Background: The reverse obliquity fracture of the proximal part of the femur is a distinct fracture pattern that is mechanically different from most intertrochanteric fractures. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of these fractures and the results and complications of different types of internal fixation used in their treatment. Methods: Between 1988 and 1998, 2472 consecutive patients with a hip fracture were treated at our Level-One Trauma Center; 1035 of the fractures were classified as intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric. Clinical and radiographic records were retrospectively reviewed, and fifty‐five fractures with a reverse obliquity pattern were identified. Forty‐nine patients were followed until the fracture united or a revision operation was performed. The duration of clinical follow-up averaged eighteen months (range, three to sixty‐seven months), and the duration of radiographic follow-up averaged fifteen months (range, three to sixty months). Fractures were classified with the Orthopaedic Trauma Association scheme. Results were analyzed according to the fracture pattern, type of implant, quality of the reduction, position of the implant, and use of bone graft at the index operation. Function was assessed on the basis of pain, living situation, need for walking aids, need for analgesics, and walking capacity. Results: Thirty‐two (68%) of forty‐seven hips treated with internal fixation healed without an additional operation. Fifteen (32%) of the forty‐seven failed to heal or had a failure of fixation. The failure rate was nine of sixteen for the sliding hip screws, two of fifteen for the blade-plates, three of ten for the dynamic condylar screws, one of three for the cephalomedullary nails, and zero of three for the intramedullary hip screws. Use of the fixed-angle devices (the blade-plate and the dynamic condylar screw) resulted in fewer failures than did use of the sliding hip screw (p = 0.023). Eleven (46%) of twenty‐four nonanatomically reduced fractures and four (17%) of twenty‐three anatomically reduced fractures had a failure of treatment (p = 0.060). Eleven (26%) of forty‐two fractures with an ideally placed implant and four (80%) of five fractures with a non-ideally placed implant had a failure of treatment (p = 0.023). Of the fifteen fractures that failed to heal or had a failure of fixation, five were treated with revision to a calcar-replacement prosthesis, seven were treated with revision open reduction and internal fixation with bone-grafting, and one was treated with bone-grafting without revision of the fixation. Two patients refused additional surgery because they had limited functional demands. The two-year mortality rate was 33%. Functional results were poor, with many patients requiring walking aids and losing the capacity for independent walking and self-care. Conclusions: In this series, reverse obliquity fractures accounted for 2% of all hip fractures and 5% of all intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. Ninety‐five-degree fixed-angle internal fixation devices performed significantly better than did sliding hip screws. Results were also worse for fractures with poor reduction and those with a poorly placed implant.


Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, along with other twentieth-century authoritarian regimes, have often attempted to create consensus through propagandistic reinterpretations of the classical past. The Fascist appropriation of romanità and Nazi philhellenism were not only conditioned by prior cultural receptions of antiquity, but were also a key political tool in motivating and mobilising citizens to fulfil the aims of the fascist state. Once Fascism and Nazism had fallen, the material legacies of both regimes then became the object of destruction, reinterpretation and memory work. Thus, the archaeological and architectural heritage of these regimes, now tainted by their ideology, has not only suffered the consequences of damnatio memoriae in the aftermath of regime change, but continues even today to inflame contemporary public debate. This special issue represents the product of an interdisciplinary workshop exploring these themes, which was held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, on 8 June 2018.


Background: Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) usually causes acute kidney injury. There is an urgent need to develop an effective agent to prevent renal IRI. This study aimed to examine the effect of butyrate on renal IRI in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (10 rats in each group): the sham group, the IRI group, and the butyrate group. Rats were injected intravenously with 300 mg/kg of sodium butyrate in the butyrate group and with a saline solution in the sham group and IRI group 30 min before renal ischemia. After 24 h of reperfusion, renal function and histologic damage were examined. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay, in situ apoptosis examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemical assay, and Western blot were performed as well. Results: Butyrate pretreatment significantly reduced renal dysfunction and histologic damage induced by renal IRI. Butyrate pretreatment caused a significant attenuation of neutrophil infiltration, which was reflected by the reduction of renal MPO activity. Butyrate also reduced apoptotic tubular cell death and improved caspase-3 activation. The expression of TNF-α was decreased following butyrate pretreatment. Conclusions: Butyrate pretreatment protects rats from renal IRI by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. Therefore, butyrate may be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing renal IRI.


Long-reach passive optical networks (LR-PONs) suffer from extremely long propagation delays that degrade the performance of centralized algorithms proposed for upstream bandwidth allocation in traditional PONs. This is because these algorithms are based on bandwidth negotiation messages frequently exchanged between the optical line terminal in the central office and optical network units near the users, which become seriously delayed when the network is extended causing the performance to degrade. In this paper, we review and analyze two centralized dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, online interleaved polling and offline multi-thread polling that was recently proposed in the literature for LR-PONs. We investigate and compare their performances together in detail, by studying and observing their elemental delays. Unexpectedly, simulation results show that, although multi-thread polling succeeds in decreasing reporting and queueing delays, interleaved polling keeps a lower grant delay and therefore has better overall delay performance. The latter also achieves better throughput compared to multi-thread polling.


We propose an algorithm for meta-learning that is model-agnostic, in the sense that it is compatible with any model trained with gradient descent and applicable to a variety of different learning problems, including classification, regression, and reinforcement learning. The goal of meta-learning is to train a model on a variety of learning tasks, such that it can solve new learning tasks using only a small number of training samples. In our approach, the parameters of the model are explicitly trained such that a small number of gradient steps with a small amount of training data from a new task will produce good generalization performance on that task. In effect, our method trains the model to be easy to fine-tune. We demonstrate that this approach leads to state-of-the-art performance on two few-shot image classification benchmarks, produces good results on few-shot regression, and accelerates fine-tuning for policy gradient reinforcement learning with neural network policies.


"What We Do When We Do Law and Popular Culture" establishes a theoretical framework for analyzing legal popular culture, taking as its point of departure Richard Sherwin's book "When Law Goes Pop." The article stresses what Professor Silbey considers to be three major stumbling blocks in the growing interdiscipline of law and popular culture. She argues that if we are to advance our understanding of the relationship between law and popular culture, we must follow at least three simple charges: (1) demarcate our beginning concepts, such as law or culture, so that amidst the vast phenomena that may be called law or culture, we know which we are discussing; (2) mind the tenets of the disciplines we are marrying, such as those of literary theory and legal practice, so that we do not abandon the lessons already learned and established by either or both fields; and (3) attend to method, to how our analyses of law and popular culture proceed so that it can be reproduced and taught. Meant to be fairly straightforward (but rarely followed), these three charges clarify some theoretical groundwork for what the author sees developing into a sophisticated and varied field of law and cultural studies.


Automatic deep architecture generation is a challenging task, owing to the large number of controlling parameters inherent in the construction of deep networks. The combination of these parameters leads to the creation of large, complex search spaces that are feasibly impossible to properly navigate without a huge amount of resources for parallelisation. To deal with such challenges, in this research we propose a Swarm Optimised DenseBlock Architecture Ensemble (SODBAE) method, a joint optimisation and training process that explores a constrained search space over a skeleton DenseBlock Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. Specifically, we employ novel weight inheritance learning mechanisms, a DenseBlock skeleton architecture, as well as adaptive Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) with cosine search coefficients to devise networks whilst maintaining practical computational costs. Moreover, the architecture design takes advantage of recent advancements of the concepts of residual connections and dense connectivity, in order to yield CNN models with a much wider variety of structural variations. The proposed weight inheritance learning schemes perform joint optimisation and training of the architectures to reduce the computational costs. Being evaluated using the CIFAR-10 dataset, the proposed model shows great superiority in classification performance over other state-of-the-art methods while illustrating a greater versatility in architecture generation.


Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a technique for inner-visualization of the entire small intestine and, thus, offers an interesting perspective on intestinal motility. The two major drawbacks of this technique are: 1) huge amount of data acquired by WCE makes the motility analysis tedious and 2) since the capsule is the first tool that offers complete inner-visualization of the small intestine, the exact importance of the observed events is still an open issue. Therefore, in this thesis, a novel computer-aided system for intestinal motility analysis is presented. The goal of the system is to provide an easily-comprehensible visual description of motility-related intestinal events to a physician. In order to do it, several tools based either on computer vision concepts or on machine learning techniques are presented. A method for transforming 3D video signal to a holistic image of intestinal motility, called motility bar, is proposed. The method calculates the optimal mapping from video into image from the intestinal motility point of view. To characterize intestinal motility, methods for automatic extraction of motility information from WCE are presented. Two of them are based on the motility bar and two of them are based on frame-per-frame analysis. In particular, four algorithms dealing with the problems of intestinal contraction detection, lumen size estimation, intestinal content characterization and wrinkle frame detection are proposed and validated. The results of the algorithms are converted into sequential features using an online statistical test. This test is designed to work with multivariate data streams. To this end, we propose a novel formulation of concentration inequality that is introduced into a robust adaptive windowing algorithm for multivariate data streams. The algorithm is used to obtain robust representation of segments with constant intestinal motility activity. The obtained sequential features are shown to be discriminative in the problem of abnormal motility characterization. Finally, we tackle the problem of efficient labeling. To this end, we incorporate active learning concepts to the problems present in WCE data and propose two approaches. The first one is based the concepts of sequential learning and the second one adapts the partition-based active learning to an error-free labeling scheme. All these steps are sufficient to provide an extensive visual description of intestinal motility that can be used by an expert as decision support system.


Mass spectrometric techniques have been developed recently for the examination of biological tissue samples. Tandem mass spectrometry has been employed for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds and also mass spectrometric 'images' have been produced which show the spatial distribution of peptides, proteins and drugs in tissue.In this thesis, a programme of method development for the detection and imaging of topically applied pharmaceutical compounds in porcine epidermal tissue by MALDI-TOF-MS is presented. Direct analysis of fresh tissue sections was compared with the analysis of tissue imprints formed by blotting onto a variety of substrates. The samples were coated with matrix material by a prototype electrospray deposition device. Analyses were performed on a linear time-of-flight (LaserTOF 1500, SAI) mass spectrometer. Direct analysis of tissue and analysis of the C18 blots gave irreproducible data. Problems with matrix layer in-homogeneity were experienced with nitrocellulose and polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membranes. Reproducible data were obtained by analysis of tissue imprints created on carbon and cellulose membranes. All subsequent work was conducted using an Applied Biosystem Qstar pulsar i hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer fitted with an orthogonal MALDI ion source and ion imaging software. The advantages of superior mass accuracy and resolution with such an instrument configuration were investigated.Electrospray and airspray methods were compared for analysis of tissue imprinted carbon and cellulose membranes. A novel method of pre-coating cellulose membranes in matrix by airspray prior to the blotting procedure was developed. The method was found to retain the expected distribution of the analyte.Ion images demonstrating the permeation of the applied compound into the skin were achieved by imaging a cross sectional imprint of treated tissue on a cellulose membrane precoated in matrix material. A calibration graph for the determination of ketoconazole was prepared using the sodium adduct of the matrix ion as an internal standard. This enabled construction of a quantitative profile of drug in skin. Conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining and microscopy methods were employed to obtain a histological image of the porcine epidermal tissue. Super imposing the mass spectrometric and histological images revealed drug permeation into the dermal tissue layer. A quantitative corneum tape stripping/HPLC method was developed for comparison. Useful data was acquired and further work suggested to facilitate a full validation of the methods presented in this thesis.


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with electrolyte and acid-base disturbances such as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. The initiation of dialysis in AKI can efficiently treat these complications. The choice of dialysis modality can be made based on their operational characteristics to tailor the therapy according to the clinical scenario. Each dialysis modality can also trigger significant electrolyte and acid-base disorders, such as hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia and metabolic alkalosis, which may direct changes in fluid delivery and composition. Continuous techniques may be particularly useful in these situations as they allow more time for correction and to maintain balance. This review provides an overview of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances occurring in AKI and after the initiation of dialysis and discusses therapeutic options in this setting.


Singlet fission has the potential to surpass current efficiency limits in next-generation photovoltaics and to find use in quantum information science. Despite the demonstration of singlet fission in various materials, there is still a great need for fundamental design principles that allow for tuning of photophysical parameters, including the rate of fission and triplet lifetimes. Here, we describe the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a novel bipentacene dipyridyl pyrrole (HDPP-Pent) and its Li- and K-coordinated derivatives. HDPP-Pent undergoes singlet fission at roughly 50% efficiency (τSF = 730 ps), whereas coordination in the Li complex induces significant structural changes to generate a dimer, resulting in a 7-fold rate increase (τSF = 100 ps) and more efficient singlet fission with virtually no sacrifice in triplet lifetime. We thus illustrate novel design principles to produce favorable singlet fission properties, wherein through-space control can be achieved via coordination chemistry-induced multipentacene assembly.


Most discussions of current and future issues in American criminal law and procedure tend to ignore completely the role of the military in shaping that body of jurisprudence. Perhaps this lacuna reflects widespread - if tacit - acceptance of the maxim that 'military law is to law as military music is to music.' Or it may represent generations of lawyers inculcated with Justice Black's oft-quoted characterization of the U.S. court-martial system as a 'rough form of justice.' Regardless, the assumption appears to be that there is little for true criminal law scholars to learn from judicial proceedings presided over by jurists - and juries - in uniform.This chapter, part of a collection of essays on the future of criminal law in America, suggests that students and scholars of criminal law would do well to pay increasing attention to the military justice system, if for no other reason than to understand and appreciate the subtle but significant expansions of military jurisdiction over the past quarter-century to encompass a growing range of offenses or offenders previously subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the civilian courts. To that end, Part I summarizes the evolution of court-martial jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court's 1987 decision in Solorio v. United States, holding that service members may be tried for any offense committed while in the military no matter its connection (or lack thereof) to their 'service,' and the recent decision by the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces upholding the expansion of court-martial jurisdiction to also encompass at least some civilian contractors serving with or accompanying the armed forces in the field during 'contingency operations,' such as the U.S. deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. Part II offers an analogous account of military commissions, documenting in detail the important expansion in the scope of their authority enmeshed within the Military Commissions Acts of 2006 and 2009, which largely untethered such tribunals' jurisdictional limits from the international laws of war. Indeed, although the D.C. Circuit recently held that such an expansion of military jurisdiction could not be applied retroactively, at least one judge expressly endorsed Congress's power to so provide going forward.Part III steps back to consider the implications of these developments. Inasmuch as the civilianization of substantive military law has been seen largely as a positive development by courts and commentators, I do not think we can so quickly say the same thing about the civilianization of military jurisdiction. Although it might appear at first blush that the civilianization of substantive military law reduces the risks that might otherwise have followed from unduly expansive military jurisdiction, the chapter concludes by offering a structural defense of a principle first expressed by Justice Johnson almost 200 years ago - that, where military jurisdiction is concerned, Congress should be confined to 'the least possible power adequate to the end proposed.' Whether or not the civilianization of substantive military law has been a normatively desirable result, my thesis is that, in the long-term, the civilianization of military jurisdiction would be to the detriment of American constitutional law in general, and the constitutional rights of criminal defendants, in particular.


Progressive Web Apps (PWA) are a new class of Web applications, enabled for the most part by the Service Workers APIs. Service Workers allow apps to work offline by intercepting network requests to deliver programmatic or cached responses, Service Workers can receive push notifications and synchronize data in the background even when the app is not running, andtogether with Web App Manifestsallow users to install PWAs to their devices' home screens. Service Workers being a Web standard, support has landed in several stand-alone Android Web browsersamong them (but not limited to) Chrome and its open-source foundation Chromium, Firefox, Edge, Opera, UC Browser, Samsung Internet, andeagerly awaitediOS Safari. In this paper, we examine the PWA feature support situation in Web Views, that is, in-app Web experiences that are explicitly not stand-alone browsers. Such in-app browsers can commonly be encountered in chat applications like WeChat or WhatsApp, online social networks like Facebook or Twitter, but also email clients like Gmail, or simply anywhere where Web content is displayed inside native apps. We have developed an open-source application called PWA Feature Detector that allows for easily testing in-app browsers (and naturally stand-alone browsers), and have evaluated the level of support for PWA features on different devices and Web Views. On the one hand, our results show that there are big differences between the various Web View technologies and the browser engines they are based upon, but on the other hand, that for Android the results are independent from the devices' operating systems, which is good news given the problematic update policy of many device manufacturers. These findings help developers make educated choices when it comes to determining whether a PWA is the right approach given their target users' means of Web access.


Antibiotics were a revolutionary discovery of the 20th century, but the ability of bacteria to spread the genetic determinants of resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has quickly endangered their use1. Indeed, there is a global network of microbial gene exchange, the analysis of which has revealed particularly frequent transfer of resistance determinants between farm animals and human-associated bacteria2. Here, we leverage the recent release of a rumen microbial genome reference set and show that the wide-spread resistance gene cluster aadE-sat4-aphA-3 is harboured in ruminal Bacteroidetes. While this cluster appears to have been recently transferred between commensal bacteria in the rumen and many diverse animal and human pathogens, comparative analysis suggests that the cluster stabilized in the pathogens. Then, focusing on streptomycin resistance, it was found that homologues from the rumen span much of the known diversity of aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferases (AadEs) and that distinct variants of the enzyme are present in a single rumen bacterial genome. Notably, a second variant of AadE has also been recently transferred, albeit more often as a single gene, throughout a different set of animal and human associated bacteria. By examining the synteny of AadE orthologues in various bacterial genomes and analyzing corresponding gene trees in an environmental context, we speculate that the ruminant associated microbiome has a salient role in the emergence of specific resistance variants and clusters. In light of the recent literature on the evolutionary origin of antibiotic resistance, we further suggest that the rumen provides a possible route of dissemination of resistance genes from soil resistomes, throughout the farm, and to human pathogens3.


Economic activity is strongly influenced by the layout of economic actors (political economy theory), the design of the rules of the game (the economic theory of transaction costs), the norms and beliefs of an individual / community (terori of social capital), incentives for collaboration (collective action theory) Arranged agreement (contract theory), choice of ownership of physical and non physical assets (theory of property rights), and others. In essence, there is always an incentive for individuals to behave so that the economic system can not only be guided by the market. In this case, non-market institutions are needed to protect the market from being trapped in endless failures by designing the rules of the game. At the macro level, the institute contains a set of political, social and legal rules that establish production, exchange and distribution activities. And at the micro level, institutions contain governance issues in order to exchange between economic units can take place both through cooperation and competition.


This thesis is concerned with how the Second World War is memorialised in Perak, Malaysia. It considers memoryscapes (or memory practices and sites) within the state dedicated to the war, established not only by state agencies but also grassroots actors. In terms of findings, the thesis first highlights how the Perak state has sought to 'postcolonialise' (read: 'nationalise') public representations of what was an event that took place when Malaysia was still part of 'colonial' Malaya, and the issues associated with it, particularly how, despite efforts to make the war (and its attendant memoryscapes) something its people could identify with, the state has been criticised as exclusionary of 'local' war stories and partial to a 'foreign' audience, thus alienating its population and reproducing much of how war commemoration in Perak was when Malaysia was under British rule before. Generally, the thesis demonstrates the fraught nature of memoryscapes and how there can be fundamental limits to which such 'postcolonialising' projects may be successfully realised on the ground.

The second concern of the thesis is on the ways in which war narratives of the war that are marginalised within official representations may still survive in other forms and on other sub-national scales. In interrogating these memoryscapes 'from below', the thesis reveals that, while some locals prefer to mark the war in a more private fashion so as to covertly resist state tendencies to be exclusionary, or out of fear of reprisals from the state (due to remembering controversial aspects of the war past), the most widely-cited reason is still the simple desire to remember according to local customs, religious beliefs and socio-cultural norms. In doing so, it showcases alternative forms of memory-making that problematises traditional understandings of war commemoration common within prevailing literature, and highlights ways in which contestations against elite memory and heritage practices may not always emerge in oppositional fashion or enacted in clearly overt and public ways but also through the absence of voice. Additionally, the thesis also challenges the tendency to celebrate grassroots practices of memory-making as necessarily 'recuperative' of official exclusions of the past. As the situation in Perak exemplifies, these too can be just as political and exclusionary, where, in many cases, the locals themselves may represent barriers to emergent war memories as much as they can be the champions.

Lastly, the thesis touches upon the ways in which 'the material' may be appropriated towards forgetting the war, not only officially by the state but also by those who went through the war as ordinary civilians. It then illustrates how, despite efforts 'to put the past behind them', sometimes memories of war can still 'emerge unbidden' to involuntarily force individuals to confront the war past even when they would rather not recall it. In doing so, the thesis demonstrates how material legacies of the war can be utilised not only to presence, but also to absence, the war, although at times 'the material' too can undermine efforts to render the past passe. More broadly, the thesis thus contributes not only to debates about postcolonial memory-making and politics, and the complex nature of grassroots remembrances, but also the role of materiality within processes of forgetting, specifically in showing how 'the material' can at times exercise agency on humans as much as the reverse is possible. The thesis is based on data collected via textual analysis, participant observation and interviews.


Real world is dynamic in its nature, so techniques attempting to model the real world should take this dynamicity in consideration. A well known Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) can be extended this way to a so called Dynamic Constraint Satisfaction Problem (DynCSP) that supports adding and removing constraints in runtime. As Arc Consistency is one of the major techniques in solving CSPs, its dynamic version is of a particular interest for DynCSPs. This paper presents an improved version of AC|DC-2 algorithm for maintaining maximal arc consistency after constraint retraction. This improvement leads to runtimes better than the so far fastest dynamic arc consistency algorithm DnAC-6 while keeping low memory consumption. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is open in the sense of using either non-optimal AC-3 algorithm keeping a minimal memory consumption or optimal AC3.1 algorithm improving runtime for constraint addition but increasing a memory consumption.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted heightened attention for their role as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. It has become clear that miRNAs can both up- and downregulate protein expression. According to current estimates, most human genes are harboring miRNAs and/or are regulated by them. Thus miRNAs form a complex network of expression regulation which tightly interacts with known gene regulatory networks. Similar to some transcription factors, some miRNAs can have hundreds of target transcripts whose expression they modulate. Thus miRNAs can form complex regulatory networks by themselves, but because their expression is often tightly coordinated with gene expression, they form an intertwined regulatory network with many possible interactions among gene and miRNA regulatory pathways. In this review we first consider gene regulatory networks. Then we discuss microRNAs and their implication in cancer and how they may form regulatory networks. Finally, we give our perspective and provide an outlook including the aspect of personalized medicine.


Ion exchange resins are water-insoluble, cross-linked polymers containing salt forming groups in repeating positions on the polymer chain. Bitter cationic drugs get adsorbed on to weak cationic exchange resins of carboxylic acid functionally like Indion 204, Indion 234 and Tulsion 335 to forms the non-bitter complexes. The present investigation aims at taste masking of bitter clarithromycin using ion exchange resins, which forms complexes, inhibiting its release in saliva. The drug resin complex loading process was optimized for the content of resin, activation, swelling time, stirring time, influence of pH and temperature for maximum drug loading and were subjected to differential scanning calorimetry to confirm the complex formation. These complexes were used to prepare chewable tablets and statistically the taste was evaluated. Acid activated resins comprising of Indion 204, Indion 234 and Tulsion 335 with drug: resin ratio of 1:2, stirred in solution of pH 7-8 at 70o for 6 h had a maximum drug loading and masked the bitter taste of the drug. Differential scanning calorimetry of drug resin complex revealed that there was interaction leading to complex formation. Drug resin complex were formulated into chewable tablet formulations (F1-F9) and evaluated. The various pre-compression and post parameters were found to be within permissible limits. Formulations F3, F6 and F9 containing 1:2 ratios of drug resin complex of Indion 204, Indion 234 and Tulsion 335 revealed maximum taste masking. This was further confirmed by treatment of taste evaluation scores of the volunteers by ANOVA, Dunnet multiple comparison test and Tukey's multiple comparison test. All the three optimized formulations had a significant difference of P<0.001 when compared to control F10. F6 formulation was widely accepted. Ion exchange complexation could efficiently mask the bitter taste of clarithromycin and achieve palatable taste suitable for pediatric use.


Helicobacter pylori is considered a pathogen of global interest because it is a microorganism of very easy contagion between the hosts or host. Helicobacter pylori infection is now recognized as a problem that causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and lymphoproliferative disorders and is a major risk factor for gastric cancer. The diagnostic methods to detect H. pylori are classified such as direct or invasive, when the identification is directly, the bacterium obtained from gastric mucosa biopsy by endoscopy histology with various staining, culture and PCR techniques, while indirect or noninvasive or serological tests such as the breath test with urea marked with 13C.


Lappeenranta University of Technology Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaesis 154 Panu Kurronen Torque vibration model of axial-flux surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine Lappeenranta 2003 ISBN 951-764-773-5, ISSN 1456-4991 In order that the radius and thus ununiform structure of the teeth and other electrical and magnetic parts of the machine may be taken into consideration the calculation of an axial flux permanent magnet machine is, conventionally, done by means of 3D FEM-methods. This calculation procedure, however, requires a lot of time and computer recourses. This study proves that also analytical methods can be applied to perform the calculation successfully. The procedure of the analytical calculation can be summarized into following steps: first the magnet is divided into slices, which makes the calculation for each section individually, and then the parts are submitted to calculation of the final results. It is obvious that using this method can save a lot of designing and calculating time. The calculation program is designed to model the magnetic and electrical circuits of surface mounted axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machines in such a way, that it takes into account possible magnetic saturation of the iron parts. The result of the calculation is the torque of the motor including the vibrations. The motor geometry and the materials and either the torque or pole angle are defined and the motor can be fed with an arbitrary shape and amplitude of three-phase currents. There are no limits for the size and number of the pole pairs nor for many other factors. The calculation steps and the number of different sections of the magnet are selectable, but the calculation time is strongly depending on this. The results are compared to the measurements of real prototypes. The permanent magnet creates part of the flux in the magnetic circuit. The form and amplitude of the flux density in the air-gap depends on the geometry and material of the magnetic circuit, on the length of the air-gap and remanence flux density of the magnet. Slotting is taken into account by using the Carter factor in the slot opening area. The calculation is simple and fast if the shape of the magnet is a square and has no skew in relation to the stator slots. With a more complicated magnet shape the calculation has to be done in several sections. It is clear that according to the increasing number of sections also the result will become more accurate. In a radial flux motor all sections of the magnets create force with a same radius. In the case of an axial flux motor, each radial section creates force with a different radius and the torque is the sum of these. The magnetic circuit of the motor, consisting of the stator iron, rotor iron, air-gap, magnet and the slot, is modelled with a reluctance net, which considers the saturation of the iron. This means, that several iterations, in which the permeability is updated, has to be done in order to get final results. The motor torque is calculated using the instantaneous linkage flux and stator currents. Flux linkage is called the part of the flux that is created by the permanent magnets and the stator currents passing through the coils in stator teeth. The angle between this flux and the phase currents define the torque created by the magnetic circuit. Due to the winding structure of the stator and in order to limit the leakage flux the slot openings of the stator are normally not made of ferromagnetic material even though, in some cases, semimagnetic slot wedges are used. In the slot opening faces the flux enters the iron almost normally (tangentially with respect to the rotor flux) creating tangential forces in the rotor. This phenomenon is called cogging. The flux in the slot opening area on the different sides of the opening and in the different slot openings is not equal and so these forces do not compensate each other. In the calculation it is assumed that the flux entering the left side of the opening is the component left from the geometrical centre of the slot. This torque component together with the torque component calculated using the Lorenz force make the total torque of the motor. It is easy to assume that when all the magnet edges, where the derivative component of the magnet flux density is at its highest, enter the slot openings at the same time, this will have as a result a considerable cogging torque. To reduce the cogging torque the magnet edges can be shaped so that they are not parallel to the stator slots, which is the common way to solve the problem. In doing so, the edge may be spread along the whole slot pitch and thus also the high derivative component will be spread to occur equally along the rotation. Besides forming the magnets they may also be placed somewhat asymmetric on the rotor surface. The asymmetric distribution can be made in many different ways. All the magnets may have a different deflection of the symmetrical centre point or they can be for example shifted in pairs. There are some factors that limit the deflection. The first is that the magnets cannot overlap. The magnet shape and the relative width compared to the pole define the deflection in this case. The other factor is that a shifting of the poles limits the maximum torque of the motor. If the edges of adjacent magnets are very close to each other the leakage flux from one pole to the other increases reducing thus the air-gap magnetization. The asymmetric model needs some assumptions and simplifications in order to limit the size of the model and calculation time. The reluctance net is made for symmetric distribution. If the magnets are distributed asymmetrically the flux in the different pole pairs will not be exactly the same. Therefore, the assumption that the flux flows from the edges of the model to the next pole pairs, in the calculation model from one edge to the other, is not correct. If it were wished for that this fact should be considered in multi-pole pair machines, this would mean that all the poles, in other words the whole machine, should be modelled in reluctance net. The error resulting from this wrong assumption is, nevertheless, irrelevant. UDC 621.313.323 : 621.318.2


The launch of the Small Business Service in the United Kingdom stimulated a review of small business policy and support in the United Kingdom. The Service inherited a substantial number of policies and initiatives which have been criticised for their poorly stated aims and overall lack of coherence. The authors examine justifications for small business policy in Britain and the role of research in small business policymaking. They suggest that research has had relatively little impact, and some reasons why this has been the case. They also suggest ways of setting a small business research agenda—raising standards and ensuring the independence of research. Attention is given to the evaluation of small business policy and initiatives. It is argued that currently this is not sufficiently independent or rigorous, and the authors suggest remedies. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation approaches are examined in order to redefine good practice. The overall aim is to suggest how the Small Business Service can be better supported by research and evaluation, enabling it to function more successfully than its predecessors.


The performance of a jagged‐edge noise barrier (thin, infinitely long) is investigated numerically. The source is a spherical N wave. The theoretical approach is to treat the incident field in the plane above the barrier as a plane piston radiator (Kirchhoff approximation). Numerical calculation gives the radiated field (pressure time waveform) at any point in the shadow zone. A discrete Fourier transform then yields the spectrum. The numerical result for a straight barrier compares favorably with the asymptotic result of U. J. Kurze [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 504–518 (1974)]. Because of the intrinsic limitation imposed by the Kirchhoff approximation, however, the numerical method does not give accurate results when the listener is deep in the shadow zone. For the jagged‐edge barrier, the numerical simulation confirms the experimental findings of Ho et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 (to be published 1997)] in that making the barrier edge jagged (1) increases the insertion loss at high frequencies, but (2) degrades the performance somewhat at low frequencies. Suggestions for improving the insertion loss formula of Ho et al. for a jagged‐edge barrier are also made. [Work supported by the Texas Advanced Technology Program.]


We present a theoretical model capable of describing the evolution of pulse parameters when stimulated Raman scattering under continuous-wave pumping is employed for amplifying them inside a silicon waveguide. In our approach, pulse evolution is described analytically by a set of coupled equations derived using a variational formalism. Optical losses resulting from linear absorption or scattering, two-photon absorption, and free-carrier absorption are included by introducing the Rayleigh dissipation function. The influence of gain dispersion originated from a relatively narrow Raman-gain bandwidth is also considered. The role of initial pulse width and chirp is studied extensively because of its practical applications. To ensure the validity of the variational technique, all analytical results are compared with the numerical data obtained with the split-step Fourier algorithm.


Native English speakers include irregular plurals in English compounds (e. g., mice chaser) more frequently than regular plurals (e. g., *rats chaser) (Gordon, 1985). This dissociation in inflectional morphology has been argued to stem from an internal and innate morphological constraint as it is thought that the input to which English speaking children are exposed is insufficient to signal that regular plurals are prohibited in compounds but irregulars might be allowed (Marcus, Brinkmann, Clahsen, Weise & Pinker, 1995). In addition, this dissociation in English compounds has been invoked to support the idea that regular and irregular morphology are mediated by separate cognitive systems (Pinker, 1999). It is argued in this thesis however, that the constraint on English compounds can be derived from the general frequencies and patterns in which the two types of plural (regular and irregular) and the possessive morpheme occur in the input. In English both plurality (on regular nouns) and possession are denoted by a [-s] morpheme. It is argued that the constraint on the use of plurals in English compounds occurs because of competition between these two identical morphemes. Regular plurals are excluded before a second noun because the pattern -noun-[-sJ morphemenounis reserved for marking possession in English. Irregular plurals do not end in the [-s] morpheme and as such do not compete with the possessive marker and consequently may be optionally included in compounds. Interestingly, plurals are allowed in compounds in other languages where this competitive relationship does not exist (e. g. Dutch (Schreuder, Neijt, van der Weide & Baayen, 1998) and French (Murphy, 2000). As well as not being in competition with the possessive structure irregular plurals also occur relatively infrequently in the input compared to regular plurals. This imbalance between the frequency of regular and irregular plurals in compounds also affects the way the two types of plural are treated in compounds. Thus there is no need for an innate mechanism to explain the treatment of plurals in English compounds. There is enough evidence available in the input to constrain the formation of compound words in English.


This article attempts to shed light on the complexity inherent in health care reform policies in the context of political power contests that trigger the changes imposed on the health care system. Rather than being solely a response to financial circumstances, as it is often claimed, we argue that these political contests lead to many of the changes in the systems. Furthermore, changes do not necessarily occur when worrying symptoms appear in the system, but rather when the contest reaches a peak and when neither side involved can emerge from the contest as winner or loser and as defender of the public interest. While in both cases fiscal problems in the health systems are usually brought up in order to justify reform, the trigger for change in Israel has been the power contest between the two main parties--the Labor Party and the Likud Party--with the Likud attempting to impair the financial basis of the former. In Canada, the power contests are between the provinces and the federal government.


This paper studies the existence of risk premia in crude oil futures prices with simple regression and Bayesian VAR models. It also studies the importance of three main risk premia models in explaining and forecasting the risk premia in practice. Whilst the existence of the premia and the validity of the models can be established at certain time points, it turns out that the choice of sample period has a considerable effect on he results. Hence, the risk premia are highly timevarying. The study also establishes a model, based on speculative positions in the futures markets, which has some predictive power for future oil spot prices.


Abstract Three themes are developed in this paper. The first deals with those principles basic to the science of geology and thus to the use of geology in geotechnical engineering; namely, the principles of superposition and uniformitarianism; their use is illustrated with reference to commonly occurring geotechnical situations. Then the application of these principles in practice is explained, together with the difficulties that follow if little thought is given to the demands they make for their proper use. Two common causes for difficulty are considered; namely, using an inappropriate description and working at an inappropriate scale. Finally, the potential geology has to open new areas of research is illustrated with examples, ranging in dimension over almost 14 orders of magnitude, the largest involving regional structure, the London Basin. The examples that follow are of progressively smaller volume: displacements in landslides, the failure of crystalline rock, the response of mineral surfaces to contact with water, the possible effects of strain energy stored in minerals, and the characters of silica gel, a material that could influence and possibly govern the geomechanical and geochemical response of silicate particles. Each of these subjects could lead to an understanding of geological materials that changes the development of geotechnical engineering. Each is capable of becoming a scientific area to which engineers refer for solutions to problems in ground engineering and guidance in the use of soils as a construction material. In developing these themes mention is also made of the roots of engineering geology in Britain, as these throw light onto the similarities and differences between engineering geology and geology for engineers, and between engineering geology used in practice and that needed to develop the subject. The greatest danger at present comes from the lack of education in practical and theoretical geology for many who enter engineering geology; it is that which will do most to limit the extraordinary potential for advances in geotechnical engineering that can be provided by geology.


Target detection of hyperspectral image (HSI) is a research hotspot in the field of remote sensing. It is of particular importance in many domains, especially in military application. Unsupervised target detection is usually more difficult because there is no prior information about target. Traditional algorithms exploit spectral information, only. This study introduces the idea of saliency detection from the visual technique into HSI processing domain and proposes a novel approach named spectral saliency target detection (SSD). It establishes a novel salient model, which utilises both spatial saliency and spectral saliency. In the framework of SSD, it combines the model with spectral matching algorithm to make it perform well even in situations where the target is concealed and small. A HSI set comprised of eight different scenes with complex background is setup to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The final visible detection results demonstrate that the SSD algorithm outperforms the others. The receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve are applied to evaluate the results. The proposed algorithm shows superior and stable performance.


Twenty-first-century Canada has shifted its definition of copyright to give more weight to fair dealing and to users' rights. Copying original, recently published works without the permission of the copyright owner is thus more explicitly legal than ever before in Canada. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the significance of this historic shift for the unique case of poetry. What effect will the redefinition of fair dealing have on Canadian poetry? Should teachers provide free copies of poems to their students? How important are royalties to poetic creativity? How do contemporary poets make a living, and how does copyright contribute to it? From 2014 to 2015, I directed a survey of approximately fifty active Canadian poets to gather evidence on their sources of revenue and the utility of copyright as they see it. The results indicate that, while the poets unanimously cherish moral rights in their work, the direct commercial benefits of ownership, as measured by the sales of authorized copies, are so low as to be almost negligible. Nevertheless, ownership retains indirect value, in that it provides a framework for the subsidization of poetry. In light of these findings, it is reasonable to advance a complex model for the production of Canadian poetry, one that prizes the established system of government grants for creative writing and authorized book publishing, but that also recognizes the good that comes of unauthorized copying. State sponsorship and fair dealing are compatible tiers in the economics of poetry.


In this study, a four-stroke, naturally aspirated, single-cylinder, spark ignition engine was operated with neat gasoline fuel. In-cylinder pressure, performance, and emission values were obtained at full load and 2400-r/min constant engine speed. Using these values, a single-dimensional theoretical model was calibrated. A Kistler spark plug–type pressure sensor was used to obtain in-cylinder pressure. After validation of this single-dimensional theoretical model obtained by the help of a commercial engine analysis software (AVL-Boost), different levels of ethanol addition (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) into gasoline were analyzed and compared with neat gasoline fueled conditions. According to obtained results, NO x emissions increased with incremental amount of ethanol. The CO and total hydrocarbons emissions decreased; however, they can be controlled using after-treatment systems such as three-way catalyst.


The forthcoming ubiquitous innovations driven by flexible/wearable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) have inspired the relentless pursuit of advanced power sources with versatile aesthetics. Here, we demonstrate a new class of solid-state flexible power sources that are fabricated directly on conventional A4 paper using a commercial desktop inkjet printer. A salient feature of the inkjet-printed power sources is their monolithic integration with paper, i.e., they look like inkjet-printed letters or figures that are commonly found in office documents. A supercapacitor (SC), which is composed of activated carbon/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and an ionic liquid/ultraviolet-cured triacrylate polymer-based solid-state electrolyte, is chosen as a model power source to explore the feasibility of the proposed concept. Cellulose nanofibril-mediated nanoporous mats are inkjet-printed on top of paper as a primer layer to enable high-resolution images. In addition, CNT-assisted photonic interwelded Ag nanowires are introduced onto the electrodes to further improve the electrical conductivity of the electrodes. The inkjet-printed SCs can be easily connected in series or parallel, leading to user-customized control of cell voltage and capacitance. Notably, a variety of all-inkjet-printed SCs featuring computer-designed artistic patterns/letters are aesthetically unitized with other inkjet-printed images and smart glass cups, underscoring their potential applicability as unprecedented object-tailored power sources.


Polyurethane foams have a wide variety of commercial applications in daily life due to their unique advantages. Traditionally, polyurethane foams are made from petroleum-based polyols and isocyanates. Due to the shortage of fossil resources, renewable biobased materials are studied as alternatives to petroleum. In this project, castor oil was chosen as a renewable biobased polyol in order to replace the nonrenewable petroleum-based polyols. Water-blown rigid foams were made from polyols with different levels of castor oil replacement. For foams without castor oil and with 25% castor oil replacement, the effects of water added content were studied. Another group of foams made from a castor oil/ glycerol mixture were also prepared to investigate the effects of hydroxyl number. With the help of glycerol, rigid polyurethane foams with 80%-95% castor oil replacement were successfully prepared and showed competitive physical properties. Water-blown flexible foams were made from polyols using different levels of castor oil replacement. At the same time, the influence of cross-linker contents and isocyanate index on flexible foam was studied. Considering the low reaction rate of castor oil during the synthesis of polyurethane, a specific "heated mold" method was applied. Density, compression force deflection (CFD), 50% constant deflection compression (CDC), tear resistance (TR) and resilience were tested to identify the physical properties of flexible polyurethane foams. Results show that castor oil replacement often leads to a high cross-linking density. With 0.5% necessary cross-linker and low isocyanate index, flexible polyurethane foams with 100% castor oil replacement showed a good recovery property and proved to be a suitable alternative to nonrenewable petroleum-based polyols.


The main objective of this study was to isolate high-quality total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from raw fresh semen and frozen-thawed boar semen, using a protocol comprising the conventional TRIzol assay and a membrane-based technique, the PureLink RNA mini kit. Bioanalyzer profile revealed that the sperm RNA size distributions comprised mainly intact RNA ranging from 1500 to 1800 bp, without any detectable residual genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Spectrophotometric quantifications of the total RNA yielded 1.64 to 2.44 μg/10 6 spermatozoa, irrespective of the sperm source. The TRIzol/PureLink protocol allowed the isolation of high-quality intact RNA from boar spermatozoa, which is required for transcriptome analysis on high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. Such an approach is relevant to identifying sperm messenger RNA (mRNA transcripts) that are associated with boar semen freezability. Keywords : cryopreservation, RNA-Seq, semen quality


This research attempts to understand how the alteration of green space to install new transportation infrastructure has impacted the daily life and psychosocial health of area residents. Psychosocial health refers to the distress, dysfunction and disability manifested in a range of psychological, social and behavioural outcomes as a consequence of actual or perceived environmental exposure. A case study was employed using the Red Hill Valley Parkway (RHVP) located in Hamilton, Ontario. To investigate this research problem, a mixed methods approach was utilized with self-administered surveys (N=216) and in-depth interviews (N=21) of residents living within 1000 metres of the RHVP to understand how the parkway has affected the everyday lives of those living in close proximity to the road. The findings do not address specific characteristics ofrespondents who are more likely to report concerns with the parkway, as well the study may not represent the general population; nonetheless the findings provide us some insight into the lives of those who identify concerns with the parkway and how these concerns have affected their daily life. The findings of this research indicate that concerns are linked to distance as the majority of residents who express concerns about the parkway live within 200 metres of the road. The results suggest that the presence of the Red Hill Valley Parkway and the increase in noise and vehicle exhaust has contributed to negative perceptions of the neighbourhood, has led to an increase in annoyance, activity and sleep disturbances, and impacted the quality of life of residents. Residents experienced a number of psychosocial symptoms relating to the parkway as they no longer are able to use their home or outdoor environment like they used to which was essential for general well-being and daily behaviour. The study concludes by providing recommendations to assist policy makers in eliminating and mitigating such impacts, as well as outlining future studies which should focus on the long-term effects of exposure to transportation infrastructure and traffic on psychosocial health and wellbeing.


The intervallic rivalry model of key identification is outlined and evaluated in two experiments that use a completion judgment task. Experiment 1 replicates an earlier experiment by Cuddy and Badertscher (1987), in which the rare-interval hypothesis of the intervallic rivalry model was considered. In the present study, listeners with different levels of musical training rated probe tones in the context of three different melodic patterns: arpeggiated major triads, ascending major scales, and arpeggiated diminished triads. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that in both the C major triadic and the C major scalar contexts, listeners gave higher completion ratings to all three probes that were members of the presented C major triad than to the other probes, with the exception of F, thereby producing a jagged (multipeaked) profile. For the diminished triadic context, listeners rated the single probe C, that which corresponds to the tonal center in major mode for that group of three tones, as the best completion. Experiment 2 tested the temporal-order hypothesis of the intervallic rivalry model by reordering tones in all three contexts. Again jagged tone profiles appeared with major triadic and major scalar contexts, although in the former the tone F, a perfect fifth below the root of the presented C major triad, received the best completion rating. A single-peaked function appeared with probes in the diminished triadic context, where the major-mode tonic garnered the highest rating found in all conditions of both experiments. Data are interpreted as support for both the rare-interval hypothesis and the temporal-order hypothesis derived from the intervallic rivalry model of key discovery. Complementary findings consistent with the tonal hierarchy model are also discussed.


Many stories and anecdotal evidence document doctors and patients travelling across the globe to give and receive medical and cosmetic surgeries, dental care and other kinds of treatments. But very little is actually known on the extent to which health services are traded internationally. In this new paper, Lior Herman maps and analyses trends in international trade in health services, drawing on a wide range of sources to provide a comprehensive and systematic picture. He finds high levels of movement of foreign health professionals between countries and significant presence of foreign healthcare firms in local markets. Cross-border services and patient travel remain low. Given the economic significance of the healthcare sector in overall economic activity, there is scope and unexploited potential for greater international trade in healthcare services.


Evaporative cooling is a highly energy efficient alternative
to conventional vapor compression cooling system. The sensible cooling effect
of evaporative cooling systems is well documented in the literature. Direct
evaporative cooling however increases the relative humidity of the air as it
cools it. This has made it unsuitable for data centers and other applications
where humidity control is important. Desiccant-based dehumidifiers (liquid,
solid or composites) absorb moisture from the cooled air to control humidity
and is regenerated using waste heat from the data center. This work is an
experimental and theoretical investigation of the use of desiccant assisted
evaporative cooling for data center cooling according to ASHRAE thermal
guidelines, TC 9.9. The thickness (depth) of the cooling pad was varied to
study its effect on sensible heat loss and latent heat gain. The velocity of
air through the pad was measured to determine its effect on sensible cooling.
The flow rate of water over the pad was also varied to find the optimal flow
for rate for dry bulb depression. The configuration was such that the rotary
desiccant wheel (impregnated with silica gel) comes after the direct evaporative
cooler. The rotary desiccant wheel was split in a 1:1 ratio for cooling and
reactivation at lower temperatures. The dehumidification effectiveness of a
fixed bed desiccant dehumidifier was compared with that of a rotary desiccant
wheel and a thermoelectric dehumidifier. A novel condensate recovery system
using the Peltier effect was proposed to recover moisture from the return air stream,
(by cooling the return air stream below its dew point temperature) thereby
optimizing the water consumption of evaporative cooling technology and
providing suitable air quality for data center cooling. The moisture recovery
unit was found to reduce the mass of water lost through evaporation by an
average of fifty percent irrespective of the pad depth.


In this proposal we present a Matlab-only implementation of a simple, novel, and fully incremental Principal Component Pursuit (PCP) algorithm for Video Background Modeling. Our implementation can process full HD color 1920 × 1088 videos at a rate of 0.61 seconds per frame running on a standard laptop (Intel i7-2670QM quad-core, 6GB RAM, 2.2 GHz). Unlike other incremental or online PCP-like algorithms, such as ReProCS, GRASTA or pROST, the initialization stage of our implementation is extremely fast, has modest memory requirements (6.5 seconds and less than 0.5 Gb for a full HD video), and is also able to quickly adapt to changes in the background. Moreover our implementation can also process live-feed videos, which in our proposed demonstration will be acquired via a wireless camera, resulting in an interactive demonstration where the the moving objects to be segmented are the audience.


While it would not be correct to say that Philo's works have been "lost"--scholars have always known and used Philo--they have essentially been "misplaced" as far as the average student of the Bible is concerned. Now the translation of the eminent classicist C. D. Yonge is available in an affordable, easy-to-read edition, with a new foreword and newly translated passages, and containing supposed fragments of Philo's writings from ancient authors such as John of Damascus. The title and arrangement of the writings have been standardized according to scholarly conventions.A contemporary of Paul and Jesus, Philo Judaeus, of Alexandria, Egypt, is unquestionably among the most important writers for historians and students of Hellenistic Judaism and early Christianity. Although Philo does not explicitly mention Jesus, or Paul, or any of the followers of Jesus, Philo lived in their world. It is from Philo, for example, that we learn about how, like the Gospel of John, Jews (and Greeks) in the Greco-Roman world spoke of the creative force of God as God's "Logos." Philo, too, employs interpretive strategies that parallel those of the author of Hebrews. Most scholars would agree that Philo and the author of Hebrews are drawing from the same, or at least similar, traditions of Hellenistic Judaism. With these kind of connections to the world of Judaism and early Christianity, Philo cannot be ignored.


Russia's takeover of Crimea in 2014 and subsequent reinforcement of the region's military forces have been combined with a general increase in naval activity—including aggressive activity vis-à-vis NATO countries' maritime interests beyond the Black Sea. All this has led to increased international interest in Russian naval modernization plans. Although this modernization effort is going slowly, the Russian Navy's ability to place effective long-range cruise missiles on relatively small ships means that Russia remains a serious regional maritime power with the capability to threaten not only its neighbors but much of Europe in the event of a conflict.


Understanding and controlling the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) forests by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is essential for unlocking their potential as candidate materials for next generation energy and mass transport devices. These advances in CNT manufacturing require developing in situ characterization techniques capable of interrogating how CNTs grow, interact, and self-assemble. Here we present a technique for real-time monitoring of VACNT forest height kinetics applied to a unique custom designed rapid thermal processing (RTP) reactor for CVD of VACNTs. While the integration of multiple infrared heating lamps enables creating designed spatiotemporal temperature profiles inside the reactor, they pose challenges for in situ measurements. Hence, our approach relies on contrastadjusted videography and image processing, combined with calibration using 3D optical microscopy with large depth-of-field. Our work enables reliably measuring VACNT growth rates and catalytic lifetimes, which are not possible to measure using ex situ methods. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4046033]


The rise of Internet-scale networks, such as web graphs and social media with hundreds of millions to billions of nodes, presents new scientific opportunities, such as overlapping community detection to discover the structure of the Internet, or to analyze trends in online social behavior. However, many existing probabilistic network models are difficult or impossible to deploy at these massive scales. We propose a scalable approach for modeling and inferring latent spaces in Internet-scale networks, with an eye towards overlapping community detection as a key application. By applying a succinct representation of networks as a bag of triangular motifs, developing a parsimonious statistical model, deriving an efficient stochastic variational inference algorithm, and implementing it as a distributed cluster program via the Petuum parameter server system, we demonstrate overlapping community detection on real networks with up to 100 million nodes and 1000 communities on 5 machines in under 40 hours. Compared to other state-of-the-art probabilistic network approaches, our method is several orders of magnitude faster, with competitive or improved accuracy at overlapping community detection.


The first modern Chinese intellectual property law was established in August 1982, offering protection to trademarks. Since then, China adopted the Patent Law in 1984, the Copyright Law in 1990 and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law in 1993. In December 2001, China became a member of the World Trade Organization, assuming obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. In the past decade, the country has also actively participated in the negotiation of bilateral, regional and plurilateral trade agreements, including most notably the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
Today, the Chinese intellectual property system has garnered considerable global policy and scholarly attention. To help develop a more sophisticated, complex and nuanced understanding, this article reviews the past five decades of English-language scholarship on the system. It begins by creating a taxonomy of this body of literature based on the most common method — chronology. It then turns to an alternative method of organizing and categorizing scholarly literature — disciplinary focus (philosophy and culture; economics, innovation and cultural industries; and politics and international relations).
The remainder of this article identifies the continuing challenges to researchers studying the Chinese intellectual property system. It further explains why it is important for intellectual property scholars to study China and for China scholars to study intellectual property developments. The article concludes with some observations on the future directions in scholarship on the Chinese intellectual property system.


This article seeks to reintroduce discussions on gender relations in politics back into scholarly and political debate. Many countries have adopted gender quotas, but it is unclear whether their implementation has meaningfully changed the prevalent inequalities governing gender relations in politics. This article considers whether the implementation of gender quotas could promote change, and assesses this change with reference to five criteria formerly used to assess the strategy of gender mainstreaming. These are a shift towards a more comprehensive concept of gender equality; the incorporation of a gender perspective intersected with other inequalities in mainstream politics; equal political representation; organizational changes in selection and recruitment mechanisms as well as the functioning of politics; and, finally, the displacement of hierarchies, and the empowerment of subjects. Reflection on and empirical illustrations of gender quotas with regard to these criteria reveal a mixed picture, demonstrating the need to reintroduce discussions about gender equality within politics back into gender quota debates. This discussion will not focus on the legitimacy of or need for gender quotas, but on how their implementation can contribute to the improvement of gender relations in politics beyond a quantitative sense. Approaching gender quotas through the use of criteria devised for assessing the gender mainstreaming strategy is helpful in exploring the potential of gender quotas in the transformation of gender relations.


This is an expanded and slightly revised version of the book of the same title which caused quite a stir when it was first published (1995). It thus reflects an additional step in an ongoing research project which was launched in the 1970s. The main objective is to transcend the limitations of using descriptive methods as a mere ancillary tool and place a proper branch of DTS at the very heart of the discipline, between the theoretical and the applied branches. Throughout the book, theoretical and methodological discussions are illustrated by an assortment of case studies, the emphasis being on the need to take whatever one wishes to focus on within the contexts which are relevant to it. Part One discusses the pivotal position of the descriptive branch within Translation Studies, and Part Two then outlines a detailed rationale for that positioning. This, in turn, supplies a framework for the case studies comprising Part Three, where a number of exemplary issues are analysed and contextualized: texts and modes of translational behaviour are situated in their cultural setting, and textual components are related to their texts and then also to the cultural constellations in which they are embedded. All this leads to Part Four, which asks what the knowledge accumulated through descriptive studies of the kind advocated in the book is likely to yield in terms of both the theoretical and the applied branches of the field. All in all: an innovative, thought-provoking book which no one with a keen interest in translation can afford to ignore.


The indoor air climate of a church, with a total building volume of 9500 m3, was investigated from January to October, 2008. During this time, infiltration and ventilation measurements were performed at four periods ranging from 17 to 45 days. The local mean age of air was determined in several locations at different heights using passive samplers and homogeneous emission of PFTs. In addition, the temperature and relative humidity was measured at selected locations. The total infiltration of fresh air into the church was found to be mainly driven by the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature. The rate of infiltration ranges from 780 m3/h (deltat=14.8 degrees C) in January to 240 m3/h (deltat=3.5 degrees C) in August. The local mean age of air in the upper and lower air volumes were found to be roughly equal, both during the heating season and in the summer. This indicates that the air volume in the church is well-mixed throughout the year. Transient measurements to assess the effects of doors opening in the summer were also performed using pumped sampling.


The performance of high-speed digital fiber-optic transmission using subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) is investigated both analytically and numerically. In order to reduce the impact of fiber chromatic dispersion and increase bandwidth efficiency, optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation was used. Because frequency spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be much narrower than in a conventional DWDM system, nonlinear crosstalk must be considered. Although chromatic dispersion is not a limiting factor in SCM systems because the data rate at each subcarrier is low, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) has a big impact on the system performance if radiofrequency (RE) phase detection is used in the receiver. In order to optimize the system performance, tradeoffs must be made between data rate per subcarrier, levels of modulation, channel spacing between subcarriers, optical power, and modulation indexes. A 10-Gb/s SCM test bed has been set up in which 4 /spl times/ 2.5 Gb/s data streams are combined into one wavelength that occupies a 20-GHz optical bandwidth. OSSB modulation is used in the experiment. The measured results agree well with the analytical prediction.


Tunable dielectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-ZnO-B2O3 thick-films were analyzed regarding their integration potential into the LTCC technology. Therefore, tunable loaded line phase shifters based on metal-insulator-metal varactors with single- and double- printed BST thick-films were fabricated and co-sintered inside a four layer LTCC module. Microstructural and chemical investigations showed a sufficient compatibility and adhesion between the silver, BST composite and LTCC layers and a resulting morphology depending on the processing route. The microwave characterization of the LTCC-embedded phase shifters revealed comparable results to phase shifters with the same design on alumina substrates.


ABSTRACT This article explores the link between radicalization patterns and modes of attack planning and preparation among lone-actor terrorists. Building on theorized patterns of lone-actor radicalization, we discuss and compare their modes of pre-attack behavior, including target and weapon choice, observance of operational security measures, likeliness of engaging in leakage behavior, and the overall amount of time devoted to these activities. This exploratory study builds upon a dataset of thirty-three lone-actor terrorist cases in North-America and Europe between 1986 and 2015. The analysis suggests that specific patterns of radicalization are linked to systematic differences in modes of attack planning and preparation. The results provide insights into the heterogeneity of terrorist involvement and tentatively suggest the potential importance for law-enforcement agencies in using case-specific knowledge on radicalization patterns to inform forecasts of likely pre-attack behaviors.


Nanotechnology is the science of materials with extremely small dimensions (one nanometer is one billionth
meter), but it is a major developing industry with an estimated annual market of about one trillion US dollars
by 2017[1]. Nanoparticles are used or evaluated for use in many areas, which is currently demonstrated on
the market for over 1,000 nano-products. The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical, ethical,
mental, legal and environmental applications to areas such as engineering, biology, chemistry, computer science,
materials science and communications [2-3]. Potential risks include environmental, health and safety issues;
transient effects, such as the reallocation of traditional industries as nanotechnology products, are becoming
dominant and are a cause for concern for privacy lawyers [4-5].
Textile of 100% cotton, 55% polyester / 45% cotton and 100% polyester, white and dyed, were functionalized
by spraying technology on a test device made at UT Dresden after oleofobization with Rucostar EEF6 or Nuva
N 2114 and impregnation by applying oleophobic treatment simultaneously with the functionalization with
Ag NP. Analysis of the size and form of Ag NP was achieved by using SEM electronic microscopy, TEM and
dynamic light scattering (DLS) transmission microscopy. The uniformity, dispersion and migration of Ag NP
from the surface of the textile materials for the initial samples compared with those tested for acid / alkaline
perspiration, washing and wear (rubbing) revealed by AAS determinations that the acidic sweat test is the most
aggressive leading to decreases in the amount of Ag NP of approx. 25% versus untreated sample.The amount
of Ag NP deposited on the textile by the two technologies did not differ significantly. Compared to untreated
knits with treated ones the size of the agglomerations does not change significantly; from the point of view
of the uniform distribution of Ag NP on the surface of the knits after the acid / alkaline sweat tests, the best
values (agglomeration distances) are highlighted in the case of 100% polyester knitted.


Phenolic compounds were extracted from seeds of 22 cultivars of faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) by using 80% (v/v) aqueous acetone. The total phenolic compound and condensed tannins contents of the extracts and their antioxidant activity were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, vanillin/HCl method, and ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 40.7 to 66.1 mg/g extract and from 326 to 574 mg/100 g seeds. Contents of condensed tannins ranged from 2.40 to 49.9 mg/g extract and from 22.2 (FAB) to 365 mg/100 seeds. The extracts and seeds were characterized by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values ranging from 0.550 (FAB 443) to 1.030 mmol Trolox/g extract (FAB 187) and from 4.85 (FAB 318) to 9.81 mmol Trolox/100 g seeds (FAB 187). Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values varied from 0.595 (FAB 443) to 0.908 mmol Fe 2+ /g extract (FAB 5023) and from 4.61 (FAB 297) to 7.90 mmol Fe 2+ /100 g seeds (FAB 187). The total phenolic content of faba bean extract was correlated with the results of the ABTS (r = 0.864) and FRAP (r = 0.862) assays. The coefficients of correlations between the contents of condensed tannins and ABTS and FRAP results were 0.543 and 0.862. We also noted a correlation between results of ABTS and FRAP assays (r = 0.795).


Floods are one of the most costly types of natural disasters in Australia and other parts of the world. It was reported that the average annual cost of flood damage in Australia was about $300 million as at 1994. However, the effects of flooding can be mitigated, and thereby reduce the loss of life and damage to property. Flood mitigation measures can be categorised into two groups. The first group, the structural measures, involves civil works in the flood plain and/or catchment. The second group, the non-structural measures, includes flood forecasting, flood warning and emergency planning, planning controls and acquisition of flood prone land within the catchment, and providing flood insurance to affected people. The flood damage mitigation in the catchment or basin depends on complex social, economical and environmental conditions. It is not always feasible to completely control or manage flood damage through structural measures due to economic, technological, environmental and social constraints. Therefore, non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and warning often play an important role in minimizing flood damage, especially, when there are no feasible structural measures that can be implemented. While planning, design, construction and operation of most structural measures can be done using definite mechanisms, the decisions of non-structural measures, especially flood forecasting and warning, are complex and are not uniquely defined. Therefore, such decisions require the aid of mathematical model results, and require both quantitative and qualitative decision modelling steps. Thus, these decisions can be effectively obtained through the use of a Decision Support System. The Decision Support Systems (DSSs) have recently become popular in making decisions related to complex water resource problems. However, the design and the development of some of these applications do not contain all essential elements of a modern-day DSS, such as effective databases and file management facilities, user-friendly interfaces, appropriate simulation models, spatial and graphical data display and analysis modules, and facilities for effective decision making. Moreover, the theory of DSS and computer science has developed rapidly since the initial development of some of these applications. Furthermore, only a few applications of DSS in flood control and warning exists in the literature. These applications cited in the literature mostly deal with planning aspects of flood control, and not real-time flood forecasting and warning. Therefore, considering the above facts, it is timely and necessary to develop an effective DSS to facilitate decision making of flood warning using all recent advances in DSS theory and computer science, and combining all necessary and desirable elements of a DSS into one system. The Maribyrnong River basin is a medium size catchment located in the northwest of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Its low-lying flood plains along the lower sections of the river have been frequently being inundated by floods. A flood warning system has been established in 1975 after a major flood in 1974 to minimise flood damage in the lower part of the catchment. This system uses several numerical models such as the RORB model and the HEC-2 model for flood forecasting. However, there is no single computer-based system that integrates these models to facilitate analysis of different scenarios in controlling and managing the flood damage, and in making objective and effective decisions. Furthermore, the use of these separate models is time consuming and can lead to errors in transferring information from one model to another. Therefore, a computer-based DSS for flood forecasting and warning in the Maribyrnong River basin would enhance the effectiveness of flood warning in this catchment. As part of this research, the author has defined the DSS as an interactive computer-based system that helps decision-makers to use data and models to solve semi-structured problems effectively. This DSS should allow the user to participate in principal steps of the decision making process, to simulate many steps in the process of decision making, to investigate alternative scenarios, to seek the overall goal for decision, and to improve the effectiveness of decision making. The author also suggested a DSS in water resources, which in most cases deals with spatial data display and analysis, should include five essential components: a database subsystem, a modelbase subsystem, an interface subsystem, a decision support subsystem, and a spatial and graphic data display and analysis subsystem. Most previous research work on DSS development, especially in the area of water resources do not give details of the conceptual system design and details of the subsystems. This thesis provides the details of the conceptual system designs of all subsystems and their major functions. These approaches will help further system development of the DSS of this thesis. The general concept used in this thesis can be used for DSS studies in other water resource studies and in other fields. Based on well-designed system, a unique decision support system, DSSFCMR (Decision Support System for Flood Control in the Maribyrnong River basin) was developed in this thesis to help decision making in flood forecasting and warning from data entry to search of final decisions. The DSSFCMR consists of five subsystems, namely Database Management System (DBMS), Modelbase, Spatial and Graphic Data Display and Analysis (SGDDA), Decision Support, and Interface. The DSSFCMR can consider various forecast rainfall depths in three different forecast periods. The developed Database subsystem can perform various tasks for database management related to flood warning. The URBS hydrological and HEC-RAS hydraulic models in the Modelbase subsystem are used to calculate flood hygrographs and corresponding flood water levels along the flood prone area respectively. Based on the calculated water levels, the shapefile for flood inundated area is instantly created, which is then used for spatial analysis of the flood inundated area through the developed interactive map interface. Two separate methods were developed in the SGDDA subsystem to perform spatial data display and analysis of the flood inundated area for use by different users (with different computer skills) and/or for organizations with different levels of resources. The process of complicated data transfer within DSSFCMR (e.g. the peak discharge to the flood water level, then flood water level to the shapefile of flood area) is automated by the developed system functions. The technology developed for decision choice support in this study helps to locate the required scenarios from many scenario results using the database technology. All functions are properly integrated together for the benefit of the user to make the decisions effectively. The use of DSSFCMR to provide decision support for flood forecasting and warning in the Maribyrnong River basin was illustrated. The application was on the flood event that occurred on 04 October 1983, but under 1997 topographical conditions. Essentially, the application concentrated on flood forecasting and warning decisions at a particular time during the event. The system effectively performed calibration of the URBS and HEC-RAS models, forecasting of flood hydrographs, calculation of flood water levels, spatial data display of flood inundated areas and decision selection support for flood warning at this particular time. Generally, the developed system DSSFCMR can efficiently forecast flood hydrographs and calculate the flood water levels; the process of complex data transfer is done automatically and quickly; the data can be displayed flexibly in various formats; the system is easy to use by different users with different computer skills; the user can use DSSFCMR to investigate decision making variables related to flood warning (e.g. people relocation) conveniently and quickly. In summary, this system helps the decision maker to make the decisions in relation to flood forecasting and warning in the Maribyrnong River basin effectively.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii INTRODUCTION: Clifford Geertz School Building: A Retrospective Preface PART ONE: Blurred Genres: Reflections on Disciplinary Practices 13 CHAPTER 1: Quentin Skinner Political Theory after the Enlightenment Project 15 CHAPTER 2: Wolf Lepenies Twenty-five Years of Social Science and Social Change: A Personal Memoir 25 CHAPTER 3: Gavin Wright Economic History as a Cure for Economics 41 CHAPTER 4: Judith Butler Can the "Other" of Philosophy Speak? 52 CHAPTER 5: Renato Rosaldo Reflections on Interdisciplinarity 67 PART TWO: The State of the Art: New Methods and New Questions 83 CHAPTER 6: Joan W. Scott After History? 85 CHAPTER 7: Anna Tsing The Global Situation 104 CHAPTER 8: Charles Taylor Modernity and Identity 139 CHAPTER 9: Kaushik Basu The Role of Norms and Law in Economics: An Essay on Political Economy 154 CHAPTER 10: Peter Galison Material Culture, Theoretical Culture, and Delocalization 179 CHAPTER 11: Andrew Pickering Science as Alchemy 194 PART THREE: Thick Description: Field Overviews and Institutional History 207 CHAPTER 12: William H. Sewell, Jr. Whatever Happened to the "Social" in Social History? 209 CHAPTER 13: Nicholas B. Dirks Postcolonialism and Its Discontents: History, Anthropology, and Postcolonial Critique 227 CHAPTER 14: David E. Apter Structure, Contingency, and Choice: A Comparison of Trends and Tendencies in Political Science 252 CHAPTER 15: Mary Poovey Interdisciplinarity at New York University 288 PART FOUR: The World in Pieces: Political Philosophy and World Governance 313 CHAPTER 16: Jean Bethke Elshtain Political Theory and Moral Responsibility 315 CHAPTER 17: Jane Mansbridge A "Moral Core" Solution to the Prisoners' Dilemma 330 CHAPTER 18: Michael Rustin Reinterpreting Risk 348 CHAPTER 19: Istvan Rev Retrotopia: Critical Reason Turns Primitive 364 CHAPTER 20: Michael Walzer International Society: What Is the Best that We Can Do? 388 AUTHOR NOTES 403


Theories of legal interpretation have taken a "positive turn" in recent years. Some scholars have argued that disputes over how to interpret statutes and the Constitution should be resolved by looking to the social facts that determine what our positive law requires. Most of the commentary on the positive turn has focused on the substantive claim that what the law requires as a matter of constitutional interpretation is a version of originalism. Less attention has been paid to the more interesting and provocative methodological thesis that we ought to resolve our debates about legal interpretation by looking to "our law" and that doing so requires making claims about the nature of law – specifically, claims about the social facts that determine its content. Because positivist theories vary with respect to which social facts matter for the purpose of determining the existence and content of law, an obvious (and obviously important) question for the positive turn is whether generating its alleged methodological benefits requires choosing from among rival positivist theories. Yet the chief proponents of the positive turn say very little on this question, and what they do say is ambiguous. This article thus sets out to answer that question by testing how the positive turn would work under four different positivist accounts of law. The result of the analysis is that the positive turn fails under every approach considered. Although certain aspects of the positive turn fit well with each account of law, not one of them is capable of supporting it. Instead, each approach either leads to obviously false conclusions or fails to produce the normative and methodological payoff the positive turn promises. Even in its failure, however, the positive turn is instructive because it illustrates the difficulty of endeavoring to reconcile legal theory and practice.


The Australian deserts are extensive but relatively well vegetated, compared with the hyperarid Namib or Atacama, and in climate, vegetation and landforms they more closely resemble the Kalahari. Rainfall in the driest areas is low
(mean around 100 millimetres per year), but it is highly variable (annual totals measured at Birdsville range from 33 to 496 millimetres) and sufficient to sustain scattered trees, shrubs and grasses and infrequent runoff to fill
waterholes and lakes. Today, there is a direct relationship between plant growth (measured by satellite) and available moisture (Berry and Roderick 2002) and therefore sensitivity to either an increase or decrease in precipitation.

During the human occupation of Australia (perhaps 60,000 years), the deserts have expanded to the very edges of the continent and shrunk to a fraction of their present extent. Global climate change has forced dramatic responses in the Australian desert environment, to a degree that is remarkable given the distance from the centres of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere and the apparent antiquity of the deserts themselves. At its most extreme,
during the last glacial maximum (LGM), 20,000 years ago (Fig. 5.Ia), desert sand dunes extended to the western, northern and southern coasts but also formed near sea level along the eastern coast (Bowden 1983; Thom et al. 1994;
Hill and Bowler 1995) and in the eastern highlands (Nott and Price 1991; Hesse et al. 2oo3a) in areas which today are wooded and receive up to 1000 millimetres of precipitation annually. During the LG M, woodland and forest
communities were reduced to isolated pockets in the inland and a narrow strip along the coastal fringe of the east and south-west (Hope I987; van der Kaars I99I) while desert shrub and grass communities replaced the trees and extended towards the coasts (Singh and Geissler I985; Dodson and Wright I989; Harle et al. I999).

Conversely, at times during the late Pleistocene, large perennial freshwater lakes in the Darling and Willandra regions, in the south-eastern sector of the arid zone, sustained early human populations (Bowler et al. 2003). An
earlier and more widespread phase of 'mega-lakes' occurred throughout the arid zone in the last interglacial period (from 135,000 to 120,000 years ago; see Fig. 5.1a) and in previous interglacials. We know comparatively little
about the environment at this time (especially the vegetation and lacustrine resources), and whether or not this presented more abundant resources to the first colonists. Nevertheless, at times in the past the deserts of Australia must have been something like the paradise imagined by JW Gregory.


Migration is associated with HIV-1 vulnerability. Objectives: To identify long-term trends in HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and antiretroviral drug resistance (ARV) among migrants followed up in Portugal Methods: 5177 patients were included between 2001 and 2017. Rega, Scuel, Comet, and jPHMM algorithms were used for subtyping. Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and Acquired drug resistance (ADR) were defined as the presence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) and as mutations of the IAS-USA 2015 algorithm, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: HIV-1 subtypes infecting migrants were consistent with the ones prevailing in their countries of origin. Over time, overall TDR significantly increased and specifically for Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) and Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs). TDR was higher in patients from Mozambique. Country of origin Mozambique and subtype B were independently associated with TDR. Overall, ADR significantly decreased over time and specifically for NRTIs and Protease Inhibitors (PIs). Age, subtype B, and viral load were independently associated with ADR. Conclusions: HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in migrants suggests high levels of connectivity with their country of origin. The increasing levels of TDR in migrants could indicate an increase also in their countries of origin, where more efficient surveillance should occur.