Context The Paediatric Emergency Department at The Royal London Hospital. The project involved a team of doctors and nurses of all grades. Problem Paediatric gastroenteritis is one of the most common presentations to in the emergency department (ED) at the Royal London Hospital, accounting for more than six percent of visits. Gastroenteritis is easy to diagnose and the vast majority of these children could be safely managed at home. The challenge with managing these children is twofold. Firstly, identifying seriously unwell children who need urgent treatment. Secondly, educating families about safe and effective management of gastroenteritis at home. Before our intervention, children who present with diarrhoea and/or vomiting are seen by an assessment nurse and a junior doctor or general practitioner, spending over two and half hours in the emergency department. Assessment of problem and analysis of its causes We quantified the scale of the problem by undertaking a retrospective audit of the care children received when they presented with gastroenteritis. Ninety percent of children who presented had a very mild illness that could have been managed safely at home. We supplemented the quantitative data with informal conversations with colleagues. There was a widespread view that many parents presented to hospital due to anxiety and/or uncertainty about how to manage their child's illness at home. We extracted data from the electronic medical records of 580 children presenting with diarrhoea and/or vomiting. The concordance between a final diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis and the parents reporting diarrhoea or vomiting at reception was 97% and 90% respectively. Such a high concordance between symptoms and diagnosis reassures us that the assessment nurse could accurately diagnose gastroenteritis. We calculated the relative risk of serious illness depending on the presence of 16 easy to illicit clinical symptoms and signs. Based on these findings we have designed a pathway that the triage nurse will use to discharge patients. We have retrospectively tested the efficacy and safety of this new pathway. Our research suggests that half of these patients could be safely discharged by the assessment nurses using our simple protocol. Intervention We designed a criteria based discharge pathway, allowing nurses to safely discharge patients from triage without waiting to see a doctor. The discharge pathway is supported by a multilingual patient and parent education video that can be viewed in the department and on the trust website. Strategy for change After designing the discharge pathway we presented it at departmental meetings and teaching sessions in order to get feedback. Once the pathway was approved we identified'champions' who have supported its implementation and have helped to train staff. Measurement of improvement We designed a dashboard providing a visual display of the four key performance indicators: number of cases of diarrhoea and vomiting, percentage of cases discharged on the pathway, mean duration of stay in the emergency department and reattendance rate. Effects of changes 42 children have been safely discharged on the new pathway. Anecdotal feedback has been very positive. It is too early to measure the impact of the new pathway on mean duration of stay in the emergency department and reattendance rate. Lessons learnt It takes time to embed new pathways into routine care and engage stakeholders. It has been very important to build a team of people to champion the new pathway. Message for others This has been a really exciting project and was enthusiastically received by staff. It represents an innovative way of managing simple paediatric presentations and has the potential to deliver a better service to children and their parents and, we hope, a longer term effect as we are educating parents and giving them a resource they can refer back to. Please declare any conflicts of interest The video was funded by the Barts and The London Charity. Abstract G591 Figure 1


The evaluation of perceived spatial quality calls for a method that is sensitive to changes in the constituent dimensions of that quality. In order to devise a method accounting for these changes, several processes have to be performed. This paper shows the development of scales by elicitation and structuring of verbal data, followed by validation of the resulting attribute scales.


In the Emirate of Transjordan, the interwar period was marked by the emergence of the Melkite Church. Following the Eastern rite and represented by Arab priests, this church appeared to be an asset from a missionary perspective as Arab nationalism was spreading in the Middle East. New parishes and schools were opened. A new Melkite archeparchy was created in the Emirate in 1932. The archbishop, Paul Salman, strengthened the foundation of the church and became a key partner of the government. This article tackles the relationship between Arabisation, nationalisation and territorialisation. It aims to highlight the way the Melkite Church embodied the adaptation strategy of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in Transjordan. The clergy of this national church was established by mobilising regional and international networks. By considering these clerics as go-between experts, this article aims to decrypt a complex process of territorialisation and transnationalisation of the Melkite Church.


Self-regulated learning conducted through metacognitive monitoring and scientific inquiry can be influenced by many factors, such as emotions and motivation, and are necessary skills needed to engage in efficient hypothesis testing during game-based learning. Although many studies have investigated metacognitive monitoring and scientific inquiry skills during game-based learning, few studies have investigated how the sequence of behaviors involved during hypothesis testing with game-based learning differ based on both efficiency level and emotions during gameplay. For this study, we analyzed 59 undergraduate students' (59% female) metacognitive monitoring and hypothesis testing behavior during learning and gameplay with CRYSTAL ISLAND, a game-based learning environment that teaches students about microbiology. Specifically, we used sequential pattern mining and differential sequence mining to determine if there were sequences of hypothesis testing behaviors and to determine if the frequencies of occurrence of these sequences differed between high or low levels of efficiency at finishing the game and high or low levels of facial expressions of emotions during gameplay. Results revealed that students with low levels of efficiency and high levels of facial expressions of emotions had the most sequences of testing behaviors overall, specifically engaging in more sequences that were indicative of less strategic hypothesis testing behavior than the other students, where students who were more efficient with both levels of emotions demonstrated strategic testing behavior. These results have implications for the strengths of using educational data mining techniques for determining the processes underlying patterns of engaging in self-regulated learning conducted through hypothesis testing as they unfold over time; for training students on how to engage in the self-regulation, scientific inquiry, and emotion regulation processes that can result in efficient gameplay; and for developing adaptive game-based learning environments that foster effective and efficient self-regulation and scientific inquiry during learning.


In Multiview applications, camera views can be used as reference views to synthesize additional virtual viewpoints, allowing users to freely navigate within a 3D scene. However, Bandwidth constraints may restrict the number of reference views sent to clients, limiting the quality of the synthesized viewpoints. In this work, we study the problem of in-network reference view synthesis aimed at improving the navigation quality at the clients. We consider a distributed cloud network architecture, where data stored in a main cloud is delivered to end users with the help of cloudlets, i.e., resource-rich proxies close to the users. We argue that, in case of limited bandwidth from the cloudlet to the users, re-sampling at the could let the viewpoints of the 3D scene (i.e., synthesizing novel virtual views in the cloudlets to be used as new references to the decoder) is beneficial compared to mere sub sampling of the original set of camera views. We therefore cast a new reference view selection problem that seeks the subset of views minimizing the distortion over a view navigation window defined by the user under bandwidth constraints. We prove that the problem is NP-hard, and we propose an effective polynomial time algorithm using dynamic programming to solve the optimization problem under general assumptions that cover most of the multiview scenarios in practice. Simulation results confirm the performance gain offered by virtual view synthesis in the network.


Abstract. The main aim of the research being conducted is to automatically derive multiple representation database through model generalisation. In this regard, this paper presents a detailed methodology of the derivation process of multiple representation database. The topographic information of three different levels of detail (LoDs) viz., LoD1 (1 : 10,000), LoD2 (1 : 25,000) and LoD3 (1 : 250,000) are considered for this research. The abstract LoDs, i.e., LoD2 and LoD3 are derived automatically by model generalisation. The method for linking corresponding features in all these LoDs is shown and thus deriving multiple representation database. The major component of the proposed methodology is the model generalisation process. The design of the model generalisation process which includes generalisation operators, classification hierarchies, geometric constraints, functional hierarchies and topological constraints are discussed in this article. The proposed methodology is currently in the implementation stage.


Work is a part of the life of women irrespective of their social and class locations. Women act as agents of social change and create new social spaces for themselves through income-generating but often informal occupations. This paper looks at the increasing involvement of middle-class Bengali women in various types of informal income-generating activities, and examines how their social space is changed through their work outside of home. Burdwan, a medium-sized urban centre of India, has an urban social history of conservative tradition-boundedness typical among similarly placed towns in the state of West Bengal, India. The paper is based on ongoing empirical research in Burdwan conducted via extensive field surveys and repeated personal interviews with individual women. The data used in the work are mostly primary in nature. The paper asserts that, while the changes brought about by women through such informal work are difficult to perceive easily, they nevertheless emancipate and empower women to a great extent.


We propose a novel framework to analyse the macroeconomic impact of noncommunicable diseases. We incorporate measures of disease prevalence into a human capital augmented production function, which enables us to determine the economic costs of chronic health conditions in terms of foregone gross domestic product (GDP). Unlike previously adopted frameworks, this approach allows us to account for i) variations in human capital for workers in different age groups, ii) mortality and morbidity effects of non-communicable diseases, and iii) the treatment costs of diseases. We apply our methodology to China, Japan, and South Korea, and estimate the economic burden of chronic conditions in five domains (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, diabetes, and mental health conditions). Overall, total losses associated with these non-communicable diseases over the period 2010-2030 are $16 trillion for China (measured in real USD with the base year 2010), $5.7 trillion for Japan, and $1.5 trillion for South Korea. Our results also highlight the limits of cost-effectiveness analysis by identifying some intervention strategies to reduce disease prevalence in China that are cost beneficial and therefore a rational use of resources, though they are not cost-effective as judged by conventional thresholds. JEL Classification: H51, I15, I18, J24, O11.


Abstract Veretillum cynomorium is an abundant colonial octocoral that exclusively inhabits soft sediment and sandy substrata of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, but its reproductive biology is completely unknown. Here we show, for the first time, that this sea pen is gonochoristic at colony level, and seems to reproduce sexually through the broadcast spawning of gametes. The duration of the present study (12 months) in the Sado Estuary, Portugal, allowed us to identify one brief synchronous spawning event. Mean oocyte size–frequency distributions indicated that large orange oocytes (>650 µm), and part of the intermediate-sized ones were released in July. The formation of new small (colorless) oocytes occurred in the post-spawning period, between August and October. However, individual oocyte size–frequency distributions of the colonies showed that there was no synchrony in late and early oogenesis. Fecundity ranged between 1 and 40 oocytes per polyp, with an annual average of 9 oocytes per polyp. The occurrence of sex ratios biased towards the dominance of female colonies is reported and discussed.


Aims. Abundances of 15 chemical elements have been derived for 28 F and 16 A stars members of the Hyades open cluster in order to set constraints on self-consistent evolutionary models that include radiative and turbulent diffusion. Methods. A spectral synthesis, iterative procedure was applied to derive the abundances from selected high-quality lines in highresolution, high-signal-to-noise spectra obtained with SOPHIE and AURELIE at the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Results. The abundance patterns found for A and F stars in the Hyades resemble those observed in Coma Berenices and Pleiades clusters. In graphs representing the abundances versus the effective temperature, A stars often display much more scattered abundances around their mean values than the coolest F stars do. Large star-to-star variations are detected in the Hyades A dwarfs in their abundances of C, Na, Sc, Fe, Ni, Sr, Y, and Zr, which we interpret as evidence of transport processes competing with radiative diffusion. In A and Am stars, the abundances of Cr, Ni, Sr, Y, and Zr are found to be correlated with that of Fe as in the Pleiades and in Coma Berenices. The ratios [C/Fe] and [O/Fe] are found to be anticorrelated with [Fe/H] as in Coma Berenices. All Am stars in the Hyades are deficient in C and O and overabundant in elements heavier than Fe but not all are deficient in Ca and/or Sc. The F stars have solar abundances for almost all elements except for Si. The overall shape of the abundance pattern of the slow rotator HD 30210 cannot be entirely reproduced by models including radiative diffusion and different amounts of turbulent diffusion. Conclusions. While part of the discrepancies between derived and predicted abundances could come from non-LTE effects, including competing processes such as rotational mixing and/or mass loss seems necessary in order to improve the agreement between the observed and predicted abundance patterns.


It is understood that public health education and informal communications can impact on perceptions of disease threat, which could result in influencing behaviour of individuals to take any possible self‐protective measures. On the other hand, the information about the actual status of the disease dynamics, on which the public health education is based, can be known only after its data are collected and processed. This may take a significant amount of time, and therefore, there is a time gap between what the public knows about the prevalence of the disease and the actual distribution of the disease in the population. Furthermore, there is a memory decay and negligence from the side of the population in applying protective mechanisms as the disease becomes endemic. In this paper, a mathematical model for human disease epidemics that takes a change in human behaviour and effect of negligence into account is formulated and analysed. The model investigates the effect of negligence (from the side of the population) and time lag (in disclosing the actual prevalence of the disease) in the dynamics and control of the disease. The numerical results show that the length of the delay has a significant impact on the control strategy rather than on the dynamics without control. In addition, announcing the prevalence value once every time it is updated and keeping that value constant has the same effect on the dynamics as compared with updating the same continuously. Moreover, it is also shown that the negligence parameter significantly affects the overall prevalence of the disease.


. A model for the coupled mass and energy balances of snow on the ground requires representations of absorption of solar radiation by snow, heat conduction in snow, compaction of snow, transfer of heat to snow from the air and retention and refreezing of meltwater in snow. Many such models exist, but it has proven hard to relate their relative performances to the complexity of their process representations. This paper describes the systematic development of an open-source snowpack model with two levels of representation for each of the five processes mentioned above, allow-ing factorial experimental designs with 32 different model configurations. The model is demonstrated using driving and evaluation data recorded over one winter at an alpine site.


Abstract Effects of climate change are predicted to be greatest at high latitudes, with more pronounced warming in winter than summer. Extreme mid‐winter warm spells and heavy rain‐on‐snow events are already increasing in frequency in the Arctic, with implications for snow‐pack and ground‐ice formation. These may in turn affect key components of Arctic ecosystems. However, the fitness consequences of extreme winter weather events for tundra plants are not well understood, especially in the high Arctic. We simulated an extreme mid‐winter rain‐on‐snow event at a field site in high Arctic Svalbard (78°N) by experimentally encasing tundra vegetation in ice. After the subsequent growing season, we measured the effects of icing on growth and fitness indices in the common tundra plant, Arctic bell‐heather (Cassiope tetragona). The suitability of this species for retrospective growth analysis enabled us to compare shoot growth in pre and postmanipulation years in icing treatment and control plants, as well as shoot survival and flowering. Plants from icing treatment plots had higher shoot mortality and lower flowering success than controls. At the individual sample level, heavily flowering plants invested less in shoot growth than nonflowering plants, while shoot growth was positively related to the degree of shoot mortality. Therefore, contrary to expectation, undamaged shoots showed enhanced growth in ice treatment plants. This suggests that following damage, aboveground resources were allocated to the few remaining undamaged meristems. The enhanced shoot growth measured in our icing treatment plants has implications for climate studies based on retrospective analyses of Cassiope. As shoot growth in this species responds positively to summer warming, it also highlights a potentially complex interaction between summer and winter conditions. By documenting strong effects of icing on growth and reproduction of a widespread tundra plant, our study contributes to an understanding of Arctic plant responses to projected changes in winter climatic conditions.


Deeping learning can achieve high parallelism and robustness, which is especially suitable for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection. There are already some well-developed deep learning models applied to MIMO detection, in which detection network is a typical representative model with excellent performance, but its complexity is high. This paper aims to simplify the detection network model, and the simplification runs through the entire data processing. This simplification includes three improvements. First, the number of inputs is reduced to simplify inputs; Second, the network connection structure is simplified by changing network from full connectivity to sparsely connectivity and reducing the number of network layers by half. Third, the loss function optimizes to avoid irreversible problems with the matrix. Base on the above improvements, the complexity of the network is reduced from $\mathcal{O}(64n^{2})$ to $\mathcal{O}(3n)$. The simulation results indicates that the proposed structure has better performance than the existing detection network.


Currently acoustics is the primary modality for underwater communication even though it presents a difficult channel. To try and cope with the challenges of the channel many MAC protocols and PHY layer techniques have been proposed. In this paper we present a research platform that allows developers to easily implement and compare their protocols in an underwater network and configure them at runtime. We have built our platform using widely supported software that has been successfully used in terrestrial radio and network development. The flexibility of development tools such as software defined radio have provided the ability for rapid growth in the community. Our platform adapts some of these tools to work well with the underwater environment while maintaining flexibility, ultimately providing an end-to-end networking approach for underwater acoustic development.


The asthma therapeutic theophylline exists in at least three anhydrous polymorphs and a monohydrate. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the high-temperature polymorph form I is presented for the first time, and the energetic relationship between forms I and II is investigated using the partial charges and chemical hardness analysis (PACHA) algorithm. It is shown that the interactions in the form I crystal network are stronger, especially the hydrogen bond. The single-crystal neutron structure of the monohydrate demonstrates static disorder of the water molecule as well as dynamic disorder of the methyl groups. PACHA investigations based on the neutron coordinates reveal that the homomeric interactions in this form are stronger than the interaction of the water with the host molecules. The dehydration of the hydrate should thus leave the theophylline network intact, explaining the isomorphic powder X-ray diffractograms of the monohydrate and its dehydrated form III.


Most Americans today do not live in discrete cities and towns, but rather in an aggregation of cities and suburbs that forms one basic economic, multi-cultural, environmental and civic entity. These "regional cities" have the potential to significantly improve the quality of our lives-to provide interconnected and diverse economic centres, transportation choices, and a variety of human-scale communities. In The Regional City, two of the most innovative thinkers in the field of land use planning and design offer a detailed look at this new metropolitan form and explain how regional-scale planning and design can help direct growth wisely and reverse current trends in land use. The authors: - discuss the nature and underpinnings of this new metropolitan form - present their view of the policies and physical design principles required for metropolitan areas to transform themselves into regional cities - document the combination of physical design and social and economic policies that are being used across the country - consider the main factors that are shaping metropolitan regions today, including the maturation of sprawling suburbs and the renewal of urban neighbourhoods Featuring full-colour graphics and in-depth case studies, The Regional City offers a thorough examination of the concept of regional planning along with examples of successful initiatives from around the country. It will be must reading for planners, architects, landscape architects, local officials, real estate developers, community development professionals, and for students in architecture, urban planning, and policy.


Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting 14 per cent of all people at some point in their lifetime. Women are twice as likely to become depressed as men, but beyond gender there are a variety of risk factors that influence the prevalence and likelihood of experiencing depression. "Risk Factors in Depression" consolidates research findings on risk factors into one source, for ease of reference for both researchers and clinicians in practice.The book divides risk factors into biological, cognitive, and social risk factors. This provides researchers with the opportunity to examine the interface among different theoretical perspectives and variables, and to look for the opportunity for more complex and explanatory models of depression. It allows reader to compare and contrast the relative states of development of different models and their databases. It examines the predictive power of these models related to various phases of clinical depression, including onset, maintenance, and relapse. It provides an examination of the therapeutic implications of comprehensive and integrative models of depression.


Thermo-hydroregulation strategies involve concurrent changes in functional traits related to energy, water balance and thermoregulation and play a key role in determining life-history traits and population demography of terrestrial ectotherms. Local thermal and hydric conditions should be important drivers of the geographical variation of thermo-hydroregulation strategies, but we lack studies that examine these changes across climatic gradients in different habitat types. Here, we investigated intraspecific variation of morphology and thermo-hydroregulation traits in the widespread European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara louislantzi) across a multidimensional environmental gradient involving independent variation in air temperature and rainfall and differences in habitat features (access to free-standing water and forest cover). We sampled adult males for morphology, resting metabolic rate, total and cutaneous evaporative water loss and thermal preferences in 15 populations from the rear to the leading edge of the distribution across an elevational gradient ranging from sea level to 1750 m. Besides a decrease in adult body size with increasing environmental temperatures, we found little effect of thermal conditions on thermo-hydroregulation strategies. In particular, relict lowland populations from the warm rear edge showed no specific ecophysiological adaptations. Instead, body mass, body condition and resting metabolic rate were positively associated with a rainfall gradient, while forest cover and water access in the habitat throughout the season also influenced cutaneous evaporative water loss. Our study emphasizes the importance of rainfall and habitat features rather than thermal conditions for geographical variation in lizard morphology and physiology.


We use limb emission spectra of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard the ENVIronmental SATellite (ENVISAT) to derive the first global distribution of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the upper troposphere. PAN is generated in tropospheric air masses polluted by fuel combustion or biomass burning and acts as a reservoir and carrier of NOx in the cold free tropo- sphere. PAN exhibits continuum-like broadband structures in the mid-infrared region and was retrieved in a contigu- ous analysis window covering the wavenumber region 775- 800 cm 1 . The interfering species CCl4, HCFC-22, H2O, ClONO2, CH3CCl3 and C2H2 were fitted along with PAN, whereas pre-fitted profiles were used to model the contri- bution of other contaminants like ozone. Sensitivity tests consisting in retrieval without consideration of PAN demon- strated the existence of PAN signatures in MIPAS spectra ob- tained in polluted air masses. The analysed dataset consists of 10 days between 4 October and 1 December 2003. This period covers the end of the biomass burning season in South America and South and East Africa, in which generally large amounts of pollutants are produced and distributed over wide areas of the southern hemispheric free troposphere. Indeed, elevated PAN amounts of 200-700 pptv were measured in a large plume extending from Brasil over the Southern At- lantic, Central and South Africa, the South Indian Ocean as far as Australia at altitudes between 8 and 16 km. Enhanced PAN values were also found in a much more restricted area between northern subtropical Africa and India. The most sig- nificant northern midlatitude PAN signal was detected in an area at 8 km altitude extending from China into the Chinese Sea. The average mid and high latitude PAN amounts found at 8 km were around 125 pptv in the northern, but only be- tween 50 and 75 pptv in the southern hemisphere. The PAN distribution found in the southern hemispheric tropics and subtropics is highly correlated with the jointly fitted acety- lene (C2H2), which is another pollutant produced by biomass burning, and agrees reasonably well with the CO plume de- tected during end of September 2003 at the 275 hPa level ( 10 km) by the Measurement of Pollution in the Tropo- sphere (MOPITT) instrument on the Terra satellite. Simi- lar southern hemispheric PAN amounts were also observed by previous airborne measurements performed in Septem- ber/October 1992 and 1996 above the South Atlantic and the South Pacific, respectively.


This is a major new textbook that introduces the key conceptual debates and approaches in contemporary political sociology. The power relationship between the state and civil society is introduced, and the impact of recent social changes on this relationship is explored. Important and topical issues including globalisation, the rise of new social movements, neo-liberalism, citizenship, political culture and political participation are discussed and critiques of many key sociologists such as Giddens, Beck and Etzioni are presented. It is argued that the power of the state has not been undermined to the extent that is often assumed. Instead it is shown that the context within which the state governs has been changed by the rise of more diverse and critical civil societies within liberal democracy and by the development of global risks. The overall aim of this book is to introduce the reader to the key processes that are changing the nature of politics and society in the modern world. Throughout the focus is on clarity, accessibility, and the needs of the reader: boxes and charts are used to highlight key facts and figures, and a guide to further reading is included to encourage further exploration of the subject.


The wine sector is a recognizable part of Croatian agriculture with a long and rich tradition. Autochthonous varieties give market identity, significance in tourism, agricultural income and rural employment. The goal of the paper is the qualitative analysis of the strategic risks of Croatian wine sector facing EU accession. This paper presents trends in the vineyards and grape and wine production of elapsed transitional period. Qualitative risk management model is used to display the influence of the key risk sources and the guidelines for the risk management. Research results indicate that the wine sector in Croatia is under high risks because of the internal weaknesses as well as due to the external threats. Financial stability is seriously endangered and expected decrease in wine prices will influence future deterioration.


The use of side-looking acoustic Doppler velocity meters (ADVMs) to estimate fluvial suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC) has become more operational by the U.S. Geological Survey in recent years; however, direct transfer of these techniques to down-looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) currently is not widely feasible. Key assumptions in the sidelooking ADVM method related to sediment homogeneity within the acoustic measurement volume are almost never met in wide, sand-bedded rivers because SSC and particle size commonly vary with depth and location in the river cross section. The use of ADCPs to estimate SSC has been investigated by researchers, but the requirements and limitations of an operational method that could be successfully applied at many locations are not well defined. If an operational method could be developed, the use of ADCPs, which are routinely used for flow measurements, would revolutionize sediment science by providing rapid measurements of sediment flux and spatial distribution. We collected detailed datasets in six sand-bedded rivers in the U.S. in 2016-2018, to evaluate the efficacy of using down-looking ADCPs of multiple frequencies to estimate SSC. The datasets included replicate sets of point and depth-integrated suspended-sediment samples and stationary and cross-sectional backscatter profiles using multiple ADCPs with differing frequencies. Reasonable calibrations were developed at all sites measured when calibrating to the coarse fraction (R2 0.66 to 0.98 with slopes close to 0.1 using 1200kHz ADCPs). Calibrations to the fines fraction were problematic because acoustic backscatter response was dominated by coarse particles when present, and substantial attenuation was contributed by coarse particles at some sites. A sensitivity analysis on minimum datasets showed that good calibrations could be developed using two verticals of data collected over a range of backscatter and sediment conditions, with a minimum of three points sampled for sediment within each vertical. Overall, results to date show great promise in using ADCPs to rapidly estimate and visualize SSC with high spatial resolution, and a new beta software tool called Sediment Transect Acoustics simplifies data processing. Improvements are underway to the beta software used in processing to allow incorporation of more acoustic and sediment characteristics and to estimate SSC in areas of the river cross section unmeasured by the ADCP.


Individuals who identify as transgender, transsexual, or gender queer and Christian can face a unique set of challenges in attempting to integrate their faith and gender identity. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the process by which individuals with a Christian upbringing resolve conflict between their gender identity and religious beliefs. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed a model with the following fluid stages: experiencing gender socialization, having conflicts between views of self and socialized gender, defying gender norms, exploring gender and religious identities, and continually resolving issues as they arise. The article concludes with theoretical and practical implications.

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Levy_Denise_2013_Transgender Transsexual and Gender Queer.pdf


Titel: Media Literacy - En studie om mediepedagogik i forskning och empiriForfattare: Kristin Nilsson, Sofia RidalAntal sidor: 52Abstract: In the society of today we are constantly exposed to media messages, and much research investigate people's interest in the media. Whatever theory we choose to believe in, the facts remain: today the media is a major part of all people's lives. During our teacher training we have encountered the concepts Media Literacy and Media Education and as future pedagogues of media we are interested in what research can tell us about them.The main aim of this paper was to find out what researchers write about Media Literacy and Media Education and to empirically investigate whether or not teachers in the Swedish secondary school teach about, with and for media. It also aimed to learn what attitudes, thoughts and reflections these teachers have concerning media and learning in school. For these reasons, we decided to begin by conducting a profound research of the state of the art. Secondly, we accomplished qualitative interviews with a total of eight teachers from two secondary schools in a Swedish town.The results of the interviews show that a majority of the teachers who were interviewed, the informants, mainly used media technology as a teaching aid – they taught with media. Furthermore, the results reveal that some of the informants saw the media as something quite frightening, unserious and difficult to understand. By contrast, we found an underlying tendency that the informants had a positive attitude towards media education in schools, and that they were somewhat curious (and eager) to learn more about it. Yet, as for today, the informants' lack of knowledge of the subject, deficient resources and indistinct directive from higher authority effectively seem to obstruct the development of media education in the schools in our investigation.


The objective of this study is to assess the findings of selected articles regarding better health through therapeutic effects of yoga and to provide a comprehensive review of the benefits of regular yoga practice. As participation rates in mind-body fitness programs such as yoga continue to increase, it is important for health care professionals to be informed about the nature of yoga and the evidence of its many therapeutic effects. Thus, this manuscript provides information regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga as it has been studied in various populations concerning a multitude of different ailments and conditions. Therapeutic yoga is defined as the application of yoga postures and practice to the treatment of health conditions and involves instruction in yogic practices and teachings to prevent reduce or alleviate structural, physiological, emotional and spiritual pain, suffering or limitations. Results from this study show that yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, promote and improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.


Young children are surprisingly judicious imitators, but there are also times when their reproduction of others' actions appears strikingly illogical. For example, children who observe an adult inefficiently operating a novel object frequently engage in what we term overimitation, persistently reproducing the adult's unnecessary actions. Although children readily overimitate irrelevant actions that even chimpanzees ignore, this curious effect has previously attracted little interest; it has been assumed that children overimitate not for theoretically significant reasons, but rather as a purely social exercise. In this paper, however, we challenge this view, presenting evidence that overimitation reflects a more fundamental cognitive process. We show that children who observe an adult intentionally manipulating a novel object have a strong tendency to encode all of the adult's actions as causally meaningful, implicitly revising their causal understanding of the object accordingly. This automatic causal encoding process allows children to rapidly calibrate their causal beliefs about even the most opaque physical systems, but it also carries a cost. When some of the adult's purposeful actions are unnecessary—even transparently so—children are highly prone to mis-encoding them as causally significant. The resulting distortions in children's causal beliefs are the true cause of overimitation, a fact that makes the effect remarkably resistant to extinction. Despite countervailing task demands, time pressure, and even direct warnings, children are frequently unable to avoid reproducing the adult's irrelevant actions because they have already incorporated them into their representation of the target object's causal structure.


Using data collected by satellite sensors, rain and river gauges, and ship surveys, we studied the development and wind‐driven transport of a dark water plume from near Charlotte Harbor, Florida, to the Dry Tortugas in the Florida Keys in mid‐October 2003. MODIS and SeaWiFS imagery showed that the patch contained an extensive (∼5,500 km2) phytoplankton bloom that formed originally near the central coast of Florida. The data linked the bloom to high nutrient coastal runoff caused by heavy rainfall in June and August. Total N and P required for the bloom, which may contain some Karenia brevis cells, was estimated to be 2.3 × 107 and 1.5 × 106 moles, respectively. The dark color became increasingly dominated by colored dissolved organic matter, toward the Dry Tortugas, where CDOM absorption coefficients (0.08–0.12 m−1 at 400 nm) were 2–3 times higher than the surrounding shelf waters, while chlorophyll and inorganic nutrients decreased to negligible levels.


In this study, an entropy generation minimization (EGM) procedure is employed to optimize the overall performance of microchannel heat sinks. This allows the combined effects of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. New general expressions for the entropy generation rate are developed by considering an appropriate control volume and applying mass, energy, and entropy balances. The effect of channel aspect ratio, fin spacing ratio, heat sink material, Knudsen numbers and accommodation coefficients on the entropy generation rate is investigated in the slip flow region. Analytical/empirical correlations are used for heat transfer and friction coefficients, where the characteristic length is used as the hydraulic diameter of the channel. A parametric study is also performed to show the effects of different design variables on the overall performance of microchannel heat sinks


This thesis explored aspects of the urban-rural interface within a densely populated, deprived housing scheme located on a remote, rural island lying off the north west coast of Scotland.

The thesis had two aims, the first related to health, health inequality and aspects of neighbourhood and from this exploration a second aim emerged that focused in detail on the effects of rurality and religion as significant cultural influences that determined the nature of health and social environment.

The Cearns housing area of Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis is reminiscent of a mainland urban scheme in terms of housing design and layout with units spaced around a series of pedestrianised courts with little green space. Significantly, most tenants, both well-established and recent, have their origins in rural Lewis, bringing with them a number of rural beliefs and behaviours.

An in-depth qualitative study was carried out through individual interviews (N=55) and Cattell's social network typology was applied to inform interpretation of the nature of the social infrastructure.

The main findings demonstrated the existence of 'traditional', 'socially excluded' and 'solidaristic' networks from which a strong sense of island identity, described as 'hebridean', emerged. In marked contrast to many urban areas, crime and vandalism levels were low, the housing stock was well maintained and the area was described by residents as friendly and close-knit. Hebridean communities are rural in nature, the Cearns being an anomaly, yet it shared with neighbouring villages close familial and other connections as most residents either know, or know of, their neighbours. Rurality and remoteness reinforced a 'can-do' self help culture where friendliness and co-operation is expected and this can be related to Freudenberg's notion of the 'density of acquaintanceship'. This study demonstrated that residents, irrespective of age or gender, have this view of the world, either from personal experience or through the rural upbringing of their parents and that either way a particular range of attitudes and behaviours has come with them to the Cearns.

In addition to themes associated with rurality, findings from this thesis demonstrated the effect of religion at the level of the individual in terms of social support, as well as at community level in relation to social cohesion, identity and social control. Communities on the Isle of Lewis are distinctive and possibly unique within the UK in their continued adherence to the biblically strict Presbyterian religion, apparent through high levels of church attendance and strict Sabbath observance. Use of Social Identity Theory with its understanding of in-groups and out-groups provided a framework for an analysis of the interface of religion with social cohesion. The study concluded that these remote, close-knit, Gaelic-speaking, religious communities are amongst the most distinctive in the UK and that the methodology and findings of this study would have relevance in studies of similar communities elsewhere, notably within the hitherto under-researched rural communities of the Western Isles.


The people of Vava'u, Tonga, manage to deal with most incidences of "mental illness" without resorting to institutionalization or overt stigmatization. The terms used to describe unusual behavior, though pejorative in the eyes of psychiatrist Dr Mapa Puloka, are contestable and negotiable. Through the creative use of a multiplicity of explanations, people have influence over the potential stigma to suffering relatives. People's sensitivity to attributions of "mental illness" is born of Vavauan use of language to tauhi vaha'a (evoke and intensify relatedness). This socially constitutive use of language contrasts with the referential language in much of the social science and medical literature that informs mental health policy. Revealing its origin in the experience of vä (relatedness) is key to creating an interdisciplinary space to discuss the late presentation of Tongans to mental health services in Tonga and New Zealand. This paper answers the widely recognized need for more qualitative, epistemologically sensitive, and interdisciplinary work on Tongan experience of mental illness through focusing on the particular case of an eccentric in Vava'u known as 'Ahiohio. As this man shares remarkable similarities with Manu (Epeli Hau'ofa's subversive mouthpiece of anti-absolutism), the responses to and theories of 'Ahiohio's behavior enable discussion on the contrast and effects of Vavauan and, more broadly, medical and positivist ideas of truth. keywords: mental illness, Tonga, indigenous psychiatry, language ideologies, Pacific epistemologies, relatedness, modernity


This paper describes research work that has been performed at LSBU, using both a laminar burning velocity rig and a small scale cylindrical explosion vessel, to explore the use of very fine water fog, nitrogen dilution and sodium hydroxide additives in the mitigation of hydrogen deflagrations. The results of the work suggest that using a combination of the three measures together produces the optimal mitigation performance and can be extremely effective in: inhibiting the burning velocity, reducing the rate of explosion overpressure rise and narrowing the flammability limits of hydrogenoxygen-nitrogen mixtures.


Abstract By jointly considering patterns of genetic and life‐history diversity in over 100 populations of Chinook salmon from California to British Columbia, we demonstrate the importance of two different mechanisms for life‐history evolution. Mapping adult run timing (the life‐history trait most commonly used to characterize salmon populations) onto a tree based on the genetic data shows that the same run‐time phenotypes exist in many different genetic lineages. In a hierarchical gene diversity analysis, differences among major geographic and ecological provinces explained the majority (62%) of the overall GST, whereas run‐time differences explained only 10%. Collectively, these results indicate that run‐timing diversity has developed independently by a process of parallel evolution in many different coastal areas. However, genetic differences between coastal populations with different run timing from the same basin are very modest (GST < 0.02), indicating that evolutionary divergence of this trait linked to reproductive isolation has not led to parallel speciation, probably because of ongoing gene flow. A strikingly different pattern is seen in the interior Columbia River Basin, where run timing and other correlated life‐history traits map cleanly onto two divergent genetic lineages (GST˜ 0.15), indicating that some patterns of life‐history diversity have a much older origin. Indeed, genetic data indicate that in the interior Columbia Basin, the two divergent lineages behave essentially as separate biological species, showing little evidence of genetic contact in spite of the fact that they comigrate through large areas of the river and ocean and in some locations spawn in nearly adjacent areas.


Significance Clostridium perfringens causes gas gangrene and is a leading cause of bacterial food poisoning, with 1,000,000 US cases annually. Food-poisoning strains produce an enterotoxin (CpE) that breaks apart tight junctions, protein assemblies composed of claudins that fortify the gut barrier. CpE selectively targets claudins via its C-terminal domain (cCpE) to disrupt the gut barrier—the basis for targeting was unknown. Here, we determine the structure of cCpE bound to human claudin-4, discover the structural origin of CpE targeting, and reveal that the primary CpE receptors differ in mice and humans. These insights elucidate CpE's mechanism for selective targeting of claudins in mammalian gut and can be applied to aid design of new CpE-based therapeutics to treat claudin-linked diseases. The bacterium Clostridium perfringens causes severe, sometimes lethal gastrointestinal disorders in humans, including enteritis and enterotoxemia. Type F strains produce an enterotoxin (CpE) that causes the third most common foodborne illness in the United States. CpE induces gut breakdown by disrupting barriers at cell–cell contacts called tight junctions (TJs), which are formed and maintained by claudins. Targeted binding of CpE to specific claudins, encoded by its C-terminal domain (cCpE), loosens TJ barriers to trigger molecular leaks between cells. Cytotoxicity results from claudin-bound CpE complexes forming pores in cell membranes. In mammalian tissues, ∼24 claudins govern TJ barriers—but the basis for CpE's selective targeting of claudins in the gut was undetermined. We report the structure of human claudin-4 in complex with cCpE, which reveals that enterotoxin targets a motif conserved in receptive claudins and how the motif imparts high-affinity CpE binding to these but not other subtypes. The structural basis of CpE targeting is supported by binding affinities, kinetics, and half-lives of claudin–enterotoxin complexes and by the cytotoxic effects of CpE on claudin-expressing cells. By correlating the binding residence times of claudin–CpE complexes we determined to claudin expression patterns in the gut, we uncover that the primary CpE receptors differ in mice and humans due to sequence changes in the target motif. These findings provide the molecular and structural element CpE employs for subtype-specific targeting of claudins during pathogenicity of C. perfringens in the gut and a framework for new strategies to treat CpE-based illnesses in domesticated mammals and humans.


In the later fifteenth century, the Kingdom of Hungary became the first land outside Italy to embrace the Renaissance, thanks to its king, Matthias Corvinus, and his humanist advisors, Janos Vitez and Janus Pannonius. Matthias created one of the most famous libraries in the Western World, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, rivaled in importance only by the Vatican. The court became home to many Italian humanists, and through his friendship with Lorenzo the Magnificent, Matthias obtained the services of such great Florentine artists as Andrea del Verrocchio, Benedetto da Maiano, and Filippino Lippi. After Matthias's death in 1490, interest in Renaissance art was continued by his widowed Neapolitan queen, Beatrice of Aragon, and by his successors Vladislav I and Louis II Jagiello. The twenty-two essays collected in this volume provide a window onto recent research on the development of humanism and art in the Hungary of Matthias Corvinus and his successors. Richly illustrated with new photography, this book eloquently documents and explores the unique role played by the Hungarian court in the cultural history of Renaissance Europe.


IVANOVA, A. and L. HADZHINIKOLOVA, 2015. Evaluation of nutritional quality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) lipids through fatty acid ratios and lipid indices. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., Supplement 1, 21: 180–185 The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutritional quality of carp lipids on the basis of fatty acid ratios and lipid indices. The experiments for fatty acids content of lipids were carried out in 2012–2013 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for human consumption reared in production systems with various level of intensifi cation (semi-intensive, intensive, superintensive) and farming techniques (earth ponds, dam lakes, net cages). In this study, the biologically important ω-6: ω-3 fatty acid ratio in carp meat lipids was established. It was shown that in 7 out of the 9 studied production systems, ratios were within the optimum range according to modern concepts of healthy human nutrition (< 5.0). The determined ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in carp lipids were between 0.53–1.64. The lipids of the studied groups of carps from production systems with various level of intensity possessed very good anti-atherogenic and anti-thrombogenic properties, as the values of respective lipid indices were lower than 1.0 (index of atherogenicity from 0.24 to 0.51 and index of thrombogenicity from 0.39 to 0.61). The higher (< 1.0) cholesterolemic indices (2.03–4.62) determine the good hypocholesterolemic potential of meat lipids in studied carp production systems. This is a parameter of the relatively high functional and biological activity of meat lipids and their benefi cial effect on human health.


River confluences are the key features of the drainage basins, as their hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological nature strongly influences the downstream river characteristics. The river reaches near the coastal zones, which also makes them under the influence of tidal currents in addition to their runoff. This causes a bi-directional flow and makes the study of confluences more interesting and complex in these areas. There is a reciprocal adjustment of flow, sediment, and morphology at a confluence, and its behaviors, differ greatly in tidal and non-tidal environments. Existing studies of the river junctions provide a good account of information about the hydrodynamics and bed morphology of the confluent areas, especially the unidirectional ones. The main factors which affect the flow field include the angle of confluence, flow-related ratios (velocity, discharge, and momentum) of the merging streams, and bed discordance. Hydraulically, six notable zones are identified for unidirectional confluences. However, for bi-directional (tidal) junctions, hydrodynamic zones always remain in transition but repeat in a cycle and make four different arrangements of flow features. This study discusses the hydrodynamics, sediment transport, morphological changes, and the factors affecting these processes and reviews the recent research about the confluences for these issues. All of these studies provide insights into the morpho-dynamics in tidal and non-tidal confluent areas.


Optically manipulating superconductors In superconductors, electrons of opposite momenta pair to form a highly correlated state that manages to flow without encountering any resistance. Matsunaga et al. manipulated the wavefunction of these pairs in the superconductor NbN with an electromagnetic pulse that they transmitted through a thin layer of the material (see the Perspective by Pashkin and Leitenstorfer). The superconducting gap, which is the energy needed to break the pairs apart, oscillated at twice the frequency of the pulse's electric field. When they matched this frequency to half the gap, the authors excited a collective mode in the superconductor called the Higgs mode, a relative of the Higgs boson in particle physics. Science, this issue p. 1145; see also p. 1121 Terahertz pump-probe spectroscopy reveals the oscillations of a superconducting order parameter at twice the pump frequency. [Also see Perspective by Pashkin and Leitenstorfer] Superconductors host collective modes that can be manipulated with light. We show that a strong terahertz light field can induce oscillations of the superconducting order parameter in NbN with twice the frequency of the terahertz field. The result can be captured as a collective precession of Anderson's pseudospins in ac driving fields. A resonance between the field and the Higgs amplitude mode of the superconductor then results in large terahertz third-harmonic generation. The method we present here paves a way toward nonlinear quantum optics in superconductors with driving the pseudospins collectively and can be potentially extended to exotic superconductors for shedding light on the character of order parameters and their coupling to other degrees of freedom.


Radiotherapy is the most widely used treatment for cancer, with 4 out of 10 cancer patients receiving radiotherapy as part of their treatment. The delineation of gross tumour volume (GTV) is crucial in the treatment of radiotherapy. An automatic contouring system would be beneficial in radiotherapy planning in order to generate objective, accurate and reproducible GTV contours. Image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) acquires patient images just before treatment delivery to allow any necessary positional correction. Consequently, real-time contouring system provides an opportunity to adopt radiotherapy on the treatment day. In this thesis, freely deformable models (FDM) and shape constrained deformable models (SCDMs) were used to automatically delineate the GTV for brain cancer and prostate cancer. Level set method (LSM) is a typical FDM which was used to contour glioma on brain MRI. A series of low level image segmentation methodologies are cascaded to form a case-wise fully automatic initialisation pipeline for the level set function. Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs) were used to evaluate the contours. Results shown a good agreement between clinical contours and LSM contours, in 93% of cases the DSCs was found to be between 60% and 80%. The second significant contribution is a novel development to the active shape model (ASM), a profile feature was selected from pre-computed texture features by minimising the Mahalanobis distance (MD) to obtain the most distinct feature for each landmark, instead of conventional image intensity. A new group-wise registration scheme was applied to solve the correspondence definition within the training data. This ASM model was used to delineated prostate GTV on CT. DSCs for this case was found between 0.75 and 0.91 with the mean DSC 0.81. The last contribution is a fully automatic active appearance model (AAM) which captures image appearance near the GTV boundary. The image appearance of inner GTV was discarded to spare the potential disruption caused by brachytherapy seeds or gold markers. This model outperforms conventional AAM at the prostate base and apex region by involving surround organs. The overall mean DSC for this case is 0.85.


A two-dimensional, depth-integrated, hydrodynamic/transport model of the Potomac Estuary between Indian Head and Morgantown, Md., has been extended to include treatment of baroclinic forcing due to horizontal density gradients. The finite-difference model numerically integrates equations of mass and momentum conservation in conjunction with a transport equation for heat, salt, and constituent fluxes. Lateral and longitudinal density gradients are determined from salinity distributions computed from the convection-diffusion equation and an equation of state that expresses density as a function of temperature and salinity; thus, the hydrodynamic and transport computations are directly coupled. Horizontal density variations are shown to contribute significantly to momentum fluxes determined in the hydrodynamic computation. These fluxes lead to enchanced tidal pumping, and consequently greater dispersion, as is evidenced by numerical simulations. Density gradient effects on tidal propagation and transport behavior are discussed and demonstrated.


Understanding and Treating Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Approach to Healing the Wounded Self provides in an effective new way to treat anxiety disorders that shows how, by evaluating the specific needs of a client and selecting appropriate approaches from several different therapeutic methods, one can identify and treat the specific emotional basis for a particular anxiety. This book includes an integrative theory of the etiology of various anxiety disorders and an integrative psychotherapy that incorporates psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-experiential, and biomedical perspectives on anxiety. The approach is based in the premise that no single psychotherapeutic orientation is sufficient for the comprehensive and durable treatment of anxiety disorders. The integrated theories are first presented for anxiety disorders in general and then are applied to specific anxiety disorders, including specific phobias, social phobias, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The author proposes that, in all of these variations of anxiety disorders, wounds to the client's sense of self are always central, and only by taking a tailored approach to a client's specific wounds can healing begin. This research-informed and clinically tested approach to helping clients resolve anxiety disorders will be of great interest to mental health practitioners of all orientations.


This study examines the long memory property in the weekly return series and its certain transformations of the Dhaka Stock Exchange over the period of January 1989 to January 2004. Well-known methods for detecting the long memory property of a time series such as the classical rescaled range (originally developed by Hurst, 1951) and its modified version propounded by Lo (1991) are used. Empirical results obtained in this study suggest statistically significant but weak evidence of long memory for weekly stock returns at levels. But for nonlinear transformations of return, such as the absolute and squared returns, the series show strong and significant long memory. The finding that above mentioned transformations of return series contain long memory supports the claim made by Taylor (1986) and Ding et al. (1993).


The US financial sector has become a magnet for the brightest graduates in the science, technology, engineering and mathematical fields (STEM). We provide quantitative bases for this well-known fact and illustrate its consequences for the productivity growth in other sectors over the period 1980-2014. First, we find that the share of STEM talents grew significantly faster in finance than in other key STEM sectors such as high-tech, and this divergent pattern has been more evident for STEM than for general skills and more pronounced for investment banking. Second, this trend did not reverse after the Great Recession, and a persistent wage premium is found for STEM graduates working in finance and especially in typical financial jobs at the top of the wage distribution. Third, the brain drain of STEM talents into finance has been associated with a cumulative loss of labor productivity growth of 6.6% in the manufacturing sectors. Our results suggest that increasing the number of STEM graduates may not be enough to reignite sluggish economic growth without making their employment in finance more costly.


Adverse events between visits for patients with diabetes mellitus Adverse events between ambulatory patient visits are increasingly the focus of study. By means of an automated telephone self-management tool, 111 patients with diabetes mellitus were monitored for adverse events between visits in the course of their home management. Of note, the study population was ethnically and linguistically diverse, and most had longstanding and poorly controlled diabetes. Among these patients, 86% had at least one event detected over a 9-month study period totalling 111 adverse events and an additional 153 potential adverse events. Medication management was implicated as the dominant adverse event and constituted 63% of events. Of note inadequate clinician-patient communication was implicated in 59%. In fully 80% of all events, a combination of system, clinician and patient factors contributed to the adverse event. The authors suggest that patient-level self-management support and patient-centred communication offer the greatest opportunities for prevention of adverse events in this setting. See page 223


The reliability of the extended Time Compression Approximation (TCA), commonly adopted in watershed models in order to represent the infiltration associated with erratic rainfalls, is investigated. This approximation is considered as a component of an adaptive real-time flood forecasting model. The forecasted flows are compared with those obtained replacing the extended TCA with the Complex Storm Point Infiltration Model (CSPIM) recently proposed by Smith et al . (1993). The discharge forecasted through the infiltration component based on the numerical solution of Richards' equation is used as a bench mark. The models were applied to situations representative of real areas in Central Italy. The CSPIM based watershed model was found to provide excellent results. The TCA based model, in spite of the adaptive component, yielded poor results for various rainfall patterns. However, it seems to be a reasonable approximation when a uniform rainfall spatial distribution is involved.


This laboratory experiment introduces rocket science from a chemistry perspective. The focus is set on chemical propulsion, including its environmental impact and future development. By combining lecture-based teaching with practical, theoretical, and computational exercises, the students get to evaluate different propellant alternatives. To complete the task, they need to use several important curricular concepts, such as the breaking and formation of bonds, redox reactions, and thermodynamics. They also apply basic computational electronic structure calculations to investigate the energetic content of hitherto nonexisting alternatives. Finally, actual chemical rocket propulsion is demonstrated through the assembly and testing of a model rocket motor, employing a commercially available kit. The full experiment was developed for upper-level high school classes and is completed in a 3-h lab period. The experiment, or parts of it, has also been successfully used both in undergraduate programs and continuing education for teachers.


Family leave is not an end in itself, but rather is part of a much bigger picture: work/family policy. The goal of work/family policy is to achieve a good society by supporting families. Ideally, families enable children to develop to their fullest capacity and to contribute to their communities and society. Public rhetoric in the United States has always strongly supported families. Our policies, however, have not. In the area of work/family policy, the United States continues to lag behind every other advanced industrialized country, as well as many developing countries, in the degree to which we provide affirmative support for families. Limited family leave and child-care support are halting steps toward a policy that affirmatively supports families.In this Article, Professor Dowd argues that our work/family policy must be race and gender conscious in order to affirmatively structure law and policy to achieve egalitarian goals. Professor Dowd contends that in structuring work/family policy, we must address whether any suggested policy promotes the equality and well-being of all children and families. Race is the central issue that must be addressed within the presumed gender focus of work/family issues. In the context of ongoing racial inequality, advocates for work/family policy must commit to real equality among children by fostering and supporting all families. In the context of ongoing gender inequality in wage work and caregiving roles, advocates must envision deracialized gender equality and design policies to achieve it.The Article proceeds in the following manner: Part I briefly outlines the nature of work/family conflicts and describes the core components of a comprehensive work/family policy. Part II contends that putting race at the center of gender analysis exposes critical issues for work/family policy. Part III argues that the primary gender issue of work/family policy is envisioning an egalitarian model of families as the basis for structuring policy. Finally, Professor Dowd concludes that a comprehensive work/family policy framed around principles of race and gender equality, understood as interdependent with other equality efforts, is essential in order to make real our promise to our children that they are equal.


Drake Passage is the narrowest constriction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Southern Ocean, with implications for global ocean circulation and climate. We review the long‐term sustained monitoring programs that have been conducted at Drake Passage, dating back to the early part of the twentieth century. Attention is drawn to numerous breakthroughs that have been made from these programs, including (1) the first determinations of the complex ACC structure and early quantifications of its transport; (2) realization that the ACC transport is remarkably steady over interannual and longer periods, and a growing understanding of the processes responsible for this; (3) recognition of the role of coupled climate modes in dictating the horizontal transport and the role of anthropogenic processes in this; and (4) understanding of mechanisms driving changes in both the upper and lower limbs of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation and their impacts. It is argued that monitoring of this passage remains a high priority for oceanographic and climate research but that strategic improvements could be made concerning how this is conducted. In particular, long‐term programs should concentrate on delivering quantifications of key variables of direct relevance to large‐scale environmental issues: In this context, the time‐varying overturning circulation is, if anything, even more compelling a target than the ACC flow. Further, there is a need for better international resource sharing and improved spatiotemporal coordination of the measurements. If achieved, the improvements in understanding of important climatic issues deriving from Drake Passage monitoring can be sustained into the future.


Not long ago, Aerospace America, a respected magazine published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, noted in a review of Asian aerospace the 'India is emerging as the regions' most powerful aircraft manufacturing nation'. Surprised? So was the magazine, for it went on to say: 'This is curious, because South Korea, China, Taiwan and Japan would seem to have pursued the most practical course for developing their aerospace industries...India's policy of independence and non-alignment has meant that its aerospace companies have some of the fastest growing technology centres in Asia'. Another foreign review, this time of the Indian space programme, pointed out that 'India can reliably and inexpensively launch its own remote sensing satellites, among the world's most sophisticated'. The widely read US weekly, Aviation week and space technology, lauded India for running its successful space technology, lauded India for running its successful space programme 'on a shoe-string budget'. The former Chief Administrator of NASA, Dan Goldin, had often said (before the Pokhran II tests) that the US and India were natural partners in space. And many others have said similar things about other Indian aerospace programmes.


Tides are fundamental and extraordinarily powerful forces which wash across the earth's oceans, having particularly marked effects in various coastal locations. Their poly-rhythmic flow and ebb - repeatedly inundating and revealing areas of intertidal terrain - has been critical to the evolution of life itself, to hunter-gather, agrarian, trading and industrial (coastal) communities. Tides affect coastal topography, sea navigation and terrestrial journeys, conquest and defence, urban and rural land use. They pose challenges to coastal management, flood protection, resource extraction, landscape/ecology conservation, and provide key ecological, recreational commercial assets through ecosystem services. Although the basics of tidal science developed rapidly after Newton's revelation of the forces of gravity and planetary motion, tides are dauntingly complex in process detail, and in detail of spatio-temporal variation due to interacting factors, such as prevailing atmospheric conditions, and thus, importantly, in terms of prediction. Various machines have been devised and deployed for recording tidal rise and fall as a means of longitudinal study of their multiple rhythms. One of the most famous operated in the port of Bristol (UK) in the mid-late 19th century. Results from this machine, delicate pencil lines plotted on huge rolls of paper, were critical to developing understandings of tides and related phenomena. A model of this machine now sits in storage in Bristol's Science Museum, while other modern tide recording devices remain at work in the city (as elsewhere). The paper explores how the Bristol tide machines, and other tide recording/tracking devices (such as tide clocks), have been embedded in scientific/commercial networks in pursuit of ever more precise understandings and predictions of tidal
patterns. A series of examples will be drawn upon, illustrating the precise tidal predictions needed in a number of historic and contemporary
engineering/logistical/military/planning processes. The machines struggle to tame the liveliness and unruliness of this, at the broad scale, very predictable, rhythm of nature, monitoring and calibrating it for the purposes of hybrid engineering of the social.


We present a system of coupled degrees of freedom that can e(cid:11)ectively describe the localization of intramolecular excitations in the charge transfer solid PtCl. These excitations correspond to the Raman active motion of chlorines (symmetric Pt (cid:0) Cl stretching). By (cid:12)tting two parameters of the model we obtain an accurate description of the strong red-shifts that appear in the overtone Raman spectra of the isotopically pure material. The resulting intrinsic localized modes extend on length scales of the order of nanometers. With the same set of parameters the model can reproduce the speci(cid:12)c structure of the Raman spectra of naturally abundant PtCl, which contains a random distribution of chloride isotopes.


Abstract. Simple and affordable soil fertility ratings are essential, particularly for the resource-constrained farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), in planning and implementing prudent interventions. A study was conducted on Ferralsols in Uganda to evaluate farmer-based soil fertility assessment techniques, hereafter referred to as farmers' field experiences (FFE), for ease of use and precision, against more formal scientific quantitative ratings using soil organic carbon (SQR-SOC). A total of 30 fields were investigated and rated using both techniques, as low, medium and high in terms of soil fertility – with maize as the test crop. Both soil fertility rating techniques were fairly precise in delineating soil fertility classes, though the FFE was inefficient in distinguishing fields > 1.2 % SOC with medium and high fertility. Soil organic carbon, silt and clay were exceptionally influential, accounting for the highest percentage in grain yield of 50 % in the topsoil (0–15 cm) and 67 % for the mean concentrations from 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm. Each unit increase in SOC concentration resulted in 966 to 1223 kg ha−1 yield gain. The FFE technique was effective in identifying low-fertility fields, and this was coherent with the fields categorized as low (SOC


Simple β-NiAl, Hf-modified β-NiAl, Pt-diffused, Pt-modified β-(Ni,Pt)Al + ξ-PtAl 2 , and Hf-Pt-modified β-(Ni,Pt)Al were cyclic oxidation tested at 1050°C in air on Inconel-718 substrates for up to 4370h. The Pt-diffused specimen failed most quickly, < 100 h, while the simple β-NiAl aluminide maintained a positive weight change for ~1300 h. The Pt-modified aluminides clearly improved the cyclic oxidation behavior of both simple and Hf-modified aluminides, sustaining a zero weight change only after 3600 and 4000 h, respectively. The Hf additions did not immediately appear to produce as strong an improvement as expected, however, they were more highly ranked when normalized by coating thickness. They also decreased surface rumpling, important for TBC durability. Hf-rich NiAl grain boundaries, formed during coating processing, resulted in HfO 2 particles in the scales and oxide pegs at the metal interface, all suggesting some level of over-doping. The high sulfur content of the substrate influenced spalling to bare metal and re-healing to less protective Ni(Al,Cr) 2 O 4 spinel-type and (Ti,Cr,Nb)O 2 rutile scales. The evolution of these surface features have been documented over 100 to 4370 h of exposure. The coating aluminum content near failure was ~2-3 wt. %.


Mental health experts, lawyers, and the British government have condemned the execution of Akmal Shaikh, 53, by lethal injection in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China on 29 December without first assessing his mental condition.

UK legal action charity Reprieve repeatedly made representations to the Chinese government stating that Mr Shaikh appeared to be mentally ill and had been duped into being a drug mule with promises of a career in pop music if he smuggled heroin to China.

The UK Foreign Office had provided the Chinese authorities with strong evidence of Mr Shaikh's long history of bizarre behaviour, but its pleas for a medical assessment of his condition were ignored.

Peter Schaapveld, consultant clinical and forensic psychologist with Park Royal Secure Services, who offered his services free to Reprieve, told the BMJ that he was certain Shaikh, who lived what has been described as a "colourful" lifestyle, was suffering from a mental disorder. Had his mental illness been diagnosed and accepted by the Chinese courts, Shaikh may have escaped the death sentence—although he would still have been imprisoned.

Dr Schaapveld had tried to see Shaikh in May 2009, but was denied access during the consular visit. He briefed the consular staff on mental illness, however, and gave them specific questions to ask Shaikh.

"The next day was the Court of Appeal hearing, to which I was also denied access," he told the BMJ . "But a consular staff member took notes and immediately afterwards I sat with the staff member for three hours and got a verbatim account of [Shaikh's] …


We propose a blind quadrature imbalance (QI) compensation algorithm based on the statistical properties of I and Q signals in a receiver. The algorithm estimates the QI parameters of a receiver by calculating the mean, variance, and correlation coefficient of I and Q components. Then, the estimated imbalance parameters are adopted to compensate for the QI in the receiver. Simulation results show that the Q factor is considerably optimized by the application of the QI compensation algorithm in an 80-Gb/s Pol-Mux coherent optical quadrature phase-shift keying (CO-QPSK) system. Compared with conventional algorithms, the proposed algorithm exhibits better performance when the phase deviation from QI exceeds +-15o.


In this study synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry is used on an excised human vocal fold model to study the airflow over the vocal folds during voice production. For the first time, a whole-field, time-resolved, 3D description of the flow is presented over one cycle of vocal fold oscillation. Complex, unsteady, 3D flow behavior is observed as the jet evolves.


In 2011, record snowfall and rainfall along with tropical storm Irene damaged trout habitat within the tributaries of the Lake Champlain Basin, causing the Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout) population to decline. In response, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC) placed the genetic monitoring of S. fontinalis as a priority. Mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) is one of the most studied genes to date across vertebrates. The cytb gene has been commonly used to study genetic variation and suggest phylogenetic relationships. To date, no cytochrome b genes have been sequenced from S. fontinalis, Salmo trutta (brown trout), and Salvelinus fontinalis X Salmo trutta (tiger trout) found within the Lake Champlain Basin. In this study, twenty-one trout DNA samples were sequenced and analyzed for sequence alignment, codon usage, and phylogenetic relationships. The sample size was limited due to the reduced number of trout within these tributaries. The results of the bioinformatics analysis supported a high DNA sequence identity for the non-native, stocked S. trutta samples, but not for the S. fontinalis. However, all fish samples demonstrated a highly identical amino acid sequence. Finally, the data did not support the proposed hypothesis that there would be greater differences in the DNA sequences the farther apart the collection sites were located. The data gathered in this study was part of the initial genetic screening of the trout populations and was shared with the NYDEC, the U.S. Department of Interior-Fish and Wildlife Vermont Division and the Lake Champlain Research Institute. These data may play a role in their decision making with regard to trout habitat and the stocking of the tributaries with S. trutta.


Biomass burning is significant to emission estimates because: (1) it is a major contributor of particulate matter and other pollutants; (2) it is one of the most poorly documented of all sources; (3) it can adversely affect human health; and (4) it has been identified as a significant contributor to climate change through feedbacks with the radiation budget. Additionally, biomass burning can be a significant contributor to a regions inability to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM 2.5 and ozone, particularly on the top 20% worst air quality days. The United States does not have a standard methodology to track fire occurrence or area burned, which are essential components to estimating fire emissions. Satellite imagery is available almost instantaneously and has great potential to enhance emission estimates and their timeliness. This investigation compares satellite-derived fire data to ground-based data to assign statistical error and helps provide confidence in these data. The largest fires are identified by all satellites and their spatial domain is accurately sensed. MODIS provides enhanced spatial and temporal information, and GOES ABBA data are able to capture more small agricultural fires. A methodology is presented that combines these satellite data in Near-Real-Time to produce a product that captures 81 to 92% of the total area burned by wildfire, prescribed, agricultural and rangeland burning. Each satellite possesses distinct temporal and spatial capabilities that permit the detection of unique fires that could be omitted if using data from only one satellite.


X-ray crystallography is an invaluable technique for studying the atomic structure of macromolecules. Much of crystallography's success is due to the software packages developed to enable the automated processing of diffraction data. However, the analysis of unconventional diffraction experiments can still pose significant challenges—many existing programs are closed-source, sparsely documented, or are challenging to integrate with modern libraries for scientific computing and machine learning. Here we describe reciprocalspaceship, a Python library for exploring reciprocal space. It provides a tabular representation for reflection data from diffraction experiments that extends the widely-used pandas library with built-in methods for handling space group, unit cell, and symmetry-based operations. As we illustrate, this library facilitates new modes of exploratory data analysis while supporting the prototyping, development, and release of new methods.


Thermally induced solution stirring can cause periodic signal fluctuations which can be the sensitivity limiting factor in thermal lens spectroscopy with a chopped pump laser. Pump and probe laser fluctuations are shown to be random, while thermal lens signals are shown to have a small periodic component caused by stirring. The problem is serious in dilute solutions because of the high solvent background absorbance.


Green economy is the inevitable requirement for cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan, but there are many problems such that the green industry system is not complete which is lack of professional talents and independent brands and so on. The significance of solving such problems is to achieve industrial upgrading and structural optimization of the current economy between Fujian and Taiwan. The existing research on development of green economic cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan has not formed mature unified paradigm, most of theoretical results just embodies some discussion papers and policy documents. In this research, we innovatively analysis economic cooperation strategy selection based on Cooperate Game model, then put forward the idea that is to build the Green Economic Zone of Taiwan Strait which has not been proposed before. It is constructive for green industries and green-city cooperating measures to improve economic cooperation between Fujian and Taiwan coupling. The building method may be including policy, city, technology and industry cooperation.


Labour abuse in the garment industry has been widely reported. This qualitative research explores the lived experiences in communities with bonded labour in Tamil Nadu, India. We conducted a qualitative expert-led analysis of 301 life stories of mostly women and girls. We also explore the differences and similarities between qualitative expert-led and participatory narrative analyses of life stories of people living near to and working in the spinning mills. Our findings show that the young female workforce, many of whom entered the workforce as children, are seen and treated as belonging – body, mind and soul – to others. Their stories confirm the need for a feminist approach to gender, race, caste and work that recognises the complexity of power. Oppression and domination have material, psychological and emotional forms that go far beyond the mill. Almost all the girls reported physical and psychological exhaustion from gendered unpaid domestic work, underpaid hazardous labour, little sleep, poor nutrition and being in unhealthy environments.


OBJECTIVE
Alcohol misuse in college students represents a significant public health problem. Toward improving the understanding of determinants of collegiate alcohol misuse, the current study examined several dimensions of impulsivity in relation to hazardous drinking in college students.

METHOD
A one-way, two-group, cross-sectional design was used to compare hazardous drinkers (HZD) with social drinkers (SOC). HZD drinkers were required to score 6 or more on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT); SOC drinkers were required to score 1-5 on the AUDIT. The sample comprised 93 participants (56% HZD; 76% male) who were recruited from a medium-sized public university. Participants were assessed under neutral conditions using the Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire (EIQ), Delay Discounting Task (DDT), and Stanford Time Perspective Inventory (STPI).

RESULTS
Consistent with predictions, HZD participants exhibited significantly greater impulsivity on the EIQ-Impulsivity subscale (p < .001), the STPI-Present Hedonism subscale (p < .01), and the STPIFuture subscale (p < .01); however, no differences were evident on the DDT (p > .40). The HZD group also scored marginally higher than the SOC group on the EIQ-Venturesomeness subscale (p < .10).

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that greater impulsivity is associated with alcohol misuse in college students, most prominently in the area of propensity toward risk-taking and nonplanning (EIQ-Impulsivity subscale). The correspondence between these findings and previous studies, methodological considerations, and the need for prospective studies on impulsivity and alcohol misuse in college students are discussed.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show that Hoshin Kanri has the potential to integrate the operations strategy literature into a coherent structure. Hoshin Kanri's planning process is typically described as a top-down cascading of goals, starting with the senior management's goals and moving to the lowest organizational level. The authors argue that this misrepresents a firm's actual cognitive processes in practice because it implies reasoning from the effects to the cause, and assumes a direct causal relationship between what the customer wants and what is realizable by the system.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is conceptual, based on abductive reasoning and the literature.

Findings
The actual strategic thought process executed in an organization consists of three iterative processes: (i) a translation process that derives the desired customer attributes from customer/stakeholder data, (ii) a process of causal inference that predicts realizable customer attributes from a possible system design and (iii) an integrative process of strategic choices whereby (i) and (ii) are aligned. Each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice).

Research limitations/implications
By aligning the thought and planning processes, the competing concepts of manufacturing strategy are integrated into a coherent structure.

Practical implications
Different techniques have to be applied for each of the three elements. As each element relies on different cognitive processes (logical relation, causal relation and choice), the use of unifying tools (e.g. in the form of matrices, as often presented in the literature) is inappropriate.

Originality/value
This is the first study to focus on the thought processes underpinning manufacturing strategy.


Competition has a role to play in improving NHS services, widening choice, and slowing the growth of spending, a breakfast meeting at the King's Fund was told on 4 May.

The success of competition, however, depends on choosing the right forms of competition, so as to avoid driving out collaboration, said Chris Ham, chief executive of the fund. He distinguished between competition for the market, where different providers compete to win a franchise to run a particular service, and competition in the market, where patients are given a choice of providers and choose which to them seems best.

Stephen Dunn, director of strategy for NHS East of England, gave examples from his region, where tight management and being "very tough" with providers has turned a £300m (€332m; $495m) deficit in 2006 into a £200m …


Electrothermal (ET) Plasma Technology has been used for many decades in a wide variety of scientific and industrial applications. Due to its numerous applications and configurations, ET plasma sources can be used in everything from small scale space propulsion thrusters to large scale material deposition systems for use in a manufacturing setting. The sheer number of different types of ET sources means that there is always additional scientific research and characterization studies that can be done to either explore new concepts or improve existing designs. The focus of this work is to explore a novel electrothermal energetic plasma source (ETEPS) that uses energetic gas as the working fluid in order to harness the combustion and ionization energy of the subsequently formed energetic plasma. The goal of the work is to use computer code and engineering methods in order to successfully characterize the capabilities of the ETEPS concept and to then design a prototype which will be used for further study. This thesis details the background of ET plasma physics, the ETEPS concept physics, and the computational and design work done in order to demonstrate the feasibility of using the ETEPS source in two roles: space thrusters and electrothermal plasma guns.


Abstract. The wind energy industry relies heavily on computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
to analyze new turbine designs. To utilize CFD earlier in the design
process, where lower-fidelity methods such as blade element momentum (BEM)
are more common, requires the development of new tools. Tools that utilize
numerical optimization are particularly valuable because they reduce the
reliance on design by trial and error. We present the first comprehensive 3-D
CFD adjoint-based shape optimization of a modern 10 MW offshore wind
turbine. The optimization problem is aligned with a case study from
International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 37, making it possible to compare
our findings with the BEM results from this case study and therefore allowing
us to determine the value of design optimization based on high-fidelity
models. The comparison shows that the overall design trends suggested by the
two models do agree, and that it is particularly valuable to consult the
high-fidelity model in areas such as root and tip where BEM is inaccurate. In
addition, we compare two different CFD solvers to quantify the effect of
modeling compressibility and to estimate the accuracy of the chosen grid
resolution and order of convergence of the solver. Meshes up to 14×106 cells are used in the optimization whereby flow details are resolved.
The present work shows that it is now possible to successfully optimize
modern wind turbines aerodynamically under normal operating conditions using
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models. The key benefit of a 3-D RANS
approach is that it is possible to optimize the blade planform and
cross-sectional shape simultaneously, thus tailoring the shape to the actual
3-D flow over the rotor. This work does not address evaluation of extreme
loads used for structural sizing, where BEM-based methods have proven very
accurate, and therefore will likely remain the method of choice.


This paper is devoted to the problem of intangible assets. Questions primarily concerning definitions of the intangible asset phenomenon are at the centre of attention from the position of economic and special accounting legislation. The problem of set of intangible assets is also monitored here together with allocation (placement) in basic accounting records of a company. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate the limited possibilities of official (accounting) data structures (including structures for intangible assets), especially in comparison with theoretical structures, as derived from the needs of economic practice. On the other hand, however, it is also necessary to take into consideration the relative transparency of the official intangible asset structures, which provides apparent hope if involving future development in the direction of greater reflex in economic reality.


Since the 1960s orientation geochemical prospecting studies conducted in Ireland have included atmogeochemical, hydrogeochemical and biogeochemical sampling. Results have indicated their potential usefulness in the detection of mineralized localities and the delineation of geological structure and lithology. Recently, orientation biogeochemical prospecting studies have been conductedat the Curraghinalt gold deposit and the Carlingford Cu–Ni–PGE prospect. At Curraghinalt a sample of gorse (Ulex europaeus) collected in a locality of lode gold mineralization contained 10.3 ppb Au (dry weight) in bark tissue. Data indicate that gorse is a viable sample medium for biogeochemical prospecting in this area. At Carlingford grab samples of Bell heather (Erica cinerea) collected during a BHP-Billiton soil geochemical survey contain elevated Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in the vicinity of geological faults. Preliminary studies indicate that biogeochemical prospecting may be a viable alternative to soil geochemical surveys in rugged terrain due to the speed and ease of biogeochemical sampling.