satisfaction, therapeutic and supervisory alliance, therapist and supervisor adherence, therapist and supervisor allegiance, and therapist and supervisor accountability. Seventy-three youth and their families completed the MST program (M = 162 days) and the present study's measures. Youth and their families experienced improvements in ultimate outcomes (offending frequency, offending seriousness, and days in out-of-home placements) and instrumental outcomes (youth positive and negative behaviour, parent well-being and psychopathology, parent ability, and family functioning) following MST treatment. With a few exceptions, these gains were largely maintained up to 12 months following treatment. Benchmarking analyses indicated that the completion rate and effect sizes were comparable with those from previous MST studies both in New Zealand and the United States. The predictor variables of service satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, and therapist adherence predicted higher levels of change in most instrumental outcomes as expected. However, of significant importance, higher supervisor adherence and supervisory alliances were associated with significantly lower therapist adherence, therapeutic alliance, and some client outcomes. Furthermore, the few significant interactions between predictor variables produced mixed findings, many of which contradicted widely held assumptions. As MST has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for youth offenders in New Zealand, continuing dissemination and ongoing evaluation of MST in New Zealand is recommended. In particular, given the negative impact of supervision variables on therapist adherence, therapeutic alliance, and some client outcomes, this would include research aimed at assessing various quality control functions of supervision, including supervisor training, mechanisms of supervision related to therapist and client variables, and the potential value of more closely monitoring the process of supervision.


Spin transport currents and the spin-transfer torques in voltage-biased superconductingferromagnetic nanopillars (SFNFS point contacts) are computed. We develop and implement an algorithm based on the Ricatti formulation of the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity to solve the time-dependent boundary conditions for the nonequilibrium Green's functions for spin transport through the ferromagnetic interfaces. A signature of the nonequilibrium torque is a component perpendicular to the plane spanned by the two ferromagnetic moments. The perpendicular component is absent in normal-metal-ferromagnetic nanopillars (NFNFN) contacts, but is shown to have the same order of magnitude as the in-plane torque for non-equilibrium SFNFS contacts. The out-of-plane torque is due to the rotation of quasiparticle spin by the exchange fields of the ferromagnetic layers. In the ballistic limit the equilibrium torque is related to the spectrum of spin-polarized Andreev bound states, while the ac component, for small bias voltages, is determined by the nearly adiabatic dynamics of the Andreev bound states. The nonlinear voltage dependence of the non-equilibrium torque, including the subharmonic gap structure and the high-voltage asymptotics, is attributed to the interplay between multiple Andreev reflections, spin filtering and spin mixing. These properties of spin angular momentum transport may be exploited to control the state of nanomagnets.


The Indian Tata Group is one of the largest and most admired business groups in the world. It has 28 listed subsidiaries and more than 80 operating businesses. It has shown strong financial performance and social responsibility for decades. Interestingly, it has a unique ownership structure: the main holding company Tata Sons Limited is majority-owned by charitable trusts. We examine the governance of this remarkable entity. The Trusts own 66% of Tata Sons, the main holding company of the Group, while members of the founding Tata family are very small minority shareholders. The governance structure is characterized by managerial distance between trusts and Group companies. The Trusts are almost exclusively concerned with philanthropy, and according to the Articles of Association of Tata Sons Limited, their governance role is limited to nominating two members to the Selection Committee which recommends the Chairman of the company's Board of Directors. Group companies are independently managed, but there are significant cross shareholdings and a member of the founding family, Mr Ratan Tata, chairs the Trusts, holding companies and major subsidiaries. Mr. Cyrus P Mistry, Managing Director of the Shapoorji Pallonji Group, a minority shareholder in Tata Sons, is to succeed Mr. Ratan Tata as chairman of Tata Sons in 2012. Trustees in the major Trusts are paid nominal fees of as little as $10 and $20 a year.


Computing near the sensor is preferred over the cloud due to privacy and/or latency concerns for a wide range of applications including robotics/drones, self-driving cars, smart Internet of Things, and portable/wearable electronics. However, at the sensor there are often stringent constraints on energy consumption and cost in addition to the throughput and accuracy requirements of the application. In this talk, we will describe how joint algorithm and hardware design can be used to reduce energy consumption while delivering real-time and robust performance for applications including deep learning, computer vision, autonomous navigation/exploration and video/image processing. We will show how energy-efficient techniques that exploit correlation and sparsity to reduce compute, data movement and storage costs can be applied to various tasks including image classification, depth estimation, super-resolution, localization and mapping.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Sydney Olympics Youth Camp program (OYC) on 331 children (160 males and 171 females) aged 1618 years, from 187 participating National Olympic Committees (NOC). The participants, through a variety of activities, had the opportunity to be involved in the Olympic Games, developing an understanding for different cultures and learning about the history and culture of the host city. Questionnaires were administered to the Sydney OYC participants, before and after the implementation of the program. The results indicated that the program was perceived as very important, and the children were highly satisfied from the activities they were involved in during their 22 days visit in Australia. It was concluded that the program contributed to the promotion of the Olympic ideals, promoted cultural exchange, fostered international cooperation, and developed respect of all countries and human dignity.


The law needs music, a truth revealed by revisiting the United States Supreme Court's opinion in NAACP v. Button through the songs of Bob Dylan and Sandra Seaton's play Music History. The Court decided Button in 1963, just a few months before the debut of Dylan's acclaimed album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. In Button, the Court held that the First Amendment protected the NAACP's legal assistance to individuals for the enforcement of constitutional and civil rights. The decision was a victory for the NAACP, yet success in the courtroom did not translate entirely to success on the ground. Indeed, in the same year, NAACP Mississippi Field Secretary Medgar Evers was assassinated, and the Birmingham Sixteenth Street Baptist Church was bombed. These events serve as reminders of law's inadequacies, in that the constitutional protection of legal services in Button did little to stop the needless loss of life and violence that was characteristic of racial desegregation efforts. Not only did tragedy persist, but the NAACP's long-term vision for racial equality has never been completely realized. Playwright Sandra Seaton focuses on the law's inadequacies in her drama Music History, also set in the turbulence of 1963. Her characters endure the law's failings firsthand when a University of Illinois student, Walter, the beloved of Etta, is killed during his work on the voter rights campaign in Mississippi. Music of the 1960s captured the struggle inherent in attempts to achieve equality when the law proved impotent, particularly as evidenced by Bob Dylan's work in 1963. This Essay, written for the Fordham University School of Law Bob Dylan and the Law Symposium, offers three connections between the law and music using the works of Dylan and Seaton as illustrations. First, music criticizes the existing cultural and legal regime in a manner that empowers social change in the wake of the law's failure. Second, while the Button legal opinion memorialized the history of the civil rights era, music (and Seaton's Music History) continue to influence modern culture in a more pervasive way. Third, Button, Dylan, and Seaton remind us about the importance of exercising our free speech rights, whether the speech involves offering legal assistance to minorities shut out from the political process at the ballot box, singing a song silenced by record and television network executives, or recreating history through drama. In short, we see why the law needs Bob Dylan and Music History.


The Babylonian, Persian and early Hellenistic periods are unique in the history of Judah. They represent a kind of "interlude" between two periods of greatness and political independence. This article discusses the archaeological finds from Jerusalem in the Persian and Early Hellenistic periods. It includes an assessment of the scope of the built-up area of the city, and an estimate of the city's population, on the basis of the archaeological data. This article's emphasis on the importance of the Ophel hill as the main built-up area in the Persian and Early Hellenistic period is unique in present archaeological and historical research of ancient Jerusalem.


In many real-world network datasets such as co-authorship, co-citation, email communication, etc., relationships are complex and go beyond pairwise. Hypergraphs provide a flexible and natural modeling tool to model such complex relationships. The obvious existence of such complex relationships in many real-world networks naturally motivates the problem of learning with hypergraphs. A popular learning paradigm is hypergraph-based semi-supervised learning (SSL) where the goal is to assign labels to initially unlabelled vertices in a hypergraph. Motivated by the fact that a graph convolutional network (GCN) has been effective for graph-based SSL, we propose HyperGCN, a novel GCN for SSL on attributed hypergraphs. Additionally, we show how HyperGCN can be used as a learning-based approach for combinatorial optimisation on NP-hard hypergraph problems. We demonstrate HyperGCN's effectiveness through detailed experimentation on real-world hypergraphs. We have made HyperGCN's source code available to foster reproducible research.


Nine ostracod species from the Late Miocene Al Khums Formation (exposed 2 km north of Qabilat ash Shurfah, NW Libya) are described and illustrated in this paper. Of these, four species, namely Cytherella libyaensis, Actinocythereis spinosa, Keijella africana and Neomonoceratina miocaenica, are new; one was established by Doruk (1980), one by Moyes (1965) and the other three species are left under open nomenclature. These species support the macrofossil, foraminiferal and other ostracod (Innocenti & Pertusati, 1984 and El-Waer, in press) evidence in suggesting a Late Miocene age.


We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad. On the basis of such problems as serious drift, loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang, we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide, improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target, and reduce pollution on human body and environment. Using electrostatic induction principle, this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow. Besides. this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits. For farmers. it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%, reduce the pesticide loss by 50%, and reduce prevention cost for 10% to 20%; for enterprises, this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4% ; the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate; it is highly efficient and low pollution, conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture, farmers and countryside. Therefore, this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.


The presence of a tear in the subducting African slab has a strong effect on Neogene magmatism in western Turkey, but its influence on volcanism in the Quaternary Aegean arc to the west is unknown. In order to investigate to what extent arc volcanism can be affected by slab-parallel mantle flow from a slab window, we present new trace element and Nd-Pb isotope data for Nisyros and Santorini volcanoes. Trace element modeling allows quantification of the infiltration of trace element–enriched mantle of subslab provenance through the slab tear into the depleted Aegean mantle wedge. Primitive Nisyros magmas record melting of a mixed source that contains as much as 10% of the enriched, subslab mantle component, and a contribution of this component can be traced as far west as Santorini, ∼250 km away from the slab tear. We conclude that trace element and Nd-Pb isotope variations between Nisyros and Santorini do not require along-arc variations in subducting sediment composition, but reflect the heterogeneous nature of the Aegean mantle wedge related to infiltration of subslab mantle through the slab tear. Our geochemical evidence is in excellent agreement with predictions made on the basis of mantle tomography and anisotropy that indicate toroidal mantle flow around the edge of the Aegean slab. This implies that suction related to slab rollback can lead to the infiltration of subslab mantle material and slab-parallel mantle flow, thus potentially strongly influencing arc volcanism, processes that perhaps need greater assessment in other arc systems.


Over the last decade, the field of distance education (and e-learning) has substantially strengthened and assumed a more international scope. There has been an impressive growth in the conceptual, empirical and experiential foundations of the field. Trends and Issues in Distance Education: International Perspectives (2nd Ed) captures a representative snapshot of the breadth of current global trends and issues in distance education theory, research, and practice. Through 21 chapters (from over 30 international authors), the book documents new developments in distance education scholarship and practice, presenting a diverse set of viewpoints on the trends and issues affecting this increasingly central discipline. The book is for researchers, practitioners, and students. Chapters speak to the many creative ways in which distance education addresses learning and human development needs around the world. They focus on distance education in dissimilar settings that extend beyond the limitations of the dominating paradigms of the highly developed economies. Contributing authors touch upon conceptual as well as practical issues. They critically reflect on both large- and small-scale distance education initiatives, discussing the use of everything from the most advanced technologies (e.g., 3-D computing) to the most rudimentary technologies (e.g., wind-up radios) (Quated Amazon Pages)


Heatings, fires and explosions in New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland coal mines since 1972, are reviewed. Geological and mine settings are outlined. Where available, gas analysis and critical decisions are discussed. This paper updates work by NSW Department of Mineral Resources (1995) and the Queensland Department of Mines and Energy in a report on fires and explosion in Queensland coal mines (Richardson and Ham, 1996). Incident data has important applications in terms of evidence-based risk assessment and identifying key issues to be integrated into competency based training programs. Predictive indicators are reviewed in terms of coal parameters in seams where the incidents occurred.


In the early twentieth century, affection between parents and their children was discouraged--psychologists thought it would create needy kids, and doctors thought it would spread infectious disease. It took a revolution in psychology to overturn these beliefs and prove that touch ensures emotional and intellectual health. In Love at Goon Park, Pulitzer Prize winner Deborah Blum charts this profound cultural shift by tracing the story of Harry Harlow--the man who studied neglect and its life-altering consequences on primates in his lab. The biography of both a man and an idea, Love at Goon Park ultimately invites us to examine ourselves and the way we love.


We have investigated both theoretically and experimentally a method to increase the peak power in femto-second fiber laser by using a low-doped long-length gain medium. The accumulated nonlinear phase shift as well as its threshold value for single pulse operation was studied and used to explain the robustness of such cavity against multipulsing and optical wave breaking.


He must have been a memorable character, because yarns about him were circulating for years after he died. Gilbert Parker, the eager young Canadian journalist who traversed Australia in 1889, heard stories about the ex-convict journalist Beresford who had been an aristocratic clergyman in the Old Country and spent his old age as tutor to a settler's family in the York district.' W.B. Kimberly in the astonishingly far-ranging collection of information which he picked up in 1897 for his History of West Australia also made some mention of Beresford. But the goldfields' generation of Western Australians soon forgot the ex-convict past, and Beresford remained largely unremembered until the early 1960s when Beverley Smith drew attention to his vigorous journalism as one of the founders of the ex-convict Fremantle newspaper, the Herald, in the late 1860s and 1870s. William Beresford was particularly notable as the first of Western Australia's columnists, writing under the pen-name of 'An Old Sandalwood Cutter'. Under the guise of a shrewd if semi-literate working man Beresford tilted at the pretensions of Western Australia's ruling class, those officials and merchants and graziers who cherished their invitations to Government House, those would-be colonial politicians who with the coming of representative government vied to cut a figure in the Legislative Council. There was an irony here because Beresford was neither semi literate nor a working man. It was known that he was transported from the York assizes in 1855 for forgery, that his profession was described as 'clerk', and that he was in reality a clerk in holy orders, a clergyman gone to the bad. One account stated that he had been Anglican Dean of Cork, and he was often referred to as 'the Honourable and Reverend William Beresford'. But even Beverley Smith managed to reveal little of his past, and so the question remained to excite one's curiosity: How did a broken down aristocrat grow into 'An Old Sandalwood Cutter'? What events in William Beresford's past shaped the sort of character whom he became in Western Australia?


In this work, a new and efficient synthesis of 9,9-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione (85), which is a potential precursor of the ABC ring skeleton of the anti-tumor drug taxol (1), has been synthesized by using a photochemical oxa-di-p-methane rearrangement as a key reaction. The next important step of this work was the cleavage of the central cyclopropane bond of 84. In order to achieve the wanted bond cleavage in 84, potassium-graphite intercalation compound (C8K) was applied to 84 so that conjugation of the carbonyls and lateral bonds were not any more the predominant factors for the cleavage of the cyclopropane. Similarly, a build-up of cationic intermediates will be avoided by this method which is known to proceed via diradical anions and 85 was synthesized.


Abstract This paper examines the impact of income growth and income inequality on household saving rates and payoffs in a non-cooperative game where each player's payoff depends on her present and future consumption and her rank in the present consumption distribution. The setting is a pooling equilibrium with three clusters of successive income groups, each cluster having its own present-consumption standard and rank in the present-consumption distribution. In this way the analysis addresses the saving behaviour and welfare of three social classes: the lower, middle and upper class. Explanations are found for the Easterlin paradox and the Kuznets consumption puzzle and it is concluded that rank concerns tend to strengthen the case for more income equality and weaken the standard effect of inequality on aggregate saving.


Subset selection that selects a few variables from a large set is a fundamental problem in many areas. The recently emerged Pareto Optimization for Subset Selection (POSS) method is a powerful approximation solver for this problem. However, POSS is not readily parallelizable, restricting its large-scale applications on modern computing architectures. In this paper, we propose PPOSS, a parallel version of POSS. Our theoretical analysis shows that PPOSS has good properties for parallelization while preserving the approximation quality: when the number of processors is limited (less than the total number of variables), the running time of PPOSS can be reduced almost linearly with respect to the number of processors; with increasing number of processors, the running time can be further reduced, eventually to a constant. Empirical studies verify the effectiveness of PPOSS, and moreover suggest that the asynchronous implementation is more efficient with little quality loss.


In the future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human capabilities in many areas. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is the subfield of computer science. Artificial Intelligence is becoming a popular field in computer science as it has enhanced the human life in many areas. Artificial intelligence in the last two decades has greatly improved performance of the manufacturing and service systems. Study in the area of artificial intelligence has given rise to the rapidly growing technology known as expert system. Application areas of Artificial Intelligence is having a huge impact on various fields of life as expert system is widely used these days to solve the complex problems in various areas as science, engineering, business, medicine, weather forecasting. The areas employing the technology of Artificial Intelligence have seen an increase in the quality and efficiency. This paper gives an overview of this technology and the application areas of this technology. This paper will also explore the current use of Artificial Intelligence technologies in the PSS design to damp the power system oscillations caused by interruptions , interruptions, in Network Intrusion for protecting computer and communication networks from intruders, in the medical are a medicine, to improve hospital inpatient care, for medical image classification, in the accounting databases to mitigate the problems of it and in the computer games.


ABSTRACT Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically significant pathogen of cattle and a problematic contaminant in the laboratory. BVDV is often used as an in vitro model for hepatitis C virus during drug discovery efforts. Aromatic dicationic molecules have exhibited inhibitory activity against several RNA viruses. Thus, the purpose of this research was to develop and apply a method for screening the aromatic cationic compounds for in vitro cytotoxicity and activity against a noncytopathic strain of BVDV. The screening method evaluated the concentration of BVDV in medium and cell lysates after 72 h of cell culture in the presence of either a 25 or 5 μM concentration of the test compound. Five of 93 screened compounds were selected for further determination of inhibitory (90 and 50%) and cytotoxic (50 and 10%) concentration endpoints. The screening method identified compounds that exhibited inhibition of BVDV at nanomolar concentrations while exhibiting no cytotoxicity at 25 μM concentrations. The leading compounds require further investigation to determine their mechanism of action, in vivo activity, and specific activity against hepatitis C virus.


Using a sample of 854 emergency medical service (EMS) respondents, this study supported a four-dimension model of occupational commitment, comprised of affective, normative, accumulated costs, and limited alternatives. When personal and job-related variables were controlled, general job satisfaction emerged as a negative correlate of intent to leave. Controlling for personal, job-related, and job satisfaction variables, affective and limited alternatives commitment were each significant negative correlates. There were small but significant interactive effects among the commitment dimensions in accounting for additional intent to leave variance, including a four-way interaction. "High" versus "low" cumulative commitment subgroups were created by selecting respondents who were equal to or above ("high") versus below ("low") the median on each of the four occupational commitment dimensions. A t-test indicated that low cumulative commitment EMS respondents were more likely to intend to leave than high cumulative commitment EMS respondents.


In this paper, distorted current relaying signals due to the CT saturation are analyzed with WT (Wavelet Transformation). Daubechies 2 is used as the mother wavelet. The output level (detail) of multi-level filter banks and the sampling frequency are also analyzed. The first output level of the multi-level filter banks for the output level (detail) and the 3,840Hz of the sampling frequency are adopted. A series of test results show that the proposed algorithm detects the saturated region accurately under various faults and CT conditions of a C800 CT model.


Positive identification (ID) verification of a large number of people (possibly thousands) in a short time, such as when people enter the gates of a manufacturing plant in the morning, can be a daunting task for the security guards. Current methods that use a password, card swipe system, proximity card reader system, or combination are slow and vulnerable. For example a card can be stolen or a password forgotten, copied or given to an unauthorized person. Hence the need for biometric-based access control systems (ACS). Many biometric systems address the ID verification problem; however, none provide quick and convenient positive (reliable) ID. Fingerprinting is unreliable and requires too much cooperation, face recognition systems (FRS) are unacceptable in a one-to-many application, and iris scan is slow and cumbersome. In this paper, we describe a fast access control technology solution (FACTS) system we developed and demonstrated at Honeywell Labs that enables many motorists to enter a secured parking lot without coming to a complete stop. The FACTS solution combines radio frequency identification (RFID) tags with FRS, reducing the one-to-many FRS problem by using a one-to-one match for facial verification (FV). This solution is dynamic, secure, positive, and hands-free for fast gate access control. At the heart of the Honeywell FV system is a unique tri-band imaging (TBI) camera that reliably locates and records the face of an individual or driver in motion while entering a gate.


Research has demonstrated that older drivers pose a higher risk of involvement in fatal crashes at intersections than younger drivers. Age-triggered restrictions are problematic as research shows that the majority of older people have unimpaired driving performance. Thus, it has become important to be able to identify which drivers are at risk of crashes and apply driving limitations based on this risk (instead of age alone). The objective of this project was to review the report from the 2003 University of Florida Consensus Conference as well as other important documents on similar topics, and to interview experts to obtain information about the strengths and weaknesses of these specialist-administered screening and assessment tools, self-screening instruments and training methods. This report will help to guide future research by highlighting tools and methods commonly used by clinicians that have not yet been adequately evaluated and those which may already be recommended for use. The goal was not to reach consensus but to provide a rich background from the literature combined with expert opinions in an attempt to guide decisions and research goals related to these evaluation tools.


SQL is full of difficulties and traps for the unwary. You can avoid them if you understand relational theory, but only if you know how to put the theory into practice. In this insightful book, author C.J. Date explains relational theory in depth, and demonstrates through numerous examples and exercises how you can apply it directly to your use of SQL.This second edition includes new material on recursive queries, missing information without nulls, new update operators, and topics such as aggregate operators, grouping and ungrouping, and view updating. If you have a modest-to-advanced background in SQL, youll learn how to deal with a host of common SQL dilemmas.Why is proper column naming so important? Nulls in your database are causing you to get wrong answers. Why? What can you do about it? Is it possible to write an SQL query to find employees who have never been in the same department for more than six months at a time? SQL supports quantified comparisons, but theyre better avoided. Why? How do you avoid them? Constraints are crucially important, but most SQL products dont support them properly. What can you do to resolve this situation? Database theory and practice have evolved since the relational model was developed more than 40 years ago. SQL and Relational Theory draws on decades of research to present the most up-to-date treatment of SQL available. C.J. Date has a stature that is unique within the database industry. A prolific writer well known for the bestselling textbook An Introduction to Database Systems (Addison-Wesley), he has an exceptionally clear style when writing about complex principles and theory.


A 61-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukaemia was treated with busulphan (Myleran). After receiving 1 g. of this drug over a period of 20 months he became dyspnoeic and developed crepitations in the lungs. Two months later radiographs of the chest revealed peri-hilar infiltrates and subsequently diffuse mottling throughout both lungs. Lung function tests showed a gross impairment of the transfer factor to a quarter of the predicted normal. At necropsy the lungs showed a striking proliferation of granular pneumocytes, many of which had disintegrated to produce intra-alveolar debris, some of which showed organization by fibrous tissue. There was associated interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Electron microscopy confirmed the desquamated alveolar cells to be type II (granular) pneumocytes containing characteristic lamellar bodies. Many of these osmiophilic bodies, believed to be the source of pulmonary surfactant, had been liberated into the alveolar spaces, with the formation of phospholipid myelin figures and lattices. We think that the basic pathology of busulphan lung is a chemically induced alveolitis with pro- liferation of granular pneumocytes followed by fibrosis of alveolar walls and intra-alveolar contents.


Human cortical responses corresponding to the subjective preference for a flickering light under varying temporal frequency and mean luminance were investigated. Paired-comparison tests were performed to examine the subjective preference for a flickering light, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from six electrodes (10-20 International Electrode Placement System) during presentations of the most-preferred and least-preferred flickering lights. The results showed a positive correlation between subjective preference and the effective duration of the autocorrelation function of the alpha waves measured at the visual cortex (O1 and O2 electrodes).


Amongst all second-language skills, pronunciation seems to be in a league of itsown. It is difficult to teach and acquire as it is a highly intuitive and physiologicalskill. This research describes the successes of pronunciation training, specificallyrelated to Dutch learners of English. Acoustic measurements were done onselected vowels. The F1 and F2 values – showing degree of vowel openness andfront/back-ness, respectively – before and after training showed that an individuallearner's progress in the production of one vowel does not necessarilyimply equal success in another. Types of learners could be distinguished; whilemost learners improved, others stagnated or regressed. The results suggest thatDutch learners should focus more on vowel openness than on front/back-ness.


The use of common measures can greatly facilitate data sharing and data interoperability. For genome wide association studies (GWAS), meta-analyses that combine or compare studies is a widely accepted approach. Combining studies can increase the population size and the statistical power of the analysis. Increased statistical power is particularly relevant to the discovery of moderate associations and complex associations, such as gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Comparing study results from different populations is considered essential to the validation of preliminary findings. The PhenX Toolkit provides the scientific community with high priority, recommended measures for use in GWAS and other large-scale studies. The Toolkit is intended to help researchers expand studies to include (common) measures that are outside of their primary research focus. The PhenX Toolkit currently contains over 200 measures (17 research domains) and will include measures for 21 research domains by the end of 2010. The Toolkit provides users with a web-based interface for searching, browsing, and selecting PhenX measures and protocols. For each PhenX Measure, the Toolkit provides a brief description of the measure, the rationale for selecting the measure, protocol(s) for collecting the measure, and supporting documentation. Measures are associated with a research domain, and may also be included in "Collections" (such as "Top 20 Measures") and "Conceptual Groups" (such as "Lifestage") that comprise measures that cut across the research domains. The "Smart Query Tool" offers two options: a high-specificity search through measure and protocol names, synonyms, and keywords; and a high sensitivity full-text search. The "Data Collection Worksheet" enables Toolkit users to easily integrate PhenX measures into their studies and the Data Dictionary provides variable names, identifiers, and attributes in several formats. All PhenX measures have Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid Common Data Elements (caBIG CDEs) and are accessible using the caBIG CDE browser. Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) codes are also being developed for PhenX measures and some have been released with "Trial" status. PhenX measures, protocols and/or variables have been mapped to studies in the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), the Public Population Project in Genomics's (P3G) Data Schema and Harmonization Platform for Epidemiological Research (DataSHaPER), and to primary phenotype variables collected by the electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) research consortium. The goal is to enable identification of PhenX variables in electroninc medical records (EMRs), clinical data repositories and other resources, promoting data sharing and cross-study analysis. A cross-reference guide linking PhenX measures, protocols and variables to standards and other identifiers is in development. The PhenX Toolkit provides the research community with freely available, well-established measures and bioinformatics tools that promote data sharing and data interoperability.


This paper contributes to the debate on the existence of pollution haven effects by systematically measuring the pollution content of trade (measured by the polluction content of imports (PCI)) and decomposing it into three components: a 'deep' (i.e. unrelated to the environmental debate) component and two components (factor endowments and environmental policies) that occupy centerstage in the debate on trade and the environment. The decomposition is carried out for 1986-88 for an extensive data set covering 10 pollutants, 48 countries and 79 ISIC 4-digit sectors. Illustrative decompositions presented for 3 of the 10 pollutants in the data set indicate a significant pollution haven effect and highlight the role of factor endowments in each region's PCI. However, because the bulk of trade is intra-regional with a high North-North share, these effects are small relative to the 'deep' determinants of the worldwide pollution content of trade.


BACKGROUND
Adhesion formation following tendon injury is a serious clinical problem.

AIMS
In this experimental study, the effects of the combination of sodium hyaluronate (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) on peritendinous adhesion and tendon healing were evaluated.

STUDY DESIGN
Animal experimentation.

METHODS
Twenty-one mature Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. The rats' Achilles tendons were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler technique. About 0.25 and 0.50 mL of the HA and CS (HA+CS) combination were injected subcutaneously into the repair site of the rats in groups 1 and 2, respectively, on days 0, 3, 7, and 10. The subjects in group 3 were used as the control group. At 6 weeks, all rats were euthanized. The tenotomy site was examined macroscopically in all animal subjects. Four samples were assigned to the histopathological examination group, and the others were assigned to the biomechanical assessment group.

RESULTS
Inflammation and adhesion in both treatment groups were observed at a lower rate than in the control group. The collagen filaments in both treatment groups were regular and the number was low when compared to the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and the control group. The quantity, quality, and grade of the adhesions were statistically significantly lower in group 2 when compared with the other groups. The mean maximum stress strength in group 2 was statistically significantly higher than that in group 1 and the control group.

CONCLUSION
Local administration of the HA+CS combination solution is a valid tool for preventing peritendinous adhesion after extrasynovial tendon repair such as Achilles tendon, and is a treatment option in such cases.


This paper presents a method for the extraction of contour lines and other geographic information from scanned color images of topographical maps. Although topographic maps are available from many suppliers, this work focuses on United States Geological Survey (USGS) maps. The extraction of contour lines, which are shown with brown color on USGS maps, is a difficult process due to aliasing and false colors induced by the scanning process and due to closely spaced and intersecting/overlapping features inherent to the map. These difficulties render simple approaches such as clustering ineffective. The proposed method overcomes these difficulties using a multistep process. First, a color key set, designed to comprehend color aliasing and false colors, is generated using an eigenvector line-fitting technique in RGB space. Next, area features, representing vegetation and bodies of water, are extracted using RGB color histogram analysis in order to simplify the next stage. Then, linear features corresponding to roads and rivers including contours, are extracted using a valley seeking algorithm operating on a transformed version of the original map. Finally, an A* search algorithm is used to link valleys together to form linear features and to close the gaps caused by intersecting features. The performance of the algorithm is tested on a number of USGS topographic map samples.


This beautiful and easy-to-follow book is a thorough reference to antique and period jewelry, created over a 200-year period, in Canada, Europe, The United Kingdom, and The United States. It presents the changes in construction techniques and jewelry styles through over 680 color photographs, with clear descriptions and explanations. From the Georgian through the Victorian, Belle Epoche, Art Deco, and Modern periods, the fascinating story of jewelry evolving with womens fashions is told. Great designers work is identified along with their materials. Their findings, fittings, and makers marks are fully explained.The values reference section is organized to locate pieces without going through the entire book; bracelets, brooches, and each other form are shown together visually, in chronological order. Advanced collectors and appraisers will find this a complete and quick-reference tool. Novices will enjoy learning this fascinating field quickly from the many illustrated identification tips.


Harlequin ichthyosis is the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis. It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (1: 300, 000). The vast majority of affected individuals are due to mutation in the ABCA12 gene, which cause a deficiency of the epidermal lipid transporter, resulting in hyperkeratosis and abnormal barrier function of skin. Infants are very susceptible to metabolic abnormalities and infections. They usually do not survive for very long. We report here a case of a newborn with harlequin ichthyosis of consanguineous parentage who had a history of similar birth previously.


Atmospheric icing on wind turbines have been recognized as a hindrance to the development of the wind power in cold regions, where uncertainty surrounding the effects of icing on energy production may prevent otherwise good wind resources from being utilized. This research paper is focused on to numerically simulate the rate and shape of atmospheric ice accretion on a full-scale horizontal axis wind turbine blade. Computational fluid dynamics based multiphase numerical analyses have been carried out where results showed a decrease in atmospheric ice growth rate along leading edge with the increase of blade profile size, both in terms of local ice mass and thickness. Streamlined ice shapes were observed near the blade root section, as compared to the blade tip section.


Estrous synchronization and artificial insemination (AI) are reproductive management tools that have been available to beef producers for over 30 years. Synchronization of the estrous cycle has the potential to shorten the calving season, increase calf uniformity, and enhance the possibilities for utilizing AI. Artificial insemination allows producers the opportunity to infuse superior genetics into their operations at costs far below the cost of purchasing a herd sire of similar standards. These tools remain the most important and widely applicable reproductive biotechnologies available for beef cattle operations (Seidel, 1995). However, beef producers have been slow to utilize or adopt these technologies into their production systems.


We focus on the efficient usage of specimen repositories for the evaluation of new diagnostic tests and for comparing new tests with existing tests. Typically, all pre‐existing diagnostic tests will already have been conducted on all specimens. However, we propose retesting only a judicious subsample of the specimens by the new diagnostic test. Subsampling minimizes study costs and specimen consumption, yet estimates of agreement or diagnostic accuracy potentially retain adequate statistical efficiency. We introduce methods to estimate agreement statistics and conduct symmetry tests when the second test is conducted on only a subsample and no gold standard exists. The methods treat the subsample as a stratified two‐phase sample and use inverse‐probability weighting. Strata can be any information available on all specimens and can be used to oversample the most informative specimens. The verification bias framework applies if the test conducted on only the subsample is a gold standard. We also present inverse‐probability‐weighting‐based estimators of diagnostic accuracy that take advantage of stratification. We present three examples demonstrating that adequate statistical efficiency can be achieved under subsampling while greatly reducing the number of specimens requiring retesting. Naively using standard estimators that ignore subsampling can lead to drastically misleading estimates. Through simulation, we assess the finite‐sample properties of our estimators and consider other possible sampling designs for our examples that could have further improved statistical efficiency. To help promote subsampling designs, our R package CompareTests computes all of our agreement and diagnostic accuracy statistics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract. This paper investigates the uncertainties linked to climate change impacts on runoff in four mesoscale basins (900 to 1800 km2) in the Mediterranean region. Runoff simulations were based on a daily conceptual model including a snow module. The model was calibrated and validated according to a differential split-sample test over a 20-year period and four competing criterions aiming to represent model structural uncertainty based on the concept of Pareto optimality. Five regional climate models (RCMs) from the Med-CORDEX initiative were used to provide temperature and precipitation projections under RCP8.5 by 2050. The RCMs' inability to realistically simulate reference climate (notably precipitation) led us to apply a monthly perturbation method in order to produce a range of climate scenarios. The structural uncertainty bounds obtained from the hydrological simulations over the reference period showed that the model was able to correctly reproduce observed runoff despite contrasted hydrological conditions in (and in between) the basins. Climate projections were shown to be convergent regarding temperatures, which could increase by about +1 to 3 °C on each basin. In contrast, no clear trends in precipitation could be put in evidence, some RCMs leading to a mean annual precipitation decrease (up to 64%), and others to an increase (up to 33%). The hydrological projections resulted from the combination of the hydrological simulation bounds with the range of climate projections. Despite the propagation of those uncertainties, the 2050 hydrological scenarios agreed on a significant runoff decrease (2–77%) during spring on all basins. On the opposite, no clear trend in runoff could be observed for the other seasons.


Michael Pollan's book, THE OMNIVORE'S DILEMMA: A NATURAL HISTORY OF FOUR MEALS, (2006) (Omnivore's Dilemma), invites readers to follow Pollan as he uncovers the origins of four vastly different meals. The conceit enables Pollan to explore the complicated food systems on which Americans rely for their daily bread. Pollan explores four food supply systems in particular: industrial, big organic, small organic, and hunter-gatherer. This book review focuses on the industrial food supply, and the small organic alternative. In so doing, the review discusses agriculture policy and explores what has become in some ways a national fixation on family farms. The review seeks to expose the disparity between how we eat - most of our calories provided through the industrial agricultural sector, and how we like to think we eat - our food coming fresh from family farms. The review also discusses some of the paradoxes, or absurdities, that Pollan identifies in the food supply system as we have evolved from hunters-gatherers to consumers of convenience. In some ways, THE OMNIVORE'S DILEMMA is an unquestionable success, and this review duly notes those successes. The review also addresses a topic raised but not exhausted by Pollan: that is, our national romanticism of the family farm, including an explanation of the status of such farms today. The industrial agriculture food system is implicated in what has become known as the hunger-obesity paradox. The review next explores this paradox and concludes where Pollan begins, by asking, though not attempting to answer, What's for dinner?


ABSTRACT Political blocs and cleavages do not emerge and endure unless political parties construct and cultivate them. When Indonesia democratized in the late 1990s, it appeared that party competition would be characterized by two primary cleavages that had been incubated under Suharto's "New Order": a regime cleavage pitting reformist opponents of the fallen dictatorship against its holdovers, and a religious cleavage distinguishing parties by their views on the proper political role for Islam. Some fifteen years after Suharto's departure, neither a reformist nor a religious bloc exists in Indonesian politics. This is not because reformist and religious themes lack resonance among voters, but because party elites have effectively abandoned cleavage politics by promiscuously sharing power in an all-encompassing party cartel. Party leaders have behaved as if they are more accountable to each other than to their presumptive support blocs, leaving reformist and religious social forces without reliable party champions in national politics. This article traces the origins of Indonesia's "accountability deficit" to the elite deal making that accompanied the formation of the country's first democratic governing coalitions in 1999 and 2001. By promiscuously sharing power across cleavage lines, party leaders fostered voter de-alignment in the 2004 and 2009 elections. This de-alignment has left Indonesian democracy vulnerable to the highly unpredictable politics of individuals rather than the more predictable politics of institutions as the 2014 elections approach, ominously opening the door to populist and anti-system challengers striving to rebuild the political blocs that party elites have recently unbuilt.


'Karl Marx was a German philosopher.' It is with this seminal sentence that Leszek Kolakowski begins his great work on The Main Currents of Marxism: its Rise, Growth and Dissolution (Oxford: Clarendon, 1978). Both the two terms in the predicate expression are crucial. It is most illuminating to think of Marx as originally a philosopher, even though nothing in his vastly voluminous works makes any significant contribution to philosophy in any academic understanding of that term. It is also essential to recognize that for both Marx and Engels philosophy was always primarily, indeed almost exclusively, what they and their successors called classical German philosophy. This was a tradition seen as achieving its climactic fulfilment in the work of Hegel, and one which they themselves identified as a main stimulus to their own thinking. Thus Engels, in Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, claimed that 'The German working-class movement is the inheritor of German classical philosophy'.


The Book Liberation Manifesto is an exploration of publishing outside of current corporate constraints and beyond the confines of book piracy. We believe that knowledge should be in free circulation to benefit humankind, which means an equitable and vibrant economy to support publishing, instead of the prevailing capitalist hand-me-down system of Sisyphean economic sustainability. Readers and books have been forced into pirate libraries, while sales channels have been monopolised by the big Internet giants which exact extortionate fees from publishers. We have three proposals. First, publications should be free-at-the-point-of-reading under a variety of open intellectual property regimes. Second, they should become fully digital — in order to facilitate ready reuse, distribution, algorithmic and computational use. Finally, Open Source software for publishing should be treated as public infrastructure, with sustained research and investment. The result of such robust infrastructures will mean lower costs for manufacturing and faster publishing lifecycles, so that publishers and publics will be more readily able to afford to invent new futures. For more information on the Hybrid Publishing Consortium see http://consortium.io/


This research is a cross university study of evaluating whether there are differences between demographic factors (gender, age, class standing) and student engagement via unplugged activities introducing parallel and distributed computing (PDC) topics in CS1, CS2, and CS3 level courses in an undergraduate computer science (CS) curriculum. The collaboration stemmed from attending a NSF Center for Parallel and Distributed Computing Curriculum Development and Educational Resources (CDER) PDC Curriculum Early Adopter Grant and Summer Training Program. Initiatives by the National Science Foundation in conjunction with the Institute for Electronic and Electrical Engineers' Technical Committee of Parallel Processing (NSF/IEEE-TCPP) encourage and promote the introduction of PDC concepts in the early CS undergraduate courses. The researchers used the [Wiggins, 2017: Assessing Student Perspective of Engagement in Class (ASPECT)] survey to collect data from ~105 undergraduate CS students after each unplugged activity. Demographic data (gender, age, class standing) was added to the survey to determine if there are differences in these and student engagement. For the study, the researchers designed two unplugged activities to demonstrate the fundamental concepts of PDC. The first activity help students learn the key benefits of parallel computing, and the limitations imposed by Amdahl's and Gustafson's law. The second activity exhibits the concepts of scheduling and load balancing. Our findings indicate there are no significant differences between gender, age, class standing and student engagement. The researchers plan to continue their research on unplugged activities and student engagement. Additional activities will be developed to introduce other PDC topics.


There is a growing interest in conversation agents and robots which conduct attentive listening. However, the current systems always generate the same or limited forms of backchannels every time, giving a monotonous impression. This study investigates the generation of a variety of backchannel forms appropriate for the dialogue context, using the corpus of counseling dialogue. At first, we annotate all acceptable backchannel form categories considering the permissible variation in backchannels. Second, we analyze how the morphological form of backchannels relates to linguistic features of the preceding utterance such as the utterance boundary type and the linguistic complexity. Based on this analysis, we conduct machine learning to predict backchannel form from the linguistic and prosodic features of the preceding context. This model outperformed a baseline which always outputs the same form of backchannels and another baseline which randomly generates backchannels. Finally, subjective evaluations by human listeners show that the proposed method generates backchannels more naturally and gives a feeling of understanding and empathy.


This paper presents an all-airborne approach for the geometric self-calibration of medium format digital cameras used in direct georeferencing. The motivation for this research was the problems of variation of distortion within the photographic field and high parameter correlations that can result from laboratory self-calibration. Determination of the lens distortion coefficients requires convergent imaging geometry and this is the primary reason why laboratory calibration is normally preferred. We propose an airborne approach that combines the advantages of strong network geometry with the benefit of external data input. Results from a series of simulations demonstrate the capabilities of this approach in terms of interior orientation parameter precision and parameter de-correlation. Experimental results show promising results, especially in terms of the radial lens distortion coefficients.


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Egg external traits have attentions from researchers for many years ago. This study was conducted to compare between the egg shapes of four genetic groups of Kurdish local chicken. 454 Eggs from all the groups were individually weighed to the nearest 0.01 g using an electronic digital balance. Length and width of egg were individually recorded by using a digital caliper. It was found significant difference (P<0.01) between White with shank feather and Black with brawn neck in egg weight. Egg length also differs significantly between black brawn neck, white with shank feather and white without shank feather (P<0.01). Egg breadth was significantly just between pure black and weight without shank feather. And finally shape index was differing significantly between groups but just pure black and white without shank feather not differ in (P<0.01) level. The highest significant positive correlations between external egg traits were found between egg weight and egg breadth (0.796), and between egg weight and egg length (0.760) p< 0.0001. Higher significant negative correlation was between egg length and egg shape index (-0.813) p< 0.0001. It could be concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the genetic groups in their egg weight and egg external traits such as egg length, egg breadth and shape index, and this may be due to their genetic makeup. Further studies are needed to characterize these groups based on molecular markers. Key-words:Local Chicken, External Egg Traits, Breadth


To assess the status of coral formations dominated by Acropora palmata (APF) and A. cervicornis (ACF) in the Tayrona National Natural Park (TNNP), Colombian Caribbean, a study was conducted at the bays of Chengue, Gayraca, Nenguange and Cinto between May-December 2001. The distribution and extension of the formations in the study area were evaluated by swimming along the coast and using draft maps, a GPS and a calibrated flow-meter, and their living cover were estimated in quadrat-belt transects (1x10 m). A total of 29 APF (119320 m2) and 12 ACF (21760 m2) were assessed. Almost all the APF exhibited living colonies of A. palmata, but the mean cover by this species reached only about 10%, representing about 14000 m2 of living area and a live: dead tissue proportion of 1: 8. Only four ACF had living colonies of A. cervicornis, and the mean live cover by this species was near 5%, corresponding to only 1200 m2 and a live: dead tissue proportion of 1: 15. Algae was the dominant category at both types of formation, covering about 80% of the substrate, followed by stony corals (17% in APF and 12% in ACF) and in less proportion by sand, zoanthids, octocorals and sponges. The hard coral assemblage was composed by 21 species in both formations, but, despite the extensive mortality of acroporids, it continued dominated by A. palmata (60%) in the APF and by A. cervicornis (40%) in the ACF. Millepora complanata was the only other stony coral species that reached important cover values (19% in APF and 24% in ACF); this is an opportunist coral that may have been gaining dominance following the decline of acroporid species. The results of our study indicate that acroporid populations of the PNNT have not recovered after 15 years of their mass mortality, and on the contrary, suggest that their status is now more dramatic. This is coincident with the general scenario that was diagnosed recently for the status of these corals in the Wider Caribbean. However, the current condition of acroporids in the PNNT seems better than in other reef areas of the Colombian Caribbean, so that, its remnant surviving populations can represent important reserves for conservation of both species and for future restoration programs.


In this paper I connect an anthropology of Christianity to an anthropology of the body and an anthropology of the nation. I try to achieve this by looking at changing notions of femininity in the Pentecostal context of Vanuatu. I do this on two different levels; on the one hand I show how the meaning of womanhood is changed in what I call the 'pentecostalised' neighborhoods of the capital Port Vila, and on the other I show how the household and the nation become contexts into which this new notion of femininity is played. Thus, in the first part of the paper I look at the ways in which Pentecostal Christianity change the meaning of gender, whereas in the second part of the paper I look at how this new form of gendered meaning has relevance for our understanding of wider social contexts.


Abstract We examine the average causal impact of catastrophic natural disasters on economic growth by combining information from comparative case studies. For each country affected by a large disaster, we compute the counterfactual by constructing synthetic controls. We find that only extremely large disasters have a negative effect on output in both the short and the long runs. However, we also show that this results from two events where radical political revolutions followed the disasters. Once we control for these political changes, even extremely large disasters do not display any significant effect on economic growth.


There has been a proliferation of online newspapers over recent years. Despite this, or perhaps because of it, some quality problems remain. Based on a two-factor model of hygiene and motivator factors, this paper examines quality for online newspapers giving attention to differences across gender, age, and computer skill level. Hygiene factors are essential requirements whose absence causes dissatisfaction, while motivators are desirable elements that add value and increase user satisfaction. This paper presents findings from an empirical study of 84 web users. Results show that hygiene factors for our respondents were Timeliness, Content Attractiveness, Content Coverage, Usefulness, and Navigation, while motivators were Writing Style, Layout, Archives, Services, Interactivity, and use of Multimedia. Four factors were borderline: Journalism Ethics, Ease of Use, Front Page & Headlines, and Locating Information. However, the research reveals some differences in perception of factors across gender, age, and computer skill levels, and further research is recommended to investigate these further.


Among existing uncertainty estimation approaches, Dirichlet Prior Network (DPN) distinctly models different predictive uncertainty types. However, for in-domain examples with high data uncertainties among multiple classes, even a DPN model often produces indistinguishable representations from the out-of-distribution (OOD) examples, compromising their OOD detection performance. We address this shortcoming by proposing a novel loss function for DPN to maximize the \textit{representation gap} between in-domain and OOD examples. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach consistently improves OOD detection performance.


Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are among the most frequent causes of chronic liver disease in the United States. Although the two entities are triggered by different etiologies - chronic alcohol consumption (ASH) and obesity-associated lipotoxicity (NASH) - they share overlapping histological and clinical features owing to common pathogenic mechanisms. These pathogenic processes include altered hepatocyte lipid metabolism, organelle dysfunction (i.e., ER stress), hepatocyte apoptosis, innate immune system activation, and hepatic stellate cell activation. Nonetheless, there are several disease-specific molecular signaling pathways, such as differential pathway activation downstream of TLR4 (MyD88-dependence in NASH versus MyD88-independence in ASH), inflammasome activation and IL-1β signaling in ASH, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in NASH, and dysregulation of different microRNAs, which clearly highlight that ASH and NASH are two distinct biological entities. Both pathogenic similarities and differences have therapeutic implications. In this Review, we discuss these pathogenic mechanisms and their therapeutic implications for each disease, focusing on both shared and distinct targets.


This paper studies the stability of some reconstruction algorithms for compressed sensing in terms of the bit precision. Considering the fact that practical digital systems deal with discretized signals, we motivate the importance of the total number of accurate bits needed from the measurement outcomes in addition to the number of measurements. It is shown that if one uses a 2k × n Vandermonde matrix with roots on the unit circle as the measurement matrix, O(ℓ+k log n/k) bits of precision per measurement are sufficient to reconstruct a k-sparse signal x ∈ ℝn with dynamic range (i.e., the absolute ratio between the largest and the smallest nonzero coefficients) at most 2ℓ within ℓ bits of precision, hence identifying its correct support. Finally, we obtain an upper bound on the total number of required bits when the measurement matrix satisfies a restricted isometry property, which is in particular the case for random Fourier and Gaussian matrices. For very sparse signals, the upper bound on the number of required bits for Vandermonde matrices is shown to be better than this general upper bound.


Title of Dissertation: Dissertation Directed by: FROM RIBOSOMAL ROTATION TO AUTISM AND CANCER Sergey O. Sulima, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Professor Jonathan D. Dinman Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics The ribosome transits between two main conformational states – non-rotated and rotated as it progresses through the translation elongation cycle. How this transition is controlled is not known. Here, we present evidence that the essential ribosomal protein L10 regulates this process in yeast ribosomes through a flexible loop located within 13 Å of the peptidyltransferase center. While deletion of the entire loop is lethal, viable mutants in this region were found to promote opposing effects on the natural equilibrium between the two conformational states of the ribosome. Mutants causing rotational disequilibria show defects in essential ribosomal processes including ligand binding, peptidyltransfer, decoding, reading frame maintenance, and gene expression. Large-scale chemical modification analyses of rRNA of the mutant ribosomes identified networks of near-, medium-, and long-range allosteric interactions involved in coordinating intersubunit rotation. These allosteric pathways map from L10 in the core of the large subunit and propagate outward through both subunits, linking all of the functional centers of the ribosome. Mutants of ribosomal protein L3 promoting opposing structural effects suppress the effects of the L10 mutants by re-establishing the correct rotational equilibrium. This loop is also involved in recruitment of the biogenesis factor Sdo1p as part of a quality control mechanism in which pre-60S subunits undergo a "test drive" before maturation. This suggests that the correct rotational status is important for ensuring late-stage maturation of the large subunit, indicating that the L10 loop is a key regulator of ribosome function throughout the ribosomal life cycle. A model is presented describing how the unidirectionality of translation and ribosomal rotation are powered by this intrinsic mobile loop. Additionally, mutants in this element have been identified in a fraction of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, and these mutants were found to also favor the rotated state. This suggests that a rotational disequilibrium is at the heart of this disease, and a mechanistic model is presented that describes how a ribosomal mutation can lead to cancer, and identifies new treatments. Moreover, analysis of mutations in the essential C-terminal end of L10 linked with autism has provided functional insight into the mechanism of this disorder. FROM RIBOSOMAL ROTATION TO AUTISM AND CANCER


Presidential unilateralism has become a defining feature of the executive branch. But a related and equally important phenomenon has been largely ignored: federal agency efforts to circumvent statutory federalism boundaries. The article calls this move "bypassing federalism." Bypassing involves the use of existing jurisdictional authority to work de facto rather than de jure reallocations of power. The article explores agency bypassing through the lens of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC's) promotion of demand response in electricity markets. Demand response refers to customer sales of negative watts, or "negawatts," back to the electrical grid. FERC, eager to promote demand-side management programs but stymied by the jurisdictional limitations in the Federal Power Act of 1935, recently adopted a strategy that bypasses these federalism boundaries by setting up demand response programs in wholesale markets (which are under its control) to parallel state and local programs. Although the strategy has boosted program participation, the article ultimately concludes that bypassing is an insalubrious administrative innovation. While it allows agencies to further national objectives without challenging jurisdictional boundaries head on, the strategy has significant downsides. First, statutory constraints may limit an agency's options in a way that results in the promotion of second-best over first-best policies. Second, even de facto jurisdictional adjustments raise federalism questions that we might prefer be addressed through the legislative process. Finally, by making a dysfunctional statutory scheme workable, bypassing threatens to delay legislative solutions.


The conditions for doing business at this stage are often similar in a game in which you need to calculate your actions a few steps ahead. At the same time, it is important to highlight several possible current options and make the necessary decision at the control moment. Moreover, each of the options formed should be justified, understandable and take into account the risk factors and available resources.Today, the main problem of assessing and minimizing the risk of "unfriendly takeover" is due to the fact that in most cases the raider is a player who acts quite legitimately and relies on the loopholes of the current legislative framework. Therefore, it is easier to identify possible actions of the raider and to avoid them within the limits of the reverse game than to deal with the consequences.The purpose of the research is to study the specificity of the individualized assessment and minimization of the risk of "unfriendly takeover" by using elements of game theory.It has been taken into account that the effect of individualization in assessing the risk of unfriendly takeover of enterprises can possibly be achieved on the basis of the application of game theory, the elements of which provide simulation of the unfriendly takeover process within the mathematical description of the inherent combinations of attack/defence as if they actually occurred in time both within one state of the external environment and for their given set.The results allowed forming mathematical decision-making models based on the elements of the antagonistic game "raider-target enterprise" and "raider games with the external environment", which proved the possibility to: 1) identify possible functions of wins/losses; 2) combinations of attacks that can be neglected (that is, from the point of view of the rationality of decisions, will be rejected by the raider); 3) the ranking of the raider's "attack combinations" for the reliability of their use during "unfriendly takeover". Under such conditions, the target company can provide not only a detailed assessment, but also an effective minimization of the risk of "unfriendly takeover" and allocate the best combination of protection.


In this Essay, I wish to offer two simple points. The first is that originalist arguments misconstrue history, and the second is that there is no such thing as pragmatic originalism--to the contrary, originalism is by definition unpragmatic and at odds with legal pragmatism. To understand why being an originalist works only if one ignores or misstates history, we must look briefly at the history of originalism. Some notion of originalism, understood as the theory that the Framers' or Founders' thoughts regarding the Constitution are relevant to constitutional interpretation, has been part of the legal landscape for a very long time, appearing as early as the 1790s. (1) But originalist constitutional interpretation as a discipline--that is, as a distinct subject with a distinct methodology--actually came into being only in the late nineteenth century. (2) Legal treatises and other works on the Constitution written before that time did not contain originalist theories of interpretation. The treatises discuss particular interpretations and offer descriptions of the proper or best understanding of particular clauses, but it took some time before people began to think about the problem of interpretation more broadly and systematically. For most of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, even as the problem of interpretation emerged, the main controversy concerned how much deference courts should give to legislatures. (3) The debate was about who should interpret, not how to interpret. When it came to the question of how to interpret the Constitution, there was general agreement on a kind of conventional approach that mixed different arguments without much systemization--something very much like the mix of arguments lawyers use when interpreting statutes or common law. (4) The Framers' intent was one of these arguments, used alongside text, precedent, and policy, but not superior to them. (5) The idea of originalism as an exclusive theory, as the criterion for measuring constitutional decisions, emerged only in the 1970s and 1980s. (6) The theory first appeared as "original intent originalism," and it looked to what the fifty-five men who drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia intended when they framed the Constitution. (7) That originalism first emerged in this guise is hardly surprising, given that the most readily available evidence about the origins of the Constitution's provisions consisted of notes from the Constitutional Convention collected in a neat four-volume set by Max Farrand. (8) Consequently, a great deal of early originalist work asked what the Framers thought they were doing when they wrote this or that clause of the Constitution. Of course, relying on such evidence was immediately subjected to a strong critique that I think everybody is probably familiar with. The sparseness of the evidence was said to leave every question indeterminate. (9) Some people found this sort of argument persuasive, others did not. But a more powerful critique of original intent soon emerged, this one arguing that relying on Framers' intent could not be justified as a normative matter. (10) The intent of the drafters in Philadelphia does not matter, this critique argued, because the Constitutional Convention had no lawmaking authority. The underlying premise of originalism is one of positive law: the Constitution is a species of legislation, authoritative only because and insofar as it was enacted by an authoritative lawmaker. As such, the authoritative intent is that of the people who had the power to make it law, not of the people who drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia. (11) Looking to their intent is like giving authority to a speech writer for the President. It is like giving authoritative weight to the intent of the lobbyists who drafted a bill for Congress, as opposed to the Congress that actually adopted it. This was a pretty devastating critique, and it required a response. …


The Ross Sea is floored with glacial debris upon which the sea has exercised no selective action whatsoever. The sediment is apparently being laid down in the same condition in which it is being released by the melting ice. Distance from the ice barrier and depth of water have no effect on texture. The Antarctic continent is surrounded by a zone of this material 200 to 500 miles wide, which mantles the continental shelf and slopes. It might be termed a marine till. The percentages of clay and colloid run unusually high. Such complete lack of sorting is unusual in either a deep or shallow water marine sediment, even in the Arctic where the deposits are also largely laid down by floating ice. Among the heavy minerals, those of the ferro-magnesian group are unusually abundant. All the heavies are comparatively unaltered, which is undoubtedly due to glacial conditions. Higher grade metamorphic minerals are notably absent. In the finer grades chemically decomposed material is found which is probably due to the glacial grinding of shales rather than to present conditions either on land or in the sea.


Summary Children and families from immigrant and refugee communities entering new lives in the United States are at risk of traumatic adjustment. Federal policies impact them directly and indirectly, privileging some while challenging others. It is incumbent upon social workers, as professionals committed to social and economic justice, to comprehensively understand the range of obstacles facing immigrants and refugees and empower them in their struggle to make a healthy adjustment. This article weaves together multiple policy and practice strands with discussion of the needs, strengths, and traumas experienced by immigrant and refugee individuals and families. The responses of a small metropolitan community to the needs of diverse immigrant and refugee populations are presented as an exemplar.


The biodiversity of local communities is likely affected by both local habitat quality and by the quality of the landscape surrounding the locality. In pond environments habitat quality may be affected by the kind of leaf litter present because leaf species differ in the kind of habitat structure they provide and the rate at which they release nutrients into the water. Landscape quality could affect diversity as well; some landscapes provide a richer pool of potential colonists. In addition the plant community surrounding ponds could alter the influence of habitat selection: animals may prefer to colonize ponds that have litter which matches that kind of litter typically produced by plants in the surrounding landscape (e.g. if organisms are adapted to the litter types in the habitats where they occur). We conducted a split-plot randomized block experiment to examine how both landscape and local scale properties and their interaction affect biodiversity within temporary pond communities in eastern NC. We manipulated both the kind of landscape in which artificial ponds were located (open-canopy grassland pine forest and hardwood forest) and the leaf species (sedge pine or maple) present in artificial ponds. Ponds were open to colonization by amphibians and aquatic insects during the summer of 2010. We surveyed organisms in the ponds on a monthly basis and did a complete census of each pond at summer's end. The kind of plant community (landscape) had consistent strong effects on biodiversity throughout the experiment: ponds in open-canopy landscapes supported more species and different kinds of species than ponds in forested systems. Litter type affected biodiversity in the monthly catch-and-release samples with more species in sedge treatments than pine treatments. We also found evidence from the monthly samples to suggest biodiversity was enhanced to a greater extent in open canopy ponds when litter from open canopy environments was present but that biodiversity in closed canopy environments was affected less by the kind of litter present. Our results highlight the importance of the terrestrial matrix surrounding ponds on biodiversity within the ponds and it could aid conservation efforts aimed at maintaining the unique biodiversity of temporary ponds.


We study the propagation, observation and control properties of the 1 d wave equation on a bounded interval discretized in space using the quadratic P2 - classical nite element approximation. A careful Fourier analysis of the discrete wave dynamics reveals two dierent branches in the spectrum: the acoustic one, of physical nature, and the optic one, related to the perturbations that this second-order nite element approximation introduces with respect to the P1 one. On both modes there are high frequencies with vanishing group velocity as the mesh size tends to zero. This shows that the classical property of continuous waves of being observable from the boundary fails to be uniform for this discretization scheme. As a consequence of this, the controls of the discrete waves may blow-up as the mesh size tends to zero. To remedy these high frequency pathologies, we design ltering mechanisms based on a bi-grid algorithm for which one can recover the uniformity of the observability constant in a nite time and, consequently, the possibility to control with uniformly bounded L 2 - controls appropriate projections of the solutions. This also allows showing that, by relaxing the control requirement, the controls are uniformly bounded and converge to the continuous ones as the mesh size tends to zero.


This paper reports the initial findings of a multi-year study that is surveying major and non-major students' understanding of the different computing disciplines. This study is based on work originally conducted by Courte and Bishop-Clark from 2009 [7] and then repeated by Battig and Shariq in 2011 [3], but which uses a broadened study instrument that provided additional forms of analysis. Data was collected from 199 students from a single institution who were computer science, information systems/information technology and non-major students taking a variety of introductory computing courses. Results show that undergraduate computing students are more likely to rate tasks as being better fits to computer disciplines than are their non-major (NM) peers. Uncertainty among respondents did play a large role in the results and is discussed alongside implications for teaching and further research.


Carpets are both sinks and sources for exposure to chemicals, allergens, and microbes and consequently influence health, including asthma, allergies, and infectious diseases. Asthmatics, children, and the immune-compromised are particularly vulnerable to health risks resulting from exposure to carpet contaminants. To address this risk, a commercial upright vacuum cleaner with an ultraviolet germicidal lamp (λ=253.7 nm, UVC) has been developed for residential and commercial uses. However, its effectiveness in reducing microbial load on real-world carpets has not been previously demonstrated. Accordingly, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a UVC-equipped vacuum in reducing the carpet surface-bound microbial load. This was accomplished by comparing the carpet microbial surface load from pre- to post-treatment of 9 ft(2) in-use carpet sections under three treatment scenarios: 1) UVC alone (UV), 2) the beater-bar plus vacuum (BB+Vac), or 3) a combination of all three (COMB). Each treatment was two minutes in duration. Microbial surface loads were measured by pressing contact plates containing Sabourauds Dextrose agar onto the carpet surface. In-use carpets from three locations were tested in place. The treatment effect was evaluated at two levels. First, we considered the mean reduction in CFU from pre- to post-treatment for each 9 ft(2) carpet grid (n = 4 for each treatment). The second level considered each 1 ft(2) section using a paired analysis (n = 40 to 49 for each treatment). A total of 125 pre/post-sample pairs were collected across the three treatments. Results showed that all three treatments were associated with a reduction in carpet microbial load (p < 0.0001). The COMB yielded the largest reduction of 13 CFU/plate (87% reduction) and was approximately the sum of the individual effects of either UVC (6.6 CFU/plate, 60% reduction, p = 0.009) or BB+Vac (7.3 CFU/plate, 78% reduction, p < 0.0001). We therefore conclude that a UVC-equipped vacuum approximately doubles the unit's effectiveness in reducing surface-bound microbial load, thereby holding promise as a means for decreasing indoor infectious disease risk.


This paper assesses the association of migration (both international and internal) with the employment status and earnings of native whites, blacks, Hispanics and Asians in the United States during the 1980-1990 decade. Results indicate that neither net internal migration nor immigration of minorities to fifty-two of the largest metropolitan areas were related to 1980-90 changes in the probability of joblessness for native and immigrant workers, but were marginally associated with 1979-89 decreases in the hourly wages of some native ethnic/immigrant groups. Results also indicate that the share of an industry sector's workforce that was foreign born and changes in that percentage were associated with increases in the odds of joblessness for some groups, but decreases for others. However, analysis of predicted mean values indicate immigration and the immigrant share of an industry sector's workforce accounts for less than 2 percent of the change that occurred in joblessness and hourly wages during the 1980's.


Modal analysis of waveguides and resonators by integra-lequation formulations can be hindered by the existence of spurious solutions. In this paper, spurious solutions are shown to be eliminated by introduction of a Rayleigh-quotient based matrix singularity measure. Once the spurious solutions are eliminated, the true modes may be determined efficiently and reliably, even in the presence of degeneracy, by an adaptive search algorithm. Analysis examples that demonstrate the efficacy of the method include an elliptical dielectric waveguide, two unequal touching dielectric cylinders, a plasmonic waveguide, and a realistic micro-structured optical fiber. A freely downloadable version of an optical waveguide mode solver based on this article is available.


THE U.S. has a powerful weapon in its educational arsenal: its community colleges. Yet these institutions are so often overlooked in discussions of the future of U.S. society and the U.S. work force that they might as well be deemed "top secret." But consider some basic facts. More than 1,200 community colleges enroll some 47% of all undergraduates. Put another way, each year community colleges enroll 6.5 million students in credit courses and another 5 million in valuable noncredit learning experiences. Nearly half of all baccalaureate degree recipients in the U.S. first attended a community college. And yet, despite these extremely large numbers, many leaders and faculty members at four-year colleges and universities and many secondary school counselors engage in a subtle put-down of community colleges. A patronizing attitude is all too common in the view that these institutions are fine for less talented or less well-off individuals, who deserve some educational opportunity even if it is "just" at a community college. Such schools may be useful institutions, but many in higher education, to put it bluntly, view them as second rate. To those who, perhaps unintentionally and without malice, exhibit these attitudes, I say, think again. In the highly economically competitive 21st century, the U.S. needs to be fully armed educationally. And to be so armed, all parts of the system are essential. Without strong and educationally challenging elementary and secondary schools and without strong collegiate education--both two- and four-year--America will not compete successfully in this new century. The outdated misconceptions about community colleges are confronted forthrightly in the recently released report from the College Board, Winning the Skills Race and Strengthening America's Middle Class: An Action Agenda for Community Colleges. (1) The opening words come directly to the point: American community colleges are the nation's overlooked asset. As the United States confronts the challenges of globalization, two-year institutions are indispensable to the American future. They are the Ellis Island of American higher education, the crossroads at which K-12 education meets colleges and universities, and the institutions that give many students the tools to navigate the modern world. Moreover, the report continues to cite numbers that might strike some as startlingly large. Community colleges produce "nearly 80% of first responders in the United States (police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians)." They produce more than half of the new nurses and health-care workers in the nation each year, and they award more than 800,000 associate degrees and certificates each year. But of course the role of community colleges is far broader than the preparation of police officers or nurses. Indeed, America needs all the skills that it can mobilize in its work force, from savvy businesspeople, to first-rate researchers, to committed professionals in countless fields, including great teachers in our elementary and secondary schools. And here again, community colleges play an important role. More than 50% of teachers have attended a community college for part of their education, and community college and associate degree programs are an essential part of the pipeline that feeds the teacher education programs of the nation's four-year colleges and universities. Community colleges also offer professional development programs to pre-K-12 teachers in such vital fields as math, science, English as a second language, and special education. And in many states they offer an alternative path to certification. Consider the example of just one state. In Maryland, community colleges have taken on a growing role in teacher education. In recent years, Prince George's Community College expanded its teacher education program into a complete department and worked with all of the state's community colleges to create a single associate degree in teaching. …


BACKGROUND
Recently, renewed interest in allograft and stentless "freehand" bileaflet xenograft mitral valve replacement has arisen. The variability of human papillary tip anatomy and scarcity of donors limit allograft availability, making xenograft mitral valves an attractive alternative; however, these valves require new surgical implantation techniques, and assessment of their hemodynamics and functional geometry is lacking.

METHODS
Seven sheep underwent implantation of a new stentless, glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine mitral valve (Physiological Mitral Valve [PMV], Medtronic) and were studied acutely under open-chest conditions. A new method of retrograde cardioplegia was developed. Hemodynamic valve function was assessed by epicardial Doppler echocardiography. 3D motion of miniature radiopaque markers sutured to the valve leaflets, annulus, and papillary tips was measured. Six other sheep with implanted markers served as controls.

RESULTS
Both papillary muscle tips avulsed in the first animal, leaving 6 other animals. Mitral regurgitation was not observed in any xenograft valve. The peak and mean transvalvular gradients were 4.6+/-1.8 mm Hg and 2.6+/-1.5 mm Hg, respectively. The average mitral valve area was 5.7+/-1.6 cm(2). Valve closure in the xenograft group occurred later (30+/-11 ms, P<0. 015) and at higher left-ventricular pressure (61+/-9 mm Hg, P<0.001) than in the control group; furthermore, leaflet coaptation was displaced more apically (5.6+/-2.2 mm, P<0.001) and septally (5. 8+/-1.5 mm, P<0.001), and the anterolateral papillary tip underwent greater septal-lateral displacement (2.7+/-1.5 mm, P<0.001). Annular contraction during the cardiac cycle was similar in the 2 groups (xenograft 9.2+/-4.5% versus control 10.6+/-4.5% [mean+/-SD; 2-factor ANOVA model]).

CONCLUSIONS
Successful freehand stentless porcine mitral valve implantation is feasible in sheep and was associated with excellent early postoperative hemodynamics. Physiological mitral valve annular contraction and functional leaflet closure mechanics were preserved. Long-term valve durability, calcification, and hemodynamic performance remain to be determined in models.


Previous research has uncovered a large, positive and causal link between education and health. This paper is devoted to examining the topic in the former Czechoslovakia. My analysis is conducted on a data set pooled from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). I utilize a continuum of ages at school entry, caused by the use of a single school cut-off, to identify the effect of education on health, which is uniquely created from the PCA method and using 30 questions of the SHARE. Therefore, I apply instrumental variable approach with a month of birth as an instrument for education. The results from the first-stage suggest that the instrument is not valid, since a correlation between the instrumental (Month of birth) and the instrumented variable (education) is very low and insignificant. The results remain insignificant even after adjusting for different measures of education, health, institutional changes or heterogeneous effects. As the most probable cause, I state the inability to control for non-compliers in my instrumental variable regressions. As a consequence, all the results regarding the link between education and health are inconclusive. JEL Classification I12, I21, I28, J13