We experimentally simulate a quantum-mechanical particle interacting with knotted electromagnetic fields. Classical electromagnetism and quantum mechanics are both central to the modern understanding of the physical world and its ongoing technological development. Quantum simulations of electromagnetic forces have the potential to provide information about materials and systems that do not have conveniently solvable theoretical descriptions, such as those related to quantum Hall physics, or that have not been physically observed, such as magnetic monopoles. However, quantum simulations that simultaneously implement all of the principal features of classical electromagnetism have thus far proved elusive. We experimentally realize a simulation in which a charged quantum particle interacts with the knotted electromagnetic fields peculiar to a topological model of ball lightning. These phenomena are induced by precise spatiotemporal control of the spin field of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, simultaneously creating a Shankar skyrmion—a topological excitation that was theoretically predicted four decades ago but never before observed experimentally. Our results reveal the versatile capabilities of synthetic electromagnetism and provide the first experimental images of topological three-dimensional skyrmions in a quantum system.


This work presents an improved coefficient decoding method for Matching Pursuit streams. It builds on the adaptive a posteriori quantization of coefficients, and implements an interpolation scheme that enhances the inverse quantization performance at the decoder. A class of interpolation functions is introduced, that capture the behavior of coefficients after conditional scalar quantization. The accuracy of the interpolation scheme is verified experimentally, and the novel decoding algorithm is further evaluated in image coding applications. It can be seen that the proposed method improves the rate-distortion performance by up to 0.5 dB, only by changing the reconstruction strategy at the decoder.


A new currency is emerging in world markets. Unlike the dollars, euros and yen that trade for tangible goods and human services, this new money exchanges for pollution--particularly emissions of carbon dioxide, which are caused by burning fossil fuels and are the leading cause of global climate change. Carbon credits, as they are called, are poised to transform the world energy system and thus the world economy. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] But it is not easy. As the Europeans have shown with their successful launch of the euro, new monetary systems require sophisticated and strong institutions. Creating a new currency for global trade is doubly difficult. Not only are global institutions much weaker than national courts and treasuries, but international cooperation is vulnerable to defection. Rarely do all major nations move in lockstep, but the creation of a new global currency implies the need for coordination on a scale that is unprecedented in the history of international environmental law. How this currency evolves and its implications for the world economy depend on decisions that are being made today and in the next few years. Those who want this system to work--and if it does, the benefits to the atmosphere and to the world economy could be enormous--must look to the right lessons from history. Yet the wrong histories have served to inspire most of the international diplomacy in this area. Governments have sought grand global treaties, such as the Kyoto Protocol, yet in history the most demanding and effective treaties and strongest currencies have emerged "bottom up" from the initial efforts of a committed few. Previous Efforts against Global Warming In its simplest form, the physical cause of climate change is not disputed. The atmosphere naturally contains greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane. Absent these gases, the planet would cool to a subzero frozen ball, much as the desert cools rapidly on a cloudless night. When humans pump extra quantities of these heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere, we alter the energy balance of the planet and cause a change in climate. It is clear that the concentrations of these greenhouse gases have greatly risen since the industrial revolution, that average global temperature is higher, and that temperatures will climb still further if we do not alter our path. A gradual warming is likely to cause rising sea levels; more extreme weather events are also possible. Much less likely, but highly worrying, are abrupt changes such as a rapid shift in the North Atlantic ocean circulation--an event that could, ironically, put much of the far North into a deep freeze. Devising effective solutions to the problem is difficult because climate change is both global and long-term. Greenhouse gases are stock pollutants with long lifetimes. What matters is their concentration in the atmosphere, not the exact geographical location where they are emitted. This characteristic of greenhouse gases enables the targeting of the least costly places for controlling emissions wherever they may be on the planet, but also the danger that laxity in one location can undo even the best efforts elsewhere. And unlike local pollution problems that have been the mainstay of environmental regulation, the benefits of controlling greenhouse gases accrue over many generations because greenhouse gases are long-lived in the atmosphere--carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for about a century. During the late 1980s climate change rose to prominence in the United States and other advanced industrialized countries. At the 1992 "Earth Summit" in Brazil, the United States signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which created a framework for international cooperation on climate change. For the United States and industrialized countries, compliance has meant submitting reports on emissions of greenhouse gases and contributing to a fund that compensates developing countries for the "agreed incremental cost" of their efforts to comply with the Convention's goals. …


Abstract The hearing function of 50 children with bacterial meningitis was evaluated at the second and 10th days, and eight weeks after admission with auditory brain system responses (ABR) to investigate whether meningitis causes hearing loss. Normal values were obtained in all tests from both ears of 24 patients (48 per cent). Twelve patients (24 per cent) had temporary, and seven (14 per cent) patients had persistent mild degree hearing loss. Severe hearing loss was detected bilaterally in five (10 per cent) patients and unilaterally in two (four per cent) patients. Patients with other complications such as subdural effusion, convulsion, brain oedema and paralysis were found to have a higher incidence of hearing loss. We observed that patients treated with dexamethasone had 7.7 per cent persistent hearing loss, 11.6 per cent mild hearing loss, 34.6 per cent transient hearing loss, but in the group who did not receive dexamethasone there was 19.2 per cent persistent hearing loss, 15.3 per cent mild hearing loss and 11.6 per cent transient hearing loss. There were other signficant differences between the two groups in restoration of normal body temperature, the CSF/plasma glucose concentration ratio was elevated, CSF (cerebro-spinal fluid) protein concentration was decreased and the cell count in the CSF was decreased in the dexamethasone group, significantly more than the group who were not receiving dexamethasone. The hearing loss tended to be more frequent among younger children.


Background: Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) protect humans against bites from the Anopheles mosquito vectors that transmit malaria, thereby reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. It has been noted that ITN use leads to a switch from indoor to outdoor feeding among these vectors. It might be expected that outdoor feeding would undermine the effectiveness of ITNs that target indoors vectors, but data are limited. Methods: We linked homestead level geospatial data to clinical surveillance data at a primary healthcare facility in Kilifi County in order to map geographical heterogeneity in ITN effectiveness and observed vector feeding behaviour using landing catches and CDC light traps in six selected areas of varying ITN effectiveness. We quantified the interaction between mosquitoes and humans to evaluate whether outdoor vector biting is a potential explanation for the variation in ITN effectiveness. Results: We observed 37% and 46% visits associated with positive malaria slides among ITN users and non-ITN-users, respectively; ITN use was associated with 32% protection from malaria (crude OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.73). We obtained modification of ITN effectiveness by geographical area (p=0.016), and identified 6 hotspots using the spatial scan statistic. Majority of mosquitoes were caught outdoor (60%) and were of the An. funestus group (75%). The overall propensity to feed at times when most people were asleep was high; the vast majority of the Anopheles mosquitoes were caught at times when most people are indoors asleep. Estimates for the proportion of human-mosquito contact between the first and last hour when most humans were asleep was consistently high across all locations, ranging from 0.83 to 1.00. Conclusion: Our data do not provide evidence of an epidemiological association between microgeographical variations in ITN effectiveness and variations in the microgeographical distribution of outdoor biting.


An experimental study of the Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) media access control (MAC) technology that is optimized for IP traffic in the metropolitan-area-network (MAN) environment is described. The study involved the deployment and trials of a RPR testbed encompassing a public optical fiber infrastructure in which Cisco Systems' Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) Ring Technology—a prestandard RPR implementation—was used. We focus on a number of important RPR protocol features that are vital to the future success of RPR as a MAN/wide-area-network (WAN) network technology. Related research on RPR/DPT has been done so far through simulation studies only. Standardization of RPR is currently being performed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.17 working group and is expected to be completed in 2003. Also, we present and discuss the experiments and tests performed to investigate the key features of RPR, along with the results obtained.


Indirect fluorescent antibody tests were performed with sera of paragonimiasis patients and skin test positive sera against Paragonimus antigen. Paragonimus antigen was prepared from lyophilized adult worms of P. westermani by defatting with ethyl-ether before extracting with barbital buffered saline. Preparation of Paragonimus antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test was based upon Sato's method used for sero-diagnosis of anisakiasis, with Sephadex G-25 instead of Sepharose 4B. The results were as follows: 1. The indirect fluorescent antibody titers of paragonimiasis patient's sera ranged from 1:64 to 1:512, whereas the control sera showed titers of less than 1:16. As controls, Clonorchis patient's sera and parasite-free healthy human sera were used. 2. In indirect fluorescent antibody tests, the skin test positive human sera against Paragonimus antigen showed a positive rate of 41.5 per cent in the case of titers more than 1:40. On the other hand, complement fixation tests on the same sera showed a positive rate of 32.5 per cent in the case of titers more than 1:20.


Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroids. They bind to and activate the cell-surface receptor kinase BRI1, which initiates a cascade of responses that regulate the phosphorylation states of the transcription factors BZR1 and BZR2. Phosphorylation of BZRs renders them inactive, whereas dephosphorylation results in their activation. Gampala et al. investigated the mechanisms by which BR-mediated modulation of BZR1 phosphorylation affected its activity. They expressed a fusion protein of BZR1 and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in transgenic Arabidopsis and used confocal microscopy to show that treatment of seedlings with brassinolide (BL), a potent BR, resulted in the nuclear accumulation of BZR1-YFP. Subcellular fractionation and Western blotting demonstrated that nonphosphorylated BZR1 was enriched in the nucleus, whereas phosphorylated BZR1 was enriched in the cytosol. Radiolabeled DNA hybridized to nonphosphorylated but not phosphorylated recombinant BZR1 on a blot. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified two isoforms of 14-3-3 proteins as binding partners for BZR1. The 14-3-3 proteins bind to targets in a sequence- and phosphorylation-dependent manner and regulate many cellular processes, often by protein translocation (see commentary by de Vries). Recombinant 14-3-3λ bound to phosphorylated but not nonphosphorylated BZR1 protein on a blot. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing BZR1Δ (which cannot bind 14-3-3) exhibited a phenotype consistent with constitutive activation of BZR1. BZR1Δ-YFP showed increased nuclear localization compared with that of BZR1-YFP. Treatment of Arabidopsis with an inhibitor of 14-3-3 target protein interactions increased the nuclear accumulation of BZR1. Similar results were found for BZR2. Together, these data establish 14-3-3 proteins as important negative regulators of BR signaling. S. S. Gampala, T.-W. Kim, J.-X. He, W. Tang, Z. Deng, M.-Y. Bai, S. Guan, S. Lalonde, Y. Sun, J. M. Gendron, H. Chen, N. Shibagaki, R. J. Ferl, D. Ehrhardt, K. Chong, A. L. Burlingame, Z.-Y. Wang, An essential role for 14-3-3 proteins in brassinosteroid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell 13, 177-189 (2007). [PubMed] S. C. de Vries, 14-3-3 proteins in plant brassinosteroid signaling. Dev. Cell 13, 162-164 (2007). [PubMed]


The rising tide of data-intensive, massive scale cluster computing is creating new challenges for traditional, hierarchical data center networks. In response to this challenge, the research community has begun exploring novel interconnect topologies to provide high bisection bandwidth—examples include Fat trees [2, 12, 8], DCell [9], and BCube [10], among a rapidly growing set of alternatives, many adapted from earlier solutions from the telecom and supercomputing areas. We argue that these solutions may provide too much— full bisection bandwidth on packet timescales—at too high a cost—literally tons of wiring and thousands of switches. In this work, we suggest that research should take a look back not only at historical topologies, but also historical technologies. More specifically, we suggest that a hybrid packet-switched/circuit-switched network can provide the functions and ease-of-use of today's allpacket networks, while providing high bandwidth for a large class of applications at lower cost and lower network complexity. Taking advantage of this network requires, however, a philosophical change to the design of data center networks. We propose to augment the electrical switch architecture with an optical circuit-switched network. Implementing this approach requires a network re-design to provide substantial pre-optical queueing at the nodes, treating the entire data center as one large virtually output-queued router. We explain this argument briefly, and expand upon our proposed solution in the sections that follow.


ABSTRACT This article examines phonological development and its relationship to input statistics. Using novel data from a longitudinal corpus of spontaneous child speech in Polish, we evaluate and compare the predictions of a variety of input-based phonotactic models for syllable structure acquisition. We find that many commonly examined input statistics can make dramatically different predictions, as do different assumptions about the representational units over which statistics are calculated. We find that development is sensitive to multiple abstract units of phonological representation, supporting a crucial role for feature-based generalization. We also identify departures between the predictions of the best phonotactic models and children's production patterns that indicate that input sensitivity alone cannot fully explain the developmental patterns. We discuss the role of universal markedness and phonetic difficulty and argue that a full explanation requires reference to these biases.


Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), a highly migratory cosmopolitan predator, is the only extant representative of the family Pomatomidae. It has been the subject of many studies due to its commercial and recreational value, but much less research has been conducted on its global population structure. Here we investigate the population structure of this species and the effects of present and past oceanographic barriers to dispersal in its North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black sea populations. We employed mitochondrial (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes) and nuclear (eight microsatellite loci) DNA as molecular markers. Three main genetic units of Bluefish were identified: American (West Atlantic waters), Spanish (East Atlantic–Western Mediterranean regions), and Turkish (Eastern Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black seas). Our results suggested that Bluefish is panmictic in the northwest Atlantic Ocean but not in the Mediterranean Sea. The common ancestor of the studied populations was traced back to the interglacial cycle Aftonian II, and the separation between clades was estimated to have occurred during glacial periods, likely due to migrations to refuges and the closure of the Mediterranean Sea. In conclusion, paleoclimate seems to have been fundamental for shaping the present genetic lineages of Pomatomus saltatrix.


Using Ensemble Monte Carlo simulations, the photocurrent in a 500 nm long strained [110] silicon nanowire with diameter of 3.1 nm is investigated. It was observed that a phototransistor based on this nanowire can have responsivities in the order of 21.3 mA/W for an input light wavelength of 532 nm and intensity of 0.25–2.5 kW/cm2. The super-unity slope of 1.2 in photo conductance versus input light intensity suggests that the nanowire has a photoconductive gain and highlights its advantage over germanium nanowires with sub-unity slope (0.77). The generated photocurrents are in the 0.1 nA–1 nA range. Density Functional Theory and Tight Binding methods were used for strain application and band structure calculation, respectively. Both longitudinal acoustic and optical phonons were included in the calculation of the carrier-phonon scattering events, which showed a two-order of magnitude stronger role for longitudinal optical phonons.


Surface mining of coal and subsequent reclamation represent the dominant land use change in the central Appalachian Plateau (CAP) region of the United States. Hydrologic impacts of surface mining have been studied at the plot scale, but effects at broader scales have not been explored adequately. Broad‐scale classification of reclaimed sites is difficult because standing vegetation makes them nearly indistinguishable from alternate land uses. We used a land cover data set that accurately maps surface mines for a 187‐km2 watershed within the CAP. These land cover data, as well as plot‐level data from within the watershed, are used with HSPF (Hydrologic Simulation Program‐Fortran) to estimate changes in flood response as a function of increased mining. Results show that the rate at which flood magnitude increases due to increased mining is linear, with greater rates observed for less frequent return intervals. These findings indicate that mine reclamation leaves the landscape in a condition more similar to urban areas rather than does simple deforestation, and call into question the effectiveness of reclamation in terms of returning mined areas to the hydrological state that existed before mining.


INTRODUCTION
Hypertension is a health problem that is of national importance. It is a major risk factor for the occurrence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases that are leading or among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity as in ours, as in the most developed and less developed countries.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity, blood pressure and hypertension for adolescents.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The research was realized on a sample of 4,051 boys and girls at the age of 11 to 14 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by using a three minute step test, while the percentage of body fat was determined by bioelectrical impedance method. Blood pressure was measured three times at intervals of 60 seconds, and the result was the median value of the three measurements. The measurements were performed in a separate room with optimum ambient conditions. The relation between hypertension, cardiorespiratory fitness and fat was determined by correlation and multi-nominal logistic regressive analysis.

RESULTS
Boys had higher systolic pressure and lower diastolic pressure compared to girls. The low level of cardiorespiratory fitness and high percentage of body fat were independently associated with an increased risk of blood pressure and hypertension for both boys and girls. The interaction was established between the percentage of body fat and fitness.

CONCLUSION
The results should be taken into account for building strategies and recommendations for improvement of lifestyle and health for adolescents.


This article examines the education of youngsters and adults within the educational reform implemented in Brazil during the 1990s, analyzing the fulfillment of the decentralization in this specific field of education as well the programs and beneficiaries, the deregulation and selective privatization of services. Under this perspective, it is deemed that the educational reform was fettered by the goals of fiscal adjustment, a fact that resulted in the redefinition of the role of the State in the funding and offer of education services, producing a movement of the boundaries between public and private responsibilities in the promotion of education for young and adult persons. Tendencies are highlighted of proliferation of providers, and of multiplication of youngster and adult education programs conducted in partnership between governmental and non-governmental agents. Such practices are inspired in varying meanings attributed to the concepts of partnership and of non-governmental public services, admitting an economic-instrumental view as well as a perspective of democratization of the public sphere. Considering these different meanings and implementation strategies, the article analyzes how the concept of partnership has been put in practice in three federal initiatives for the education of youngsters and adults - the Solidary Literacy Program, the Land Reform Education Program, and the National Plan for Professional Education and Qualification.


In five cases issued during the last five years, the Supreme Court interpreted statutory antiretaliation provisions broadly to protect employees who report illegal employer conduct. These decisions conflict with the common understanding of the Court as pro-employer and judicially conservative. In a sixth retaliation decision during this time, however, the Court interpreted constitutional antiretaliation protection narrowly; an act that fits with the Court's pro-employer image but diverges from the antiretaliation stance it appeared to take in the other five retaliation cases. This Article explains these seemingly anomalous results by examining the last fifty years of the Supreme Court's retaliation jurisprudence. In doing so, a persistent theme emerges: the "Antiretaliation Principle." This Principle advances the notion that protecting employees from retaliation will enhance the enforcement of the nation's laws. Interestingly, although the Court has used the Antiretaliation Principle for a half-century to strengthen statutory protections against employer retaliation, it also has demonstrated consistently that it considers the Antiretaliation Principle primarily a statutory, rather than constitutional, norm. The Antiretaliation Principle explains the Court's recent cases and provides a reasoned and consistent standard against which they can be evaluated. Furthermore, the Supreme Court's Antiretaliation Principle provides important lessons for lower courts as they confront the need to protect whistleblowing employees from employer retaliation.


In the last decade, liquid metal (LM) blanket-related key issues, such as the magnetohydrodynamics due to reactor off-normal shutdown, LM velocity two-dimensional effect, manifold three-dimensional effect, insulator coating imperfection effect, and so on, have been investigated in experiments and theoretic analysis in Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP). Some results were first observed such as the two-dimensional effect and the instabilities due to insulator coating imperfection in this field. These results also related to the advanced limiter-divertor plasma system. In this paper, we review the progress made by SWIP in this research field.


This review article views predominately the structure and function of animal and bacterial photoreceptor pigments (rhodopsin, iodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin) and their aspects of nano- and biotechnological usage. On an example of bacteriorhodopsin is described the method of its isolation from purple membranes of photo-organotrophic halobacterium Halobacterium halobium by cellular autolysis by distilled water, processing of bacterial biomass by ultrasound at 22 KHz, alcohol extraction of low and high-weight molecular impurities, cellular RNA, carotenoids and lipids, the solubilization with 0,5 % (w/v) SDS-Na and subsequent fractionation by methanol and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200 Column balanced with 0.09 M Tris-borate buffer ( pH = 8,35) with 0,1 % (w/v) SDS-Na and 2,5 mM EDTA. Within the framework of the research the mechanism of color perception by the visual analyzer having the ability to analyze certain ranges of the optical spectrum, as colors was studied along with an analysis of the additive mixing of two colors. It was shown that at the mixing of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths, the visual analyzer perceive them as separate or average wave length corresponding to mix color. In the report there is information about emotional perception of colors with new achievements. Keywords : vision, rhodopsin, iodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, additive color mixing, emotional perception


In today world, rapid economic development has not only led to significant improvements in incomes and the quality of life, but also resulted in great increases in the number of people killed and injured at work. For decades, industries have embraced many systems to minimise workplace accidents and incidents, yet despite the best intention, there has been little reduction in the rate at which people are killed or injured at work. Similar scenario prevails in Malaysia, when statistics from the Social Security Organisation reports indicated that although the number of occupational accidents has reduced gradually, workers especially those in the manufacturing sector still suffer a high level of occupational accidents almost every year. To overcome this problem, the government has come out with a legislative framework to deal with this situation. This study therefore has the purpose of examining safety related matters at work, strictly from the legal point of view. Its objectives are to review the historical background of the implementation of the laws related to safety and health at work; to identify the relevant legislations; and to analyse the extent of the employers' duties and liabilities related to safety at work under the common law. Qualitative method prone to the legal style of doing research was employed to achieve all the objectives. Hence the data referred in this study consist of all secondary data found in the legislations, legal journals, thesis and law publications. It was found in this study that as a result of several weaknesses in the previous legislations namely the Machinery Ordinance 1953 and Factories and Machineries Act 1967, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) was enforced in 1994. It provides general guidelines on how to create a safe environment at work. Subsequently many regulations, guidelines and codes of practice which provided more detailed provisions were introduced under OSHA 1994. The results also showed that besides the statutory obligations, employers also have a duty, under the common law, to provide a safe system of work to their workers, failing which an action of negligence could be taken against them in court.


The thesis argues that through the portrayal of a sequence of authors-as-protagonists who write from within the apartheid andpost-apartheid condition, the South African novelist J. M. Coetzee engages with the 'paradox of postcolonial authorship'. Whilst striving symbolically to retrieve the lost and silenced histories of colonised Others, writers of conscience (or conscience-stricken writers) risk re-enacting the very authority they seek to challenge. Taking account of Coetzee's recent material and adding to ongoing debates, the research traces the non-systematic shifts and transitions in the corpus in which Coetzee rehearses and revises his understanding of the ethics of intellectualism in parallel with the emergence of the 'new South Africa'. The thesis identifies three general tendencies in the trajectory of the work. Firstly, the early fiction is read within Coetzee's project of 'demythologising history' as a means of laying bare the 'madness of civilisation' and thereby exposing colonialist history as another ideologically inflected discourse. The middle phase engages with debates about the limits of representing the racial Other. Through the dialectical motifs of speech and silence, Coetzee attempts to bridge the impasse of postcolonial authorship: the racial Others in these novels are both silenced by oppression and silent in resistance. Finally, published on the cusp of regime change, and then postapartheid, the later novels are read as confessions in which the figure of the angstridden and dislocated white writer strives for persoflal nc1 historit tut(' d reconciliation'. The trajectory of the oeuvre crystallises notions of ethical writing practices, sparely portrayed in the sequence of meta-generic 'Costello lectures'. The academic and novelist Elizabeth Costello endorses notions of feeling and sentiment ("heart-speech") over and above the discourses of reason and rationality, thereby developing Coetzee's concern with the formulation of the private speaking to and informing the public sphere. The thesis assesses how successfully, as a member of a white academic elite in South Africa, Coetzee accommodates his various roles as author, public intellectual and citizen (or private individual with both rights, and obligations to society). Overturning Edward Said's formulation of the public intellectual 'speaking truth to power', Coetzee is sceptical about what constitutes 'truth' and refuses to take confrontational positions. Yet, by withdrawing from the public domain as he makes interventions (speaking through Elizabeth Costello, for instance), Coetzee self-consciously problematises his own position (what he might call a 'nonposition'), lending weight to the claim that he is politically evasive.


Due to U.S. air pollution regulations, aerosol and precursor emissions have decreased during recent decades, while changes in emissions in other regions of the world also influence U.S. aerosol trends through long‐range transport. We examine here the relative roles of these domestic and foreign emission changes on aerosol concentrations and direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over the continental United States. Long‐term (1980–2014) trends and aerosol source apportionment are quantified in this study using a global aerosol‐climate model equipped with an explicit aerosol source tagging technique. Due to U.S. emission control policies, the annual mean near‐surface concentration of particles, consisting of sulfate, black carbon, and primary organic aerosol, decreases by about −1.1 (±0.1)/−1.4 (±0.1) μg/m3 in western United States and −3.3 (±0.2)/−2.9 (±0.2) μg/m3 in eastern United States during 2010–2014, as compared to those in 1980–1984. Meanwhile, decreases in U.S. emissions lead to a warming of +0.48 (±0.03)/+0.46 (±0.03) W/m2 in western United States and +1.41 (±0.07)/+1.32 (±0.09) W/m2 in eastern United States through changes in aerosol direct radiative forcing. Increases in emissions from East Asia generally have a modest impact on U.S. air quality but mitigated the warming effect induced by reductions in U.S. emissions by 25% in western United States and 7% in eastern United States. As U.S. domestic aerosol and precursor emissions continue to decrease, foreign emissions may become increasingly important to radiative forcing over the United States.


In visual modeling, invariance properties of visual cells are often explained by a pooling mechanism, in which outputs of neurons with similar selectivities to some stimulus parameters are integrated so as to gain some extent of invariance to other parameters. For example, the classical energy model of phase-invariant V1 complex cells pools model simple cells preferring similar orientation but different phases. Prior studies, such as independent subspace analysis, have shown that phase-invariance properties of V1 complex cells can be learned from spatial statistics of natural inputs. However, those previous approaches assumed a squaring nonlinearity on the neural outputs to capture energy correlation; such nonlinearity is arguably unnatural from a neurobiological viewpoint but hard to change due to its tight integration into their formalisms. Moreover, they used somewhat complicated objective functions requiring expensive computations for optimization. In this study, we show that visual spatial pooling can be learned in a much simpler way using strong dimension reduction based on principal component analysis. This approach learns to ignore a large part of detailed spatial structure of the input and thereby estimates a linear pooling matrix. Using this framework, we demonstrate that pooling of model V1 simple cells learned in this way, even with nonlinearities other than squaring, can reproduce standard tuning properties of V1 complex cells. For further understanding, we analyze several variants of the pooling model and argue that a reasonable pooling can generally be obtained from any kind of linear transformation that retains several of the first principal components and suppresses the remaining ones. In particular, we show how the classic Wiener filtering theory leads to one such variant.


This paper reports findings from recent research examining the relationship between urban design and layout and aspects of social and communal life in urban neighbourhoods. To address this, six UK neighbourhoods of varying densities and layouts were selected for detailed investigation. Data on social interactions, social activities and social networks along with perceptions of the built and social environment of the neighbourhoods were collected through observations, questionnaire surveys and secondary data sources. Neighbourhood design and layout were analysed using spatial network and visibility graph analysis methods. Correlation and multiple regression tests were conducted to test the claimed associations. Findings indicate differences between socializing patterns and structure of social networks in high- and low-density areas. Low-density areas were associated with widely spread social networks and activities with very few strong relationships. In high-density neighbourhoods, respondents had small networks but stronger ties were found. Detailed investigation shows that much of this can be attributed to, among other physical factors: the location of public spaces, visibility from and to these spaces, visual links between neighbourhoods', typology and physical form of development rather than density alone. This indicates that some of the negative social impacts found within high-density urban development might be rectified with better design of neighbourhoods. It is clear that to deliver sustainable development, the compact city will have to be designed with specific spatial and built environment characteristics.


This project created a module to be offered to Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD)students interested in working with Spanish-speaking clients consisting of activities coveringterminology and vocabulary relevant to the different areas of speech-language pathology inSpanish. In order to facilitate technical vocabulary acquisition, the module was designed usingvocabulary-learning strategies from studies that have investigated effective means of acquiringsecond language (L2) vocabulary, including use of multiple strategies in combination andcombination of intentional and incidental learning (Fan, 2003; Hummel, 2010; Lawson H Read, 2004). Participants were assessed in comprehension and production of theterms in four types of activities, including direct translations, cloze exercises using vocabularyterms in context, listening comprehension, and production of terms in context. All activitieswere completed through Blackboard at the student's own pace over the course of one semester.Data were collected on the effectiveness of the module in a pre-test/post-test comparison ofscores, as well as Likert scale measurements of confidence, preparedness, and professionalidentity before and after module completion. Training activities replicated the tasks completedin the pre-test and post-test. Intermediate understanding of Spanish was required to participate in the module as evidenced by college-level coursework and cultural or personal experiences withthe Spanish language. Upon completion of the module, students received a certificate todesignate their participation in the course.The study revealed changes in scores that represented significant gains made by allparticipants, as hypothesized and demonstrated in a paired t-test performed on totaled scores (M= 22.4167, SD =11.4692, t(5) = 4.788, p = 0.005). The reported outcomes in confidence andpreparedness also supported the alternate hypothesis as demonstrated in a Wilcoxon signed rankanalysis (Z = -2.232, p .05).Participation in the module suggested overall positive results via gains made on the posttestand exit survey comments. Participants' reports of increased feelings of confidence andpreparedness after module training coincided with findings in earlier research (Bender, Lawson,Harlan, & Lopez, 2004; Kritikos, 2003; Mazor, Hampers, Chande, & Krug, 2002). Participantsdid not report changes in professional identity with possible explanations being student status orthe view of Spanish-language proficiency as a clinical tool, rather than defining professionalquality. Limitations of the study included a small sample size and lack of a face-to-facecomponent.


BigBOSS is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment to study baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the growth of structure with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey over 14,000 square degrees. It has been conditionally accepted by NOAO in response to a call for major new instrumentation and a high-impact science program for the 4-m Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak. The BigBOSS instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking 5000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 340 nm to 1060 nm, with a resolution R = 3000-4800. Using data from imaging surveys that are already underway, spectroscopic targets are selected that trace the underlying dark matter distribution. In particular, targets include luminous red galaxies (LRGs) up to z = 1.0, extending the BOSS LRG survey in both redshift and survey area. To probe the universe out to even higher redshift, BigBOSS will target bright [OII] emission line galaxies (ELGs) up to z = 1.7. In total, 20 million galaxy redshifts are obtained to measure the BAO feature, trace the matter power spectrum at smaller scales, and detect redshift space distortions. BigBOSS will provide additional constraints on early dark energy and on the curvature of the universe by measuring the Ly-alpha forest in the spectra of over 600,000 2.2 < z < 3.5 quasars. BigBOSS galaxy BAO measurements combined with an analysis of the broadband power, including the Ly-alpha forest in BigBOSS quasar spectra, achieves a FOM of 395 with Planck plus Stage III priors. This FOM is based on conservative assumptions for the analysis of broad band power (kmax = 0.15), and could grow to over 600 if current work allows us to push the analysis to higher wave numbers (kmax = 0.3). BigBOSS will also place constraints on theories of modified gravity and inflation, and will measure the sum of neutrino masses to 0.024 eV accuracy.


The half-century, which is the time that has elapsed since the publication of Wretched of the Earth , seems such a short period when one imagines its author in all his intellectual magnificence, his anguish, and the many details we all know of his short-lived reality. Dare one say, after the concept has long been declared "dead" that we imagine him as having been a live "author"? As I write this, the idea of various notable intellectuals and revolutionary movements could come to mind in order for them to serve as interesting comparisons as we discuss and remember Fanon, his analyses of the colonial aftermath, and his many predictions, both explicit and implicit. However, the "death" of the author is, in fact, as Barthes' polemical essay showed, a premise that empowers the text in its full potentiality well beyond the deism by which the identity of the author becomes the authority. Here, the liberation of the text joins up the enunciation with its "content" so to speak, or in Barthes' words, reveals how Fanon "made of his very life a work for which his book was a model." It is from this idea that I wish to see Fanon as incomparable. The reason to do so does not stem from some esoteric form of admiration, but rather a conviction that Fanon's narration itself is both indicative and exemplary of a process of thinking that, for me, remains unparalleled in theorizing the role of the intellectual. Such a conviction requires us to read beyond the content of Wretched and be "reborn" in the Barthesian sense as readers. In essence, it is to simply follow the way Fanon himself allows us to actually trace how he dreams of "the native" or "the people" and thus accomplishes an affective leap, arguably, more completely than any other intellectual. This reading is, thus, an invitation to dream – even momentarily – of Fanon.


The research into Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices began in the early 1970s
and led to the development of high performance, small size, rigorous and high
reproducibility devices. SAW devices have been recognized for their versatility and
efficiency in controlling and processing of electrical signals. Much research has now
been done on the application of such devices to consumer electronic, communication
systems and process function, such as delay lines, filters, resonator, and pulse
compressors.
The use of novel material, such as Gallium phosphate (GaPO4), extends the operating
temperature of the SAW elements. In this thesis SAW devices based on this new
material, operating at resonance frequency of 433.92 MHz been studied for passive
wireless application. The SAW devices consist of interdigital transducer (IDT) with
1.4 μm finger gap ratio of 1:1 of platinum and under-layer of chromium metallization.
A modeling using lumped equivalent circuit (LEC) of the device and finite element modeling (FEM) was done. The frequency responses of device were simulated by Sparameter
and impedance.
The impedance was used to study the mass loading effect of the Platinum electrodes
of the SAW devices. The analysis of the result shows that the mass loading affects the
resonant frequency of the SAW device. Furthermore, the results show that FEM
approach is more precise than LEC for design and simulation of SAW resonator.


ABSTRACT Human milk contains a high concentration of complex oligosaccharides that influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota in breast-fed infants. Previous studies have indicated that select species such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium bifidum can utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) in vitro as the sole carbon source, while the relatively few B. longum subsp. longum and Bifidobacterium breve isolates tested appear less adapted to these substrates. Considering the high frequency at which B. breve is isolated from breast-fed infant feces, we postulated that some B. breve strains can more vigorously consume HMO and thus are enriched in the breast-fed infant gastrointestinal tract. To examine this, a number of B. breve isolates from breast-fed infant feces were characterized for the presence of different glycosyl hydrolases that participate in HMO utilization, as well as by their ability to grow on HMO or specific HMO species such as lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and fucosyllactose. All B. breve strains showed high levels of growth on LNT and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), and, in general, growth on total HMO was moderate for most of the strains, with several strain differences. Growth and consumption of fucosylated HMO were strain dependent, mostly in isolates possessing a glycosyl hydrolase family 29 α-fucosidase. Glycoprofiling of the spent supernatant after HMO fermentation by select strains revealed that all B. breve strains can utilize sialylated HMO to a certain extent, especially sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose. Interestingly, this specific oligosaccharide was depleted before neutral LNT by strain SC95. In aggregate, this work indicates that the HMO consumption phenotype in B. breve is variable; however, some strains display specific adaptations to these substrates, enabling more vigorous consumption of fucosylated and sialylated HMO. These results provide a rationale for the predominance of this species in breast-fed infant feces and contribute to a more accurate picture of the ecology of the developing infant intestinal microbiota.


Digital VLSI IC design and manufacturing margins continue to increase in light of process variability, circuit reliability and wide operating conditions. In spite of the enhancements from the manufacturing and design sides, there are still substantial margins in terms of manufacturing yield, circuit area and power, and design turn-around-time due to the conservatisms in the design and manufacturing flows. These margins are extremely costly when the benefits from developing the next technology node are only approximately 20% in circuit performance, power and density. To reduce the margins, accurate modeling and assessment of the impacts of variability and reliability are essential. Meanwhile, innovative manufacturing and design techniques must be developed based on comprehensive understanding of the benefits and costs of such new measures. This thesis presents techniques to mitigate variability and reliability margins which can be grouped into three main thrusts : (1) design for manufacturability and reliability, (2) signoff condition optimization, and (3) design-aware manufacturing optimization. In the design for manufacturability and variability thrust, this thesis presents two performance sensor designs for adaptive voltage scaling, which can be used to mitigate the impact of process variations. To reduce the reliability margins for time-dependent dielectric breakdown, this thesis presents a layout optimization technique and a design- dependent reliability analysis framework. In the signoff condition optimization thrust, this thesis presents analyses on the design overheads due to suboptimal signoff conditions in (i) circuit operating voltage and performance, (ii) circuit aging timing model, and (iii) wire parasitic resistance and capacitance models. Meanwhile, the tradeoffs between design quality and signoff margins, and methods to optimize signoff conditions are also included. In the design-aware manufacturing optimization thrust, this thesis presents three distinct techniques to improve manufacturing yield by considering the impact of manufacturing variations on design's timing and leakage power. First, the electrical process window provides a more accurate method to quantify the impact of lithography variability on circuit performance and leakage. Second, design-dependent monitoring provides a cost-effective way to estimate circuit parametric yield based on test-structures available in the early stages of a manufacturing flow. Finally, analysis on the impact of overlay error in double patterning lithography provides guidelines to reduce circuit performance variation


A number of factors in Australia's electricity market are now combining to produce favourable conditions for residential battery storage uptake out to 2030. These factors are: decreasing battery prices, increasing forecast grid electricity prices, the removal of state based premium feed-in tariffs and the continued willingness of Australian households to reduce their electricity costs through installing solar. The benefits that residential batteries may provide to Australian electricity networks are also being considered, with batteries able to delay costly network upgrades, displace peaking generation for peak shaving, and assist the integration of a higher percentage of renewable generation. Research in 2015, by the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), looked at the economic viability of residential batteries in Australia. However, both of these studies focused on the National Electricity Market (NEM) regions only. This research uses recently advertised Australian battery prices to provide a more relevant assessment of the economic viability of batteries in all Australian regions, including the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Northern Territory (NT) and Western Australia (WA). The HOMER modelling software is used to calculate paybacks for household scenarios, from which potential uptake is forecast. The results show for new battery and PV installations, paybacks under 9-years for all regions, and overall uptake of over 500,000 battery installs, by 2030. While it is shown that almost one million PV households are no longer on premium feed-in tariffs by 2016, the low economic viability for battery retrofits, results in limited uptake. AEMO and CSIRO show similar paybacks to those identified in this study, however forecast uptake is varied, with this study providing medium uptake in-between the other two studies. Under current market conditions, this study identifies medium paybacks with medium uptake for residential batteries across all Australian regions out to 2030.


After the devastating effects of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the provisions for safe drinking water, personal hygiene, and sewage management were compromised among displaced people living in temporary shelters. Typhoid fever is endemic in Kathmandu valley, which is transmitted among people by the faecal–oral route and outbreaks can occur in post-disaster situations. To reduce the risk of transmission and outbreaks, typhoid vaccine was introduced for young children and adolescents for whom the risk of typhoid fever was highest. With the collaboration of Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Nepal Paediatric Society, and Nagasaki University, a typhoid vaccination campaign was implemented in Bhaktapur district in the valley. The campaign was conducted in all 23 temporary camps in the district. Among 4,263 children aged 2 to 15 years, 4,216 (98.9%) received a single dose of the typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine. Most of the children (47.8%) were 11 to 15 years of age, and girls were 50.2%. Only four children (0.1%) had an adverse event following immunization (AEFI). Local camp leaders, public health officials, and local youth clubs participated in the immunization programme. In a review of admissions to the local children's hospital, there was no apparent increase in typhoid cases in the postearthquake period. Despite the various difficulties in the post-earthquake situation in Nepal in 2015, the vaccination campaign for the prevention of typhoid fever was successfully carried out among young children and adolescents.


The past decade has witnessed a surge of research interest in social entrepreneurship (SE). This has resulted in important insights concerning the role of SE in fostering inclusive growth and institutional change. However, the rapid growth of SE research, the emerging nature of the literature, and the fact that SE builds on different disciplines and fields (e.g., entrepreneurship, sociology, economics, ethics) have led to a rather fragmented literature without dominant frameworks. This situation risks leading to a duplication of efforts and hampers cumulative knowledge growth. Drawing on 395 peer-reviewed articles on SE, we (1) identify gaps in SE research on three levels of analysis (i.e., individual, organizational, institutional), (2) proffer an integrative multistage, multilevel framework, and (3) discuss promising avenues for further research on SE.


This study attempts to determine the effectivity of Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves as a natural coagulant. Specifically, the study aims to determine the turbidity level of the water that is treated by Moringa oleifera leaves and determine the quantity of MO leaves that will be used to remove turbidity. The researchers predicted that MO leaves are effective coagulant in reducing the turbidity level of the water. In addition, MO leaves can completely absorb turbidity in water. Sythetic turbid water was prepared from solid Kaolin powder. MO leaves were oven-dried until excess water was removed afterwards; it was activated by soaking in NaCl solution. Coagulation efficiency test was performed in two batches: (1) using activated MO leaves; and (2) using non-activated MO leaves. The Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) was identified using Merck SQ Method 113.Based on the result of the testing of Turbidity levels of the samples sent to SGS, the MO leaves were not able to absorb the turbidity of the sample water hence it worsen the water turbidity as the chlorophyll combines with the solutions. Further test must be employed to determine the complete absorptive capacity of the Moringa oleifera leaves.


At their most local, initiatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) will depend on rural people to manage forest resources. Although the design of frameworks, mechanisms and arrangements, to implement REDD programs have received significant attention, it is not yet clear how REDD+ will function on the ground or how the participation of local populations will be assured. Community forest management (CFM) could be an option under REDD+ depending on how it is negotiated, largely because of the expectation that CFM could reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation. Examining institutional factors in the emergence of successful CFM systems and local forest enterprises could provide valuable lessons for REDD planners. We examine cases of CFM development in Mexico, Brazil and Bolivia, to assess the role of multi-scaled governance institutions in their development. Comparing and contrasting advanced CFM systems to regions where it is still emerging, we will show how the establishment of a local organizational base for communal resource management is crucial.


The effective management of World Heritage sites is dependent on implementing a range of
governance options that best addresses the conservation of ecosystems in tandem with the
rights of Indigenous communities to fully participate in all stages of design, planning and
implementation of conservation initiatives. The primary challenge lies in supporting comanagement
and community-based conservation initiatives and frameworks with policies,
funding, and legislative institutions that sustain rather than constrain Indigenous conservation
management practices.
In the last decade there have been significant developments in international conservation
policy and practice; including a move away from viewing sites as isolated protected areas, to
conceptualising conservation zones within larger-scale units of analysis. This paradigm shift
has generated new opportunities and challenges for the co-management of conservation
'landscapes' and 'seascapes', based on the rights, institutions and knowledge of Indigenous
and traditional peoples. The shift from considering conservation zones as discreetly
bounded sites to a broader recognition of their contiguous relationship with regional
landscapes and seascapes, has been accompanied by awareness that new forms of
governance, policies and protocols are required to address conservation objectives at
multiple levels. In particular, recognising alternative forms of governance and participatory
management models, such as Community Conserved Areas (CCAs) or Indigenous Protected
Areas (IPAs), as legitimate forms of conservation management has become an international
priority.
Initiatives focusing on more equitable and effective models of co-management have become
the cornerstone of 'best practice' conservation, not just in terms of capacity-building for
Indigenous communities, but also for building 'resilience' into ecosystems. Since 2003, the
IUCN has been active in promoting the legitimacy of community-based forms of governance
through 'collaborative protected area management' (or conservation partnerships) supporting
Indigenous community rights and social structures.
For the effective governance of World Heritage sites, co-management (or 'cooperative
management') offers flexible possibilities for negotiating a balance between the conservation
of World Heritage values and the formal recognition and realization of Indigenous common
property rights and responsibilities toward the protection of both cultural and natural values.
Co-management of World Heritage sites requires the establishment of equitable partnerships
amongst stakeholders, taking into consideration site-specific requirements and capacities of
all stakeholders. Equitable relationships are based on an equal capacity to contribute to
decision-making processes, with recognition of different ways of representing interests,
priorities, capacities and ambitions.
A 'partnership approach' to protected area governance requires not only the provision of
adequate legislative and funding sources, but ensuring that formal conservation agreements
are reinforced through 'bridging' mechanisms and protocols between Traditional Owners,
non-governmental organisations, funding institutions, and state and federal governments.
In the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area, after many years of persistence and
purposefulness, the rainforest Aboriginal groups of the area (Traditional Owners)
successfully negotiated a regional ('protocol') agreement between state, Indigenous
stakeholders and conservation organisations. The Regional Agreement was implemented in
2005 as a ministerially approved mandate to pursue Aboriginal cultural and natural resource
management. As Bruce White (pers. comm. 2007) has highlighted; 'the key stone of the
[Regional] Agreement is a Memorandum of Understanding creating a single Aboriginal
natural and resource management agency (Aboriginal Rainforest Council) and a whole raft of
Gabriel, J. A.
2
protocols crossing policy, planning, and operational natural resource management matters,
within which the Aboriginal Rainforest Council plays a critical role instituting within World
Heritage Area management practice'.
Importantly, whilst the Regional Agreement may not be a legally binding and enforceable
agreement of the kind that may have originally been envisaged (by the Aboriginal
participants on the Review Steering Committee and the Aboriginal negotiating team), Bruce
White (pers. comm. 2007) makes the point that it has the advantage of being 'relatively far
reaching in its coverage of all management activities for the World Heritage Area', and is
flexible, responsive, and readily adaptable to recommendations and lessons learnt from
annual reviews. Annual reviews are facilitated through a regional workshop open to all
agencies and Aboriginal peoples of the Wet Tropics, encouraging the participation and
'celebration' of the Agreement (Bruce White pers comm. 2007). If we draw upon Dover's five
core principles for successful adaptive and innovative frameworks (cited in Hill 2006:581), it
is evident that: (1) persistence; (2) purposefulness; (3) information richness and sensitivity;
(4) inclusiveness and (5) flexibility are all qualities exemplified in the Wet Tropic Regional
Agreement and its natural and resource management agency, the Aboriginal Rainforest
Council (ARC). These core principles and flexible mechanisms for ecosystem management
in the Wet Tropics Region provide a legitimate form of co-operative management that needs
to be sustained, funded and supported by state and federal governments for the future
benefit of the Wet Tropics Region and the fulfilment of 'best-practice' guidelines requiring the
meaningful participation of Aboriginal people in all areas of world heritage management.


Austenitic stainless steel is important in the power generation industry where it is expected to be in service at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Work carried out on the microstructural development of two 321 stainless steel samples has shown that there are complex phase changes that can take place in this alloy. Although the alloy is expected to be
fully austenitic at room temperature there is a fraction of ferrite present in the as-received materials. High temperature XRD has shown that this ferrite phase can be dissolved at temperatures between 800 and 900°C but precipitates on cooling at temperatures below 200°C. Due to the low temperature of formation, similarities in chemistry and orientations relationships indicate that the ferrite is forming in a displacive manor from the austenite grains. Thermal ageing at 750°C has been carried out up to times of 15,000 hours and the
microstructural changes quantified. The fraction of sigma phase and ferrite increases with ageing time with a corresponding decrease in austenite fraction. This change in the microstructure is postulated to be caused by the changes in the matrix chemistry due to the formation of second phases particles.


The purpose of this research was to determine what type of correlations existed between student and parent attitudes towards using smartphones in school and the resulting impact on achievement, specifically for low-achieving students. Participants in the study were third-grade students and their parents from a primary school in Singapore. The study employed a quantitative analysis to understand the correlations among the different participant groups. The instruments used were Likert-based surveys, along with scores from mid-year and end-of-year achievement exams in English and science. The three most relevant major findings showed that (a) low-achieving students show a positive attitude toward completing science activities, which correlates with an increase in science achievement; (b) the parents of low-achieving students appear to provide their children with autonomy in using their smartphones, which correlates with an increase in science achievement; and (c) having a smartphone and using the smartphone to complete school work is important to low-achieving students and their parents.


In 1994 the Tasmanian State Government finalised a suite of legislation, the
Resource Management and Planning System (hereafter called the System), in response
to pressures resulting from the State's past problems and conflicts associated with
economic development and environmental management. In this dissertation examples
of these problems and conflicts, their underlying circumstances, and the strengths and
weaknesses of the environment protection and land-use planning legislation applicable
at that time are examined. These pressures induced a reform process involving a change
in political attitudes towards environmental management, and a complete review of the
legislation, culminating in the formulation of the new System. The reform process, and
the objectives, structure, instruments and processes of the System are explained.
The System is intended to incorporate into resource management and
planning decisions the principles of sustainable development. Using the principles,
objectives, and proposed measures for achieving sustainable development which
emerged from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio
de Janeiro in 1992, the author has deductively constructed a benchmark concept for
sustainable development relevant to Tasmania. The System is assessed in terms of the
degree to which it has incorporated of these principles and its potential to facilitate their
objectives. In addition, the System is assessed for its potential means to avert or resolve
a recurrence of Tasmania's past development and environmental management problems
and conflicts.
Assessment shows that all the principles of sustainable development
considered relevant to Tasmania are incorporated within the System either explicitly or,
occasionally, by generous interpretation. Notwithstanding their incorporation, the
principles are sometimes poorly defined, and can be expected to generally diminish the
System's outcomes. I argue that the potential for the System to facilitate the objectives of
sustainable development is substantial, but is diminished by ambiguities in the System's
own objectives, its limited jurisdiction, a lack of obligation on decision-makers to
adhere to those objectives, and the absence or incompleteness of planning instruments
and processes. The System could offer effective means for addressing Tasmania's
development and environmental management problems and conflicts. The principal
obstacles to this potential are its restricted jurisdiction, and the absence of a formal
regional planning mechanism. The realisation of this potential greatly depends on the quality of Ministerial, and therefore political, decision-making required by the System, the level of leadership given to promoting the System's objectives, and an adequate level of resourcing.
The assessment of the System undertaken here concludes with an overview of
the lessons learned from Tasmania's experience in formulating and implementing a
resource management and planning system intended to facilitate the objectives of
sustainability. These lessons include the significant benefits resulting from a
comprehensive consultation process with all stakeholders, the need for adequate
education in relation to the System's objectives and processes for those using the
System, and the shortcomings in the System's instruments and processes.


Due to frequent genome instability and accumulation of mutations during the neoplastic process, malignant tumors present with patterns of somatic genome variants on diverse levels of heterogeneity. The delineation of pathophysiological consequences of these patterns remains one of the main challenges in cancer prognosis and treatment. Although continuous efforts aim for better characterization of cancer entities through inclusion of molecular characteristics, current ontology systems still heavily rely on clinico-pathological features. Traditionally, malignant diseases have been classified using domain-specific or generalized classification systems, based on histopathological features and clinical gestalt. Aside from the general purpose "International Classification for Diseases in Oncology" (ICD-O; WHO), hierarchical terminologies such as NCIt promote data interoperability and ontology-driven computational analysis. To evaluate two prominent, general cancer classification systems (NCIt and ICD-O) towards their concordance with genomic mutation patterns we have performed a data-driven meta-analysis of 83'505 curated cancer samples with genome-wide CNA (copy number aberration) profiles from our Progenetix database. The analysis provides a basis to assess the correspondence level of existing classification systems with respect to homogeneous molecular groups, and how individual codes represent an adequately detailed classification.


Abstract. The incorporation of heavy metals into carbonate tests of the shallow water benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Temperature, salinity, and pH of the culture solutions were kept constant throughout the duration of this experiment, while trace metal concentrations were varied. Concentrations of Ni, Cu, and Mn were set 5-, 10-, and 20 times higher than levels found in natural North Sea water; for reference, a control experiment with pure filtered natural North Sea water was also analysed. The concentrations of Cu and Ni from newly grown chambers were determined by means of both μ-synchrotron XRF and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). The results of both independent analytical techniques agreed within the analytical uncertainty. In general, the concentration of the analysed elements in the tests increased in line with their concentration in the culture solutions. Potential toxic and/or chemical competition effects might have resulted in the decreased incorporation of Ni and Cu into the calcite of the specimens exposed to the highest elemental concentrations. Mn incorporation exhibited large variability in the experiment with the 20-fold increased element concentrations, potentially due to antagonistic effects with Cu. The partition coefficients of Cu and Ni were calculated to be 0.14 ± 0.02 and 1.0 ± 0.5, respectively, whereas the partition coefficient of Mn was estimated to be least 2.4. These partition coefficients now open the way for reconstructing past concentrations for these elements in sea water.


The enantioselective nitro-Mannich reaction of unactivated ketone-derived imines (ketimines) has long been a challenge. With the introduction of the protecting group 6-methyl-2-pyridylsulfonyl to the ketimines, this challenging reaction was performed successfully by using a novel bifunctional quaternary ammonium salt bearing a thiourea group derived from quinine, and when relatively small quantities of nitroalkanes were used, the corresponding products were obtained in good to high yields with high enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are also performed to give the possible transition-state model.


This report presents a generalized projection method for recovering the phase of a finite support, two-dimensional signal from knowledge of its magnitude in the spatial position and Fresnel transform domains. We establish the uniqueness of sampled monochromatic scalar field phase given Fresnel transform magnitude and finite region of support constraints for complex signals. We derive an optimally relaxed version of the algorithm resulting in a significant reduction in the number of iterations needed to obtain useful results. An advantage of using the Fresnel transform (as opposed to Fourier) for measurement is that the shift-invariance of the transform operator implies retention of object location information in the transformed image magnitude. As a practical application in the context of ultrasound beam measurement we discuss the determination of small optical phase shifts from near field optical intensity distributions. Experimental data are used to reconstruct the phase shape of an optical field immediately after propagating through a wide bandwidth ultrasonic pulse. The phase of each point on the optical wavefront is proportional to the ray sum of pressure through the ultrasound pulse (assuming low ultrasonic intensity). An entire pressure field was reconstructed in three dimensions and compared with a calibrated hydrophone measurement. The comparison is excellent, demonstrating that the phase retrieval is quantitative.


If venture capital's role in clean energy is to be more transformative in creating a sustainable society then the trends we reveal in this paper must gain momentum, but whether these trends will continue to gain momentum is not certain. We therefore encourage organization and natural environment scholars to follow up on the claims we make in this paper and pursue the questions we raise further. This paper reviews both the potential and the limitations of venture capital (VC) as a source of funding for clean energy. We provide preliminary evidence that venture capitalists (VCs) have been adjusting their operating procedures to accommodate clean energy. First, they have been investing larger amounts of money for longer periods of time. Second, they have started to avoid funding high risk production, distribution, and installation manufacturing and production companies and to a greater degree have been funding companies that focus on the intersection between information technology and energy. Third, besides making bigger bets, stretching out their timetables, and avoiding high risk and capital intensive companies, they have been experimenting with investments in companies with very risky technologies. Were these companies to succeed in commercializing these technologies the impact on the natural environment would be very great. We challenge organization and natural environment scholars to take up questions like these and others that deal with clean energy funding. Amongst a number of possible funding sources, what role is venture capital best suited to play? How would it need to change to play a more significant role? What would have to happen for venture capital to stimulate a major breakthrough, one that was of the magnitude of the Internet in transforming our economy and society in a more sustainable direction?


Pilkada is General Election of Regional leader and Deputy Of Area as one of alternative of guarantee reached it intention of implementation of Election of Regional leader area autonomy and realized it democratization in local storey. The reason supports executing of directly because
public requires change towards which more strategic in all area. Though Election of Regional leader or direct Pilkada frequently is told more expressingly is strength of candidate popularity, but in fact democracy party in level the area also can become equipment explanation of map
strength of politics party.
In law No 32 The year 2004 Section 59 article 2 is mentioned that proposing of Regional leader candidate and Deputy Of Area is done through one doors namely political party or politics party aliance. Political Party law appearance in Election of Regional leader directly in politics party can register its (the cadre becomes Regional leader candidate the party can be reach 15% Local
Parliament chair (DPRD) or 15% valid voice in legislative general election of which is entitled to submit candidate in Election of Regional leader.
By paying attention to the explanation hence enthusiastic researcher to perform a research with title: Functional group Party Strategy in Winner Election of Regional leader 2007 ( Study in DPD Golkar Group Party of Batu Town). From above description formulated in two problem formulas between of what strategy Golkar Group Party Batu Town in candidate winner Walikota and Stone Acting Mayor at Pilkada Batu Town? What Factors cause failure of strategy Golkar
Group Party in the winner Pilkada in Batu Town? Purpose of the research description of strategy Golkar Group Party Batu Town to in candidate winner Walikota and Stone Acting Mayor and identify factors becoming failure cause of strategy Golkar Group Party in candidate winner Walikota and Stone Acting Mayor at Election of Regional leader 2007.
Research method applied is qualitative research method with descriptive research type. collecting file technique with interview, documentation, observation by using qualitative analysis.
From result of research indicates that strategy done by party Batu Town that is firstly identification through strength mapping of party, both stipulatings of strategy with candidate network, coalition of party, third forming of success team, fourth of socialization and fifth is
evaluation of strategy that is review result of pilkada, identification of factors influencing victory failure of Golkar Group Party.
Result from this research can be concluded that though on paper based on calculation of party politics Golkar can win Pilkada 2007 with acquirement of 50,8% voice from result of it the coalition, but simply in to field. Is from result of research of this thing because of some things that: behavior of elector that is is not loyal at party, intern party flaring up with social jelaousy business, coalition of party that is is not grown on at member of party having coalition, socialization that is unproperly focused at special profession batches (farmer,merchant


MOTIVATION
Next-generation targeted resequencing of genome-wide association study (GWAS)-associated genomic regions is a common approach for follow-up of indirect association of common alleles. However, it is prohibitively expensive to sequence all the samples from a well-powered GWAS study with sufficient depth of coverage to accurately call rare genotypes. As a result, many studies may use next-generation sequencing for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in a smaller number of samples, with the intent to genotype candidate SNPs with rare alleles captured by resequencing. This approach is reasonable, but may be inefficient for rare alleles if samples are not carefully selected for the resequencing experiment.

RESULTS
We have developed a probability-based approach, SampleSeq, to select samples for a targeted resequencing experiment that increases the yield of rare disease alleles substantially over random sampling of cases or controls or sampling based on genotypes at associated SNPs from GWAS data. This technique allows for smaller sample sizes for resequencing experiments, or allows the capture of rarer risk alleles. When following up multiple regions, SampleSeq selects subjects with an even representation of all the regions. SampleSeq also can be used to calculate the sample size needed for the resequencing to increase the chance of successful capture of rare alleles of desired frequencies.

SOFTWARE
http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/SampleSeq


Multifactor models of security market returns can be divided into three types: macroeconomic, fundamental, and statistical factor models. Macroeconomic factor models use observable economic time series, such as inflation and interest rates, as measures of the pervasive shocks to security returns. Fundamental factor models use the returns to portfolios associated with observed security attributes such as dividend yield, the book-to-market ratio, and industry identifiers. Statistical factor models derive their pervasive factors from factor analysis of the panel data set of security returns. This paper compares the explanatory power of these three approaches for U.S. equity returns.


A highly negative glutathione redox potential (EGSH) is maintained in the cytosol, plastids and mitochondria of plant cells to support fundamental processes, including antioxidant defence, redox regulation and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Out of two glutathione reductase (GR) proteins in Arabidopsis, GR2 is predicted to be dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but its differential roles in these organelles remain unclear. We dissected the role of GR2 in organelle glutathione redox homeostasis and plant development using a combination of genetic complementation and stacked mutants, biochemical activity studies, immunogold labelling and in vivo biosensing. Our data demonstrate that GR2 is dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria, but embryo lethality of gr2 null mutants is caused specifically in plastids. Whereas lack of mitochondrial GR2 leads to a partially oxidised glutathione pool in the matrix, the ABC transporter ATM3 and the mitochondrial thioredoxin system provide functional backup and maintain plant viability. We identify GR2 as essential in the plastid stroma, where it counters GSSG accumulation and developmental arrest. By contrast a functional triad of GR2, ATM3 and the thioredoxin system in the mitochondria provides resilience to excessive glutathione oxidation.


Tenascin C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix protein able to modulate the immune response. Knowledge regarding its role during sepsis and general critical illness is still limited. We here assessed the temporal dynamics of plasma TNC during sepsis and non-septic critical illness, its capacity to predict patient outcome, and its specificity towards infection. TNC plasma concentrations were measured in 895 consecutive sepsis patients on ICU-admission, day 2 and 4 thereafter, and, in a subset, before ICU-discharge. To assess TNC diagnostic value, we compared patients with abdominal sepsis (n = 143) to non-infectious abdominal surgery controls (n = 98), and patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP, n = 227) to patients whose CAP diagnosis was retrospectively refuted (no-CAP controls, n = 70). Plasma TNC levels were persistently elevated in sepsis patients compared to healthy volunteers throughout the ICU stay. TNC levels varied by site of infection and increased with the number of organs failing. Association of TNC levels with 30-day mortality could be wholly attributed to differences in disease severity. Non-infectious ICU patients also showed elevated TNC levels, albeit with different temporal dynamics. Although admission TNC was higher in CAP than in no-CAP patients, it performed poorly in distinguishing the two groups.TNC plasma levels are persistently elevated during sepsis and non-septic critical illness. In sepsis patients they are reflective of disease severity more than independent predictors of mortality. Despite higher levels in patients with infection compared with non-infectious controls, TNC does not perform sufficiently to be used as a standalone biomarker discriminating sepsis from non-infectious critical illness.


This paper proposes a dispute system design to address workplace discrimination caused by implicit biases so that employees and employers involved in such disputes can secure a more responsive justice than existing legal processes are able to provide. Workplace discrimination caused by implicit bias conties to contaminate our work environment despite our focused legal efforts to combat such overt "isms" as sexism, racism, ageism, and ableism. Although overt expressions of bias have significantly decreased in recent years, expressions of implicit bias, the primary cause of workplace discrimination, persists.This paper extends the research on implicit bias to dispute system design and examines how a reconciliation-focused dispute system design might more effectively resolve workplace discrimination conflicts caused by implicit bias. Inspired by the fundamental values of peace reconciliation that are a part restorative justice principles the proposed design abandons the status quo approach that mischaracterizes employees and employers as victims and offender and replaces it with a more responsive dispute system design. This design promotes awareness, understanding, and affirmative steps between employees and employers about the implicit biases that may unintentionally shape workplace discrimination. An essential purpose of such a design is to transform the conflict discourse surrounding employment discrimination from one of blame to one of awareness, understanding, and problem solving by beginning to address both the presenting employee/employer conflict as well as the more deep-seated unconscious discrimination that is ingrained in the broader workplace culture. The goal is to create a dispute system design that encourages employees and employers to work together to create a discrimination-free work environment.


In a recent paper (Rausser, forthcoming 1992), Vercammen and Schmitz analyzed the relationship between efficiency of farm programs and their trade-distorting effects. They found that, in general, the more efficient a farm program, the lesser the trade-distorting impact. Exploration of the final link is now required; this is the relationship between efficiency of farm programs, compensation, and the grains from trade. Policymakers in the GATT process ultimately are interested in this question, since the larger the grains from trade liberalization, the greater the efforts devoted toward achieving freer trade. In addition, no link has not been explored between efficiency of farm programs and the degree to which compensation is needed to move from an inefficient to an efficient program. In other words, how much compensation is needed for the losers in order to achieve an efficient policy outcome?


The thesis concerns polyelectrolyte gels in contact with oppositely charged proteins and surfactant micelles, and includes of four papers (I-IV). In paper I confocal Raman spectroscopy was introduced as a method to trace micelles and investigate the structure of gel-surfactant complexes, in phase separated gel spheres. In paper II, the binding of surfactants to microspheres (~50-100 µm) was investigated by means of a micromanipulator-assisted microscopy method. The two surfactants were found to display qualitative difference respect to degree of swelling, surfactant distribution in the gels, and the difference is discussed in terms of absence/presence of hydrophobic attraction to the polyelectrolyte gel network. Kinetics of volume change in gels were analyzed. Aggregation numbers of micelles in polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) solutions, obtained from fluorescence quenching measurements, are presented. In paper III, phase behaviour, protein assembly and diffusion, was studied in PSS gel microspheres. Interpretation of results was aided by measurements of osmotic swelling of individual gel networks, and by combining the results with studies of protein diffusion in macroscopic (cm-sized) gel spheres. Complexes formed were further analyzed with small angle x-ray spectroscopy. In paper IV phase behaviour of mixed ionic/nonionic surfactant micelles is investigated in cm-sized gel spheres. The coexistence of three phases, the formation of dense shells in the bulk of the gels and other phenomena are described for the first time, and the results are presented along with discussion on the charge-density of spherical micelles and of network induced hysteresis effects in gels. The composition and microstructure of phases are investigated by confocal Raman spectroscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering respectively. The results are interpreted with aid of highly detailed theoretical model calculations.


In this paper a particular approach to value-assessment for information and communication technology ICT-based services is explored. The core of the paper is a large-scale case study that provides evidence of how proposed value mechanisms work in practice.

The mechanisms that are described in this paper are grounded in bringing together different views on the definition of a service, in particular when dealing with administrative processes. The notion of a value-leak is introduced, as an indicator that points to services where the erosion of value can be reduced or stopped. Value-leaks go beyond process deficiencies, and in the case study it becomes clear how efficiency considerations, emotions, effectiveness, caring, hospitality, and so on play an important role in value-leaks.

A key research question is the detection of potential value-leaks in services. In this paper, service science for ICT-based services follows the rigor of information science by introducing the notion of service imperfections. Next, two research propositions are put forward, expressing the relation between value-leaks and imperfections on the one hand, and value-leaks and non-normal form process models on the other hand.

The case study provides a concrete project in the social ecosystem of a large-scale municipality. What emerged initially as a simple cost-cutting exercise resulted at the end in a redesigned customer contact handling process, whereby both the customers and the employees were satisfied, and realizing also the cost reductions in a creative way by investigating the value-leaks.


The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to get information concerning the interaction of curcumin with pristine and N-doped TiO2 anatase nanoparticles. Three adsorption geometries of curcumin over the TiO2 anatase nanoparticles were studied in order to fully exploit the sensing properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Curcumin molecule adsorbs on the fivefold coordinated titanium sites of the TiO2 nanoparticle because of the higher affinity of these sites with respect to the curcumin molecule. A preferred perpendicular adsorption of curcumin on the OC-substituted nanoparticle was found to be the most favorable conformation with the estimated adsorption energy of about -5.33 eV. The results suggest that the curcumin molecule favorably interacts with the N-doped TiO2 nanoparticle, that is, the interaction of curcumin with the pristine nanoparticle is less favorable in energy than the interaction with the N-doped one. The structural parameters such as bond lengths/angles and adsorption energies were examined for the discussion of results. The electronic structures of the system were analyzed in view of the density of states and molecular orbitals. The analysis of projected density of states and molecular orbitals showed forming new chemical bonds between the nanoparticle and curcumin molecule. By including vdW interactions, the adsorption energies of the most stable curcumin+TiO2 couples were increased, implying the dominant effect of dispersion energy.


"I had been taught to clean by my mother, a compulsive housekeeper who employed water so hot you needed rubber gloves to get into it and in such Niagaralike quantities that most microbes were probably crushed by the force of it before the soap suds had a chance to rupture their cell walls."
—Barbara Ehrenreich

In "Maid to Order: The Politics of Other Women's Work," Barbara Ehrenreich examines the social consequences of maid service in America through a seemingly feminist lens. She begins her essay with an account of the second-wave feminism that caused male and female responsibility within the domestic sphere to be reassessed. The "radical, post-Friedan cohort of feminists" considered the question, 'Who does the housework?' to really mean, 'Who has the power to make their spouse do the housework?' (Ehrenreich 61). These women believed that excusing the male from domestic responsibility was a "formula for reproducing male domination from one generation to the next" (61). In order to relieve this tension, couples hired household maids who were restorers of "tranquility as well as order to the home" (62). Ehrenreich views this outsourcing of upper class relationship issues as enabling the creation of a servant class. Over the course of the essay, she moves away from discussing the conflict of gender presented in housework and ceases to mention men as part of the equation. Ehrenreich instead focuses on a class issue—one in which the female homeowner is the villain, laying the foundation for generations of negligent children, and the female maid is the underdog that earns our sympathy and nostalgic appreciation for the hard physical labor that was once the responsibility of our mothers.
In her description of the household in which a maid would work, Ehrenreich always presents the homeowner as a female, describing her "Joan & David-clad feet and electrolyzed calves" and complete unawareness "of your existence" (59). The role of the male in the maid relationship is entirely ignored, and instead we are presented with a female versus female power struggle. Her descriptions ask us to envision a woman comparable to Cinderella's stepmother. She writes, "Look up and you may find this person staring at you, arms folded, in anticipation of an overlooked stain" in order to describe the maid experience from the point of view of a maid scrubbing the floor (59). These narrative tactics divide women into two groups: the employers and the employed. It polarizes women along lines of class and makes it difficult to see what makes her argument particularly feminist.
Ehrenreich views the "mistress-maid relationship" as a contrarian female relationship that acts as a microcosm of social inequality (64). She writes that housework "defines a human relationship and, when unequally divided among social groups, reinforces preexisting inequalities" (70). This statement reflects her earlier description of one-sided household responsibility as the "formula for reproducing male domination" (61); here, she is suggesting that hiring a maid validates the mindset that views lower class people as lesser people. This parallels her argument from before, but this time she uses it to condemn inequality between two different classes of women.
By dramatizing the female homeowner and placing more concern on the woman that is subjected to working for her, Ehrenreich makes it clear that there is nothing positive about the mistress-maid relationship (64). However, she does not give a clear solution to the problem. Instead, she digresses to tell stories of her own mother's cleaning expertise and consequential lack of need when it came to outside help. There is a bold sense of pride in the way that she describes the "Niagaralike quantities" of water needed to "rupture [the] cell walls" of dirt and bacteria on countertops and floors (67). Ehrenreich disdains the helpless homemaker and praises the indestructible mother of the past who took seriously the job of thoroughly cleaning her own home. The American ideals of self-reliance and work ethic are wrapped in an old-fashioned image of the mother that contradicts modern feminists' ideas about a woman's role. Ehrenreich presents the ideal of a woman whose home is her domain, where only she knows the best methods of making it appear the way it ought to be presented. The break in her discussion of maid services seems out of place, and it makes the reader wonder why she chose to bring up her mother at all.
The role of the mother is an important one in Ehrenreich's argument, because it is the only reason that we have for caring about the maid dynamic other than the injustice of one woman cleaning up another woman's mess. She recalls that "once 'parenting' meant instructing the children in necessary chores," but now chores have a "virtual existence," because a maid takes care of them while no one is watching (70). She places emphasis on the role of the mother as a teacher of morals, because "a servant economy breeds callousness and solipsism in the served" (70). How did Cinderella's stepsisters turn out after being waited on during their developmental years? Ehrenreich would view their story as a cautionary tale: if a woman teaches her child that he or she is not responsible for cleaning up a mess, then she is giving that child a reason to feel superior. Whereas feminists of the past were trying to abolish male superiority complexes, Ehrenreich is trying to abolish any sense of class-based entitlement at all: in men, women, and children alike.
While this is an admirable goal, it is not one that advances the feminist agenda. In fact, the tone of admiration that Ehrenreich takes for "real work in the old-fashioned sense of labor" brazenly contradicts her agenda (70). She closes the essay nostalgically commending this kind of physical work, which leaves the reader believing that her solution to hiring a maid is to revert to the very gender roles that Friedan and others were trying to eradicate. It dismantles her credibility as a feminist and reveals a greater passion for exposing issues of class. Ehrenreich presents, in the character of the female homeowner, a villain as caricatured as those of Disney films. The homeowner is privileged, pampered, and polished; she surveys every move you make in order to ensure that the work she will take credit for is up to par with her standards; she may occasionally try to form a connection with you, but will "quickly redraw the lines once [you are] perceived as overstepping" (64). Worst of all, she teaches her children that they can leave things for someone else to pick up, neglecting the maternal responsibility for teaching respect and morals. Whether working independently or for a maid corporation, the maid cannot escape the relationship between herself and her female employer, whom Ehrenreich neglects to explore beyond simply classifying her as a woman indifferent to her maid's human dignity. By highlighting the disparities between classes of women, she makes a divisive argument that is more supportive of a female worker than for women as a collective unit.

Work Cited
Ehrenreich, Barbara. "Maid to Order: The Politics of Other Women's Work." Harper's Magazine. April 2000: 59-70. Print.


Visualizations of static networks in the form of node-link diagrams have evolved rapidly, though researchers are still grappling with how best to show evolution of nodes over time in these diagrams. This paper introduces NetVisia, a social network visualization system designed to support users in exploring temporal evolution in networks by using heat maps to display node attribute changes over time. NetVisia's novel contributions to network visualizations are to (1) cluster nodes in the heat map by similar metric values instead of by topological similarity, and (2) align nodes in the heat map by events. We compare NetVisia to existing systems and describe a formative user evaluation of a NetVisia prototype with four participants that emphasized the need for tool tips and coordinated views. Despite the presence of some usability issues, in 30-40 minutes the user evaluation participants discovered new insights about the data set which had not been discovered using other systems. We discuss implemented improvements to NetVisia, and analyze a co-occurrence network of 228 business intelligence concepts and entities. This analysis confirms the utility of a clustered heat map to discover outlier nodes and time periods.