The cumulative growth in the aging population in the U.S. calls for a high demand for long-term care (LTC) facilities. Furthermore, the LTC (e.g., nursing homes and assisted living facilities, etc.) consumers have become widely diverse (i.e., not just limited to older groups but now included children and adults with disabilities); demand for wide range of needs and support services. In coping with this changing environment, the LTCs, especially operating in rural settings, are faced with multifaceted challenges related to direct care staffing and turnover. In response to this outlook, the present study explores a research question to understand, how do rural skilled nursing facilities (SNF) Administrators perceive their challenges of CNA retention? In 2018, Dr. Donald Ebel from Minnesota State University, Mankato Aging Studies Program conducted 11 qualitative in-depth interviews with rural SNF administrators to identify factors of how the role of this position in rural areas was affected. The interviews conducted by Dr. Ebel included a semi-structured questionnaire with objectives to identify factors related to CNA turnover at rural SNF facilities, as well as, to identify the challenges and barriers to CNA retention. A qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts clustered around the factors, such as minimum wage, determinates from socioeconomics and organizational structures and the changes of LTC services and competition as the main barriers. The study findings, especially, the challenges and barriers among LTC and SNFs would help in planning for effective strategies for evolving CNA needs, e.g., what resources are available and how to retain them for the rural SNFs.


Despite six decades of trade liberalization, trade policies in rich countries still discriminate against the exports of the world's poorest countries. Preferential market access programs were designed to spur larger and more diversified exports from developing countries, but product exclusions and burdensome rules undermined their usefulness, especially for the poorer countries. Most rich countries have made reforms since the UN Millennium Declaration in 2000 called for duty-free, quota-free market access for the least-developed countries. After the World Trade Organization ministerial communique called upon developing countries "in a position to do so" to also provide such access, key countries have moved toward that goal. But much remains to be done to achieve the goal of meaningful market access for the poorest countries, including reformed rules of origin that facilitate rather than inhibit trade.


Atypical antipsychotics have become the mainstay of therapy for psychosis. Though extrapyramidal side effects have been reduced with atypical antipsychotics, yet there are increased concerns over metabolic effects. The present study is aimed to comparatively evaluate the metabolic profile of olanzapine and iloperidone in cases of psychosis. A prospective, randomized, open label, observational study of 6 months duration was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Department of Psychiatry, Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly. A total of 62 patients of both sexes newly diagnosed with psychosis (ICD-10, F20- F29) were included in the study, 31 each in olanzapine and iloperidone groups. Demographic parameters were recorded, following which the patient's body weight, BMI, fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were estimated at baseline. Follow-up of the patients was done periodically after one month, three months and six months. Olanzapine treated patients showed markedly significant rise in body weight up to 7 kg at the endpoint (p<0.0001) at each follow-up, with a significant increase in BMI. Rise in fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels werealso statistically significant. At the same time, significant decrease in HDL levels was also observed. Iloperidone treated patients showed statistically significant less rise in body weight (upto 1kg, p<0.05) and BMI. No significant changes in fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were noted, while TG levels were significantly reduced. Iloperidone caused numerically less rise in bodyweight and BMI, and fewer metabolic adverse effects as compared to olanzapine, and hence should be preferred. Keywords: Atypical antipsychotics; Weight gain; Blood sugar level; Dyslipidemia


The Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2007 revealed that seventy-seven million children of primary school age are not enrolled in schools. Furthermore, despite continued reforms at the primary level, too many school-going children drop out early or do not reach minimal learning standards. This paper describes a collaborative project between researchers at Stellenbosch University and Georgia State University to raise the literacy levels of street children in a unique school in the Western Cape. Given that traditional scientific models have not been successful in raising literacy levels in South African schools, the project implemented a flexible teaching framework in which instructional decisions were based on careful observation of individual children's reading and writing behaviours (Clay, 2005; McEneaney, Lose & Schwartz, 2006). It was assumed that the insights gained from working with children who had no prior literacy experiences would benefit other low-performing schools. The literacy levels of grade one children in the street-school were assessed at intervals over a one-year period. The results showed that the children were making good progress and that the rate of literacy learning accelerated. Finding ways to integrate scholarship, practice and community development could build capacity for continuous improvements in literacy standards.


In the political-scenario of Pakistan, there is clearly an oligopoly of a few families, who have never brought the country with any positive results. This paper confirmed that deprived and dejected class has never been given the equal and fair chance of representation in the parliaments of Pakistan since the making of this country and only the elite, affluent class and few families were taken the advantage of their powers to become the part of legislations process by making them the members of legislative assemblies. Hence, the legislation process of this country are only and always governed by the elite class of the country.


High food prices have put increasing inflationary pressures across the Asia-Pacific region and threatened food security. Bad weather in important food-producing countries and speculation in commodity markets have affected global food supplies and added volatility to booming commodity markets that have been fueled in the long-term by increasing global demand. High food prices have threatened to slowdown economic growth, poverty reduction and inclusive sustainable development throughout the region. Countries of the region have taken various measures to address the risk of adverse effects caused by high international food prices. This paper outlines policy responses and interventions that governments in the region can make to counter the adverse impact of food inflation.


This article explores the construction of boyhood in short fiction written by Patrick Pearse, the Irish nationalist and political activist executed for his leading role in the abortive Easter Rising of 1916. Pearse's focus on the spiritual dimension of boyhood in his first collection of Irish-language stories, Iosagan agus Sgealta Eile [ Iosagan and Other Stories ] (1907), simultaneously undermines and endorses imperialist and patriarchal assumptions about gender differentiation. In later stories published in An Mhathair agus sgealta eile [ The Mother and Other Stories ] (1916), Pearse moved from advocacy of boyish spirituality to a more physical and militant representation of boyhood. This changing representation of Irish boyhood illustrates how Pearse's increasing militarism reflected his ongoing construction of national identity.


Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has found extensive applications in chemi-sensors and biosensors. Plasmons play different roles in different types of optical sensors. SPR transduces a signal in a colorimetric sensor through shifts in the spectral position and intensity in response to external stimuli. SPR can also concentrate the incident electromagnetic field in a nanostructure, modulating fluorescence emission and enabling plasmon-enhanced fluorescence to be used for ultrasensitive detection. Furthermore, plasmons have been extensively used for amplifying a Raman signal in a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in plasmon-enhanced optical sensing, giving emphasis on the physical basis of plasmon-enhanced sensors and how these principles guide the design of sensors. In particular, this paper discusses the design strategies for nanomaterials and nanostructures to plasmonically enhance optical sensing signals, also highlighting the applications of plasmon-enhanced optical sensors in healthcare, homeland security, food safety and environmental monitoring.


Southern Pine Decline is a cause of premature mortality of Pinus species in the Southeastern United States. While the pathogenicity of ophiostomatoid fungi, associated with declining Pinus species, has been observed both in the laboratory and the field the driving mechanisms for success of fungal infection, as well as the bark-beetle vectors is less understood. The goal of this research is to provide insight into the role of future climatic conditions, specifically elevated tropospheric ozone and altered precipitation patterns, in the progression of Southern Pine Decline on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Two key questions were addressed: (1) will predicted concentrations of tropospheric ozone affect loblolly pine vigor and increase susceptibility to fungi associated with Southern Pine Decline?; and (2) will predicted precipitation patterns affect loblolly pine vigor and increase susceptibility to fungi associated with Southern Pine Decline? Our results indicate seedlings selected for susceptibility to root infecting ophiostomatoid fungi were more sensitive to elevated ozone than tolerant seedlings, however, neither ozone nor fluctuating moisture supply resulted in seedlings to becoming more susceptible to root infecting ophiostomatoid fungi.


This paper studies how competition and vertical structure jointly determine generating capacities, retail prices, and welfare in the electricity industry. Analyzing a model in which demand is uncertain and retailers must commit to retail prices before they buy electricity in the wholesale market, we show that welfare is highest if competition in generation and retailing is combined with vertical separation. Vertically integrated generators choose excessively high retail prices and capacities to avoid rent extraction in the wholesale market when their retail demand exceeds their capacity. Vertical separation eliminates the risk of rent extraction and yields lower retail prices.


Spastic paraplegia type 7 (SPG7), which represents one of the most common forms of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia (MIM#607259), often manifests with a complicated phenotype, characterized by progressive spastic ataxia with evidence of cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI. Recent studies have documented the presence of peculiar dentate nucleus hyperintensities on T2-weighted images and frontal executive dysfunction in neuropsychological tests in SPG7 patients. Therefore, we decided to assess whether any particular MRI pattern might be specifically associated with SPG7 mutations and possibly correlated with patients' cognitive profiles. For this purpose, we evaluated six SPG7 patients, studying the cerebello-cortical network by MRI voxel-based morphometry and functional connectivity techniques, compared to 30 healthy control subjects. In parallel, we investigated the cognitive and social functioning of the SPG7 patients. Our results document specific cognitive alterations in language, verbal memory, and executive function in addition to an impairment of social task and emotional functions. The MRI scans showed a diffuse symmetric reduction in the cerebellar gray matter of the right lobule V, right Crus I, and bilateral lobule VI, together with a cerebral gray matter reduction in the lingual gyrus, precuneus, thalamus, and superior frontal gyrus. The evidence of an over-connectivity pattern between both the right and left cerebellar dentate nuclei and specific cerebral regions (the lateral occipital cortex, precuneus, left supramarginal gyrus, and left superior parietal lobule) confirms the presence of cerebello-cortical dysregulation in different networks involved in cognition and social functioning in SPG7 patients.


The government's desire to reduce poverty, among others, implemented through financial inclusion movement that has long proclaimed and received International Recognition for achievements developing financial inclusion (2012) in order to reduce poverty, unemployment and prevent a widening gap between the poor and the rich population. By using the object of study of Islamic Microfinance Institutions in Indonesia, especially Sharia Rural Bank, Islamic Banks and Sharia Business Unit, investigated the effect of the provision of financing based Qardh, and special financing for micro and small enterprises. Qardh type of financing, aimed at the poor, without collateral, and without any compensation whose purpose is to virtue, while micro and small business financing, also intended for the poor, without collateral and with the principle of sharing. This financing, is in order to develop the business, providing guidance and support entrepreneurship promotion. Secondary data were collected from Indonesian Islamic Banking Statistics (2013), and Indonesia' Central Bureau of Statistics. With descriptive causality research design, as well as a fitted regression technique, the result showed the Financial Inclusion through financing Qardh have no effect on increasing Household income, and then of course have no impact to reducing poverty. While the Financial Inclusion through Financing Micro and Small business, affect the development of MSEs (institutional and labor), MSEs' Entrepreneurship (promotion and empowerment) and Poverty Alleviation, both through reducing poverty and increasing household income. JEL Classifications: JDE


Early local recurrence of breast cancer most commonly (over 90%) occurs at the site of the primary tumour. This is true whether or not radiotherapy is given and irrespective of the margin status.
Whole-organ analysis of mastectomy specimens on the other hand, reveals that 63% of breasts harbour occult
cancer foci and 80% of these are situated remote from the index quadrant. Therefore, these occult cancer foci may be clinically irrelevant and it may not be necessary to treat the whole breast with radiotherapy. This 6-wks long
course of post-operative radiotherapy after breast conserving therapy is not only inconvenient and costly, but
may cause many women from geographically remote areas to
choose mastectomy. Targeted Intraoperative radiotherapy
(TARGIT) to the peri-tumoural area alone might provide adequate local control. 'Intrabeam' (PeC) is a
portable electron-beam driven device that can deliver therapeutic radiation (soft x-rays) in 20-30 minutes within
a standard operating theatre environment. The pliable breast
tissue - the target - is wrapped around a spherical applicator - the source - providing truly conformal
radiotherapy. The prescribed dose is 5 & 20Gy at 1cm and 0.2cm respectively, from the tumour bed. The biologically
effective dose is 7-53Gy for α/β=10 and 20-120Gy for α/β=1.5. In our pilot study of 26 patients (age 30-80 years,
T=0.42-4.0cm), we replaced the routine post-operative tumour bed boost with targeted intra-operative radiotherapy.
There have been no major complications and no patient has
developed local recurrence, although the median follow-up time is short at 34 months. The cosmetic outcome is
satisfying to both the patient and the clinician. Having established the feasibility, acceptability and safety in
the pilot study, we started in March 2000, a randomised trial that compares TARGIT with conventional postoperative
radiotherapy for infiltrating duct carcinomas, with local recurrence and cosmesis as the main outcome measures. Patient accrual in this trial has been excellent and it has attracted several international collaborative groups. If proven effective, TARGIT could eliminate the need for postoperative radiotherapy potentially saving time, money and breasts.


Background: No formal instruments are available for quantifying sleep problems in Parkinson's disease. Objective: To develop a new sleep scale to quantify the various aspects of nocturnal sleep problems in Parkinson's disease, which may occur in up to 96% of affected individuals. Methods: Employing a multidisciplinary team approach, a visual analogue scale was devised addressing 15 commonly reported symptoms associated with sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease—the Parkinson's disease sleep scale (PDSS). In all, 143 patients with Parkinson's disease completed the PDSS, covering the entire spectrum of disease from newly diagnosed to advanced stage. As controls, 137 age healthy matched subjects also completed the scale. Test–retest reliability was assessed in a subgroup of subjects. The Epworth sleepiness scale was also satisfactorily completed by 103 of the patients with Parkinson's disease. Results: PDSS scores in the Parkinson group were significantly different from the healthy controls. Patients with advanced Parkinson's disease had impaired scores compared with early/moderate disease. Individual items of the scale showed good discriminatory power between Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. Relevant items of the PDSS correlated with excessive daytime sleepiness. The scale showed robust test–retest reliability. Conclusions: This appears to be the first description of a simple bedside screening instrument for evaluation of sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease. A combination of subitems may help identify specific aspects of sleep disturbance, which in turn may help target treatment.


Arsenic (As) is a toxic semi-metallic element found in groundwater, soils, and plants. Natural and anthropogenic sources contribute to the distribution of arsenic in the environment. Arsenic's toxic and mobile behavior is associated with its speciation ability. There are two types of arsenic available to the environment, inorganic and organic arsenic. Of the two, inorganic arsenic is more toxic to humans and more mobile in the environment. Two inorganic compounds responsible for arsenic contamination are trivalent arsenite, As (III), and pentavalent arsenate, As (V). Trivalent arsenate is considered to be more soluble, toxic, and mobile than pentavalent arsenate. Arsenic's absorptive properties in plant cells and ability to attach to minerals causing secondary contamination are due to environmental factors such as pH, redox potential, and solubility. The current maximum contaminant level for arsenic in water is 10 µg/L (or ppb). Research on arsenic involving high concentrations already present in groundwater (>300ppb) are compared either with crops irrigated with such water or a human indicator (such as; hair, nails, blood, or urine) in order to determine exposure limits. In this current research, relationships between the area in the studies and the contaminated media (water, soil, vegetation) were tested to determine if arsenic in water was correlated with arsenic concentrations present in soil and vegetation. Commercially obtained ITS Quick Rapid Arsenic Test Kits were used to measure arsenic concentrations for the media tested. A method for analysis of arsenic in vegetation was developed, with an estimated 80% recovery. The pH and conductivity were also taken for water and soil samples as a means of correlative comparison. The development of faster and portable methods for arsenic concentration may provide means for predicting the relationship between all contaminated media. The purpose of the study was to determine the correlation between arsenic water concentration and pH for water, soil, or vegetation and whether it plays an overall role in the amount of arsenic present. As a result, water and soil pH played a significant role in the presence of arsenic in the water and vegetation, respectively. A moderate negative correlation between arsenic in water and water pH was discovered to have a Spearman's rho value of -0.708 with a p ≤ 0.05. In addition, a significant negative correlation between soil pH and arsenic in vegetation was also discovered to have a Spearman's rho of -0.628 at a p ≤ 0.05. Even though, pH was significantly correlated with arsenic concentrations in different media, there is evidence that pH plays a role also in the amount of arsenic available in the soil and vegetation. Further studies are recommended.


Ca2+ serves as a universal second messenger in eukaryotic signaling pathways, and the spatial and temporal patterns of Ca2+ concentration changes are determined by feedback and feed-forward regulation of the involved transport proteins. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are Ca2+-permeable channels that interact with the ubiquitous Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM). CNGCs interact with CaMs via diverse CaM-binding sites, including an IQ-motif, which has been identified in the C-termini of CNGC20 and CNGC12. Here we present a family-wide analysis of the IQ-motif from all 20 Arabidopsis CNGC isoforms. While most of their IQ-peptides interacted with conserved CaMs in yeast, some were unable to do so, despite high sequence conservation across the family. We showed that the CaM binding ability of the IQ-motif is highly dependent on its proximal and distal vicinity. We determined that two alanine residues positioned N-terminal to the core IQ-sequence play a significant role in CaM binding, and identified a polymorphism at this site that promoted or inhibited CaM binding in yeast. Through detailed biophysical analysis of the CNGC2 IQ-motif, we found that this polymorphism specifically affected the Ca2+-independent interactions with the C-lobe of CaM. This same polymorphism partially suppressed the induction of programmed cell death by CNGC11/12 in planta. Our work expands the model of CNGC regulation, and posits that the C-lobe of apo-CaM is permanently associated with the channel at the N-terminal part of the IQ-domain. This mode allows CaM to function as a Ca2+-sensing regulatory subunit of the channel complex, providing a mechanism by which Ca2+ signals may be fine-tuned.


The increasing traffic volume and new requirements of highly scalable and efficient distribution of contents exceed the capabilities of the current Internet architecture. Information centric networking (ICN) is a new communication paradigm for the next generation internet (NGI), which focuses mainly on contents. ICN has in‐network caching capability, which enables any node to cache any content coming from any publisher. ICN subscribers are able to access contents from different distributed locations. This capability maximizes the problem of unauthorized access to ICN contents. In this paper, we propose a decentralized elliptic curve‐based access control (ECAC) protocol for ICN architectures. In this protocol, fewer public messages are needed for access control enforcement between ICN subscribers and ICN nodes than the existing access control protocols. ECAC protocol depends on ICN self‐certifying naming scheme. We perform security analysis on ECAC for the following attacks: man‐in‐the‐middle, forward security, replay attacks, integrity, and privacy violations. We also evaluate communication, computational, and storage overhead for performance analysis to ECAC. Based on our results that are obtained under various scenarios, ECAC efficiently prevents unauthorized access to ICN contents.


We can no longer be certain whether the central terms and conceptual matrix that the Italian Autonomist Marxist tradition richly develops and draws on3⁄4the common, the general intellect, immaterial labour, psychopolitics, cognitariat3⁄4are able to survive unscathed the theoretical problems that the epoch of the Anthropocene poses. In an attempt to push this conceptual matrix to its political and ontological limits, I expose a series of "ecological deficits" at the core of Autonomist thought and make the argument that semiocapitalism is a geological operator just as much it is a cognitive, financial or linguistic one. This has a plethora of paradoxical implications that are constellated throughout the three chapters. The first chapter explores the non-mediatic conditions of possibility behind "mediation": following Jussi Parikka and Matteo Pasquinelli, the first "ecological deficit" emerges due to conflating the mediasphere with the subjective operations of the "sign" (semiotic flows of labour, knowledge, information) and "desire" (creative flows, libidinal energy, affects) as well as over-valuing the "general intellect" (the productive powers of the social brain) and its exclusive relation to the infosphere (knowledge transmission, big data, linguistic networks of communication), the cognitariat (social subjectivity, value-producing labour) and the technosphere (machines, fixed capital). The second chapter critiques Antonio Negri's ontological theory of value: following Silvia Federici and Jason W. Moore, the second "ecological deficit" emerges due to Autonomism's negligence of socially necessary unpaid work, non-human relations of reproduction and cheap nature that make possible value-producing labour; this chapter also, following Bernard Stiegler, critiques an ontology of the sign that privileges expressionism (immaterial semiotic productivity, meaning and epistemics) over impressionism (retentional systems of incarnation, reproduction and energetics). The third chapter develops a critique of representational eco-politics or the spectacular Anthropocene: following Jean Baudrillard and Yves Citton, the final "ecological deficit" emerges due to the hyperplasia of images, data and simulacra of the Anthropocene itself, whereby the referent is spectralized by the luminescent aura of the sign, resulting in complicated forms of irrelevance, boredom and attentional scarcities. Each chapter in its own way develops the speculative leitmotif of a "transcendental geology"3⁄4i.e. the claim that the earth is a condition of possibility for thought.


In recent decades, national governments and international authorities have increasingly emphasized the role of legal institutions in restoring order after political violence. This study explores how, following the 1994 genocide, the Rwandan government created new decentralized grassroots legal forums that aimed to produce community out of a divided population. The legal institutions were designed to enable Rwandans to resolve disputes with the help of locally-elected mediators, based on principles that prioritized collective cohesion over individual rights, combined with state-backed punishment. Drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic research in Rwanda between 2004 and 2008 with genocide courts (inkiko gacaca), mediation committees (comite y'abunzi) and a legal aid clinic, this study shows how the discourse of mediation in courts derived from national and transnational processes, and how it shaped people's experiences across a wide range of disputes. People used the courts' flexible proceedings both to rebuild inclusive relationships, and to contest belonging and reinforce divisions. The study suggests that state-backed legal forums embedded in daily life can facilitate social rebuilding in the aftermath of violence, while it examines what differences are created as "community" is brought into being through politicized processes, and shows how customary law as a tool of state development can both empower and curtail rights. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Anthropology First Advisor Sandra T. Barnes Second Advisor Steven Feierman Third Advisor Kathleen Hall


Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels are present in the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of bile duct epithelial cells, or cholangiocytes, and mediate the transport of water in these cells. We previously reported that secretin, a hormone known to stimulate ductal bile secretion, increases cholangiocyte osmotic water permeability and stimulates the redistribution of AQP1 from an intracellular vesicular pool to the cholangiocyte plasma membrane. Nevertheless, the target plasma membrane domain (i.e., basolateral or apical) for secretin-regulated trafficking of AQP1 in cholangiocytes is unknown, as is the functional significance of this process for the secretion of ductal bile. In this study, we used primarily an in vivo model (i.e., rats with cholangiocyte hyperplasia induced by bile duct ligation) to address these issues. AQP1 was quantitated by immunoblotting in apical and basolateral plasma membranes prepared from cholangiocytes isolated from rats 20 min after intravenous infusion of secretin. Secretin increased bile flow (78%, P < 0.01) as well as the amount of AQP1 in the apical cholangiocyte plasma membrane (127%, P < 0.05). In contrast, the amount of AQP1 in the basolateral cholangiocyte membrane and the specific activity of an apical cholangiocyte marker enzyme (i.e., γ-glutamyltranspeptidase) were unaffected by secretin. Similar observations were made when freshly isolated cholangiocytes were directly exposed to secretin. Immunohistochemistry for AQP1 in liver sections from secretin-treated rats showed intensified staining at the apical region of cholangiocytes. Pretreatment of rats with colchicine (but not with its inactive analog β-lumicolchicine) inhibited both the increases of AQP1 in the cholangiocyte plasma membrane (94%, P < 0.05) and the bile flow induced by secretin (54%, P < 0.05). Our results in vivo indicate that secretin induces the microtubule-dependent insertion of AQP1 exclusively into the secretory pole (i.e., apical membrane domain) of rat cholangiocytes, a process that likely accounts for the ability of secretin to stimulate ductal bile secretion.


It is now nearly thirty years since Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative administration introduced the Assisted Places Scheme (their first education policy) and over ten years since New Labour abolished it. The Scheme, which was designed to provide a ladder of opportunity for academically able students from poor backgrounds to attend private schools, is of more than historical interest. It can be used to illuminate enduring sociological concerns about the relationship between home and school. This paper draws on retrospective interview data to reveal how the Scheme was experienced by its more disadvantaged beneficiaries. Revisiting classic sociological analyses from the 1960s and 1970s, it unravels the complex interactions between home background, friendship networks and school cultures and shows how these contributed to contrasting experiences of commitment, detachment, estrangement and alienation. These differing modes of engagement with schooling appear to have had lasting effects on our respondents and influenced their subsequent careers and orientations.


A new systems approach to diseased states and wellness result in a new branch in the healthcare services, namely, Personalized Medicine (PM). To achieve the implementation of PM concept into the daily practice including clinical cardiology, it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the subclinical recognition of bioindicators (bio predictors and biomarkers) of hidden abnormalities long before the disease clinically manifests itself. Each decision-maker values the impact of their decision to use PM on their own budget and well-being, which may not necessarily be optimal for society as a whole. It would be extremely useful to integrate data harvesting from different databanks for applications such as prediction and personalization of further treatment to thus provide more tailored measures for the patients and persons-at-risk resulting in improved outcomes whilst securing the healthy state and wellness, reduced adverse events and more cost-effective use of health care resources. One of the most advanced areas in cardiology is atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and coronary disorders as well as in myocarditis. A lack of medical guidelines has been identified by the majority of responders as the predominant barrier for adoption, indicating a need for the development of best practices and guidelines to support the implementation of PM into the daily practice of cardiologists. Implementation of PM requires a lot before the current model physician-patient could be gradually displaced by a new model "medical advisor-healthy person-at-risk". This is the reason for developing global scientific, clinical, social and educational projects in the area of PM to elicit the content of the new branch.


This article presents rationale and arguments for the presence of morals, values, ethics and character education in science curriculum and science teaching that benefits the society. The author examines how rapid technological advancements and globalisation are contributing to the complexities of social life and underpinning the importance of morals, values and ethics. Syntheses and analyses are presented to the philosophical and pedagogical questions related to morals, ethics and character education. A comparative study between the philosophical and theoretical basis of modern western moral education and the Islamic moral values and education is outlined. Various obstacles in teaching morals/ethics and implementing character education in sciences are discussed. A range of teaching, learning and pedagogical techniques are proposed that may foster morals, values and ethics in students' minds and develop various skills and attributes necessary for future success in sciences.


This Article proposes a new conception of the administrative regulatory state that accounts for the vast networks of private agreements that shadow public regulations. The traditional account of the administrative state assigns a limited role to private actors: private firms and interest groups seek to influence regulations, and after the regulations are finalized, regulated firms face a comply-or-defy decision. In recent years, scholars have noted that private actors play an increasing role in the traditional government standard setting, implementation and enforcement functions. This Article demonstrates that the private role in each of these regulatory functions is far greater than others have identified. Furthermore, the Article argues that only when this private regulation is considered can the accountability and efficacy of the administrative state be judged. Using environmental regulation as an example, the Article examines a wide range of empirical data to demonstrate that public law requirements spawn a vast body of private agreements. These second-order agreements range from corporate acquisition and credit agreements between private firms to "good neighbor agreements" and other agreements between private firms and non-profit groups. Second-order agreements often concern not only environmental regulation, but labor, worker safety, health care and other regulatory areas. The Article shows that second-order agreements alter the types of parties that have interests in regulatory outcomes, the incentives they face, and the performance of the regulatory regime. The recognition of second-order agreements thus suggests a new agenda for empirical and theoretical work on the public regulatory measures that will generate the optimal blend of public and private regulation.


Abstract The difference between ASEAN and EU in the political and economic realm has an interesting parallel in the system of values and "rights" that are sustained by the two organisations. In effect if we look to ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (2012) or general political principles adopted inside ASEAN we will find several value-oriented peculiarities that distinguish it from EU political and juridical fundamental principles. At the same time such a system of values does not fit with the "Asian Values approach". Thus the ASEAN Sonderweg results as an original hybrid of western and local values that goes beyond the "Orientalist" mask of Asia, defining an identity that assumes a singular inclination that could be defined as a difficult and problematic effort towards a "decolonial" option.


The true revolution in the age of digital neuroanatomy is the ability to extensively quantify anatomical structures and thus investigate structure-function relationships in great detail. Large-scale projects were recently launched with the aim of providing infrastructure for brain simulations. These projects will increase the need for a precise understanding of brain structure, e.g., through statistical analysis and models.

From articles in this Research Topic, we identify three main themes that clearly illustrate how new quantitative approaches are helping advance our understanding of neural structure and function. First, new approaches to reconstruct neurons and circuits from empirical data are aiding neuroanatomical mapping. Second, methods are introduced to improve understanding of the underlying principles of organization. Third, by combining existing knowledge from lower levels of organization, models can be used to make testable predictions about a higher-level organization where knowledge is absent or poor. This latter approach is useful for examining statistical properties of specific network connectivity when current experimental methods have not yet been able to fully reconstruct whole circuits of more than a few hundred neurons.


Synchronous dataflow (SDF) is an ubiquitous dataflow model of computation that has been studied extensively for efficient simulation and software synthesis of DSP applications. In recent years, parameterized SDF (PSDF) has evolved as a useful framework for modeling SDF graphs in which arbitrary parameters can be changed dynamically. However, the potential to enable efficient hardware synthesis has been treated relatively sparsely in the literature for SDF and even more so for the newer, more general PSDF model. This paper investigates efficient FPGA-based design and implementation of the physical layer for 3GPP-Long Term Evolution (LTE), a next generation cellular standard. To capture the SDF behavior of the functional core of LTE along with higher level dynamics in the standard, we use a novel PSDF-based FPGA architecture framework. We implement our PSDF-based, LTE design framework using National Instrument's LabVIEW FPGA, a recently-introduced commercial platform for reconfigurable hardware implementation. We show that our framework can effectively model the dynamics of the LTE protocol, while also providing a synthesis framework for efficient FPGA implementation.


Yusuke Urameshi was a tough teen delinquent until one selfless act changed his life...by ending it. When he died saving a little kid from a speeding car, the afterlife didn't know what to do with him, so it gave him a second chance at life. Now, Yusuke is a ghost with a mission, performing good deeds at the behest of Botan, the ferrywoman of the River Styx, and Koenma, the pacifier-sucking judge of the dead.


Functional programming languages are an ideal medium for program optimisations based
on source-to-source transformation techniques. Referential transparency affords opportunities
for a wide range of correctness-preserving transformations leading to potent optimisation
strategies.
This thesis builds on deforestation, a program transformation technique due to Wadler
that removes intermediate data structures from first-order functional programs.
Our contribution is to reformulate deforestation for higher-order functional programming
languages, and to show that the resulting algorithm terminates given certain syntactic and
typing constraints on the input. These constraints are entirely reasonable, indeed it is
possible to translate any typed program into the required syntactic form. We show how
this translation can be performed automatically and optimally.
The higher-order deforestation algorithm is transparent. That is, it is possible to determine
by examination of the source program where the optimisation will be applicable.
We also investigate the relationship of deforestation to cut-elimination, the normalisation
property for the logic of sequent calculus. By combining a cut-elimination algorithm and
first-order deforestation, we derive an improved higher-order deforestation algorithm.
The higher-order deforestation algorithm has been implemented in the Glasgow Haskell
Compiler. We describe how deforestation fits into the framework of Haskell, and design
a model for the implementation that allows automatic list removal, with additional deforestation
being performed on the basis of programmer supplied annotations. Results from
applying the deforestation implementation to several example Haskell programs are given.


We propose a new method of teaching the principles of geometry to design students. The students focus on a field of design in which geometry is the design: tessellation. We review different approaches to geometry and the field of tessellation before we discuss the setup of the course. Instead of employing 2D drawing tools, such as Adobe Illustrator, the students define their tessellation in mathematical formulas, using the Mathematica software. This procedure enables them to understand the mathematical principles on which graphical tools, such as Illustrator are built upon. But we do not stop at a digital representation of their tessellation design we continue to cut their tessellations in Perspex. It moves the abstract concepts of math into the real world, so that the students can experience them directly, which provides a tremendous reward to the students.


The theoretical reflection on development policies, at national and international level, has focused attention on the need to identify new strategies for social inclusion able to promote local development by putting in the center the quality of life and the rights of citizenship. This is all the more valid in the rural and marginal areas of our country, where the lack of access to essential resources and services and the distance from the central poles of supplying basic services are a strong limit to the wellbeing of the inhabitants and the development of their capacity for actively live and therefore promote the development of the territory. In Italy, internal areas are historically affected by migratory routes and the rooting of a new population is the lever through which to combat depopulation. The substantial presence of the population with non-Italian citizens reveals some exogenous criticalities of the new ap-proaches (resident foreigners are not citizens with full rights), but can constitute a potential for regenerating the identity and economies of the internal areas, if the policies public au-thorities are able to include and activate the skills of this portion of the population according to a model of sustainable local development.


More information and sample text and photos available on the companion web site http://www.nyupress.org/jewishlife Winner of the 2001-2002 National Jewish Book Award, Reference Winner, Best Reference Resource, 2001, Library Journal Winner, Editor's Choice Award, Reference, 2001, Booklist Winner, Best Reference Book, 2001, Association of Jewish Libraries New York University Press announces with pride the publication of a remarkable project, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and during the Holocaust. Edited by Dr. Shmuel Spector and the late Dr. Geoffrey Wigoder and published in conjunction with Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Remembrance Authority of Israel, the Encyclopedia represents the fruit of more than three decades of labor and stands as one of the most important and ambitious projects the Press has published. Nobel Peace Prize-winner Elie Wiesel contributed the foreword. Today throughout much of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, only fragmentary remnants of once thriving Jewish communities can be found as evidence of more than two thousand years of vibrant Jewish presence among the nations of the world. These communities, many of them ancient, were systematically destroyed by Hitler's forces during the Holocaust. Yet each of their stories-from small village enclaves to large urban centers-is unique in its details and represents one of the countless intertwined threads that comprise the rich tapestry of Jewish history. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and during the Holocaust captures these lost images. In three volumes, it chronicles the people, habits and customs of more than 6,500 Jewish communities that thrived during the early part of the twentieth century only to be changed irrevocably by the war. It clarifies precise locations of settlements based on documents and maps found in recently opened archives; it traces their development through history; it shares small details of everyday life-the culture, the politics, and the faith that inspired the people; and its photographs put faces on the immeasurable loss. Based on decades of research at Yad Vashem, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and during the Holocaust tells the story of thousands of Jewish communities in concise prose, illustrated with maps and poignant images of a world that can no longer be visited. The Encyclopedia is a rich source of information for students, teachers, genealogists and anyone interested in the pageant of Jewish life through the ages. From the Foreword "But the enemy did not only annihilate individuals; his aim was also to destroy our social structures, our economic foundations, religious and secular, our schools, our institutions, our libraries, our workshops, our synagogues, our cultural centers-in a word: our communities...In the Jewish world one knew a town by its Jewish life. Belz and Munkacs, Bialystok and Amsterdam, Kiev and Lille and Zablotow-offering families and individuals a sense of security and countless opportunities for fulfillment, each community had its own particular characteristics and problems, its roots, its challenges, and its ambitions...To understand the extent of the unprecedented crimes committed against the Jewish people in Europe is not enough; one must also seek to understand the life of this people before the catastrophe." --Elie Wiesel Features -Three volumes -1,824 pages -81/2 x 11 -More than 6,500 communities profiled -600 b&w photographs and illustrations -17 pages of maps -21-page glossary -Complete bibliography -Index of communities including alternate spellings and pronunciations -Index of personalities Go to companion web site


It is well known that nutritional status plays an important role in preventing opportunistic infections as it improves immunity system. Not so rnuch is known about how people living with HTV/AIDS manage their nutrition and thc difficulties encountered in accessing support and other services necessary for maintaining their nutrition and health and improve quality of li fe. In this study, persons with HIVIAIDS wcre asked to tell about nutrition support and care services provided by both formal and informal institutions in the society. Using a scmistructured interview guide in this study, the author conducted in-depth interviews with ten intervicwccs of both men and women. Information was also obtained fiom informants fiom relevant organisations espccially AIDS Service organisation (ASOs), and departments in ininistries. Thematic approach was employed in data analysis. The categories identified to explain the problems of the HIV-positive persons in managing their nutrition and health included Nutrition perception and knowledge, source of income and stigma related to HIVIAIDS. Others were adherence and access to medication and medical monitoring, gender related cultural practices in the society, support from informal and formal institutions, and challenges for NGOs in providing services. The findings from this study showed that a large number of people living with HIV/AIDS rely on AIDS organisations for support services they need. Access to services in public institutions like governrnent hospitals was difficult. The findings als0 show that support for people living with HIVIAIDS from relatives was limited and this could be due to stigma attached to the disease and difficult economic situation whereby relatives have little resources for their own families. In addition, challenges to meet basic life need for themselves and their families were found to be important concern for interviewees. This study calls for more research on nutrition and experiences of people with HIVIAIDS about their health and nutritional management. This will give understanding on how already infected individuals and affected families can be supported in order to live as long as possible without progressing into AIDS disease.


Chinese government officials have played a crucial role in China's economic development, but they are also responsible for severe problems, including environmental pollution, violation of citizens' rights, failure in governance, and corruption. How does the Chinese Party-state respond when a government official commits a duty-related malfeasance or criminal activity? And how does it balance the potential political costs of disciplining its own agents versus the loss of legitimacy in tolerating their misdeeds? State and Agents in China explores how the party-state addresses this dilemma, uncovering the rationale behind the selective disciplining of government officials and its implications for governance in China. By examining the discipline of state agents, Cai shows how selective punishment becomes the means of balancing the need for and difficulties of disciplining agents, and explains why some erring agents are tolerated while others are punished. Cai finds that the effectiveness of punishing erring officials in China does not depend so much on the Party-state's capacity to detect and punish each erring official but on the threat it creates when the Party-state decides to mete out punishment. Importantly, the book also shows how relaxed discipline allows reform-minded officials to use rule-violating reform measures to address local problems, and how such reform measures have significant implications for the regime's resilience.


Aims: This project explored with key stakeholders the key factors that appear to determine the quality of four- and eight-week rural placements for medical students at the James Cook University School of Medicine. Recommendations are made to improve quality locally, which should be of relevance to other settings.

Methodology: The programme was evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative means. The primary methodology was qualitative, reflecting the need to evaluate the programme from the perspective of students, rural preceptors and administrative and academic staff from both the School and the rural teaching sites. Year 2 and 4 students completed 105 pre-placement questionnaires and 68 post-placement questionnaires. 26 focus groups were conducted with 105 students pre-placement and 89 students post-placement. A further 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 rural preceptors and 10 programme coordinators.

Results and conclusions: The vast majority of students enjoyed their 4- and 8-week rural placements. This high level of satisfaction was due to most students achieving their clinical and social expectations for the rural placement while experiencing relatively few problems with accommodation, isolation or lack of resources.

Key factors that helped ensure the quality of rural placements for medical students included:

• Careful definition of placement aims and objectives.

• Appropriate preparation of rural preceptors and placement sites.

• Preparation of students, with particular attention to specific needs or anxieties, and provision of relevant information about the site and required learning activities.

• Support for students and preceptors at teaching sites.

• Availability of local teaching networks to provide varied learning experiences.

• A positive welcome and orientation to the community, the teaching site and the accommodation facilities.

• Provision of appropriate accommodation with study facilities and IT access.

• Availability of suitable leisure experiences for students after hours.

• A match between students' learning expectations and clinical experiences.

• Structures to promote effective learning experiences while on rural placement.

• Optimal teaching strategies used by preceptors.

• Regular feedback process and effective communication between all key players.

The interplay between these factors and the key players - the School, the teaching site, the preceptors and the students - is summarised in Figure 1, page 2. The most important factor appeared to be student preparation. Students who had a higher quality experience and a tolerance of minor problems were likely to be those who felt well prepared, motivated and informed, and who were placed in a community that was able to meet their educational and social needs.


Sabrina P. Ramet, ed. Gender Politics in the Western Balkans. Women and Society in Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Successor States. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. 343 pp. $55.00, cloth. $18.95, paper. Gender Politics in the Western Balkans is a collection of fifteen articles on various aspects of gender politics in Yugoslavia and its successor states. Written by historians, social scientists, literary critics and human rights activists, the essays address both the socio-economic and the political issues that have affected women in the region. The book is divided into four uneven parts: Overview (two chapters); the Interwar Era, World War 11, and the Socialist Era (four chapters); Post-Socialist Republics (six chapters); and Literature and Religion (three chapters). The editor, Sabrina P. Ramet, reminds us in her introduction that "in the course of the twentieth century, Yugoslav women have lived under six different systems: dynastic monarchy (in the years up to 1918), constitutional monarchy (most of the years between 1918 and 1941), fascist occupation (1941-45), communist one-party rule (1945-90), flawed democracy (Slovenia and Macedonia since 1990), and nationalism (Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia since 1990)" (p. 5). The emergence, nature, disintegration, and the various mutations of the Yugoslav, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, Bosnian, and Kosovar nation states form the historical and socioeconomic background framing the other issues addressed in the collection. These include the South Slav family structure; underdevelopment, poverty and economic scarcity; women's struggles; changing constructions of identities based on gender, nationality/ethnicity, and sexual orientation; and the role of war and other crises in both the deconstruction of the existing gendered (and ethnic) order and the (re)construction of a new one. The South Slav family structure and dynamics, in particular the syndrome of the "self-sacrificing micro-matriarchy," are introduced by Andrei Simic in Chapter Two. The author analyzes the power relations within the typical Yugoslav family from an anthropological perspective in terms of three dyads: husband/wife, mother/son, and daughter-in-law/mother-in-law. "In the absence of an affectual tie to her husband, and as a reaction to the dominance of her mother-in-law," Simic argues, "the young wife cultivates unusually strong reciprocal links with her children" (p. 21). In time, the close relationship between an elderly mother and adult sons) enables the mother to exert considerable influence and power both within and outside the family. The author characterizes the resultant gender system as a "cryptomatriarchy." In her comment on Simic's article in the concluding "Afterword," Branka Magas attributes the continuing influence on urban life of machismo and cryptomatriarchy to the acute housing shortage during the communist period, the relatively recent industrialization, and, above all, "the low labor mobility caused by the life-long job security characteristic of all communist societies. An unintended outcome of this `socialist gain' was the fact that rules governing kinship in the countryside were extended to the cities-with the difference that, in the latter, matri-locality as well as the usual patri-locality became the norm. In its desire to prevent the rule of capital, the communist system thus conserved older norms of life" (p. 289). Cryptomatriarchy has continued to flourish in contemporary Serbia, with paradoxical effects. Sarana Papi6 describes Milo"sevic's Serbia as a society characterized by "the equality of powerlessness," where "women are treated as an inexhaustible resource, not only in the everyday art of survival but as the procreative saviors of the dying Nation" (p. 164), while men continue to be seen as "natural" warriors. However, Papi also points out that "Milogevid's exclusive masculinized power emasculates all other men; economically and politically" (p. …


International trade is still an important feature of the contemporary global economy, and governments still need to consider how trade can help or hurt their efforts to cater for the needs of their citizens. This assessment toolkit has been produced for policymakers, technical advisors, researchers and all others who work on the nexus between trade and labour markets. The modules of this toolkit and the accompanying Excel file constitute a practical approach to answering the question: "How many jobs are expected to be created or destroyed as a result of a given trade policy?" The methods in this toolkit were developed to be as intuitive, simple and low-cost as possible so that any interested person with a computer, an ability to use spreadsheets and internet access to freely-available data could perform an analysis of the anticipated effects of a given trade policy on employment. This assessment toolkit was produced as part of the project called "Strengthening the Impact on Employment of Sectoral and Trade Policies" (STRENGTHEN), which is being implemented by the International Labour Office with financial support from the European Union.


Our first impressions of others, whether accurate or unfounded, have real-world consequences in terms of how we judge and treat those people. Previous research has suggested that criminal sentencing is influenced by the perceived facial trustworthiness of defendants in murder trials. In real cases, those who appeared less trustworthy were more likely to receive death rather than life sentences. Here, we carried out several attempts to replicate this finding, utilizing the original set of stimuli (Study 1), multiple images of each identity (Study 2), and a larger sample of identities (Study 3). In all cases, we found little support for the association between facial trustworthiness and sentencing. Furthermore, there was clear evidence that the specific image chosen to depict each identity had a significant influence on subsequent judgments. Taken together, our findings suggest that perceptions of facial trustworthiness have no real-world influence on sentencing outcomes in serious criminal cases.


Research on blue crab diseases, parasites, and symbionts has been sporadic in the Gulf of Mexico. Understanding the prevalence of diseases, parasites, and symbionts is important for managers to set informed regulations for the commercial industry and to understand the impacts of environmental disasters on aquatic animal health. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of Lagenophrys callinectes, Urosporidium crescens, Hematodinium perezi, Loxothylacus texanus, reo-like virus (RLV), shell rot, and Vibrio spp. in crabs collected from four coastal locations and four shedding facilities in 2013 and the beginning of 2014. Additionally, I determined the prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the wild populations. I also recorded infections by non-Vibrio bacteria and by Ameson michaelis.
H. perezi, L. texanus, WSSV, and RLV were detected by polymerase chain reactions. Shell rot and U. crescens were detected by gross visual detection. L. callinectes and A. michaelis were identified by microscopy and Vibrio spp. and non-Vibrio spp. bacteria were detected by standard microbiological culture techniques and biochemical testing.
No samples were infected with H. perezi, L. texanus, or WSSV. Based on the low salinities sampled, these results were expected for H. perezi and L. texanus. Shell rot and Vibrio spp. were moderately prevalent in the wild and captive crabs, but infections were more common in the captive crabs. U. crescens was never found in crabs from Lake Pontchartrain, the lowest salinity field site. It was also rare in crabs from the low salinity shedding facilities, indicating that this hyperparasite may be limited to moderate to high salinities. L. callinectes was ubiquitous with over 90% prevalence in wild and captive crabs. Reo-like virus infections were found in wild and captive crabs in the summer of 2013, and A. michaelis was present in two shedding facility pre-molt crabs. Overall, Louisianas blue crab nearshore populations appear to be healthy with no parasitization by the two most ecologically and economically detrimental parasites, H. perezi and L. texanus. However, in the future, RLV needs to be extensively studied because it is also capable of decimating blue crab populations.


Advances in information system technology have had a huge impact on the evolution of supply chain management. As a result of such technological advances, supply chain partners can now work in tight coordination to optimise the chain-wide performance, and the realised return may be shared among the partners. A basic enabler for tight coordination is information sharing, which has been greatly facilitated by the advances in information technology. This paper describes the types of information shared inventory, sales, demand forecast, order status, and production schedule. We discuss how and why this information is shared using industry examples and relating them to academic research. We also discuss three alternative system models of information sharing - the information transfer model, the third party model and the information hub model.


Purpose: Multi‐modality dose summation is often needed for patients who have been previously treated or are being treated with different systems, but unfortunately, it is rarely available in commercial treatment planning systems. This study presents a technology that sums up 3D dose distributions planned/delivered by different treatment systems to help the radiation therapy team in making optimal plans. Methods and Materials: Ideally, dose summation would be carried out through DICOM RTDOSE import/export, but this option is presently non functional because the import capability is difficult to implement. To remedy the lack of RTDOSE import in our clinic, a software system, DICOMan, was developed to address DICOM issues such as object visualization, system incompatibility, file transfer and format conversion, etc. DICOMan first acts as a DICOM storage server receiving DICOM RTDOSE file that is exported from a planning workstation. It then reads the dose matrix, converts it to another format that is recognizable by the other treatment planning system where dose summation or plan comparison is performed. Results: RTDOSE was exported from the HiArt Tomotherapy Planning System to DICOMan, where it was displayed and converted to the Philips Pinnacle RTPdose format along with specific scripting files that automate the file transfer and the dose summation process. Conclusion: A dose summation function is very useful and sometimes critical in radiation therapy clinics equipped with heterogeneous planning and delivery systems. It reduces uncertainties in the case of multiple treatment systems or patients transferred to other systems. It provides quantitative rather than qualitative dose estimations. Before DICOM RTDOSE import/export becomes widely implemented, the technology described here is helpful in assisting radiation therapy clinics to deliver quality care in the multisystem setting which is so prevalent.


This study is focused on the preparation of silk fibroin based bio degradable films with the combination of variousconcentrations of chitosan (1:1 and 2:1), which is used as a drug releasing model. Scanning electronic microscope has beenused to observe the morphology of prepared films and the chemical compounds are studied by Fourier transform infrared.Required properties for successful wound dressing such as water uptake %, thickness, folding endurance and waterabsorption capacity are examined. Also, the mechanical strength (tensile strength and elasticity), liquid culture test,% degradation, folding endurance and water uptakes of the films are analysed gravimetrically. Antimicrobial activity againstEscherichia coli is evaluated quantitatively using Agar diffusion test (AATCC 100) and liquid culture test (BS EN ISO-14119, 2003). The obtained films are found homogenous without phase separation. The traces of both silk fibroin andchitosan are found evenly distributed in the film. Blend proportion of 2:1 shows rougher surface, and better results in term ofantibacterial property are obtained against Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli .


In Rousseau and Critical Theory , Alessandro Ferrara argues that among the modern philosophers who have shaped the world we inhabit, Rousseau is the one to whom we owe the idea that identity can be a source of normativity (moral and political) and that an identity's potential for playing such a role rests on its capacity for being authentic. This normative idea of authenticity brings unity to Rousseau's reflections on the negative effects of the social order, on the just political order, on education, and more generally, on ethics. It is also shown to contain important teachings for contemporary Critical Theory, contemporary views of self-constitution (Korsgaard, Frankfurt and Larmore), and contemporary political philosophy.


textabstractIn vitro fertilization and cmblYo transfer (IVFIET), the culture of aspirated aGcytcs and spermatozoa
in the JaboratOly follO\\ved by transccrvicai embryo transfer, ,vas originally used as a treatment
for infertility resulting from impaired fUllction of the fallopian tubes. A few years after the introduction
of IVF/ET the indications for treatment included infertility caused by endometriosis, male
factors, ovulation disorders and unexplained infertility (1). Although IVF has now become an
accepted treatment for infertility, there are still several contentiolls issues in the application of
assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (2). It has been argued by World Health Organization
authorities that IVF benefits only a small propmtion of infertile couples, that it is expensive, and
that it has serious health risks (3). In a WHO repOli from the Regional Office for Europe it was
suggested that eligibility for IVF should be limited to wOlllen under 40 years of age, that the nUIllber
of treatment cycles per woman should be limited, and that no more than three embryos should
be transferred per treatment cycle (4). The increased ineidencc of triplet and higher-order pregnancies
caused by ovulation induction and ART (5, 6), its associated increased medical risks (7)
and high costs (8) have been reported. Apparently, sOllle health authorities still consider ART
controversial. This critical approach stresses the need for IVF programmes to raise their level of
accountability.
In this thesis, the logistical and some clinical aspects of the IVF treatment as carried out in the
transport IVF programme at the Zuiderziekenhuis, Rotterdam, in collaboration with the University
Hospital Dijkzigt, Rotterdam, are analyzed. The aims of this thesis are: to determine the efficacy
of a decentralized IVF programme with transport and satellite clinics, to fmiher develop criteria
for acceptance of patients, to develop a safer treatment strategy avoiding high-order pregnancies,
and, where possible, to touch upon the issues mentioned above.


The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heteromultimer of three homologous subunits (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subunits). To study the role of the beta-subunit in vivo, we analyzed mice in which the betaENaC gene locus was disrupted. These mice showed low levels of betaENaC mRNA expression in kidney (approximately 1%), lung (approximately 1%), and colon (approximately 4%). In homozygous mutant betaENaC mice, no betaENaC protein could be detected with immunofluorescent staining. At birth, there was a small delay in lung-liquid clearance that paralleled diminished amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption in tracheal explants. With normal salt intake, these mice showed a normal growth rate. However, in vivo, adult betaENaC m/m mice exhibited a significantly reduced ENaC activity in colon and elevated plasma aldosterone levels, suggesting hypovolemia and pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. This phenotype was clinically silent, as betaENaC m/m mice showed no weight loss, normal plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations, normal blood pressure, and a compensated metabolic acidosis. On low-salt diets, betaENaC-mutant mice developed clinical symptoms of an acute pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (weight loss, hyperkalemia, and decreased blood pressure), indicating that betaENaC is required for Na+ conservation during salt deprivation.


Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) differs fundamentally from conventional 14C dating because it is based on direct determination of the ratio of 14C :12C atoms rather than on counting the radioactivity of 14C. It is therefore possible to measure much lower levels of 14C in a sample much more rapidly than the conventional technique allows. Consequently, minimum sample size is reduced approximately 1000-fold (from ca. 1 g to ca. 1 mg) and the datable time span of the method can, theoretically, be doubled (from ca. 40 ka to ca. 80 ka). As yet, extension of the time span has not been achieved, because of the effects of sample contamination, but the great reduction in sample size is already having a major impact on archaeology by extending the range of organic remains that can be dated, and, especially, by allowing the archaeologist and the radiocarbon chemist to adopt more selective sampling strategies. This greater selectivity, in the field and the laboratory, is the most important archaeological attribute of AMS 14C dating. It allows on-site chronological consistency to be tested by multiple sampling; archaeological materials to be dated that contain too little C, or are too rare or valuable, to be dated by the conventional method; and the validity of a date to be tested by isolating and independently dating particular fractions in chemically complex samples. AMS laboratories have only been processing archaeological samples since 1982, but already several, notably those at Oxford, Toronto, and Tucson, Arizona, have made substantial contributions to archaeological dating. The Oxford laboratory has, since 1983, processed ca. 1200 samples and published over 500 archaeological dates. Particular attention is therefore paid in this paper to the archaeological significance of the dates obtained at Oxford. The ams 14C technique can contribute to archaeological dating in two complementary ways: (i) by testing prevailing assumptions about the antiquity of indirectly dated objects and materials, i.e. verification or falsification dating; and (ii) by dating new or existing archaeological sequences in greater detail than can be achieved by the conventional 14C technique, i.e. the building of new and more detailed chronologies. In this paper, recent archaeological applications of the new technique are reviewed under these two headings: verification dating applied to the origin and spread of anatomically modern humans in Europe and the Americas, to putative evidence for early (pre-Neolithic) agriculture in Israel and Egypt, and to the dating of rare Palaeolithic and later artefacts; and the building of new and more-detailed chronologies illustrated by reference to Upper Palaeolithic sequences in Europe, Mesolithic—Neolithic sequences in Southwest Asia, and Neolithic-Bronze Age chronologies in Britain. It is concluded that the development and application of the ams technique represents a revolution in 14C dating that will have a profound impact on many aspects of archaeological research.


Unlike most studies of language development, this research is not primarily concerned with the discovery of grammars, but with utterance production. Not only is it concerned with what language young children produce, but also with how they produce it. And it is specifically concerned with the limitations to utterance production at the preschool age. The main reason for taking this approach is the inadequacy of grammatical theories to account for language behaviour. It is argued that Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance is linguistically valuable but psychologically questionable. For instance, those aspects of language behaviour that are said to be linguistically irrelevant are very relevant to a psychological theory of language behaviour. Therefore, this research is based on a comprehensive view of language as a system of communication .The findings suggest that there is no limit to production at this age, other than that arising from learning, and the general discrepancy between receptive and expressive abilities. Furthermore, the variation in utterance production, and the systematic nature of the linkage between utterances and their linguistic and non-linguistic context, indicate that a probabilistic theory of utterance production would best account for the behaviour observed. The research is exploratory, and the findings only give clues as to the nature of utterance production, but they confirm the value of the approach adopted.


The aim of the paper is to present the scientific model and several methods for the expert evaluation of quality of learning objects (LOs) paying especial attention to LOs reusability level. The activities of eQNet Quality Network for a European Learning Resource Exchange (LRE) aimed to improve reusability of LOs of European Schoolnet"s LRE service for schools are analysed in more detail. As a pan-European service, the LRE particularly seeks to identify LOs that can "travel well" (i.e., reusable) across national borders and can be used in a cultural and linguistic context different from the one in which they were created. The primary aim is to improve the quality of LOs in LRE. eQNet is doing this by establishing a network consisting of researchers, policy makers, and practitioners (teachers) that develops and applies "travel well" quality criteria to both existing LRE content as well as that to be selected in future from national repositories. The vision driving the LRE is that a significant percentage of high quality LOs developed in different countries, in different languages and to meet the needs of different curricula can be re-used at European level. The main problem of all existing approaches in the area is a high level of the expert evaluation subjectivity. The authors analyse several scientific approaches, theories, methods and principles to minimise the subjectivity level in expert evaluation of LOs quality, namely: (1) multiple criteria decision analysis approaches for identification of quality criteria, (2) technological quality criteria classification principle, (c) fuzzy group decision making theory to obtain evaluation measures, (d) normalisation requirement for criteria weights, (e) scalarisation method and (f) trapezoidal fuzzy method for LOs quality optimisation. The authors show that the complex application of these approaches could significantly improve the quality of expert evaluation of LOs and noticeably reduce the expert evaluation subjectivity level. The paper also presents several examples of practical application of these approaches for LOs quality evaluation for Physics and Mathematics subjects.


Background: Health care professionals are at risk of developing burnout due to the inherently stressful nature of their work. Burnout has been found to compromise the wellbeing of health care professionals and their ability to provide optimal patient care. Job engagement is proposed to be the antipode of burnout and is concerned with occupational well-being. It is hoped that through a better understanding of factors related to job engagement and burnout, occupational well-being of health care professionals and their ability to care for patients can be improved. Systematic review: A systematic review of the literature on burnout and job engagement in physicians and nurses since 2002 identified seven studies. Findings suggest that burnout and job engagement are independent constructs, albeit negatively related. These findings contribute to the current knowledge about the relationships between burnout and engagement dimensions and provide a framework for interventions aimed at increasing occupational well-being among front line medical professionals. Aims: A study was conducted to assess levels of job engagement and burnout and their relationship with turnover intentions and job satisfaction and stress in the entire workforce of a Cancer Centre in the United Kingdom. Participants and procedure: 150 cancer care workers completed a cross-sectional questionnaire entailing the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Engagement Indicator, measures of job satisfaction, stress, turnover intentions and demographics. Results: Mean scores of emotional exhaustion did not differ from normative data, while lower levels of depersonalisation and lack of accomplishment were found. Furthermore, engagement scores were significantly higher than in the normative sample and the majority reported high levels of job satisfaction and indicated no turnover intentions. Path analysis provided preliminary support for an exploratory model indicating that engagement mediates the relationship between job stress, burnout and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Implications: It is important that, despite increasing pressure to reduce costs, service planning is mindful of the continuous and long-term process required to maintain and facilitate engagement and job satisfaction, which appear important to the long term retention of staff. Conclusions: Work overload and a perception of being poorly managed and resourced appear to be risk factors for burnout. However, engaged employees with high levels of personal accomplishment may experience job satisfaction and desire to stay in their jobs despite high levels of occupational stress. Further research is required to identify factors predictive of personal accomplishment and job engagement in oncology services. Abstract


The objective of this paper is to explore linkages between mothers' socioeconomic empowerment and the nutritional status of children under age five in the context of Pakistan. Empowerment is represented through a composite index which is developed for this study by incorporating various empowerment dimensions; such as educational attainment, labor force participation, involvement in household decisions, asset ownership, freedom of movement and perceptions regarding domestic violence. Nationally representative rich data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13 is used to quantify the nature and direction of relationship between empowerment and child malnutrition in terms of stunting, wasting and under weights in a multivariate logistic regression framework. The estimated results highlight the importance of empowerment dimensions, considered in this analysis for improvement of nutritional status of children. Thus to empower women, eradication of gender discrimination and public interventions that aims to empower women directly through conditional cash transfer programs, microfinance, agriculture and livestock projects are recommended.


In a previous article, we argued that contrary to the state of the law over 35 years ago — when George Cooper wrote his seminal article on the estate tax (A Voluntary Tax? New Perspectives on Sophisticated Estate Tax Avoidance, 77 Colum. L. Rev. 161 (1977)) — taxpayers today generally ''can reduce the value of assets subject to transfer tax in many instances only if they are willing to assume the risk that the reduction may be economically real and reduce the actual value of assets transferred to heirs or, alternatively, in narrow situations if they are willing to incur some tax risk.'' (The Estate Tax Non-Gap: Why Repeal a Voluntary Tax?, 20 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 153 (2009)) In another article, we documented the dramatic increase in income and wealth inequality over the past 30 years and the accompanying adverse social consequences and long-term negative effect on economic growth. (Occupy the Tax Code: Using the Estate Tax to Reduce Inequality and Spur Economic Growth, 40 Pepp. L. Rev. 1255 (2013)) We argued that tax policy historically has played an important role in reducing inequality and that the estate tax is a particularly apt reform vehicle in light of the role of inherited assets among the very rich and the adverse economic effects of that inherited wealth. In this article, we advance five estate and gift tax reform proposals that would generate needed revenue, reduce inequality, and contribute to economic growth: (1) disallow minority discounts when the transferred asset or business is controlled by family before and after the transfer; (2) maintain parity between the unified credit exemption amounts for the estate and gift taxes; (3) reduce the wealth transfer tax exemptions to $3.5 million, increase the maximum tax rate to 45 percent, and limit the generation-skipping transfer tax (GSST) exemption period to 50 years; (4) restrict the ability for gifts made in trust to qualify for the gift tax annual exclusion; and (5) impose a lifetime cap on the amount that can be contributed to a grantor retained annuity trust (GRAT).This article was presented on January 17 at a symposium in Malibu, California cosponsored by Pepperdine University School of Law and Tax Analysts. Twenty of the nation's leading tax academics, practitioners, and journalists gathered to discuss the prospects for tax reform as it is affected by two crises facing Washington: dangerously misaligned spending and tax policies, resulting in a crippling $17.4 trillion national debt; and the IRS's alleged targeting of conservative political organizations. A video recording of the symposium is available online.


Ar–Ar dating of high-strain ductile mylonites of the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone in the southern Antarctic Peninsula indicates that reverse movement on the shear zone occurred in late Early Cretaceous times (Albian), and not latest Jurassic times as previously supposed. The Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone forms a major tectonic boundary, separating suspect arc terranes from rocks of Gondwana continental affinity. The dated mylonites are developed in Lower Jurassic plutonic rocks at Mount Sullivan, eastern Palmer Land, and form part of a zone of ductile reverse deformation up to 25 km wide. Biotite from a fine-grained mafic mylonite yields an Ar–Ar cooling age of 102.8±3.3 Ma. Movement of this age on the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone is coeval with circum-Pacific deformation, possibly related to a mantle superplume event, and provides support for allochthonous-terrane models for the Antarctic Peninsula with accretion in post-Early Cretaceous times.


On the first day of Francisco de San Antonio's trial before the Spanish Inquisition in Toledo in 1625, his interrogators asked him about his parentage. His real name, he stated, was Abram Ruben, and he had been born in Fez of Jewish parents. How then, Inquisitors wanted to know, had he become a Christian convert? Why had a Hebrew alphabet been found in his possession? And what was his business at the Court in Madrid? "He was asked," according to his dossier, "for the story of his life." His response, more than ten folios long, is one of the many involuntary autobiographies created by the logic of the Inquisition that today provides rich insights into both the personal lives of the persecuted and the social, cultural, and political realities of the age. In Inquisitorial Inquiries, Richard Kagan and Abigail Dyer have collected, translated, and annotated six of these autobiographies from a diverse group of prisoners, five tried in Europe and one in Mexico. Each of the autobiographies has been selected to represent a particular political or social issue, while at the same time raising more intimate questions about the religious, sexual, political, or national identity of the prisoners. Among them are a politically incendiary prophet; a self-proclaimed hermaphrodite charged with having violated the sacrament of marriage for having married a woman; a female convert to Catholicism who betrayed her Jewish origins by serving as a rabbi and preaching heretical doctrine in the New World; and a morisco, an Islamic convert to Catholicism who claimed to have been circumcised against his will. In their introduction, Kagan and Dyer stress the "collaborative" nature of these texts, stressing the coercion involved and the purpose of the interrogations that solicited them. Making these invaluable primary sources available for the first time in English, Inquisitorial Inquiries will be of interest to students and scholars in the fields of early modern Europe, colonial Latin America, gender studies, and religious history.


After 1980s, the People's Republic of China modernized rapidly, resulting in vast changes to the fabric of cities. At the same time, China developed more sophisticated urban planning practices and historic preservation regulation. In 1982, the government officially created the concept of "predominant historic and cultural city," for cities that are considered to have very significant historic and cultural values. Cities with such distinctive and important identity should be protected as a whole, not only through preservation movements but through systematic urban planning processes. However, historic preservation and urban planning sometimes are often considered to be antithetical, and accommodating both preservation and planning in order to achieve the goal of protecting local identity has become a question demanding further examination. This thesis looks specifically into the case of Nanjing. As a capital of six imperial dynasties throughout the history and a metropolitan city today, Nanjing was among the first to be listed as predominant historic and cultural cities in 1982, but it is also experiencing modernization accompanying with dramatic construction and destruction. By researching on the formation of different development phases, reading different types of historic layering, and comprehending the contemporary preservation and planning approaches, this thesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the urban evolution of Nanjing, and discover the possible ways to better connect historic preservation with urban planning, which could potentially be further applied to other cities.


Background The vertebral artery (VA) ostium (VAO) is a common stenosis site. Most patients with VAO stenosis refractory to medical treatment are treated endovascularly using stenting. To optimally cover the ostial plaque, which frequently extends into the adjacent subclavian artery, part of the stent must overhang in the subclavian artery. This configuration makes subsequent VA access very challenging in cases of in-stent or distal vertebrobasilar pathology; it also obstructs the distal subclavian artery. Objective To determine whether angioplasty at the ostium with a dual balloon (Flash Ostial) specially designed to allow the subclavian end of the stent to flare might circumvent these problems and, most importantly, provide optimal plaque coverage around the vertebral ostium. Methods Between June 2012 and July 2014, 11 patients with symptomatic VAO stenosis refractory to best medical therapy were treated with stenting and dual balloon Flash angioplasty. Demographics, results, and outcomes were reviewed. Results A total of 12 VAO stenting–dual balloon angioplasty procedures were performed (mean stenosis, 83.6%; range, 78–90%). Nine patients had mild-to-moderate (40–60%) contralateral VAO stenosis. The initial average modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was 1.25. In all cases, immediate postangioplasty angiography showed excellent stent apposition against the VA and around the ostium in the subclavian artery. No permanent perioperative complications or deaths occurred. At a mean follow-up of 10.8 months (range 2–24), all patients had symptom resolution and no evidence of symptomatic restenosis on neuroimaging/Doppler studies; the average mRS score was 0.66. Three patients continued to have previously diagnosed mid-cervical VA stenosis; one of them had postprocedure dissection and an asymptomatic in-stent stenosis at 8 months. Conclusions Safety and feasibility were demonstrated using the Ostial Flash system for VAO stenting and angioplasty. No permanent perioperative complications were seen.


[1] The investigation of the Martian cryosphere, by ground-penetrating radar and other electromagnetic techniques, requires accurate knowledge of the electrical properties of the planet's regolith and crust. In similar investigations of frozen ground in Siberia, this problem has been addressed by a technique called Radio Wave Geo-Introscopy (RWGI), which is implemented by examining electromagnetic wave propagation between neighboring boreholes. In this way, temporal and spatial variations in the effective electrical resistivity and dielectric permittivity of the intervening frozen ground can be measured. This paper discusses the main principles of RWGI; the procedures, equipment and measurements needed to implement it; how the data is interpreted; and some applications of this technique to investigations of the terrestrial cryolithozone.


Significant capacity losses are generally seen for batteries containing high-capacity lithium alloy forming anode materials such as silicon, tin and aluminium. These losses are generally ascribed to a combination of volume expansion effects and irreversible electrolyte reduction reactions. Here, it is shown, based on e.g. elemental analyses of cycled electrodes, that the capacity losses for tin nanorod and silicon composite electrodes in fact involve diffusion controlled trapping of lithium in the electrodes. While an analogous effect is also demonstrated for copper, nickel and titanium current collectors, boron-doped diamond is shown to function as an effective lithium diffusion barrier. The present findings indicate that the durability of lithium based batteries can be improved significantly via proper electrode design or regeneration of the used electrodes.


This essay has two parts:

In Part 1, I consider the need for a new approach to the study of law beyond traditional parochial boundaries, explore how one might go about developing such an approach, and outline what such an approach might look like (New Legal Science). The point of the New Legal Science is to bridge the divide between the study of law in common law and civil law countries, marked by the abandonment of the project of legal science in the former and its continued pursuit in the latter, and thereby to facilitate the transformation of law from a parochial into a global discipline.

In Part 2, I briefly illustrate this approach by applying it to the study of penal law, as part of a comprehensive critical analysis of state penal power from the perspectives of law and police (the Dual Penal State).


We have investigated seasonal and sex-related differences in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the blotched blue-tongued lizard, Tiliqua nigrolutea as part of an investigation of the onset of sexual maturation and its subsequent annual regulation in a seasonally-breeding, viviparous reptile. Males of this species breed annually, while females exhibit a multiennial cycle. Age at maturity is unknown. We injected adult male and both reproductively active and non-reproductively active adult female lizards with GnRH at relevant times of year: males (Jan - quiescent; Mar - early spermatogenesis; Oct - late spermatogenesis/mating), females (Apr - past partum/quiescent; Oct - vitellogenesis/quiescent). Juveniles at ages 1, 6, 12 and 18 months of age have been injected with GnRH and had sex steroids measured in the same way, to examine the onset of HPG axis regulation and so, the onset sexual maturity. We plan to follow these juveniles over time until sexual maturity is reached. We have found clear seasonal and sex-related differences in the production of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in each sex (as a measure of the activity of the HPG axis), and suggest that aromatase activity may be an important point of regulation of the multiennial cycle in females of this species. We are also using assay results to develop a model for sexing offspring via differences in the testosterone to estradiol ratio for future studies.


OBJECTIVE
To describe sleeping behaviors and trends over time among an ethnically diverse group of community-living older adults.

METHOD
A descriptive secondary data analysis of a subsample (n = 217) from the Lifestyle Redesign randomized controlled trial was done to explore baseline napping and sleeping patterns as well as 6-mo changes in these outcomes.

RESULTS
At baseline, the average time sleeping was 8.2 hr daily (standard deviation = 1.7). Among all participants, 29% reported daytime napping at baseline, of which 36% no longer napped at follow-up. Among participants who stopped napping, those who received an occupation-based intervention (n = 98) replaced napping time with nighttime sleep, and those not receiving an intervention (n = 119) experienced a net loss of total sleep (p < .05).

CONCLUSION
Among participants who stopped napping, the occupation-based intervention may be related to enhanced sleep. More research examining the role of occupation-based interventions in improving sleep is warranted.


This thesis is an ethnographic exploration of the people of the Drakensberg Mountains of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa that trace Zulu and San or Bushmen ancestry. I found that as these people attempt to reclaim rights lost through colonization, assimilation and Apartheid they are creating new rituals and attaching new significance to rock art sites. I also found that the contemporary ethnography of the Drakensberg peoples in general can aid interpretations of the rock art and also challenges established hegemonies of interpretation. The research also challenges the ethnic/cultural distinctions that are assumed to be salient between different peoples of South Africa and adds to the 'Kalahari debate' by questioning notions of an either or situation of assimilation or subordination. The ethno-historical record indicates a much more complex web of relations existed historically than is related in the dominant academic discourses. The extent that these people will be recognised as aboriginal remains to be seen, and currently they are creating social and political links with San organizations with the hopes of future gains and political recognition of their rights and identity.


Big data is the term for any gathering of information sets, so expensive and complex, that it gets to be hard to process for utilizing customary information handling applications. The difficulties incorporate investigation, catch, duration, inquiry, sharing, stockpiling, Exchange, perception, and protection infringement. To reduce spot business patterns, anticipate diseases, conflict etc., we require bigger data sets when compared with the smaller data sets. Enormous information is hard to work with utilizing most social database administration frameworks and desktop measurements and perception bundles, needing rather enormously parallel programming running on tens, hundreds, or even a large number of servers. In this paper there was an observation on Hadoop architecture, different tools used for big data and its security issues.


Abstract In 1939, Wisconsin readers of a weekly newspaper column by Mitchell Redcloud, a member of the Ho-Chunk Indian community settled within the rural township of Komensky, were greeted with a set of headlines from the imaginary "Komensky News" about an actual local event. The headlines reported that despite opposition from local whites, Ho-Chunk people had successfully elected a Ho-Chunk candidate to the township board. This article draws on studies of Indigenous media and recent efforts to develop field-theoretic accounts of social action to understand the interdependence of Redcloud's headlines and the Ho-Chunk vote as part of an incipient project of Indigenous political action. Using census records, I first describe the positions in the everyday field of race and class relations that Ho-Chunk people occupied in Komensky, based on their incomes, educations, and occupational statuses. I then draw on this description to understand Redcloud's position-taking strategies before the election. I next examine Redcloud's writing career in the newspaper to understand his strategy of self-positioning as a marked Indian voice within a print-based discursive field that denigrated other Ho-Chunk voices. I finish by examining new position-taking strategies manifest in the 1939 vote and in Redcloud's turn to headline register. I argue that both media and electoral mechanisms offered relatively autonomous fields that made these experiments with Indigenous action possible despite the absence of tribal political institutions necessary to transform the positions Ho-Chunk people occupied in their everyday lives. Together, the headlines and the election suggest the interdependence of activism carried out in media and in governmental structures in the production of transformative acts of political self-representation.


The focus of this paper is the syntax of Latin clauses in which a finite auxiliary occurs in clausefinal position, which in Classical Latin (ca. 100 BC 200 AD) is the most frequently attested word order pattern. I argue that these structures are derived through VP-movement, which is analysed as an instance of EPP-driven A-movement rather than as phrasal roll-up (as in Ledgeway 2012). Evidence comes from the interaction between sentential negation and verb movement, as well as from the availability of the order VOAux. The present proposal supports the claim that in some languages, the EPP-feature on T° attracts a VP rather than a DP (Travis 2005; Biberauer and Roberts 2005).