The paper describes epistemic marking in Ika (Arwako-Chibchan, Colombia) and proposes an analysis in terms of a typologically unusual pattern called conjunct/disjunct, which has been attested for a small number of Asian and South American languages. Canonically, conjunct occurs with first person subjects in statements and with second person in questions, as opposed to any other combination of subject and sentence-type, which is disjunct.The pattern found in Ika both conforms to expectations and, at the same time, contributes to a more nuanced analysis of the functional motivations of the conjunct/disjunct pattern. In Ika, conjunct marking encodes the speaker's direct access to an event that involves either (or both) of the speech participants. In addition, conjunct/disjunct marking interacts predictably with a second set of epistemic markers that encode asymmetries in the epistemic authority of the speaker and the addressee. The analysis builds on first-hand data but remains tentative, awaiting further investigation.


The Court is the Bank's Board of Directors. Its role has changed over the years as the Bank has evolved from a privately owned bank into a public institution, and especially over the past 20 years. In statute, Court's task is to 'manage the affairs of the Bank'. It sets the Bank's strategy and budget and risk standards, and oversees internal controls through its Audit and Risk Committee. Court also monitors the processes and performance of the Bank's key policy Committees — the Monetary Policy Committee, the Financial Policy Committee and the Board of the Prudential Regulation Authority. This role is performed by the nine non-executives, who sit on an Oversight Committee created by the 2012 Financial Services Act.


The report documents findings from fieldwork in Vanuatu undertaken during November 2014. The intention is to contextualise the resilience building work of the Vanuatu NGO Climate Change Adaptation Program within themes that have emerged within the academic literature on climate change adaptation and resilience, and on community-based adaptation in particular. These themes challenge those concerned with adaptation to think more critically about the nature of communities, and to explore how power and politics at different scales (from the local to the global) influence the opportunities for and constraints on adaptation for different members of a community. The resilience perspective pushes understanding of adaptation further, inviting systematic consideration of how programming can address not only climate change impacts, but also how agency and structure can be addressed to empower vulnerable groups in the face of climate change. The findings draw attention to how vulnerability is defined by multiple interconnected issues that have different significance in the lives of different community members, each of whom have their own perceptions of risk and access to opportunities. While relationships defined by power and cultural norms shape how local risks are understood, prioritised and managed in adaptation decision making processes, a focus on equitable decision making can support the emergence of adaptive capacity that is the basis for future adaptive actions that benefit the whole community. Adaptive capacity also demands opportunities for local people to build their technical and decision making capacities and relationships with external actors. While this is increasingly understood by the agencies working within the Vanuatu NGO Climate Change Adaptation Program at the level of rhetoric, it remains for a deeper change in perspective to develop. It will take a significant investment of time if NGOs are to step back and restrict themselves to facilitating community access to information and knowledge as a precursor to informing their own processes of decision making. For the most part, structural issues, which fundamentally limit adaptation and development choices, remain in the background to the projects studied during the fieldwork. The baseline assessments that underpin community-based adaptation must take account of structural issues at multiple scales, and establish whether support for more equitable social, cultural or political change is a necessary part of action on adaptation. Taken together, this analysis supports the intention of the program to shift community-based adaptation away from its comfort zone. However, agencies will need to work hard to push beyond the familiar focus on climate change impacts and capacity building that supports individual agency, and towards actions that link agency and structure through support for broad-based coalitions for change. In support of this goal, rights-based strategies are proposed to address structural constraints on adaptive capacity. By exploring the mechanisms that underpin marginalisation and exclusion, rights-based approaches enable development actors to support vulnerable communities in seeking reform via social and political processes or through appeal to legal or administrative systems.


The transfer function of an optical system in the presence of off-axis aberrations is evaluated via Gauss quadrature. The transfer function in the presence of third-order coma is studied and the phase of the transfer function is shown to be a smooth function. The variance of the wavefront is obtained for all third- and fifth-order aberrations and its use is illustrated for an actual system along with the transfer function.


Interpreting and applying macroeconomic analysis to the global economic environment and understanding the tools used to do so is fundamental to making good managerial decisions. Presuming no background in economic theory and prioritizing international application, this textbook introduces macroeconomics to business students. It explains how to understand domestic and global macroeconomic developments, policies, and data, and makes extensive use of case studies and data sets to present modern macroeconomics in a globalized world. Each chapter has several specific data exercises and practices as well as an international application focusing on the global perspective. By providing a host of international material, this book is useful for instructors and students around the globe.


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This study examines the impact on student performance of the education finance reform enacted in 1993 in Massachusetts and of school districts' institutional structure. Estimating education expenditure and demand functions, this study presents evidence that changes in the state education aid following the education reform resulted in significantly higher student performance. Also, school officials and voters in the dependent school districts in Massachusetts respond to fiscal incentives in much the same way as those in independent school districts in other states. Finally, there are significant differences between regular school districts (coterminous with a single municipality) and regional school districts (consisting of more than one).


Psychiatry is an applied science. It thus shares the characteristic of all applied science in that it is ultimately applied at two levels – general and specific. Scientific research inevitably focuses on aggregate data and seeks to generalize findings across persons, places or things. However, in the courtroom, as is true in other applied settings, the focus is usually on an individual case. Thus, psychiatry presents the challenge inherent in all scientific evidence of reasoning from group data to an individual case, which is termed the "G2i problem." But psychiatry, unlike many scientific fields that come to court, also confronts the G2i problem in its daily practice, since mental health professionals routinely diagnose and treat individuals based on aggregate data. Yet approaches to the G2i problem in clinical psychiatry do not necessarily fully align, or fit, the uses to which it is put in the courtroom. In this Article, we employ the G2i lens to examine the admissibility of psychiatric expert testimony, both as regards general research findings – or "framework evidence" – and the application of those general findings to specific cases – or "diagnostic evidence." Although the rules of evidence that apply to G and to i are the same, the scientific and professional considerations that must be evaluated in regard to each are fundamentally different. G2i inference provides a useful lens by which the interactions of psychiatry and law can be better understood and managed.


Many deployments of secure multi-party computation (MPC) in practice have used information-theoretic three-party protocols that tolerate a single, semi-honest corrupt party, since these protocols enjoy very high efficiency. We propose a new approach for secure three-party computation (3PC) that improves security while maintaining practical efficiency that is competitive with traditional information-theoretic protocols. Our protocol is based on garbled circuits and provides security against a single, malicious corrupt party. Unlike information-theoretic 3PC protocols, ours uses a constant number of rounds. Our protocol only uses inexpensive symmetric-key cryptography: hash functions, block ciphers, pseudorandom generators (in particular, no oblivious transfers) and has performance that is comparable to that of Yao's (semi-honest) 2PC protocol. We demonstrate the practicality of our protocol with an implementation based on the JustGarble framework of Bellare et al. (S&P 2013). The implementation incorporates various optimizations including the most recent techniques for efficient circuit garbling. We perform experiments on several benchmarking circuits, in different setups. Our experiments confirm that, despite providing a more demanding security guarantee, our protocol has performance comparable to existing information-theoretic 3PC.


Jason Saving explores the economic and political implications of "tough love" for redistributive policy. The American welfare system unquestionably helps support the least fortunate among us, but, in making poverty less onerous, it may discourage employment among some individuals. Traditional notions of altruism assume that compassion for the poor is measured by one's willingness to redistribute income but to the extent that more generous support for the poor actually encourages recipiency, welfare programs simultaneously mitigate and exacerbate the problem of poverty. A "new altruistic" approach that incorporates tough love would reduce the number of poor people but could only do so by worsening the living standards of those who remain in poverty.


Community question answering (CQA) gains increasing popularity in both academy and industry recently. However, the redundancy and lengthiness issues of crowdsourced answers limit the performance of answer selection and lead to reading difficulties and misunderstandings for community users. To solve these problems, we tackle the tasks of answer selection and answer summary generation in CQA with a novel joint learning model. Specifically, we design a question-driven pointer-generator network, which exploits the correlation information between question-answer pairs to aid in attending the essential information when generating answer summaries. Meanwhile, we leverage the answer summaries to alleviate noise in original lengthy answers when ranking the relevancy degrees of question-answer pairs. In addition, we construct a new large-scale CQA corpus, WikiHowQA, which contains long answers for answer selection as well as reference summaries for answer summarization. The experimental results show that the joint learning method can effectively address the answer redundancy issue in CQA and achieves state-of-the-art results on both answer selection and text summarization tasks. Furthermore, the proposed model is shown to be of great transferring ability and applicability for resource-poor CQA tasks, which lack of reference answer summaries.


Aims. We study the breakout model using multiple flux emergence to produce the magnetic configuration and the trigger. We do not impose any artificial motions on the boundaries. Once the original flux tube configuration is chosen the system is left to evolve itself. Methods. We perform non-linear simulations in 2.5D by solving the compressible and resistive MHD equations using a Lagrangian remap, shock capturing code (Lare2D). To produce a quadrupolar configuration from flux emergence we build on previous work where the interaction of two flux tubes forms the required quadrupole. Instead of imposing a shearing flow, a third flux tube is then allowed to emerge up through the central arcade. Results. Breakout is not achieved in any of the experiments. This is due to the interaction of the third tube with the quadrupole and the effect of the plasma β being O(1) at the photosphere and β > O(1) in the solar interior. When β is of these orders, flows generated in the plasma can influence the magnetic field and so photospheric footpoints do not remain fixed.


During the last 15 years a growing number of persons with mental retardation (MR) have been relocated from large congregate facilities to residences in the community. With this trend comes the realization that exercise specialists employed in community based fitness centers will have to address the needs of a growing number of adults with MR who are beginning to access these facilities. Since adults with MR present themselves as a unique group in terms of their cognitive and physical function, this paper will address specific exercise guidelines that must be considered when developing cardiovascular fitness programs for this population.


This study examines the involvement of Traveller parents in Traveller preschools in
Ireland. Travellers are a distinct cultural group in Ireland who have traditionally
experienced educational disadvantage. Parental involvement is widely acknowledged
as having a positive impact on children's school success. Traveller preschools were
established from the 1970s onwards, as an educational intervention for Traveller
children, and continued until 2011 when the Department of Education and Skills
withdrew funding.
This thesis sets out to answer three main questions: What was the historical and
policy context for Traveller preschools? What are Traveller parents' perspectives on
schooling? In what ways were parents involved in Traveller preschools?
The methodology is mainly qualitative, drawing on interpretivism, social
constructivism and critical theory. A variety of methods is employed, including
document analysis, focus group and individual interviews, and a questionnaire
survey. This study is significant as the only major study to investigate Traveller
preschools.
Findings show that there was an evolution in policy concerning Travellers from a
focus on deficit and assimilation in the 1960s and 1970s to a growing recognition of
Traveller culture and identity.
While Traveller parents' own school experiences were largely negative, they wanted
this to change for their children. They were positively drawn to education and they
wanted their children to complete formal education. Traveller preschools were
experienced as protected enclaves where parents felt welcome and accepted. They
were involved on an individual and familial level with the preschools. They visited
them, talked to teachers, and helped out on preschool outings and in other ways.
They praised and encouraged their children, were interested in their schooling and
worked at home with them to support their learning. Involvement at management
level was minimal. Where it did occur, however, there was evidence that it was
successful and parents contributed to decision-making.


Learning to play volleyball has never been more effective or more fun than with Volleyball Fundamentals, Second Edition. Parents, coaches, and instructors of volleyball skill courses will immediately benefit from the solid foundational information and practical tips on how to teach every aspect of the sport. Players will enjoy using this resource because they will learn by doing spending less time reading and more time engaged in playing the game.
 Volleyball Fundamentals begins by teaching the basics that get players ready to take the court. The book covers positioning and the importance of reading the opposing players, communicating with teammates, and preparing for movement on the court. The guidance on formations and rotations will help students get an immediate sense of where they belong on the court. Clear instructions, accompanied by illustrations, for drills help players master specific skills such as serving, receiving a serve, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging. Each skill is introduced through a simple four-step sequence:
 • You Can Do It: The skill is introduced with sequential instructions and accompanying photographs.
 • More to Choose and Use: Variations and extensions of the primary skill are covered.
 • Take It to the Court: Readers learn how to apply the skill in game play.
 • Give It a Go: These sections provide direct experiences such as drills, small-sided games, and six-versus-six gamelike activities for the reader to use to gauge, develop, and hone the skill.
 Throughout the book, teaching cues offer advice for avoiding common mistakes. New to this edition is a chapter on how to effectively use the libero position (defensive specialist) in game play. Sections on offensive and defensive tactics, scoring systems, rules, and modified games have also been updated to make the game as easy for you to teach as it is for your students to learn.
 As part of the Sports Fundamentals Series, Volleyball Fundamentals will help you teach the basic skills and tactics of the game so that your players can compete on the court in no time at all.


One finds a number of descriptive synchronic sketches of language-in-education policy in the German-speaking community of Belgium (GC). However, a systematic analytical account of the evolution of language-in-education policy over the last 90 years has not been provided yet. With a project entitled 'Language, Education and Power in the German-speaking community of Belgium (1919–2012)', the Pluri-LL research group at the University of Namur seeks to tackle this research desideratum. The present paper intends to provide some basic information on the research project, starting with the GC's geography and demography (Section 2) and the political history (Section 3). An outline of the project's theoretical and methodological backbone (Section 4) and some preliminary findings (Section 5) are discussed as well.


After World War II, Soviet institutions organized many exhibitions of the American artist Rockwell Kent that bypassed the U.S. government. Promotion of Kent's work in the USSR was an exclusively Soviet enterprise. This article sheds new light on the Soviet approach to the representation of U.S. visual art during the Cold War. Drawing on U.S. and Russian archives, the article provides a comprehensive analysis of the political and aesthetic factors that resulted in Kent's immense popularity in the Soviet Union. Contextualizing the Soviet representation of Kent within relevant Cold War contexts, the article shows that his art occupied a specific symbolic position in Soviet culture. Soviet propaganda reconceptualized his biography and established the "Myth of Rockwell Kent"—a myth that helped to legitimate Soviet ideology and anti-American propaganda.


Public transport is presently undergoing transformations towards achieving more seamlessness. A new dynamic is particularly noticeable in the areas of ticketing, network design and institutional coordination. Essential considerations of these developments for users, operators and governments were discussed at a joint seminar of the International Transport Forum and the Korean Transport Institute in March 2012. Some policy-relevant conclusions are presented here, notably: 1. E-ticketing opens up new opportunities to users and operators, as well as governments; 2. Bank account-based ticketing enables universal payments, both nationally and internationally; 3. Careful network design that exploits network economies can give rise to a 'virtuous cycle' for public transport systems; 4. The success of e-ticketing and network design depends on good institutional coordination, which is based on a strong political will and an effective tendering system.


By investigating the coordination chemistry of a neutral N-heterocyclic olefin phosphine ligand, a new digold(i) chloride complex was discovered, demonstrating that mixed element (P/C) donor sites can be accessed at the same time. However attempts to extend this strategy for the preparation of heterobimetallic complexes featuring copper(i) and gold(i) centers with this mixed donor ligand were unsuccessful. The related monometallic copper(i) and gold(i) iodide complexes were discovered to be emissive in the solid state.


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Strain in the semiconductor light emitting layers has profound effect on the energy band structure and the optical properties of the light emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, we report the fabrication and characterization of GaN nanorod LED arrays. We found that the choice of nanorod passivation materials results in the variation of strain in the InGaN/GaN quantum wells, and thus the corresponding change of light emission properties. The results were further investigated by performing Raman measurement to understand the strain of nanorods with different passivation materials and by calculating the optical transition energy of the devices under the influence of strain-induced deformation potential and the piezoelectric polarization field.


Research question: This paper studies the roles of Terminology Leadership (Filipovic 2012, 2015; Filipovic & Vuco, 2012; Filipovic & Djordan, 2018) and Terminology Management model (Jernudd & Neustupný, 1987, 1991; Jernudd 1993, 1997 in Antia, 2000, p.3; Spolsky, 2004, 2009, 2012) in the implementation of terminology policy and planning in Serbia, and the sustainable development of Serbian scientific and technical terminology. Motivation: As in almost all standard-language cultures (Quirk,1990), the Serbian language policy is top-down oriented, i.e., it follows the language management model. In this model, all decisions regarding the language, including terminology decisions, are made by linguists - language planners, without taking into account the opinions of professional and academic communities, i.e., the primary creators and users of terminology. Newer European terminology guidelines, especially the widely accepted UNESCO Guidelines for Terminological Policies (2005, p.3), however, propose that terminology work should be approached both top-down, i.e., on the level of political decision-making (following the terminology management model), and bottom-up, i.e., on the level of professional associations and other terminology stakeholders (following the complementary model of terminology leadership). Idea: The idea behind this paper is to investigate to what extent the terminology leadership model and the bottom-up orientation in the Serbian terminology policy and planning are recognized and accepted by various groups of stakeholders in comparison with the dominant language management model. Data: The data regarding the perspectives of two groups of terminology stakeholders (technical translators and professional / academic community) towards the state of the Serbian subject-field terminology and terminology management were collected, analyzed, interpreted and compared. Tools: The data were collected through two surveys on terminology work (Andjelkovic, 2018). While the first survey focuses on translators' perspective on terminology management, the second survey examines the attitude of the academic community towards the terminology state of their own subject field: management. Findings: The surveys' results confirm that both groups of terminology stakeholders recognise the importance of collaborative and cooperative work of linguists and subject field specialists in terminology policy making, planning and implementation, and thus do not regard linguists (i.e., language planners) as exclusive language and terminology decision-makers. The results also indicate, however, that there is still a very strong influence of standard-language ideology and the top-down oriented language policy. Contribution:  The paper suggests a change in the implementation of the Serbian terminology policy and planning that is more in line with the European terminology Guidelines (UNESCO, 2005).


The first edition of epic poem Kalevala was published in 1835. After its publication Kalevala has been a huge inspiration for Finnish artists in different genres. Finnish heavy metal bands found the Kalevala in the beginning of 1990's, and during last fifteen years there has been an expansion of Kalevala-inspired metal. These bands use either lyrical or musical references to archaic tradition. The two examples of music of Ensiferum and Insomnium show how traditional music is used in heavy metal. Also, the visual appearance of the bands has got influences from mythical past of Finns. The images have many references to visual arts: paintings, photographs. There are many reasons for the appearance of Kalevala tradition to the heavy metal scene. One is obviously the international models, references to Middle Ages and Vikings. And the emergence of world music in the middle of 1980's and the international success of Varttina have made the atmosphere more acceptable for traditional music. Also some things in Finnish music education have had their impacts. For example the kantele was taken to music education in primary schools, starting in the middle of 1980's.


CUDA Web API Remote Execution of CUDA Kernels using Web Services Massimo J. Becker Massively parallel programming is an increasingly growing field with the recent introduction of general purpose GPU computing. Modern graphics processors from NVIDIA and AMD have massively parallel architectures that can be used for such applications as 3D rendering, financial analysis, physics simulations, and biomedical analysis. These massively parallel systems are exposed to programmers through interfaces such as NVIDIAs CUDA, OpenCL, and Microsofts C++ AMP. These frameworks expose functionality using primarily either C or C++. In order to use these massively parallel frameworks, programs being implemented must be run on machines equipped with massively parallel hardware. These requirements limit the flexibility of new massively parallel systems. This paper explores the possibility that massively parallel systems can be exposed through web services in order to facilitate using these architectures from remote systems written in other languages. To explore this possibility, an architecture is put forth with requirements and high level design for building a web service that can overcome limitations of existing tools and frameworks. The CUDA Web API is built using Python, PyCUDA, NumPy, JSON, and Django to meet the requirements set forth. Additionaly, a client application, CUDA Cloud, is built and serves as an example web service client. The CUDA Web API's performance and its functionality is validated using a common matrix multiplication algorithm implemented using different languages and tools. Performance tests show runtime improvements for larger datasets using the CUDA Web API for remote CUDA kernel execution over serial implementations. This paper concludes that existing limitations associated with GPGPU usage can be overcome with the specified architecture.


The federal income tax conceptualizes the standard loan transaction as an exchange of cash for promises to pay interest and to repay the amount borrowed by the end of the term. This formulation is subtly incorrect in ways that have led to a weaker foundation for existing tax rules than they merit. Conceptualizing loans instead as closely akin to leases places most of the tax rules for debt on sounder footing because it clarifies that interest is the consideration paid for the use of the loan proceeds. If interest is the cost of the use of money, then simple borrowing is a fully-paid-for transaction, full basis credit in the loan proceeds for the period for which interest is paid is appropriate, and cancellation of debt is a straightforward accession to wealth in the period in which it occurs. These conclusions hold whether the interest is deductible or not and are consistent with current law, which has come under fire from some quarters.Although the proposed reconceptualization of loan as lease supports a number of longstanding income tax rules, one area in which it counsels significant reform is the taxation of partnerships. If loans are like cash leases made in exchange for interest qualifying as rent, Treasury should provide for the allocation of basis credit among partners for the partnership's debt based on who bears the economic burden of the interest expense. The rule should apply regardless of whether the debt is recourse or nonrecourse and regardless of who would have discharge of indebtedness income on default. Such an approach differs markedly from the existing rules for recourse obligations but is closer to the rules for certain nonrecourse obligations. A modification of the rules applicable to partnership debt consistent with the loan-as-lease theory, therefore, would remove a significant discontinuity in the current tax treatment of partnership debt.


This essay discusses contemporary community theory and football. After problematizing the idea of community, it traces the career progress of contemporary community theory in the work of various authors, paying particular attention to the ways it has been applied to football. It is suggested that community went from being a stock sociological concept to something much more elusive, which while providing the wellspring of a number of inspired uses is always running the risk of conceptual incoherence. Here the esay demonstrates that community in football draws on two sources of the imagination: the symbolic construction of community and imagined communities. In the light of the critique emanating from the discussion of these two kinds of imagination the essay suggests that community in football must be understood in the context of the shift from a solid modern society to a liquid modern sociality. Here the author offers a critical discussion of Zygmunt Bauman's idea of liquid modern community, while in the process anticipating its critics. Drawing on empirical research on community‐based anti‐racist work in football, the final part of the essay demonstrates that in the public policy domain community has become to all intents and purposes just a word, rather than a mobilizing tool for creating in football some democratic operating principles that might make something like a community in the people's game actually possible.


Abstract In the paper, using a political altruism model, we make an attempt to explain why an upstream country might agree to a treaty that recognizes and enforces the water claims of a downstream country. In a natural extension of the standard economic model, it is possible to explain the above phenomena, by allowing for altruism between countries. The altruistic concerns of the countries are dependent on other country's willingness to have a good political relationship. If both the countries maintain favorable political relations with one another, then the upstream country will care about the impacts of its water diversion on the downstream country's welfare. The paper also illustrates the case of water sharing of the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh. The Ganges River, like many other rivers in the world, ignores political boundaries. In Bangladesh, the final downstream country along the Ganges, freshwater availability depends on the share of water diverted by the upstream country, India. For decades, India and Bangladesh failed to resolve the water-sharing issues of the Ganges River. However, in 1996, both India and Bangladesh signed a major new agreement on water sharing (Ganges River Treaty) in an effort to resolve the dispute. Using the political altruism model developed in the paper, we examine why despite needing more water than is available under the treaty, India has adapted to shortages instead of resorting to conflict with Bangladesh.


Zika is a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted disease that is a dangerous threat to pregnant women, causing catastrophic birth defects in a large percentage of fetuses when their mothers become infected while pregnant. It raises numerous issues related to abortion, birth control, poverty, and women's control over their procreative choices. While the United States received ample warning from January 2016 onward that it was at risk of local transmission of this virus and public health officials at all levels generally behaved properly, the state and federal legislative responses in the summer of 2016 were entirely inadequate. For example, no state at a high level of risk undertook to provide long lasting and reliable birth control to all women who wanted it. Furthermore, Congress took a seven-week recess at the height of mosquito season without providing any funding for a Zika response. In light of these failures, it appears that the federalist system that allocates both public health police powers and duties to act contains a flaw. The system creates a vacuum within which there are no enforcement mechanisms that can compel legislators to act appropriately. This Article analyzes the response from January through August 2016 from a legal, health policy, and ethical framework, concluding that a combined effort by courts and health policy experts is required so that the United States is better able to respond to early warnings about emerging infectious diseases in the future.


The computer simulation of helix travelling-wave tubes requires accurate information about the phase velocity, interaction impedance and attenuation of the helix slow wave structure at each frequency. This has received considerable attention, from the pioneering work of Pierce onwards, and it is possible to compute or measure the phase velocity with sufficient accuracy. The methods available for determining the interaction impedance, however, cannot yet give good enough results and there are appreciable differences between the figures given by different methods. The purpose of this paper is to review the assumptions and approximations which are made in each case with a view to finding ways of achieving agreement between them.


Photograph, enter a new process in the transformation of traditional media into digital media. Thereby photograph is the most important transporter of the visual culture in the internet environment. The photograph whose area of usage continues to expand from science to industry, from communication to education become widespread more quickly by the development of technology. In media, the usage of photo offer alternative options to reporters that they can transfer meanings which they are not able to fit in the written texts. The photo's characteristic of recording events carry a meaning of the power it has got. This power, with the high-speed the photo transfer gets in the digital environment increases its importance. In this study, news photos which are used in internet course as a means of communication and expresssion will be analyzed by the method of semiotics. By comparing the photograph analysis to be made with the photo datas used in printed media, the present stage in the environment of newspaper and internet will be discussed.


We aimed to examine factors impacting variability in cardiac procedural deferral during the COVID‐19 pandemic and assess cardiologists' perspectives regarding its implications. Unprecedented cardiac procedural deferral was implemented nationwide during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A web‐based survey was administered by Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the American College of Cardiology Interventional Council to cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) directors and interventional cardiologists across the United States during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Among 414 total responses, 48 states and 360 unique cardiac catheterization laboratories were represented, with mean inpatient COVID‐19 burden 16.4 ± 21.9%. There was a spectrum of deferral by procedure type, varying by both severity of COVID‐19 burden and procedural urgency (p < .001). Percutaneous coronary intervention volumes dropped by 55% (p < .0001) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement volumes dropped by 64% (p = .004), with cardiologists reporting an increase in late presenting ST‐elevation myocardial infarctions and deaths among patients waiting for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Almost 1/3 of catheterization laboratories had at least one interventionalist testing positive for COVID‐19. Salary reductions did not influence procedural deferral or speed of reinstituting normal volumes. Pandemic preparedness improved significantly over time, with the most pressing current problems focused on inadequate testing and staff health risks. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, cardiac procedural deferrals were associated with procedural urgency and severity of hospital COVID‐19 burden. Yet patients did not appear to be similarly influenced, with cardiologists reporting increases in late presenting ST‐elevation myocardial infarctions independent of local COVID‐19 burden. The safety and importance of seeking healthcare during this pandemic deserves emphasis.


This paper is concerned with joint channel estimation and data detection for uplink multicarrier code-division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) systems in the presence of frequency fading channel. The detection and estimation algorithm, implemented at the receiver, is based on a version of the expectation maximization (EM) technique, called the spece-alternating-generalized-expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm which is very suitable for the the multicarrier signal formats. Application of the SAGE algorithm to the problem of iterative data detection and channel estimation leads to a receiver structure that also incorporates a partial interference cancelation. Computer simulations show that the proposed algorithm has excellent BER end estimation performance.


The work involves investigation of a type of wireless power system wherein its analysis will yield the construction of a prototype modeled as a singular technological artifact. It is through exploration of the artifact that forms the intellectual basis for not only its prototypical forms, but suggestive of variant forms not yet discovered. Through the process it is greatly clarified the role of the artifact, its most suitable application given the constraints on the delivery problem, and optimization strategies to improve it.

In order to improve maturity and contribute to a body of knowledge, this document proposes research utilizing mid-field region, efficient inductive-transfer for the purposes of removing wired connections and electrical contacts. While the description seems enough to state the purpose of this work, it does not convey the compromises of having to redraw the lines of demarcation between near and far-field in the traditional method of broadcasting.

Two striking scenarios are addressed in this thesis: Firstly, the mathematical explanation of wireless power is due to J.C. Maxwell's original equations, secondly, the behavior of wireless power in the circuit is due to Joseph Larmor's fundamental works on the dynamics of the field concept. A model of propagation will be presented which matches observations in experiments. A modified model of the dipole will be presented to address the phenomena observed in the theory and experiments.

Two distinct sets of experiments will test the concept of single and two coupled-modes. In a more esoteric context of the zero and first-order magnetic field, the suggestion of a third coupled-mode is presented.

Through the remaking of wireless power in this context, it is the intention of the author to show the reader that those things lost to history, bound to a path of complete obscurity, are once again innovative and useful ideas.


Structural coloration is a recurring solution in biological systems to control visible light. In nature, basic structural coloration results from light interacting with a repetitive nanopattern, but more complex interactions and striking results are achieved by organisms incorporating additional hierarchical structures. Artificial reproduction of single-level structural color has been achieved using repetitive nanostructures, with flat sheets of inverse opals being very popular because of their simple and reliable fabrication process. Here, we control photonic structures at several length scales using a combination of direct laser writing and nanosphere assembly, producing freeform hierarchical constructions of inverse opals with high-intensity structural coloration. We report the first 3D prints of stacked, overhanging and slanted microstructures of inverse opals. Among other characteristics, these hierarchical photonic structures exhibit geometrically tunable colors, focal-plane-dependent patterns, and arbitrary alignment of microstructure facet with self-assembled lattice. Based on those results, novel concepts of multilevel information encoding systems are presented.


Background: Coronary artery disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and is projected to be the leading cause of death in the developing world by 2010. Affecting nearly 12 million people in the USA, it accounts for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths and is the leading cause of congestive heart failure as well as premature permanent disability in workers. About 1.1 million myocardial infarctions and >400,000 new cases of congestive heart failure each year, cardiovascular disease severely impacts men and women as well as various ethnic groups. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) in patients with coronary artery disease, in whom percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) cannot be done. Method: Fifty patients were included in the study: 1) Canadian cardiovascular angina class (CCS) III or IV patients (only 5 patients with CCS class II were included and those patients were the early trial in year 1997 where the recommendations for TMLR was not yet established); 2) Ejection fraction of 30%; 3) Those with evidence of reversible ischemia (based on stress thallium perfusion scanning); 4) Candidates of neither CABG or PTCA (according to the results of coronary angiography). The laser system used was a heart laser system (PLC medical systems). Results: There was a significant improvement in the severity of angina as assessed by Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading after the procedure. Improvement was noticed after 1 month and the improvement was most significant after 3 months and then slightly declined after 6 months but still significant in comparison to the pre-procedural values (P <0.05). Also, there was a significant improvement in the grade of dyspnoea as assessed by the New York Heart Association functional dyspnoea class and the most significant improvement was after 3 months and the degree of improvement decreased but still significantly better than the pre-procedural values (P <0.05). Conclusion: TMLR offers consistent amelioration of severe angina in patients having no conventional therapeutic alternative. Surgeons should recognize that the procedure is intended only for the purpose of reducing angina symptoms.


The text deals with the relation between the Russian state and the Buryat Sangha in the past and in the present. It considers two Buddhist institutions: on the one hand, the phenomenon of the so-call recognized incarnations (Tib. sprul sku, Bur. khubilgan) and on the other hand, the head of the Sangha, Bandido Khambo Lama. The contribution provides the overview of history of the Buryat Sangha and examines in detail the recent phenomenon of the Triad of National Buddhist Jewels. In conclusion it discusses the issue whether specific Buryat Buddhism exists or whether this is a Tibetan form of Buddhism in the territory inhabited by Buryats.


Objective: The purposes of this study were to evaluate patients with low-back pain (LBP) and leg pain due to magnetic resonance imaging–confirmed disc herniation who are treated with high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation in terms of their short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes of self-reported global impression of change and pain levels at various time points up to 1 year and to determine if outcomes differ between acute and chronic patients using a prospective, cohort design. Methods: This prospective cohort outcomes study includes 148 patients (between ages of 18 and 65 years) with LBP, leg pain, and physical examination abnormalities with concordant lumbar disc herniations. Baseline numerical rating scale (NRS) data for LBP, leg pain, and the Oswestry questionnaire were obtained. The specific lumbar spinal manipulation was dependent upon whether the disc herniation was intraforaminal or paramedian as seen on the magnetic resonance images and was performed by a doctor of chiropractic. Outcomes included the patient's global impression of change scale for overall improvement, the NRS for LBP, leg pain, and the Oswestry questionnaire at 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months, and 1 year after the first treatment. The proportion of patients reporting "improvement" on the patient's global impression of change scale was calculated for all patients and acute vs chronic patients. Pretreatment and posttreatment NRS scores were compared using the paired t test. Baseline and follow-up Oswestry scores were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Numerical rating scale and Oswestry scores for acute vs chronic patients were compared using the unpaired t test for NRS scores and the Mann-Whitney U test for Oswestry scores. Logistic regression analysis compared baseline variables with "improvement." Results: Significant improvement for all outcomes at all time points was reported (P b .0001). At 3 months, 90.5% of patientswere "improved"with 88.0% "improved" at 1 year.Although acute patients improved faster by 3months, 81.8%of chronic patients reported "improvement" with 89.2% "improved" at 1 year. There were no adverse events reported. Conclusions: A large percentage of acute and importantly chronic lumbar disc herniation patients treated with chiropractic spinal manipulation reported clinically relevant improvement. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014;xx:1-9) Key Indexing Terms: Intervertebral Disc Displacement; Lumbar Vertebrae Manipulation, Spinal; Chiropractic


The article reports on research into information behaviour in the South African context from 1980 to date. While numerous papers have been presented at conferences and published as articles little is available in terms of an overview of the entire body of such research to date. More information is needed on the subjects and contexts of such research; which theoretical models and methods were used and where the gaps in terms of coverage of particular groups lie. This research is based on a systematic review of the literature contained in electronic databases and published proceedings of conferences. Some material from the pre-electronic database era was included. The research is still at an early stage, for example, an extensive listing of theses and dissertations has not been included but rather the focus is on outputs in the form of journal articles and conference papers. The findings reveal an enormous growth in the number of articles and papers from 2000 onwards reflecting a wide array of subjects. Theoretical frameworks are discussed together with some of the influences on information behaviour research in this country as well as the research methods used. Thesis supervisors should be encouraged to publish articles on completed research with their students using structured abstracts which would expedite access to, and the sharing of new research in the field. A listing of theses on information seeking behaviour would enable a more comprehensive examination of the whole body of research to identify approaches and methods in more detail.


Thinning fossil fuel deposits and increasing emphasis on ecological aspects of human activity call for new technology solutions. Energy industry and electronics industry search for novel materials and power sources. In electronics, the power source size is often a limiting parameter. In search of high density power sources carbon materials like nanotubes, graphene, graphite, etc. known for high electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability and good mechanical properties, are often utilized. These materials are ideal for use in composite electrodes. Polymers in such composites serve to improve mechanical properties and handling, e.g. moulding. Addition of photoactive semiconductors can help with disposal of the polymer after the use. This paper presents a study of compression molded samples of polypropylene (PP) / graphite composites and their thermal stability. The graphite served as a filler for the PP matrix and also as a substrate for MeOx particles, where Me stands for Ti and Zn. TiO2 and ZnO functionalized graphite particles were further used as a filler of PP. The graphite and functionalized graphite content in the PP composites was 75 wt.%. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and measurement of Martens hardness (HM). The highest HM value was exhibited by composite containing large grain graphite (denoted as PP/GRA1). The HM was affected by thermal treatment (170°C for 1 h). The HM of the composites containing graphite fillers increased, while in case of the composites containing functionalized graphite fillers the decrease in HM was observed.


Abstract The optical characteristics of a newly designed two-step pyranometer head are described. The head is suitable for use in the spectral range 400-720 nm. It is characterized by a cosine error which is less than 1.5% over the angular range 0-85° and has a differential polarization cosine error no greater than 3.0% in that same angular interval.


This thesis is a study of the relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health scholars and the medical schools within which they work. It is an empirical study, and a story, not only of the inclusion of Indigenous health into medical curricula in Australia, but an analysis of the relationships that underpin the way Aboriginal health in Australia is conceptualised, defined and translated into policy and practice. Theory, literature, field notes, case studies and Indigenous autoethnography are synthesised into a rich analysis of the pedagogy of place, power and power relations, structural violence and whiteness. The notion of 'inclusion' is revealed as problematic in Australian health, higher education, state and social institutions, in that these institutions tend to include Aboriginal peoples on terms which appear altruistic, but which actually reify white power and racism. In this way, medicine and medical education is practiced upon and for Aboriginal peoples, rather than with, using paradigms that render Aboriginal individuals as the problem. Medical schools and state institutions have difficulty in understanding Aboriginal paradigms of health care, and in particular, difficulty in implementing and applying these paradigms in action. Medical schools, while sustaining Indigenous health programs, can exhibit differing and covert values and motivations, a reticence to share economic control and governance, and poor adherence to, or understanding of, accountability and quality as it relates to Aboriginal health. The thesis proposes clearer definitions of what constitutes 'Aboriginal health' and 'cultural safety', a clearer model of applied cultural safety, and an implementation framework for making institutions culturally safe as a pretext for the practice of Aboriginal health using Aboriginal health paradigms.


While it is known and must be emphasised that language, biology, and culture do not travel as an obligatory package, this does not mean that congruence never exists and may be historically meaningful. In this paper the published Y chromosome data and branches of the Afro-Asiatic language family for which good genetic data exist were examined in an exploratory fashion to determine if there are patterns suggestive of overlap. Most of the Afro-Asiatic speakers shared the lineage defined by Yap descendant called PN2/215/M35. It was further found that that a key lineage – the M35/78 was shared between the populations in the locale of original Egyptian speakers and modern Cushitic speakers from the Horn. Amazigh (Berber) speakers had a high frequency of M35/81. Semitic speakers in the Near East had a higher frequency of non-Yap lineages defined by the M89 mutation, but some M35/M78 is found at a lower frequency in the Near East (vs supra-Saharan Africa). The data for Omotic and Chadic speakers is of poor quality due to sample size. The paper discusses some possible implications of the observed pattern and the need for better data.


Family context has been shown through empirical studies to be a central determinant in the mental health of youth throughout the past decade. In this analysis we examine the association between attachment, parental depression, divorce, family climate, and siblings, and the risk of adolescent depression. Conclusions are made regarding the complex nature of family situations, and specific improvements and suggestions for future studies of the effects of family situation on adolescent depression.


The aim of the article is to quantify the role of time-to-death in shaping health care costs. By combining a detailed break-down of population-wide data on publicly financed health care expenditure with the population and mortality data we are able to estimate a flexible model of live-cycle healthcare expenditure. We show that introducing time to death into the model enables the health care costs model to fit data perfectly. Our results confirm that the cumulative costs of health care over life-span depend on the age of death to a limited extend. As a result, the effect of rising life expectancy has a minor impact on HCE. However, the transitional effect of the changing age structure of the population should affect the aggregate health care expenditure.


In real-time multi-agent navigation, agents need to move towards their goal positions while adapting their paths to avoid potential collisions with other agents and static obstacles. Existing methods compute motions that are optimal locally but do not account for the motions of the other agents, producing inefficient global motions especially when many agents move in a crowded space. In my thesis work, each agent has only a limited sensing range and uses online action selection techniques to dynamically adapt its motion to the local conditions. Experimental results obtained in simulation under different conditions show that the agents reach their destinations faster and use motions that minimize their overall energy consumption.


One-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operations work fastest on grids whose size is divisible by a power of two. Because of this, padding grids (that are not already sized to a power of two) so that their size is the next highest power of two can speed up operations. While this works well for one-dimensional grids, it does not work well for two-dimensional grids. For a two-dimensional grid, there are certain pad sizes that work better than others. Therefore, the need exists to generalize a strategy for determining optimal pad sizes. There are three steps in the FFT algorithm. The first is to perform a one-dimensional transform on each row in the grid. The second step is to transpose the resulting matrix. The third step is to perform a one-dimensional transform on each row in the resulting grid. Steps one and three both benefit from padding the row to the next highest power of two, but the second step needs a novel approach. An algorithm was developed that struck a balance between optimizing the grid pad size with prime factors that are small (which are optimal for one-dimensional operations), and with prime factors that are large (which are optimal for two-dimensional operations). This algorithm optimizes based on average run times, and is not fine-tuned for any specific application. It increases the amount of times that processor-requested data is found in the set-associative processor cache. Cache retrievals are 4–10 times faster than conventional memory retrievals. The tested implementation of the algorithm resulted in faster execution times on all platforms tested, but with varying sized grids. This is because various computer architectures process commands differently. The test grid was 512×512. Using a 540×540 grid on a Pentium V processor, the code ran 30 percent faster. On a PowerPC, a 256×256 grid worked best. A Core2Duo computer preferred either a 1040×1040 (15 percent faster) or a 1008×1008 (30 percent faster) grid. There are many industries that can benefit from this algorithm, including optics, image-processing, signal-processing, and engineering applications. This work was done by Bruce H. Dean, David L. Aronstein, and Jeffery S. Smith of Goddard Space Flight Center. Further information is contained in a TSP (see page 1). This invention is owned by NASA, and a patent application has been filed. Inquiries concerning nonexclusive or exclusive license for its commercial development should be addressed to the Patent Counsel, Goddard Space Flight Center, (301) 286-7351. Refer to GSC15678-1.


A letter to Mary Moore from her mother, Matilda Dodd, and her sister, Bettie Franklin, on January 27, 1876. In the letter, Dodd and Franklin tell Moore about the well-being of the family and of the farm. They mention that they are not sure if they will be moving to Texas. Dodd mentions that she would like Moore to visit, and would like to return to Texas with Moore. Franklin closes by sending regards to Mary's husband, Charles B. Moore.

Included with this item is the envelope in which the letter was mailed. The envelope, postmarked January 29, is addressed to Charles B. Moore Esq., in McKinney, Texas.


Abstract. Estimation of pollutant releases into the atmosphere is an important problem in the environmental sciences. It is typically formalized as an inverse problem using a linear model that can explain observable quantities (e.g., concentrations or deposition values) as a product of the source-receptor sensitivity (SRS) matrix obtained from an atmospheric transport model multiplied by the unknown source-term vector. Since this problem is typically ill-posed, current state-of-the-art methods are based on regularization of the problem and solution of a formulated optimization problem. This procedure depends on manual settings of uncertainties that are often very poorly quantified, effectively making them tuning parameters. We formulate a probabilistic model, that has the same maximum likelihood solution as the conventional method using pre-specified uncertainties. Replacement of the maximum likelihood solution by full Bayesian estimation also allows estimation of all tuning parameters from the measurements. The estimation procedure is based on the variational Bayes approximation which is evaluated by an iterative algorithm. The resulting method is thus very similar to the conventional approach, but with the possibility to also estimate all tuning parameters from the observations. The proposed algorithm is tested and compared with the standard methods on data from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) where advantages of the new method are demonstrated. A MATLAB implementation of the proposed algorithm is available for download.


Globalization has influenced the way software is developed today, and many software organizations have started to actively utilize resources from around the world. However, these endeavors are recognized as very challenging, and they have attracted a lot of attention in software research in the past decade. Unlike many other research initiatives, which explore the complexities of distributed software development activities, the focus of this paper is on software transfers. Software transfers refer to activities that are moved from one location to another. The authors draw attention to the lessons learned from an empirical investigation of two transfer projects conducted at Ericsson. Both transfers were performed between a site in Sweden and a site in India. The observations outline a set of generic practices that have been found useful for transferring software development within a company. It also highlights a number of challenges to be addressed and a set of corresponding recommendations. Finally, the paper emphasizes the need to identify software products that are suitable for transfers and the need to monitor the long‐term effects of transfer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A 61-year-old woman was examined because of unilateral nonpulsatile tinnitus involving the right ear. CT scanning showed a soft-tissue mass in the hypotypanum. Angiographically, the mass was identified as a fenestrated or duplicated internal carotid artery associated with persistence of the stapedial artery. Embryologic considerations are discussed.


Global changes are shaping the ecology and biogeography of marine species and their fisheries. Macroecology theory, which deals with large scale relationships between ecology and bio- geography, can be used to develop models to predict the effects of global changes on marine species that in turn affect their fisheries. First, based on theories linking trophic energetics and allometric scaling of metabolism, we developed a theoretical model that relates maximum catch potential from a species to its trophic level, geographic range, and mean primary production within the species' exploited range. Then, using this theoretical model and data from 1000 species of exploited marine fishes and invertebrates, we analyzed the empirical relationship between species' approximated maximum catch potential, their ecology, and biogeography variables. Additional variables are inclu- ded in the empirical model to correct for biases resulting from the uncertainty inherent in the origi- nal catch data. The empirical model has high explanatory power and agrees with theoretical expec- tations. In the future, this empirical model can be combined with a bioclimate envelope model to predict the socio-economic impacts of climate change on global marine fisheries. Such potential application is illustrated here with an example pertaining to the small yellow croaker Larimichthys polyactis (Sciaenidae) from the East China Sea.


As Althusser made clear: "the reproduction of labour power requires not only a reproduction of its skills, but also, at the same time, a reproduction of its submission to the rules of the established order" (Althusser, 1971. pp. 127-128). In this paper, we describe and discuss critical knowledge-work intended to illuminate governmentality which is accomplished through (re)constitution of the subject. In particular we point to societal interconnections responsible for the (re)constitution of the compliant productive neoliberal subject in the context of the needs of neoliberal capitalist employers and the State to reproduce the means of production. We focus, in particular, on reproduction of labour power in the form of children who have been subjectively reconstituted to be compliant with the 'rules' of 'good behaviour' which discipline 'educational' settings but which is preparation for compliant neoliberal labour market 'participation' and on unemployed adults who are subjectively reconstituted as compliant subjects required by the neoliberal labour market through 'labour market activation', the contemporary preoccupation of neoliberal governments around the world.


Three varieties of institutionalism currently dominate International Business studies: new institutional economics, new organizational institutionalism, and comparative historical institutionalism. Yet currently applied measures of institutional country distance predominantly build on the thought of the first two strands of institutionalism. This paper sets out to address this underrepresentation of comparative historical institutional thought in currently available measures of institutional distance. Building on Whitley's business systems framework, a measure of institutional distance is developed and validated which captures intrinsic, substantive institutional differences in economic organization, rather than differences in institutional effectiveness. The results of the two-stage cluster analysis used to validate the selected indicators closely approximate the business systems typology, which is both indicative of the validity of this measure and of the distinctiveness of the business system types that make up the business system framework.


This document provides implementation guidelines for the use of return codes in RFC 3435, Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Version 1.0. Return codes in RFC 3435 do not cover all possible specific situations that may ever occur in a gateway. That is not possible and not necessary. What is important is to ensure that the Call Agent that receives a return code behaves appropriately and consistently for the given situation. The purpose of this document is to provide implementation guidelines to ensure that consistency.


Expression of exogenous wild-type (wt) p53 in different leukemia cell lines can induce growth arrest, apoptotic cell death, or cell differentiation. The hematopoietic cell lines that have been used so far to study wt p53 functions have in common the characteristic of not expressing endogenous p53. However, the mechanisms involved in the transformation of these cells are different, and the cells are at different stages of tumor progression. It can be postulated that each type of neoplastic cell offers a particular environment in which p53 might generate different effects. To test this hypothesis, we introduced individual oncogenes into untransformed, interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent myeloid precursor 32D cells to have a single transforming agent at a time. The effects induced by wt p53 overexpression were subsequently evaluated in each oncogene-expressing 32D derivative. We found that in not fully transformed, v-ras-expressing 32D cells, as already shown for the parental 32D cells, overexpression of the wt p53 gene caused no phenotypic changes and no reduction of the proliferative rate as long as the cells were maintained in their normal culture conditions (presence of IL-3 and serum). An accelerated rate of apoptosis was observed after IL-3 withdrawal. In contrast, in transformed, IL-3-independent 32D cells, wt p53 overexpression induced different effects. The v-abl-transformed cells manifested a reduction in growth rate, while the v-src-transformed cells underwent monocytic differentiation. These results show that the phenotype effects of wt p53 action(s) can vary as a function of the cellular environment.


In implicit models, one often interpolates between sampled points in latent space. As we show in this paper, care needs to be taken to match-up the distributional assumptions on code vectors with the geometry of the interpolating paths. Otherwise, typical assumptions about the quality and semantics of in-between points may not be justified. Based on our analysis we propose to modify the prior code distribution to put significantly more probability mass closer to the origin. As a result, linear interpolation paths are not only shortest paths, but they are also guaranteed to pass through high-density regions, irrespective of the dimensionality of the latent space. Experiments on standard benchmark image datasets demonstrate clear visual improvements in the quality of the generated samples and exhibit more meaningful interpolation paths.


Objectives: To assess the strategies that nonprofit hospitals are adopting to address opioid abuse after requirements for community engagement expanded in the Affordable Care Act. Methods: We constructed a dataset of implementation activities for a 20% random sample of nonprofit hospitals in the United States. Using logistic regression, we assessed the extent to which strategies adopted are new, existing, or primarily partnerships. Using negative binomial regression, we assessed the total number of strategies adopted. We controlled for hospital and community characteristics as well as state policies related to opioid abuse. Results: Most strategies adopted by hospitals were new and clinical in nature and the most common number of strategies adopted was one. Hospitals in the Northeast were more likely to adopt a higher number of strategies and to partner with community-based organizations. Hospitals that partner with community-based organizations were more likely to adopt strategies that engage in harm reduction, targeted risk education, or focus on addressing social determinants of health. Conclusions: Community, institutional, and state policy characteristics predict hospital involvement in addressing opioid abuse. These findings underscore several opportunities to support hospital-led interventions to address opioid abuse.


Background: Fiore Sardo PDO is one of the oldest Mediterranean hard cheeses, exclusively produced in Sardinia (Italy) from raw whole ewe's milk. Some manufacturers, improperly, submit raw milk to heat-treatment. Aim of this study was to evaluate the proteomic profile of Fiore Sardo PDO and to investigate possible differences between cheese made from raw milk and from heat-treated milk.

Materials and methods: Starting from the same ovine bulk milk, eight cheese wheels of Fiore Sardo PDO were produced, four from raw milk and four from heat-treated milk. The subsequent production steps were the same for both types of cheese as was sampling at different ripening times. Samples were analyzed by Urea-PAGE electrophoresis. Afterwards, blind analysis of 32 cheese samples, produced by 17 different cheesemakers was performed to evaluate the method's analytical performance.

Results: Urea-PAGE analysis showed the presence of a protein band only in cheese made from raw milk, regardless of cheese ripening time. Protein identification analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry identified two different proteins in the band, alpha-S1 and alpha-S2 casein. Blind analyses conducted to verify the analytical performance of the method showed that it could be a useful tool for the protection of this typical agri-food product.

Conclusion: We developed a simple, robust, and economic method for discriminating between Fiore Sardo PDO cheese made from raw milk with up to 24 months of maturation and Sardinian sheep milk cheese made from heattreated milk.


The rise of FDI from emerging markets has become a focus of attention since the turn of the century. Over the past few years, firms from these markets have become major investors abroad, complementing their home countries' traditional role as recipients of FDI. To help understand this remarkable phenomenon, a unique collaborative effort that brings together researchers on FDI from leading institutions in emerging markets has so far produced annual reports on over 200 MNEs in 11 countries. The reports give a basic statistical picture of the activities of the leading outward investors from emerging markets, including how important foreign activities are in each firm's total activity and the global spread of each enterprise. The reports also contain brief analyses of the trend of outward investment by these enterprises, including their responses to the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009.


The sensemaking task in investigative analysis generates stories that connect entities and events in an input stream of data. The Stab system represents crime stories as hierarchical scripts with goals and states. It generates multiple stories as explanatory hypotheses for an input data stream containing interleaved sequences of events, recognizes intent in a specific event sequence, and calculates confidence values for the generated hypotheses. In this report, we describe Stab2, a new interactive version of the knowledge‐based Stab system. Stab2 contains a story editor that enables users to enter and edit crime stories. We illustrate Stab2 with examples from the IEEE VAST contest datasets.


Introduction : Nerium oleander is widely cultivated around the word, and also it is found across our country. All parts of this plant are considered toxic and can poison humans and livestock. The present study was carried out to study cardiac and neurotoxicity effects of oral administration of N. oleander extract in Wistar rat. Materials & methods : In this study, the toxic effects of this plant were determined by measuring serum levels of the biochemical parameters including troponin and creatinine kinase (CK). Moreover, histopathological examination was performed on the vital organs including heart and brain. Findings : CK and troponin were 6-7 and 11 times higher in comparison with control group (P<0.05), respectively. In the heart, hyperemia, hemorrhage and myofibrolysis were observed without infiltration of inflammatory cells. Pathological lesions in the brain included hyperemia associated with perivascular and perineuronal edema. Interestingly, in rats with higher toxicity doses, multifocal hemorrhage and liqufactive necrosis were seen in the brain. Discussion & conclusions : According to results of the present study, it seems that N. oleander poisoning can induce acute cardiac toxicity and neurotoxicity which are confirmed with the present biochemical and histopathological findings.


In this thesis, the behaviour of Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable modes on the magnetospheric flanks and in the magnetotail are investigated. A model of a straight bounded magnetosphere connected to a semi-infinite field-free magnetosheath which is flowing with a uniform speed is used. First the magnetosphere is taken to be uniform with the magnetic field perpendicular to the flow in the magnetosheath and it is shown that the increase in Pc5 wave power observed for high solar wind flow speeds correlates well with the onset of instability of the fast body modes. A condition for the exact onset of instability of these modes is derived and the behaviour of fast surface and slow body and surface modes is also investigated. Using a non-uniform magnetosphere, it is shown that these unstable body modes may couple to field line resonances. The fastest growing modes are found to have a common azimuthal phase speed which depends only on the local conditions at the magnetopause and may be predicted using the theory of over-reflection. A finite width boundary layer is then added to the uniform magnetosphere model to investigate the space-time evolution of wave-packets on the magnetopause. Fast surface mode wave-packets are found to grow rapidly as they convect around the flanks so that non-linear effects will be important. Fast cavity mode wave-packets will remain relatively small on the flanks, explaining the robustness of the body of the magnetosphere here. Slow modes are found to grow very little in this region. Finally, a uniform magnetosphere with the magnetic field parallel to the flow in the magnetosheath is considered. Here, the fast modes are unlikely to be Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable for realistic flow speeds, and the magnetopause boundary may be reasonably assumed to be perfectly reflecting. The low value of the plasma pressure is this region suggests that slow modes will be unimportant.


We present some limiting properties of a network resource allocation mechanism known as the Progressive Second Price (PSP) auction. This mechanism aims at efficiently allocate network resources, such as bandwidth or buffer capacity, in an environment characterized by competing users; the PSP auction seeks to solve or at least to ameliorate congestion in a network demanding a low signalling burden between the auctioneer and the users, and solving the allocation problem of an (theoretically) infinitely divisible resource. The allocation rule is inspired in the second price (Vickrey) auction. Our analysis of the PSP auction explores its limiting properties, namely, how the allocation changes in the presence of a polarized set of users. A polarized set of users is a mixture of users of two types: high valuation, low demand users and low valuation, high demand users. Mechanisms such as auctions are becoming increasingly popular to handle the resource allocation problem in networks facing congestion, such as the access to Internet-based services.


Fixing on a Marine Partnership Nitrogen fixation by microorganisms determines the productivity of the biosphere. Although plants photosynthesize by virtue of the ancient incorporation of cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts, no equivalent endosymbiotic event has occurred for nitrogen fixation. Nevertheless, in terrestrial environments, nitrogen-fixing symbioses between bacteria and plants, for example, are common. Thompson et al. (p. 1546) noticed that the ubiquitous marine cyanobacterium UCYN-A has an unusually streamlined genome lacking components of the photosynthetic machinery and central carbon metabolism—all suggestive of being an obligate symbiont. By using gentle filtration methods for raw seawater, a tiny eukaryote partner for UCYN-A of less than 3-µm in diameter was discovered. The bacterium sits on the cell wall of this calcifying picoeukaryote, donating fixed nitrogen and receiving fixed carbon in return. A nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium that lacks photosynthesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle possesses a tiny phytoplankton symbiont. Symbioses between nitrogen (N)2–fixing prokaryotes and photosynthetic eukaryotes are important for nitrogen acquisition in N-limited environments. Recently, a widely distributed planktonic uncultured nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium (UCYN-A) was found to have unprecedented genome reduction, including the lack of oxygen-evolving photosystem II and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which suggested partnership in a symbiosis. We showed that UCYN-A has a symbiotic association with a unicellular prymnesiophyte, closely related to calcifying taxa present in the fossil record. The partnership is mutualistic, because the prymnesiophyte receives fixed N in exchange for transferring fixed carbon to UCYN-A. This unusual partnership between a cyanobacterium and a unicellular alga is a model for symbiosis and is analogous to plastid and organismal evolution, and if calcifying, may have important implications for past and present oceanic N2 fixation.


Suzette Troche-Stapp, "the glitterguru", one of the most successful and sought-after photographers/digital artists today, has written the book she wishes had existed when she started working professionally. Here, she divulges her secrets culled from years of producing commercial digital art, from how to think about images, setting up images at photo shoots, retouching secrets, to composing an entire business package. She covers the entire process of image creation and development from start to finish (from concept to cool!). Reading this book is like shadowing Suzette throughout her career -- both from an art and business perspective. If you're on a professional path with Photoshop -- whether just starting or already on your way -- this book will inspire and educate you. The book is geared toward both photographers and digital artists and is chock-full of all the gems Suzette has learned along the way. Suzette's spunk combined with the eye-catching images and design make this book as fun and visually appealing as it is practical. Check out the sample material and you'll get the idea. glittergure on Photoshop: From Concept to Cool was the Winner of the Designer's Bookshelf award for Most Exciting New Photoshop Book


Dental caries is one of the major oral health issues in most of the developing countries. If these caries aren't diagnosed and treated in early stages, it will lead to potential threats where some of the population were not able to afford the treatment. So early dental treatment would prevent severe destruction of oral health and also avoids expenses to proceed the dental treatment. This study was a questionnaire-based study done on the adult population with ethical permissions from the institutional research board. The questionnaire had 15 questions related to the attitude and knowledge about affordable financial status by every patient undergoing dental treatment. The questionnaire was put up in the Survey Planet - An online based Survey platform and responses were collected. 94.6% of the people in rural areas lag awareness about dental treatment and this seems to be a shocking result as we are in the most advanced world. 53.8% of the study population still feel that they are not satisfied with the treatment given for what they pay. The purpose of the study was to know about the awareness and attitude about financial status of people undergoing dental treatment and check whether they were able to spend the required cost for the treatments. Nowadays even the technology is getting advanced, the people are still unable to afford dental treatment. Better awareness should be created among the people so that even the economically weaker section can also afford dental treatment.


This thesis is an artistic biography of Andrei Siniavskii (1925-1997) as a
writer in and of his time, showing how this subtle and complex author found his
way in a society polarised into heroes and villains, patriots and traitors; how he
progresses from identification with the value system and ideology of his time to
reaction against it, his dissidence expressed in literary terms.
Beyond this, I hope to show how he moves to a new conception of the writer
in the fusion of his creative and critical selves that is dominated neither by the
voice of the collective 'we', nor by the voice of the individual 'I' but which
leaves space in the text for engagement by the reader. Individual readers,
passing manuscripts from hand to hand or reciting texts orally had assured the
continuity of the Russian literary tradition during the long bleak years when
literature seemed to mark time under the strictures of Soviet ideology and
Socialist Realist aesthetics. Siniavskii's work is motivated by the passionate
belief that the way forward for Russian literature lay in this same spark
generated between individual reader and text.
My thesis is organised chronologically and is based on a close reading of
Siniavskii's work. It explores the way his art does not simply reflect the
circumstances of his life and times but is actively shaped by an intricate
commerce between the two. I intend to show how Siniavskii's distancing
himself, first ideologically then physically, from the Soviet system is
counterbalanced by his creative reintegration with Russia through literature.


Aqueous dispersions of colloidal hematite were prepared by aqueous precipitation and characterised using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Their surface chemistry was studied using (photo-)electrophoresis, in which electrophoretic mobilities were determined by laser Doppler electrophoresis, in the absence and presence of irradiation of photons from a xenon lamp and monochromator. Absorption of ultra-band-gap energy photons in Fe2O3 results in the generation of electron (e-)-hole (h+) pairs, which may then recombine, with the generation of heat/radiation, or react with lattice sites, solvent or solution species. Changing the pH of alpha-Fe2O3 particle preparation from 2 to 1.4 was found to alter the resultant surface from one comprising mostly alpha-Fe2O3, alpha-FeOOH and gamma-FeOOH with an isoelectric point (i.e.p.) of 7.4, to one whose behaviour was dominated by the presence of delta-FeOOH with an i.e.p. of 1.5. The alpha-Fe2O3 particles whose surfaces are found to be mostly ''Fe(OH)3''/Fe2O3.nH2O in character exhibit a continuum of i.e.p.s due to the non-crystalline nature of that phase. Large changes in the electrophoretic mobility of colloidal alpha-Fe2O3 at a pH of less than about 7-8 were observed upon irradiation with photons with ultra-band-gap energies, indicative of the formation of net surface positive charge, due to the hole-driven photo-oxidation of surface >Fe-OH sites to form (>Fe-OH)+ sites. Photogenerated conduction band electrons were removed from the particles via either the reductive dissolution of the alpha-Fe2O3 surface or, possibly, the formation of hydrogen from the reduction of H+ ions. The photoelectrophoretic mobility-illumination wavelength spectrum of colloidal alpha-Fe2O3 exhibits two distinct mobility change onsets, one at 2.2 eV and the other at 3 eV, reflecting the presence of an ''upper'' and ''lower'' valence band on hematite. The oxidation of surface >Fe-OH groups responsible for the change in net surface positive charge is found to proceed ten times more slowly than the corresponding reaction on colloidal TiO2.


Public and government concern over possible degradation of water quality and natural resources in the Hood Canal estuary has led to the creation of a unique intergovernment body, the Hood Canal Coordinating Council (the Council). The Council is charged with preparing and implementing a comprehensive management plan for environmental resource protection and enhancement in the region. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of the Council in the management of natural resources in the Hood Canal watershed. Included is a discussion of the Council's history, mission, structure, funding and progress. Another purpose is to discuss the possible implications for coastal resource management in other areas.


This article presents the design, the implementation, and the perceptual evaluation of a multichannel loudspeaker array for the creation of 3D virtual sound environments. Dedicated to perceptual and postural studies, this system consists of 42 loudspeakers equally distributed around the listener on a full sphere (3 meter diameter), allowing to synthetize sounds moving within the whole 3D space. The spatial distribution of the loudspeakers makes it possible to use two different 3D rendering approaches: a physical approach through the use of 3D Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) method up to fifth order and a perceptual approach through the use of Vector-Based Amplitude Panning (VBAP) method. A localization experiment was carried out in order to investigate the performance of the present system in terms of localization accuracy. Furthermore, this experiment aimed to explore the perceptual impact of the rendering methods (e.g. HOA and VBAP), and to evaluate the improvement of localization performance with respect to the ambisonic order (from third to fifth order). Differences between rendering methods are investigated in terms of azimuth and elevation localization errors, and front-back and up-down confusions. Finally, virtual sound source localization is compared to real sound source localization generated by 42 loudspeakers.


I researched aquatic turtle population structure and habitat association of the turtles of Quivira National Wildlife Refuge (QNWR), in central Kansas. This group of organisms was focused on because of the lack of baseline knowledge and understanding of species presences, population sizes, structure, or habitat use on the refuge. I selected wetland units for sampling based on water permanence and quality of habitat. I then deployed baited hoop traps on these wetland units from April 24 to July 4, 2015. Captures were identified to species, measured, marked, and then release. Schnabel Multiple Census Method and Combined Percent Estimates were used to estimate population sizes. The results from these estimates were then extrapolated to the other wetland units on QNWR and a refuge wide population estimate was calculated. Adult sex ratios and age classes were generated for each species based on measurements taken during sampling. Abundant population sizes were observed on QNWR, with a male-biased sex ratio for hard-shelled turtles, and a female-biased sex ratio for soft-shelled turtles. This biased sex ratio could be the result of sampling technique, close proximity to roadways, Temperature Sex Determinate species, or due to high mortality rates of breeding and nesting individuals. Wetland unit variables were measured for sampled wetland units, and their influence on aquatic turtle abundance was investigated with a One-way Analysis of Variance. Significant results was obtained for Apalone spinifera and Chelydra serpentina, providing support for their known life histories and habitat preferences. Insights into seasonal turtle activity was recorded, and early season intensive monitoring protocols were suggested for continued research and management for the aquatic turtle populations of QNWR.


At the time that Enron filed for bankruptcy, it had substantial assets, thousands of creditors, an opaque capital structure, and more than a whiff of fraud. By the traditional account, Enron is a prototypical example of a firm with problems that a law of corporate reorganizations is designed to solve. Like the 19th century receiverships of the great railroads, the reorganization of Enron could have allowed creditors and others to negotiate with each other and find a way to preserve the value of the firm as a going concern at the same time misdeeds are uncovered and losses are allocated among the different players. Negotiations aimed at preserving Enron's value as a going concern never took place, however. As is increasingly the case in large Chapter 11s, Enron's assets were sold quickly, most within a few weeks or months of the filing. The decision as to how to deploy Enron's assets lay not in the court but in the new owners. After selling the assets, the bankruptcy court quickly turned to what courts do best - sorting out complex and perhaps conflicting legal entitlements. This pattern of a prompt sale followed by litigation over the distribution of the proceeds reflects a dramatic change in large firm bankruptcy practice. It suggests that we should no longer think of Chapter 11 as a collective forum in which the interested parties gather to bargain over the fate of the firm.


—We examined microhabitat use of sympatrically occurring Tamias minimus (least chipmunk) and T. rufus (Hopi chipmunk) in a piñon-juniper/sagebrush vegetative community near Molina, western Colorado, from October 1994 to June 1999. This community is dominated by 2 major microhabitat types: shrub (sage; Artemisia spp.) and tree (pine and juniper; Pinus edulis and Juniperus scopulorum). Small mammals were live-trapped, marked, and released throughout this study. When it was the most abundant Tamias species on the study plots (1994–1997), Tamias minimus captures were associated with trees. Tamias rufus also exhibited this association but was captured at very low abundances during this period. Tamias rufus abundance was much greater, on average, than that of T. minimus between 1998 and 1999. During this time T. minimus captures were not associated with trees, but T. rufus captures remained associated with trees. As has been previously reported for other Tamias species, the greater abundance of 1 of 2 coexisting congeners in select areas may play a role in the microhabitat use of these 2 chipmunk species.


The European Research Area (ERA) Priority 4 focuses on gender equality and gender mainstreaming in research and innovation. The objective is to foster scientific excellence and breadth of research approaches by fully utilising gender diversity and equality and avoiding an indefensible waste of talent. Within their National Action Plans (NAPs), European Union Member States and Associated Countries are asked to develop policies which address gender imbalances, particularly at senior levels and in decision making, and which strengthen the gender dimension in research. The aim of GENDERACTION Work Package 3 (WP3) is to analyse the implementation of Priority 4 in NAPs, identify good practices and develop recommendations for the next ERA Roadmap as well as its monitoring of gender equality. The results of WP3 will inform and feed into the work of WP4 Mutual Learning and Capacity Building Activities and WP5 Policy Advice.


No decision by a military commander engaged in hostilities has more profound consequence than the decision to launch an attack. Pursuant to the law of armed conflict (LOAC), that decision must be based on the judgment that the object of attack – a person, place, or thing – qualifies as a lawful military objective. This judgment almost always sets in motion the application of deadly combat power, and routinely produces loss of life or grievous bodily injury, often times to individuals and property not the intended object of attack, but considered 'collateral damage.' In operational terms, this judgment determines whether the nominated target is lawful. This target legality judgment is made in a myriad of contexts, sometimes involving split second decisions by soldiers at the proverbial tip of the spear; sometimes involving complex and deliberate process at high levels of command; sometimes involving summarized process at those same levels of command to address time sensitive targeting requirements. In all of these contexts, the LOAC provides the test for ensuring target legality. This test is intended to ensures that the harmful consequences of armed conflict are confined as much as possible to the lawful objects of violence, thereby providing the primary (although not exclusive) barrier against producing unjustified injury to other persons, places, and things that are protected from being made the deliberate object of attack.It is clear that the law requires that targeting judgments be reasonable under the circumstances prevailing at the time. What is less clear is the amount of combat information and/or intelligence required to render a judgment reasonable. Because the reasonableness of targeting judgments are and by their nature must be contextually dependent, it is almost inevitable that reasonableness cannot be assessed based on a unitary quantum component. Furthermore, because the LOAC establishes inverse presumptions of legality vis a vis combatants and civilians (and their respective property), a unitary quantum component of reasonableness would be inconsistent with the law itself. Thus, while the contextual nature of targeting and the weight of presumptions applicable to potential targets suggest an inherent variable quantum component, virtually nothing in the law or the scholarly treatment of the law of targeting addresses this component of reasonableness. This article proposes a quantum of proof methodology to aid in the operational assessment of target reasonableness. In support of this proposal, the article will provide a comparative analysis of U.S. constitutional Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, focused specifically on the relationship between several distinct quanta standards for assessing reasonableness and the interests they were developed to balance. The article will then discuss the basic foundation of the law of targeting with a particular emphasis on the established presumptions. This will lead to an analysis of how different quantum standards established to define reasonableness in the U.S. Fourth Amendment context offer a logical starting point for providing a similar touchstone for assessing the reasonableness of targeting decisions in armed conflict.


In this paper we examine two related propositions: the efficiency of pricing of Australian shares and the influences of share prices on business investment. In line with similar studies overseas, we find that the Australian share market may deviate from efficient pricing over short time horizons but that there is little evidence of inefficiency over longer time horizons. To investigate the influence of share prices on investment decisions we use a simple model of real share prices to identify estimates of the 'fundamental' and 'speculative' components of share prices. As expected, the estimated fundamental component of real share prices is found to have a stronger relationship with investment than the aggregate real share price series. Despite some evidence of share price inefficiences, the speculative component of real share prices is insignificant in the same investment equations, providing evidence that speculative movements in share prices do not have a significant effect on business investment. There is evidence, however, that these speculative share price movements influence the composition of corporate financing. In particular, the timing of equity raisings appears to be influenced by both components of share prices.