We are entering a pivotal era in which we will become inextricably intertwined with computational technology that will become part of our everyday lives in a much more immediate and intimate way than in the past. The recent explosion of interest in so-called "wearable computers" is indicative of this general trend. The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical account of the author's wearable computer effort, from the 1970s (WearComp0) to present (WearComp7), with emphasis on a particular variation whose origins were in imaging applications. This application, known as 'personal imaging', originated as a computerized photographer's assistant developed for what many regarded as an obscure photographic technique. However, it later evolved into a more diverse apparatus and methodology, combining machine vision and computer graphics, in a wearable tetherless apparatus, useful in day-to-day living. Personal imaging, at the intersection of art, science, and technology, has given rise to a new outlook on photography, videography, augmented reality, and 'mediated reality', as well as new theories of human perception and human-machine interaction. The author's current personal imaging apparatus, based on a camera and display built within an ordinary pair of sunglasses, together with a powerful multimedia computer built into ordinary clothing, points to a new possibility for the mass-market.


This report relies on performance measurement data that HOPE VI grantees report to HUD. Those performance measurement data summarize activities of HOPE VI grantees, with particular emphasis on demolition and production of housing units, and also supportive services provided to residents. The Case Western University research team has analyzed those performance measurement data to create an overall assessment of the HOPE VI program. Their report reinforces many well-understood aspects of the HOPE VI program: that it resulted in a net loss of public housing units; that a low proportion of baseline residents returned to completed developments; but that the program produced new units of different types, including other forms of affordable housing, market rate housing, and both rental and homeownership units. Research on HOPE VI trailed off substantially after 2004, so this report is perhaps the most comprehensive accounting of the program's outputs.


This article builds on several prior informal publications that delve into my experiences teaching a course on intellectual freedom and social responsibility in librarianship in the context of the North American library and information studies curriculum. Here, I extend those discussions into a deeper exploration of the academic labour that frames conditions for teaching information ethics. While the intellectual freedom and social responsibility in librarianship subject matter represents only one narrow slice of the bigger information ethics pie, the actual teaching of it sheds light on more universal instructor immersion in contestations over internationalization of higher education, the contingent worker model, the meaning of global citizenship education and research, and academic freedom in the 21 century. This focused lens takes in how the working conditions of faculty are the learning conditions of students, as well as how some of the ill practices explored in information ethics (e.g., censorship) can also be apparent in the institutions in which it is taught. Thus, this article recognizes the political context of information ethics within the academy, a place undergoing redefinition in academic visions and plans designed to push faculty, staff and students harder in global competitions for university rankings.


This thesis explores the phenomenon of teaching and learning of western music theory within university level education. The teaching and learning of western music theory concerns an intangible medium, which can pose difficulties in its understanding. Western music theory is multifaceted and pluralistic in nature, with its learning hinging upon the interpretation of individuals situated within particular musical cultures. This being said, the subject also contains historical and sociocultural structures that define particular approaches to music. Due to this interpretative nature of music, a divergent educational approach is required rather than one that is convergent. Adopting a hermeneutical phenomenological stance stemming from a constructivist epistemology, the current study uses an autoethnography as central to its examination. Expanding around this central inquiry is a student survey and investigations to current pedagogical approaches adopted in western music theory teaching and learning. Also building from the central autoethnographical exposition, a section of this thesis is dedicated to visualising the structures inherent to western music theory. This has been done in order to devise visual approaches to the teaching and learning of a subject that contains very abstract and intangible concepts, which are often difficult to describe in words. The last section of the current study tethers concepts from all prior chapters to make pedagogical suggestions based upon its research. Such suggestions aim toward a learner-centred, visual approach to western music theory structures. On the other side of the pedagogical coin, the multitudes of musical interpretations can be facilitated through the concept of musical thought, which is unpacked and explored throughout this volume. This thesis aims to provide teachers and learners with a visualised approach to the teaching and learning of western music theory. The current study also aims to contextualise the reader with understandings of the nature of music and hence musical thought. This volume has been made with supporting materials that do not aim to induce a dogmatic approach, rather outlining a divergent approach as a means of teaching and learning western music theory.


Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is warming faster than the global ocean, with important
consequences for organisms and biogeochemical cycles. Warming is a major
stressor for key marine benthic macrophytes. However, the effect of warming
on marine N2 fixation remains unknown, despite the fact that the high
productivity of macrophytes in oligotrophic waters is partially sustained by
the input of new nitrogen (N) into the system by N2 fixation. Here,
we assess the impact of warming on the N2 fixation rates of three key
marine macrophytes: Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa,
and Caulerpa prolifera. We experimentally measured N2
fixation rates in vegetated and bare sediments at temperatures encompassing
current summer mean (25 and 27 ∘C), projected summer mean (29 and
31 ∘C), and projected summer maximum (33 ∘C) seawater
surface temperatures (SSTs) by the end of the century under a scenario of
moderate greenhouse gas emissions. We found that N2 fixation rates
in vegetated sediments were 2.8-fold higher than in bare sediments at current
summer mean SST, with no differences among macrophytes. Currently, the
contribution of N2 fixation to macrophyte productivity could
account for up to 7 %, 13.8 %, and 1.8 % of N requirements for
P. oceanica, C. nodosa, and C. prolifera,
respectively. We show the temperature dependence of sediment N2
fixation rates. However, the thermal response differed for vegetated
sediments, in which rates showed an optimum at 31 ∘C followed by a
sharp decrease at 33 ∘C, and bare sediments, in which rates increased
along the range of the experimental temperatures. The activation energy and
Q10 were lower in vegetated than bare sediments, indicating the lower
thermal sensitivity of vegetated sediments. The projected warming is expected
to increase the contribution of N2 fixation to Mediterranean
macrophyte productivity. Therefore, the thermal dependence of N2
fixation might have important consequences for primary production in coastal
ecosystems in the context of warming.


Even though they are still predominant in the industry, the use of halogenated compounds in wire and cable has decreased over the past several years. Polymers such as PVC are being phased out in certain applications, especially in enclosed, high-density cable applications. Relatively new low-smoke and zero(or low-) halogen compounds, which are typically polyolefin based with a heavy doping of inorganic hydrated minerals, give off cleaner smoke when burned. This mineral doping also reduces certain physical properties so the wire and cable industry has attempted to develop low-smoke and halogen-free compounds that have the same or better functionality than the common halogenated compounds currently in use in industrial applications. However, it is important to understand that smoke production and halogen content are not mutually exclusive. Halogenated low-smoke compounds exist as do halogen-free compounds that are not low-smoke. It is always best to consult with wire and cable experts when choosing a cabling solution.


Abstract:It was not a cybernetician but a neoliberal economist who provided the first systematic treatise on connectionism or, as it would later be known, the paradigm of artificial neural networks. In his 1952 book The Sensory Order, Friedrich Hayek advanced a connectionist theory of the mind already far more advanced than the theory of symbolic artificial intelligence, whose birth is redundantly celebrated in 1956 with the exalted Dartmouth workshop. In this text Hayek provided a synthesis of Gestalt principles and considerations of artificial neural networks, even speculating about the possibility of a machine fulfilling a similar function of "the nervous system as an instrument of classification," auguring what we call today a "classifier algorithm." This article shows how Hayek's connectionist theory of the mind was used to shore up a specific and ideological view of the market and schematically reconstructs Hayek's line of argumentation from his economic paradigm backward to his theory of cognition. Eventually, in Hayek's interpretation, connectionism provides a relativist cognitive paradigm that justifies the "methodological individualism" of neoliberalism.


A new heteroleptic ruthenium complex, coded CYC-B12, incorporating an antenna ligand composed of sequential connections of a thienothiophene conjugated bridge and carbazole hole-transport moiety was prepared. This new sensitizer exhibits a lower energy MLCT band centered at 555 nm with a high molar absorption coefficient of 2.24 × 104 M–1 cm–1. The device sensitized by CYC-B12 in conjunction with a volatile electrolyte shows a high photovoltaic efficiency of 9.4% under an illumination of standard global AM 1.5G sunlight. With a low-volatile electrolyte, the cell based on this new sensitizer shows not only a good conversion efficiency of 8.2% but also excellent durability (>96%) under light soaking at 60 °C in a simulated sunlight for 1000 h. The difference in the electron recombination kinetics caused by various liquid electrolytes or aging process is also investigated by employing the transient photoelectrical measurements.


Lightweight cryptography in computationally constrained devices is actively studied. In contrast to advances of lightweight blockcipher in the last decade, lightweight mode of operation is seemingly not so mature, yet it has large impact in performance. Therefore, there is a great demand for lightweight mode of operation, especially that for authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD). Among many known properties of conventional modes of operation, the following four properties are essential for constrained devices:

Minimum State Size: the state size equals to a block size of a blockcipher.
Inverse Free: no need for a blockcipher decryption.
XOR Only: only XOR is needed in addition to a blockcipher encryption.
Online: a data block is processed only once.

The properties 1 and 4 contribute to small memory usage, and the properties 2 and 3 contribute to small program/circuit footprint. On top of the above properties, the fifth property regarding associated data (AD) is also important for performance:

Efficient Handling of Static AD: static AD can be precomputed.

We design a lightweight blockcipher-based AEAD mode of operation called SAEB: the first mode of operation that satisfies all the five properties to the best of our knowledge. Performance of SAEB is evaluated in various software and hardware platforms. The evaluation results show that SAEB outperforms conventional blockcipher-based AEAD modes of operation in various performance metrics for lightweight cryptography.


No major enterprise or financial institution can avoid doing business with China--if not directly, then through myriad hidden connections. Global businesses either use Chinese resources or sell to and in China or compete with companies that do. Because there's no avoiding China, business leaders need a framework that orders the different (and seemingly contradictory) streams of data that hint at its future. That framework is The China Strategy. In this invaluable book, Edward Tse explains the ever-changing nature of China's business environment, its increasingly complex relationship with the rest of the world, and the global business implications--not just for our current environment but for the next decade. Change, Tse argues, is taking place in non-linearly. Some dimensions (like Chinese entrepreneurship) are expanding exponentially, while others (like the value of China's labor arbitrage) may be reaching a plateau. Eschewing easy explanations, Tse shows how to build and execute a global business strategy in light of these changes, offering practical advice amidst a sea of simple books that offer too-quick solutions. In a world in which a successful business strategy means a successful China strategy, this book is uniquely positioned to help business leaders navigate the "country that cannot be ignored."


Conductance measurements for generation of an instantaneous left ventricular (LV) volume signal in the mouse are limited, because the volume signal is a combination of blood and LV muscle, and only the blood signal is desired. We have developed a conductance system that operates at two simultaneous frequencies to identify and remove the myocardial contribution to the instantaneous volume signal. This system is based on the observation that myocardial resistivity varies with frequency, whereas blood resistivity does not. For calculation of LV blood volume with the dual-frequency conductance system in mice, in vivo murine myocardial resistivity was measured and combined with an analytic approach. The goals of the present study were to identify and minimize the sources of error in the measurement of myocardial resistivity to enhance the accuracy of the dual-frequency conductance system. We extended these findings to a gene-altered mouse model to determine the impact of measured myocardial resistivity on the calculation of LV pressure-volume relations. We examined the impact of temperature, timing of the measurement during the cardiac cycle, breeding strain, anisotropy, and intrameasurement and interanimal variability on the measurement of intact murine myocardial resistivity. Applying this knowledge to diabetic and nondiabetic 11- and 20- to 24-wk-old mice, we demonstrated differences in myocardial resistivity at low frequencies, enhancement of LV systolic function at 11 wk and LV dilation at 20-24 wk, and histological and electron-microscopic studies demonstrating greater glycogen deposition in the diabetic mice. This study demonstrated the accurate technique of measuring myocardial resistivity and its impact on the determination of LV pressure-volume relations in gene-altered mice.


Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept applied to business organisations that choose to behave beyond the legal requirements for their impacts on society and the environment. A central activity of CSR is to communicate with society, i.e. through credible reporting the organisation makes itself accountable to the public. The scope of accountability is not limited to single organisations or single aspects. Social and environmental aspects in the whole value chain must be addressed.The purpose of this research is to develop and present a framework for managing and communicating on CSR aspects in the value chain; appropriately called the framework for Management and Communication of Environmental and Social aspects (MCES). The theoretical background of the research is systems thinking, CSR and Industrial Ecology (IE). The framework integrates product reporting with a management system based on the principle of continual improvement. Economic aspects are not included.A literature review of management, certification and reporting approaches identified two gaps in current practices. The first is that there are no globally recognised reporting approaches that deal with both the processes and the organisations that together constitute the value chain. The second is that there are no reporting approaches that deal with both social and environmental aspects in the value chain. The literature review suggests that there is a need for such an integrated approach. This is the first contribution of the research.An exploratory case study was conducted in the Norwegian furniture industry in the period between 2005 and 2010. The case study was divided into four phases. Practical results include the DATSUPI software and a verified LCA database, which can be used together for documenting environmental and social performance of products and for creating Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). The assessment of social performance in the case study is limited to chemical use in the production phase and emissions from products in the use phase. From this comes the second contribution of the thesis, integrating product emissions in the use phase into a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which can in turn be included in a product declaration.The third contribution of the research is the MCES framework, which integrates product reporting with a plan-do-check-act management system. The framework is based on product reporting as a central activity in a continual improvement perspective, where improvement can be for a product, for a reporting system, for an organisation or for a value chain. The framework relies on the use of performance indicators with the intention of including both environmental and social aspects. The results of the case study indicate that the main challenge when applying such a framework is that of finding indicators that can be allocated and aggregated throughout the value chain and remain meaningful. This supports the initial findings of the literature review. Future progress depends on a scientific consensus on indicators and aggregation methods, which means that in the near term transparency in reporting is critical for CSR.


This study focused on recycling fly ash, a by-product of power plants, to stabilize heavy metals in contaminated soil. Fly ash collected from the Sejingkat power plant in Kuching, Sarawak, was applied to soil from the roadside. The potential risk associated with the application of fly ash on the soil was assessed in terms of heavy metal concentration in leaching experiments. Deionized water and acidified water (deionized water acidified to pH 4.0 with nitric acid) were used as leaching agents and and passed through columns filled with untreated soil and soil-fly ash mixture (9:1). The Cd, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu and Fe content in leachates were asessed at Day 0, 5, 10 and 15 after stabilization. Leacheate from the soil-fly ash mixture with acidified water had low pH range (4.5-6.2) compared to soil-fly ash mixture with deionized water (5.8-6.2), and this affected the solubility of heavy metals. The concentration of the metals in soil-fly ash mixture with acidified water leacheate was higher than soil-fly ash mixture with deionized water. In contrast, untreated soil did not show any clear pattern of heavy metal reduction except for Ni. Except for Cr, the concentrations of all the tested heavy metals in treated soil decreased with increasing pH as well as electrical conductivity from Day 0 to 15 of contact time. The results suggested that the solubility of heavy metals in soil leacheate was influenced by pH and the type of leaching agent. Therefore, the application of fly ash as a soil remediation agent may be a sustainable option to manage this by-product.


Two benthic carnivorous goatfish (Mullidae), Upeneichthys stotti (max total length, LT= 179 mm) and U. lineatus (max LT= 257 mm), were trawled from the inner continental shelf waters of Western Australia. U. stotti was found almost exclusively offshore at 20–35 m depth, while U. lineatus was most abundant inshore at 5–15 m depth. Smaller individuals of both species ate small, thin-shelled mysids, tanaids and amphipods, while larger fish ate large, hard-bodied isopods, carid decapods and brachyuran crabs. Classification and ordination of the mean volumetric percentage contributions of the prey (dietary samples) of both species from all sites and in each season did not lead to a clear separation between these two species. However, ordination demonstrated that the dietary samples of the two species were distinct when the two species were found together, and when fish of sequential 20-mm length intervals were used. The interspecific size-class differences were consistent with the results obtained using Schoener's overlap index, for which values >0·6 were recorded for only two of the 45 possible interspecific pairwise comparisons. Since these interspecific differences occurred despite virtually identical mouth sizes and morphologies, the two species must feed in a slightly different manner and/or in different microhabitats. While most comparable-sized fish ate tanaids and amphipods, U. stotti ate more relatively mobile epibenthic mysids, cumaceans and carid decapods, whereas U. lineatus ate more larger and slower-moving burrowing bivalves, onuphid polychaetes and brachyuran crabs. The partial partitioning of habitats, when combined with differences in the diet, would help facilitate the co-existence of these two mullids when they are abundant.


The development of social media applications, such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, has offered new participatory opportunities to everyday media users. In some respects, this also marks a transformation of public space, as the broadcasting era's "audiences" nowadays also can take on the role as participating "co-creators". Or to put it slightly differently: Contemporary media landscape allows for new forms of coexistence between producer and user generated content. For traditional media companies, this transformation has brought both challenges and opportunities. User generated content has always played a part in media production, but the current media situation has certainly made it a more salient feature. Among online newspapers, specifically, the new opportunities to include users' participatory practices have taken different forms. For instance, they nowadays allow for convenient Facebook-liking and users linking blog posts to articles. They also spend both time and energy on making it easier for readers to get in touch with them in order to provide pictures, information, corrections, etc. Within this context of offering new, participatory opportunities to the previous "readers", online newspapers have also come to adapt to and develop on one specifically salient strategy: To allow readers/users to comment on articles online. Media research has already paid attention to user comments as a participatory practice. These studies have typically looked into what technological features for participation that are offered and how they enable and limit users' participatory practices (cf. Domingo et al., 2008; Hermida & Thurman, 2008). In this paper, we take on a slightly different approach. Firstly, the paper looks into the conditions for participation in terms of topics: What content are users allowed to comment on? How do content characteristics differ between news that are made available and news that are withheld from comments? After having mapped these conditions for participation we – secondly –analyze how users actually navigate within this (conditioned) space: What news are they interested in commenting on? How does commenting vary between different kinds of articles? These questions are answered by help of an analysis of 1.100 news items and their adjacent user interface in an online news site (affiliated with a professionally produced, local newspaper). In terms of methodology we apply quantitative content analysis. Our analysis reveals that the participatory space offered to the readers is geared towards light news, whereas users themselves have clear preferences for commenting news concerning changes in their local environment, about general national politics and welfare issues. The paper concludes with a discussion on potential explanations as to why this discrepancy exists and it also further reflects on its potential implications for users' participatory practices.


Background: Haptic supplementation by a light touch with the index finger on a stable surface has been widely shown to increase postural stability. With a view to a potential application in the domain of mobility aids, it should, however, be demonstrated that haptic supplementation is effective even if provided by a mobile support. Objective: The present experiment aimed at determining whether haptic supplementation was effective in elderly people when provided by a light grip on an unstable stick support. Methods: Ten young and 11 older adults were tested in an upright position in 6 experimental conditions, in which the mobility of the stick support and its resistance to body sway were manipulated. Classical center-of-pressure (COP) variables (i.e. root mean square variability, range and area) were computed together with power spectral analysis and stabilogram diffusion analysis (SDA) variables of COP. Results: The results suggest that the stabilizing effect of haptic supplementation is independent of age and the nature of the support (fixed or mobile) when transient sway-related contact forces at the fingertip and proprioceptive cues are of sufficient magnitude. The results also indicate that haptic supplementation attenuates the age-related increase in energy consumption during the postural task even in the mobile support condition on a low-resistance surface. The results of SDA suggest that the availability of sway-related haptic cues reduces reliance on increased muscle activity around the ankle over short time intervals of postural control. After some time, haptic supplementation eventually leads to well-coordinated postural corrections. Conclusions: In summary, haptic supplementation improves postural control mechanisms independent of age due to enhanced perception of self-motion through sensory interaction with the environment.


In the Mead-Freeman controversy, Derek Freeman argued that historical sources support his view that the traditional values of the Samoan system of institutionalized virginity (or taupou system) were preserved and reinforced throughout the colonial era. A closer examination of two sources used by Freeman, authored by Augustin Kramer and Newton A. Rowe, demonstrates that the taupou system, as well as many of the values and practices associated with it, were in decline during this period. This latter interpretation, favored by Margaret Mead, is also supported by Freeman's own postgraduate diploma thesis, a source hitherto unused in the controversy.


We consider optimal and anytime algorithms for the Euclidean Shortest Path Problem (ESPP) in two dimensions. Our approach leverages ideas from two recent works: Polyanya, a mesh-based ESPP planner which we use to represent and reason about the environment, and Compressed Path Databases, a speedup technique for pathfinding on grids and spatial networks, which we exploit to compute fast candidate paths. In a range of experiments and empirical comparisons we show that: (i) the auxiliary data structures required by the new method are cheap to build and store; (ii) for optimal search, the new algorithm is faster than a range of recent ESPP planners, with speedups ranging from several factors to over one order of magnitude; (iii) for anytime search, where feasible solutions are needed fast, we report even better runtimes.


Line loss in power distribution system occupies one fifth to one quarter of the total power loss in power systems. Different from the line loss in transmission system, distribution line loss is closely related to the load characteristics and economic types of power users. And the proportion of line loss caused by management problems is significant. Hence the traditional physical model of line loss is not suitable for distribution line loss analysis. To analyze line loss of low-voltage distribution system accurately, a big-data method based on MSApriori association rule mining algorithm is proposed in this paper. Based on the operational data of more than 20,000 distribution stations and the detailed data of 1.8 million power users in Shanghai, a line loss analysis method based on big data is proposed in this paper. The relationship between the line loss and its influencing factors is analyzed from the perspectives of user type, user number, power supply volume, reactive power shortage, and transformer type. The association factors obtained from the analysis are helpful to further guide the reduction of line loss.


The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages lenders to make mortgage loans to certain classes of borrowers. However, the law does not apply to all lenders, and lenders do not necessarily receive credit for all loans made to borrowers of a particular class. We use this variation to test whether or not CRA-affected lenders cut interest rates to CRA-eligible borrowers; in other words, we test for the presence of a regulation-driven subsidy. Our theory suggests that loans made by commercial banks and savings associations (``relationship lenders'') and mortgage companies (``transaction lenders'') will differ from one another depending on borrower risk and homeownership benefits. Empirically, we find that CRA-eligible loans at CRA-affected institutions do carry lower mortgage spreads compared with other loans at the same institution. However, once we control for risk and benefit effects suggested by our theory, these differences in mortgage spreads become economically and statistically insignificant.


The aim of this paper is to provide quantitative information about the position of the UK in the network of global value chains (GVCs) and to discuss its implications for the UK's post‐Brexit trade policy. We find that the UK has become much less integrated into global production networks than other EU countries over the period 2000–14, and is almost unique among EU countries in that the domestic content of its exports increased over this period. This reflects the relatively high and growing domestic service content in UK exports. As a result of this, reducing the UK's tariffs on imported goods is unlikely to have a large direct effect on the average export competitiveness of UK firms. Potentially more significant for the UK is how future trade barriers with the EU are likely to affect its participation in cross‐country value chains that meet final demand in markets in North America and East Asia. Such indirect exports are not captured in conventional trade statistics and can only be analysed using a GVC approach. Our findings suggest that the UK will benefit only to a limited extent from bilateral trade agreements with countries outside the EU (a 'Global Britain' strategy) if it gives up its role in the supply chains that service these countries via the EU hub.


We present new, sensitive HI observations of the Sculptor group galaxy NGC 55 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We achieve a 5 sigma HI column density sensitivity of 10^19 cm^-2 over a spectral channel width of 8 km/s for emission filling the 158"x 84"synthesised beam. Our observations reveal for the first time the full extent of the HI disc of NGC 55 at this sensitivity and at a moderately high spatial resolution of about 1 kpc. The HI disc of NGC 55 appears to be distorted on all scales. There is a strong east-west asymmetry in the column density distribution along the major axis, suggesting that the disc is under the influence of ram-pressure forces. We also find evidence of streaming motions of the gas along the bar of NGC 55. The fitting of tilted rings to the velocity field reveals a strong warping of the outer gas disc which could be the result of tidal interaction with either NGC 300 or a smaller satellite galaxy. Finally, we find a large number of distinct clumps and spurs across the entire disc, indicating that internal or external processes, such as satellite accretion or gas outflows, have stirred up the gas disc. We also detect several isolated HI clouds within about 20 kpc projected distance from NGC 55. Their dynamical properties and apparent concentration around NGC 55 suggest that most of the clouds are forming a circum-galactic population similar to the high-velocity clouds of the Milky Way and M31, although two of the clouds could be foreground objects and part of the Magellanic Stream. While it is difficult to determine the origin of these clouds, our data seem to favour either tidal stripping or gas outflows as the source of the gas.


Objectives Metalworking fluids (MWF), used to cool and lubricate metal in occupational settings, are linked to several cancers but data on kidney cancer are limited. We examine how MWF influence the rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large prospective study. Methods A cohort of Michigan autoworkers consisting of 33 421 individuals was followed from 1985 to 2009. The cohort was linked to the Michigan Cancer Registry to identify new cases of RCC. We analysed RCC in relation to cumulative exposure to each specific type of MWF (straight, soluble and synthetic) and all 3 types pooled into a single MWF variable, with a 15-year lag. Cox proportional hazards regression with splines were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for age, gender, race, calendar year, year hired, time since hire, plant and other MWF types. Results There were 135 incident cases. A linear increase in the log-HR was observed for RCC with increasing cumulative exposure to each MWF type and total MWF exposure. At the mean of total MWF exposure (18.80 mg/m3-year), the estimated HR was 1.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.19). Conclusions Our results provide evidence for a dose-dependent association between MWF exposure and RCC. The influence of components of oil-based and water-based MWF needs further examination.


An important task in quantitative biology is to understand the role of stochasticity in biochemical regulation. Here, as an extension of our recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 148101 (2011)], we study how input fluctuations affect the stochastic dynamics of a simple biological switch. In our model, the on transition rate of the switch is directly regulated by a noisy input signal, which is described as a non-negative mean-reverting diffusion process. This continuous process can be a good approximation of the discrete birth-death process and is much more analytically tractable. Within this setup, we apply the Feynman-Kac theorem to investigate the statistical features of the output switching dynamics. Consistent with our previous findings, the input noise is found to effectively suppress the input-dependent transitions. We show analytically that this effect becomes significant when the input signal fluctuates greatly in amplitude and reverts slowly to its mean.


As the largest European herbivore, the wisent (Bison bonasus) is emblematic of the continent wildlife but has unclear origins. Here, we infer its demographic and adaptive histories from two individual whole-genome sequences via a detailed comparative analysis with bovine genomes. We estimate that the wisent and bovine species diverged from 1.7 10 to 850,000 years before present (YBP) through a speciation process involving an extended period of limited gene flow. Our data further support the occurrence of more recent secondary contacts, posterior to the Bos taurus and Bos indicus divergence ( 150,000 YBP), between the wisent and (European) taurine cattle lineages. Although the wisent and bovine population sizes experienced a similar sharp decline since the Last Glacial Maximum, we find that the wisent demography remained more fluctuating during the Pleistocene. This is in agreement with a scenario in which wisents responded to successive glaciations by habitat fragmentation rather than southward and eastward migration as for the bovine ancestors. We finally detect 423 genes under positive selection between the wisent and bovine lineages, which shed a new light on the genome response to different living conditions (temperature, available food resource, and pathogen exposure) and on the key gene functions altered by the domestication process.


Bryozoans are an important part of the benthic marine fauna in a wide variety of modern environments and are found in rock forming abundance in a number of settings throughout much of the Phanerozoic. Bryozoologists and nonspecialists have grouped taxa into colonial growth forms (e.g., erect fenestrates or encrusting sheets), both to simplify analyses and because correlations exist between some colony growth forms and the environmental conditions in which the organism lived. These correlations allow for the possibility of paleoenvironmental analyses based on skeletons alone. Existing bryozoan colonial growth form classifications do not, however, fully exploit the ecological information present in colony form. A new scheme is proposed here (Analytical Bryozoan Growth Habit Classification), which provides a list of colony-level morphological characteristics for bryozoan growth habits. This differs from previous approaches to bryozoan growth form analysis in that it is a classification of growth habit characteristics rather than a classification of morphological groups as such. The classification is based on eleven character classes, which describe the orientation of the colony and its occupation of, and placement in space. The overall colony shape is described based on the arrangement of modules in colonial growth. This classification provides a common ground for systematic comparison of character states among varied bryozoan growth habits. This approach allows for the evaluation of correlations among observed morphological character states and specific environmental conditions in which they develop. In addition, these growth habit characters can be used to recognize, characterize, evaluate, and apply more traditional growth form groups in broader studies.


Experimental results indicate that the statistics of phase measured across a telescope aperture do not always obey the power laws associated with the Kolmogorov model of atmospheric turbulence. We show that the statistical relations between a wave front and its aperture-averaged first derivative previously derived for a Kolmogorov spectrum can be easily generalized for any power law. We also show that a Shack–Hartmann sensor can be used to measure the form of the structure function of phase fluctuations, and experimental data are presented.


Many organizations today operate across boundaries - both internal and external to the organization. Exploring concepts and theories about different organizational, inter-organizational and international contexts, this student reader aids understanding of the individual's experience of working within and across such boundaries. The book adopts a critical approach to individual experience and highlights the complexities inherent in these different layers and levels of organizing.

Comprising a collection of key articles and extracts presented in a readable accessible way, this book also features an introductory chapter which provides an overall critique of the book. Each part features a brief introduction before analyzing the following key themes:

•managing aims

•power and politics

•cultural diversity

•international management perspectives

•the darker side of collaborative arrangements
Some of the readings will specifically address collaboration 'head on' whilst others will provide an important context or highlight significant theoretical and practical issues that are considered relevant and interesting within the framework of the themes presented. As such, this book differs from existing titles as it sits bestride collaboration and organizational behaviour / theory in order to inform learning of exchange relationships on inter-personal, intra-organizational, and inter-organizational levels. The articles included are selected as critical in approach, straddling and addressing the central contexts described above, and highlighting the experience-centred nature of learning that can be derived from the content presented.


This article deals with the ongoing rule of law crisis facing the European Union (EU). It aims to contribute to the growing body of literature concerning EU states facing rule of law decline and the EU's response to this crisis. This article will analyze the status of the rule of law and judicial independence in Lithuania in light of the EU Commission's first Rule of Law Report published in September 2020. Lithuania has so far slipped under the radar of constitutional democracy scholars who have been researching European rule of law backsliding, mainly focusing on the crisis in Poland and Hungary. However, in the past two years, Lithuania has endured a series of attacks on judicial independence and suffered an attempted siege of its national broadcaster. There has been an intense deadlock recently over the election of Constitutional Court justices, which has raised concerns over the executive's persistent attempts to politicize Lithuania's highest court. Worryingly the recent Rule of Law Reports, published by the EU Commission, fails to reflect the severity of these recent developments. The Commission's inaction leads this article to conclude that the EU Commission is turning a blind eye to Lithuania's precarious rule of law situation. By doing so, it not only exacerbates rule of law issues domestically, but also undermines the fight against rule of law backsliding in the Union.


Food Connections follows the movement of food from its production sites in West Africa to its final spaces of consumption in Europe. It is an ethnographic study of economic and social life amongst a close-knit community of food producers, traders and consumers and a wide range of small intermediaries that operate in Guinea-Bissau and Portugal. By investigating the way meanings of food and land are embedded in everyday experiences and relationships in the various phases of the movement, on both sides of the migration, it reveals the connections that transnational processes of food production, exchange and consumption generate between two lifeworlds.


In current research, most tree-based translation models are built directly from parse trees. In this study, we go in another direction and build a translation model with an unsupervised tree structure derived from a novel non-parametric Bayesian model. In the model, we utilize synchronous tree substitution grammars (STSG) to capture the bilingual mapping between language pairs. To train the model efficiently, we develop a Gibbs sampler with three novel Gibbs operators. The sampler is capable of exploring the infinite space of tree structures by performing local changes on the tree nodes. Experimental results show that the string-to-tree translation system using our Bayesian tree structures significantly outperforms the strong baseline string-to-tree system using parse trees.


Virgina Woolf is the greatest of all British women writers and one of the most influential figures in twentieth-century writing. She was a novelist utterly immersed in books, wholly original, passionate, vivid and with a steely dedication to her art. Yet given that what we value about Woolf's life is her nine great novels, most writing about her tends to revolve around her social life and the planet of the Bloomsbury set. Julia Briggs' aim in this fresh, absorbing new book is to put the writing back absolutely at the centre of Woolf's life; to read that life through her books, using the novels themselves to create a compelling new form of biography. Using Woolf's own matchless commentary on the creative process through her letters, diaries and essays, Julia Briggs has produced a book which is a convincing, moving picture of an artist at full stretch, but also a brilliant meditation on the whole nature of creativity.


Breaking Waves on the Ocean Surface Michael S. Schwendeman Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor James M. Thomson Civil and Environmental Engineering In the open ocean, breaking waves are a critical mechanism for the transfer of energy, momentum, and mass between the atmosphere and the ocean. Despite much study, fundamental questions about wave breaking, such as what determines whether a wave will break, remain unresolved. Measurements of oceanic breakers, or "whitecaps," are often used to validate the hypotheses derived in simplified theoretical, numerical, or experimental studies. Realworld measurements are also used to improve the parameterizations of wave-breaking in large global models, such as those forecasting climate change. Here, measurements of whitecaps are presented using ship-based cameras, from two experiments in the North Pacific Ocean. First, a method for georectifying the camera imagery is described using the distant horizon, without additional instrumentation. Over the course of the experiment, this algorithm correctly identifies the horizon in 92% of images in which it is visible. In such cases, the calculation of camera pitch and roll is accurate to within 1◦. The main sources of error in the final georectification are from mislabeled horizons due to clouds, rain, or poor lighting, and from vertical "heave" motions of the camera, which cannot be calculated with the horizon method. This method is used for correcting the imagery from the first experiment, and synchronizing the imagery from the second experiment to an onboard inertial motion package. Next, measurements of the whitecap coverage, W , are shown from both experiments. Although W is often used in models to represent whitecapping, large uncertainty remains in the existing parameterizations. The data show good agreement with recent measurements using the wind speed, U10. Although wave steepness and dissipation are hypothesized to be more robust predictors of W , this is shown to not always be the case. Wave steepness shows comparable success to the wind parameterizations only when using a mean-square slope variable calculated over the equilibrium range waves and normalizing by the wave directional spread. Meanwhile, correlation of W with turbulent dissipation measurements is significantly worse, which may be due to uncertainty in the measurements or bias related to micro-breaking waves. Finally, phase-resolved, three-dimensional, measurements of the whitecaps were made from a new ship-based stereo video system. Comparison with concurrent buoy measurements indicate that the stereo data accurately reproduces the wave statistics, including the frequency spectra. The whitecaps are characterized by transient and spatially localized regions of extreme surface gradients, rather than large crest-to-trough steepnesses. It was found that whitecaps were around 10 times more likely to have extreme slopes, and 50% of the observed extreme surface slopes were in the vicinity of the breaking waves. The maximum whitecap slopes show good agreement with the Stokes 120◦ limiting crest geometry, and the whitecap crest loses much of its maximum steepness shortly after the onset of breaking. The whitecap phase speeds are consistently less than the linear or weakly nonlinear predicted phase speed, which indicate the effect of narrow-band wave groups, despite the broad-band wave spectra.


Aggressive performance and weight optimization are driving the aerospace industry towards the use of advanced numerical simulation tools coupled with a reduced number of structural tests for design certification and durability assessment. Traditionally the structural analysis is done by handbook lookup or using simplified models with empirical parameters. This approach is not adequate for airframe structures featuring complex geometric details and loading conditions. Given the escalating costs associated with test-driven certification and qualification procedures, there is an immediate need for verified computational software to perform crack growth simulation under monotonic and cyclic loading.


Jefferson Davis, Confederate President. By Herman Hattaway and Richard E. Beringer. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xix, 542. Preface, acknowledgments, prologue, maps, illustrations, epilogue, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $39.95.) Recently, journalist Bob Woodward published Bush at War (2002), a fascinating look at the wartime presidency-in-progress of George W. Bush. Likewise, the new work by historians Herman Hattaway and Richard E. Beringer, Jefferson Davis, Confederate President, could well be titled Davis at War. Whatever the title may imply, Hattaway and Beringer have delivered neither a year-by-year portrayal of the Confederacy's chief executive nor a narrowly focused political analysis of Davis's ill-fated presidency. Instead, the authors provide a vivid portrait of the man, the office, and the southern nation during the star-crossed struggle for independence. This engaging approach allows the reader to derive a sense of the challenges, both personal and professional, that Davis encountered as a president at war. Hattaway and Beringer present their underlying thesis in the first sentence of an all too brief preface. "The story of Jefferson Davis's life and career is a great although ultimately tragic one" (p. xi). In the opening chapter, the authors seduce the reader with an unsentimental journey through Davis's early years before depositing their audience squarely into the hot seat of the Confederate nation's executive branch, balanced on the brink of war. Ensuing episodes unfold in a dramatic style that promises to stimulate the interest of even the most jaded Civil War historian. The turn of events leaves the reader with a stunned sense of shock, much like that which Davis must have felt upon his selection as commander-in-chief of a fledgling nation cast in the role of rebel. The Davis of Hattaway and Beringer emerges as a somewhat pedantic president who, although of brilliant mind, was not suited to the politics of command and did not possess the command of politics necessary to guide the southern people successfully through the inevitable internal and external struggles that a nation must endure to win a war for independence. Political scientist James David Barber provides the paradigm that Hattaway and Beringer apply to their investigation of Davis. Barber's work, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House (1985), classifies the presidential personalities of America's chief executives into four categories. According to Barber, these personality types determine the success and impact of a presidency. Hattaway and Beringer treat Davis as a peer of U.S. presidents and subject him to the same methodological scrutiny. Within Barber's model, Hattaway and Beringer classify Davis as an "active-negative president"-one who desires power out of a sense of duty but is a perfectionist and therefore seeks uncompromising control in the performance of each presidential task. In Davis's case, the authors demonstrate that "he poured a great deal of energy and commitment into his work" but, in doing so, became increasingly isolated from his advisors, suffered from a growing persecution complex, and ultimately became "afflicted by a sense of failure" (pp. …


Abstract In this study, the perceptions related to strategies of conflict management, organizational confidence, organizational justice, organizational commitment and evaluating the manager which are effective on the organizational behavior of teachers are studied. The research is a discretional study in the model of survey. The high-schools in the center of Gaziantep constitute the working group. The sample is formed by 212 teachers. The data were collected by using form of personal information, the strategies of conflict management, organizational justice, organizational commitment, organizational confidence in schools and scale of evaluating the manager. The data were analyzed by SPSS packet program. The data were analyzed by the method of correlation and multiple linear regression. Medium to high level positive and significant relationships were found among the perceptions of evaluating the manager, strategies of conflict management, organizational confidence, organizational justice, organizational commitment and evaluating the manager of teachers. However, one reached to the result that the personal and occupational variables became effective on the organizational behavior. Key Words Organizational Justice, Commitment, Confidence, Conflict, Evaluating the Manager. People establish organizations in order to reach the goals they are not able to reach individually (Can, 1994). An organization is the coordinated unit established by two or more people in order to fulfill one or the set of common goals (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly, & Konopaske, 2002). "Organization is a structure that people have planned before; that includes division of labor and assignments and in which people work in coordination" (Oztekin, 2002, p. 65). Organizational behavior is an area of study which examines the relationships between the organization and the people (Guney, 2001), the individual and the group behaviors in the organization and the interaction between the members of organization and external environment (Cook & Hunsaker, 2000), the behavior of individuals in the organization, their attitude and performances (Vasu, Stewart, & Garson, 1998). The relations, communication problems and conflict in the organization reach the administrators most of the time (Karsli, 2004). It is expected that managers should understand working people's psychological and social needs and (should) try to meet them (Sisman & Tasdemir, 2008). There is a relationship between the perceptions and behaviors of individuals. In individual is influenced by his / her qualities, by the features of the person and the event which are perceived and by the atmosphere which the proces is realized. There is strong relationship between perception of individuals and their behavior (Eren, 2006). As a result, the individual is influenced by the people in the organization in which he works, events, and atmosphere of organization, he/she shows various behaviours. Therefore, the perceptions of the organization's personnel related to the manager of the organization, the confidence in the organiza- tion, organizational justice, organizational commitment, and the management of organizational conflict etc., person and situation are the important factors influencing his/her behaviours. The concept of justice is one of the important variables in organizational behaviour (Greenberg, 1999). Organizational justice is defined as the processes and procedures being measured, regular and that the staffs find their leaders impartial, sincere and that they find the deeds logical (Dessler, 1999). Nam (2008), in the survey s/he conducted, concluded that organizational justice is a determining factor in making up confidence There is a relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment (DeConinck & Stilwell, 2004). When there is justice in the organization, employees treat the administrators' behavior as fair, moral and rational (Hubbell & Chory-Assad, 2005). …


We report the results of subparsec-scale submillimeter observations toward an embedded high-mass young stellar object in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with ALMA. Complementary infrared data obtained with the AKARI satellite and the Gemini South telescope are also presented. The target infrared point source is spatially resolved into two dense molecular cloud cores; one is associated with a high-mass young stellar object (YSO core), while another is not associated with an infrared source (East core). The two cores are dynamically associated but show different chemical characteristics. Emission lines of CS, C33S, H2CS, SO, SO2, CH3OH, H13CO+, H13CN, SiO, and dust continuum are detected from the observed region. Tentative detection of HDS is also reported. The first detection of CH3OH in the SMC has a strong impact on our understanding of the formation of complex organic molecules in metal-poor environments. The gas temperature is estimated to be ∼10 K based on the rotation analysis of CH3OH lines. The fractional abundance of CH3OH gas in the East core is estimated to be (0.5–1.5) × 10−8, which is comparable to or marginally higher than those of similar cold sources in our Galaxy despite a factor of five lower metallicity in the SMC. This work provides observational evidence that an organic molecule like CH3OH, which is largely formed on grain surfaces, can be produced even in a significantly lower metallicity environment compared to the solar neighborhood. A possible origin of cold CH3OH gas in the observed dense core is discussed.


The most challenging, and potentially rewarding, aspect of knowledge management, and systems to support knowledge creation and innovation, is that of collective knowledge in a group or community. In this paper the term "mobilisation" is preferred to that of "management" as it is more closely related to creative activity. Technology used for knowledge mobilisation should be developed, not on its own, but as a component of a broad socio-technical system. This paper will present the results and implications of collaborative research into the development and evaluation of socio-technical systems designed to mobilise knowledge in communities.


Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7 % of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72 % of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2 %). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55 %), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.


To determine the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and cytokine profiles were investigated. Serum concentrations of NSE and several cytokines were measured by immunoassays, and the association was evaluated in 18 HLH patients. Serum NSE levels increased (> 10 ng/mL) in 27/29 samples (93%) during the active febrile phase, the mean level of which (35.9 ng/mL) was much higher than that during the remission phase (11.2 ng/mL) (P = .001). The peak levels of NSE in 11 patients who required cytotoxic agents were higher than those in 7 patients without chemotherapy, 64.6 +/- 49.4 and 17.9 +/- 12.9, respectively (P = .265). The NSE levels correlated positively with the levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma (Pearson's correlation coefficient [r] = 0.408, P = .044), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) (r = 0.464, P = .048), lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.830, P < .00001), aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.531, P = .003), and ferritin (r = 0.715, P < .00001), and correlated negatively with platelet count (r = -0.422, P = .021), but not with other parameters, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-18, soluble Fas ligand and C-reactive protein. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the correlation of NSE with platelet count was independent of other correlations. Sequential NSE changes well reflected the clinical course of patients. Immunohistochemical staining revealed an appreciable number of NSE-positive histiocytes in bone marrow specimens with florid hemophagocytosis. These results suggest that the circulating NSE originated from macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma/sIL-2R, and partly from the destruction of platelets. Serum NSE level may be a useful marker for predicting the disease progression of HLH.


In eBay v. MercExchange, the Supreme Court correctly rejected a one-size-fits-all approach to patent injunctions. However, the Court's opinion does not fully recognize that the problem of uniformity in patent law is more general and that this problem cannot be solved through case-by-case analysis. This Essay provides a field guide for implementing eBay using functional analysis and insights from a uniformity-cost framework developed more fully in prior work. While there can be no general rule governing equitable relief in patent cases, the traditional four factor analysis for injunctive relief should lead the cases to cluster around certain patterns that often will have an industry-specific cast. This Essay identifies these patterns and summarizes the guideposts that courts and litigants should look for when conducting the traditional analysis in patent cases.


Chamisso and Payer in the Arctic : exploring, recording and re-telling the North
The submission analyses the relationship between poetry and knowledge in travelogues and fiction in the 19th century. The study draws on texts published in the context of the Rurik-Expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue (1815-1818) and of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition headed by Carl Weyprecht and Julius Payer (1872-1874). On the one hand the paper traces the changing scientific methods and aesthetic techniques employed by polar travellers. Whereas at the beginning of the century exploration travels follow a humanistic ideal, based on a universal broad concept of knowledge and a humble, self-reflective psychologically aware way of dealing with its subjects exploring at the end of the century involved expert knowledge, scientific competition, and a self-aggrandizing tendency. On the other hand the investigation reveals an intrinsic entanglement of epistemic and aesthetic practices. Hence, expedition travelogues use rethorical, narrative and iconographical strategies to organize knowledge, and fictional polar travels stimulate scientific discourse as they creatively rethink and discuss the nature of knowledge.


This paper addresses progressive network recovery under uncertain knowledge of damages. We formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP), and show that it is NP-Hard. We propose an iterative stochastic recovery algorithm (ISR) to recover the network in a progressive manner to satisfy the critical services. At each optimization step, we make a decision to repair a part of the network and gather more information iteratively, until critical services are completely restored. Three different algorithms are used to find a feasible set and determine which node to repair, namely, 1) an iterative shortest path algorithm (ISR-SRT), 2) an approximate branch and bound (ISR-BB) and 3) an iterative multi-commodity LP relaxation (ISR-MULT). Further, we have modified the state-of-the-art iterative split and prune (ISP) algorithm to incorporate the uncertain failures. Our results show that ISR-BB and ISR- MULT outperform the state-of-the-art "progressive ISP" algorithm while we can configure our choice of trade-off between the execution time, number of repairs (cost) and the demand loss. We show that our recovery algorithm, on average, can reduce the total number of repairs by a factor of about 3 with respect to ISP, while satisfying all critical demands.


I appreciate the expressed views of F. Vincent and colleagues, regarding the need to address treatment consideration of acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While the mortality of patients manifesting AE of IPF is unfortunately high, F. Vincent and colleagues argue that supportive care in the intensive care unit (ICU) is an appropriate consideration, including noninvasive and/or mechanical ventilation for patients. Indeed, well-informed patients may opt for such aggressive supportive measures in the ICU, and for some patients listed for lung transplantation, such aggressive supportive measures may serve as a "bridge" for a suitable lung to become available during a set time. Such decisions will need to be made on a case by case basis and tailored to patients' preferred choices, advance directives that patients may have in place and other individual needs. In addition, other confounding factors, such as comorbid conditions if present, which may have a poor outcome otherwise, should be taken into consideration when providing aggressive supportive care in the ICU for patients manifesting AE of IPF. Until clinical trial results are available, treatment decisions for acute exacerbations of IPF must be made on an individual basis http://ow.ly/FFxi30hY7uz


Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is poised to replace traditional computer memory based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). MRAM will surpass all other types of memory devices in terms of nonvolatility, low energy dissipation, fast switching speed, radiation hardness, and durability. Although toggle-MRAM is currently a commercial product, it is clear that future developments in MRAM will be based on spin-transfer torque, which makes use of electrons' spin angular momentum instead of their charge. MRAM will require an amalgamation of magnetics and microelectronics technologies. However, researchers and developers in magnetics and in microelectronics attend different technical conferences, publish in different journals, use different tools, and have different backgrounds in condensed-matter physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. This book is an introduction to MRAM for microelectronics engineers written by specialists in magnetic mat rials and devices. It presents the basic phenomena involved in MRAM, the materials and film stacks being used, the basic principles of the various types of MRAM (toggle and spin-transfer torque; magnetized in-plane or perpendicular-to-plane), the back-end magnetic technology, and recent developments toward logic-in-memory architectures. It helps bridge the cultural gap between the microelectronics and magnetics communities.


[1] We use three different statistical models describing the frequency of meteoroid impacts on Earth to estimate the seismic background noise due to impacts on the lunar surface. Because of diffraction, seismic events on the Moon are typically characterized by long codas, lasting 1 h or more. We find that the small but frequent impacts generate seismic signals whose codas overlap in time, resulting in a permanent seismic noise that we term the "lunar hum" by analogy with the Earth's continuous seismic background seismic hum. We find that the Apollo era impact detection rates and amplitudes are well explained by a model that parameterizes (1) the net seismic impulse due to the impactor and resulting ejecta and (2) the effects of diffraction and attenuation. The formulation permits the calculation of a composite waveform at any point on the Moon due to simulated impacts at any epicentral distance. The root-mean-square amplitude of this waveform yields a background noise level that is about 100 times lower than the resolution of the Apollo long-period seismometers. At 2 s periods, this noise level is more than 1000 times lower than the low noise model prediction for Earth's microseismic noise. Sufficiently sensitive seismometers will allow the future detection of several impacts per day at body wave frequencies.


Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is powerful to provide protein three-dimensional structure information but difficulties in identifying cross-linked peptides and elucidating their structures limit its usefulness. To tackle these challenges, this study presents a novel cross-linking MS in conjunction with electrochemistry using disulfide-bond-containing dithiobis[succinimidyl propionate] (DSP) as the cross-linker. In our approach, electrolysis of DSP-bridged protein/peptide products, as online monitored by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is highly informative. First, as disulfide bonds are electrochemically reducible, the cross-links are subject to pronounced intensity decrease upon electrolytic reduction, suggesting a new way to identify cross-links. Also, mass shift before and after electrolysis suggests the linkage pattern of cross-links. Electrochemical reduction removes disulfide bond constraints, possibly increasing sequence coverage for tandem MS analysis and yielding linear peptides whose structures are more easily determined than their cross-linked precursor peptides. Furthermore, this cross-linking electrochemical MS method is rapid, due to the fast nature of electrochemical conversion (much faster than traditional chemical reduction) and no need for chromatographic separation, which would be of high value for structural proteomics research.


In Cambridge, UK, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were some of the most distinguished post-war non-neoclassical economists, which included Nicholas Kaldor, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa. The Cambridge capital theory controversies seemed to have been decisively settled in Cambridge, UK's favour, yet no alternative paradigm emerged to challenge the prevailing neoclassical orthodoxy. This paper briefly looks at the reasons for this, including why the Cambridge capital theory debate, despite its important ramifications, is now largely forgotten. The paper concludes by looking at a further problem that vitiates the aggregate production function, resulting from the use of constant-price value data in econometric estimation. This criticism has also been widely ignored.


Aim: To explore the factor structure, reliability, and potential usefulness of a patient safety climate questionnaire in UK health care. Setting: Four acute hospital trusts and nine primary care trusts in England. Methods: The questionnaire used was the 27 item Teamwork and Safety Climate Survey. Thirty three healthcare staff commented on the wording and relevance. The questionnaire was then sent to 3650 staff within the 13 NHS trusts, seeking to achieve at least 600 responses as the basis for the factor analysis. 1307 questionnaires were returned (36% response). Factor analyses and reliability analyses were carried out on 897 responses from staff involved in direct patient care, to explore how consistently the questions measured the underlying constructs of safety climate and teamwork. Results: Some questionnaire items related to multiple factors or did not relate strongly to any factor. Five items were discarded. Two teamwork factors were derived from the remaining 11 teamwork items and three safety climate factors were derived from the remaining 11 safety items. Internal consistency reliabilities were satisfactory to good (Cronbach's alpha ⩾0.69 for all five factors). Conclusions: This is one of the few studies to undertake a detailed evaluation of a patient safety climate questionnaire in UK health care and possibly the first to do so in primary as well as secondary care. The results indicate that a 22 item version of this safety climate questionnaire is useable as a research instrument in both settings, but also demonstrates a more general need for thorough validation of safety climate questionnaires before widespread usage.


Do human rights make sense? They have been central to post-war political life, and our picture of moral self. But this is being eroded, Holt argues, and with it the viability of human rights discourse. The pre-social individual and its mental armoury is being challenged by an increasing awareness of genealogical forces in which the self is less a lone claimant than an exponent or rebel. Using Wittgenstein's philosophy, this book considers the liberal position on human rights, along with the communitarian and pragmatic attacks, and challenges the intelligibility of each from the perspective of what it is to be a language user. Wittgenstein, Politics and Human Rights argues that moral relations are not dead; but that their life resides with the on-going relations of selves governed by universal principles.


The diaspora of developing countries can be a potent force for development for their countries of origin, through remittances, but also, importantly, through promotion of trade, investments, research, innovation, and knowledge and technology transfers. This book brings relevant experience from both developed and developing countries to bear on issues confronting today's governments in linking with their diaspora. The chapters present different approaches used by countries that have tried to maximize the possible gains from migration by engaging more comprehensively with different diaspora groups and individuals. Some African countries are pursuing policies to develop links with Africans abroad, either to encourage them to return or to use their skills, knowledge, or financial capital to foster African development. The book discusses concrete examples of diaspora initiatives that are being implemented in Africa. There are comprehensive reviews on how the diaspora can promote trade and investment linkages. Some developing countries are using dual citizenship to deepen ties with their diaspora. The book directly addresses the issues of remittances-linked financial instruments, investments by the diaspora, diaspora bonds, contributions of skilled and unskilled diaspora in transferring knowledge, analytical research on return migration, and concrete circular migration experiences. There is a need to have a better understanding of these initiatives and to see whether they can be scaled up or replicated in other countries worldwide.


For controlling the precision of a manufacturing planar cam mechanism, one can base on a set of digital points measured on the manufactured cam profile by a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Issued from this set of discrete digital points and by applying the well-known B-Spline least squares approach, one can reproduce the cam profile function. The given cam profile function and the theory of contact relations between cam and its follower enable us to deduce the displacement law of the follower and its derivatives. This paper presents a new method for reconstruction of a planar cam profile function from a set of digital points measuring on CMM machines, using B-Spline curve based on inverse subdivision method and theory of contact relations. An application to cam mechanism of oscillating follower with roller will be presented. To verify the feasibility and the accuracy of the proposed inverse subdivision method, a comparison between B-Spline least squares approach and inverse subdivision has been realized. The method possesses an acceptable accuracy and spends less time of calculation


Increasingly, settlors of trusts in on-shore jurisdictions are making use of trust protectors. Protectors serve a variety of functions but generally speaking they are appointed to provide additional security for settlors' expectations that trusts will be administered in accordance with their intentions. Given the potential breadth and variety of functions performed and powers wielded by protectors, their use generates important and profound theoretical issues. Taking its cues from recent efforts to regularize trust protection, this essay addresses questions concerning the extension of fiduciary duties to trust protectors. Amongst other things, it questions the tenability of proposals for broad extension of fiduciary status to protectors and advocates a structured fact-based approach to fiduciary characterization of trust protection mandates.


Abstract This paper aims to address the importance of supportive teacher–student interactions within the learning environment. This will be explored through the three elements of the NSW Quality Teaching Model; Intellectual Quality, Quality Learning Environment and Significance. The paper will further observe the influences of gender on the teacher–student relationship, as well as the impact that this relationship has on student academic outcomes and behaviour. Teacher–student relationships have been found to have immeasurable effects on students' learning and their schooling experience. This paper examines the ways in which educators should plan to improve their interactions with students, in order to allow for quality learning.


As volunteering and its benefits gain global recognition, social policymakers can sustain and increase volunteering through social policy, legislation and other types of involvement. A key performance practice is to measure the rate of volunteering based on the percentage of the population that volunteer or the number of hours donated. The focus of this article, however, is on the capacity to volunteer by non-volunteers as well as by volunteers. The concept and theory of volunteerability (an individual's ability to overcome related obstacles and volunteer, based on his or her willingness, capability and availability) offers a richer understanding of how people can be assisted to overcome barriers to maximize their volunteer potential and thus increase volunteering. The article details the definitions and benefits of volunteering and covers examples of related social policy, as well as explaining the concept of volunteerability and how it can be measured using existing and new scales. Based on a mixed methods study in Australia, the article offers specific measures to examine the concept of volunteerability and reveals important differences between volunteers and non-volunteers. The article also details major barriers to volunteering and how social policies can be developed to overcome them.


AutoAugment [4] has sparked an interest in automated augmentation methods for deep learning models. These methods estimate image transformation policies for train data that improve generalization to test data. While recent papers evolved in the direction of decreasing policy search complexity, we show that those methods are not robust when applied to biased and noisy data. To overcome these limitations, we reformulate AutoAugment as a generalized automated dataset optimization (AutoDO) task that minimizes the distribution shift between test data and distorted train dataset. In our AutoDO model, we explicitly estimate a set of per-point hyperparameters to flexibly change distribution of train data. In particular, we include hyperparameters for augmentation, loss weights, and softlabels that are jointly estimated using implicit differentiation. We develop a theoretical probabilistic interpretation of this framework using Fisher information and show that its complexity scales linearly with the dataset size. Our experiments on SVHN, CIFAR-10/100, and ImageNet classification show up to 9.3% improvement for biased datasets with label noise compared to prior methods and, importantly, up to 36.6% gain for underrepresented SVHN classes1.


Researchers have proposed many algorithms for localizing faults in networked systems, but it is unclear which algorithm is best suited for a given network; the performance of these algorithms differs markedly for different networks. We develop a framework that can explain these differences by anatomizing the algorithms into their basic choices and analyzing these choices with respect to six defining characteristics of real networks. Our analysis also reveals that no existing algorithm simultaneously provides good localization accuracy and low computational overhead. Based on our insights, we develop a new algorithm called Gestalt. To perform well across a range of networks, Gestalt combines the good choices of existing algorithms and with a new method to explore the space of possible faults in a way that is both low overhead and robust to noise. We apply it to three real, diverse networks: an email network, a peer-topeer messaging system, and an ISP network. In each case, Gestalt has either significantly higher localization accuracy or an order of magnitude faster running time. For example, when applied to Lync [2], Gestalt localizes faults with the same accuracy as Sherlock [6], while reducing fault localization time from days to 23s on a single system.


Non-enzymatic, high-gain signal amplification methods with single-cell, single-molecule resolution are in great need. We present click-amplifying FISH (clampFISH) for the fluorescent detection of RNA that combines the specificity of oligonucleotides with bioorthogonal click chemistry in order to achieve high specificity and extremely high-gain (>400x) signal amplification. We show that clampFISH signal enables detection with low magnification microscopy and separation of cells by RNA levels via flow cytometry. Additionally, we show that the modular design of clampFISH probes enables multiplexing, that the locking mechanism prevents probe detachment in expansion microscopy, and that clampFISH works in tissue samples.


How do wages respond to financial recessions? Based on a dynamic macroeconomic model with frictions in the labor and the financial market, we address two prominent mechanism through which firms' financial constraints amplify unemployment and explore their effect on wages. First, the financial labor wedge reduces wages. Second, financial constraints may interact with aggregate labor market conditions in various ways putting upward or downward pressure on wages. We test partial-equilibrium implications of these theoretical mechanisms based on a large data set for Germany for 2006 to 2014 that combines administrative data on workers and wages with detailed information on the balance sheets of firms. Both mechanisms play a role empirically. Using our estimates as central calibration targets in our model, we document that financial recessions are associated with a substantial decline in both unemployment and wages. Financial constraints therefore weaken the direct link between wage rigidity and unemployment volatility.


4 Climate Change and Crop Protection 1. Abstract Agriculture is affected by climate change, with particularly adverse effects in developing countries. Climate change also influences the ecology of weeds, pests and disease, with possible implications for crop protection and pesticide use. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) influences plant growth and the nutritional quality of most plant species, with potential bottom up effects. Increased temperature causes migration of species northwards and into higher latitudes, while in the tropics higher temperatures might adversely affect specific pest species. However, an agro-ecosystem consists of more than the crops and the pests, natural enemies play a critical role in crop protection, and so far climate change research has largely neglected them. This paper reviews existing scientific literature about the ecological consequences of climate change and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on weeds, pests (insects, mites, slugs and nematodes), diseases and their natural enemies (parasitoids, pathogens and predators). The objective was to investigate if there is any observable trend that could imply that pressure from weeds, pests and diseases might increase due to climate change and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). The results show a clear research bias towards elevated carbon dioxide and insect herbivory in temperate regions, therefore, available information applies mostly to these areas. Although increased temperature might outweight some effects of elevated CO2, experiments combining both parameters have been rare. Little research has been conducted on weeds and plant diseases under climate change. When it comes to natural enemies, it seems climate change ecology research still remains in the 1980s, where scientists never looked beyond the second trophic level. The conclusion regarding crop protection is that anything can happen. However, crop protection has always been dynamic and climate change might increase the speed of changes. Farmers can cope with these changes when considering five basic measures. When it comes to pesticide use, climate as influencing factor plays a minor role, economy, policy, education and agronomy are the main drivers of pesticide use.


Using current technology it is possible to demonstrate a method of distance learning that is both efficient, effective and can be applied to a physical science course. This method uses the Internet and the science course as an introduction to a college-level astronomy course, complete with laboratory and real-time telescope observation sessions. Following are the criteria used to design a four-credit introductory astronomy course with an observation laboratory for use over the Internet. Not only do students in this course work in a highly interactive mode, but they are also able to make telescopic observations in real-time using only their Internet browser.[1] The "Lecture" Component: From So Far Away Over the years it has become apparent to me that my students learn best when they can directly interact with their professor. During a lecture, those students who seem to be the most engaged in what is happening are those that ask questions and follow me with their eyes as I move about. They tend to do better on exams. I decided to design an Internet course that allows students to become engaged in a similar way.[2] In other words, interactivity and a visual sense would have to be incorporated into the course. I also noticed that my students are engaged in the learning process when they can relate to me as a living, breathing person. I am talking about a sense of personality with which the student identifies as their professor. This trait was also incorporated into the course. Another important aspect of engaging students is to have the latest materials that can be used in lecture. These materials bring relevance to the discipline being taught. As it turns out, this was the easiest section to implement in the Internet astronomy course. Armed with these anecdotal observations I began to design the Internet astronomy course. I settled on a three-point approach. Each point covers one of my observations about how students seem to become engaged in learning. I will begin with the easiest point to implement. The First Point: Current Information By its very nature the Interact is a storehouse of current, factual material on almost every subject. The astronomical community has made great use of the Internet. New discoveries are made available to the public almost as they happen. NASA and its many contractors constantly display up to the minute images, space shuttle data and direct data from spacecraft such as the lunar explorer. A memorable example was the Pathfinder's Martian images. Many scientists also freely display information about their projects. The Internet has reduced the size of the textbook for this course. I have supplied the student with links that cover all of the topics that are taught in the course. The student always has information from the source, which is accurate and up to date.[3] The Second Point: Eye Contact I incorporated into the course the ability for the students to actually see me during online conferences. Using a relatively inexpensive program, I can send a live video stream to the student's browser when they link to the appropriate part of my Web site.[4] I call this APITV, and it has the ability to connect to four users simultaneously. Once connected, the student can see me, and we can communicate back and forth via a text chat mode built into the program or through other text chat programs. APITV is also the video link that the student uses for the real-time online telescopic observations. To support this aspect of the course I built an observatory with a number of cameras at various points throughout the facility. I am able to show the student the control room and the telescope in its dome. Students can see me working with the equipment, which gives them a sense of the observatory environment and what an astronomer does in that environment. A second use of video is accomplished by sending a frame-by-frame update whenever the student is on the appropriate Web page. …


This chapter discusses the problems of collaboration and coordination in the global political economy. It first identifies situations that might require states to work with each other to achieve a desired outcome. It then turns to a focus on basic game theory as an analytical tool to tackle the nature of collaboration and coordination efforts. International cooperation can help to address three typical problems associated with the process of global economic integration: a temptation to free ride, an inhibiting fear, and a need to find meeting points in situations where collaboration will produce differing costs and benefits to governments. Different types of problems associated with the process of global integration call for different solutions to address these three typical problems, ranging from the provision of binding rules to facilitating mechanisms. A country's need for international cooperation depends on its sociopolitical structure as well as on the structure and flexibility of its economy. Finally, the chapter considers how institutions might play a role in enhancing the prospects for cooperative behaviour.


The application of double glazed facades, especially in administration buildings is becoming
more and more popular. Aside from the architectural aspects, the energetic consequences with respect to the building into which it is integrated have been discussed much over the past few years. In order to quantify the energy balance of such facades, the heat transfer rate between the inner facade layers and the gap temperature are important factors and constitute the core of this thesis. In contrast to experimental estimations of heat transfer rates, which are measured using heat flux sensors, in this study the energy balance within the facade was determined primarily by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For the purpose of verifying the CFD results, simulation results were assessed through comparison with experimental flow data obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Comparison of CFD simulations and PIV measurements
showed good agreement for different symmetric and asymmetric plate temperatures as well as for different forced flow rates. A new Nusselt correlation was developed, which was derived from a CFD parameter study. The suggested correlation includes plate distances which vary from 0.05 to 0.5m, surface temperatures from -10 to 60 degrees C, inlet temperatures from -10 to 30 degrees C and Reynolds numbers (Red) between 500 and 6500.
In order to estimate the thermal behaviour of a ventilated facade at an early stage of
building planning, a transient simulation program was developed which is able to calculate the dynamic energy balance that occurs in a double facade. To facilitate integration of the calculation method into the commercial building simulation program TRNSYS 15, a new Type (Type 111) was written. This Type 111 can be used to connect an arbitrary facade construction to the existed building model Type56. Comparisons between calculated results from the developed model and measurements on real facades(a hybrid, mechanically-ventilated PV fagade and a naturally-ventilated, double glazed facade) provided sufficiently good agreement. The total energy rate through a window (g-value), estimated by the special g-value test rig at the Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences could also be reproduced accurately using the developed program.


The assembly process is often very complex and involved, collecting and managing a significant number of parts in an intricate manner. Because the quality of a product is in large part impacted by the assembly process, intuitive and carefully scaffolded guidelines can make a difference in how fast and how accurate an assembler can complete the assembly process. To this end, the authors propose an innovative system that leverages three current and emerging technologies; augmented reality (AR), cloud computing, and mobile devices, to create an Augmented Reality Product Assembly (ARPA) system. This paper describes the total framework for creating the ARPA system. They also discuss how the system leverages augmented reality visualizations for repurposing user-generated assembly guidelines by incorporating cloud-based computing. Although the authors situate ARPA's use in an industrial setting, it is domain-independent and able to support a wide range of practical and educational applications.


The effects of the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) on muscarinic receptor downregulation and internalization in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells were determined. Downregulation was assessed by measuring [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to intact cells. PMA alone did not induce muscarinic receptor downregulation but instead decreased markedly both the rate and final extent of downregulation induced by the agonist carbachol. The specificity of various analogs for inhibiting carbachol-induced downregulation indicated involvement of protein kinase C. Furthermore the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine prevented the inhibitory effect of PMA on downregulation. In contrast, staurosporine did not inhibit agonist-induced downregulation. Neither agonist-induced downregulation nor the inhibitory effect of PMA were blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that protein synthesis is not required for these effects. Muscarinic receptor internalization was assessed both by sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays of receptor subcellular distribution and by measuring binding of the hydrophilic radioligand N-[3H]methylscopolamine to intact cells at reduced temperature. PMA did not induce muscarinic receptor internalization but rather inhibited internalization induced by the agonist carbachol. Together these results suggest that activation of protein kinase C leads to inhibition of an agonist-induced increase in the rates of muscarinic receptor internalization and degradation that are presumably responsible for receptor redistribution and eventual downregulation.


The maturity and availability of network protocols have enabled wireless sensor networks (WSN) designers to build heterogeneous applications by composing different protocols. A common heterogeneous application combines data collection and dissemination for environmental monitoring with node retasking. While these co-located protocols on the same node have different goals, many of them share requirements and characteristics. Examples of commonalities include the use of bi-directional traffic for reliable transmissions and tree for packet routing. This work explores how the MAC layer can reduce the network transmission overhead of heterogeneous applications by taking advantage of protocol commonalities to aggregate outgoing packets. In other words, this aggregation creates a train of packets destined to the same receiver. Finally, we discuss a strawman implementation of packet train and how our data center monitoring deployment leverages it.


We are exposed to many environmental chemicals in our daily life. Certain chemicals threaten our health, especially that of embryos and can cause serious developmental problems. To prevent abnormal development and diseases caused by chemicals, it is important to clarify the mechanisms of chemical toxicity in embryonic cells. The gene regulatory network is one of the useful methods for clarifying functional mechanisms in living cells, so we applied a statistical method to infer the gene regulatory network in human embryonic stem cells. In this study, we improved our previously developed SEM approach for inferring a network model from 9 gene expression profiles in human embryonic stem cells, which were exposed to various chemicals. The estimated regulatory models clarified the differences between chemicals, and the shapes of the inferred models reflected the features of the chemical toxicities. The toxicity of acrylamide affected neuronal cell-related genes, while that of diethylnitrosamine disturbed cell differentiation-related genes. On the other hand, the TCDD network reflected feedback regulation, and finally disturbed neuronal cell-related genes. In the Thalidomide network, cell differentiation genes related to axis formation in embyronic cells were affected by thalidomide toxicity.