Performance cues are the landmarks of a piece of music that a performer
attends to during performance. While most aspects of a performance
become automatic with practice, performance cues provide the musician
with a means of conscious control of otherwise automatic motor sequences. Experienced performers strategically select the performance cues that they need to attend to during performance in order to achieve the musical and technical effects that they want. Previous evidence for this claim has come from practice and recall. This study examined effects of performance cues on live and practice performances. We recorded the practice and public performances of an experienced cellist learning the Prelude from J.S. Bach's Suite No. 6 for solo cello over a two-year period.
We measured bar-to-bar fluctuations in sound-level and tempo for 8
practice, 7 live, and 12 "lab" performances, the latter played with exaggerated, normal, or minimal expression. Expressive and interpretive performance cues were consistently associated with slower tempi and lower sound-levels. These effects were larger in exaggerated than in minimally expressive lab performances, and there were similar differences between the live performances. The effects suggest performance cues provide a way of controlling highly practiced performance.


In this paper, we use the Laspeyres index to construct a cost of living index (CLI), a wholesale price index (WPI), and a producer price index (PPI) for Norway for the period 1736–1766. We use the newly published database Historiske tollog skipsanløpslister to collect price series on Arendal, Christiania, Drammen, Fredrikstad, and Kristiansand. Our final data set, after necessary refinements and interpolations, consists of price series for 52 commodities. Due to the importance of the cities in this context, the resulting indices are representative for the country as a whole. After constructing the indices, we analyze them using historical findings and economic theory. We use the CLI to analyze the general price level and calculate inflation. From the CLI we identified four major price shocks. The main findings from the analysis is that crop failure and wars have the most substantial impact on national price levels. Towards the end of the period, we find that increased money supply to finance wars caused persistent inflation in the long run. We also analyze the PPI, where we find that substitution effects, regulatory changes, and supply changes are the most important causes of price shocks. Although it is difficult to postulate causal effects between the shocks and historical events, the findings of this thesis still point towards explicit relationships between the events and timing of the price shocks. We believe the revised CLI is more reliable and accurate than Grytten (2004), since the data set used in this thesis is more extensive and accurate. When comparing our CLI with Sweden and Denmark, we find that it reflects historical events better than Grytten (2004), because our index follows the general price development in Scandinavia better and therefore captures the effects of exogenous economic shocks more reliably. We also confirm that erratic inflation was not an uncommon phenomenon for the period, which is in line with previous literature on the topic.


INTRODUCTION
A large private operating theatre complex was investigated to address the lack of published South African benchmarks for utilisation. All major theatres were staffed during normal working hours (07h00 - 19h00), emergency cases being provided for on an ad hoc basis through spare capacity.

METHODS
An extensive billing database, amounting to 28 991 records of procedures performed during normal working hours and spanning the period October 2007 - February 2010, was data-mined using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) scripts. Theatre utilisation was analysed per day, per theatre.

RESULTS
The results showed an average utilisation of 43% with significant variation in day-to-day operations. If the very underutilised minor theatre was excluded from the analysis, overall utilisation rose to 48%. Individual theatre utilisation ranged from 14% to 61%. An analysis of change in utilisation with time during a day showed that peak utilisation of 71% was achieved at 09h30 (90 minutes after lists start). Utilisation dropped to 25% at the end of the working day and was sustained for some time after hours.

CONCLUSION
The 48% utilisation observed was significantly lower than the global benchmark of between 70% and 80%.


Known for its sophistication, enigmatic narrative, and small but voracious fan base, the British series The Prisoner is an enduring example of cult television. However, its import to American television beginning in 1968 and its reimagining as an AMC miniseries in 2009 demonstrates that the program's endurance has as much to do with its viability as a commodity as its value as a canonic cult text. By tracing the industrial and press discourses around various incarnations of The Prisoner on American television, this article argues that show's cult status has been perpetuated, in large part, by the industrial logic, marketing, and branding that has structured the rebroadcast and reimagining of the series. As such, this article builds on studies of cult television by examining how such discourses may be co-opted by the industry, repackaged as a commodity, and sold to advertisers and audiences.


When the Cellulose Acetate Microfilm forum was set up just over two years ago one of its first activities was to carry out in-depth surveys of the condition of microfilm in the collections of the libraries involved. To a greater or lesser degree the libraries found evidence of deterioration in their stocks of acetate film. Many libraries, especially those which had collections dating from more recent decades, had no significant problems with the condition of the microfilm stock in their care. But for almost all of the libraries there was a secondary aftershock, as it were, after the first earthquake. This shock came to those who are responsible for listing and cataloguing the materials, and showed up considerable gaps in the recording of details of the surrogate microfilms in the library collections. In this paper I will describe the extent of the problem, suggest the causes and possible solutions, and conclude with a look towards some strategic possibilities for coping in the future.


Residue methods were developed for the determination o f the coccidiostat robenidine in egg, the benzimidazoles (13) in liver (albendazole 2-amino albendazole sulphone, albendazole sulphoxide, albendazole sulphone, thiabendazole, oxfendazole or fenbendazole sulphoxide, hydroxy mebendazole, amino flubendazole, fenbendazole sulphone, oxibendazole, mebendazole, flubendazole and albendazole) and the triphenylmethane dyes (4) in salmon (malachite green, crystal violet, leucomalachite green and leucocrystal violet). The methods were validated according to the criteria defined in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Robenidine was extracted from egg with acetonitrile and the sample extracts analysed by liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric detection at 317 nm. The decision limit (CCa) and the detection capability (CCP) were 10 |xg.kg_I and 17 ng.kg'1 respectively.

The benzimidazoles were extracted from liver samples with ethyl acetate, sample extracts were defatted with hexane and cleaned up by automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Ci8 cartridges. Aliquots o f the extracts were analysed by LC with UV detection at 298 nm. The CCa values ranged between maximum residue limit (MRL) + 12% and MRL + 25% and the CCP ranged between MRL + 25% and MRL + 45%. The triphenylmethane dyes were extracted from salmon with acetonitrile and pH 3 buffer, extracts were cleaned up using cation-exchange SPE on sulphonic acid (SCX) cartridges and the sample extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). CCa for malachite green, leucomalachite green, crystal violet and leucocrystal violet were 0.17, 0.15, 0.40 and 0.17 iig-kg'1 respectively and CCP were 0.30, 0.35, 0.80 and 0.32 ng.kg 1 respectively.

All research undertaken in this thesis was published in peer reviewed journals. This work has made a significant contribution to residues science as more novel methods have become available for surveillance of these drugs at national and international level. The methods developed in this research also provide a legal basis for prosecuting individuals who use these veterinary products without adhering to EU legislation. Ultimately the work enhances food safety as methods developed help to eliminate the hazards associated with drug residues entering the food chain.


This study assessed the effects of some local sources of drinking water in Okiagbem, Uromi and Ubiaja communities of Esan Edo State Nigeria on the biochemical, haematological parameters and electrolytes of Wistar albino rats. The Urea values of all the test groups (4.90+0.59, 5.95+0.74 and 5.70+0.71) were slightly higher than that of the control (3.87+0.39 and there was a significant (p0.05) increase in blood Creatinine levels of all the test groups (79.83+10.39, 101.67+13.54 and 97.67+8.76) compared with the control (67.33+7.81), indicating renal damage. There was an increase in Total and Conjugated Bilirubin of the test groups compared with the control. There was no significant (p0.05) increase in Electrolytes'  concentrations between the test groups and control. .The PCV values range of 35.17+1.45% to 38.00+2.67% for all samples were not significantly (p0.05) different from the Control values (36.00+1.93%). There were significant (p0.05) increases in the TWBC counts of Uromi and Ubiaja test groups. The liver function test conducted showed a significant (p0.05) increase in ALT, AST and ALP with the variations indicating liver damage.© JASEM


This paper reviews the design of the Tropical Pacific Observing System (TPOS) and its governance and takes a forward look at prospective change. The initial findings of the TPOS 2020 Project embrace new strategic approaches and technologies in a user-driven design and the variable focus of the Framework for Ocean Observing. User requirements arise from climate prediction and research, climate change and the climate record, and coupled modeling and data assimilation more generally. Requirements include focus on the upper ocean and air-sea interactions, sampling of diurnal variations, finer spatial scales and emerging demands related to biogeochemistry and ecosystems. One aim is to sample a diversity of climatic regimes in addition to the equatorial zone. The status and outlook for meeting the requirements of the design are discussed. This is accomplished through integrated and complementary capabilities of networks, including satellites, moorings, profiling floats and autonomous vehicles. Emerging technologies and methods are also discussed. The outlook highlights a few new foci of the design: biogeochemistry and ecosystems, low-latitude western boundary currents and the eastern Pacific. Low latitude western boundary currents are conduits of tropical-subtropical interactions, supplying waters of mid to high latitude origin to the western equatorial Pacific and into the Indonesian Throughflow. They are an essential part of the recharge/discharge of equatorial warm water volume at interannual timescales and play crucial roles in climate variability on regional and global scales. The tropical eastern Pacific, where extreme El Nino events develop, requires tailored approaches owing to the complex of processes at work there involving coastal upwelling, and equatorial cold tongue dynamics, the oxygen minimum zone and the seasonal double Intertropical Convergence Zone. A pilot program building on existing networks is envisaged, complemented by a process study of the East Pacific ITCZ/warm pool/cold tongue/stratus coupled system. The sustainability of TPOS depends on effective and strong collaborative partnerships and governance arrangements. Revisiting regional mechanisms and engaging new partners in the context of a planned and systematic design will ensure a multi-purpose, multi-faceted integrated approach that is sustainable and responsive to changing needs.


In synchronic and diachronic surveys of family names, digital atlases have recently become extremely important tools, as they can provide information on the spatial distribution, localization, and dialect differences of names and name variants. European onomastics has already produced some very impressive works in the field, and Hungarian onomastics should also join the trend. In Hungary, the current synchronic surveys on family names face several questions to which adequate answers can only be gained from investigations into historical changes. The first steps to build the database of the Hungarian historical personal names have already been taken. The present database contains the 166,000 names of the first national census in 1715. The name corpus provides an opportunity for several linguistic, onomastic and interdisciplinary enquiries, some of which are described in the paper: 1) Lexical cartograms are used to examine the regionality of the names in order to reveal extralinguistic factors (migration, economic and social relations, etc.), adopting an interdisciplinary approach. 2) Personal names as elements of the language display dialectal, phonetic, morphological and lexical features; thus, their analysis provides us with valuable insights into historical dialectology. 3) Identifying the name-etymons helps us to find out the distribution of the linguistic origin of the relevant name stock, which might serve as an indirect source of historical demographic research to reconstruct contemporary ethnic conditions. 4) In name systemic investigation, the mapping and analysis of the regionality of certain family-name types are carried out. Morphological enquiries are aimed at discovering the geographical characteristics of certain formants (derivative suffixes) and variants.


Background: Flame retardants are used to delay the onset of fire in products such as furniture, textiles and electrical appliances. But they have been found at elevated concentrations in the global environment and even in remote locations such as Antarctica. They are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulate in the environment. They cause reproductive health problems, nervous disorders, learning problems in children, affect the unborn and infants. Method and findings: A detailed review of literature was done on Scopus and Science Direct, Pub-Med and Google. Results show that halogenated flame retardants such as PCBs, PBBs, PBDEs, and HBCDs have been banned or restricted in many parts of the world. But despite the ban, they are still being found in high concentrations indicating persistence, absence of regulations or non compliance to regulations. Levels are highest in North America which is consistent with the usage in the continent. Numerous studies have shown that PCBs and PBDEs bioaccumulate and biomagnify in marine mammals, fishes, bivalves, polar bear, birds and human body. Concentrations of PBDE in human milk are highest in North America and lowest in Africa. Even though there is no production of flame retardants in Africa, e-waste recycling is a major source. Levels of PBDEs in indoor dust of Asian countries like China and Korea are the second highest in the world with elevated concentrations in e-waste recycling areas. Replacements for the banned flame retardants such as NBFRs and PFRs have also been detected at high concentrations in the environment. Some of them are as toxic as the replaced ones raising questions about their suitability as alternatives. Conclusion: Toxicological studies are needed before marketing and usage to determine suitable alternative flame retardants.


A dramatic change of ownership, regulation, and organisation of essential public services, such as electricity, gas, and telecommunications, has taken place in Europe in less than 20 years. This was not the outcome of spontaneous adaptation, but an entirely top-down policy experiment, mainly conceived in London during Mrs Thatcher's years, then pursued in Brussels - the 'capital' of the European Union - and imposed on more or less reluctant players by laws, directives, regulations, and administrative and judicial decisions. The European reform paradigm revolves around three pillars: privatisation, unbundling, and regulated liberalisation of network industries. These industries, despite the reforms, are still special, as they include core natural monopoly components (the electricity grid, the gas pipelines, the telephony networks, etc.), are often based on complex system integration of different segments (for example of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and retail supply), and offer services that have critical social and economic importance, from heating to internet. This book offers a careful scrutiny of energy and telephony reforms and prices paid by households in 15 countries across Western Europe. It attempts to answer such questions as: Are the consumers in Europe happier than they were before the reforms? Do they pay less? Do they get a better quality for the services? Network Industries and Social Welfare provides an overview of the main facts, the conceptual issues, and of the empirical evidence on pricing, perceptions of quality of service, and the issues of utility poverty and social affordability. It suggests that the benefits of the reforms for the consumers have often been limited and that governments should reconsider their overconfidence in regulated market mechanisms in network industries.


This paper describes the experiences of young homeless people in Western Australia during their transitions to more permanent accommodation and independent living. For these young homeless people, permanent accommodation provided an opportunity for 'feeling at home' and having a sense of control and stability associated with 'home'. Within this space, these young people wanted to be considered 'normal' home occupiers. In this context, the paper discusses how young homeless people experience and negotiate the social and cultural understandings of home outside socially accepted pathways of leaving the parental home and becoming 'normal' home occupiers themselves. The paper shows how this experience of home, and the potential it offers previously homeless young people, is interrupted by discourses of youth workers, neighbours and society at large, which serve to (re)position them outside the community of 'normal' home occupiers. The findings have implications for both policy and the delivery of services to young homeless people.


Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are immune-endocrine disorders affecting the thyroid gland and, eventually, also a number of other systemic targets, including the brain and the nervous system. Encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (EAATD) is a rare, heterogeneous condition arising from the background of an ATD. It is characterised by neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms with acute or sub-acute onset, and virtually any neurological or psychiatric symptom can appear. However, EAATD often presents with confusion, altered consciousness, seizures, or myoclonus. The majority of cases are associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but a number of patients with Graves' disease have also been described. EAATD is likely an immune-mediated disorder. Its exact prevalence has not been precisely elucidated, with an increasing number of cases reported in the last few years. Most EAATD patients respond in a dramatic manner to corticosteroids. However, the immunosuppressive treatment may require a long course (up to 12 months). The increasing number of EAATD cases reported in the literature demonstrates a growing interest of the scientific community about this condition, which still requires a better definition of its pathophysiology, the diagnostic criteria, and the most appropriate management, including the long-term follow-up of patients. The current clinical evidence about EAATD is mostly based on the report of single cases or small cohort studies. In this review, we present the current knowledge about EAATD, with a dedicated focus to the clinical management of the patients from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective.


Background: A neuroprotective effect of nimodipine on acute cerebral infarction has been confirmed, but there are few reports regarding the therapeutic effect of nimodipine on acute massive cerebral infarction. There is also no consensus on the optimal time window for the use and dosage of nimodipine. This trial is planned to answer these questions using a double-blind randomized controlled design. Methods/Design: This is a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The experiments will be conducted in the Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College of China. One hundred patients with acute massive cerebral infarction will be randomly assigned to a control group and a treatment group. Patients in the control and treatment groups will receive intravenous infusion of citicoline and intravenous infusion of nimodipine (10 mg/d) respectively, for 7 consecutive days. Simultaneously, to determine the appropriate time window for treatment with nimodipine, patients in the treatment group will be divided into four subgroups according to the time of nimodipine administration: < 3 hours, 3-6 hours, 6-24 hours, and > 24 hours. The main outcome measures are: the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the Rankin scale will be used to assess the severity and recovery of neurological impairment, respectively. Cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging will be used to evaluate brain lesions and the Barthel index will be used to assess the activities of daily living. Secondary outcome measures are heart rate and blood pressure. Discussion: It is hoped that the experimental results can determine the best application time window and dosage of nimodipine for acute massive cerebral infarction. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02248233; registered on 22 September 2014.


AbstractApplication of an isentropic analysis of convective motions to a simulated mesoscale convective system is presented. The approach discriminates the vertical mass transport in terms of equivalent potential temperature. The scheme separates rising air at high entropy from subsiding air at low entropy. This also filters out oscillatory motions associated with gravity waves and isolates the overturning motions associated with convection and mesoscale circulation. The mesoscale convective system is additionally partitioned into stratiform and convective regions based on the radar reflectivity field. For each of the subregions, the mass transport derived in terms of height and an isentropic invariant of the flow is analyzed. The difference between the Eulerian mass flux and the isentropic counterpart is a significant and symmetric contribution of the buoyant oscillations to the upward and downward mass fluxes. Filtering out these oscillations results in substantial reduction of the diagnosed downward-to...


Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are no longer confined to use in commercial signage and have now moved firmly, and with unquestioned advantages, into the field of commercial and domestic lighting. This development was prompted in the late 1980s by the invention of the blue LED, a wavelength that had previously been missing from the available LED spectrum and which opened the way to providing white light. Since that point, LED performance (including energy efficiency) has improved dramatically, and now compares with the performance of fluorescent lights - and there remain further performance improvements yet to be delivered. The book begins with the principles of LED lighting, then focuses on issues and challenges. Chapters are devoted to key steps in LED manufacturing: substrate, epitaxy, process and packaging. Photoelectric characterization of LEDs, Lighting with LEDs and the imposition of a certain level of color quality, are the subject of later chapters, and finally there is a detailed discussion of the emergence of OLEDs, or organic LEDs, which have specific capabilities of immediate interest and importance in this field.


The combined processes of self-sputter (SS)-recycling and process gas recycling in high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges are analyzed using the generalized recycling model (GRM). The study uses experimental data from discharges with current densities from the direct current magnetron sputtering range to the HiPIMS range, and using targets with self-sputter yields YSS from ≈ 0.1 to 2.6. The GRM analysis reveals that, above a critical current density of the order of Jcrit ≈ 0.2 A cm−2, a combination of self-sputter recycling and gas-recycling is generally the case. The relative contributions of these recycling mechanisms, in turn, influence both the electron energy distribution and the stability of the discharges. For high self-sputter yields, above YSS ≈ 1, the discharges become dominated by SS-recycling, contain few hot secondary electrons from sheath energization, and have a relatively low electron temperature Te. Here, stable plateau values of the discharge current develop during long pulses, and these values increase monotonically with the applied voltage. For low self-sputter yields, below YSS ≈ 0.2, the discharges above Jcrit are dominated by process gas recycling, have a significant sheath energization of secondary electrons and a higher Te, and the current evolution is generally less stable. For intermediate values of YSS the discharge character gradually shifts between these two types. All of these discharges can, at sufficiently high discharge voltage, give currents that increase rapidly in time. For such cases we propose that a distinction should be made between 'unlimited' runaway and 'limited' runaway: in unlimited runaway the current can, in principle, increase without a limit for a fixed discharge voltage, while in limited runaway it can only grow towards finite, albeit very high, levels. For unlimited runway YSS > 1 is found to be a necessary criterion, independent of the amount of gas-recycling in the discharge.


Can green growth policies help protect the environment while keeping the industry growing and infrastructure expanding? The City of Kitakyushu, Japan, has actively implemented eco-friendly policies since 1967 and recently inspired the pursuit of sustainable development around the world, especially in the Global South region. However, empirical studies on the effects of green growth policies are still lacking. This study explores the relationship between road infrastructure development and average industrial firm size with air pollution in the city through the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Non-linear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) methods were applied on nearly 50-years' time series data, from 1967 to 2015. The results show that the shape of the EKC of industrial growth, measured by average firm size, depends on the type of air pollution: inverted N-shaped relationships with NO2 and CO, and the U-shaped relationships with falling dust particle and Ox. Regarding infrastructure development, on the one hand, our analysis shows a positive effect of road construction on alleviating the amount of falling dust and CO concentration. On the other hand, the emissions of NO2 and Ox are shown to rise when plotted against road construction. The decline of CO emission, when plotted against both industrial growth and road development, indicates that the ruthlessness of the local government in pursuing green growth policies is effective in this case. However, the story is not straightforward when it comes to other air pollutants, which hint at limits in the current policies. The case of Kitakyushu illustrates the complex dynamics of the interaction among policy, industry, infrastructure, and air pollution. It can serve as an important reference point for other cities in the Global South when policies are formed, and progress is measured in the pursuit of a green economy. Finally, as an OECD SDGs pilot city and the leading Asian green-growth city, policymakers in Kitakyushu city are recommended to revise the data policy to enhance the findability and interoperability of data as well as to invest in the application of big data.


Abstract Global information on Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and extant non-angiosperm leaf morphologies has been gathered to investigate morphological diversity in leaves consistent with marginal growth and to identify likely departures from such development. Two patterns emerge from the principal coordinates analysis of this data set: (1) the loss of morphological diversity associated with marginal leaf growth among seed plants after sharing the complete Paleozoic range of such morphologies with ferns and (2) the repeated evolution of more complex, angiosperm-like leaf traits among both ferns and seed plants. With regard to the first pattern, morphological divergence of fern and seed plant leaf morphologies, indirectly recognized as part of the Paleophytic-Mesophytic transition, likely reflects reproductive and ecological divergence. The leaf-borne reproductive structures that are common to the ferns and Paleozoic seed plants may promote leaf morphological diversity, whereas the separation of vegetative and reproductive roles into distinct organs in later seed plant groups may have allowed greater functional specialization—and thereby morphological simplification—as the seed plants came to be dominated by groups originating in more arid environments. With regard to the second pattern, the environmental and ecological distribution of angiosperm-like leaf traits among fossil and extant plants suggests that these traits preferentially evolve in herbaceous to understory plants of warm, humid environments, thus supporting inferences concerning angiosperm origins based upon the ecophysiology of basal extant taxa.


We present the first-generation global tomographic model constructed based on adjoint tomography, an iterative full-waveform inversion technique. Synthetic seismograms were calculated using GPU-accelerated spectral-element simulations of global seismic wave propagation, accommodating effects due to 3D anelastic crust & mantle structure, topography & bathymetry, the ocean load, ellipticity, rotation, and self-gravitation. Frechet derivatives were calculated in 3D anelastic models based on an adjoint-state method. The simulations were performed on the Cray XK7 named 'Titan', a computer with 18,688 GPU accelerators housed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The transversely isotropic global model is the result of 15 tomographic iterations, which systematically reduced differences between observed and simulated three-component seismograms. Our starting model combined 3D mantle model S362ANI (Kustowski et al. 2008) with 3D crustal model Crust2.0 (Bassin et al. 2000). We simultaneously inverted for structure in the crust and mantle, thereby eliminating the need for widely used 'crustal corrections'. We used data from 253 earthquakes in the magnitude range 5.8~ ≤ ~Mw~ ≤ ~7.0. For the first 12 iterations, we combined ∼30 s body-wave data with ∼60 s surface-wave data. The shortest period of the surface waves was gradually decreased, and in the last three iterations we combined ∼17 s body waves with ∼45 s surface waves. We started using 180 min-long seismograms after the 12th iteration and assimilated minor- and major-arc body and surface waves. The 15th iteration model features enhancements of well-known slabs, an enhanced image of the Samoa/Tahiti plume, as well as various other plumes and hotspots, such as Caroline, Galapagos, Yellowstone, and Erebus. Furthermore, we see clear improvements in slab resolution along the Hellenic and Japan Arcs, as well as subduction along the East of Scotia Plate, which does not exist in the starting model. Point-spread function tests demonstrate that we are approaching the resolution of continental-scale studies in some areas, for example underneath Yellowstone. This is a consequence of our multi-scale smoothing strategy, in which we define our smoothing operator as a function of the approximate Hessian kernel, thereby smoothing gradients less wherever we have good ray coverage, such as underneath North America.


The article explores the new initiatives that the European Union and the six countries of the Eastern Partnership (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine) have undertaken in the field of migration and asylum. In particular the analysis carried out in the essay concerns the activities of the Panel on Migration and Asylum, launched at the Prague Summit on 2011, as the most significant tool created to facilitate, inter alia, the strengthening of the immigration and asylum system of the partnership countries; the progress of the dialogue on the issues of immigration and asylum between the partnership countries and the European Union and, finally, the facilitation of the exchange of best practices to comply with international standards. The research highlights the differences between national regimes and the law of the European Union with regard to irregular immigration, particularly as  regard smuggling, and the reasons behind this fragmentation.


Capital jurors are "death-qualified," or asked to verify at voir dire that their views on the death penalty would not prevent them from serving impartially. Ironically, death qualification itself creates juries unfairly biased toward guilt and death. Empirical investigation has demonstrated this skewing effect for over fifty years, and with the release of the recent Capital Jury Project data, any doubts on this score surely have been laid to rest. Efforts to ameliorate death qualification's prosecutorial bias have been hamstrung, however, by statutory unitary jury requirements like the one found in the Federal Death Penalty Act. Statutes like these, which require that the same jury that determined guilt also determine punishment, place defendants in a double-bind. Death-qualifying a unitary jury before the conviction stage asks jurors to presume the defendant is guilty before the trial has even begun. Waiting to death-qualify the unitary jury until after conviction, however, means jurors will be asked about their willingness to impose death after having heard all the gristly details of the crime, and not a scrap of evidence in mitigation. True bifurcation offers an escape from the double-bind, but the unitary jury requirement forbids it. This article considers the rationales for the unitary jury requirement, framed as objections to true bifurcation, and proves them to be illusory. As the only real barrier to the improved fairness true bifurcation offers is the statutory requirement itself, that requirement should be abandoned. Surely the principled executioner would agree.


Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer that originates
from neoplastic trasformation of melanocyte cells. Important predisposing factors are considered UV exposure and genetic susceptibility. Due to the complex nature of the disease, metastatic melanomas have proven to be typically resistant to different therapy and chemotherapy treatments. On this basis, recently, key signalling pathways that are important in promoting melanoma tumourigenesis, have been identified thus providing dynamic targets for therapy.
The NF-kB is a well known transcriptional nuclear factor involved in melanoma progression. It is constitutively activated in several melanoma cell lines and regulates the expression and function of several genes involved in immediate early pathogen response, in inflammation, cell proliferation and survival and in apoptosis.
Based on this knowledge, it was hypothesized that its inhibition could represent a new way to induce programmed death in tumoral cells.
Therefore, A375 melanoma cells were incubated with different concentrations of NBD-peptide at different times. The anti-inflammatory activity of this peptide was already known.
 In this study, PARP-1 was used as marker of apoptotic process. In fact, it is a substrate of caspase-3, responsible for its cleavage in two stable and inactive fragments (89kDa and 24kDa). The results showed that the NBD peptide treatment induces a concentration-dependent inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation.
FACS analysis (flow cytometry) using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) PE-conjugated anti-human-active caspase-3, together with PARP-1 expression and activity analyses, confirmed that the treated cells die by apoptosis. FACS analysis showed that in treated cells, a concentration-dependent activation of caspase-3 occurs. Partial fragmentation and inactivation of PARP-1, is also observed by western blotting and enzimatic assay, respectively.
EMSA assay (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) carried out to study both NF-kB and IKK kinase complex activities, confirmed the hypothesis that the peptide induces apoptosis by modulating activity of this transcriptional nuclear factor. Such modulation is due to the block of IKK complex activity, responsible of NF-kB activation. In fact, it' s known that the latter, inactive, cannot translocate into nucleus, where it modulates transcription of different genes among which the antiapoptotic genes.
Preliminary data also suggest that partial PARP-1 inactivation could allow the maintenance of apoptotic process. PARP-1, in fact, is one of the main consumers of intracellular energy.
Since it was demonstrated that poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) levels play an important role both in cellular survival and death, in the second part of the present research it was studied whether NBD peptide treatment influences poly-ADP-ribose turnover. To this aim, beside poly-ADP-ribose synthesis, its degradation, by poly(ADPR)glycohydrolase (PARG) was studied.
In both NBD treated and untreated A375 melanoma cells, the same PARG isoform is expressed (about 75kDa), localized into the nucleus.
Its activity is more high in untreated melanoma cells, in which an active PAR turnover is guaranteed and tumoral cell survival occurs.
In treated cells, the lowest activity of PARG could depend on both length and intranuclear concentration of PAR. The partial PARP-1 inactivation suggests that PAR levels in treated cells are lower than those produced in melanoma cells. Moreover, a comparison of PAR isolated from treated cells and that from melanoma cells, indicates that the former is unbranched and shorter.
In conclusion, it is possible to hypothesize that in treated A375 cells, where the apoptotic process occurs, the low PARP activity produces low and no toxic PAR levels that combined with a low PARG activity, might allow the cells to maintain the apoptotic state rather than undergo necrosis.
In the last part of research the efficience of NBD peptide was also tested on other seven melanoma cell lines with different gene mutations. So, this peptide might represent a new and efficient drug in melanoma care. In addition, respect to common drugs used to inhibit NF-kB activity, NBD-peptide doesn't block nuclear factor activity completely, allowing its physiological roles in immunity, inflammation and cellular homeostasis.


The crudely linear trend and apparent age progression of the Walvis Track (Walvis aseismic volcanic ridge and Guyot Province to the SW) is commonly believed to reflect a mantle-plume-related hotspot track connecting the Etendeka Flood Basalts with Tristan and Gough Islands. The validity of the few age data and thus age progression for the Tristan/Gough hotspot track, however, are severely questioned. The plume hypothesis itself is also increasingly challenged by The Great Plume Debate and requires critical field tests. In addition, the Walvis Ridge is considered a type locality for the enriched mantle (EM) I endmember of intraplate basalts. The project WALVIS I conducts an integrated Ar/Ar geochronological and geochemical study (major and trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotopes) on existing samples from the Walvis Track and Rio Grande Rise. Our sample collection includes >100 samples from 34 sites of various international cruises and from five DSDP sites. These samples are used to test for age progressive magmatism along the Walvis Track, to evaluate changes in chemical composition through time, particularly to see if there is a geochemical zonation along this volcanic lineament, and to constrain further the ultimate origin of the EM-I mantle endmember. Due to logistical reasons the appointment of Mrs. Joana Deppe as Ph D student has been delayed until summer 2009. Nevertheless initial screening of the entire sample suite, making of thin sections as well as preparation of 22 samples from the Guyot Province for XRF (major elements), ICPMS (trace elements) and TIMS (Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes) has been carried out since January 2009. This geochemical work serves as a critical test for a possible zonation of the Tristan-Gough mantle source region through time and first results will be presented at the SPP1375 workshop. Available data from both island groups possess distinct trace element and Pb isotopic compositions (e.g. Ba/Th and 207 Pb/204Pb), which could reflect a zoned plume. Still the longevity of these components has not been established yet, because the Gough component can presently only be tracked to McNish seamount (8 Ma), to the east of Gough, and RSA (19 Ma) seamount. Therefore, the dredge samples collected by R/V Polarstern in 2006 at the morphological termination of the Gough track play a crucial role. Full scale preparation of key samples for Ar-Ar geochronological work will take place this summer and a first batch of mineral separates will be irradiated this fall so that age dates will become available early 2010. Overall our study also serves as the basis for a more detailed survey along the Walvis Ridge with R/V Meteor; a proposal of our workgroup that has been positively reviewed recently by the Senatskommission fur Ozeanographie.


Large, complex graphs arise in many settings including the Internet, social networks, and communication networks. To study such data sets, the authors explored the use of high-performance computing (HPC) for graph algorithms. They found that the challenges in these applications are quite different from those arising in traditional HPC applications and that massively multithreaded machines are well suited for graph problems.


Brahms9s Fest- und Gedenkspruche have long been discussed and sometimes dismissed as an occasional work. But although many scholars have debunked this designation, pointing out that Brahms wrote the motets with no particular occasion in mind, a more salient description of the composition deserves further investigation: the motets are a work for occasions, rather than an occasional work. This article looks at the repercussions of this distinction by focusing on the motets9 orientation around the world of plurals (in Benedict Anderson9s words) that was both presupposed and fostered by a national culture of festivity in late-nineteenth-century Germany. For one, the title of Brahms9s motets-- Spruche --references the contemporary collections of sayings that sought to capture and disseminate the multiplicity of the Volk in the new German Kaiserreich. This emphasis on national identity as a localized, participatory act was well suited to the flurry of commemorative festivities taking place throughout the newly unified Germany; it also finds musical expression in the motets. In particular, Brahms makes programmatic use of the double chorus to illustrate processes of unification, narration, and historical continuity, all of which were crucial strategies in the attempt to buttress Germany9s new political identity with mnemonic supports. And by setting biblical texts that promote a contractual memory between fathers and sons, Brahms depicts a community in which collective participation in remembering the national past serves as an optimistic bulwark against the centrifugal antagonisms that would soon beset the young German nation.


An energy-harvesting sensor node that is sending status updates to a destination is considered. The sensor is equipped with a battery of finite size to save its incoming energy, and consumes one unit of energy per status update transmission, which is delivered to the destination instantly over an error-free channel. The setting is online in which the harvested energy is revealed to the sensor causally over time after it arrives, and the goal is to design status update transmission times (policy) such that the long term average age of information (AoI) is minimized. The AoI is defined as the time elapsed since the latest update has reached at the destination. Two energy arrival models are considered: a random battery recharge (RBR) model, and an incremental battery recharge (IBR) model. In both models, energy arrives according to a Poisson process with unit rate, with values that completely fill up the battery in the RBR model, and with values that fill up the battery incrementally in a unit-by-unit fashion in the IBR model. The key approach to characterizing the optimal status update policy for both models is showing the optimality of renewal policies, in which the inter-update times follow a renewal process in a certain manner that depends on the energy arrival model and the battery size. It is then shown that the optimal renewal policy has an energy-dependent threshold structure, in which the sensor sends a status update only if the AoI grows above a certain threshold that depends on the energy available in its battery. For both the random and the incremental battery recharge models, the optimal energy-dependent thresholds are characterized explicitly, i.e., in closed-form, in terms of the optimal long term average AoI. It is also shown that the optimal thresholds are monotonically decreasing in the energy available in the battery, and that the smallest threshold, which comes in effect when the battery is full, is equal to the optimal long term average AoI.


The purpose of this research is to analyse the scheduling factors and their influence on TV advertising effectiveness. We deployed a quantitative approach based on a complete data set of advertisements aired on Czech TV in 2016 and 2017 for constructing a regression model. In contrast to several previous studies, our findings indicate that most analysed variables have only a negligible influence (length of spot, length of break, number of spots, position in break, category, day of the week, week, year, and interaction of week and year) on TV advertising exposure, while only the type of programme, daypart and TV channel show a relevant impact on advertising exposure.


This paper identifies a practice turn in current strategy research, treating strategy as something people do. However, it argues that this turn is incomplete in that researchers currently concentrate either on strategy activity at the intra-organizational level or on the aggregate effects of this activity at the extra-organizational level. The paper proposes a framework for strategy research that integrates these two levels based on the three concepts of strategy praxis, strategy practices and strategy practitioners. The paper develops implications of this framework for research, particularly with regard to the impact of strategy practices on strategy praxis, the creation and transfer of strategy practices and the making of strategy practitioners. The paper concludes by outlining the distinctive emphases of the practice perspective within the strategy discipline.


Under Rate-of-Return regulation, a firm's product prices are constrained by the requirement that investors do not earn more an allowable return on the firm's assets. This paper examines the dynamic properties of the Rate-of-Return regulation process when the regulated firm periodically undertakes new capacity investments. Our analysis identifies prices that correspond to stationary values of the regulation process. It is shown that the underlying depreciation rules for property, plant and equipment determine whether these stationary prices will be above, equal to, or below the long-run marginal cost of providing the regulated service. We provide conditions under which the Rate-of-Return regulation process is dynamically stable so that prices indeed converge to their stationary values. The overall efficiency of this regulation method is shown to depend on how well the applicable depreciation schedule matches the productivity pattern of the assets in use.


The extent of these powers [...powers to scrutinize proposed legislation before the Northern Ireland Assembly for its compliance with human rights standards, to assist litigants in bringing human rights complaints before the courts, and to conduct investigations into matters that give rise to human rights concerns...advising the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland as to whether any additional human rights, beyond those to be introduced for the whole of the United Kingdom by the Human Rights Act 1998, should be included in a Bill of Rights specific to Northern Ireland...], and their adequacy to the task that the Commission is expected to achieve, will be considered in more detail later in Parts III and IV of this Essay. Before doing so, however, it is worth examining the role of human rights commissions generally, and the particular manifestations that they have hitherto taken in Northern Ireland.Such background information is essential to understanding both what can be expected from the Commission and the type of problems that it is likely to face. THE NORTHERN IRELAND HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION Stephen Livingstone* "These 'twin' National Institutions could, I sincerely believe, become a model for other countries which have been and are still divided by a history of conflict-emanating from religious or ethnic differences."1


The primary research question of this dissertation is, \textit{How do contestants make sequential design decisions under the influence of competition?} To address this question, I study the influence of three factors, that can be controlled by the contest organizers, on the contestants' sequential information acquisition and decision-making behaviors. These factors are (i) a contestant's domain knowledge, (ii) framing of a design problem, and (iii) information about historical contests. The \textit{central hypothesis} is that by conducting controlled behavioral experiments we can acquire data of contestant behaviors that can be used to calibrate computational models of contestants' sequential decision-making behaviors, thereby, enabling predictions about the design outcomes. The behavioral results suggest that (i) contestants better understand problem constraints and generate more feasible design solutions when a design problem is framed in a domain-specific context as compared to a domain-independent context, (ii) contestants' efforts to acquire information about a design artifact to make design improvements are significantly affected by the information provided to them about their opponent who is competing to achieve the same objectives, and (iii) contestants make information acquisition decisions such as when to stop acquiring information, based on various criteria such as the number of resources, the target objective value, and the observed amount of improvement in their design quality. Moreover, the threshold values of such criteria are influenced by the information the contestants have about their opponent. The results imply that (i) by understanding the influence of an individual's domain knowledge and framing of a problem we can provide decision-support tools to the contestants in engineering design contexts to better acquire problem-specific information (ii) we can enable contest designers to decide what information to share to improve the quality of the design outcomes of design contest, and (iii) from an educational standpoint, we can enable instructors to provide students with accurate assessments of their domain knowledge by understanding students' information acquisition and decision making behaviors in their design projects. The \textit{primary contribution} of this dissertation is the computational models of an individual's sequential decision-making process that incorporate the behavioral results discussed above in competitive design scenarios. Moreover, a framework to conduct factorial investigations of human decision making through a combination of theory and behavioral experimentation is illustrated.


In a closed vacuum-dominated universe, the holographic principle implies that only a finite amount of information will ever be available to describe the distribution of matter in the sea of cosmic microwave background radiation. When z = 6 to z = 8, if information describing the distribution of matter in large scale structures is uniformly distributed in structures ranging in mass from that of the largest stars to the Jeans' mass, a holographic model for large scale structure in a closed universe can account for massive galaxies and central black holes observed at z = 6 to z = 8. In sharp contrast, the usual approach assuming only collapse of primordial overdensities into large scale structures has difficulty producing massive galaxies and central black holes at z = 6 to z = 8.


As
  we
  look
  around
  our
  community
  and
  the
  world,
  it
  becomes
  very
  apparent
  that
  we
  are
  facing
  many environmental,
  social
  and
  economic
  issues.
  In
  hope
  to
  make
  strides
  toward
  a
  positive
  future,
  the
  International Living
  Future
  Institute
  has
  developed
  many
  stringent
  programs,
  one
  of
  them
  being
  the
  Living
  Building Challenge
  (The
  Challenge).
  The
  Challenge
  is
  working
  to
  fix
  the
  problems
  of
  the
  built
  environment
  and
  to restore
  the
  negative
  impacts
  our
  building,
  landscapes,
  structures,
  etc.
  are
  having
  on
  the
  Triple
  Bottom
  Line (People,
  Planet,
  Profit). The
  Challenge's
  mission
  states: To
  encourage
  the
  creation
  of
  Living
  Buildings,
  Landscapes
  and
  Neighborhoods
  in
  countries
  around
  the world
  while
  inspiring,
  educating
  and
  motivating
  a
  global
  audience
  about
  the
  need
  for
  fundamental and
  transformative
  change. Over
  the
  last
  two
  years
  (January
  2011-‐April
  2013)
  I
  have
  been
  immersed
  in
  this
  very
  dynamic
  Lee
  Honors Thesis
  project,
  and
  have
  had
  many
  different
  roles
  in
  order
  to
  complete
  this
  project
  in
  a
  timely
  manner,
  and
  to ensure
  it
  serves
  a
  true
  purpose
  towards
  our
  goal.
  The
  project
  has
  transformed
  from
  an
  analysis
  of
  the environmental
  and
  cultural
  impacts
  a
  'Living
  Building'
  would
  have
  on
  our
  campus
  and
  the
  community;
  to developing
  a
  sales
  schematic
  that
  would
  aim
  to
  raise
  funds
  for
  the
  development
  of
  a
  'Living
  Building'
  on campus;
  and
  to
  develop
  a
  marketing
  campaign
  that
  targets
  the
  students
  of
  Western
  Michigan
  University. The
  ultimate
  goal
  of
  this
  project
  is
  to
  create
  a
  movement
  on
  the
  Western
  Michigan
  University
  campus
  until
  we reach
  our
  first
  goal
  of
  getting
  a
  'Living
  Building'
  on
  our
  campus.
  Once
  that
  happens,
  we
  will
  continue
  to
  push until
  we
  become
  the
  first
  'Living
  Campus'
  in
  the
  world.
  When
  we
  have
  accomplished
  this,
  we
  will
  have
  set ourselves
  apart
  from
  all
  other
  universities
  and
  we
  will
  have
  become
  the
  standard
  for
  what
  a
  campus
  should be,
  and
  I
  will
  be
  proud
  to
  say
  that
  it
  started
  here,
  with
  a
  group
  of
  students
  and
  an
  idea.


It would be unlikely that many of today's practicing family doctors have not been involved in Continuing Medical Education
(CME) activities. It would be equally unlikely, however, that these activities were part of any contextually structured educational
plan towards professional development. Often driven by external need towards a reaccredidation procedure, CME can be seen
as a burden upon the average practitioners working day, or more usually evening. The concept of Continuing Professional Development takes the practitioner away from these short-term goals and moves them
into a planned educational environment. Using the principles of adult education, this article supports the concept of Continuing
Professional Development and demonstrates the value to the practitioner of an educational activity that is both relevant and
purposeful towards daily practice, hopefully equally beneficial to the practitioner and patient alike. This article considers some
of the theory that underlies the change from Continuing Medical Education ( CME ) to Continuing Professional Development
(CPD), the evidence for its effectiveness, and the ways in which CPD interacts with the processes of appraisal and assessment
of medical practitioners.


The aggregation of conflicting preferences is a central problem in multiagent systems. The key difficulty is that the agents may report their preferences insincerely. Mechanism design is the art of designing the rules of the game so that the agents are motivated to report their preferences truthfully and a (socially) desirable outcome is chosen. We propose an approach where a mechanism is automatically created for the preference aggregation setting at hand. This has several advantages, but the downside is that the mechanism design optimization problem needs to be solved anew each time. Hence the computational complexity of mechanism design becomes a key issue. In this paper we analyze the single-agent mechanism design problem, whose simplicity allows for elegant and generally applicable results.We show that designing an optimal deterministic mechanism that does not use payments is NP-complete even if there is only one agent whose type is private information---even when the designer's objective is social welfare. We show how this hardness result extends to settings with multiple agents with private information. We then show that if the mechanism is allowed to use randomization, the design problem is solvable by linear programming (even for general objectives) and hence in P. This generalizes to any fixed number of agents. We then study settings where side payments are possible and the agents' preferences are quasilinear. We show that if the designer's objective is social welfare, an optimal deterministic mechanism is easy to construct; in fact, this mechanism is also ex post optimal. We then show that designing an optimal deterministic mechanism with side payments is NP-complete for general objectives, and this hardness extends to settings with multiple agents. Finally, we show that an optimal randomized mechanism can be designed in polynomial time using linear programming even for general objective functions. This again generalizes to any fixed number of agents.


Recent improvements in stress analysis methods have made it necessary to revise and to extend the loading curves to cover all conditions of flight. This report is concerned with a study of existing biplane data by combining the experimental and theoretical data to derive a series of curves from which the lift curves of the individual wings of a biplane may be obtained.


This thesis investigates firms with patterns of repeated cash dividend increases to answer two research questions. First, are firms rewarded for this particular type of dividend policy, and second, is there any evidence to support the hypothesis that the stock market learns to anticipate a dividend increase based on past history? Dividends are a particularly good corporate action to study because firms tend to increase dividends over time, and at regular intervals. This repetition leads to patterns of regularly-occurring dividend increases, which in some cases can extend for many decades. The analysis is presented in a collection of four essays. The first essay documents the prevalence of firms that sustain a pattern of consecutive annual dividend increases. These firms attract a stock market premium, providing evidence to support the belief that a steady dividend policy is rewarded. The next two essays further explore firms with a habit of regularly increasing the dividend to determine if the market eventually learns to expect future dividend increases. The second essay studies U.S. firms and Australian firms are investigated in the third essay. For both countries the stock market reaction to each consecutively-numbered increase within a pattern is different across each increase, with a smaller stock price reaction the more often the increase is repeated. The fourth, and final, essay examines firms that fail to continue an established dividend-increase pattern. A firm may be expected to maintain the same dividend-increase schedule, and the expectation should be higher the longer the length of the established pattern. When the pattern is interrupted and the expected increase does not eventuate, the stock market reaction is expected to be more pronounced the longer the length of the established pattern. The results presented in the last three essays provide evidence consistent with the market learning hypothesis. Combined, the four essays suggest that the stock market evaluates the information contained in a dividend announcement in conjunction with the length and pattern of past dividend payments.


Chronicling a literary life that ended not so long ago, "Donald Barthelme: ""The"" Genesis of a Cool Sound" gives the reader a glimpse at the years when Barthelme began to find his literary voice. A revealing look at Donald Barthelme's influences and development, this account begins with a detailed biographical sketch of his life and spans his growth into a true avant-garde literary figure. Donald Barthleme was born in Philadelphia but raised in Houston, the son of a forward-thinking architect father and a literary mother. Educated at the University of Houston, he became a fine arts critic for the "Houston"" Post;" then, following duty in the Korean conflict, he returned to the "Post" for a short time before becoming editor for "Forum" literary magazine. After that, he was also director of the Contemporary Arts Museum while writing and publishing his first stories. In the 1960s he moved to New York, where he became editor of "Location" and was able to practice the art of short fiction in such vehicles as the "New Yorker" and "Harper's Bazaar." In a witty, playful, ironic, and bizarrely imaginative style, he wrote more than one hundred short stories and several novels over the years. In this literary memoir, Donald Barthelme's former wife, Helen Moore Barthelme, offers insights into his career as well as his private life, focusing especially on the decade they were married, from the mid-fifties to the mid-sixties, a period when he was developing the forms and genres that made him famous. During that time Barthelme was finding his voice as a writer and his short stories were beginning to receive notice. In her memoir, Helen Moore Barthelme writes about Donald's early years and her life with him in Houston and New York. In open, straightforward language she tells about their love for each other and about the events that finally divided them. She also describes, from the point of view of the person closest to Donald during that time, the making of one of the most original and imaginative American writers of the twentieth century. Scholars of avant-garde American literature will gain insider perspective to one man's life and the years which, for all their myriad joys and downturns, produced some of the best-remembered works in the literary canon.


In this study, the Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis methods are combined to unravel the runoff generation process of the San Francisco River basin (73.5 km2) situated on the Amazonian side of the Cordillera Real in the southernmost Andes of Ecuador. The montane basin is covered with cloud forest, sub‐páramo, pasture and ferns. Nested sampling was applied for the collection of streamwater samples and discharge measurements in the main tributaries and outlet of the basin, and for the collection of soil and rock water samples. Weekly to biweekly water grab samples were taken at all stations in the period April 2007–November 2008. Hydrometric data, Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis allowed preliminary evaluation of the processes controlling the runoff in the San Francisco River basin. Results suggest that flow during dry conditions mainly consists of lateral flow through the C‐horizon and cracks in the top weathered bedrock layer, and that all subcatchments have an important contribution of this deep water to runoff, no matter whether pristine or deforested. During normal to low precipitation intensities, when antecedent soil moisture conditions favour water infiltration, vertical flow paths to deeper soil horizons with subsequent lateral subsurface flow contribute most to streamflow. Under wet conditions in forested catchments, streamflow is controlled by near surface lateral flow through the organic horizon. Exceptionally, saturation excess overland flow occurs. By absence of the litter layer in pasture, streamflow under wet conditions originates from the A horizon, and overland flow. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Disposable Versus Reusable ware: Cost Evaluation Model Development by_ Ravi Pandit The ever growing problem of solid waste, stricter environmental regulations, diminishing landfill space and escalating recycling costs have forced the foodservice operations using disposable ware to find economical alternatives to the solid waste generated. A computerized model was developed that enables foodservice operators to evaluate the cost differences between the use of disposable ware and reusable ware and further make a decision as to which ware is suitable, economically and environmentally, for their operation. The cost evaluation model was based on the 1969 Laventhol & Horwath model developed for the Permanent Ware Institute Chicago, Illinois. The model consists of three components: 1) The cost evaluation model (Spreadsheet), 2) The questionnaire, and 3) The user manual. The model was developed in four phases: 1) Identification and modification of key variables, 2) Spreadsheet design and development, 3) Questionnaire design and development and 4) User manual design and development. Default values and measures for the variables were established on the basis of the data from the foodservice operations, utility companies, refuse disposable agencies and foodservice machinery and equipment manufacturers. The spreadsheet program was computerized using Lotus 1-2-3 and later compiled with the Baler compiler to enhance the versatility and compatibility of the spreadsheet program. The validity and the accuracy of the final evaluations are directly dependent on how valid and accurate the data entered in the worksheet. To facilitate valid and accurate data collection the questionnaire was designed with self-explanatory instructions and appropriate default values as suggested if the respondent has difficulty in gathering the data. A user manual was developed to help the operators of the program to input data with ease and accuracy. The model was tested by analyzing data from a commercial and a non commercial


Bus rapid transit (BRT) will play an increasingly important role in the Twin Cities transit system in the future. A key aim of transit corridor investments is improving access to jobs, particularly jobs for which disadvantaged workers are likely to be qualified. Transit improvements enhance job access by shortening journey times, but the greatest possible accessibility benefits require station-area job growth that is not restricted to central business districts. This research compares job growth within one half mile of new light rail and bus rapid transit stations implemented in the Twin Cities and peer regions between 2003 and 2010, broken down by sector and wage categories. Fixed transit infrastructure (light rail tracks or BRT dedicated guideways), total street mileage in station areas, proximity to central business districts and overall regional economic strength are associated with more station-area jobs. Policy recommendations include building a strong corridor identity for arterial BRT lines, proactive job growth promotion efforts along BRT lines in general and a continued focus on social and racial equity concerns.


Lymph nodes contain complex vascular networks composed of lymphatic and blood vessels. The blood vasculature contains specialised high endothelial venules functioning to permit the efficient entry of blood-borne lymphocytes into the node, while the lymphatics contain antigen-presenting cells draining from tissues. In contrast to the well understood cellular interactions and signalling mechanisms driving development of the stromal networks upon which immune cell interactions occur, the processes by which the complex vascular networks develop are poorly characterised. This study aimed to determine the mechanisms by which vascularisation of lymph node anlagen occurs during development.

The structure of developing lymph nodes was studied using confocal microscopy to observe the organisation of basement membranes and the different cell types involved in the process. Expression of angiogenesis-related genes was studied using quantitative real-time PCR and microarrays. No evidence for vascularisation of the anlagen was found, though the markers used may not have stained nascent vessels. The lymph sac surrounding the anlagen was shown to exist as a two-layered structure composed of anastomosing blood and lymphatic endothelium.

In vitro models of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis were developed utilising human umbilical vein endothelial cells in three dimensional collagen gels, with and without smooth muscle coverage. A spheroid-based model of angiogenesis was
used to study the net angiogenic environment in developing E14.5–E17.5 anlagen, which determined that a net anti-angiogenic environment existed at all timepoints in the lymph nodes and thymus, but not skin. Additionally, tensional forces were observed to affect angiogenic sprouting in addition to soluble growth factors.

As a consequence of the double-layered lymph sac observed in vitro, and the influence of anti-angiogenic factors and tensional forces observed ex vivo, a model of lymph node development involving anlagen patterning and vascularisation as a result of condensation-induced tensional forces was proposed, complementary to soluble growth factor-driven angiogenesis.


Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. Introduction. Part I: The Contexts of Theological Interpretation: 1. Spiritual Understanding: Henri de Lubac, S. J. (French Jesuit Theologian, 1896-1991), Translated by Luke O'Neill. 2. The Superiority of Pre-Critical Exegesis: David C. Steinmetz (Duke University). 3. The Story-Shaped Church: Critical Exegesis and Theological Interpretation: George Lindbeck (Yale University). 4. Feminist Theological Hermeneutics: Canon and Christian Identity: Claudia V. Camp (Texas Christian University). 5. The Bible and African Americans: An Outline of an Interpretative History: Vincent L. Wimbush (Union Theological Seminary in New York). 6. The New Testament and the Nicene Dogma: A Contribution to the Recovery of Theological Exegesis: David S. Yeago (Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary). Part II: Theological Interpretations of Select Biblical Texts: Exodus 3: 7. Selections from Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Moses: Translated and introduced by Joseph W. Trigg (Rector, Christ Church, Port Tobacco Parish, La Plata, Maryland). 8. Selections from Nicholas of Lyra's Commentary on Exodus: Translated and introduced by Corrine Patton (University of St Thomas). 9. Three Postcritical Encounters with the Burning Bush: Peter Ochs. 10. Exodus 3: A Theological Interpretation: Terence E. Fretheim (Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary). 11. Exodus 3: Summons to Holy Transformation: Walter Brueggemann (Columbia Theological Seminary). Isaiah 52-53: 12. Selections from Theodoret of Cyrus's Commentary on Isaiah: Translated and introduced by Angela Russell Christman (Loyola College, Maryland). 13. Selections from John Calvin's Sermons on Isaiah: Translated and introduced by Kathryn Greene-McCreight (Yale College). 14. Speech and Silence in the Servant Passages: Towards a Final-Form Reading of the Book of Isaiah: Tod Linafelt (Georgetown University). 15. Selections from I, He , We, They: A Literary Approach to Isaiah 53: David J. A. Clines (University of Sheffield). 16. Engaging Metaphors: Suffering with Zion and the Servant in Isaiah 52-53: Beverly J. Stratton (Augsburg College). Matthew 5-7: 17. Selections from John Chrysostom's Homilies on Matthew: Translated and Introduced by Robin Darling Young (The Catholic University of America). 18. Selections from Martin Luther's Sermons on the Sermon on the Mount: Translated and Introduced by Mark S. Burrows (Andover Newton Theological School). 19. Righteousness from the Inside: The Transformative Spirituality of the Sermon on the Mount: Brian K. Blount (Princeton Theological Seminary). 20. Selections from The Cost of Discipleship: Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Theologian, Pastor in the Confessing Church in Germany, Martyr, 1906-45). 21. The Sermon on the Mount as Radical Pastoral Care: Richard Lischer (Duke University). Romans 9-11: 22. Selections from Augustine's Propositions from the Epistle to the Romans and To Simplician - on Various Questions: Introduced by Peter Gorday (Georgia Association for Pastoral Care). 23. Selections from Thomas Aquinas's Commentary on Romans: Translated and Introduced by Eugene F. Rogers, Jr. (University of Virginia). 24. Romans 10:4 and the 'End' of the Law: Paul W. Meyer (Princeton Theological Seminary). 25. Divine Initiative and Human Response: E. Elizabeth Johnson (New Brunswick Theological Seminary). 26. Figure and Ground in the Interpretation of Romans 9-11: Neil Elliott (The College of St Katherine). Index.


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between A1C and glucose therapy intensification (GTI) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A1C was measured as part of routine care (clinical A1C) or in the core laboratory (laboratory A1C, results unavailable to clinicians). GTI predictors were identified using hierarchical Poisson regression. RESULTS Of 1,274 patients, 886 (70%) had clinical A1C and an additional 263 had laboratory A1C measured. Overall, A1C was <7% in 419 (37%), 7–9% in 415 (36%), and >9% in 315 patients (27%). GTI occurred in 31% of patients and was more frequent in those with clinical A1C both before (34 vs. 24%, P < 0.001) and after multivariable adjustment (relative risk 1.34 [95% CI 1.12–1.62] vs. no clinical A1C). CONCLUSIONS Long-term glucose control is poor in most AMI patients with DM, but only a minority of patients undergo GTI at discharge. Inpatient A1C assessment is strongly associated with intensification of glucose-lowering therapy.


The financial crisis and the rescue measures taken by governments and central banks increased investors' interest in liquidity and in real assets supposed to offer a hedge against inflation. Against this background, we investigate empirically four real assets (real estate, commodities, infrastructure, and shipping) for which there are investment instruments available that trade in liquid markets. Our empirical study using data from 1999 to 2009 yields several results: First, in most cases, the addition of real assets improved portfolio performance in comparison with a base portfolio consisting only of standard stocks and bonds. Second, the time frame chosen for the analysis matters very much. This is bad news for investors, because there is no such thing as the single true time frame for this purpose. Third, despite significant conceptual differences, our four different performance measures led to the same conclusions. This result is interesting for investors beyond our specific setting, because the selection of a specific performance measure from the vast supply of such measures does not seem to matter much. Fourth, although we focused on a certain way to invest into the discussed real assets, investors have different alternatives for investing. These alternatives share specific characteristics and reflect certain advantages and disadvantages.


The financial and economic crisis of 2008-9 and the following difficulties have brought back the analysis of active state involvement in the economy to the research agenda of economists, and a new renaissance of developmental state (DS) approach can be observed. The aim of our paper is to draw up a new approach of DS in the twenty-first century by reviewing most recent literature. In our analysis we argue that to construct a new DS concept one has to break up with the historical and geographical limitation of the classic DS paradigm and the ideological debate around it. Meanwhile one has to build upon most recent results of new institutional, political and development economics' analysis as well as the more than half century long experiences of classic DS. While presenting the structure and main elements of the new DS approach we aim to highlight those questions and areas of analysis, where consensus seems to emerge in literature.


Ethnomusicology: A Research and Information Guide. By Jennifer C. Post. (Routledge Music Bibliographies.) New York: Routledge, 2004. [ix, 470 p. ISBN 0-415-93834-1. $110.] Indexes. Jennifer Post's substantial research guide contains annotated references to 1,690 sources in ethnomusicology and related fields, and as such it stands as the most comprehensive work of its kind to date. It owes much to the work that preceded it and filled that role for a decade, Ann Briegleb Schuursma's Ethnomusicology Research: A Select Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1992). This debt is evident as much in the differences as in the similarities between the two works. In the very first sentence of her introduction Post acknowledges Schuursma, and goes on to say that her intent is not to "supplant" but to "supplement" this work by including sources almost entirely from the last decade of the century (p. 1). It is much more than a mere "supplement," however, as a comparison of the two works reveals: for instance, the present volume contains nearly four times the number of citations as the earlier one. Whereas Schuursma selected key texts from among the books and articles discussing issues in the field of ethnomusicology, Post extends her coverage to encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliographies, indexes, journal titles, sound recordings, and film. And where Schuursma organized her chapters by topics-history, theory and method, fieldwork, musical analysis, and related disciplines-Post instead groups her types of sources together into separate chapters, with topical and geographic subdivisions within each chapter. By including substantial introductions to each of the chapters defining the source types and advising how to use them, she has also produced a work that can serve as a general research primer for younger students. Where the two works find common ground in the material covered-that is, writings covering ethnomusicological topics (as opposed to encyclopedias, indexes, audio recordings, etc., none of which are found in Schuursma)-then one can understand the supplemental role this book occupies in relation to its predecessor. While Post's respect for, and acknowledgement of, Schuursma's work has ensured that both books are essential for any research collection since there is so litde duplication between the two, she has also prevented her own book from standing alone as a comprehensive research guide, because of the omission of many of the classic earlier writings on ethnomusicology. A browse through the name indexes of both books is revealing: Schuursma's most prolific authors are Alan Merriam and Marcia Herndon; in Post's work, Herndon, who died in 1997, is much less represented than in the earlier work, while Merriam, who died in 1980, is reduced to a single contribution. A quick check shows that this is not even his landmark book, The Anthropology of Music (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1964), but a contribution to a collection of essays published in translation during the 1990s. Should anyone think that this major reference work is unaware of the contributions of Alan Merriam to the field of ethnomusicology, however, I should point out that his text is cited along with around forty others in Post's introduction, listing "the key texts that today continue to provide a foundation for students and scholars in the discipline" (p. 2). But in her desire to build on Schuursma's efforts and not replace them, these earlier texts (as well as many others) are not listed among the numbered references in the book. Where this book departs most from its earlier counterpart (aside from the many added types of sources covered) is in the expansive way it treats the field of ethnomusicology, and in the inclusion of many more contributors to the literature of the field. To quote again from Post's introduction: "While earlier studies were framed by the methodologies drawn from musicology, music theory, and cultural anthropology, the work that has emerged during the last few decades has encouraged the expansion of its focus" (p. …


The velocity distribution at the entrance cross section of a culvert is typically diverse, reflecting the nuances of the bed material, debris and other hydraulic factors just upstream of the culvert. These diverse inlet velocity fields have been observed to perpetuate some distance into the culvert, impacting the ability of fish to travel upstream in the culvert barrel. It is important to be able to quantitatively describe the inlet velocity field, especially as this serves as a necessary boundary condition for three-dimensional modeling of fluid flow in culverts. While there are various theory-based models of velocity distributions in open channels, velocity distributions at culvert inlets tend to be chaotic and are not well represented by analytic methods. The goal of this project was to use field data collected at existing culverts to estimate the density at which velocity observations should be collected to adequately describe the nature of the velocity at the culvert inlet. Two methods of data analysis were utilized to determine the required density of velocity observations. The first approach randomly selected velocities to be used as predictors and did not stress the location of the predictors, but instead emphasized the number of velocity observations needed to describe the nature of the velocity at the culvert inlet. The second method employed the idea that the location of the predictors was more important than quantity of predictors used. Results indicate that the pattern of velocity measurements is important that is, velocities should not be measured at randomly selected positions in the cross section, but should follow a geometric pattern where the measurement density increases in zones having larger velocities. Also, it appears that if one follows the rigorous implementation of the USGS method for measuring stream flow (often referred to as the velocity-area method in texts), velocity predictions can be extrapolated using the inverse-distance-squared technique to adequately describe the inlet velocity field. The implication of this research is that there are steps that can be followed to adequately describe the nature of the velocity at culvert inlet even through the velocity distributions are chaotic in these regions.


[1] We use 630.0 nm nightglow Fabry-Perot measurements over Millstone Hill from 1989–1999 to study the climatology and storm time dependence of the midlatitude thermospheric winds. Our quiet time wind patterns are consistent with results from earlier studies. We determine the perturbation winds by subtracting from each measurement the corresponding quiet time averages. The climatological zonal disturbance winds are largely independent of season and solar flux and show large early night westward and small late-night eastward winds similar to disturbance ion drifts. The meridional perturbation winds vary strongly with season and solar flux. When the solar flux is low, the winter and equinox average meridional winds change from equatorward to poleward at ∼2200 LT, and the summer winds are equatorward throughout the night. The high solar flux meridional winds are poleward, with magnitudes increasing from dawn to dusk at all seasons. These disturbance winds patterns are in poor agreement with results from the empirical horizontal wind model, HWM-93. The zonal and meridional disturbance winds show very large variations relative to their average values. We have also studied the time-dependent response of the midlatitude thermospheric winds to enhanced magnetic activity. The early night westward winds build up to large amplitudes (about twice their climatological values) in ∼6 hours; the late-night eastward winds are smaller and reach their peak values ∼3 hours after the increase in magnetic activity. The storm time dependence of the meridional winds is considerably more complex than that of the zonal winds, and it varies with season and solar flux. Following enhanced magnetic activity, equatorward winds are observed at all local times and seasons, but the increase of their amplitudes with storm time is fastest in the late local time sector. Near midnight, and when the solar flux is low, the meridional winds reverse from equatorward to poleward ∼6–10 hours after the increase in magnetic activity. This reversal is fastest (slowest) during December (June) solstice. At later local times, and for high solar flux conditions, the variation of the meridional disturbance winds is season independent. The observed storm time dependence partly explains the large variability of the disturbance winds.


Existing frameworks on growth do not distinguish between the managerial challenges of different growth contexts; they place considerable emphasis on the overall quality of companies' portfolios of strategic units, but less on how different units should be managed according to the growth context they are in. The managerial challenges of generating growth in low-growth contexts are very different from those of managing growth in high-growth contexts. This article introduces a matrix framework that incorporates four growth scenarios, which firm-units can map themselves on to, and then outlines the major barriers they face in each of these scenarios as well as the actions needed to overcome them. The results are based on longitudinal research on cross-national samples of small, medium, and large organizations.


This paper introduces a new method for defining poverty lines based on an individual' s self-evaluation of the household's present situation. The proposed method focuses on the minimum household income necessary to purchase food supplies evaluated by society to be barely adequate. The method is especially useful for evaluation and comparing poverty thresholds derived from different methods. It is also valuable for comparing the official U.S. poverty guidelines across households of different sizes. The approach can be extended to include estimation of thresholds differentiated by various household characteristics and comparison of thresholds across these characteristics.


Massively parallel sequencing of cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) obtained from maternal plasma is used to detect fetal trisomies and selected sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Different technologies can be used to detect fetal chromosomopathies noninvasively, such as Next Generation sequencing and microarrays. In this case report, we show a procedure for detecting chromosomal imbalances as a result of balanced translocations inherited from parents, using noninvasive prenatal detection of common aneuploidies based protocol. This case study illustrates the potential power of whole-genome semiconductor sequencing when used to augment the diagnostic spectrum of noninvasive prenatal testing to detection of copy number variants.


Probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) provide a simple way to represent a particular class of distributions over sentences in a context-free language. Efficient parsing algorithms for answering particular queries about a PCFG (i.e., calculating the probability of a given sentence, or finding the most likely parse) have been applied to a variety of pattern-recognition problems. We extend the class of queries that can be answered in several ways: (1) allowing missing tokens in a sentence or sentence fragment, (2) supporting queries about intermediate structure, such as the presence of particular nonterminals, and (3) flexible conditioning on a variety of types of evidence. Our method works by constructing a Bayesian network to represent the distribution of parse trees induced by a given PCFG. The network structure mirrors that of the chart in a standard parser, and is generated using a similar dynamic-programming approach. We present an algorithm for constructing Bayesian networks from PCFGs, and show how queries or patterns of queries on the network correspond to interesting queries on PCFGs.


FLI1 is a member of ETS family of transcription factors that regulate a variety of normal biologic activities including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The expression of FLI1 and its correlation with well-known breast cancer prognostic markers (ER, PR and HER2) was determined in primary breast tumors as well as four breast cancer lines including: MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 using RT-qPCR with either 18S rRNA or ACTB (β-actin) for normalization of data. FLI1 mRNA level was decreased in the breast cancer cell lines under study compared to the normal breast tissue; however, Jurkat cells, which were used as a positive control, showed overexpression compared to the normal breast. Regarding primary breast carcinomas, FLI1 is significantly under expressed in all of the stages of breast cancer upon using 18S as an internal control. This FLI1 expression was correlated with ER, PR and HER2 status. In conclusion FLI1 can be exploited as a preliminary marker that can predict the status of ER, PR and HER2 in primary breast tumors.


In sharp contrast to the single ORF of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe retrotransposon Tf1, retroviruses and most retrotransposons employ two different ORFs to separately encode the Gag and Pol proteins. The different ORFs are thought to allow for overexpression of the Gag protein relative to Pol protein presumed necessary for the assembly of functional retrovirus particles and virus‐like particles (VLPs). The results of in vivo experiments designed to detect the transposition of Tf1 show that Tf1 is indeed active and can insert itself into the host genome via a true retrotransposition process. Thus, a paradox emerged between the lack of any obvious means of overexpressing Tf1 Gag protein and the demonstrated functionality of the element. Epitope tagging experiments described here confirm that the Tf1 large ORF is intact and that there is no translational or transcriptional mechanism used to overexpress the Tf1 Gag protein. In addition, we used sucrose gradients and antisera specific for Tf1 capsid (CA) and integrase (IN) to show that the Tf1 proteins do assemble into uniform populations of macromolecular particles that also cosediment with Tf1 reverse transcription products. This evidence suggests that Tf1 proteins form VLPs without using the previously described mechanisms that retroviruses and retrotransposons require to overexpress Gag proteins.


Objective: To evaluate the effect of Pueraria mirifica on vaginal and urethral cytology, bladder pressure and capacity, residual urine, and leak point pressure in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Seventy-two adult, ovariectomized, female Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into one of four groups: control, estradiol, or 100 or 1,000 mg/kg of Pueraria mirifica (PM-100 and PM-1000, respectively). The vaginal and urethral smears were checked after 30 days of ovariectomy at pretreatment and at day 28 of treatment. A single cystometry, defined as the micturition interval, filling pressure, threshold pressure, micturition pressure, and voided volume, was performed. Peak bladder pressure was calculated for each leak point pressure measured at half bladder capacity by slowly and manually increasing abdominal pressure until a leak occurred, at which point external pressure was rapidly released. Leak point pressure was tested three times per rat. Results: After 28 days of treatment, the estradiol, PM-100, and PM-1000 groups had significantly higher numbers of vaginal and urethral superficial cells compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding the urodynamic parameters, the threshold pressure, micturition pressure, and leak point pressure were higher in the estradiol, PM-100, and PM-1000 groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The control, PM-100, and PM-1000 groups had the same values for micturition interval, bladder capacity, voided volume, and residual volume (P > 0.05) but lower values compared with the estradiol group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Pueraria mirifica 100 and 1,000 mg/kg/day showed an estrogen-like effect on the vaginal and urethral epithelium of ovariectomized rats. They did not change bladder capacity and residual urine volume but increased leak point pressure according to urodynamic study.


Solanum incanum is used in Africa and other parts of world as a folklore remedy for various ailments that include; sore throat, angina, stomach ache, ear inflammation, snake bites, wounds, liver disorders, skin ailments (ringworm), warts, inflammatory conditions, painful periods and fever. Phytochemical studies of this herb indicate that it contains substances such as steroidal alkaloids, glyco-alkaloids, antioxidants (flavonoids and chlorogenics), saponins and even carcinogenic substances. The herbal extract posses' antinociceptive, antipyretic, antispasmolytic, orexic, anorexic, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-schistosomal, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activity. The herb is therefore likely to be a major source of novel, affordable and effective therapeutic substances against myriad ailments afflicting people in the world. This review explores the phyto-pharmacological effects of the S. incanum and compiles vital information that may assist researchers on what is known about this herb and gaps for further investigation.


Most countries with a value-added tax (VAT) exempt financial intermediation services from the tax. While exemption is generally perceived to be undesirable, it is also widely regarded as unavoidable because of technical difficulties in applying VAT to these services. This paper reviews the standard rationale for exempt treatment and then considers the relative merits of two recent challenges raised in the tax literature. The first challenge involves the application of cash flow taxation to financial intermediation services in a manner that is consistent with an invoice/credit VAT. The second challenge proposes a comprehensive system of zero-rating of financial intermediation services, which is supported by a characterization of the household consumption of such services as non-taxable. The author argues that each of these alternatives to an exemption system suffers from both theoretical and practical implementation difficulties that make maintenance of exemption the preferred approach in the short term. There is, however, a much simpler alternative to these fundamental reform options. Many of the interpretative problems and associated inefficiencies that plague an exemption system arise from the need to distinguish between taxable and exempt financial services. The author argues that these difficulties can be eliminated, to a large extent, by basing the distinction on the form of prices.


ANCIENT ISRAELITE RELIGIONEssays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross"A distinguished tribute to a truly distinguished scholar and teacher."-Catholic Biblical QuarterlyAlthough the Hebrew Bible serves as the main source of knowledge of ancient Israelite religion, much additional information comes from the material and written remains uncovered in the archaeological investigations of the Ancient Near East. In this volume, internationally renowned scholars examine all of these sources in order to present the most impressive, comprehensive study of ancient Israelite religion yet to appear.The EditorsPATRICK D. MILLER is Professor of Old Testament Theology Emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary. His books include Interpreting the Psalms (1986) and They Cried to the Lord (1994), both published by Fortress Press. PAUL D. HANSON is Corliss Lamont Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School. He is the author of The Dawn of Apocalyptic: The Historical & Sociological Roots of Jewish Apocalyptic Eschatology (1984) and the editor of several volumes in the Hermeneia series, all published by Fortress Press.S. DEAN McBRIDE is Cyrus H. McCormick Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation Emeritus at Union Theological Seminary in Virginia. He is an author and editor for the Hermeneia series published by Fortress Press.


Rodrik's Trilemma rests on the incompatibility of democracy, national sovereignty, and global economic integration: any two can be combined, but never all three simultaneously and in full. Addressing the same problèmatique but from a different perspective, Dahrendorf's Quandary posits that, over time, maintaining global economic competitiveness requires countries either to adopt measures detrimental to the cohesion of civil society or to restrict civil liberties and political participation. The purpose of this article is to examine the empirical foundations of Rodrik's and Dahrendorf's propositions.
 When one assesses developed market economies from 1991 to 2014, evidence suggests that only in rare cases can the Trilemma be overcome, and the tensions the Quandary hypothesizes build up to a significant extent. In most cases examined, however, the performance of the countries is too varied to support the broad claims Rodrik and Dahrendorf put forth in their respective writings. Specifically, next to the small group of five cases where either the Trilemma or the Quandary apply, there are twice as many countries that generally managed to grow moderately in terms of economic globalization, liberal democracy, and social cohesion while avoiding some of the tensions implied in the Quandary or reaching Trilemma conditions. For an even larger group of countries, the evidence suggests that growing economic globalization can coexist with lower societal stressor levels.