Braided rivers have been intensively analyzed mostly by geomorphologists. In the present study the approach to recognize braided channel types and effects with the special emphasis on flow partitioning has been applied. It is assumed that each braided channel represents the reach which is initiated with dividing of the single channel and completed below the confluence of the total multiplicity of channels. Proposed indices of braided channel structure and water discharges ratio which have been proposed and applied to 200 braided reaches of 40 rivers in Russia, China, and the USA enable the description of the origin and types of the observed rivers and further analysis of hydrological effects of braided channels. The latter represent physical, hydrochemical, and ecological conditions of stream along braided reaches caused by flow distribution among branches in relation to braiding intensity. Structure and braided channel pattern types impact on hydraulics, sediment transport, water temperatures, and stream communities are of primary interest in the present study.


The current study examined the impact of vocational education and training in the custody setting on returns to custody among Australian adult prisoners from selected jurisdictions. Vocational education and training, education, and behavioural change programme participation in custody and demographic and risk assessment data were provided by correctional services in four Australian states for 10,834 Australian prisoners released from custody in 2010–2011. This information was used to predict returns to custody by 2015–2016. Overall, the results showed that participating in vocational education and training in custody contributed to the likelihood of remaining custody free at two and five years post-release for both male and female prisoners. However, for males the relationship was moderated by risk level. These findings are discussed in the context of developing vocational education and training in prison settings to address the specific needs of individuals and expectation of the wider community.


Retaliatory eviction has been the subject of much recent public debate in the United Kingdom. Tenant advocates in England and Wales claim that landlord retaliation is widespread — even rampant — with over 300,000 tenants experiencing some form of landlord retaliation each year. In their efforts to keep anti-retaliation initiatives in the United Kingdom afloat, tenant advocates point to common law jurisdictions around the world whose landlord-tenant law prohibits retaliatory conduct. New South Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and even the United States provide for these protections — why then should not the United Kingdom? Thus far, comparisons to foreign law have been limited and cursory, pointing only to the presence or absence of anti-retaliation regimes in the law. More comprehensive examination of retaliatory eviction regimes abroad — both in their letter and their application — is lacking. This Article seeks to contribute to the legal–political debate surrounding landlord retaliation in England and Wales by providing a detailed, contextual analysis of retaliatory eviction laws in the United States and their success at home.


In two recent papers, Jensen (2002) and Walsh (2003), using a hybrid New Keynesian model, demonstrate that a regime that targets either nominal income growth or the change in the output gap can effectively replicate the outcome under commitment and hence reduce the size of the stabilization bias. Moreover, these two targeting regimes have been shown to outperform a regime that targets inflation, except when inflation expectations are predominantly backward looking. In this paper, the authors modify an otherwise conventional New Keynesian model to include transmission and information lags, two key problems faced by policy-makers, and they examine whether the results from the baseline model are robust to these two modifications. The authors find that the gains from commitment are considerably reduced when the model includes these two features, which implies that optimal delegation is less important. Furthermore, a regime that targets CPI inflation in a conservative manner is found to perform well and even outperforms the targeting regimes advocated by Jensen and Walsh under certain conditions.


Industrialisation is crucial for African countries to transform their economies and create jobs. Africa's industrial growth has been significant over the past two decades. Even though manufacturing's value-added share has slightly declined from 12.6% to 11.3% of GDP between 2000 and 2017, it picked up by 2 percentage points since the trough of 2012, and in real terms (at constant 2010 US dollars), its per capita contribution has increased significantly. Whilst Africa's "premature deindustrialisation" appears to be the dominant global narrative, recent analysis of the data suggests that de-industrialisation is not the common experience for the majority of African countries. Although industrialisation in Africa has been somewhat disappointing so far, this should not be seen as proof of its declining importance. Instead there should be renewed effort and additional policy focus to promote industrialisation. The African Union and African countries have expressed a strong desire for industrialisation. However, there are several challenges facing the policy framework needed to support it: (i) the current policy environment is still too much focused on general investment climate issues and too little on targeted, facilitatory actions for specific sectors; and (ii) even when there is a commitment to industrial policy, this is not always followed through to implementation because of weak institutions or an unfavourable political economy. The recent Covid-19 pandemic and its devastating effects on Africa's economy and industrialisation efforts have reinforced sceptical views about Africa's possibilities for accelerated industrialisation in a complex global environment. However, we identify three positive issues that have appeared during the Covid-19 crisis which will be important in economic recovery efforts: (i) repurposing, accelerated pharma production and joint procurement; (ii) increased attention to agro-processing; and (iii) use of technological advances. Beyond the immediate challenges and opportunities, we also identify three major areas of focus for Africa's industrialisation which can be used for Africa to play an increasingly positive role on global industrialisation efforts in the decade ahead: green industrialisation, digitalisation, and regional integration. comprehensive index of measures used to attract FDI, a Manufacturing FDI Potential , for selected It calculates a total score which ranks countries based on a number of core factors which attract FDI, including past manufacturing FDI stock as a percentage of GDP, recent performance in manufacturing exports, domestic value added in manufacturing, manufacturing value added per capita, economic complexity, labour productivity in manufacturing, population, quality of the business climate and infrastructure, education, and the cost and reliability of electricity. The analysis shows how countries vary in their potential to attract manufacturing FDI, with different policies leading to different potential across countries.


The emergence of entrepreneurs in agriculture and allied activities can propel our rural population into self-sustaining individuals, who in turn can catalyze the development of economy. The concepts of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship have been frequently applied to industrial sector. Agriculture, on the other hand, has largely been viewed as non-entrepreneurial traditional activity. For rural folk it is a way for life. Hence farmers were never visualized as business operators and farming as an enterprise. Not much has been developed to farmers into rational business, sensing individuals or in other words 'entrepreneurs'. The genesis of entrepreneurship in agriculture and allied activities ,is quite recent. It is now being widely accepted that increase in production, productivity, of terms, farm diversification, innovation and development of farmers into self sustaining individuals follow inoculation of the entrepreneurial qualities among the farmers. Factors like liberalization of the economy have created the right ambience for growth of entrepreneurs in agriculture. It is estimated that presently women entrepreneurs comprise about 10% of the total entrepreneurs in India. The term "Women Entrepreneurship" mean, an act of business ownership and business creation that empowers women economically, increases their economic strength as well as position in society. Hence women-entrepreneurs have been making a considerable impact in all most all the segments of the economy which is more than 25 percent of all kinds of business .In India "Entrepreneurship" is very limited amongst women especially in the formal sector, which is less than 5 percent of all the business. The personality trait of women entrepreneurs includes Risk takers, opportunist, inventor, commercialiser, trader, innovator, flexible etc. There are various problems associated with women entrepreneurs such as problem of finances, family responsibilities, limited mobility factor and domination by male, old and outdated social outlook etc. This paper suggests various problems and future prospects of women entrepreneurs.


With expanding kidney transplantation programs, remaining hemodialysis patients are more likely to have a high comorbidity burden and may therefore be more prone to lose muscle mass. Our aim was to analyze risk factors for muscle loss in hemodialysis patients with high comorbidity. Fifty-four chronic hemodialysis patients (Charlson Comorbidity Index 9.0 ± 3.4) were followed for 20 weeks using 4-weekly measurements of lean tissue mass, intracellular water, and body cell mass (proxies for muscle mass), handgrip strength (HGS), and biochemical parameters. Mixed models were used to analyze covariate effects on LTM. LTM (−6.4 kg, interquartile range [IQR] −8.1 to −4.8), HGS (−1.9 kg, IQR −3.1 to −0.7), intracellular water (−2.11 L, IQR −2.9 to −1.4) and body cell mass (−4.30 kg, IQR −5.9 to −2.9) decreased in all patients. Conversely, adipose tissue mass increased (4.5 kg, IQR 2.7 to 6.2), resulting in no significant change in body weight (−0.5 kg, IQR −1.0 to 0.1). Independent risk factors for LTM loss over time were male sex (−0.26 kg/week, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.19), C-reactive protein above median (−0.1 kg/week, 95% CI −0.2 to −0.001), and baseline lean tissue index ≥10th percentile (−1.6 kg/week, 95% CI −2.1 to −1.0). Age, dialysis vintage, serum albumin, comorbidity index, and diabetes did not significantly affect LTM loss over time. In this cohort with high comorbidity, we found universal and prominent muscle loss, which was further accelerated by male sex and inflammation. Stable body weight may mask muscle loss because of concurrent fat gain. Our data emphasize the need to assess body composition in all hemodialysis patients and call for studies to analyze whether intervention with nutrition or exercise may curtail muscle loss in the most vulnerable hemodialysis patients.


ABSTRACT Benthic macroalgae must attach firmly to the substrate to prevent being detached and washed away by water motion. The success of the bioadhesion system can be strongly influenced by surface chemistry and so this should be optimized for large-scale cultivation. This is especially important during the early stage of cultivation when the juveniles have little thigmotactic attachment, which is needed to interlock with surface rugosity. Juvenile sporophytes of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) were directly applied onto polymer films of varied surface composition to determine how the attachment force of the developing holdfast was influenced by surface chemistry. Eight polymer chemistries were examined: polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polymethylacrylate (PMA), polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The PP and PE were also examined as three grades: commercial grade with additives, pure polymer, or pure polymer following a corona treatment. Additive inclusion and corona significantly reduced the water contact angle (p < 0.0001), indicating an increase in the surface free energy available for bioadhesion. After 6 weeks, the attachment force was greatest on PVA, PA and PVC (0.19–0.33 N), correlating strongly with the achieved biomass (R2 = 0.68). Additives and corona treatment improved holdfast attachment force, particularly corona treated PE (0.28 ± 0.08 N: 0 N without corona). Generally, attachment force appeared greatest on chemistries with a contact angle of 60–75°. These results confirm that the bioadhesion of the phaeophyte holdfast is strongly influenced by the surface free energy of the substrate chosen. Through alteration of the additive composition, attachment could be improved to create bespoke cultivation substrates. Corona treatment is highlighted as a very suitable method for improving holdfast attachment force during cultivation.


Tanzania Medical Journal is proud to be collaborating with the Organizing committee of the MUHAS Scientific Conference in publishing the conference abstracts accepted for oral presentation at the 7th MUHAS Scientific Conference that was held on 27th -28th June 2019, Dar es salaam Tanzania.  This conference had a theme: "Health Research and Innovation for Economic Sustainable Development". The abstracts are listed in clusters as they were presented during the conference, and whenever appropriated first authors affiliation is also listed. The scientific committee for this conference was responsible for peer review of the abstracts.


A new and efficient method for the direct regioselective C2-amidation of various functionalized indoles with several N-(2,4,6-trichlorobenzoyloxy)amides via Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H activation/N–O cleavage/C–N formation using the pyrimidyl group as a readily installable and removable directing group has been developed. With this method, a variety of valuable 2-amido indoles can be easily prepared under mild conditions with broad functional group tolerance and excellent region-/site-specificities. Application of this strategy to the synthesis of target compound 6 as a novel PPARγ modulator was also demonstrated. The results from biological evaluation showed that compound 6 had a partial PPARγ agonistic activity and a strong PPARγ binding affinity with an IC50 value of 120.0 nM, along with a less pronounced adipocyte differentiation ability compared to the currently marketed anti-diabetic drug rosiglitazone, suggesting that further development of such a compound might be of great interest.


Had architect and designer Maya Lin done nothing beyond her Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall in Washington, D.C., she would have merited attention and acclaim. Lin, however, resists being typecast as a memorial builder, and in this accessible architectural overview, Rubin introduces young readers to the breadth of her work. Lin's career unfolds across nine chronologically organized chapters, each anchored by a particular construction and titled by a medium or theme, beginning with "Clay," which Lin first used as a child exploring art forms; on to "Granite" and her breakout college project, The Wall; "Water" that provided the symbolic element in her Civil Rights Memorial; "Earth" for Lin's wave fields, and so forth. Conventional biographical information is included, but it is incorporated organically into appropriate moments throughout the text: Lin's marriage is discussed while her daughters' births bookend her work on the Langston Hughes Library, and her Chinese heritage takes on added relevance in her Museum of Chinese in America project. Full-page color photographs of Lin as working artists and of her completed work are beautifully reproduced; colored text backgrounds and generous sans serif font complement Lin's sleek, spare designs. Source notes, index, and a bibliography of multimedia resources are included. EB


We present the oldest human skeletal case yet identified with possible SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis), a chronic disease involving the skin, bone, and joints. A human skeleton with a severe pathological condition was recovered from a shell mound of the prehistoric Okhotsk culture at the Hamanaka 2 site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido, Japan in 2013. Morphological and Amelogenin gene analyses determined the sex as female, and the age at time of death was estimated to be in the forties using analysis of the auricular surface of the ilium. The stable isotope ratios of this individual (NAT002) and other Hamanaka 2 samples indicated a heavy dependence on marine mammals and fish for dietary protein intake. Radiocarbon age on collagen from the bone of NAT002 was 1689 ± 20 BP, or 1060–1155 (68.2%) calAD. Macroscopic and computed tomography (CT) findings indicated diffuse hyperostosis in the axial and appendicular skeleton, including the mandible, vertebrae, clavicles, sternum, scapulae, humeri, radii, ulnae, and ilium, caused by osteitis and synovitis. The bilateral clavicles were most affected, in which CT imaging revealed irregular cortical thickening, termed 'grotesque periostitis.' The case was diagnosed as most likely having SAPHO syndrome, although dermatological findings could not be detected. Although SAPHO syndrome is a fairly new concept in autoimmune diseases, this case suggests the syndrome originated much earlier in human history.


Introduction. In this paper, which is a revision and extension of one published in the American Geologist of July, 1890, the writer proposes to bring forward some observations on the nature of the contact between the Huronian rocks of Lake Huron, described by Logan and Murray, and the Laurentian gneisses, which it is thought have an important bearing on the question of the origin and relative age of the latter. THE HURONIAN ROCKS. The rocks of the Huronian area to the north of Lake Huron are made up of a series of quartzites, graywackes, slate conglomerates, clay slates hydromica, chloritic, and hornblendic schists, greenstones and. some bands of cherty limestones or dolomites. Frequently these rocks show a pyroplastic origin, and tuffs and breccias are very commonly met with. The majority of the clay slates have the appearance of being very little altered, except in contact with the greenstone and other . . .


Inequality has been increasing in the United States. We should care about this increase because inequality contributes to a variety of adverse social consequences that persist across generations. There is also substantial empirical evidence that inequality has a long-term negative impact on economic growth. For many decades, federal tax policy has played an important role in reducing inequality, although the impact of federal taxes on inequality has waxed and waned depending on the focus of elected officials. We argue that the estate tax is a particularly apt vehicle to reduce inequality because inheritances are a major source of wealth among the rich, and studies suggest that inherited wealth has a more deleterious impact on economic growth than inequality caused by self-made wealth. Although there are loopholes in the estate tax, it is still effective in moderating the amount of wealth that is passed within a family from generation to generation. The major criticism about the estate tax — that it discourages savings — is inaccurate. Standard tax theory cannot predict the impact of the estate tax on savings and the empirical evidence is mixed. Moreover, the estate tax has a less harmful impact on savings than the income tax for two reasons. First, the event that triggers estate tax liability — death — is ignored by taxpayers during the period of life in which they are likely to be most productive. Second, the expected value of the estate tax's effective rate is quite low during the period of life in which most taxpayers create wealth. This article was published as part of a symposium sponsored by the Pepperdine Law Review and Tax Analysts, Tax Advice for the Second Obama Administration, 40 Pepp. L. Rev. 1143-1440 (2013). The Introduction to the Symposium, 40 Pepp. L. Rev. 1143 (2013), together with the Table of Contents, is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2220496.


This article examines three cases that have been identified by scholars as "manufactured" scientific controversies, in which rhetors seek to promote or delay public policy by announcing that there is an ongoing scientific debate about a matter for which there is actually an overwhelming scientific consensus. The comparative study of argumentative dynamics in the cases of AIDS dissent, global warming skepticism, and intelligent design reveals the deployment of rhetorical traps that take advantage of balancing norms and appeals to democratic values. It also reveals the ineffectual counterarguments marshalled by defenders of mainstream science. By exploring the inventional possibilities available to those who would respond to manufactured scientific controversies, this article equips readers and their students to confute deceptive arguments about science and engage in a more productive public debate. In so doing, this article initiates an Isocratean orientation to the rhetoric of science as a field of study.


There are certain recordings by important artists such as Lionel Hampton, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Pedro Iturralde, Chick Corea, and Paco de Lucia, among others, that have been associated with the label flamenco jazz. This label is entering jazz discourse, and it needs to be better understood in order to clarify its history, its identity, and its impact on recent developments in flamenco that are labeled nuevo flamenco. There is a lack of agreement in the existent literature on flamenco jazz on the evaluation of these recordings and these artists' achievements and contributions to this field. These writings encompass authors from different backgrounds: journalists, critics, and musicologists, who have approached their analysis of the recordings from different perspectives. The differences in professional backgrounds, approaches, and purpose of the writings of these authors has resulted in controversy about this label. Therefore, the flamenco jazz scholarly conversation needs more objective writings from an analytical point of view.
This historiographical study presents a more comprehensive evaluation of flamenco jazz by discussing selected recordings using analytical tools from jazz studies. These analytical arguments clarify the aesthetics of flamenco jazz and the artistic processes that these artists went through when combining musical elements from flamenco and jazz, which in some cases are described as creative misreading. In this century of cultural globalization, where jazz has become a diverse expression of world music because of its capacity to absorb traits from other musical practices, this study can be a resource for international jazz musicians who are seeking to combine jazz with their musical cultural heritage.


Background: Nutmeg oil is used in Asia as a traditional medicine for a stomach cramps, diarrhea, and insomnia. It's quality need to be improved by increasing myristicin content. Objectives: This study aimed to increase the myristicin content of nutmeg oil by sequences distillations. Methods: Three different conditions of distillations were applied sequentially. The first, second and third distillation were at 1100C (0.2 bars), 1050C (1 bar), and 1450C (0.2 bars) respectively. Myristicin contents determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: the myristicin content of the original nutmeg oil, the first, the second, and the third distillation were 12.93%, 17.50%, 54.21%, and 83.45% respectively. The total yield of the final product resulted after the third distillation was 5.84% v/v from the original oil. Conclusion: The use of sequences distillation with a different condition can increase the myristicin content from the original nutmeg oil. Key words: Nutmeg oil, Myristicin, Sequences distillation, GC-MS.


Background: The hydrocoral Millepora is an important framework builder that dominates shallow turbulent environments in the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic-Caribbean. The Caribbean representatives of the genus are classified in four species - Millepora alcicornis, Millepora complanata, Millepora striata, and Millepora squarrosa - but their taxonomic boundaries are not clearly defined. We used mitochondrial gene sequences to delineate the four Millepora species and evaluated whether morphological traits and mitochondrial sequence divergence were correlated for two most common species M. alcicornis and M. complanata. Results: Samples were collected from Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Curacao, Grand Cayman, and Panama during 2006 to 2007. Diameter of dactylopores distinguished the branching and encrusting morphotypes of M. alcicornis and M. complanata, and gastropore diameter discriminated between M. alcicornis and M. complanata. High levels of haplotypic diversity (Hd = 0.94) were observed, with the most common haplotypes shared by M. alcicornis and M. complanata. Sequence divergence ranged from 0% to 3% among M. alcicornis, M. complanata, and M. striata to 25% between these three species and M. squarrosa. Bayesian analysis of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene indicated the presence of three Caribbean taxa: M. squarrosa, M. striata, and the 'species complex' encompassing the morphologies displayed by M. complanata and M. alcicornis. Conclusions: The branched M. alcicornis and encrusted M. alcicornis and M. complanata can be differentiated morphologically but not genetically. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Caribbean milleporids include three species - M. squarrosa, M. striata, and the species complex of M. alcicornis-M. complanata. Millepora striata is closely related to the M. alcicornis-M. complanata species complex.


We report that the transient PTF10cwr (Quimby et al. ATEL #2492), a.k.a. CSS100313:112547-084941 (Mahabal et al. ATel #2490), was also recovered on images from the Pan-STARRS Telescope #1 (PS1) as part of the PS1 3Pi survey (PS1-1000037). Magnitudes of i=18.96 and r=18.65 where measured with respect to SDSS sequence stars on March 12.45 and 13.49 UT respectively. Further photometry was gathered at the Liverpool Telescope on March 20.92 and March 23.00 UT.


A discharged official in mid-Ming China faced significant changes in his life. This book explores three such officials in the sixteenth century - Wang Jiusi, Kang Hai, and Li Kaixian - who turned to literary endeavors when forced to retire. Instead of the formal writing expected of scholar-officials, however, they chose to engage in the stigmatized genre of qu (songs), a collective term for drama and sanqu. As their efforts reveal, a disappointing end to an official career and a physical move away from the center led to their embrace of qu and the pursuit of a marginalized literary genre. This book also attempts to sketch the largely unknown literary landscape of mid-Ming north China. After their retirements, these three writers became cultural leaders in their native regions. Wang, Kang, and Li are studied here not as solitary writers but as central figures in the 'qu communities' that formed around them. Using such communities as the basic unit in the study of qu allows us to see how sanqu and drama were produced, transmitted, and 'used' among these writers, things less evident when we focus on the individual.


This paper reports estimated maintenance-cleaning costs, cost savings and cleaning interval increases for structural surfaces and windows in Europe obtainable by reducing the air pollution. Methodology and data from the ICP-materials project were used. The average present (2018) cleaning costs for sheltered white painted steel surfaces and modern glass due to air pollution over background, was estimated to be ~2.5 Euro/m2∙year. Hypothetical 50% reduction in the air pollution was found to give savings in these cleaning costs of ~1.5 Euro/m2∙year. Observed reduction in the air pollution, from 2002–2005 until 2011–2014, have probably increased the cleaning interval for white painted steel with ~100% (from 12 to 24 years), representing reductions in the single intervention cleaning costs from 7 to 4%/year (= % of one cleaning investment, per year during the cleaning interval) and for the modern glass with ~65% (from 0.85 to 1.3 years), representing reductions in the cleaning cost from 124 to 95%/year. The cleaning cost reductions, obtainable by 50% reduction in air pollution, would have been ~3 %/year for white painted steel and ~60%/year for the modern glass, representing ~100 and 50% additional cleaning interval increases. These potential cleaning cost savings are significantly higher than previously reported for the weathering of Portland limestone ornament and zinc monuments.


This paper focuses on the way in which socioeconomic, educational and gender inequalities are reproduced in Mexico and how certain mechanisms facilitate or hinder young people's social mobility. Despite the efforts of various countries to promote schooling and increase spending on education, the structural conditions of social stratification have been reproduced in education, and this type of segmentation has produced a hierarchical fragmentation of higher education institutions. In order to observe the asymmetries in the distribution of resources and in the social positions that young people occupy, as well as the role played by the students' perceptions of their personal situation compared with that of their parents, in the development of ability to reach the goals they desire and value, this paper will analyze survey data concerning three types of mobility: mobility of economic wellbeing, educational mobility and subjective mobility. This analysis finds that there is a strong relationship between the hierarchical fragmentation of higher education, class inequalities and gender, and that the relationship between gender and class remains an invisible inequality.


. Space and airborne sensors have been used to map area burned, assess characteristics of active fires, and characterize post-fire ecological effects. Confusion about fire intensity, fire severity, burn severity, and related terms can result in the potential misuse of the inferred information by land managers and remote sensing practitioners who require unambiguous remote sensing products for fire management. The objective of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current and potential remote sensing methods used to assess fire behavior and effects and ecological responses to fire. We clarify the terminology to facilitate development and interpretation of comprehensible and defensible remote sensing products, present the potential and limitations of a variety of approaches for remotely measuring active fires and their post-fire ecological effects, and discuss challenges and future directions of fire-related remote sensing research.


"The "Karluk" had disappeared. Whether the vessel had freed itself from the ice and steamed eastward, or whether, still imprisoned, it had been carried by the ice westward, we could not know. In any case it was gone, leaving our hunting party of six men marooned on a sandy islet surrounded by thin ice and open water. The wind finally died away, in the calm air the water rapidly froze over again, and on September 30 we crossed with our two sleds to the mainland." In 1913 a young ethnologist from New Zealand boarded a ship for the Arctic, beginning a personal journey that was to make Diamond Jenness one of the twentieth century's foremost authorities on Alaskan Eskimos. Jenness had been asked to join the Stefansson expedition, and his official duties were to collect ethnographic details on the Eskimos their culture, technology, religion, and social organization. His account of the expedition was published as "People of the Twilight" in 1928, but Jenness also kept a diary of his three years among the Eskimos. He was eventually persuaded to publish it as "Dawn in Arctic Alaska." Predating the genre of personal ethnographies that has become so popular and important today, Jenness's tales blend his keen observations of the Arctic and its people with his own reflections and sensory experiences. He expresses great adimiration for the customs and character of the Eskimos and great regret and disappointment over the destruction of their lifeway through contact with white men."


Last year, Top Students featured 40 cum laude students from the class of 2007. This year, 47 students appear in these pages and they start their careers at a particularly challenging time. Financial markets have impacted dramatically on all sectors, the law included. Lawyers may well be needed in good times and bad but a look at the UK markets suggests that the aphorism that you should either be an accountant, a doctor or a lawyer, or marry one, may not be as sage as was thought (only medicine will breeze along).


We present a general framework for graph clustering and bi-clustering where we are given a general observation (called a label) between each pair of nodes. This framework allows a rich encoding of various types of pairwise interactions between nodes. We propose a new tractable and robust approach to this problem based on convex optimization and maximum likelihood estimators. We analyze our algorithms under a general statistical model extending the planted partition and stochastic block models. Both sufficient and necessary conditions are provided for successful recovery of the underlying clusters. Our theoretical results subsume many existing graph clustering results for a wide range of settings, including planted partition, weighted clustering, submatrix localization and partially observed graphs. Furthermore, our results are applicable to novel settings including time-varying graphs, providing new insights to solutions of these problems. We provide empirical results on both synthetic and real data that corroborate with our theoretical findings.


The complex formation reaction between the l-tartrate (Tar2-) and calcium ions taking place in neutral and in hyperalkaline (pH > 13) aqueous solutions has been investigated. It was demonstrated that upon NaOH addition the solubility of the CaTar(s) precipitate significantly increases. Conductometric and freezing point depression measurements further confirmed that in this process water soluble species are formed as a result of a reaction between the CaTar(s) and the hydroxide ion (or, conversely, between Ca(OH)2(s) and the Tar2- ion). 13C NMR spectroscopic measurements yielded the value of pK3 = 15.4 ± 0.2 for the proton dissociation of one of the alcoholic OH groups of Tar2- (at 25.0 °C and 4 M Na(Cl) ionic strength). Upon addition of calcium ions to an alkaline Tar2- solution, the 1H NMR signal gradually broadened and the 13C-satellite peaks split to two components, which also indicate complexation. From H2/Pt potentiometric titrations performed with solutions in the 13.6 ≤ pH ≤ 14.4 range, it was observed, that this complex formation is accompanied by a hydroxide ion consuming process. The titration curves can be best described via assuming the formation of the CaTarH-1-(aq) (lg β11-1 = -11.2 ± 0.1) and CaTarH-22-(aq) (lg β11-2 = -25.3 ± 0.1) complexes. In hyperalkaline solutions, these two species account for more than 90-99% of the calcium ions present and the contribution of the other reasonable and well-established calcium-containing solution species is rather small. The possible structures of the above complexes have been modeled via ab initio calculations. The stoichiometries are consistent both with species containing coordinated alcoholate group(s) and with mixed Ca(ii)-hydroxo-tartrato complexes. From the data available at present, both types of structures can be considered as chemically reasonable.


By implementing the ARGESIM Benchmark C2 "Flexible Assembly System", the simulation system Flexsim, the Matlab/Simulink-toolbox Stateflow, and the equation-based modelling language Modelica are compared to each other. Based on the different modelling techniques, the systems will be described and analysed from an automation point of view. Subsequently, the modelling approaches of state-automata (Stateflow) as well as object-orientation (Flexsim) and equation-based modelling (Modelica) are reflected. The analysis includes (1) the time and efforts that are necessary for the modelling process itself, (2) the complexity of the implementation, (3) the possibility to analyse the simulation results, and (4) the possibility to separate control algorithms and controlled system in the implementation.


In northern Canada, the Inuit's transition from a culturally traditional to a Western diet has been accompanied by chronic poverty and provoked high levels of food insecurity, resulting in numerous negative health outcomes. This study examines national coverage of Nunavut food insecurity as presented in two of Canada's most widely read newspapers: The Globe and Mail and National Post . A critical discourse analysis (CDA) was employed to analyze 24 articles, 19 from The Globe and Mail and 5 from National Post . Analysis suggests national print media propagates the Inuit's position as The Other by selectively reporting on social issues such as hunger, poverty and income. Terms such as "Northerners" and "Southerners" are frequently used to categorically separate Nunavut from the rest of Canada and Inuit-driven efforts to resolve their own issues are widely ignored. This effectively portrays the Inuit as helpless and the territory as a failure, and allows Canadians to maintain colonialist views of Inuit inferiority and erroneously assume Federal initiatives effectively address Northern food insecurity.


This article contends that every American law school ought to substantially eliminate C grades by settings its good academic standing grade point average at the B- level. Grading systems that require or encourage law professors to award a significant number of C marks are flawed for two reasons. First, low grades damage students' placement prospects. Employers frequently consider a job candidate's absolute GPA in making hiring decisions. If a school systematically assigns inferior grades, its students are at an unfair disadvantage when competing for employment with students from institutions that award mostly A's and B's. Second, marks in the C range injure students psychologically. Students perceive C's as a sign of failure. Accordingly, when they receive such grades, their stress level is exacerbated in unhealthy ways. This psychological harm is both intrinsically problematic and compromises the educational process. Substantially eliminating C grades will bring about critical improvements in both the fairness of the job market and the mental well-being of our students. These benefits outweigh any problems that might be caused or aggravated by inflated grades. C marks virtually always denote unsatisfactory work in American graduate education. Law schools are the primary exception to this convention. It is time we adopted the practice followed by the rest of the academy.


An understanding of the transport and survival of microbial pathogens (pathogens hereafter) in agricultural settings is needed to assess the risk of pathogen contamination to water and food resources, and to develop control strategies and treatment options. However, many knowledge gaps still remain in predicting the fate and transport of pathogens in runoff water, and then through the shallow vadose zone and groundwater. A number of transport pathways, processes, factors, and mathematical models often are needed to describe pathogen fate in agricultural settings. The level of complexity is dramatically enhanced by soil heterogeneity, as well as by temporal variability in temperature, water inputs, and pathogen sources. There is substantial variability in pathogen migration pathways, leading to changes in the dominant processes that control pathogen transport over different spatial and temporal scales. For example, intense rainfall events can generate runoff and preferential flow that can rapidly transport pathogens. Pathogens that survive for extended periods of time have a greatly enhanced probability of remaining viable when subjected to such rapid-transport events. Conversely, in dry seasons, pathogen transport depends more strongly on retention at diverse environmental surfaces controlled by a multitude of coupled physical, chemical, and microbiological factors. These interactions are incompletely characterized, leading to a lack of consensus on the proper mathematical framework to model pathogen transport even at the column scale. In addition, little is known about how to quantify transport and survival parameters at the scale of agricultural fields or watersheds. This review summarizes current conceptual and quantitative models for pathogen transport and fate in agricultural settings over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The authors also discuss the benefits that can be realized by improved modeling, and potential treatments to mitigate the risk of waterborne disease transmission.


This study explored the psychosocial factors influencing family caregivers during the care of patients who had undergone surgery and were in pain. Family caregivers play key roles in the care of post-surgical patients in different cultures. However, research has not adequately explored family caregivers' experiences within the post-operative context in Ghana. An exploratory qualitative design was employed. Data collection involved individual interviews. Concurrent content analysis was undertaken and saturation of data was achieved with 12 family caregivers and 1 key informant. The participants were recruited from the surgical department of a tertiary health facility in Accra, the capital city of Ghana. The study revealed six themes that influenced family caregivers in the care of post-surgical patients: faith, fear, feeling of relief, empathy, commitment and inadequate knowledge. Health professionals should meaningfully integrate and educate family caregivers on patient care and pain management within the post-surgical context.


This chapter considers whether China has embarked on a path to WTO leadership since its historic accession in 2001. I argue that China is increasingly displaying the will to lead, an essential prerequisite for state leadership. China has become progressively more proactive, making independent proposals, joining undertakings initiated by other members, submitting numerous notifications, and regularly filing formal dispute settlement complaints despite its historical aversion to international adjudication.
But does its growing participation signal leadership? China's trajectory towards WTO leadership is analyzed by identifying signs of its will to lead in the WTO--in its rhetoric, its participation and its initiatives. I maintain that indications of China's will to lead are evident, for example, in its strong support of globalization and the multilateral trading system (not trivial given US policy since the advent of Trump), China's continuing endorsement of the Doha Round negotiations (in contrast to other members that have declared the talks dead), and its initiation of talks on investment facilitation and active participation in talks on electronic commerce, among other things. At the same time, other factors are holding it back. For one, it is still learning how to lead in the WTO, despite moving considerably up the learning curve. More significantly, evidence of the willingness of other members to follow is presently limited. The essay aims at offering insight into China's behavior as a leader in the WTO, and the future leadership role China may play in the changing international trade environment, in which China paradoxically is taking over as the champion of an open global trading system, and possibly replacing US leadership in global economic governance.


The crisis of Spartan power in the first half of the fourth century has been connected to Spartan inability to manage the hegemony built on the ruins of the Athenian Empire, or interpreted as a result of the unexpected annihilation of the Spartan army by the Boeotians at Leuktra. The present book offers a new perspective, suggesting that the crisis that finally brought down Sparta was in important ways a result of centrifugal impulses within the Peloponnesian League, accompanied by a general awakening of ethnicity in various areas of the Peloponnese. A series of regional case studies is combined with thematic contributions focusing on topics, such as the relationship of religious cults and ethnicity and of democracy and ethnicity, the use of archaeological evidence for ethnic phenomena, and comparative approaches based on social anthropology.


The recent revolution in information and communication technologies has changed the ways people carry out their day to day activities. Education is one of the fields that has been largely influenced by this revolution. The majority of academic institutions have integrated Electronic Learning either as part or as their full approach to learning delivery. Governments around the world have invested significant resources to integrate the new media in their education systems. Despite these investments and commitment from these institutions, many of the new e-learning systems tend to fail. This has motivated researchers to investigate suitable approaches to overcome these failures. One of the well-known approaches is to identify what so known as Critical Success Factors (CSFs) which are those factors and areas of interests that can potentially have higher impact on the success, or failure, of an e-learning system. This approach has been widely applied areas around the globe and from different perspectives of e-learning systems stakeholders. However, when considering Saudi Arabia as one of the leading countries in Middle East in adopting e-learning base education, very limited research was found in the literature to identify e-learning systems CSFs. This is despite the extensive resources the government invested in encouraging the Saudi institutions to adopt e-learning. In particular, there is a lack of investigative academic research that considers the perspectives of the different e-learning stakeholders in a Saudi context.
Motivated by this gap, this thesis has investigated e-learning CSFs from academic staff, experts, and students in King Saud University. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed to carry out this investigation. The results have shown that the three investigated populations consider different factors to be more important than others. For example, academic staff considered students' characteristics to be the most important while students considered technology infrastructure to be most important. Differences in opinion also emerged between experts and academic staff and experts and students.
This thesis document the first study of its kind that carries out this comparative study between the three main e-learning stakeholders groups concerning the identification of e-learning CSFs. Moreover, this study opens several avenues for future research focusing on this subject.


ABSTRACT Evidence suggests that people with strong social support have lower mortality and morbidity and better self-rated health in later life, but few studies have used longitudinal data to examine the factors that inhibit or enhance social support. This study used both quantitative data and qualitative texts to explore older women's social networks. The mixed-methods design drew participants from the 1921–26 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH). Regression modelling for repeated measures was used to analyse the longitudinal data. The qualitative data was content analysed by the themes identified from the quantitative analyses. The quantitative analyses revealed that larger social networks associated with better mental health, widowhood, illness or death of a family member, and no mobility problems. Women who were not Australian-born, had sight problems or who had moved house were more likely to have smaller social networks. The qualitative data provided insight into the lived experiences of this group of women. The use of a mixed methodology enabled the longitudinal quantitative results to be enriched by the women's own words. The findings highlight the importance to older women of being able to access their social network members to gain the psychological and emotional benefits.


The Netherlands' response to AIDS is widely regarded as well organized and effective. This is largely due to the timely response to the threat of the disease, with a prevention programme starting in 1982. This Dutch example provides an instructive case study for other countries with relevance for policy makers now and in the future. The book documents and discusses Dutch prevention policy: most specifically the prevention policies and activities for various target groups; the focus on prevention research and studies on sexuality and health behaviour; and the emphasis on individual responsibility.


High-resolution digital cameras are becoming ever-larger parts of our daily lives, whether as part of closedcircuit surveillance systems or as part of portable digital devices that many of us carry around with us. Combining the broadening reach of these cameras with automatic face recognition technology creates a sensor network that is ripe for abuse: our every action could be recorded and tagged with our identities, the date, and our location as if we each had an investigator tasked only with keeping each of us under constant surveillance. Adding the continually falling cost of data storage to this mix, and we are left with a situation where the privacy abuses don't need to happen today: the stored imagery can be mined and re-mined forever, while the sophistication of automatic analysis continues to grow. The MASKS project takes the first steps toward addressing this problem. If we would like to be able to deidentify faces before the images are shared with others, we cannot do so with ad hoc techniques applied identically to all faces. Since each face is unique, the method of disguising that face must be equally unique. In order to hide or reduce those critical identifying characteristics, we are delivering the following foundational contributions toward characterizing the nature of facial information: We have created a new pose-controlled, high-resolution database of facial images. The most prominent anatomical markers on each face have been marked for position and shape, establishing a new gold standard for facial segmentation. A parameterized model of the diversity of our subject population was built based on statistical analysis of the annotations. The model was validated by comparison with the performance of a standard set of artificial disguises. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Computer and Information Science First Advisor Jonathan Smith


We test the concept of the Opportunistic Approach to monetary policy in South Africa post 2000 inflation targeting regime. Our findings support the two features of the opportunistic approach. First, we find that the models that include an intermediate target that reflects the recent history of inflation rather than simple inflation target improve the fit of the models. Second, the data supports the view that the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) behaves with some degree of nonresponsiveness when inflation is within the zone of discretion but react aggressively otherwise. Recursive estimates from our preferred model reveal that overall there has been a subdued reaction to inflation, output and financial conditions amidst the increased economic uncertainty of the 2007- 2009 financial crisis.


Abstract The extensive harm caused by the financial crisis raises the question of whether policymakers could have done more to prevent the build-up of financial imbalances. This paper aims to contribute to the field of regulatory impact assessment by taking up the revived debate on whether central banks should use the interest rate to directly respond to the build-up of financial sector imbalances, i.e. 'lean against the wind' or not. Currently, there is no consensus on whether monetary policy is, in general, able to support the resilience of the financial system or if this task should better be left to the macroprudential approach of financial regulation. The author aims to shed light on this issue by analyzing distinct policy regimes within an agent-based computational macro-model with endogenous money. He finds that policies that make use of their comparative advantage lead to superior outcomes concerning their respective intended objectives. In particular, he shows that 'leaning against the wind' should only serve as first line of defense in the absence of a prudential regulatory regime and that price stability does not necessarily mean financial stability. Moreover, macroprudential regulation as unburdened policy instrument is able to dampen the build-up of financial imbalances by restricting credit to the unsustainable high-leveraged part of the real economy.


Background National guidance recommends targeted behavioural interventions and frequent HIV testing for men who have sex with men (MSM). We reviewed current policy and practice for HIV testing and behavioural interventions (BI) in England to determine adherence to guidance. Methods 25 sexual health clinics were surveyed using a semistructured audit asking about risk ascertainment for MSM, HIV testing and behavioural intervention policies. Practice was assessed by reviewing the notes of the first 40 HIV-negative MSM aged over 16 who attended from 1 June 2010, in a subset of 15 clinics. Results 24 clinics completed the survey: 18 (75%) defined risk for MSM and 17 used unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) as an indication of high risk. 21 (88%) offered one or more structured BI. Of 598 notes reviewed, 199 (33%) MSM reported any UAI. BI, including safer sex advice, was offered to and accepted by 251/598 (42%) men. A low proportion of all MSM (52/251: 21%) accepted a structured one-to-one BI as recommended by national guidance and uptake was still low among higher risk MSM (29/107: 27%). 92% (552/598) of men had one or more HIV test over a 1-year period. Conclusions In 2010, the number of HIV tests performed met the national minimum standard but structured behavioural interventions were being offered to and accepted by only a small proportion of MSM, including those at a higher risk of infection. Reasons for not offering behavioural interventions to higher risk MSM, whether due to patient choice, a lack of staff training or resource shortage, need to be investigated and addressed.


Ticker Plant systems are widely used in modern day trading. They allow collecting in real-time quotes from several markets, present the data in a unified format, and disseminate it electronically depending on requests and goals of external clients, traders. This paper presents a view on the possibility of using market simulators for testing such systems. A set of main functional and non-functional test scenarios required to control the quality of quote dissemination has been identified. A comparison of market simulators and real test markets has been presented.


Adults are encouraged to maintain levels of physical activity throughout their life span. This study describes gait performance and ambulatory activity (as a key component of physical activity) in 15 community-dwelling octogenarians and examines the association between activity measured continuously for 5 days with a tri-axial accelerometer and clinical measures of balance and functional mobility. Outcomes represented macro features of ambulatory activity and included volume, pattern and variability of activity. Micro gait outcomes were derived from each walking bout and represented 14 discrete spatio-temporal characteristics of gait. Participants walked a median of 9,294 steps/day (range 5,121-18,231). For macro outcomes, the strongest associations were established for Timed up and Go (TUG) single and dual task times and mean bout length (rs = -.66, p = 0.006, and -.68, p = 0.005 respectively; Spearman's rho), and TUG dual task and accumulation of walking bouts (alpha) (α) (rs = -.67, p = 0.006). For micro outcomes, there was a positive correlation between step velocity and the Activities Balance and Confidence Scale (rs = .67 p = 0.006), and a negative correlation between step velocity and TUG single task (rs = .71, p = 0.003). TUG dual task showed a positive association with step time asymmetry (rs = .65 p = 0.008) and swing time asymmetry (rs = .66, p = 0.004). For this group of active octogenarians, associations between ambulatory activity and functional mobility were stronger than for balance. Lord, S., Isbey, O., Del-Din, S., Rochester, L., Taylor, L. (2018). Discerning the contribution of balance and mobility to ambulatory activity in community-dwelling octogenarians: A preliminary report. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 46(3): 133-138. doi:10.15619/NZJP/46.3.05


Hospital admissions from nursing homes have not previously been investigated in Norway. During 12 months all hospital admissions (acute and elective) from 32 nursing homes in Bergen were recorded via the Norwegian ambulance register. The principal diagnosis made during the stay, length of stay, and the ward were sourced from the hospital's data register and data were merged. Altogether 1,311 hospital admissions were recorded during the 12 months. Admissions from nursing homes made up 6.1% of the total number of admissions to medical wards, while for surgical wards they made up 3.8%. Infections, fractures, cardiovascular and gastri-related diagnoses represented the most frequent admission diagnoses. Infections accounted for 25.0% of admissions, including 51.0% pneumonias. Of all the admissions, fractures were the cause in 10.2%. Of all fractures, hip fractures represented 71.7. The admission rate increased as the proportion of short-term beds increased, and at nursing homes with short-term beds, admissions increased with increasing physician coverage. Potential reductions in hospitalizations for infections from nursing homes may play a role to reduce pressure on medical departments as may fracture prevention. Solely increasing physician coverage in nursing homes will probably not reduce the number of hospitalizations.


Through a theoretically informed examination of two cases fundamental to the growth of the aviation industry in the UK, this thesis aims to illuminate the mechanisms behind the industry's oft-claimed position of privilege in environmental policymaking. It is claimed that historically the aviation industry has occupied such a position, manifest in tax breaks for fuel, delayed entry into the emissions trading scheme and continuing ability to secure permission for new airport development, all in the face of fierce opposition. However, the existing literature fails to adequately empiricise or explain the precise mechanisms behind its alleged position of privilege.
This thesis focuses on the role of the UK state in arbitrating between rival interests in the historical development of the aviation industry in the UK. Two case studies are explored: the development of the third London airport at Stansted, and a new runway at Manchester. The former was characterised by delays and reviews, becoming a cause celebre; the latter occurred more rapidly. Archival analysis and elite interviewing uncover fresh details of the two cases. Two contrasting theories of policy are employed to understand and explain the industry's role: the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) (which maintains that policy change arises primarily from an open competition between policy coalitions in adjusting to external events) and the Strategic-Relational Approach (SRA) (that acknowledges the importance of structural imperatives on the state to consistently privilege some actors over others).
This research finds that both the ACF and SRA offer convincing accounts of the policymaking process, however, singularly, neither is able fully to explore all the mechanisms that underpin the industry's privileged position. By paying close attention to the beliefs of actors, the ACF uncovers the mechanisms behind how and why actors work together to achieve their policy goals and draws attention to the important role played by external events and policy learning play in creating policy change. Complementing these insights, the SRA draws attention to the strategies actors use to achieve their policy goals and explores the structural factors that continuously privilege the aviation industry. In initiating the first theoretical dialogue between these two contrasting perspectives, this research has found that there is no need for theoretical synthesis in a quest to find the 'best' single theory, rather, that combining their insights to in a complementary manner offers the most valuable exploration of policy and the policymaking process.


The War on Poverty is 50 years old. Over that time, federal and state governments have spent more than $19 trillion fighting poverty. But what have we really accomplished?Although far from conclusive, the evidence suggests that we have successfully reduced many of the deprivations of material poverty, especially in the early years of the War on Poverty. However, these efforts were more successful among socioeconomically stable groups such as the elderly than low-income groups facing other social problems. Moreover, other factors like the passage of the Civil Rights Act, the expansion of economic opportunities to African Americans and women, increased private charity, and general economic growth may all have played a role in whatever poverty reduction occurred.However, even if the War on Poverty achieved some initial success, the programs it spawned have long since reached a point of diminishing returns. In recent years we have spent more and more money on more and more programs, while realizing few, if any, additional gains. More important, the War on Poverty has failed to make those living in poverty independent or increase economic mobility among the poor and children. We may have made the lives of the poor less uncomfortable, but we have failed to truly lift people out of poverty.The failures of the War on Poverty should serve as an object lesson for policymakers today. Good intentions are not enough. We should not continue to throw money at failed programs in the name of compassion.


In the last few years, digital SLR cameras have taken the astrophotography world by storm. It is now easier to photograph the stars than ever before! They are compact and portable, flexible to adapt with different lenses and for telescope use, and above all DSLR cameras are easy and enjoyable to use. In this concise guide, experienced astrophotography expert Michael Covington outlines the simple, enduring basics that will enable you to get started, and help you get the most from your equipment. He covers a wide selection of equipment, simple and advanced projects, technical considerations and image processing techniques. Unlike other astrophotography books, this one focuses specifically on DSLR cameras, not astronomical CCDs, non-DSLR digital cameras, or film. This guide is ideal for astrophotographers who wish to develop their skills using DSLR cameras and as a friendly introduction to amateur astronomers or photographers curious about photographing the night sky.


his paper develops an understanding of gender as something fundamentally technological, and as such broken. Drawing on the technological undercurrent in current posthumanist feminist theory, it puts into play a vocabulary of malfunctioning, broken, vulnerable technologies, and in particular uses the term 'glitch' to account for machinic failures in gender within the digital domain. As an intriguing example of the technologies of (trans)gender, the core example consists of the social media presence and public transition of Isabella Bunny Bennett — a musical performer and a member of the U.S.-based band Steam Powered Giraffe. Drawing on how glitch is understood as an accidental error and a critical potential in aesthetic practices, the article is a contribution to what recently has been coined 'glitch feminism.'


In the current Internet system, there are many problems using anonymity of the network communication such as personal information leak and crimes using the Internet system. This is why TCP/IP protocol used in Internet system does not have the user identification information on the communication data, and it is difficult to supervise the user performing the above acts immediately. As a study for solving the above problem, there is the study of Policy Based Network Management (PBNM). This is the scheme for managing a whole Local Area Network (LAN) through communication control every user. In this PBNM, two types of schemes exist. The first is the scheme for managing the whole LAN by locating the communication control mechanisms on the course between network servers and clients. The second is the scheme of managing the whole LAN by locating the communication control mechanisms on clients. As the second scheme, we have been studied theoretically about the Destination Addressing Control System (DACS) Scheme. By applying this DACS Scheme to Internet system management, we will realize the policy-based Internet system management. As the second step for the last goal, we show the concept of the cloud type virtual PBNM which can be used by plural organizations in this paper.


Environmental degradation may have strong effects on community assembly processes. We examined the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities in anthropogenically altered and near-pristine streams. Using pyrosequencing of bacterial and fungal DNA from decomposed alder Alnus incana leaves, we specifically examined if environmental degradation deterministically decreases or increases the compositional turnover of bacterial and fungal communities. Our results showed that near-pristine streams and anthropogenically altered streams supported distinct fungal and bacterial communities. The mechanisms assembling these communities were different in near-pristine and altered environments. Environmental disturbance homogenized bacterial communities, whereas fungal communities were more dissimilar in disturbed sites than in near-pristine sites. Compositional variation of both bacteria and fungi was related to water chemistry variables in disturbed sites, further implying the influence of environmental degradation on community assembly. Bacterial and fungal communities in near-pristine streams were weakly controlled by environmental factors, suggesting that the relative importance of niche-based versus neutral processes in assembling microbial communities may strongly depend on the spatial scale and local environmental context. Our results thus suggest that environmental degradation may strongly affect the composition and β-diversity of stream microbial communities colonizing leaf litter, and that the direction of the change can be different between bacteria and fungi. A better understanding of the environmental tolerances of microbes and the mechanisms assembling microbial communities in natural environmental settings is needed to predict how environmental alteration is likely to affect microbial communities.


Mutual Recovery involves caregivers and their clients mutually participating in artistic endeavours to foster resilience in both parties. A qualitative enquiry into the use of group music making (referred to as a 'Music Jam') between both the caregivers and clients at a residential treatment facility for adults with developmental disabilities and Schizophrenia was conducted. The purpose of this study was to examine whether shared musical endeavours enjoyed therapeutic and resilience building utility for both the caregivers and clients. A focus group was conducted in which comments were collected and transcribed for qualitative analysis. Themes of enhanced respect and equality among clients for the caregivers, and intrapersonal connectedness and enhanced feelings of community emerged during analysis. Both parties expressed recurrent themes of humility, mutual respect and overall enjoyment. Mutual Recovery practices where caregivers and their clients play music outside of therapeutic settings are an effective means by which resiliency and connectedness can be enhanced in all participants. To this end, other forms of Mutual Recovery deserve greater investigation in order to better examine whether these practices are worth implementing in larger and more varied formats.


Using a lifecourse perspective and a double-cohort model, we analyze 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006 census data to ask if immigrants are less likely to be homeowners than the Canadian-born, and whether recent immigrants are less likely to own homes than earlier immigrant cohorts. While descriptive findings suggest that immigrants, particularly recent arrivals, have lower homeownership rates than the Canadian-born, multivariate results qualify this impression. The double-cohort model with additional variables shows that immigrants' transition to homeownership does not differ from those of the Canadian-born. Recent arrivals do begin at lower levels of homeownership, but they rapidly transition to homeownership.


This thesis is concerned with the training of Italian secondary school teachers of
English as a Foreign Language. It identifies the training needs and requirements of
these teachers and subsequently analyses in-service training courses offered both in
Italy and the UK. The, aim is to see if these courses meet the requirements and
expectations of Italian trainees and, if not, to develop recommendations on how these
courses could be improved.
The starting point of this research is the increased recognition of the effectiveness of
the non-native speaking teacher. While in the past native English speakers were
perceived as the 'ideal'. teachers of the language, it has recently been recognised that
non-native English speaking teachers have an equal chance of becoming successful
teachers. However, there has been very little research focusing on the requirements of non-native English speaker trainees and similarly there has been minimal feedback
on what works and does not work in teacher education programmes. This thesis aims
to contribute to the ongoing teacher related research in order to gain a deeper
understanding of the specific training requirements of Italian teachers of E.F.L., so
that their full potential may be realised.
The thesis illustrates in detail the Italian school system, the Modem Foreign
Language undergraduate curricula and the recruitment system for teachers in Italy,
three elements which play a crucial role in determining the in-service training needs
of Italian teachers of E.F.L. The thesis also provides a detailed description of the
Italian State Special Project for Foreign Languages (P.S.L.S.), a national training
project aimed at in-service teachers of Foreign Languages.
The thesis analyses data coming from surveys aimed at Italian teachers of English.
One survey devised by the author was carried out among teachers attending training
events at the British Council in Milan. A second survey analysed was based on data
provided by the I.R.R.S.A.E. (Regional Institute for Research and In-service
Training) Lombardy, resulting from a questionnaire completed by a large number of
lower and higher secondary school teachers of English working in the region. The
results of the analysis of these surveys provide important information about the
requirements of these teachers and identify where these needs have not been satisfied
in the training courses they have attended in the past. The thesis subsequently examines the training courses currently available to Italian
teachers of E.F.L., both in Italy and the UK. Data coming from a survey conducted
among P.S.L.S. trainers supply information about the general structure and content of
these courses. The thesis also analyses material obtained from UK institutions and
illustrates, and comments on, the variety of programmes of study currently available
to Italian teachers of English. Suggestions are put forward on how both P.S.L.S. and
UK based courses could be improved in an effort to overcome trainees' difficulties
and meet their requirements and needs.
The thesis concludes with recommendations for further work which include those
areas where the analysis of teachers' requirements would benefit from expansion and
where the evaluation proccss of existing training courses could be refined.


Recent research on the new Phillips curve (NPC) (e.g., Gali, Gertler, and Lopez-Salido 2001a) gives marginal cost an important role in capturing pressures on inflation. In this paper we assess the case for using alternative measures of marginal cost to improve the empirical fit of the NPC. Following Sbordone (2000), we derive the aggregation factors when firms use Cobb-Douglas with overhead labour and constant elasticity of substitution (CES) technologies. We estimate the NPC for Canada, the United States, and the euro area. Our structural results indicate that: (i) ignoring aggregation factors gives implausibly large estimates of the duration of price stickiness—in this respect, the aggregation factors improve the fit of the NPC substantially; (ii) the marginal cost measures based on CES technology improve the fit of the NPC relative to the Cobb-Douglas technology, particularly for Canada and the euro area; (iii) for Canada, the backward-looking component of inflation is quite strong relative to the United States and the euro area; and (iv) the incorporation of open-economy considerations for Canada does not yield better estimates of the NPC.


Mr Peacocke, a Classical scholar, has come to Broughtonshire with his beautiful American wife to live as a schoolmaster. But when the blackmailing brother of her first husband a reprobate from Louisiana appears at the school gates, a dreadful secret is revealed and the county is scandalized. Ostracised by the community, the pair seem trapped in a hopeless situation until the combative but warm-hearted headmaster of the school, Dr Wortle, offers his support, and Mr Peacocke embarks upon a journey to America that he hopes will lay to rest the accusations once and for all. A perceptive exploration of Victorian morality, Dr Wortle's School (1881) also contains echoes of Trollope's own life, and his personal affection for the vivacious Bostonian Kate Field.


Tree visualization is one of the best-studied areas of information visualization; researchers have developed more than 200 visualization and layout techniques for trees. The treevis.net project aims to provide a hand-curated bibliographical reference to this ever-growing wealth of techniques. It offers a visual overview that users can filter to a desired subset along the design criteria of dimensionality, edge representation, and node alignment. Details, including links to the original publications, can be brought up on demand. Treevis.net has become a community effort, with researchers sending in preprints of their tree visualization techniques to be published or pointing out additional information.


This work introduces a new numerical simulation approach to acoustic microfluidic chip design based on coupled-resonator theory. A simplified acoustofluidic device operating in the transverse elastic mode is investigated and optimized for maximal pressure standing wave amplitude. This design approach provides insights into the symmetry and frequency characteristics of acoustic chip resonances that cannot be obtained from analysis based on wave propagation arguments. The new approach reveals that optimal performance requires spatial symmetry-matching and frequency-matching of the full device's elastic resonance to the channel's acoustic resonance. Symmetry selection is demonstrated for a three terminal piezoelectric transducer actuation scheme showing suppression of opposite-symmetry and enhancement of same-symmetry acoustic modes. Excitation of ultrasonic waves exhibits the anti-crossing behaviour predicted by coupled mode theory with the acoustic mode splitting into two distinct branches. Increased efficiency of energy transfer from the transducer into the fluid, with its corresponding increase in pressure amplitude, suggests a potential path toward significant increases in acoustic separator performance.


Gemcitabine based treatment is currently a standard first line treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, however overall survival remains poor, and few options are available for patients that fail gemcitabine based therapy. To identify potential molecular targets in gemcitabine refractory pancreatic cancer, we developed a series of gemcitabine resistant (GR) cell lines. Initial drug exposure selected for an early resistant phenotype that was independent of drug metabolic pathways. Prolonged drug selection pressure after 16 weeks, led to an induction of cytidine deaminase (CDA) and enhanced drug detoxification. Cross resistance profiles demonstrate approximately 100-fold cross resistance to the pyrimidine nucleoside cytarabine, but no resistance to the same in class agents, azacytidine and decitabine. GR cell lines demonstrated a dose dependent collateral hypersensitivity to class I and II histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and decreased expression of 3 different global heterochromatin marks, as detected by H4K20me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3. Cell morphology of the drug resistant cell lines demonstrated a fibroblastic type appearance with loss of cell-cell junctions and an altered microarray expression pattern, using Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, consistent with progression to an invasive phenotype. Of particular note, the gemcitabine resistant cell lines displayed up to a 15 fold increase in invasive potential that directly correlates with the level of gemcitabine resistance. These findings suggest a mechanistic relationship between chemoresistance and metastatic potential in pancreatic carcinoma and provide evidence for molecular pathways that may be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies for refractory pancreatic cancer.


Everybody, in a general way, that the finest place in the world is -or, alas, was -the Dutch borough of Vondervotteimittiss. Yet as it lies some distance from any of the main roads, being in a somewhat out-of-the-way situation, there are perhaps very few of my readers who have ever paid it a visit. For the benefit of those who have not, therefore, it will be only proper that I should enter into some account of it. And this is indeed the more necessary, as with the hope of enlisting public sympathy in behalf of the inhabitants, I design here to give a history of the calamitous events which have so lately occurred within its limits. No one who knows me will doubt that the duty thus selfimposed will be executed to the best of my ability, with all that rigid impartiality, all that cautious examination into facts, and diligent collation of authorities, which should ever distinguish him who aspires to the title of historian.


This paper is an attempt to define the content of the "Integrated Total Quality Strategy" as a tool of promoting the goals of the endogenous tourism development for countries like Greece where the dominant paradigm of mass tourism for summer holidays has reached its limits. We propose a differentiation strategy through total quality management based on the bottom up approach to sustainable development that promotes competitive advantage. It requires small scale operations, local participation, clustering, integrated approach and symbiosis between social and natural systems.


Abstract Food is deeply connected to processes of re-membering, identity construction, the texturing of shared spaces, and social relationships. This case-comparative research focusses on how everyday food-related practices (sourcing, preparing, serving and eating) reproduce aspects of culture and communal ways of being. We will consider the food practices of three dual-heritage households who took part in a series of biographical, 'go-along', 'eat-along' and photo-elicitation interviews. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which food is intimately interwoven with familial relationships, the reproduction of hybrid ways of being, and connecting the present, past, and future.


The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia is a single-volume encyclopedia covering all major and subsidiary areas of linguistics and applied linguistics. The 79 entries provide in-depth coverage of the topics and sub-topics of the field. Entries are alphabetically arranged and extensively cross-referenced so the reader can see how areas interrelate. Including a substantial introduction which provides a potted history of linguistics and suggestions for further reading, this is an indispensable reference tool for specialists and non-specialists alike. This third edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, with new entries on: * attitudes to language * conversation analysis * English Language Teaching * gesture and language * idioms * language and advertising * language and new technologies * linguistics in schools * optimality theory * research methods in linguistics * slang. The following entries have been recommissioned or substantially revised: Animals and Language, Artificial Languages, Computational Linguistics to Language Engineering, Contrastive Analysis/Contrastive Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis, Dialectology, Discourse Analysis, Dyslexia, Genre Analysis, Historical Linguistics, Intonation, Language and Education, Language, Gender and Sexuality, Language Origins, Language Surveys, Language Universals, Linguistic Typology, Metaphor, Pragmatics, Rhetoric, Semantics, Semiotics, Sociolinguistics, Stylistics, Systemic-Functional Grammar, Writing Systems.


This book provides readers with an up-to-date broad understanding of the distinctive pedagogic, social, and political contexts of teaching English to adult migrants in countries where English is the dominant language. The book contains reflective activities within each chapter, to enable readers to relate the content to their own contexts, be they teaching, training, management, inspection or policy.


Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression is an important mechanism by which tumors evade classical T cell-dependent immune responses. Therefore, a system was designed to evaluate parameters for active immunization against MHC class I- tumors. Mice were capable of rejecting a MHC class I- tumor challenge after immunization with an irradiated granulocyte/macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) transduced MHC class I- tumor vaccine. This response was critically dependent on CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, but minimally on CD8+ T cells. A strong protective response against MHC class I+ variants of the tumor could be elicited when mice were immunized with irradiated MHC class I+ GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells. This response required CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and in addition, elimination of NK cells resulted in outgrowth of tumors that had lost expression of at least one MHC class I gene. Finally, class I MHC expression on the vaccinating cells inhibited the response generated against a MHC class I- tumor challenge. These results demonstrate that the host is capable of being immunized against a tumor that has lost MHC class I expression and reveal conditions under which distinct effector cells play a role in the systemic antitumor immune response.


Matthew Hull, associate professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, was interviewed as an author of his recognized book titled "Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan" (2012) by Elena Gudova, PhD student and teacher at the Higher School of Economics.Matthew Hull discusses the material practices concerning document production and circulation among government employees at the Capital Development Authority (CDA) of Islamabad. According to Prof. Hull, intense documentation is not necessarily a feature of state bureaucracy alone; rather, it is also relevant to the managerial and accountability activities of private corporations. Still, paperwork at government organizations provides a good empirical example of "governmentality practices".Apart from their ability to organize things by the power of a word, documents serve as mediators in the relationships among people, objects, and institutions. Storytelling practices may shed some light on the performance of specific files and regulations, which can form physical social order and provide access to different areas of responsibility and sources of power. In that sense, the "virtualization" of documents and their break from materiality does not necessarily reduce the level of bureaucracy; instead, it can create new dimensions of symbolic inequality among bureaucrats and their clients.According to Hull, the power of bureaucracy (both official and nonofficial) varies cross-culturally and even across companies in the same country. Despite their common British postcolonial legacy, India and Pakistan may serve as good examples of this. The idea of accountability lies at the core of bureaucracy and sets the ground for the emergence of a political economy of paper. Above all, this interpenetration of documents and goods and services production may characterize both capitalistic and noncapitalistic societies.


The quest for change in the new South Africa on political , economical and social frontiers were primarily directed at entrance into the global markets, establishing democracy and leveling the playing fields amongst South Africa's diverse population. Those previously disenfranchised on political, economical and social grounds waited in anticipation on the rewards for their participation in the struggle against the discriminative minority regime of the past. These rewards would be in the form of radical policy changes sometimes far removed from the realities of the ordinary citizen. These reforms especially those on the educational level would prove to be flawed with constraints not anticipated by these policy developers as well as the government of the day. The educational transformation process was thus deemed as significant in order to address equity and equality and in so doing also provide skilled citizens which are able to be globally competitive.These educational changes in terms of schools were externalised in the form of Curriculum 2005 and Outcomes-based Education. Curriculum 2005 was viewed as a planned framework (process) of curriculum innovation underpinned by factors such as redress, access, equity and development. Outcomes-based Education in turn was the approach focusing on what is learned and how learning is taken place. This study will focus on Curriculum 2005 and OBE as education transformation tools and to what extent grade 7 teachers as implementers and modifiers understand and practice C2005 and OBE in their respective classrooms. One of the biggest problems facing the educational transformation process is the fact that there exists a gap between theory (policy) and practice (implementation). This gap can be attributed to different factors present in the historical disadvantaged school context in South Africa.This study will follow a qualitative approach which is directed at an inquiry process of understanding based on a distinct methodological approach. Data- gathering tools such as direct observation, structured interviews and questionnaires will be used. The research was primarily conducted in historically disadvantaged schools in the Metropole-east circuit of the Western Cape Educational Department. The sample was made up of schools in Macassar, Firgrove, Somerset-West, Strand, Temperance Town and Sir Lowry's Pass.


Proteins are known to play various key roles in the formation of complex inorganic solids during natural biomineralisation processes. However, in most cases our understanding of the actual underlying mechanisms is rather limited. One interesting example is perlucin, a protein involved in the formation of nacre, where it is believed to promote the crystallisation of calcium carbonate. In the present work, we have used potentiometric titration assays to systematically investigate the influence of recombinant GFP-labeled perlucin derivatives on the early stages of CaCO3 formation. Our results indicate that different parts of the protein can impact nucleation in distinct ways and act in either a retarding or promoting fashion. The most important finding is that full-length GFP-perlucin changes the nature of the initially precipitated phase and seems to favour the direct formation of crystalline polymorphs over nucleation of ACC and subsequent phase transformation, as observed in reference experiments without protein. This confirms the supposed role of perlucin in nacre biomineralisation and may rely on specific interactions between the protein and the crystal lattice of the emerging mineral phase.


Since comic books were first introduced in the 1930s, they have provided entertainment for children and adults alike. Most American males (and a significant portion of American females) have read comic books at some point in their lives, most when they were in grade school. In addition to providing young adults with their first glimpse of costumed heroes, comic books have also provided these same young adults with their first look at the legal profession. From the earliest days of comic books and strips through the present, attorneys have been prominently featured in American comic books. The article begins with a discussion of the history of illustrated artwork and how that artwork evolved first into newspaper comic strips then into comic books. Next, comic strip and comic book attorneys from the early part of the 20th Century are identified and discussed. The introduction of Superman touched off the Golden Age of comic books. Part four discusses attorney characters which appeared during this Golden Age (1938-1946) and provides some background information on many of these characters. Part five discusses the decline of the reputation of comic books during the 1940s and 1950s and socio/legal attacks on comic books during the period. By the middle of the 1950s, comic book publishers switched back to superheroes from the horror and suspense books. The switch back to superheroes brought with it a new crop of attorneys. Part six of the article identifies all of the recurring attorneys who appeared during this resurgence of interest in comic books, known as the Silver Age (1956-1969). Part seven provides discusses all of the attorney characters who appeared from 1970 through 1985. Part eight finishes the history of attorneys in comic books by identifying all of the attorneys who have had recurring roles in comic books since 1985.


It can be shown that in the presence of a toroidal magnetic field induced by poloidal coils, combined with the electromagnetic field induced by a central solenoid, no static equilibrium is possible within the MHD description, as soon as non-zero resistivity is assumed. The resulting dynamic equilibrium was previously discussed for the case of spatially homogeneous resisitivity. In the present work, it is shown how a spatial inhomogeneity of the viscosity and resisitivity coefficients influences this equilibrium. Parameters in both the stable, tokamak-like regime and unstable, reversed field pinch-like regime are considered. It is shown that, whereas the magnitudes of the velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are strongly modified by the spatial variation of the transport coefficients, the qualitative flow behaviour remains largely unaffected.


SUMMARY The laminar architecture of the mammalian neocortex depends on the orderly generation of distinct neuronal subtypes by apical radial glia (aRG) during embryogenesis. We identify critical roles for Foxp1 in maintaining RG identity and gating the temporal competency for early neurogenesis. High levels of Foxp1 are associated with early aRG and are required to promote proliferation and influence cell division symmetry, favoring aRG expansion and production of early born neurons. The potent pro-progenitor functions of Foxp1 are revealed through its ability to preserve a population of cells with aRG identity throughout development and extend the early neurogenic period into postnatal life. Foxp1 further promotes the formation of cells resembling basal RG (bRG), a progenitor group implicated in the increased size and complexity of the human cortex. Consistent with this role, we show that FOXP1 is associated with the initial formation and expansion of bRG during human corticogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS Foxp1 is transiently expressed by aRG during the early phase of corticogenesis Foxp1 promotes self-renewing vertical cell divisions and aRG maintenance Foxp1 gates the time window of deep layer neurogenesis Ectopic Foxp1 expression can elicit bRG formation


This paper describes the design and implementation of a comprehensive system for protection of Web contents. In this design, new security components and extended security features are introduced in order to protect Web contents ageist various Web attacks. Components and extended security features are: protection of Web pages using strong encryption techniques, encapsulation of Web contents and resources in PKCS#7, extended secure execution environment for Java Web Server, eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) based authorization policies, and secure Web proxy. Design and implementation of our system is based on the concepts of generic security objects and component-based architecture that makes it compatible with exiting Web infrastructures without any modification.


In this paper, noise analysis of the optical fiber sensor array system based on the phase generated carrier (PGC) technique with time division multiplexing (TDM) will be discussed. In this system, the laser beam with sinusoidal frequency modulation from a laser diode is gated by a LN(LiNbO3) intensity modulator, amplified by a booster erbium‐doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) sent into array. The returned pulses from the sensor array are amplified by pre‐EDFA, converted to electric pulses, and demultiplexed into each channel by the analog switch followed by the interpolation filter, and finally demodulated. Results of both noise analysis and experimental data will also be discussed.


Despite the progress made in developing more advanced compilers for embedded systems, programming of embedded high-performance computing systems based on Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) is still a highly skilled manual task. This is true for single-processor systems, and even more for embedded systems based on multiple DSPs. Compilers often fail to optimise existing DSP codes written in C due to the employed programming style. Parallelisation is hampered by the complex multiple address space memory architecture, which can be found in most commercial multi-DSP configurations. This thesis develops an integrated optimisation and parallelisation strategy that can deal with low-level C codes and produces optimised parallel code for a homogeneous multi-DSP architecture with distributed physical memory and multiple logical address spaces. In a first step, low-level programming idioms are identified and recovered. This enables the application of high-level code and data transformations well-known in the field of scientific computing. Iterative feedback-driven search for "good" transformation sequences is being investigated. A novel approach to parallelisation based on a unified data and loop transformation framework is presented and evaluated. Performance optimisation is achieved through exploitation of data locality on the one hand, and utilisation of DSP-specific architectural features such as Direct Memory Access (DMA) transfers on the other hand. The proposed methodology is evaluated against two benchmark suites (DSPstone & UTDSP) and four different high-performance DSPs, one of which is part of a commercial four processor multi-DSP board also used for evaluation. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of the program recovery techniques as enablers of high-level transformations and automatic parallelisation. Source-to-source transformations of DSP codes yield an average speedup of 2.21 across four different DSP architectures. The parallelisation scheme is – in conjunction with a set of locality optimisations – able to produce linear and even super-linear speedups on a number of relevant DSP kernels and applications.