Two subgenomic regions within the major histocompatibility complex, the alpha and beta blocks, contain members of the multicopy gene families HLA class I, human endogenous retroviral sequence (HERV-16; previously known as P5 and PERB3), hemochromatosis candidate genes (HCG) (II, IV, VIII, IX), 3.8-1, and MIC (PERB11). In this study we show that the two blocks consist of imperfect duplicated segments, which contain linked members of the different gene families. The duplication and truncation sites of the segments are associated with retroelements. The retroelement sites appear to generate the imperfect duplications, insertions/deletions, and rearrangements, most likely via homologous recombination. Although the two blocks share several characteristics, they differ in the number and orientation of the duplicated segments. On the 62.1 haplotype, the alpha block consists of at least 10 duplicated segments that predominantly contain pseudogenes and gene fragments of the HLA class I and MIC (PERB11) gene families. In contrast, the beta block has two major duplications containing the genes HLA-B and HLA-C, and MICA (PERB11.1) and MICB (PERB11.2). Given the common origin between the blocks, we reconstructed the duplication history of the segments to understand the processes involved in producing the different organization in the two blocks. We then found that the beta block contains four distinct duplications from two separate events, whereas the alpha block is characterized by multisegment duplications. We will discuss these results in relation to the genetic content of the two blocks.


This report deals with the calculation of the bending moments in and the distortions of fuselage rings upon which known concentrated and distributed loads are acting. In the procedure suggested, the ring is divided into a number of beams each having a constant radius of curvature. The forces and moments caused in the end sections of the beams by individual unit displacements of the end sections are listed in a table designated as the operations table in conformity with Southwell's nomenclature. The operations table and the external loads are equivalent to a set of linear equations. For their solution the following three procedures are presented: 1) Southwell's method of systematic relaxations. This is a step-by-step approximation procedure guided by the physical interpretation of the changes in the values of the unknown. 2) The growing unit procedure in which the individual beams are combined successively into beams of increasing length until finally the entire ring becomes a single beam. In each step of the procedure a set of not more than three simultaneous linear equations is solved. 3) Solution of the entire set of simultaneous equations by the methods of the matrix calculus. In order to demonstrate the manner in which the calculations may be carried out, the following numerical examples are worked out: 1) Curved beam with both its end sections rigidly fixed. The load is a concentrated force. 2) Egg-shape ring with symmetric concentrated loads. 3) Circular ring with antisymmetric concentrated loads and shear flow (torsion of the fuselage). 4) Same with V-braces incorporated in the ring. 5) Egg-shape ring with antisymmetric concentrated loads and shear flow (torsion of the fuselage). 6) Same with V-braces incorporated in the ring. The results of these calculations are checked, whenever possible, by calculations carried out according to known methods of analysis. The agreement is found to be good. The amount of work necessary for the solution of ring problems by the methods described in the present report is practically independent of the degree of redundancy of the structure. For this reason the methods are recommended for use particularly in problems of rings having one or more internal bracing elements.


Callisto's magnetic field environment and ionosphere are examined using a model for the magnetic fields induced in the satellite's interior and 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for Callisto's interaction with the Jovian magnetospheric plasma. The induction model is also applied to the other Galilean moons Io, Europa and Ganymede to investigate the inductive responses of the satellites assuming the existence of interior conductive ocean and core layers.

The first part of this thesis includes a thorough study of the frequencies and amplitudes of the temporary variable part of the magnetospheric field i.e., the inducing or primary fields and the strength of the induced or secondary fields originating in the interiors of the satellites. The primary fields are determined by using models for Jupiter's intrinsic field, fields generated by the magnetospheric current sheet and fields caused by Chapman-Ferraro currents at the magnetopause boundary. A Fourier analysis of the magnetic field time series along the Galilean moons' orbits predicted by this composite magnetospheric model yields the frequencies and amplitudes of the primary fields. A second model for the inductive response of a multi-layered conductivity structure based on two separate interior models for each satellite is applied to study the strength of the secondary fields at the surface. The synodic rotation period of Jupiter (∼10 h), the orbital periods of the satellites (from 42 h at Io to 400 h at Callisto) and the solar rotation period (642 h) are identified as the primary periodicities for the inducing fields at the Galilean moons. It is further shown that conductive ocean layers at Callisto and the other satellites should generate
detectable magnetic signals for several frequencies in the vicinity of the satellites. The inferred strength of the signals at the surface ranges from 16 nT at Callisto to 210 nT for a magma ocean at Io. Possible conductive core layers, however, do not significantly modify the signals outside the satellites.

The interaction of the magnetospheric plasma with the atmosphere and interior of the satellite has been extensively studied for the cases of Io, Europa and Ganymede. The second part of this work represents the first in depth numerical study of Callisto's plasma interaction. A 3D MHD model, taking into account collision, ionization and recombination processes due to the neutral atmosphere of the satellite, is used to examine Callisto's ionosphere and magnetic field environment. In addition to the expected modifications of the magnetospheric plasma flow embodied e.g., by the generation of Alfven wings and the upstream pileup of the magnetic field, the model results indicate a complex behavior of the plasma flow in Callisto's tail. The model predicts the existence of extended regions where an oppositely directed plasma flow is associated with vertical eddy structures and disturbances of the regions downstream of the Alfven wings. The plasma densities within the simulation are compared to measured electron density profiles to investigate the underlying reason for the inferred dependence of the generation of an ionosphere on the solar illumination of Callisto's ram side. A parameter study performed for different configurations of the neutral atmosphere shows that an atmosphere primarily confined to the upstream hemisphere of Callisto suitably explains the measured variability of the ionospheric plasma densities. Additional reasons for this variability are varying conditions for the magnetospheric plasma flow, differences in the solar photon flux and differences in the plasma particle transport towards Callisto's flanks depending on the solar illumination geometry. So far, observations of Callisto's airglow yield no direct evidence for the
existence of an O2 atmosphere. The interaction model predicts a disk integrated auroral intensity of ∼6 R for earthbound measurements. This value is in agreement with the upper limit of 15 R determined by Strobel et al. (2002). The simulation results for several flyby scenarios are compared to magnetic field data taking into account the predicted induced fields. Even though the plasma interaction signatures give rise to ambiguities regarding
the secondary field strength, the existence of a conductive interior ocean layer is inevitable in order to explain the measured data. An ocean at a maximum depth of ∼150 km, with
a thickness of ∼10 km and a conductivity of sea water (∼5 S/m), which is in agreement with an interior model by Kuskov and Kronrod (2005a), yields induced signals within the plausible range suggested by the observations. The hypothesis of an asymmetric neutral atmosphere is consistent with both radio occultation and magnetometer measurements performed by the Galileo spacecraft.


In late summer 2004, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) conducted one of the most transformational missions in the almost 40 year history of scientific ocean drilling: the IODP Expedition 302 or "Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX)" (Backman, Moran et al., 2006; Backman and Moran, 2008). This technically challenging expedition to the Lomonosov Ridge near 88°N recovered the first long-term Cenozoic sediment record from the permantly ice-covered central Arctic Ocean–extending previous records from ~1.5 Ma to an unprecedented ~56 Ma. Some of the ACEX highlights include a Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (appr. 55 Ma) and Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO) substantially warmer than previously estimated; an episodic freshening of Arctic surface waters reflected in the major occurrence of the freshwater fern Azolla near 49 Ma; and ice-rafted debris and sea-ice diatoms having started to occur in the middle Eocene epoch (~46-47 Ma), i.e., some 35 myr earlier than previously thought.
During ACEX, in total a 430 m thick sequence of upper Cretaceous to Quaternary sediments has been drilled. The lower 230 m of the ACEX sequence consist of unique, very dark gray biosiliceous oozes and mudstones ("black shales" in a broader sense) of Campanian and Paleogene (late Paleocene to middle Eocene) age, which are distinctly enriched in organic carbon reaching values of about 1 to 14% (Stein et al., 2006). Significant amounts of the organic matter preserved in these sediments is of algae-type origin and accumulated under anoxic/euxinic conditions. Detailed data on the source-rock potential of these black shales indicate that most of the Eocene sediments have a (fair to) good source-rock potential, prone to generate a gas/oil mixture. The source-rock potential of the Campanian and upper Paleocene sediments, on the other hand, is rather low. The presence of oil or gas already generated in-situ from the Campanian and Paleogene ACEX sediments at this part of Lomonosov Ridge, however, can be ruled out due to the immaturity of the ACEX sediments. If these sediments are buried more deeply, however, in-situ hydrocarbon formation is possible. This situation might occur in the more southern part of Lomonosov Ridge closer to the Eurasian continental margin, where sedimentation rates are significantly higher. The results of this study does also not mean that in the underlying deeper (Mesozoic) sedimentary rocks from the Lomonosov Ridge belonging to the rifted continental crustal block of the Eurasian continental margin, hydrocarbons could not have been generated.

References
Backman, J. and Moran, K., 2008. Editorial Summary: The Arctic Ocean Unplugged. Paleoceanography 23.
Backman, J., Moran, K., McInroy, D.B., Mayer, L.A., and the Expedition 302 Scientists, 2006. Proceedings IODP Exp 302, doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.302.104.2006.
Stein, R., Boucsein, B., and Meyer, H., 2006. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL026776.


This article contributes to research examining the work situations of employees with disabilities. This is performed by demonstrating how able-bodied norms affect the work lives of employees with cerebral palsy in Danish work organizations. Thus, this article investigates how able-bodied managers and employees talk about their co-workers with cerebral palsy and examines the narratives of diversity among able-bodied managers and employees when they discuss the work situation of their colleagues with cerebral palsy. The empirical point of departure is 6 weeks of participant observations in 2 work organizations along with interviews conducted in 13 work organizations with 19 managers and 43 colleagues who work with an employee with cerebral palsy on a daily basis. The article finds two dominating narratives regarding diversity that have to do with being either 'different but the same' or 'just different'. These two narratives relate to the highly praised value of equality in Scandinavia.


Membranes are of interest for a wide variety of applications such as gas separation, water desalination, fuel cells and batteries. Because the flux across a membrane scales inversely with the membrane thickness, a thick membrane is required to achieve high selectivity, at the expense of permeability. New ultrathin membranes which promise to offer high selectivity and high permeability are highly desirable. Elemental sulfur can provide five times higher capacity than existing Li-ion cathode materials based on transition metal oxides or phosphates. Various problems have hindered the practical use of this highly attractive cathode including the insulating nature of sulfur which retards its reduction and poor electrode stability resulting in an irreversible capacity loss due to polysulfide migration from the cathode to the anode. Here we show the proof of concept for a 5 nm multilayer membrane self-assembled from commercial polyelectrolytes to encapsulate a carbon/sulfur composite and maintain the performance even at discharge rates five times more rapid than its non-encapsulated counterpart.


Over the last fifteen years, the pedagogy of learning development has become increasingly established within UK universities (Hilsdon, 2018). As such, there have never been more individuals who professionally identify with the 'learning developer' title. Self-identification with a professional title is always going to be problematic as there will be significant variation in background, experience, qualifications and values amongst practitioners. This will result in confusion and ambiguity around the meaning of a title (such as learning developer), which in turn can undermine practitioners' professional status and career development opportunities. It is therefore unsurprising that over the last five years there has been a growing call amongst the learning development community to introduce greater consistency around how the learning developer title is used (Webster, 2015; Webster, 2017; Johnson, 2018). The Association for Learning Development in Higher Education (ALDinHE) has responded to this call to action by developing a recognition scheme for learning developers. This has two levels - certified practitioner (CeP) and certified leading practitioner (CeLP). Unlike other educational development recognition schemes - for example, Higher Education Academy (HEA) fellowships or Staff and Educational Development Association (SEDA) fellowships) - the CeP/CeLP scheme involves evidencing core values associated with practicing learning development. As such, it provides the first bespoke recognition opportunity for the learning development community. This article outlines how the ALDinHE recognition scheme was conceived, piloted and launched at the 2018 Learning Development Conference.


COVID-19 has been reported to be risen in numbers of infected cases and deaths. The massive report by media and social network which focus on the spreading and infection may affect not only physical health but also individual's and general population's mental health, isolation and stigma. To eradicate COVID-19-related stigma and discrimination perpetuated by both individual and group of people, WHO exhibits some anti-stigma campaign posters. This study employs qualitative method to acquire deep investigation of meaning and to involve the social context. Thus, by using Roland Barthes's semiotic approach, analyzing signifiers and signifieds, this study was aimed to unmask both denotative and connotative meanings of the stigma embed within the six health campaign posters of COVID-19 by Southeast Asia WHO. The analysis was focused not only on the verbal sign of posters (linguistic text), but also its relation to their visual sign (imagery messages). From the analysis of the two sign systems of posters, the result shows that the six posters connote acts of discriminatory behaviours, stigmatization, stereotype and blaming. Through the posters, WHO propagates people to work together to fight COVID-19 and to bring out the best humanity, to have better awareness and positive attitudes and appeals governments, citizens, media, key influencers of communities to have a role in preventing and to stop stigma surrounding in South-Asia and specifically in Indonesia which becomes the target of the poster viewers during the pandemic. Those messages are connoted through different font colors and sizes and the illustration on each poster.


Environmental conditions early in life can affect an organism's phenotype at adulthood, which may be tuned to perform optimally in conditions that mimic those experienced during development (Environmental Matching hypothesis), or may be generally superior when conditions during development were of higher quality (Silver Spoon hypothesis). Here, we tested these hypotheses by examining how diet during development interacted with diet during adulthood to affect adult sexually selected ornamentation and immune function in male mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Mallards have yellow, carotenoid-pigmented beaks that are used in mate choice, and the degree of beak coloration has been linked to adult immune function. Using a 2×2 factorial experimental design, we reared mallards on diets containing either low or high levels of carotenoids (nutrients that cannot be synthesized de novo) throughout the period of growth, and then provided adults with one of these two diets while simultaneously quantifying beak coloration and response to a variety of immune challenges. We found that both developmental and adult carotenoid supplementation increased circulating carotenoid levels during dietary treatment, but that birds that received low-carotenoid diets during development maintained relatively higher circulating carotenoid levels during an adult immune challenge. Individuals that received low levels of carotenoids during development had larger phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cutaneous immune responses at adulthood; however, dietary treatment during development and adulthood did not affect antibody response to a novel antigen, nitric oxide production, natural antibody levels, hemolytic capacity of the plasma, or beak coloration. However, beak coloration prior to immune challenges positively predicted PHA response, and strong PHA responses were correlated with losses in carotenoid-pigmented coloration. In sum, we did not find consistent support for either the Environmental Matching or Silver Spoon hypotheses. We then describe a new hypothesis that should be tested in future studies examining developmental plasticity.


Manual software design methods suffer from many handicaps. As a result, the design documentation of software systems usually either does not exist, or is full of errors and out of date. Many software development, reliability, and maintainability problems reported in the literature can be traced to this state of affairs. The solution of these problems does not appear to lie in improved manual software design methods, but in the potentially much more "effective" computer-aided software design tools.
This project set out to investigate how to aid the manual software design methods with a computer. A novel entity-relationship model for the software design specification was formulated and built into an interactive pilot software design tool. In spite of its simplicity, the model is capable of representing software structures from high-level architectural design to low-level detailed design. The tool stores the model entered by the user in a database. The model can then be inspected either on-line, or from printed documentation. The evaluation of the pilot tool, based on the feedback from the users, was favourable to the underlying model. However, many human-computer interface problems were identified.
The effectiveness of software design tools was defined in terms of the designer productivity and the quality of the design documentation. An approach which consisted of repeated propositioning, implementation, and evaluation of modifications was then used to improve the effectiveness of the tool. A questionnaire was used to assess the opinion of the tool users more objectively, and an experiment was carried out to compare the effectiveness of the tool with a manual method. The results of this research have shown that the latest version of the tool is significantly more effective than the manual method.


We address the problem of performing semantic transformations on strings, which may represent a variety of data types (or their combination) such as a column in a relational table, time, date, currency, etc. Unlike syntactic transformations, which are based on regular expressions and which interpret a string as a sequence of characters, semantic transformations additionally require exploiting the semantics of the data type represented by the string, which may be encoded as a database of relational tables. Manually performing such transformations on a large collection of strings is error prone and cumbersome, while programmatic solutions are beyond the skill-set of end-users. We present a programming by example technology that allows end-users to automate such repetitive tasks.

We describe an expressive transformation language for semantic manipulation that combines table lookup operations and syntactic manipulations. We then present a synthesis algorithm that can learn all transformations in the language that are consistent with the user-provided set of input-output examples. We have implemented this technology as an add-in for the Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet system and have evaluated it successfully over several benchmarks picked from various Excel help-forums.


Children are a special group in society. They need specific places to be designed according to their specific needs, and this design should be related to humanized aspects which were dedicated designed to meet the needs of children and combine with children's physical and psychological characteristics. In this paper, our goals are: (1)Through the study of several examples in Sweden, we try to find out how recreational areas for children within city parks were designed and their different characteristics. (2)Based on our assessment of the case studies and on the review of relevant literature, we want to find the design features of outdoor places that can fulfill different needs of children. (3)To make a design proposal taking into consideration the different aspects we researched about—space, materials, size, plants. (4) Based on our conclusions from the analysis of the Swedish cases, to make a proposal for a city park in China. The major question that we have explored is: How to design a more suitable, engaging and humane outdoor activity space for children in the city's public areas? –study case analysis and proposal for children recreational areas within city parks.


Abstract Much attention has been paid in the literature to the writing and discourse structure of research articles, but the focus is predominantly on evaluating English research articles from an Anglo-American perspective. The unstated assumption of such studies is that writers whose first language is not English tend to write differently. Despite a number of cross-cultural comparisons in the literature, only surface discursive features have been examined, such as explicit devices that signal clausal relations, or the genre investigated has been stabilized with strong normative traditions. This study investigates how third party ideas are evaluated in research articles written in English and Chinese. The data come from three domains - the humanities, the social sciences, and the hard sciences. The results indicate that there are no large differences between English and Chinese in the weightings of evaluation categories, even though they are realized by different grammatical resources in the two languages. Chinese research articles tend to use more explicit linguistic resources with less frequent use of mitigators, possibly because of the socio-pragmatic and typological differences between English and Chinese. The study also proposes a taxonomy of evaluative resources in English and Chinese research articles, which can be used in future research.


Background: Herpes zoster affects millions of people worldwide each year and many go on to suffer long-term pain, called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). As zoster is common and PHN is difficult to treat, preventing zoster through vaccination is important. This thesis aims to better understand risk factors for zoster and PHN, in order to inform vaccination policy.
Methods: Three large observational studies were carried out using primary care data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and linked secondary care data from the Hospital Episodes Statistics. First, a matched case-control study quantified the effects of possible risk factors for zoster and explored whether their effects differed by age group. Second, a descriptive study looked at antiviral prescription patterns and patient characteristics associated with antiviral receipt after zoster diagnosis. Third, a cohort study assessed risk factors for PHN and investigated whether their effects were modified by antiviral use.
Results: The case-control study of zoster risk factors included 144,959 zoster patients and 549,336 controls and found an increased risk of zoster among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic kidney disease, depression and type 1 diabetes; odds ratios ranged from 1.14 to 1.72. In general, the relative effects of these risk factors on zoster decreased with increasing age. In the descriptive study of antiviral use, of 142,216 zoster cases, only 58.1% received an antiviral prescription at zoster diagnosis. Antivirals were even under-prescribed among the immunosuppressed and older individuals, for whom guidelines recommend routine treatment. The cohort study of PHN risk factors identified 119,413 zoster patients, 5.8% of whom developed PHN. An increased risk of PHN was found among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, depression, type 2 diabetes, lower socioeconomic status, smoking and under- or overweight; odds ratios ranged from 1.13-1.82. Antiviral use was not associated with PHN risk overall. The zoster case-control and PHN cohort study showed that patients with severely immunosuppressive conditions were at greatest risk of both zoster and PHN.
Conclusions: A number of patient characteristics and comorbidities were associated with increased zoster and PHN risks. Patients at highest risk of zoster and PHN are those of older age and those with immunosuppression; currently, patients with immunosuppression are not eligible for vaccination, highlighting a need for alternative risk reduction strategies in this group. Low antiviral use at zoster diagnosis suggests treatment guidelines be revised to encourage greater use, especially among the immunosuppressed and older individuals who are recommended, but not routinely given, antivirals. Research on the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating patients with specific risk factors is needed.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to examine the clinical process in psychiatry, with special reference to clinimetrics, a domain concerned with the measurement of clinical phenomena that do not find room in customary taxonomy.

DATA SOURCES
A MEDLINE search from inception to August 2010 was performed for English-language articles using the keywords clinical judgment, clinimetric, staging, comorbidity, sequential treatment, and subclinical symptoms in relation to psychiatric illness. It was supplemented by a manual search of the literature.

STUDY SELECTION
Choice of assessment strategies was based on their established or potential incremental increase in clinical information compared to use of diagnostic criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION
Contributions were evaluated according to the principles of clinimetrics.

RESULTS
Several innovative assessment strategies were identified: the use of diagnostic transfer stations with repeated assessments instead of diagnostic endpoints, subtyping versus integration of different diagnostic categories, staging methods, and broadening of clinical information through macroanalysis and microanalysis. The most representative examples were selected.

CONCLUSIONS
Current assessment strategies in psychiatric research do not reflect the sophisticated thinking that underlies clinical decisions in practice. The clinimetric perspective provides an intellectual home for the reproduction and standardization of these clinical intuitions.


Oral candidiasis remains one of the most common forms of Candida infections and occurs if the balance between host, Candida and microbiota is disturbed, e.g., by broad spectrum antibiotics or immunosuppression. In recent years, identification of fungal factors contributing to host cell damage and new insights into host defense mechanisms have significantly extended our understanding of the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis. In this review, we will provide an overview of the pathogenicity mechanisms during oral Candida infections and discuss some approaches by which this knowledge could be transferred into therapeutic approaches.


The diverse orientations of Precambrian-involved and fault-bounded uplifts in the Rocky Mountain foreland region seem difficult to reconcile with the inferred Paleocene–Eocene shortening direction and plate convergence. Some have hypothesized that the shortening direction rotated as much as 90° over time, whereas others have hypothesized a relatively stable strain field involving concurrent oblique slip on faults with varied strikes. The stratigraphic thicknesses of the synorogenic Paleocene–Eocene Fort Union, Wasatch, and Green River Formations in the southern Green River Basin of Wyoming are used here to define the pattern of basin subsidence and to interpret the timing of movement on two contractional structures with contrasting orientations. Isopach maps and cross sections of three sequential time-stratigraphic intervals show thinning around the north–south-oriented Rock Springs uplift and regional southward thickening of these three stratigraphic intervals. The southward thickening evidently resulted from flexural subsidence in response to loading from the adjacent east–west-oriented Uinta uplift. Stratigraphic thinning in the vicinity of the Rock Springs uplift demonstrates that growth of the underlying blind thrust system produced an area of comparatively low accommodation space within the subsiding Green River Basin. The concurrent growth of the Rock Springs and Uinta uplifts does not support a rotation of shortening direction from east–west to north–south. The margin of a Neoproterozoic rift basin may have controlled the orientation of the thrust faults bounding the north flank of the Uinta uplift, and Late Cretaceous-through-Eocene contraction caused oblique slip on these faults during structural inversion. A north–south-striking blind reverse fault underlies the west flank of the Rock Springs uplift, but Phanerozoic strata cover the Precambrian core of the uplift, so the structure within the Archean basement rocks is unknown. Despite contrasting strikes and different structural histories, the Uinta and Rock Springs uplifts responded concurrently to northeast–southwest- to east-northeast–west-southwest-directed shortening.


The European Space Agency's Planck satellite was launched on 14 May 2009, and has been surveying the sky stably and continuously since 13 August 2009. Its performance is well in line with expectations, and it will continue to gather scientific data until the end of its cryogenic lifetime. We give an overview of the history of Planck in its first year of operations, and describe some of the key performance aspects of the satellite. This paper is part of a package submitted in conjunction with Planck's Early Release Compact Source Catalogue, the first data product based on Planck to be released publicly. The package describes the scientific performance of the Planck payload, and presents results on a variety of astrophysical topics related to the sources included in the Catalogue, as well as selected topics on diffuse emission.


In what follows, I analyze the various definitions of sustainability that have been established in a diverse set of disciplines – the economics definitions of weak, strong, and environmental sustainability, the ecological definition, and the authoritative definitions enumerated in the Brundtland Report and Agenda 21 – and I argue that strong sustainability is the superior definition of sustainability in terms of production. Applying this definition to industrial firms via policies that harmonize producer actions with sustainable productive activity will require a fundamental readjustment of both producer and consumer behavior. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol14/iss1/18 The Park Place Economist, Volume XIV 88


We demonstrate a low-cost, high-sensitivity, all-fiber microcantilever sensor, a fiber-to-tip microcantilever sensor (FTMS). In this sensor, a nanosize fiber tip serves as both microcantilever and miniaturized light probe. Subnanometer displacements of the fiber-tip cantilever are expected to be registered by measuring the light intensity that it receives from a collinearly aligned single-mode fiber (SMF). We found that the cantilever-displacement curve is defined by the Gaussian profile of the fundamental mode, HE(11), guided in the aligned SMF. An FTMS vibration sensor has been implemented as an example of the technique, exhibiting an estimated resolution of 2 A. The FTMS should open new ways of inexpensive fiber-optic microcantilever sensing.


This paper revisits the earlier claim of one of its authors that a fundamental shift is taking place in policing towards a strategic, future-oriented and targeted approach to crime control—broadly represented in the concept of "intelligence led policing" (ILP)—built around analysis and management of problems and risks, rather than reactive responses to individual crimes. Some doubt may be cast on this view by recent government promotion in the UK of "reassurance" and "neighbourhood" policing, which prioritise responses to community fears and perceptions (rather than analysis of "objective" crime data), and through drives to improve detection rates in reactive investigations. However, ILP need not be understood narrowly in terms of proactive operational methods based on police intelligence, and is not necessarily incompatible with these new concerns. The National Intelligence Model (NIM), now adopted by all police forces in England and Wales, offers a framework of business processes for the management of policing priorities of all kinds: it can incorporate the perspectives of partner agencies and local communities, and can set parameters for reactive as well as proactive responses to crime. The structured use of analysis within the Model potentially takes full account of these factors, yet retains an essentially evidence based process of decision making and prioritisation, as well as a "forward looking" focus on threats to community safety. It may also in time facilitate closer integration of police and Community Safety Partnership processes. This represents an ideal rather than a present reality, and there are major risks to its realisation, including police cultural attitudes and misunderstanding, over-dominance of centrally set targets, and "silo thinking".


Working memory (WM) usually refers to a cognitive system devoted to the simultaneous maintenance and processing of information which plays a crucial role in high-level cognition. Recently, Barrouillet and collaborators showed the importance of controlling the time course of cognitive activities to assess WM capacities. Therefore, they developed a new paradigm to systematically explore the functioning of WM that involved simple but time-constrained activities as processing component. In comparison with traditional tasks, these computer-paced span tasks provide a more accurate evaluation of WM capacities and turned out to be the most predictive of complex cognitive achievements. The present study was the first attempt to evaluate the improvement of working memory resulting from training by repetition of this type of span tasks. Participants were trained during twelve sessions with a span task in which the duration of the concurrent activity was varied to ease the implementation of an attentional refreshing mechanism. The transfer effects were evaluated with a similar span task with a different type of material to be memorized. Results showed a significant effect of training, but no transfer effect: trained participants did not outperform a control group, and their performance in the second task did not differ from the first task. Thus, we suggested that the improvement in recall performance does not rely on an increased efficiency of a domain-general process (i.e., refreshing), but on the discovery and use of more efficient encoding strategies.


[1] Climate change can have severe impacts on the high-mountain cryosphere, such as instabilities in rock walls induced by thawing permafrost. Relating climate change scenarios produced from global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) to complex high-mountain environments is a challenging task. The qualitative and quantitative impact of changes in climatic conditions on local to microscale ground surface temperature (GST) and the ground thermal regime is not readily apparent. This study assesses a possible range of changes in the GST (ΔGST) in complex mountain topography. To account for uncertainties associated with RCM output, a set of 12 different scenario climate time series (including 10 RCM-based and 2 incremental scenarios) was applied to the topography and energy balance (TEBAL) model to simulate average ΔGST for 36 different topographic situations. Variability of the simulated ΔGST is related primarily to the emission scenarios, the RCM, and the approach used to apply RCM results to the impact model. In terms of topography, significant influence on GST simulation was shown by aspect because it modifies the received amount of solar radiation at the surface. North faces showed higher sensitivity to the applied climate scenarios, while uncertainties are higher for south faces. On the basis of the results of this study, use of RCM-based scenarios is recommended for mountain permafrost impact studies, as opposed to incremental scenarios.


The Diffusion of public information through electronic media providing administrative transparency and allow to increase the legitimacy of the government to enable citizens to participate in public affairs and that public authorities can to account for its actions to citizens. This paper refers to the form of application of Technical Standards and processes of information technology, IT. Using the methodology of work simplification, IT Technical Standards in force were applied in Ecuador. For this work was taken as reference Decentralized Autonomous Government of the Municipality of Ambato, DAGMA, for which the collection of information previously carried out, which helped to diagnose the current situation of e-Government del DAGMA through the SWOT analysis. Then, rules and policies were defined for the diffusion of digital public information, and explains how to apply the rules properly through the methodology for developing manuals, policies and procedures, resulting in the Application Guidelines of Standards and Policies for the dissemination of public information in the Digital DAGMA.


The idea that foreign language teaching has a cultural dimension is not new. Throughout the history of language teaching it has been possible to distinguish different links between language instruction and teaching about culture. The way how these two have been linked has depended on the general goals of foreign language education, but also on how the concept of culture has been interpreted. The main aim of the research is to get an insight into the situation of teaching cultural aspects in English language classes in Georgian Universities. In order to get a broader view, teachers' opinions of various aspects of teaching about culture while teaching EFL has been studied and discussed. A conclusion is made that, i n order to teach about culture systematically, teachers should set clear and achievable goals. However, to be able to do so, they need both contents and methods of teaching adequate training


The information technologies and communication (ICT) are part of methodological change in university teaching within the framework of the European Higher Education Area. One of the most used ICT within observational of fitness activity-sports are the video analysis techniques. In this regard, free software and free access program on line are sustainable tool for teaching university. This research to implementing the video analysis technology in physical education for primary education classes, with the objective of improve teaching intervention processes. The creation of a YouTube private cannel, the use of video editors and video download on line, or the use of apps for mobile devices in processes evaluation, they are elements to complete the research. 84.3% of students said that the experience has been useful. 41.2% did not know edit videos and after the experience itself. 85.3% prefer not to perform this kind of task instead written work.


Biotic interactions such as predation and competition can influence aquatic communities at small spatial scales, but they are expected to be overridden by environmental factors at large scales. The continuing threat to freshwater biodiversity of biological invasions indicates that biotic factors do, however, have important structuring roles. In Irish rivers, the native amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus has become locally extinct, ostensibly through differential predation by the more aggressive and introduced G. pulex. This mechanism explains impacts of G. pulex at within-river spatial scales on native macroinvertebrate community diversity, including declines in ephemeropterans, plecopterans, dipterans and oligochaetes. To determine if these patterns are predictable at larger spatial scales, we assessed patterns in native macroinvertebrate communities across river sites of the Erne catchment in 1998 and 1999, in conjunction with the distribution of G. pulex and G. d. celticus. In both years, G. pulex dominated invaded sites, whereas G. d. celticus occurred at low abundance in un-invaded sites. In both years, invaded sites had lower diversity and fewer pollution sensitive invertebrate species than un-invaded sites. Community ordination in 1998 showed that invaded sites had higher conductivity, smaller substrate particle size and comprised a lower proportion of pollution sensitive taxa including Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. In contrast, in 1999, conductivity was the only variable explaining site ordination along axis 1, but was unable to separate sites with respect to invasion status. A second explanatory axis separated sites with respect to invasion status, with invaded sites having fewer taxa, including lower abundance of ephemeropterans, dipterans and plecopterans. Laboratory experiments examined the potential role of differential predation between the two Gammarus species in explaining these taxon specific patterns in the field. Survival of the ephemeropterans, Ephemerella ignita and Ecdyonurus venosus and the isopod, Asellus aquaticus, was lower when interacting with G. pulex than with G. d. celticus. This study indicates that G. pulex may alter invertebrate community structure at scales beyond those detected within individual rivers. However, effects may be influenced by gradients in physico-chemistry, which may be temporal or depend on catchment characteristics. Invasions by amphipods have increased globally, thus comprehensive assessments of their impacts and of other aquatic invaders, may only be apparent when studies are conducted at a range of spatio-temporal scales.


Cotton is a vital component of the economies of Mid-South states. Producers and landowners are looking for ways to reduce the variability of irrigated yields, and soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) is a readily obtained parameter that can indicate soil variability. A study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at the Fisher Delta Research Center in Portageville, MO, with the objective to determine the impact of soil spatial variability on yield and irrigation water use efficiency for cotton. Observed ECa values were low, consistent with average sand contents that ranged from 59 to 82% in the upper 0.76 m of the soil profile. Spatial autocorrelation was present in the data and thus spatial analyses were used. In 2011, yields for two treatments were not significantly different from the mean field effect; however, the ECa effect was significant, indicating that soil variability impacted yield more than irrigation differences for the two treatments. In 2012, yields for four of the six treatments were significantly different from the mean field effect; however, the EC a effect was not significant. A quadratic equation was fit to the combined data from irrigated and rainfed plots in 2012. The resulting equation had a maximum of 3,372 kg ha -1 at 135 mm total irrigation and the median observed ECa value (3.0 mS m -1 ). Future efforts will include additional fields and environments, which should increase the understanding of the impact of soil variability and allow for improved selection of optimum management zones for site specific application of water and other inputs.


In 1990, as the new president of the University of Tennessee, I was trying to understand what had made American colleges and universities the best in the world. I asked David Gardner, then the president of the University of California, why his university has such a tradition of excellence. "First," he said, "autonomy. The California constitution created four branches of government, with the university being the fourth. The legislature basically turns over money to us without many rules about how to spend it. "The second is excellence. We were fortunate, at our beginning, to have a corps of faculty dedicated to high standards. That tradition has continued. And third, generous amounts of federal--and state--money have followed students to the schools of their choice. That has increased opportunity for those who couldn't afford college, created choices that make good fits between the student and the school, and stimulated competition that encouraged excellent programs." Autonomy. High standards. Government dollars following students to the schools of their choice. That was the formula for the GI Bill, passed by Congress in 1944. The program gave World War II veterans scholarships redeemable at any accredited institution, public or private. Those veterans who didn't hold a diploma could even use the scholarships at Catholic high schools. With these scholarships came few federal rules, thus preserving the universities' autonomy. And by allowing students to choose their college, the GI Bill encouraged excellence and discouraged weak programs. Not all university leaders welcomed the program. "It will create a hobo's jungle," warned legendary University of Chicago president Robert Hutchins. Instead, the GI Bill became the most successful piece of social legislation Congress ever enacted. It became the model for the federal grants and loans that today follow 58 percent of America's college students to the schools of their choice. In 1972, when Congress debated whether future federal funding for higher education should go directly to institutions or be channeled through students, the model of the GI Bill helped carry the day for the latter approach, which was surely the right one. Pell Grants (named for Sen. Claiborne Pell, D-R.I.), Stafford Loans, and other forms of financial assistance to students followed. This year the federal government will spend nearly $17 billion on grants and work-study programs and will provide an additional $52 billion in student loans. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Rarely has the federal taxpayer gotten so much bang for the buck. These federal vouchers trained the "greatest generation" and made it possible for a greater percentage of Americans to continue into higher education than in any other country. At the time of the GI Bill's passage in 1944, only about 6 percent of Americans held a four-year college degree. Today that figure stands at 26 percent. Moreover, these scholarships have strengthened public institutions. At the end of World War II, 50 percent of American college students were attending public institutions. Today 76 percent choose to attend public colleges and universities. So many foreign students want to attend American universities that some institutions impose caps in order to make room for lower-achieving homegrown students. British prime minister Tony Blair is overhauling his nation's system of higher education because he sees a growing gap between the quality of American and British universities. Likewise, former Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso recently told a small group of U.S. senators that the most important thing he would remember about his residency at the Library of Congress is "the uniqueness, strength, and autonomy of the American university." Meanwhile, federal support for elementary and secondary education has taken just the opposite approach--with opposite results. Instead of allowing tax dollars to follow students to the schools of their parents' choice, the federal government gives $35 billion directly to the schools themselves (or to the states, which then give it to schools). …


The spiritual leadership literature suggests that such leadership has a positive influence on organizations' productivity and profitability as well as on employees' enjoyment and well-being. In a qualitative study conducted at a Swedish abbey for nuns, using interviews, observations, correspondence, and documents, this research indicates that spiritual leadership may pose negative risks to organizations and their leaders. Risks in spiritual leadership that are indicated include a culture of narrow-mindedness and leadership rotation failure that can lead to rigidity and to the leader's work overload because of the demand for limitless empathy and for personal sacrifice. The findings should be viewed as an inspiration for further research.


This is a unique new reference book to English-language writers and writing throughout the present century, in all major genres and from all around the world - from Joseph Conrad to Will Self, Virginia Woolf to David Mamet, Ezra Pound to Peter Carey, James Joyce to Amy Tan. The survivors of the Victorian age who feature in The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English - writers such as Thomas Hardy, Olive Schreiner, Rabindranath Tagore, Henry James - could hardly have imagined how richly diverse 'Literature in English' would become by the end of the century. Fiction, plays, poetry, and a whole range of non-fictional writing are celebrated in this informative, readable, and catholic reference book, which includes entries on literary movements, periodicals, and over 400 individual works, as well as articles on some 2,400 authors. All the great literary figures are included, whether American or Australian, British, Irish, or Indian, African or Canadian or Caribbean - among them Samuel Beckett, Edith Wharton, Patrick White, T. S. Eliot, Derek Walcott, D. H. Lawrence, Tennessee Williams, Vladimir Nabokov, Wole Soyinka, Sylvia Plath - as well as a wealth of less obviously canonical writers, from Anais Nin to L. M. Montgomery, Bob Dylan to Terry Pratchett. The book comes right up to date with contemporary figures such as Toni Morrison, Ben Okri, Salman Rushdie, Carol Shields, Tim Winton, Nadine Gordimer, Vikram Seth, Don Delillo, and many others. Title entries range from Aaron's Rod to The Zoo Story; topics from Angry Young Men, Bestsellers, and Concrete Poetry to Soap Opera, Vietnam Writing, and Westerns. A lively introduction by John Sutherland highlights the various and sometimes contradictory canons that have emerged over the century, and the increasingly international sources of writing in English which the Companion records. Catering for all literary tastes, this is the most comprehensive single-volume guide to modern (and postmodern) literature.


Unmanned vehicles have been increasingly employed in real life. They include unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), unmanned spacecrafts, and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Unmanned vehicles like any other autonomous systems need controllers to stabilize and control them. On the other hand unmanned systems might subject to different faults. Detecting a fault, finding the location and severity of it, are crucial for unmanned vehicles. Having enough information about a fault, it is needed to redesign controller based on post fault characteristics of the system. The obtained controlled system in this case can tolerate the fault and may have a better performance. The main focus of this thesis is to develop Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) algorithms, and Fault Tolerant Controllers (FTC) to increase performance, safety and reliability of various missions using unmanned systems.

In the field of unmanned ground vehicles, a new kinematical control method has been proposed for the trajectory tracking of nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Robots (MWRs). It has been experimentally tested on an UGV, called Qbot. A stable leader-follower formation controller for time-varying formation configuration of multiple nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots has also been presented and is examined through computer simulation.

In the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, Two-Stage Kalman Filter (TSKF), Adaptive Two-Stage Kalman Filter (ATSKF), and Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) filter were proposed for FDD of the quadrotor helicopter testbed in the presence of actuator faults. As for space missions, an FDD algorithm for the attitude control system of the Japan Canada Joint Collaboration Satellite - Formation Flying (JC2Sat-FF) mission has been developed. The FDD scheme was achieved using an IMM-based FDD algorithm. The efficiency of the FDD algorithm has been shown through simulation results in a nonlinear simulator of the JC2Sat-FF.

A fault tolerant fuzzy gain-scheduled PID controller has also been designed for a quadrotor unmanned helicopter in the presence of actuator faults. The developed FDD algorithms and fuzzy controller were evaluated through experimental application to a quadrotor helicopter testbed called Qball-X4.


This thesis is about Bengali family life in Bethnal Green. This part of the East End of London is a place of paradoxical darkness and light where Victorian gloom, economic polarisation. Cockney traditions, racism and heartwarming kinship all coincide. Bengali families form the largest non-white ethnic group in the borough. They evince marked heterogeneity of biography, language, religious practice, occupation and household composition, yet certain themes such as chain networks of masculine support, the institution of arranged marriage and patrilineal joint households endure. Despite demographic density, the overall social atmosphere (batash) in Bethnal Green is experienced as attenuated and thin for many Bengali people, and for some, distorted and disfigured. Social knowledge is thick and pervasive through village connections with Bangladesh, but practical knowledge can be obstructed by living in a mixed- ethnicity area. The destabilising effects of this social atmosphere are shown to be compounded for those who also feel that they are vulnerable to gossip and spiritual modes of harm. Racism, in violent, institutionalised, banal and culturalised manifestations is a pervasive social practice in Bethnal Green which affects the lives of all its residents. I use the notion of the distribution of social predicaments as a heuristic device to present the ways in which cultural effects work in synergy with, or independently of other social facts. Whilst economic resources, gender and racism predictably have the most leverage in determining outcomes, the likely social trajectory for any individual cannot be extrapolated from these three factors alone. The interactions of cultural effects and social facts are exemplified maximally in the predicaments of young British women who marry husbands from Bangladesh. They take on burdensome engagement with enduring traditions of patriliny, novel reconfigurations of kin relationships, feminist discourse, relations of difference and changing expressions of Islam.


This paper demonstrates how the features and affordances of open learning have been developed in new and productive ways to provide school-based continuing professional development for teachers in Zambia. It presents and critically reviews data from 200 teachers who have taken part in phase 1 of the Zambian Education School-based Training (ZEST) – a project which, over the next three years, will be scaled-up across Zambia. The project is underpinned by the belief that knowledge about teaching is co-constructed through participation in, and reflection on, practice. Thus, the emphasis is on empowering teachers to work together to develop practices appropriate to their context – open practices. In the study, we describe an on-going process of realist evaluation which enables us to establish at an early stage what works in which contexts and informs on-going project planning. It concludes that this approach to evaluation has the potential to be helpful in understanding open practices and how they can be developed.


Abstract This paper reports on a study investigating the pragmatic skills and deficits of schizophrenic bilinguals in their spontaneous first language (L1) and second language (L2) speech. Smit (2009) (see also Smit et al., this volume) argues that the locus of deficits in schizophrenic speech is semantics and suggests that a next step would be to investigate the pragmatic skills of schizophrenic bilinguals, given the close relationship between semantics and pragmatics. The study reported here followed up on Smit's suggestion and employed Prutting and Kirchner's (1987) Pragmatic Protocol to pragmatically assess the spontaneous L1 Afrikaans and L2 English use of four schizophrenic bilinguals who exhibited differential symptomatology, that is presented with different symptoms, as well as a difference in the severity thereof, when assessed in their L1 than when assessed in their L2. On the basis of the results of the assessment we conclude that such pragmatic assessment (i) provides insight into the nature of schizophrenic speech but (ii) does not provide insight into the phenomenon of differential symptomatology.


Abstract. Arabesque is an application for the exploration and geovisualisation of origin-destination flows (or spatial networks), developed within the framework of the Univ. Gustave Eiffel (ex. IFSTTAR)-funded research project geographic flow visualisation (gflowiz) geoflowiz, in collaboration with the CNRS. It allows both the exploration and the filtering of OD data and their representation, with a strong emphasis on geographic information layering and features' semiology. The key-objective is to propose an easy way to produce a modern cartography (a geovisualisation) of thematic flows (e.g. bilateral flow volume), at several geographic scales, even from your own datasets. The objective of this article is to position Arabesque in the range of geoweb applications for producing flow maps, by comparing its functionalities with those of similar web applications – Magrit, Kepler.gl, flowmap.blue – pointing out their respective advantages and limitations. The analysis of its functionalities is compared on the same flow dataset – MOBSCO, i.e. a dataset describing the school mobility of French pupils and students on a given year – for a practical and empirical "validation" of its contributions. We demonstrate that the configurations and appearances of these tools' visual output depend largely on the culture of their developers, and on the use and audiences for which they have been developed.


We take issue with claims that the funding mix of banks, which makes them fragile and crisis-prone, is efficient because it reflects special liquidity benefits of bank debt. Even aside from neglecting the systemic damage to the economy that banks' distress and default cause, such claims are invalid because banks have multiple small creditors and are unable to commit effectively to their overall funding mix and investment strategy ex ante. The resulting market outcomes under laissez-faire are inefficient and involve excessive borrowing, with default risks that jeopardize the purported liquidity benefits. Contrary to claims in the literature that "equity is expensive†and that regulation requiring more equity in the funding mix entails costs to society, such regulation actually helps create useful commitment for banks to avoid the inefficiently high borrowing that comes under laissez-faire. Effective regulation is beneficial even without considering systemic risk; if such regulation also reduces systemic risk, the benefits are even larger.


We describe a theoretical framework for the interpretation of time-resolved phonon absorption experiments
carried out in the fractional quantum Hall regime of a magnetically quantized two-dimensional electron system.
The only phonons which can be absorbed at low temperature are those whose energies exceed the magnetoroton
gap predicted by Girvin, MacDonald and Platzman @Phys. Rev. B 33, 2481 ~1986!#. The rate of energy
transfer from the phonons to the electron liquid is entirely controlled by the creation of these collective
excitations. Using simple isotropic approximations for the phonon propagation and electron-phonon coupling,
we obtain analytic results for the regime in which the electron temperature and the characteristic temperature
of the phonons are much less than the gap, and identify the way in which the dispersion curve of the
magnetorotons could be extracted from time- and angle-resolved experiments.


Background Since 2008, a clinical pharmacy program has been successfully implemented in the French referral centre for pulmonary hypertension (Pulmonary department, Clamart, France). However, the management of this rare and complex disease requires specialist knowledge from physicians and pharmacist residents. Physicians and pharmacist residents often have a limited knowledge of PH. Indeed, upon their arrival, this lack of specialist knowledge could affect PH patient care. Purpose The aim of this study was to design, implement and assess the training of pharmaceutical and medical residents on PH for before their arrival, in order to optimise patient care. Materials and methods From February to June 2011, an e-learning program was designed using the Dokeos Learning Management System (LMS). Web accesses were sent to the residents two weeks prior to their arrival. The e-learning course was evaluated for quality by interviewing new residents regarding its form and content. An evaluation of the type of training was also performed. Results All the new residents appreciated the e-learning tool which was found 'user friendly' and suitable for their learning objectives. Four out of five new residents found that e-learning facilitated their integration into the pneumology department. Although individual knowledge of PH was erratic upon arrival, all the residents gained new knowledge demonstrating that e-learning could be a real 'à la carte' learning tool. E-learning was also appreciated as a tool of distance learning. Conclusions The e-learning tool designed in this pilot study by a collaborative pharmacy practice approach improved the resident learning process on PH. Overall, this contributed to better management of patient care. Optimisation and final validation as a continuing medical education tool for PH are required prior to it being made available to other healthcare professionals.


The increasingly widespread use of 'smart' devices has raised multifarious ethical concerns regarding their use in domestic spaces. Previous work examining such ethical dimensions has typically either involved empirical studies of concerns raised by specific devices and use contexts, or alternatively expounded on abstract concepts like autonomy, privacy or trust in relation to 'smart homes' in general. This paper attempts to bridge these approaches by asking what features of smart devices users consider as rendering them 'smart' and how these relate to ethical concerns. Through a multimethod investigation including surveys with smart device users (n=120) and semi-structured interviews (n=15), we identify and describe eight types of smartness and explore how they engender a variety of ethical concerns including privacy, autonomy, and disruption of the social order. We argue that this middle ground, between concerns arising from particular devices and more abstract ethical concepts, can better anticipate potential ethical concerns regarding smart devices.


Plagiarism, a concern of copying the text and claiming to be one's own, is posing a never-ceasing challenge for those engaged in scientific research and ethical publications. Committing plagiarism intentionally is a punishable act, violating the moral and intellectual property of original author. Researchers must be aware of this sensitive issue and it may be amenable to further exploit this prominent aspect. Plagiarism needs to be potentially explored and exposed to all those contributing to the scientific research so as to lock it up universally. The present discussion is designed with a prime objective to provide an insight on how plagiarism is corrupting the scientific research and the keys to troubleshoot the declining reputation of the profession with special emphasis on pharmaceutical field. Herein, authors have tried to focus over the basics pertaining to plagiarism, a questionable fact in ethical publications. The manuscript could be beneficial to one who is at the entrance of research gate in scientific fields including pharmaceutical sector. The review embodies the fact that the plagiarism must be looked up by the researchers around the globe and awareness needs to be cultivated amongst them to foster the culture tied with honesty, and professionalism.


Soil water recharge ( R ) below 1 m depth was estimated via a 1-d water balance for grasslands, hardwood stands and red pine plantations on the Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) in southern Ontario, Canada. Annual R values (431–696 mm) were in the order of previous estimates for outcropping sands and gravels on the ORM (∼400 mm); however, they only partially supported hypothesized differences in R between land covers. Annual R was similar for grasslands and hardwood stands and exceeded that for red pine plantations. However, there were no consistent differences in R between land covers for growing or dormant seasons, due to relatively large uncertainties for R estimates as well as inter-site differences in the soil9s ability to store and transmit inputs below 1 m. Nevertheless, shifts in annual R appear to have accompanied historical land cover changes from hardwood-conifer stands → agricultural fields → red pine plantations → regenerating hardwoods. Growing season R in hardwoods makes a larger contribution to total R than for other land covers, partly due to spatially focused throughfall and stemflow contributions to R . Results highlight the role of land cover differences when assessing spatial variations in R along the ORM.


Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare and lethal developmental disorder of the lung defined by a constellation of characteristic histopathological features. Nonpulmonary anomalies involving organs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary systems have been identified in approximately 80% of patients with ACD/MPV. We have collected DNA and pathological samples from more than 90 infants with ACD/MPV and their family members. Since the publication of our initial report of four point mutations and 10 deletions, we have identified an additional 38 novel nonsynonymous mutations of FOXF1 (nine nonsense, seven frameshift, one inframe deletion, 20 missense, and one no stop). This report represents an up to date list of all known FOXF1 mutations to the best of our knowledge. Majority of the cases are sporadic. We report four familial cases of which three show maternal inheritance, consistent with paternal imprinting of the gene. Twenty five mutations (60%) are located within the putative DNA‐binding domain, indicating its plausible role in FOXF1 function. Five mutations map to the second exon. We identified two additional genic and eight genomic deletions upstream to FOXF1. These results corroborate and extend our previous observations and further establish involvement of FOXF1 in ACD/MPV and lung organogenesis.


Adventitious rooting is a complex process and a key step in the vegetative propagation of economically important woody, horticultural and agricultural species, playing an important role in the successful production of elite clones. The formation of adventitious roots is a quantitative genetic trait regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. Among phytohormones, auxin plays an essential role in regulating roots development and it has been shown to be intimately involved in the process of adventitious rooting. Great progress has been made in elucidating the auxin-induced genes and auxin signaling pathway, especially in auxin response Aux/IAA and Auxin Response Factor gene families. Although some important aspects of adventitious and lateral rooting signaling have been revealed, the intricate signaling network remains poorly understood. This review summarizes some of the current knowledge on the physiological aspects of adventitious root formation and highlights the recent progress made in the identification of putative molecular players involved in the control of adventitious rooting. Despite much has been discovered regarding the effects and regulation of auxins on plant growth since the Darwin experiments, there is much that remains unknown.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an ageing-related neurodegenerative disease characterized and diagnosed by deposition of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The plaque accumulation in the brain directly affects reduced levels of Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, as Aβ can freely transport the blood-brain barrier, and clinical investigations have suggested these two biofluids as promising samples for in vitro diagnosis. Given that the human eye structurally resembles the brain and Aβ accumulation often observed in the ocular region of AD patients, in this study, we examined aqueous humor Aβ as another possible surrogate biomarker. First, using the acute Aβ-infused AD mouse model by injecting Aβ to the CSF in intracerebroventricular region of normal ICR mice, we investigated whether Aβ concentration in the aqueous humor in AD models is positively correlated with the concentration in the CSF. Then, we examined the correlation of aqueous humor Aβ levels with increased plaque deposition in the brain and reduced Aβ levels in both CSF and blood in adult and aged 5XFAD Alzheimer transgenic mice. Collectively, the synthetic Aβ injected into CSF immediately migrate to the aqueous humor, however, the age-dependently reducing pattern of Aβ levels in CSF and blood was not observed in the aqueous humor.


Abstract Small- and start-up firms in the high-tech industry usually engage in networking to overcome resource, knowledge, and competence constraints in creative, innovation-based competition. Quite often, however, network relationships fail due to lack of network capability (NC), defined as the ability to manage and gain benefits from external relationships. In the present study, we propose and examine an updated five-dimension NC construct and test its effect on innovativeness and performance. Two independent high-tech samples of small firms and start-ups support measurement properties of the proposed NC construct and suggest that the often-overlooked dimension in NC research of network relationship building is important to include in a complete NC construct. Doing so can help explain organizational innovativeness and effects on the customer, sales, and innovation performance more effectively. As a result, we find support for the proposed NC scale and the importance of network capabilities for small companies and start-ups to remain competitive.


INTRODUCTION
Poor muscle quality and sedentary behavior are risk factors for metabolic dysfunction in children and adolescents. However, because longitudinal data are scarce, relatively little is known about how changes in muscle quality and physical activity influence bone development.

PURPOSE
In a 2-yr longitudinal study, we examined the effects of physical activity and changes in muscle quality on bone parameters in young girls.

METHODS
The sample included 248 healthy girls age 9-12 yr at baseline. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to measure calf and thigh muscle density, an indicator of skeletal muscle fat content or muscle quality, as well as bone parameters at diaphyseal and metaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia. Physical activity was assessed using a validated questionnaire specific for youth.

RESULTS
After controlling for covariates in multiple regression models, increased calf muscle density was independently associated with greater gains in cortical (β = 0.13, P < 0.01) and trabecular (β = 0.25, P < 0.001) volumetric bone mineral density and the bone strength index (β = 0.25, P < 0.001) of the tibia. Importantly, these relationships were generalized, as similar changes were present at the femur. Associations between physical activity and changes in bone parameters were weaker than those observed for muscle density. Nevertheless, physical activity was significantly (all P < 0.05) associated with greater gains in trabecular volumetric bone mineral density and the bone strength index of the distal femur.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that poor muscle quality may put girls at risk for suboptimal bone development. Physical activity is associated with more optimal gains in weight-bearing bone density and strength in girls, but to a lesser extent than changes in muscle quality.


Electronic workplace surveillance takes many forms. It includes CCTV, recording telephone conversations, employee ID cards, and electronically gathering and measuring work performance. The increased incidences of electronic surveillance have had a number of effects on employees. This research concentrated on the use of quantified electronic performance measurement. It specifically examined the impact on managers and managing. It examined surveillance from an employment relationship perspective, taking as its primary lens that of exchange and exchange theory. The research demonstrated that the exchange relationships managers have with other managers, workers, or employers, as part of the psychological contract, is being compromised. Managers feel under pressure to manage based on the surfeit of electronic measures rather than by using innate or acquired management skills. Many managers in this research are no longer managers in the conventional sense; instead, they have become "Performance Intermediary Executives" invariably reliant on a plethora of electronic measures provided for them to help them manage successfully. Managers have also started questioning the equitable nature of the psychological contract between them and their employer/line manager. The result of this equity disjuncture was made manifest by the subtle forms of resistance used on a daily basis. Managers are being led down a managerial path leading to further resistance and inequitable employment and exchange relationships. This research suggests that claimed improvements in performance and performance management using electronic surveillance could be wiped out by poor and de-professionalised management. Organisations should be aware that surveillance for surveillance sake is not necessarily always the best way forward. Electronic workplace surveillance is not intrinsically all good or all bad, but judging from the findings in this research, its impact is broadly perceived by managers negatively, which is not good for all parties in the employment relationship.


Over 17 million km\(^2\) of land surface is affected by flooding every year, resulting in severe damages to plants and yield losses in agricultural production around the globe. While the importance of plant breeding for waterlogging tolerance has long been on the agenda, the progress in the field is handicapped by the physiological and genetic complexity of this trait.
The main feature of waterlogged soils is oxygen deprivation, due to slow gas diffusion in water. Decreased oxygen content in waterlogged soils leads to oxygen deficiency, resulting in reduced energy availability for plants. Plant adaptation to waterlogged conditions requires a set of morphological and physiological/biochemical changes. The formation of aerenchyma is one of the most crucial adaptive traits for waterlogging tolerance in wetland species such as rice. Enzymatic scavenging may also contribute to waterlogging tolerance by providing detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this thesis, the changes of root porosity (an indicator of aerenchyma formation in roots) and activities in leaves of four major antioxidant enzymes was reported, in six barley genotypes contrasting in waterlogging tolerance. Soil waterlogging caused significant increases in adventitious root porosity in all genotypes. Waterlogging tolerant genotypes showed not only significantly higher adventitious root porosity than sensitive genotypes (P < 0.01) but also much faster development of aerenchyma. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves did not correlate with waterlogging tolerance.
Quantifying aerenchyma formation after 7 days of waterlogging can be a fast and reliable approach for the selection of waterlogging tolerant barley genotypes, which is supported by measurements of redox potential (an indicator of anaerobic conditions). This protocol was also used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a doubled haploid population of barley from the cross between Yerong (tolerant) and Franklin (sensitive) genotypes. The QTL for aerenchyma formation and root porosity were at the same location as one of the major QTL for waterlogging tolerance. The major QTL for aerenchyma formation after 7 days waterlogging treatment on chromosome 4H explained 42.8% of the phenotypic variance. Seven new markers were developed and added onto this region on chromosome 4H. These markers can be effectively used in marker assisted selection to improve waterlogging tolerance in barley.
A wild barley genotype TAM407227 showed very good tolerance to waterlogging and, therefore, provides a useful resource for breeding waterlogging tolerant barley. A high density linkage map was constructed between the wild barley and a cultivated barley Franklin (waterlogging sensitive) using 163 doubled haploid lines. A total of 17 QTL were detected for various traits under waterlogging and control conditions. A new major allele for waterlogging tolerance and aerenchyma formation under waterlogging conditions was identified. The QTL for aerenchyma formation on chromosome 4H explained 76.8% phenotypic variance with a LOD value of 51.4. The high density linkage maps and the QTL for aerenchyma formation can be effectively used for further fine mapping, QTL positional cloning, and marker assisted selection.
Breeding for abiotic stress tolerant crops has drawn increased attention and a large number of QTL for drought, salinity, and waterlogging tolerance in barley have been detected. However, very few QTL have been successfully used in marker assisted selection in breeding programs. We summarized 632 QTL for drought, salinity and waterlogging tolerance in barley. Among all these QTL, 195 major QTL with a LOD value above 3.0 were used to conduct metaanalysis to refine QTL positions for use in marker assisted selection. Meta-analysis was used to map the summarized major QTL for drought, salinity, and waterlogging tolerance from different mapping populations onto the barley physical map. The positions of identified meta-QTL (MQTL) were used to search for candidate genes for drought, salinity, and waterlogging tolerance in barley. Two meta-QTL, MQTL3H.4 and MQTL6H.2, were found to be associated with drought tolerance. Fine mapped QTL for salinity tolerance, HvNax4 and HvNax3, were validated on MQTL1H.4 and MQTL7H.2, respectively. MQTL2H.1 and MQTL5H.3 are also the target regions for improving salinity tolerance in barley. MQTL4H.4 with a fine mapped QTL for aerenchyma formation under waterlogging conditions is the main region controlling waterlogging tolerance in barley. Detected and refined MQTL and candidate genes are crucial for future successful marker assisted selection in barley breeding.


Abstract The Miocene igneous rocks in the Basal Unit of the Lavrion area form part of the granitoid province of the central Aegean. Undeformed, subvertical dykes of quartz-syenite to granodiorite and granite porphyries, and a little deformed but variably altered granodiorite stock intrude metamorphic rocks of the Basal Unit. A 9.4 ± 0.3 Ma K–Ar age on feldspar for a dyke rock provides a minimum age for the igneous activity in the Basal Unit. East–west orientation of porphyry dykes is indicative of a regional extensional stress field with roughly north–south direction. Substantial extension in the Basal Unit after granodiorite emplacement is evident from widespread quartz veining associated with hydrothermal alteration of the granodiorite and the occurrence of mineralized tension gashes cutting the hydrothermally altered hornfelses. Final emplacement of the Blueschist Unit over the Basal Unit by extensional detachment post-dates contact metamorphism of the rocks surrounding the granodiorite. Geochemical diagrams show a continuous range of compositions from the dykes to the granodiorite. Radiogenic isotope compositions are compatible with a common magmatic source for the two lithologies. Elemental variations, as well as the considerable geochemical similarity of the dyke rocks to the Hercynian paragneiss of the central Cyclades, indicate that crustal melts were significant components during the evolution of the igneous rocks with fractional crystallization as an important process during later stages of evolution. The granodiorite displays geochemical signatures indicative of a significant mafic mantle-derived magma component.


RECENT INCREASES in the national unemployment rate and forecasts of higher rates throughout 1975 have brought unemployment back into competition with inflation as the major economic problem. Since the three-andone-half-year low set in October 1973, aggregate unemployment has increased by almost 1.9 million people, raising the overall unemployment rate to 6.5 percent in November 1974. The reported rate among teenagers has risen from the October 1973 low of 14 percent to more than 17 percent; the rate among blacks is almost 12 percent; and the rate for black teenagers is over 37 percent. Further increases in unemployment over the next year are widely forecast and there is a natural concern that the already depressed groups will be hit the hardest.


This lively collection presents the revised papers resulting from a conference held at the Faculty of Law of the University of Groningen under the auspices of the Groningen Centre for Law and Governance and the Department of European and Economic Law. The conference brought together scholars from a number of countries to examine a series of current issues in international migration law - a topic which continues to be of major importance worldwide. The collection aims to widen horizons in the debate and assist in achieving an understanding of the fact, often forgotten by those who prefer rhetoric to understanding, that migration is a truly global phenomenon. While Europe is at the forefront of population changes and debates on the control and management of migration, there are major issues and crises in many areas across the globe, and various contributions to this volume rightly draw attention to them.


The "New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records" series includes new records of marine species found in the Mediterranean basin and/or information on the spatial distribution of already established species of particular interest. The current article presents information on 20 marine taxa classified per country according to their geographic position in the Mediterranean, from west to east. The new records per ecoregion are as follows: Algeria: the first record of the fish Etrumeus golanii is reported along the Algerian coast. Tunisia : the alien jellyfish Phyllorhiza punctata is reported for the first time in the Gulf of Gabes. Italy : the first record of Siganus rivulatus in the Strait of Sicily and a new record of Katsuwonus pelamis from the central Tyrrhenian Sea are reported. The establishment of the isopod of the genus Mesanthura in the northern Tyrrhenian with some notes on its ecology are also included. Croatia: signs of establishment of the Lessepsian Siganus luridus and the occurrence of the alien mollusc Rapana venosa are reported. Albania : the first record of the elasmobranch Alopias superciliosus and a recent sighting of the rare monk seal Monachus monachus in Albanian waters are given. Greece : signs of the establishment of the fish Parupeneus forsskali and of the ascidian Hermania momus in Hellenic Aegean waters are reported. Turkey : a new record of the fish P. forsskali and of the Acarea of the genus Acaromantis and Simognathus are given, while the first case of Remora australis in association with delphinids and the occurrence of the sea star Coscinasterias tenuispina are reported. Also, the establishment of the two alien species Isognomon legumen and Viriola sp. [cf. corrugata ] are presented. Egypt : the fish Bathygobius cyclopterus is reported for the first time in Mediterranean Sea waters. Also, a new record of Pagellus bogaraveo and a first record of Seriola fasciata in Egyptian Mediterranean waters are reported. Lebanon : the first record of Dondice banyulensis is presented.


In perspective of increasing environmental degradation, battery packs for electric vehicle is a major focus of study. The battery packs operate at higher current discharge rate to provide enough energy and power to vehicle. During this, enormous amount of heat is generated, which potentially causes safety issues, such as overheating, combustion, explosion. Therefore, the need of design of an efficient thermal management system is essential for reducing any accidents that might occur due to these problems. The present work will conduct detailed survey on the thermal management system design for cooling of the battery packs. This work provides an overview of the present research focus, and points out some possible new research directions to design a more efficient thermal management system. The survey discusses the three important types of thermal management strategies: air management, fluid management and phase-change materials. Parallel air management design can efficiently moderate the temperature rise with a less cost in volume, weight and fee, while liquid management demands more accessories and cost more, and the phase-change materials also guarantee excellent heat dissipation. The critical directions of research identified are a) Multi-objective Optimization of battery pack variables b) Battery cell uniformity and equalization c) Mechanical design of light weight and volume battery pack d) Sustainable and robust battery pack. Based on these findings, authors intend to innovate a compact thermal design of a battery pack that is safe, reliable and economically viable.


Fifteen rams were used in a series of three experiments in which different nutritional treatments were allocated to groups of 5 individually housed animals (3 treatments per experiment). In all experiments one group received only the basal ration (1 kg/day of a pelleted diet) and a second group was fed this ration plus 750 g/day of lupins. The remaining three treatments were: (1) the basal ration plus an intra-abomasal infusion of casein (200 g/day) and glucose (1 12 g/day); (2) a pelleted diet consisting of the basal ration plus oil (60 g/day) and VFA salts (255 g/day), together with an intra-abomasal infusion of casein (200 g/day) and glucose (112 g/day), and (3) the basal ration plus 800 g/day of barley. Experiments were carried out over a period of 42-49 days and measurements were made of testicular size, wool growth, liveweight and digestibility of the diets. The results of this study were compared with those of a number of published and unpublished experiments. Testicular growth was highly correlated (r= 0.86) with liveweight change in a curvilinear relationship. Change in liveweight and respiration rate were highly correlated with digestible energy intake (r=0.79 and r=0.94 respectively). Wool growth was highly correlated (r=0.97) with crude protein intake and nitrogen balance, with digestible energy having only a marginal influence. There was also a high correlation (r= 0.85) between digestible energy intake and testicular growth, with dietary protein having only a marginal influence. Comparison of these data with published data on testicular growth in rams confirmed the above relationships. It was concluded that testicular growth in rams responds more to digestible energy intake and liveweight change than to crude protein availability.


Overview: There's a possibility that Australia's future submarine (FSM) will be based on a Japanese design. The government has explicitly kept that option open, along with the possibility of buying the boats from Germany or France. Wherever the FSM is designed, built, or both, the supplier's political reliability and technological suitability are vital, as is establishing trust in the ability of both sides to work together effectively and efficiently on such a complex capability. This paper examines what a possible Australian–Japanese submarine deal would mean for the wider relationship between the two countries, as well as the geostrategic implications.


Very few scholars discuss the moral basis of the right of persons accused of crimes to be supplied with attorneys if they cannot afford them. More discussion of the topic is needed, in particular because political theorists who prefer a minimal state deny that indigent persons have such a moral right. This article addresses their contentions by developing three arguments for supplying poor persons accused of crimes with defense attorneys. First, doing so will prevent state officials from becoming emboldened in their dealings with the poor, such that they might come to pose a threat to the non-poor. Second, poor persons who believe that the state does not treat them fairly will have reduced incentives to abide by the law, which will, in turn, increase the cost of the minimal state. Third, the better off should show solidarity with the poor in demanding that the minimal state honor all citizens' rights to life, liberty, and property. Crucial to these arguments is the claim that a right of indigent defense is unlike other welfare rights in that securing it protects other basic moral rights that minimal statists acknowledge.


At a panel discussion at the London School of Economics (LSE) in early October, I said in my concluding remarks that while I was not optimistic about the likelihood of a robust global climate deal at Copenhagen, "there seemed to be a strong consensus in world capitals for a weak agreement." Well, I was more or less right. We ended up with something rather ineffectual: a less than unanimous declaratory announcement (of feeble aims), although they call it an accord; and, in any case, it is neither a treaty nor even a binding commitment underpinned in law. In fact, domestic politics and the recession have probably put paid to hopes for a precise emissions quota-focused treaty in the near term. At any rate, a legally binding multilateral document is hardly sufficient: emission outcomes even under the formally binding Kyoto Protocol with a built-in enforcement mechanism are widely perceived to have been inadequate.An address of this sort has the advantage that it is not entirely out of place to share expansive thoughts, which is, of course, another way of saying that I can take some liberty or that this is a work in progress and therefore bits of the paper are, "cognitively speaking", unsettled. Nonetheless, I shall be forgiven since I was a guest.Regardless of what has transpired in Copenhagen, the sheer scope and longevity of the challenge of climate change will be impacted by and impinge on four factors: 1. Coordination among nations: Without further engagement, the amount of global abatement realized, due to the free rider problem, will almost certainly be undersupplied relative to the magnitude of the global "public bad" threat (if the scientists are right, and the balance of probabilities warrant action commensurate with the "precautionary principle"). 2. Technology transformations: Highly capital intensive ones, in part because of more demanding "target & regulate" national policies. 3. Instruments for pricing carbon: These may change, for instance, from cap and trade (CAT) to a carbon emission tax (CET). Also, there are likely to be multiple prices; as it is, there is a spread between EUissued tradable allowances and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)-generated offset permits; and, if CETs are imposed, then (international) harmonization will inevitably be a long drawn affair. 4. Institutions and capacities, both domestic and multilateral: New ones may have to be created and existing ones will have to be strengthened for funding, facilitating transfers, monitoring, implementing, etc. The paper has been motivated primarily to outline and delve into what is entailed - along key dimensions - in bringing about emissions reduction for climate stabilization. In some way, this tack, inter alia, may help to implicitly explain why it has been so difficult to agree on sharing responsibilities and confront other challenges. The plan of the paper is as follows. In the next section, I briefly review the desired quantum and possible time-line for global carbon abatement for minimizing the likelihood of irreversible climate change. The subsequent two sections explore promising approaches in the transport and power sectors that are likely to be at the crux for halving energy-related emissions by 2050. Also in these sections, the indispensable technologies are described and the obstacles in the way of routine commercialization are explained. I analyze the "well-to-wheel" strategy for curtailing use of liquid hydrocarbon fuels and associated discharge in the transport sector in the context of rising incomes driving increasing aspiration for personal transport in the coming decades. The role of decarbonizing the electricity sector is underscored, and the chasm that has to be crossed in reaching emission targets in this area is critically drawn to attention. Next, I evaluate the relative merits of worldwide carbon policy mechanisms that are crucial for incentivizing a low-carbon outcome. Specifically, we look at how best to dynamically price emissions through markets-based instruments. A case is made for establishing explicit rules rather than unfettered discretion for policy makers. In the absence of other credible instruments for helping developing countries with costs of mitigation, suggestions are made for widening the scope of the CDM, as also strengthening its integrity. Following on, the subsequent section assesses the scope for financial help for developing countries from the rich nations towards mitigation. The final section has conclusions.


Purpose: Cataract is one of the most common diseases of older ages and, at present, the leading cause of avoidable blindness in the world. Along with the population growth, the rate of cataract surgeries is increasing in most countries worldwide. The number of cataract operations per million population per year is known as the cataract surgery rate (CSR) and is one of the indicators introduced by Vision 2020 initiative. This index is a useful indicator of the level of eye care services. The main purpose of the ICSS was to determine the CSR from 2000 to 2005 in Iran and use results to develop improved strategies towards the elimination of cataract. Methods: In a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional survey, the Iranian population which has undergone cataract surgery is targeted. First, all major and minor cataract surgery services are identified and the required sample is randomly selected. Data from 8000 cases of cataract surgery is collected and studied. Conclusion: The Iranian cataract surgery survey (ICSS) determines the CSR over a five year period and provides valuable information in terms of cataract surgery methods and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The results will definitely be useful in developing strategies to eliminate cataract from the causes of avoidable blindness and improve eye care services.