Background With advances in science and technology, biotechnology is becoming more accessible to people of all demographics. These advances inevitably hold the promise to improve personal and population well-being and welfare substantially. It is paradoxical that while greater access to biotechnology on a population level has many advantages, it may also increase the likelihood and frequency of biodisasters due to accidental or malicious use. Similar to "Disease X" (describing unknown naturally emerging pathogenic diseases with a pandemic potential), we term this unknown risk from biotechnologies "Biodisaster X." To date, no studies have examined the potential role of information technologies in preventing and mitigating Biodisaster X. Objective This study aimed to explore (1) what Biodisaster X might entail and (2) solutions that use artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging 6G technologies to help monitor and manage Biodisaster X threats. Methods A review of the literature on applying AI and 6G technologies for monitoring and managing biodisasters was conducted on PubMed, using articles published from database inception through to November 16, 2020. Results Our findings show that Biodisaster X has the potential to upend lives and livelihoods and destroy economies, essentially posing a looming risk for civilizations worldwide. To shed light on Biodisaster X threats, we detailed effective AI and 6G-enabled strategies, ranging from natural language processing to deep learning–based image analysis to address issues ranging from early Biodisaster X detection (eg, identification of suspicious behaviors), remote design and development of pharmaceuticals (eg, treatment development), and public health interventions (eg, reactive shelter-at-home mandate enforcement), as well as disaster recovery (eg, sentiment analysis of social media posts to shed light on the public's feelings and readiness for recovery building). Conclusions Biodisaster X is a looming but avoidable catastrophe. Considering the potential human and economic consequences Biodisaster X could cause, actions that can effectively monitor and manage Biodisaster X threats must be taken promptly and proactively. Rather than solely depending on overstretched professional attention of health experts and government officials, it is perhaps more cost-effective and practical to deploy technology-based solutions to prevent and control Biodisaster X threats. This study discusses what Biodisaster X could entail and emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing Biodisaster X threats by AI techniques and 6G technologies. Future studies could explore how the convergence of AI and 6G systems may further advance the preparedness for high-impact, less likely events beyond Biodisaster X.


This volume shows Russell in transition from a neo-Kantian and neo-Hegelian philosopher to an analytic philosopher of the first rank. During this period his research centred on writing The Principles of Mathematics where he drew together previously unpublished drafts. These shed light on Russell's paradox. This material will alter previous accounts of how he discovered his paradox and the related paradox of the largest cardinal. The volume also includes a previously unpublished draft of an early attempt to solve his paradox, as well as the earliest known version of his generalised relation arithmetic. It contains three articles which have never previously been published in English.


Supervision is a dinamic proces which includes changes, acquisitions which have as a result the improving of work conditions, the rise of eficiency, the satisfactions of the employees and the avoiding of professional exhaustion. Nowadays, supervisors are permanently challenged with continuous transformations. The success criteria of the leaders is no longer their capacity to manage teams and unexpected situations, but their real capacity to anticipate and guide their actions. A supervisor does not have the power to fire or hire employees, but he can recommend this to the superior level of management. However, the supervisor can have the following roles: guide, mentor, attorney (for organisation), atorney (for employees). One of the supervisor's responsabilities is the organisation of the department, but he also has to revise employee's needs, to set performance standards, to ensure that employees follow the politics, the confidentiality and the procedures of the organisation. Although the purpose to help the employee become efficient seems simple, it can become a frustrating experience. One study about stress factors among supervisors revealed that they confrunt with two kind of problems: their status and the pressure at the work place which affects their performance.


The bonding strength of deposited metallic thin films or strips on a hard substrate is investigated through micro-strength tests and micro-mechanics analyses. The combination of Ti:W-Au/Cu deposited directly on SiO2 /Si substrate was taken as an example in the experiments conducted. Investigations and analyses resulted in a general model concerning the separation mechanism of thin ductile films from a hard brittle substrate. This separation model leads to some systematic methods of improving strip-substrate interconnection strength. Besides strip-substrate adhesion and internal stresses, strip stiffness turns out to be a key factor for the bonding strength of such a system. Hardening processes such as post-deposition heat treatment and work-hardening are proved to be effective in strengthening the bonding strength. These investigations reveal a principle of mechanical compatibility concerning interface micro-deformation. Instead of thin and flexible strips, thick and rigid strips have better compatibility with a hard substrate if the bonded combination is subjected to mechanical loading rather than thermal loading. As far as interface stresses are concerned, a stress distribution strategy is proposed based on the same principle. This original understanding will help to improve common bonding strength problems of various interconnection structures and materials combinations in manufacturing processes.


Since the misuse and overuse of tetracycline (TC) increase the pollution of aqueous solution, it is highly desirable to develop highly effective, stable, eco-friendly, economical, and facile photocatalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of TC in an aqueous solution. Herein, we designed and synthesized a highly efficient CoO/g-C3N4 p–n heterojunction via a facile solvothermal method. The experimental results demonstrated that after the coupling of CoO with g-C3N4, CoO nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of wrinkled g-C3N4 layers not only to readily form a p–n heterjunction, but also to avert the aggregation; and the CoO/g-C3N4 p–n heterojunction photocatalysts exhibited superior visible-light photocatalytic activity and stability for the removal of TC. The high photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the generation of an internal electric field induced by the p–n heterojunctions, effectively promoting the separation of photoinduced charge.


This study evaluates the habitat characteristics, fishing effort, and production, as well as changes in the individuals, such as changes in size frequency, of the spawning aggregations of mutton snapper Lutjanus analis and grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus , caught in the Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve (CBBR), Mexico. The mutton snapper aggregation was located in coral patches, while the spawning aggregation of grey triggerfish was located on the windward terrace of the reef flat. Fishery data was obtained for the duration of the spawning event in 2008, with a total of 5 days for mutton snapper and 4 days for grey triggerfish. The fishery recorded a total of 830 mutton snappers, with individual sizes ranging from 40 to 77 cm in fork length (FL). Individual size and catch per unit effort (CPUE) decreased through time, with the lowest values presented at the end of the 5 days. In contrast, a total of 665 grey triggerfish were recorded in the catch, ranging from 45 to 61 cm (FL) with the largest sizes caught at the end of the fishing period, concurrently with the lowest CPUE. A lack of governance allowed both species to be harvested during their spawning aggregations. The creation of an international body composed of fishers, managers, conservationists, and scientists from the countries belonging to the Mesoamerican Reef System is urgently required to look for agreements in conservation and management strategies of these commercially important species.


Purpose/Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the peer mentorship experiences of adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) through a self-determination theory (SDT) lens. Research Method/Design: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 adults with SCI who received mentorship (i.e., mentees) from fellow adults with SCI (i.e., mentors) as part of an existing provincial peer mentorship program. There were two analyses conducted in this study. The first was deductive, which involved organizing relevant data as per the three basic psychological needs of self-determination theory (i.e., autonomy, competence, and relatedness). The second analysis was inductive and focused on the participants' descriptions of their experiences. Results: For the SDT analysis, and concerning autonomy, mentees expressed they were able to make their own decisions and their mentors' personalized their sessions. Specific to relatedness, the mentees discussed that their mentors cared and empathized with them, which helped them connect with their mentor. In terms of competence, mentees explained that their mentors provided verbal encouragement and helped them realize they were capable of successfully completing tasks. Some mentees also highlighted how the mentors did not listen to their needs, indicating need thwarting behaviors. For the inductive analysis, mentees expressed the importance of their SCI community organization, the impact of mentoring on their families, and the positive outcomes they associated with peer mentorship, such as participation in daily and social activities. Conclusion/Implications: The present findings extend our understanding of SCI peer mentorship from the perspective of the mentee and particularly from an SDT angle.


High accuracy GPS using inexpensive field equipment is increasingly made possible through use of reference data provided by the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network. There are currently three CORS within 100km of Fort Huachuca, Arizona, but use of CORS data in differential correction has previously proven unreliable. The effectiveness of base data acquired through use of a second field unit as an on-site base station was compared with the use of CORS. The accuracy of data differentially corrected using base data acquired from an on-site base station showed marked improvement over the use of CORS base data. Accuracy of locally corrected points improved by 75cm and 95cm in two study areas as compared to uncorrected data, while accuracy actually degraded by 28cm and 1cm in these areas when differentially correcting using the nearest CORS. Sub-meter accuracy was attained in over 90% of local base corrected Differential GPS (DGPS) points. This project explores differences in horizons at rover and base as one possible explanation for the limited utility of CORS base data at Fort Huachuca. The 'Sky Islands' of southeastern Arizona present widely varying terrain conditions over relatively short distances, and blockage of the sky due to horizon differences is one variable condition at the collection sites. Upon testing, however, variability in horizon did not prove to be the primary cause of limitied utility of DGPS using CORS at Fort Huachuca. Thus, site conditions limiting the utility of CORS in the Sky Islands, and perhaps other areas, remain to be identified.


The two-stage assembly flowshop scheduling problem has been studied in this research. Suppose that a number of products of different kinds are needed to be produced. Each product is consists of several parts. There are m uniform machines in the first stage to manufacture the components (parts) of products and there is one assembly station in the second stage to assembled parts into products. Setup operation should be done when a machine starts processing a new part and setup times are treated as separate from processing times. Two objective functions are considered: (1) minimizing the completion time of all products (makespan) as a classic objective, and (2) minimizing the cost of energy consumption as a new objective. Processing speed of each machine is adjustable and the rate of energy consumption of each machine is dependent of its processing speed. At first, this problem is described with an example, and then needed parameters and decision variables are defined. After that, this problem is modeled as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and GAMS software is applied to solve small problems. To solve this bi-objective model, Epsilon Constraint algorithm is used on some test problems obtained standard references. Data of test problems were obtained from previous references and new parameters have been adjusted for considered problem. Conflicting of two considered objective functions has been valid through the result. In additional, result of solving test problems and sensitivity analysis show that how we can reduce energy consumption by adjusting completion times.


This is an ongoing design project being funded by Northrop Grumman in which Cal Poly SLO is working in collaboration with Cal Poly Pomona to complete a working design at the end of each academic school year. The project consists of two UAVs that can navigate around a given area without running into each other or other obstacles. There are sensors to be mounted on the vehicles that can detect objects within a given distance and a microcontroller is used to control how the vehicle responds to an object being detected. The avoidance code has been written for previous years' designs but improvements are to be made to improve the speed and accuracy of the current code. The UAVs should be able to communicate wirelessly with a nearby ground station so they may be controlled during flight. The previous years' communication system high level diagram is shown below in Figure 1. When needed, an autopilot is to be implemented that can still avoid objects as it flies around. Additionally there needs to be security in the communication system to ensure interference is eliminated. In the past GPS was allowed to be used to track where the vehicles were in space, however, this year a communication system must be implemented that can operate in an area in which GPS is not available. A simulator is to be implemented that can test how the avoidance system works on the computer before testing it with UAVs. Chapter 1: Introduction The purpose of this project is for Northrop Grumman to give college students a challenging design problem to see how they handle it. The overall goal is to create a working system on two UAVs that can detect and avoid obstacles as they fly around. Each year various students work on this project and demo a working design at the end of spring quarter. Additionally every year extra design features are added or changed from the previous year to make the overall product better. The differences in last years' project and this years' project is shown in table 1 below. There are two main goals of this year is to improve over last. 1. The collision avoidance algorithm needs improvement so obstacles can be avoided at an earlier time and a new flight path is determined more quickly.


In this paper, we address the problem of analyzing the performance of an electrical circuit in the presence of uncertainty in the network components. In particular, we consider the case when the uncertainties are known to be bounded and have probabilistic nature, and aim at evaluating the probability that a given system property holds. In contrast with the standard Monte Carlo approach, which utilizes random samples of the uncertainty to estimate ldquosoftrdquo bounds on this probability, we present a methodology that provides ldquohardrdquo (deterministic) upper and lower bounds. To this aim, we develop an iterative algorithm, based on a property oracle, which is shown to converge asymptotically to the true probability of property satisfaction. Construction of the property oracles for specific applications in circuit analysis is explicitly presented. In particular, we study in full detail the problems of assessing the probability that the gain of a purely resistive network does not exceed a prescribed value, and of evaluating the probability of stability of an uncertain network under parameter variations. The paper is accompanied by illustrating examples and extensive numerical simulations.


Background Recent data indicate that chronic low-level exposure to lead is associated with accelerated declines in cognition in older age, but this has not been examined in women. Objective We examined biomarkers of lead exposure in relation to performance on a battery of cognitive tests among older women. Methods Patella and tibia bone lead—measures of cumulative exposure over many years—and blood lead, a measure of recent exposure, were assessed in 587 women 47–74 years of age. We assessed their cognitive function 5 years later using validated telephone interviews. Results Mean ± SD lead levels in tibia, patella, and blood were 10.5 ± 9.7 μg/g bone, 12.6 ± 11.6 μg/g bone, and 2.9 ± 1.9 μg/dL, respectively, consistent with community-level exposures. In multivariable-adjusted analyses of all cognitive tests combined, levels of all three lead biomarkers were associated with worse cognitive performance. The association between bone lead and letter fluency score differed dramatically from the other bone lead-cognitive score associations, and exclusion of this particular score from the combined analyses strengthened the associations between bone lead and cognitive performance. Results were statistically significant only for tibia lead: one SD increase in tibia lead corresponded to a 0.051-unit lower standardized summary cognitive score (95% confidence interval: −0.099 to −0.003; p = 0.04), similar to the difference in cognitive scores we observed between women who were 3 years apart in age. Conclusions These findings suggest that cumulative exposure to lead, even at low levels experienced in community settings, may have adverse consequences for women's cognition in older age.


We think less than we think. My thesis moves from this suspicion to show that standard accounts of intentional action can't explain the whole of agency. Causalist accounts such as Davidson's and Bratman's, according to which an action can be intentional only if it is caused by a particular mental state of the agent, don't work for every kind of action. So-called automatic actions, effortless performances over which the agent doesn't deliberate, and to which she doesn't need to pay attention, constitute exceptions to the causalist framework, or so I argue in this thesis. Not all actions are the result of a mental struggle, painful hesitation, or the weighting of evidence. Through practice, many performances become second nature. Think of familiar cases such as one's morning routines and habits: turning on the radio, brushing your teeth. Think of the highly skilled performances involved in sport and music: Jarrett's improvised piano playing, the footballer's touch. Think of agents' spontaneous reactions to their environment: ducking a blow, smiling. Psychological research has long acknowledged the distinctiveness and importance of automatic actions, while philosophy has so far explained them together with the rest of agency. Intuition tells us that automatic actions are intentional actions of ours all the same (I have run a survey which shows that this intuition is widely shared): not only our own autonomous deeds for which we are held responsible, but also necessary components in the execution and satisfaction of our general plans and goals. But do standard causal accounts deliver on the intentionality of automatic actions? I think not. Because, in automatic cases, standard appeals to intentions, beliefs, desires, and psychological states in general ring hollow. We just act: we don't think, either consciously or unconsciously. On the reductive side, Davidson's view can't but appeal to, at best, unconscious psychological states, the presence and causal role of which is, I argue, inferred from the needs of a theory, rather than from evidence in the world. On the non-reductive side, Bratman agrees, with his refutation of the Simple View, that we can't just attach an intention to every action that we want to explain. But Bratman's own Single Phenomenon View, appealing to the mysterious notion of 'motivational potential', merely acknowledges the need for refinement without actually providing one. So I propose my own account of intentional action, the 'guidance view', according to which automatic actions are intentional: differently from Davidson and Bratman, who only offer necessary conditions in order to avoid the problem of causal deviance, I offer a full-blown account: E's phi-ing is intentional if and only If phi-ing is under E's guidance. This account resembles one developed by Frankfurt, with the crucial difference that Frankfurt – taking 'acting with an intention' and 'acting intentionally' to be synonymous – thinks that guidance is sufficient only for some movement being an action, but not for some movement being an intentional action. I argue that, on the other hand, Frankfurt's concept of guidance can be developed so that it is sufficient for intentional action too. In Chapter One I present and defend my definition of 'automatic action'. In Chapter Two I show that such understanding of automatic actions finds confirmation in empirical psychology. In Chapter Three I show that Davidson's reductive account of intentional action does not work for automatic actions. In Chapter Four I show that the two most influential non-reductive accounts of intentional action, the Simple View and Bratman's Single Phenomenon View, don't work either. And in Chapter Five I put forward and defend my positive thesis, the 'guidance view'. Also, in the Appendix I present the findings of my survey on the intentionality of automatic actions.


Background: There is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of tuberculosis, especially due to the recent emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant strains. Herein, we have examined the susceptibility of mycobacteria to the natural product platensimycin. MethodsandFindings: We have demonstrated that platensimycin has bacteriostatic activity against the fast growing Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC =14 m g/ml) and against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC =12 m g/ml). Growth in the presence of paltensimycin specifically inhibited the biosynthesis of mycolic acids suggesting that the antibiotic targeted the components of the mycolate biosynthesis complex. Given the inhibitory activity of platensimycin against b -ketoacyl-ACP synthases from Staphylococcus aureus , M. tuberculosis KasA, KasB or FabH were overexpressed in M. smegmatis to establish whether these mycobacterial KAS enzymes were targets of platensimycin. In M. smegmatis overexpression of kasA or kasB increased the MIC of the strains from 14 m g/ml, to 30 and 124 m g/ml respectively. However, overexpression of fabH on did not affect the MIC. Additionally, consistent with the overexpression data, in vitro assays using purified proteins demonstrated that platensimycin inhibited Mt-KasA and Mt-KasB, but not Mt-FabH. Significance: Our results have shown that platensimycin is active against mycobacterial KasA and KasB and is thus an exciting lead compound


In many areas of science and engineering, the problem arises how to discover low dimensional representations of high dimensional data. Recently, a number of researchers have converged on common solutions to this problem using methods from convex optimization. In particular, many results have been obtained by constructing semidefinite programs (SDPs) with low rank solutions. While the rank of matrix variables in SDPs cannot be directly constrained, it has been observed that low rank solutions emerge naturally by computing high variance or maximal trace solutions that respect local distance constraints. In this paper, we show how to solve very large problems of this type by a matrix factorization that leads to much smaller SDPs than those previously studied. The matrix factorization is derived by expanding the solution of the original problem in terms of the bottom eigenvectors of a graph Laplacian. The smaller SDPs obtained from this matrix factorization yield very good approximations to solutions of the original problem. Moreover, these approximations can be further refined by conjugate gradient descent. We illustrate the approach on localization in large scale sensor networks, where optimizations involving tens of thousands of nodes can be solved in just a few minutes.


This paper studies the problem of conducting self-supervised learning for node representation learning on graphs. Most existing self-supervised learning methods assume the graph is homophilous, where linked nodes often belong to the same class or have similar features. However, such assumptions of homophily do not always hold in real-world graphs. We address this problem by developing a decoupled self-supervised learning (DSSL) framework for graph neural networks. DSSL imitates a generative process of nodes and links from latent variable modeling of the semantic structure, which decouples different underlying semantics between different neighborhoods into the self-supervised learning process. Our DSSL framework is agnostic to the encoders and does not need prefabricated augmentations, thus is flexible to different graphs. To effectively optimize the framework, we derive the evidence lower bound of the self-supervised objective and develop a scalable training algorithm with variational inference. We provide a theoretical analysis to justify that DSSL enjoys the better downstream performance. Extensive experiments on various types of graph benchmarks demonstrate that our proposed framework can achieve better performance compared with competitive baselines.


Much scholarly debate has been devoted to the theoretical merits of using an individual's consumption expenditures as the basis for measuring ability to pay tax. In this Article, Professor Graetz examines the practical problems of implementing and administering a progressive consumption tax as an alternative to the income tax. He concludes that although a consumption tax is feasible, practical implementation difficulties, together with the political unlikelihood of enacting a tax which is both administratively workable and retains the alleged theoretical advantages of a consumption-based tax, argue against its adoption.


Analysis of 146 new apatite (U-Th)/He ages, six new apatite fi ssion-track ages, and 165 previously published apatite fi ssiontrack (AFT) ages from the northern Apennine extending convergent orogen reveals a signifi cant along-strike change in post-late Miocene wedge kinematics and exhumation history. East of ~11°30′E, age patterns and age-elevation relationships are diagnostic of ongoing frontal accretion and slab retreat consistent with a northeastward-migrating "orogenic wave." Enhanced erosion rates of ~1 mm/yr over a period of ~3‐5 Ma are recorded on the contractional pro-side of the orogen and ~0.3 mm/yr on the extending retro-side. West of ~11°30′E, ongoing exhumation has been restricted to the range core since at least ca. 8 Ma at rates of ~0.4 mm/yr increasing to ~1 mm/yr in the Pliocene (ca. 3 Ma) accompanied by post-Pliocene tilting and associated faulting. This pattern can be attributed to either continued convergence (but a switch in the transfer of material into the wedge to a regime dominated by underplating or out-of-sequence shortening), or a slowdown or cessation of frontal accretion and slab retreat with enhanced Pliocene uplift and erosion triggered by a deeper seated process such as lithospheric delamination, complete slab detachment, or slab tear. These fi ndings emphasize that no single model of wedge kinematics is likely appropriate to explain long-term northern Apennine orogenesis and synconvergent extension, but rather that different lithospheric geodynamic processes have acted at different times in different lateral segments of the orogen.


It is beyond argument that education is a cornerstone of the sustainable development of any society and state. The more educated society and its individual members are, the more capable the state and its economy and security and technology systems are of giving a targeted response to challenges of today's world. However, education should not be seen as an end in itself. Certain quality requirements and standards should be respected in the educational process, one of them being academic integrity. Academic misconduct is firmly condemned both at educational institutions and in society, and occasionally the lawfulness of acquired education may be questioned. This kind of misconduct represents a phenomenon leading to several threats, and it can be interpreted as an intellectual property theft, which compromises the quality of education, thereby reducing a state's capacity for development, and undermines confidence in educational institutions and persons who have committed misconduct, adversely affecting society in general. It should be emphasised that, if ignored, academic misconduct facilitates legal nihilism in the long term. Therefore, one of priorities in education should be associated with solidifying academic integrity as a component of sustainable development. In the light of the above, this article analyses the understanding of academic integrity and how students can be punished for academic misconduct in the context of sustainable development, for which purpose internal regulations of major higher education institutions of the Republic of Latvia have been examined.
Keywords: academic integrity, liability for academic misconduct, right to education, sustainable development of the state


Dengue virus (DENV) infects humans through the skin. The early infection and encoun‐ ters between DENV and cutaneous immune and non‐immune cells only recently are under investigation. We have reported DENV‐infected cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs), also keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts permissive to DENV infection. Now, upon cuta ‐ neously inoculating fluorescently labeled DENV into immune‐competent mice, we found DENV mostly in dermis from 1 h post‐inoculation. Afterwards, DENV rapidly localized in the subcapsular sinus of draining lymph nodes (DLNs) associated with CD169+ mac‐ rophages, suggesting virus travelling through lymph flow. However, DENV association with CD11c+ DCs in the paracortex and T:B border suggests DENV being ferried from the skin to DLNs by DCs too. DENV was not associated with F4/80+ macrophages nor with DEC205+ DCs, but it was inside B cell follicles early after cutaneous inoculation. DENV inside B follicles likely affects the development of humoral responses. Antibody responses deserve very careful scrutiny as neutralizing memory antibodies are crucial to counteract homotypic reinfections whereas non‐neutralizing ones might facilitate hetero‐ typic DENV infection or even Zika infection, another flavivirus. Unravelling the DENV journey from skin to lymph into regional nodes and the cellular compartments will aid to understand the disease, its pathology and how to counteract it.


The number of high resolution space imageries in photogrammetry and remote sensing society is growing fast. Although these images provide rich data, the lack of sensor calibration information and ephemeris data does not allow the users to apply precise physical models to establish the functional relationship between image space and object space. As an alternative solution, some generalized models such as global polynomials have been developed and used. This paper presents a hybrid method based on using imperialistic competitive algorithm (ICA) to find the best terms of global polynomials. The method was carried out for geometric correction of two different datasets, an IKONOS Geo-image and a SPOT image, with different number of ground control points (GCPs) and independent check points (ICPs). Results showed the success of achieving sub-pixel accuracies (0.2) for IKONOS and 2.5 pixels for SPOT image. The method was able to successfully handle over-optimization as it produces lower RMSEs compared to conventional approach. Also, the proposed method required much less time in comparison to other optimization algorithms like genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).


On September 11, 2001, we saw on television with disbelief the World Trade Center towers crumbled before our eyes. The tragedy shocked us, but it cannot shake our beliefs. As members of an international profession--social work--which has gradually developed over the past century, we are trying to review our beliefs and to recover from our grief. We now know that there is no safe haven in this world. The hatred between nations, ethnic, and religious groups and its ramifications suddenly hit home. No longer can we pretend to stay above these deep conflicts between humans. Instead of escaping from it, we need to look straight into the eyes of terrorism. To us, terrorist attack is the last resort: a radical and extremely harmful act done by a marginal group usually with its own religious or political beliefs. Its aim is to achieve the maximum unpredictable damage with minimum resources, to create widespread fear, and to gain recognition. However, whenever groups perform terrorist acts, they are also destroying their own ideals, because their means supersedes their ends. In suicidal attacks, terrorists not only destroy their physical lives but also betray their spiritual ideals. The most powerful weapons of terrorism are its secrecy and unpredictability. The damage is tremendous because its effects have ramifications in various media. The acts of terrorists, then, by their very nature, are acts of self-destruction. If we aim to destroy them with might, we can never win. Use of military force will only create future violence. It is simply another form of self-destruction. At the same time, to limit the civil rights and individual freedom of people to cope with terrorism jeopardizes our liberty. Reaction is an easy and simple response to action. However, reflection, although more difficult, may be a better coping strategy. Terrorism is an international problem. The solution should be international cooperation, not international confrontation. We witnessed the great disaster brought about by terrorism. We need to identify our own weakness in dealing with it. The greatest harm inflicted by terrorism is not death itself but the fear of death and its indirect impact on limiting our individual freedom and human rights. A terrorist attack can only target several locations. However, our own ignorance and anger can multiply its harmful effects. The smartest terrorist strategy of all is to turn its enemy into a weapon of the terrorists. When we want to pursue peace by initiating a war, the result will be another war and more violence. We cannot kill more people to stop more people from being killed. It would be terrible if we decide to surrender our human rights and those of others. It would be dangerous if we forget to respect the diversity of the world. If we continue to live in fear and anger, the terrorists will win the war without cost. Even the most powerful military force in the world is insufficient to ensure safety and world peace. …


Bayesian Hierarchical Frailty Models for Heterogeneity in Risk Rebecca Yates Coley Chair of the Supervisory Committee: ScD Elizabeth R. Brown Biostatistics The effect of an intervention or exposure on time-to-event is most commonly estimated with the Cox model, which assumes proportional hazards. When heterogeneity in risk is present, the assumption of proportionality is violated and the Cox model's populationaveraged estimate of the hazard ratio can underestimate the effect for an individual. In this dissertation, we develop Bayesian hierarchical frailty models that adjust for heterogeneity in risk in a way that reflects the sources of heterogeneity. We focus on the compound Poisson distribution, as it models a biological risk mechanism seen in many applications where an individual's risk of an event is the result of independent, competing exposure processes and it allows that some individuals have no risk of an event. In Chapter 2, we outline a hierarchical definition of the compound Poisson distribution and demonstrate Bayesian estimation of a hierarchical compound Poisson frailty model. In Chapter 3, we extend the model proposed in Chapter 2 to allow frailty distributions to vary across latent risk classes, resulting in a compound Poisson mixture frailty distribution. Risk-related covariates are used to classify participants into latent risk groups. We conclude with a discussion of future work, including ideas for a gamma frailty model with subject-specific parameters for situations in which exposure processes are observed.


Focuses on culinary news, research, techniques, cooking skills and Houston restaurants. The library provides for the Houston Community College Culinary Arts program.


: Numerous studies have demonstrated the higher information content of multiangular reflectance data that can be used to improve the estimation of variables for surfaces having strong directional properties such as forests. Only a few studies, however, used physically- based radiative transfer (RT) models, and they were based on atmospherically-corrected data. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of multi-angular top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance data for estimating surface variables using a coupled canopy-atmosphere model. The study area consisted of three Norway spruce stands located in the Czech Republic for which field data and a multi-angular set of four CHRIS/PROBA images were collected in September 2006. The coupled SLC (Soil-Leaf- Canopy) - MODTRAN model provided good simulations of the spectral and angular signatures measured by CHRIS. Local sensitivity analyses were performed to help with the model inversion. The singular values of the Jacobian matrix showed that the dimensionality of the estimation problem increased from 3 to 6 when increasing the number of angles from 1 to 4. One LUT was built for each stand, using the 7 most influential parameters: vertical crown cover, fraction of bark, tree shape factor, dissociation factor, and needle chlorophyll, dry matter, and brown pigments contents. All angular combinations were tested for estimating the variables. The best results were obtained when using two or three angles. The results show that although multiangular TOA radiance data do have a higher potential than mono-angular data, it is still difficult to make full use of the information they contain for estimating forest variables. ABSTRACT: Numerous studies have demonstrated the higher information content of multiangular reflectance data that can be used to improve the estimation of variables for surfaces having strong directional properties such as forests. Only a few studies, however, used physically-based radiative transfer (RT) models, and they were based on atmospherically-corrected data. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of multi-angular top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance data for estimating surface variables using a coupled canopy-atmosphere model. The study area consisted of three Norway spruce stands located in the Czech Republic for which field data and a multi-angular set of four CHRIS/PROBA images were collected in September 2006. The coupled SLC (Soil-Leaf-Canopy) - MODTRAN model provided good simulations of the spectral and angular signatures measured by CHRIS. Local sensitivity analyses were performed to help with the model inversion. The singular values of the Jacobian matrix showed that the dimensionality of the estimation problem increased from 3 to 6 when increasing the number of angles from 1 to 4. One LUT was built for each stand, using the 7 most influential parameters: vertical crown cover, fraction of bark, tree shape factor, dissociation factor, and needle chlorophyll, dry matter, and brown pigments contents. All angular combinations were tested for estimating the variables. The best results were obtained when using two or three angles. The results show that although multi-angular TOA radiance data do have a higher potential than mono-angular data, it is still difficult to make full use of the information they contain for estimating forest variables.


Pyrolysis oil is a dark brown liquid which can be produced in high yield from different kind of biomass sources by means of fast pyrolysis. Pyrolysis oil is considered as a promising second generation energy carrier and may play an important role in the future of "biobased economies". The energy content of pyrolysis oil is approximately half of fossil crude. Just like for crude oil, further reprocessing is necessary to arranged pyrolysis oil as fuel in e.g. combustion engines. This thesis describes the results of exploratory research of pyrolysis oil upgrading for biofuel production. For that purpose two promising options have been examined. The first route includes the treatment of pyrolysis oil with hydrogen at elevated temperatures and presses in the presence of metal catalysts. It appears that the properties of oil improved considerably by using solid catalysts based on ruthenium. Moreover a mild treatment using homogeneous metal catalysts also shows a promising option. The Second part of the research has an objective on improving pyrolysis oil properties by mixing with alcohol as a reagent. It appears that reactive distillation using butanol leads to a considerable improvement of important product properties such as viscosity, acid quality and energy contents.


Formative evaluations, that is recurring evaluations which are primarily intended to yield information on the effectiveness of a program's activities, can be especially valuable to community policymakers. This paper develops a formative evaluation procedure for a community preventive health program. Specifically, the procedure enables one to evaluate the facilities or locations (access points) where the Milwaukee High Blood Pressure Control Program's services are offered. The procedure determines which access points most effectively achieve program objectives, thus providing information to improve program decisions.


The three takings decisions that the Supreme Court issued at the end of its October 2004 Term marked a stunning reversal of the Court's efforts during the past three decades to use the Takings Clause to define a set of constitutional property rights. The regulatory takings doctrine, which once loomed as a significant threat to the modern regulatory state, now appears after Lingle v. Chevron to be a relatively tame, if complicated, check on exceptional instances of regulatory abuse. At the same time, the Public Use Clause, formerly an inconsequential limitation on the state's eminent domain authority, now appears ripe for revision and tightening after a stirring four-justice dissent in Kelo v. City of New London and an enormous public protest decrying the majority decision. Notwithstanding this reversal, the 2005 decisions offer a coherent approach to Takings Clause enforcement - albeit one that is likely to frustrate commentators, theorists, and property rights advocates. More clearly than ever before, the Court in its 2005 decisions abandoned the difficult, if not impossible, task of providing a clear normative justification for the Takings Clause. Instead, its decisions reveal a marked preference for preserving and furthering its vision of an institutional system of governance - a jurisprudence that is focused on the question of who should decide rather than on the substantive issue of what should be decided, and that is committed to the passive virtue of deference. In short, the Rehnquist Court explicitly chose to adopt a legal process approach to takings. Because it privileges structure and process over explicit considerations of substantive legal and normative issues, this approach is unsatisfactory to property and constitutional theorists; because it defers to government decisions, it is maddening to property rights advocates; and because it is technocratic and abstract, it is unsatisfactory to the public. Given the prominence of the legal process approach to constitutional review of state regulatory action in the post-New Deal era, however, judicial passivity remains attractive, if unromantic, to judicial actors. Ultimately, recognizing the Court's shift away from defining constitutional property rights via the Takings Clause offers important descriptive and prescriptive insights into the future of takings law in the Roberts Court, especially if a majority of justices decide to tighten review of eminent domain actions or otherwise heighten judicial review under the Takings Clause.


Parallel programs contain a surprising number of ad-hoc synchronization operations. Ad-hoc synchronization operations are loops that busy-wait on condition variables. Current race detectors produce unnecessary warnings (false positives) when ad-hoc synchronization is used. False positives are also generated when programmers use synchronization primitives that are unknown to race detectors, for instance when programmers switch libraries. These shortcomings may result in an overwhelming number of false positives, dissuading programmers from using race detectors. This paper shows that ad-hoc synchronization operations can be detected automatically. The method requires no user intervention such as annotations and has been implemented in the race detector Helgrind+. Evaluation results on various benchmarks confirm that Helgrind+ is aware of all synchronizations in programs, reliably reports true races, and produces few false alarms. A surprising result is that with the new technique, Helgrind+ can analyze synchronization libraries, so special knowledge about these libraries is not needed in the detector.


Somerset is a serene county, varied in mood more then most, yet always mild wrote Pevsner, drawing attention to its freedom from the extremes of its neighbouring counties. Highlights of this volume are a full account of the Georgian marvels of Bath, and a separate section on the port of Bristol, whose sumptuous Victorian commercial buildings are among the best of their date in England. The fourteenth century Nunney Castle and John Nash's picturesque Blaise Hamlet are perfect examples of their type, while the cathedrals of Wells and Bristol and the Decorated Gothic of St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol inspired some of Pevsner's most eloquent writing on the character of English Gothic architecture.


Closed-loop systems have been developed for controlling the flow above a three-dimensional turret while the hemispherical top of the turret rotates about the pitch axis. Separation and concomitant turbulence levels incurred through the pitching cycle were altered by suction jet slots circumscribing the aperture, which served as control input; an array of pressure sensors on the turret surface provided the controller with information about the state of the flow above the surface. The control objective was to minimize the separation and turbulence in the dynamic environment created by the articulating turret. The closed-loop control systems included dynamical and measurement-based estimators, regulators, filters, and compensators. These components were developed using both computational and experimental data, and the control systemswere evaluated through a series of control-in-the-loop computation-fluid-dynamics simulations and wind-tunnel runs. The implementation of this suction flow-control system resulted in a decrease of fluctuating velocity over the flat optical aperture. Initial simple proportional and the advanced proportional-integral closed-loop control systems were able to decrease the fluctuating velocity more efficiently than the steady suction of open-loop control. The more-advanced closed-loop controllers showed a better ability to track the trends of the separation and turbulence levels as the hemisphere of the turret pitched. The development of the controller design and numerical demonstration of the closed-loop feedback system is described in a companion paper.


Longitudinal data arise commonly in many fields including public health studies and survey sampling. Valid inference methods for longitudinal data are of great importance in scientific researches. In longitudinal studies, data collection are often designed to follow all the interested information on individuals at scheduled times. The analysis in longitudinal studies usually focuses on how the data change over time and how they are associated with certain risk factors or covariates. Various statistical models and methods have been developed over the past few decades. However, these methods could become invalid when data possess additional features. First of all, incompleteness of data presents considerable complications to standard modeling and inference methods. Although we hope each individual completes all of the scheduled measurements without any absence, missing observations occur commonly in longitudinal studies. It has been documented that biased results could arise if such a feature is not properly accounted for in the analysis. There has been a large body of methods in the literature on handling missingness arising either from response components or covariate variables, but relatively little attention has been directed to addressing missingness in both response and covariate variables simultaneously. Important reasons for the sparsity of the research on this topic may be attributed to substantially increased complexity of modeling and computational difficulties. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of the thesis, I develop methods to handle incomplete longitudinal data using the pairwise likelihood formulation. The proposed methods can handle longitudinal data with missing observations in both response and covariate variables. A unified framework is invoked to accommodate various types of missing data patterns. The performance of the proposed methods is carefully assessed under a variety of circumstances. In particular, issues on efficiency and robustness are investigated. Longitudinal survey data from the National Population Health Study are analyzed with the proposed methods. v The other difficulty in longitudinal data is model selection. Incorporating a large number of irrelevant covariates to the model may result in computation, interpretation and prediction difficulties, thus selecting parsimonious models are typically desirable. In particular, the penalized likelihood method is commonly employed for this purpose. However, when we apply the penalized likelihood approach in longitudinal studies, it may involve high dimensional integrals which are computationally expensive. We propose an alternative method using the composite likelihood formulation. Formulation of composite likelihood requires only a partial structure of the correlated data such as marginal or pairwise distributions. This strategy shows modeling tractability and computational cheapness in model selection. Therefore, in Chapter 4 of this thesis, I propose a composite likelihood approach with penalized function to handle the model selection issue. In practice, we often face the model selection problem not only from choosing proper covariates for regression predictor, but also from the component of random effects. Furthermore, the specification of random effects distribution could be crucial to maintain the validity of statistical inference. Thus, the discussion on selecting both covariates and random effects as well as misspecification of random effects are also included in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 of this thesis mainly addresses the joint features of missingness and model selection. I propose a specific composite likelihood method to handle this issue. A typical advantage of the approach is that the inference procedure does not involve explicit missing process assumptions and nuisance parameters estimation.


A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BseDI restriction enzyme had been applied for  identifying the presence of pork in processed meat (beef sausage and chicken nugget) including before and after frying. Pork sample in various levels (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 25 %) was prepared in a mixture with beef and chicken meats and processed for sausage and nugget. The primers CYTb1 and CYTb2 were designed in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b ) gene and PCR successfully amplified fragments of 359 bp. To distinguish existence of porcine species, the amplified PCR products of mitochondrial DNA were cut by BseDI restriction enzyme. The result showed pig mitochondrial DNA was cut into 131 and 228 bp fragments. The PCR-RFLP species identification assay yielded excellent results for identification of porcine species. It is a potentially reliable technique for pork detection in animal food processed products for Halal authentication.


We conducted a study to determine the feasibility of shore-based, oblique photographic monitoring of breaking waves, water levels, and currents within the surf zone. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new method of oblique single-image and stereoscopic-image analysis, the potential errors, and the types of measurements that can be made in the surf zone. Examples of application are presented to demonstrate the technique. Sophisticated photographic equipment is not required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. The analysis and error discussions are directed toward the problems encountered using common equipment. Vertical images from aircraft, helicopters, and balloons have been used in the past to study shoreline changes, directional ocean-wave spectra,8 and longshore currents.3 Oblique images taken from the bridge of a ship have been successfully used to measure whitecap coverage under different wind speeds.4 Terrestrial oblique images have been used to study longshore currents,5 ice-ridge formation and breakup,6'7 and beach changes .8 Oblique images, taken with a 35-mm single-lens reflex camera from an elevated point such as a bluff, are particularly suitable for the measurement of breaking waves, water level, beach run-up, and current in the surf zone under storm conditions. In contrast to other techniques of monitoring the surf zone, the photographic technique described in this paper is simple to install, reliable, accurate, and inexpensive. It can be used in all weather conditions, and the analysis of the images is simple. Both stereoscopic and single oblique images can be analyzed, depending on the specific needs and existing environmental conditions. Since the scale of an oblique photograph changes with increasing distance from the camera, the technique is limited in range to about 250 m for a cliff approximately 8 m above the mean water level. Accuracies to within 1% in the horizontal plane and better than 10% in the vertical plane are achievable at this distance.


The current study assessed the impact of the duration of pre-service training and teaching competences they demonstrate after graduation. Three research objectives were addressed in this study namely; the influence of the duration of pre-service training on teaching competences and work performance; the classroom management strategies demonstrated and the duration of pre-service training; adherence to professional ethics and duration of pre-service training. Case study design was used to suitably utilize qualitative approach in data collection and analysis. The sample size involved 101 respondents who were both purposively sampled and interviews, focused group discussion and documentary analysis methods were used to collect data. The findings revealed the time duration for pre-service training was a determinant for grade IIIA teachers' competency and teaching skills. Thus, the grade IIIA with two years training were more competent in their teaching and in planning lessons than grade IIIA with one year of training although they demonstrated similar classroom management strategies; the grade IIIA with one year training were lacking theoretical and practical skills for the making effective use of classroom management strategies. The study also discovered that both groups were found to involve themselves in misconduct and misdemeanour acts such as drunkenness and sexual relations with their students.
It was recommended the government should avoid being inconsistent on the duration used to train pre-service teachers in order not to compromise quality; the government should introduce frequent in-service training of teachers; junior teachers be attached to senior teachers (mentoring) to promote the teaching profession and the government through Teachers Service Department (TSD) should inculcate to newly trained teachers ethical dimension with respect to professional code of conduct. In addition deliberate and stern measures should be taken to correct misbehaving teachers and to punish whoever does not wish to adapt to regain the reputation of the profession from the public eyes.


According to Grand View Research in polyglycerol market size, demand for diglycerol is expected to grow by 50% from 2012 to 2022 due to its extensive use in various industries, thus validating the importance and value addition of producing diglycerol. Due to the volatility of refined glycerine market price and increasing demand of diglycerol, research has been conducted to upgrade glycerol via various processes. Etherification is a single-step process of catalytic conversion of glycerol into polyglycerols, involving the condensation of two glycerol molecules to form the simplest oligomer which is diglycerol with linear, branched, or cyclic isomers. Thus, this chapter will discuss on the methods of synthesizing diglycerol followed by the type of catalyst to be used. These include homogenous and heterogenous catalyst with their subdivision of acid and base type, respectively. Besides, this chapter does include on the method for the etherification process where it highlighted the advantage of advance technology microwave irradiation over conventional heating.


The anechoic chamber is an efficient way to measure the level of noise produced by a traffic loading over a structure of pavement. This kind of chambers are useful to analyze the noise that some processes generate. The geotechnical group of Nueva Granada Military University designed a new prototype of an anechoic chamber that works inside the accelerated pavement testing machine (APT). This paper describes the designing process in three parts. In the first part, the main mechanical characteristics of the anechoic chamber were defined using SolidWorks. Then, the specifications about position of sensor and data logger were selected to analyze noise from 10 dB up to 90dB. Finally, the last part of the paper deals with preliminary tests conducted in different speeds of the APT with 6 omnidirectional microphones. Results were studied with Smaart V7 software. To sum up, the anechoic chamber is an effective and reliable machine to analyze the noise due to traffic- pavement structure interaction.


Under various reasons, English Taught Programs (ETPs) are burgeoning in universities. We see such programs not only in European countries but also in Asian ones. At the same time, the research of English as Medium of Instruction (EMI) also gets much momentum in academia. However, the challenges faced by such programs in different areas will vary. This research will first brief the ETPs in Asian countries. An overview of the background of such program will be studied. Challenges faced by the managers (administrators), instructors and students in these programs will also be discussed. While Asia is composed of countries with diverse historical backgrounds, the case in Taiwan will be the focus of discussion. Unlike Singapore, Malaysia, or Indonesia, which shared a common colonial history, countries such as Korea, Japan and Taiwan are more similar in that English is not one of their official languages. As ETPs seem to be the trend in the future, suggestions are also provided for future improvement.


The basis of this study comprises 540 geochemically analysed samples collected systematically from eighteen stratigraphic sections (2257 m in total length) through the submarine volcanic rocks of the tectonically separated Hooggenoeg, Kromberg and Mendon Complexes in the southwestern part of the Paleoarchean Barberton Greenstone Belt. The lavas are predominantly high- to low-MgO tholeiitic basalts but include minor komatiite and komatiitic basalt. They are non-deformed and preserve delicate igneous textures, but have been allochemically altered and regionally metamorphosed. Comparison of pillow cores and rims, samples from massive flows and interelement correlations demonstrate that Ti, Al, Cr, V, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y, Pb, Th and the REE were relatively immobile during alteration and hence preserve geochemical evidence bearing on the origin and tectonic setting of the lavas. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are slightly LREE depleted in komatiite to slightly LREE enriched in basalts. MORB-normalized values of non-conservative elements (Cs, Ba, Pb, Th) are high relative to conservative elements (Ta, Nb, Zr, Hf, Y, HREE) in all of the volcanic rocks, particularly those of the Hooggenoeg Complex. Most of the samples exhibit enrichment of Cs and Ba, Pb anomalies and depletion in Nb and Ta, consistent with a subduction-related oceanic environment. With the exception of the lavas of the Hooggenoeg Complex, using primordial mantle (PM) values for normalisation generally subdues the enrichments of the non-conservative elements seen in MORB-normalised multi-element diagrams. However, negative Nb and Ta anomalies relative to La remain significant. High Ba/Th ratios indicate relatively shallow level enrichment of the magma source in large ion lithophile elements by aqueous fluids, whilst enhanced Th concentrations reflect deeper partial melting. Estimated subduction related contributions to Th vary in the ca. 2700 m thick section of the Hooggenoeg Complex and suggest changes in the depth to the subducting slab, which may relate to variation in the subduction angle in the course of ca. 10 million years. ɛ Nd(T) values suggest earlier melt extraction and possible incorporation of older crustal material, probably subducted clastic sediments. Our inferred model for the formation of the Upper Onverwacht Suite, based on the lithological and structural development of the lavas and their geochemistry invokes eruption in intra-oceanic back-arc basins and volcanic island arcs. Magmas were generated by variable degrees of partial melting at different depths and temperatures of metasomatised mantle above subducting and dehydrating oceanic lithosphere, and were subsequently modified by fractional crystallization and hybridization. In terms of MORB-and PM-normalised multi-element patterns, as well as Nd-isotope ratios, the volcanic rocks of the Onverwacht Suite are comparable with the west Pacific-Indonesian arc systems.


A recent Cisco traffic forecast indicates that annual global IP traffic will reach two-thirds of a zettabyte by 2013. With their ability to solve problems in massive information distribution and processing, while keeping scaling costs low, overlay systems represent a rapidly growing area of R&D with important implications for the evolution of Internet architecture. Inspired by the authors articles on content based routing, Overlay Networks: Toward Information Networking provides a complete introduction to overlay networks. Examining what they are and what kind of structures they require, the text covers the key structures, protocols, and algorithms used in overlay networks. It reviews the current state of the art in applications, decentralized overlays, security, information routing, and information forwarding. The book provides readers with an overview of networking technologies, the TCP/IP protocol suite, and networking basics. It also examines: The foundations of structured overlays Unstructured P2P overlay networks Graph-based algorithms for information dissemination and probabilistic algorithms Content-centric routing and a number of protocols and algorithms Security challenges of P2P and overlay technologiesproviding solutions for these mitigating risks Written by a scientist who is a university professor and a senior member of the Nokia research staff, this forward-looking reference covers advanced issues concerning performance and scalability. It highlights recent developments and discusses specific algorithms, including BitTorrent, Coolstream, BitOs, Chord, Content Addressable Network, Content Delivery Networks, Overlay multicast, and Peer-to-Peer SIP. Complete with a number of frequently-used probabilistic techniques and projections for future trends, this authoritative resource provides the tools and understanding needed to create deployable solutions for processing and distributing the vast amounts of data that modern networksdemand.


A revolution in the retirement landscape over the last several decades shifted the predominant savings vehicle from traditional pensions (a defined benefit plan) to self-directed accounts like the 401(k) (a defined contribution plan) and has drastically changed how people invest in the stock market and why. The prevalence of self-directed, defined contribution plans has created our defined contribution society and a new class of investors — the citizen shareholders — who enter private securities market through self-directed retirement plans, invest for long-term savings goals and are predominantly indirect shareholders. With 90 million Americans invested in mutual funds, and nearly 75 million who do so through defined contribution plans, citizen shareholders are the fastest growing group of investors. Yet, citizen shareholders have the least protections despite conventional wisdom that corporate law and ERISA protections safeguard both these investors and their investments. As explained in an earlier paper, citizen shareholders do not fit neatly within the traditional corporate law framework because their investment within a defined contribution plan restricts choice and their indirect ownership status dilutes their information and voting rights, as well as exacerbates their rational apathy as diffuse and disempowered "owners." Additionally, the retirement revolution from pensions to 401(k)s has changed not only how individuals prepare for retirement, but also who bears certain risks that affect the retirement nest egg. Under self-directed defined contribution plans, but not defined benefit plans, citizen shareholders bear the risks of poor market performance, longevity, and information asymmetries, as well as plan administrative costs and the life-long responsibility of asset management. Research indicates that citizen shareholders, particularly those who are women, minorities and those with lower-education levels, do not have the financial literacy to undertake these tasks in a way to maximize both individual and society-wide retirement savings. These changes, and their consequences, are firmly established in our defined contribution society and are a result of the retirement revolution. Yet, these changes are not widely understood by individuals saving for retirement, nor have they been incorporated into how we think and talk about shareholders in and outside of the academy. In this Article, I build on previous work, which articulated the citizen shareholder status and its incompatibility with traditional corporate law by identifying and explaining the second prong — that citizen shareholders have substantially weakened protections under ERISA and bear substantially increased risks and responsibility in our defined contribution society.


Anti–RSV F antibody repertoire profiling reveals new opportunities for vaccine design and passive therapy. RSV antibodies in profile Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes cold-like symptoms in healthy adults but can have serious complications in both the very young and elderly. No vaccine is approved for RSV, and although a prophylactic antibody, palivizumab, is available for high-risk infants, therapy is generally supportive. Now, Gilman et al. profile the human antibody response to the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein. They find that the response is broad but that more potent antibodies tend to target the apex of the prefusion conformation of RSV F, suggesting this site as a putative vaccine target. Moreover, many of these antibodies were more potent than palivizumab and some cross-neutralized human metapneumovirus, making them candidates for new passive prophylactics. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in young children and the elderly. There are currently no licensed RSV vaccines, and passive prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibody palivizumab is restricted to high-risk infants in part due to its modest efficacy. Although it is widely agreed that an effective RSV vaccine will require the induction of a potent neutralizing antibody response against the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein, little is known about the specificities and functional activities of RSV F–specific antibodies induced by natural infection. We have comprehensively profiled the human antibody response to RSV F by isolating and characterizing 364 RSV F–specific monoclonal antibodies from the memory B cells of three healthy adult donors. In all donors, the antibody response to RSV F was composed of a broad diversity of clones that targeted several antigenic sites. Nearly half of the most potent antibodies targeted a previously undefined site of vulnerability near the apex of the prefusion conformation of RSV F (preF). Additionally, the antibodies targeting this new site displayed convergent sequence features, thus providing a future means to rapidly detect the presence of these antibodies in human vaccine samples. Many of the antibodies that bind preF-specific surfaces were >100 times more potent than palivizumab and several cross-neutralized human metapneumovirus. Together, the results have implications for the design and evaluation of RSV vaccine candidates and offer new options for passive prophylaxis.


According to consequent system of a SEI model, a model with vital dynamical and nonlinear incidence rate of saturated mass action is proposed. By making use of differential equation and characteristic of hepatitis C, we analyze the equilibria of the model with nonlinear incidence rate. When the basic reproduction number R0 < 1, the disease free equilibrium is stable and there are no endemic or two endemic . And we obtain the condition of a unique endemic equilibrium of the system.


A systematic experiment on flip-chip bonding assembly using an anisotropically conductive adhesive (ACA) has been carried out. The assembled modules have been characterized by a number of environmental tests, including aging, constant humidity, temperature cycling, humidity cycling, shear, vibration, and shock testing. The results indicate that under optimum process conditions, high quality and high reliability joints can be achieved. Conduction failure mechanisms have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis shows that failure is dependent on competition between driving factors; thermal stress, elastic stress, expansion due to moisture absorption on one side, and the resistant factor, i.e., interatomic force. Variation of the filler size in the ACA, configurations of chips and boards, as well as bonding pressure and its distribution are among the most important factors that control the bonding quality and reliability.


Flow measurements are often necessary to verify the performance of hydro turbines for regulatory, contractual, or engineering purposes. Historically, several methods utilizing various physical principles have been employed. Specialized, field installed equipment is required for each method and personnel usually require some years of training with the unique instrumentation used to record and analyze the flow measurement signal. The ASME and IEC Test Codes (1, 2) provide detailed descriptions of the physical requirements for each method. Implementation of several methods has been streamlined with the advent of the portable personal computer (PC) by utilizing its ability to record analog and digital signals and to immediately analyze the results in the field. The application of a PC to four flow measurement techniques is described: 1) pressure-time (Gibson), 2) tracer dilution, 3) area-velocity integration with current meters, and 4) transit time (Allen salt velocity). The physical principles, suitable field conditions, and required equipment are briefly described for each method with emphasis placed on the use of a PC for data acquisition, signal analysis, and data presentation.


Wikipedia is a gateway to knowledge. However, the extent to which this gateway ends at Wikipedia or continues via supporting citations is unknown. Wikipedia's gateway functionality has implications for information design and education, notably in medicine. This study aims to establish benchmarks for the relative distribution and referral (click) rate of citations—as indicated by presence of a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)—from Wikipedia, with a focus on medical citations. DOIs referred from the English Wikipedia in August 2016 were obtained from Crossref.org. Next, based on a DOI's presence on a WikiProject Medicine page, all DOIs in Wikipedia were categorized as medical (WP:MED) or non-medical (non-WP:MED). Using this categorization, referred DOIs were classified as WP:MED, non-WP:MED, or BOTH, meaning the DOI may have been referred from either category. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of 5.2 million Wikipedia pages, 4.42% (n=229,857) included at least one DOI. 68,870 were identified as WP:MED, with 22.14% (n=15,250) featuring one or more DOIs. WP:MED pages featured on average 8.88 DOI citations per page, whereas non-WP:MED pages had on average 4.28 DOI citations. For DOIs only on WP:MED pages, a DOI was referred every 2,283 pageviews and for non-WP-MED pages every 2,467 pageviews. DOIs from BOTH pages accounted for 12% (n=58,475) of referrals, making determining a referral rate for BOTH impossible. While these results cannot provide evidence of greater citation referral from WP:MED than non-WP:MED, they do provide benchmarks to assess strategies for changing referral patterns. These changes might include editors adopting new methods for designing and presenting citations or the introduction of teaching strategies that address the value of consulting citations as a tool for extending learning.


Recently, a novel cellular mechanism, activity-dependent neuromodulation, was identified in sensory neurons mediating the gill and tail withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia. This mechanism may explain associative learning on a behavioral level. The present study was designed to mathematically model subcellular events that may underlie this mechanism and to examine the ability of the model to fit available empirical data. In this associative model, the reinforcing or unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to non-specific enhancement of transmitter release from sensory neurons by activating a cAMP cascade. Spike activity in sensory neurons, the conditioned stimulus (CS), transiently elevates intracellular Ca2+. The CS-triggered increases of intracellular Ca2+ "primes" the cyclase and amplifies the US-mediated cAMP synthesis. As a result of pairing specific amplification of cAMP levels, transmitter release is enhanced beyond that produced by unpaired stimuli or by application of the US alone. The model is capable of fitting empirical data on activity-dependent neuromodulation and predicts a characteristic interstimulus interval (ISI) curve. At the subcellular level, the model's ISI function is related to the time course of the buffering of intracellular Ca2+. The magnitude and duration of the pairing specific enhancement of transmitter release is related to the levels and time course of intracellular cAMP stimulation.


This study examined 132 domestic homicide cases to determine whether there were differences in domestic homicide risk factors between rural and urban areas in Ontario. Previous research found that rural areas are unique in terms of culture, attitudes, and resources, and fewer resources are available to support victims of domestic violence. However, no research has examined domestic homicide in rural Ontario. Data for this study was provided by the Domestic Violence Death Review Committee through the Chief Coroner of Ontario. A focus on separation between intimate partners, excessive alcohol/drug use, firearms, and risk management plans was taken. Results indicate that rural perpetrators were significantly more likely to have access to a firearm and to use that firearm to kill their intimate partner. Additionally, separation between intimate partners was significantly more common in urban cases of domestic homicide, and urban perpetrators were more likely to exhibit obsessive behaviour and sexual jealousy. This study offers several implications and recommendations to policy makers, police, support services, families, neighbours, and friends, and suggests future areas of research.


Focusing on intra-household allocation, we investigate the effects of coffee market liberalisation in Uganda. As coffee has traditionally been a male domain, higher income from this activity might increase gender disparities. In addition, gender-related inefficiency in household production might undermine the positive impact of improved incentives. Using data from three household surveys conducted between 1992 and 2006, we estimate Engel curves, coffee yield and labour input equations incorporating bargaining proxies. We find that income from coffee is increasingly pooled and therefore shared more equally among household members. Yet, we can only detect partial improvements in production efficiency: bargaining still appears to constraint output efficiency and the distribution of household resources continues to follow gendered lines. Moreover, female-headed households are deterred from entry into coffee farming mainly because of discrimination in access to land.


Estuaries are highly productive ecosystems that have been increasingly affected by anthropogenic activities. In this study, the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and their relation to oxidative stress were assessed in two bivalve species (mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and clams Ruditapes decussatus ) from the Ria Formosa Lagoon (south Portugal). We applied the alkali-labile phosphate (ALP) assay to determine vitellogenin-like protein levels, and the lipid peroxidation (LPO) method to assess oxidative damage. Mussels and clams exhibited the same pattern of ALP concentrations, with no differences between genders and higher levels in winter. R. decussatus showed higher ALP values than M. galloprovincialis , possibly associated with a stronger responsiveness of clams to EDCs or due to the influence of the reproductive cycle. Mussels exhibited a more evident seasonal effect for LPO, indicating that these organisms are more influenced by seasonal fluctuations in the water column compared to the sediment-associated clams. Both species appear to be under the influence of EDC exposure (which could induce Vg-like protein synthesis) and oxidative stressors (leading to lipid peroxidation) in the Ria Formosa Lagoon, particularly in winter, reflecting the presence of different contaminants in Ria Formosa and environmental changes, as well as complex interactions between them.


Abstract Background: Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of α-L-iduronidase (IDUA), which leads to the accumulation of partially digested glycosaminoglycans (dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate) in the lysosomes and induces multisystemic alteration. Hurler (severe), Scheie (mild), and Hurler/Scheie (intermediate) syndromes are clinical subtypes of MPS-I. To date, more than 290 IDUA mutations have been reported. The purpose of this study was to present the clinical and genetic characteristics of Romanian MPS I syndrome patients and their genotype-phenotype correlation. Patients and methods: Seven patients (5 girls and 2 boys) with MPS type I, belonging to 4 unrelated families, aged 0,75-17.9 years, were enrolled. The study methods consisted in: clinical and standard auxological assessment, bone radiographs, joint ultrasonography, goniometry, neurological and psychological evaluation, hepatic and splenic ultrasonography, cardiological evaluation, otorhinolaryngology examination, ophthalmological examination, spirometry, α-L-iduronidase enzyme activity assay and molecular analysis. Results: The seven patients originated from 4 unrelated families, three patients with severe, two patients with intermediate and two with attenuated clinical phenotype. Each patient presented the classical picture of MPS type I picture, represented by: variable coarse facial features, arthropathy, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac involvement, respiratory dysfunction and neurological impairment. Five patological variants, three point mutations (p.Q70 *, p.I238Q and p.K324R), two deletion c.1045_1047delGAC, c.46_57delTCGCTCCTG) and an insertion (c.1389 insC) were identified in both alleles of the ADUA gene in homozygous or heterozygous form. Two novel mutations (p.K324R and c.1389 insC) were reported. The p.Q70*(c.208C>T) variant was identified in 2 families with severe form of disease (Hurler syndrome) in homozygous status in one family and in compound heterozygous status in the other family. Conclusion: The p.Q70* missense variant was the most frequent, correlated in all the cases who presented it with severe form, Hurler syndrome, the other mutations being usually isolated and particular for each patient, associated in our patients with less severe MPS I phenotype, as Hurler-Scheie or Scheie syndrome. The results of this study indicated the mutational heterogeneity of the IDUA gene and the difficulty to indicate some correlation between the genotype and phenotype in MPS I patients.


Human height variation is determined by genetic and environmental factors, but it remains unclear whether their influences differ across birth-year cohorts. We conducted an individual-based pooled analysis of 40 twin cohorts including 143,390 complete twin pairs born 1886–1994. Although genetic variance showed a generally increasing trend across the birth-year cohorts, heritability estimates (0.69-0.84 in men and 0.53-0.78 in women) did not present any clear pattern of secular changes. Comparing geographic-cultural regions (Europe, North America and Australia, and East Asia), total height variance was greatest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but no clear pattern in the heritability estimates across the birth-year cohorts emerged. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that heritability of height is lower in populations with low living standards than in affluent populations, nor that heritability of height will increase within a population as living standards improve. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20320.001


The rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm in the wheat-rye centric translocation 1RS.1BL in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) had been engineered by induced homoeologous recombination to remove the associated breadmaking quality defect. From a range of primary wheat-rye recombinant chromosomes, two classes of multipoint translocated chromosomes were assembled, MA and Te, that contain Gli-B1 and Glu-B3 loci of wheat and are missing the Sec-1 locus of rye. Their disassembly rates by recombination with normal 1BS and 1RS and the segregation ratios from heterozygotes were studied in populations involving the original, unmodified translocation 1RS.1BL and chromosomes 1B from several wheat cultivars. Overall, the four-point translocation chromosomes MA recombined with 1BS with 4A% frequency; their intercalary rye segment recombined with 1RS with 3.2% frequency. The overall recombination frequency of the three-point translocation chromosome Tel with 1BS was 18.1% but only 5.4% resulted in the disassembly of the chromosome, The remaining 12.7% recombination was in the terminal wheat segment and in most cases it introduced new alleles at the wheat storage protein loci. The male transmission rate of all engineered chromosomes was similar to that of the original 1RS.1BL translocation. In competition with 1B, it was reduced to about 22 to 37%. As a result of the disassembly and reduced transmission, the probability of selection of homozygotes for unaltered engineered chromosomes among the progenies of heterozygotes with 1B was about 15 to 16%.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to compare root coverage using acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with and without enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on the percentage of root coverage, probing attachment level, and the amount of keratinized tissue in the treatment of localized recession.

METHODS
Eighty-two contralateral sites in 14 patients with >or=2 mm of Miller Class I or III buccal tissue recession were treated. Forty-one test sites were treated with coronally advanced flap (CAF) using ADM in conjunction with EMD, whereas 41 control sites were treated with CAF using ADM alone. A split-mouth design was used for this study with 82 sites. Patients were followed for 3 and 6 months. A paired t test was conducted with the subject as the unit of analysis.

RESULTS
Based on paired t tests, both groups had significant improvement in the percentage of root coverage, probing attachment levels, and increased keratinized tissue. Only keratinized tissue in the test group demonstrated a statistically significant greater increase compared to controls at the 6-month evaluation (P = 0.006).

CONCLUSION
The use of EMD in conjunction with ADM resulted in a statistically significant effect on keratinized tissue increase, but no significant effects on probing attachment level or percentage of root surface coverage.


The EU and national governments rely on expert panels and opinions for their policies (EU, 2003; EU, 2006a; EU, 2006b) on SME ownership transfers. Also entrepreneurs depend on expert opinions and advice.
We know from expert studies that expert judgment may lead to confusion and conflicting results. Can we rely on expert opinions in ownership transfers, especially if there are different specialists involved?
71 Dutch SME specialists on ownership transfers (accountants, bankers, business brokers, business consultants) and 10 entrepreneurs were interviewed with open questions. The answers were counted and
the averages of different groups of specialists were tested by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. The results indicate that expert opinions are largely divergent on issues, but become convergent on solutions.
Most given solutions by experts are more awareness/information and involving professional advice. Not the accountant, the international most widely used advisor by entrepreneurs in ownership transfers, but the business broker seems best fit to advice. Business brokers are active in more phases of the ownership transfer, are better connected to other specialists and have the most structured working method.
We detect serious market failure to provide advice for entrepreneurs on business transfers. More than one specialist is needed, the best suited advisor - the business brokers - are unattainable for most micro
firms. To overcome market failure transfer vouchers might connect entrepreneurs better to business brokers. Our results are confined by the sample, being small, select and national


The end of US-Soviet rivalry has given civil war a more prominent place in international politics, as well as in scholarship. The commonly held view that the world is currently in an era of more and increasingly savage civil conflict is, in part, a matter of increased attention to a problem that has long been with us. This article reviews recent research on the incidence of internal conflict. It finds that this literature calls into question assumptions of simple causal relationships between democratization, natural resources, ethnicity, and/or inequality and civil war. The most important area of consensus is that civil war, typical of weak states, is a problem of underdevelopment as well as politics.


The book explores the proactive and reactive features of China and India's domestic and foreign policies to address two intertwined challenges: first, China and India have taken policy measures that accord with their own domestic priorities; second, both countries have had to alter the trajectory of their proactive policy measures as a result of external pressures. The book argues that China and India's proactive and reactive policy measures to address energy insecurity and climate change have been shaped by their two-level pressures. At the domestic/unit level, both countries have had to sustain fast economic growth and eradicate poverty in order to maximize their economic wealth. At the international/systemic level, both countries have sought to enhance their great power status in the international system which is characterized by not only asymmetrical interdependence but also global governance in general, and global energy and climate governance in particular.


Take a random walk through your life and you'll find it is awash in industrial, often toxic, chemicals. Sip water from a plastic bottle and ingest bisphenol A. Prepare dinner in a non-stick frying pan or wear a layer of Gore-Tex only to be exposed to perfluorinated compounds. Hang curtains, clip your baby into a car seat, watch television - all are manufactured with brominated flame-retardants. Cosmetic ingredients, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and other compounds enter our bodies and remain briefly or permanently. Far too many suspected toxic hazards are unleashed every day that affect the development and function of our brain, immune system, reproductive organs, or hormones. But no public health law requires product testing of most chemical compounds before they enter the market. If products are deemed dangerous, toxicants must be forcibly reduced or removed - but only after harm has been done. In this scientifically rigorous legal analysis, Carl Cranor argues that just as pharmaceuticals and pesticides cannot be sold without pre-market testing, other chemical products should be subject to the same safety measures. Cranor shows, in terrifying detail, what risks we run, and that it is entirely possible to design a less dangerous commercial world.


Arc welding of zinc coated steel sheets faces a number of difficulties, such as spatter and porosity. These problems are caused by zinc being vaporised during the welding process. In two prior projects at SIMR JTC, MAG welding of zinc coated steel sheets has been studied, where improved weldability has been shown. A literature study indicated that another method had further potential when joining zinc coated sheets of steel arc brazing. In this master thesis, at the Department of Solid Mechanics, KTH, Stockholm, methods and possibilities for arc brazing and laser brazing were studied. A literature study was performed in order to compare arcand laser brazing processes with corresponding fusion welding processes. A special focus was set on thin zinc coated steel sheet materials and automotive applications. The results from the literature study showed that both arc brazing and laser brazing could be a good alternative to conventional fusion welding of thin steel sheets. Brazing is reported to be advantageous when joining zinc coated steel sheets, where the use of conventional fusion welding can be limited and/or costly. Welding and brazing trials were performed on lap joints with zero gap between the plates both to connect to prior projects and to be able to compare MAG welding and MIG/MAG brazing. Base material DOGAL B500 with both 7 ìm and 20 ìm zinc coating was used. Initial MIG/MAG brazing trials showed that pulsed arc transfer was preferable and further trials were performed with pulsed MIG/MAG brazing to investigate the influence of shielding gas and gap widths. Four different shielding gases were evaluated: MISON Ar, MISON H2, FOGON 2 and a mixture of Ar + 1% O2. MISON Ar showed the best results regarding spatter, arc-stability and internal porosity closely followed by Ar + 1% O2. The filler metal wire used, OK Autrod 19.30 (SG-CuSi3), showed good results and was able to bridge gaps up to 1 mm. The travel speed for the evaluated case of MIG/MAG brazing was equal to the welding speeds (corresponding trials) in earlier SIMR-JTC projects. Mechanical tests were performed on both welded and brazed joints. Tensile-shear tests showed varied results on both the welded and the brazed joints. The welded specimens all fractured above the tensile strength of the plate, regardless the fraction location. The brazed specimens with different shielding gases on zero gap had a scattered result and most of them fractured in the braze metal and fusion line. The brazed specimens on different gap widths fractured around the tensile strength of the base material with a majority in the base metal. It can be concluded that the MIG/MAG brazing process can be an alternative to the MIG/MAG welding process when joining coated steels. However, the choice of joining process should be dependent on the application requirements.


Mixed methods research (MMR), which is touted as a third methodological movement is increasingly becoming a popular approach in several fields as a result of the promise it holds to providing a better and balanced investigation of research problems in context. In spite of that, there is limited knowledge about its pervasiveness in economic and management sciences in South Africa. Based on a content analysis of 332 articles published in The South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences from 2003 to 2011, the main purpose of this quantitative study is to explore the prevalence of MMR in SAJEMS. Although methodological advances have been made in the field of economic and management sciences as reflected in the articles in SAJEMS, the findings reveal that scholars employ quantitative and qualitative methodologies than MMR. Given the paucity of MMR in the field, this study underscores the potential benefits of embracing methodological pluralism as it offers methodological and theoretical benefits. First, the use of MMR provides the possibility for researchers to obtain a comprehensive picture of a phenomenon under investigation and achieve their research purpose effectively. Secondly, its utilisation may also contribute to theory development and the maturity of the field as reflected in SAJEMS.


1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 This publication contains details of the following qualifications:
• Certificate in Computing (CIC) (Equivalent NQF Level 3 qualification)
• Diploma in Information and Communications Technology Level 5 (DipICT L5) (Equivalent NQF Level 5 qualification)
• Diploma in Information and Communications Technology Level 6 (DipICT L6) (Equivalent NQF Level 6 qualification)
• Diploma in Information and Communications Technology Level 7 (DipICT L7) (Equivalent NQF Level 7 qualification)
1.2 This publication also contains the regulations for the award of the Personal Computer Drivers Licence (PCDL), which is an embedded award in the DipICT L5.
1.3 A review has been carried out in accordance with Section 4.3 of this document, which requires a complete review of the contents of this document at least once every two years. The previous edition was introduced at the beginning of 2011. This edition is the result of a revision undertaken in 2012 (for introduction in 2013) with the following specific objectives:
• To incorporate new material to keep the contents abreast of the rapid developments in the New Zealand and international computing and information technology industry.
• To review the structure of the qualifications.
• To correct inconsistencies and errors.
1.4 The validity of the regulations contained in the 14th edition has been extended to December 2015 in recognition of the quality assurance processes involved in approving and registering changes to programmes within member institutions. This extension does not apply to the content of module prescriptions.The modules contained in Appendices C and E of this edition, both revised and new, are valid from December 2012.
1.5 CITRENZ is responsible for the development, moderation and review of the CIC, PDCL, DipICT L5, L6 and L7 programmes in accordance with the governance framework (Appendix K)


Controlling heat transport through material design is one important step toward thermal management in 2D materials. To control heat transport, a comprehensive understanding of how structure influences heat transport is required. It has been argued that a buckled structure is able to suppress heat transport by increasing the flexural phonon scattering. Using a first principles approach, we calculate the lattice thermal conductivity of 2D mono-elemental materials with a buckled structure. Somewhat counterintuitively, we find that although 2D group-V materials have a larger mass and higher buckling height than their group-IV counterparts, the calculated κ of blue phosphorene (106.6 W mK-1) is nearly four times higher than that of silicene (28.3 W mK-1), while arsenene (37.8 W mK-1) is more than fifteen times higher than germanene (2.4 W mK-1). We report for the first time that a buckled structure has three conflicting effects: (i) increasing the Debye temperature by increasing the overlap of the pz orbitals, (ii) suppressing the acoustic-optical scattering by forming an acoustic-optical gap, and (iii) increasing the flexural phonon scattering. The former two, corresponding to the harmonic phonon part, tend to enhance κ, while the last one, corresponding to the anharmonic part, suppresses it. This relationship between the buckled structure and phonon behaviour provides insight into how to control heat transport in 2D materials.