The pathogenesis of hemolysis-induced gallstones was studied in mice with a hereditary hemolytic disease called normoblastic anemia (genotype nb/nb) and in their normal controls (genotype +/+). Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that spontaneously formed gallstones from nb/nb mice were nearly identical to stones from patients with chronic hemolysis as the result of sickle cell disease, and both mouse and human stones strikingly resembled synthetic calcium bilirubinate. 57% of 115 nb/nb mice, but none of 109 control mice, developed calcium bilirubinate pigment gallstones (P < 0.001). The incidence of luminal gallstones in nb/nb mice was both sex and age dependent. Female nb/nb mice formed stones twice as frequently as male nb/nb mice (P < 0.001). Before 6 mo of age neither sex developed stones, but thereafter the incidence of stones increased with age. Neither hematocrit, reticulocyte count, nor total plasma bilirubin values, were useful in distinguishing between nb/nb mice with or without gallstones. In gallbladder bile, nb/nb mice with gallstones had higher concentrations of hydrogen ion, total bilirubin, calcium, and bile acids than nb/nb mice without stones. Although total unconjugated bilirubin was similar in both nb/nb groups, the ionized fraction of unconjugated bilirubin was higher in bile from nb/nb mice without stones than those with stones. In nb/nb mice, neutral mucin plugs and pigment concentrations were observed histologically in the glandular crypts of the gallbladder in 33% of nb/nb mice without stones and in 80% of nb/nb mice with luminal stones. This suggested that luminal pigment stone disease in mice with hemolysis may be preceded by microscopic precipitation of calcium bilirubinate in the glandular crypts of the gallbladder. These precipitates may then migrate into the lumen and grow by accretion.


Abstract. We quantified ambient mixing ratios of 9 monoterpenes, 6 sesquiterpenes, methyl chavicol, the oxygenated terpene linalool, and nopinone using an in-situ gas chromatograph with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These measurements were a part of the 2007 Biosphere Effects on AeRosols and Photochemistry EXperiment (BEARPEX) at Blodgett Forest, a ponderosa pine forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. To our knowledge, these observations represent the first direct in-situ ambient quantification of the sesquiterpenes α-bergamotene, longifolene, α-farnesene, and β-farnesene. From average diurnal mixing ratio profiles, we show that α-farnesene emissions are dependent mainly on temperature whereas α-bergamotene and β-farnesene emissions are temperature- and light-dependent. The amount of sesquiterpene mass quantified above the canopy was small (averaging a total of 3.3 ppt during the day), but nevertheless these compounds contributed 7.6% to the overall ozone-olefin loss rate above the canopy. Assuming that the monoterpene-to-sesquiterpene emission rate in the canopy is similar to that observed in branch enclosure studies at the site during comparable weather conditions, and the average yield of aerosol mass from these sesquiterpenes is 10–50%, the amount of sesquiterpene mass reacted within the Blodgett Forest canopy alone accounts for 6–32% of the total organic aerosol mass measured during BEARPEX. The oxygenated monoterpene linalool was also quantified for the first time at Blodgett Forest. The linalool mass contribution was small (9.9 ppt and 0.74 ppt within and above the canopy, respectively), but it contributed 1.1% to the total ozone-olefin loss rate above the canopy. Reactive and semi-volatile compounds, especially sesquiterpenes, significantly impact the gas- and particle-phase chemistry of the atmosphere at Blodgett Forest and should be included in both biogenic volatile organic carbon emission and atmospheric chemistry models.


This dissertation consists of three chapters about the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). All chapters contributes to the scarce but recently great developing literature on installation and firm-level studies in the EU ETS. The first chapter evaluates the policy effectiveness and efficiency by theoretical modelling andempirical assessment of firms' emission abatement activities. The second chapter overviews the global emission trading market, documents the institutional backgroundof emission trading, and analyzes firms' emission trading patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter studies productivity and firms' emissionpermit trading behaviors by considering a complete set of options. In the first chapter, I investigate how firms reduce emissions under continuous adjustment of the policy by using the implementation of the three phases of EU ETSas a cost shock. I develop a model of emission abatement with heterogeneous firms by introducing two channels: Reallocation and Investment which incur variable andfixed abatement costs respectively. More productive firms are cleaner as they put more effort on Investment. However, the policy effect is ambiguous driven by the magnitudeand correlation of the proposed abatement technology parameters, which highlights the importance of the current abatement technology for firms' responses to climatepolicy. I then empirically test the model by using a novel dataset that matches firms' financial, production and emission data. In addition to providing the elasticity ofemission intensity, the elasticity of Reallocation and Investment, the model enabled me to estimate the firm's abatement technology parameters and decompose the emissions into the proposed two channels. The results indicate that firms have a higher efficiency on abatement in utilizing of inputs than green technology investment. The emission change is primarily driven by the channel of Reallocation and is concentrated in non-metallicmineral companies. The green innovation is limited under the policy with a small emission intensity decrease even though there is large emission reductions. The second chapter reviews the global rise of emission trading, documents the institutional background of emission trading, and summarizes firms' emission trading patterns. To the best of my knowledge, this study is one of the first to empirically analyze the trading behaviors of all ETS firms covering all three phases in the EU ETS. I use two micro-level datasets to investigate the permit trading behaviors of all types of trading in the market, including international offset permits. Some explanations of the identified trading patterns are provided in this paper. Additionally, this study also discusses the patterns in light of the broader empirical literature. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the firms' permit trading behaviors. The development of the EU ETS has complicated firms' decisions around carbon trading and offered firms more options to offset emissions. We provide a first look at the determinants behind firms' participation in the EU ETS as well as their trading behaviors by considering a complete portfolio of permit trade marketsin the EU ETS. Based on a comprehensive permit transaction dataset linked with individual level firm's characteristics, we quantitatively analyze firms' participationdecisions and trading patterns. We focus on the impact of firms' productivity, endowment position, and endowment value on market choice and trading amount. Ourresults suggest that productive firms are more likely to participate in permits trading and to purchase the permits in the secondary and international markets. Conditionalon firms' market choice, the permit trading amount is also correlated with a firm's productivity and endowment value. In addition, firms in power and energy sector aremore likely to participate in permit trading than other manufacturing firms. Overall, the empirical results indicate that less productive firms have disadvantages competingin the permit trade market.


Bringing together an international and diverse group of scholars, Tuning in to the neo-avant-garde offers the first in-depth study of the radio medium's significance as a site of artistic experimentation for the literary neo-avant-garde in the postwar period. Covering radio works from the 1950s until the 2010s, the collection charts how artists across the UK, Europe and North America continued as well as reacted to the legacies of the historical avant-garde and modernism, operating within different national broadcasting contexts, by placing radio in an intermedial dialogue with prose, poetry, theatre, music and film. In doing so, the volume explores a wide variety of acoustic genres - radio play, feature, electroacoustic music, radiophonic poem, radio opera - to show that the medium deserves to occupy a more central place than it currently does in studies of literature, (inter)media(lity) and the (neo-)avant-garde.


This research investigates the circadian rhythms of friend-making behavior using large-scale data from a social media platform, in particular a popular online gaming community. Enlightened by the notion of human biological clock and afforded by the massive yet fine-grained data, we longitudinally track the daily changes in actual friend-making activities of participants in the community and uncover regularities in this pertinent social behavior. We show that people are most likely to make friends at the night (e.g., 20:00, 0:00) and the least likely to do so in the morning (e.g., 8:00). This pattern was consistently observed after considering the number of available players, the players' game levels, the effect of weekend, and time zones. The systematic variation unveiled in people' friend-making behavior by hour of a day deepens our scientific understanding of this integral social behavior of human everyday life.


Knowledge of grass genotypes nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) variation is one component to be considered when developing a successful forage and livestock management program. The objective of this study was to determine variations in concentrations of NSC, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) among perennial cool-season grasses grown in the southern Great Plains at the preheading stage. Grasses evaluated included four tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), two Festulolium (Lolium. multiflorum Lam. x Festuca arundinaceae), one tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C. Wang], two intermediate wheatgrasses [T. intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], and four smooth bromegrasses (Bromus inermis Leyss). Grass species influenced forage concentrations of NSC, CP, NDF, and ADF. Averaged across years, concentrations of forage total NSC, CP, NDF, and ADF ranged from 70 to 112, 81 to 138, 548 to 614, and 288 to 321 g kg -1 dry weight (DW), respectively, among the 13 entries. Differences in the relative contribution of each NSC component to total NSC were small among the five species. Averaged across the entries, glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans, and starch accounted for 14, 10, 15, 38, and 23% of total NSC, respectively. Producers seeking to improve the provision of energy to livestock would be served best by using smooth bromegrass with superior NSC concentration rather than by a tall fescue entry with low NSC concentration.


This study analysed sustainable corporate projects as a means of lifting consequences of financial and economic crises on affected societies, with applications pertaining to rural societies that have suffered the most in certain areas. Unemployment, for example, contributed to the rise in crime rate, divorce, drug problems, and other social problems within several societies. The study hypothesised that bank-owned projects pool may continue on its growth despite financial and economic upheavals. The methodology followed was a case study analysis of existing bank-owned projects pool of Banque Misr with over 60 sustainable projects for almost a century. The findings have presented classic bank-owned projects pool with a higher growth rate. In conclusion, the study recommended bank-owned projects pool as an alternative to face default on loan payments, corruption, bankruptcies, unemployment, poor healthcare services, and low standards of education due to the financial and economic global upheavals in recent years.


This thesis is an analysis of adjectives in kids-products advertisements on Family Circle magazine. The writer chooses this topic because she thinks that adjectives may be applied in various ways as seen in the advertisements, to serve the needs of language users in communication This condition encourages her to observe further about functions of adjectives, forms of adjectives, and types of adjectives in those advertisement. To analyze the data, the writer uses theory from Quirk et al(1987) and Murphy (1 987). Then, for the concept of advertisement, she uses theory from Lane and Russell (2001), and also Bovee and Arens (1986). In getting the data, the writer identifies kids-products advertisements which were printed on Family Circle magazine. She uses all kids-products advertisements. Then, she identifies the adjectives in those advertisements as the data to be observed. Next, after analyzing the data the writer found that most adjectives have attributive functions, positive degrees, and opinion styles. The other function which is used is predicative. The writer also found comparative adjectives in a very limited amount. Last, she finds four fact adjectives out of ninety one adjectives. Finally, the writer conclude that adjectives should be applied in kids-products advertisements to give clear pictures.


This article argues that Nina Berman's Homeland (2008) is a rearticulation of the US domestic landscape following 9/11. The book excavates and shapes cultural memory through image and text by examining how parts of the country responded to the 2001 events. Considering how Homeland captures what I call queer topographics of US culture, I suggest that the spaces of the everyday are mediated by Berman's framing and use of "narrative" essays, disrupting the heteronormativity of a populist rhetoric that seeks to exclude difference. Homeland ultimately offers viewers the opportunity to further redefine the US landscape through queerness.


Using a novel empirical approach and an extensive dataset developed by the Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF, we find no evidence of any particular debt threshold above which medium-term growth prospects are dramatically compromised. Furthermore, we find the debt trajectory can be as important as the debt level in understanding future growth prospects, since countries with high but declining debt appear to grow equally as fast as countries with lower debt. Notwithstanding this, we find some evidence that higher debt is associated with a higher degree of output volatility.


Grey Holt-Winter Exponential Smoothing is a combination of Grey and exponential smoothing methods used to forecast seasonal trends and seasonal time series data with randomness, irregularity and limited data information that available. The parameter values for smoothing level (α), trend (β) and seasonal (γ) in the Grey Holt Winter method affect the performance of the forecasting model. The Grey Holt Winter Method has not yet provided a way to select the optimal value of the smoothing parameter to minimize the size value of the forecast error. In this research, the Golden Section method is used to obtain the optimal value of the smoothing parameter. The Golden Section method has the basic concept of narrowing the interval of the origin area, so that the optimal value of the smoothing parameter is obtained in the Grey HoltBerkala MIPA, 25(3), September 2018 313 Winters forecasting. Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is used to measure forecasting errors. The results of this research are comparison MAPE generated by the conventional method of Grey-Holt Winter Exponential Smoothing method with MAPE of Grey-Holt Winter Exponential Smoothing values using Golden Section parameter optimization. The data set used in this research is the Room Occupancy Rate of Star Hotel in Special Region of Yogyakarta from January 2008 December 2017. Based on the test result for the data testing in amount of 96, obtained a minimum forecasting error based on the conventional method of Grey Holt Winter Exponential Smoothing is 16.06%, while the forecasting error minimum produced by the Grey Holt Winter Exponential Smoothing method with the Golden Section is 13.92% with the optimal parameter value proposed is α equal to 0.146, β is 0.010 and γ is 0.146.


This paper uses Flow of Funds data on the level of net new credit extension to construct a bird's-eye view of what the financial market landscape might look like once the turmoil subsides and the economy has begun to recover. The paper targets two related questions: (1) How much credit must be extended in order to return the economy to its long-run trend growth? (2) What roles will the major credit providers likely play in that process? The mix of sources supplying credit for the home mortgage, consumer, and nonfinancial business sector markets is different, and so we consider each of those markets separately. We focus on the roles of banks, traditional nonbank credit providers (such as finance companies and pension funds), the corporate bond and commercial paper markets, and structured finance, including government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issuance, consumer (i.e., nonmortgage) asset-backed securities (ABS) issuance, and the commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) market. As a reasonable assumption as to how the credit market may develop we start by positing a "baseline" scenario under which banks return to their long-run trend level of financing for home mortgage, consumer, and business sector borrowing. We then examine the extent to which other major providers of credit are likely to fill the remaining demand for credit. We consider what would happen if various of these credit providers were unable to meet the credit supply role asked of them in order to fulfill credit demand. We conclude that the revival of structured finance is crucial for home mortgage, consumer, and business sector credit provision if sharp adjustments in the cost of credit and major structural adjustments in credit markets are to be avoided. Specifically: (1) in the home mortgage market, GSE's sales of MBS sufficient to support about half of borrowers' credit needs are required for banks and private-label securitizers to operate at normal levels; and at least a modest role for private label MBS issuance is probably necessary to ensure adequate mortgage credit availability at a normal interest cost, (2) for consumer borrowing, without a substantial revival of the ABS market, banks and nonbank credit providers would not likely make up for the resultant shortfall without a sharp rise in the cost of consumer credit, and (3) for business sector credit, the re-emergence of the CMBS market is likely essential for adequate provision of commercial mortgage credit since, in the absence of large changes in the price of credit, banks are unlikely to make up for a large shortfall of CMBS-supported business sector credit extension. In contrast, banks and other credit channels likely would replace a credit shortfall resulting from a moribund commercial paper market without an undue rise in the cost of business credit.


This paper analyses the heterogeneous effects of the decentralization of collective bargaining on the incidence of wage increases and wage dispersion in Finland. We use linked employer-employee panel data for the 2005-2013 period, which includes major changes in bargaining systems and economic conditions. Our regression results from models with high-dimensional individual and firm fixed effects show that decentralized bargaining leads to very different outcomes for blue- and white-collar employees. Decentralized bargaining decreases wage dispersion among blue-collar employees and slightly increases it among white-collar employees. Decentralization also affects the incidence of wage increases differently for blue- and white-collar employees. We argue that these differences reflect the different preferences of the employee groups. We also show that the fallback option in local negotiations affects the decentralization outcomes.


In this study the authors attempt to present different types of Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (RSWB) and discuss their relation to personality and psychological well-being. The Multidimensional Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being 48 is employed for this study, which consists of 6 subscales. To find different types of RSWB, an agglomerative cluster analysis on these subscales was performed based on the responses obtained in a nonclinical adult sample (n = 463). A 4-cluster solution was accepted. The clusters were labeled as Religious/Spiritual High, Religiously Oriented, Existentially Oriented, and Religious/Spiritual Low, and were found to be substantially related to Sense of Coherence (n = 263) and Six Factors of Personality (n = 200) in two different subsamples. By presenting a first empirical model for a 4-field typology of RSWB, we hope to further contribute to the ongoing discussion on how to deal with religious/spiritual issues in personality research.


It's rare that a book appears with a fresh perspective on world affairs, but renowned economist Ha-Joon Chang has some startlingly original things to say about the future of globalization. In theory, he argues, the world's wealthiest countries and supra-national institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO want to see all nations developing into modern industrial societies. In practice, though, those at the top are 'kicking away the ladder' to wealth that they themselves climbed. Why? Self-interest certainly plays a part. But, more often, rich and powerful governments and institutions are actually being 'Bad Samaritans': their intentions are worthy but their simplistic free-market ideology and poor understanding of history leads them to inflict policy errors on others. Chang demonstrates this by contrasting the route to success of economically vibrant countries with the very different route now being dictated to the world's poorer nations. In the course of this, he shows just how muddled the thinking is in such key areas as trade and foreign investment. He shows that the case for privatisation and against state involvement is far from proven. And he explores the ways in which attitudes to national cultures and political ideologies are obscuring clear thinking and creating bad policy. Finally, he argues the case for new strategies for a more prosperous world that may appall the 'Bad Samaritans'.


Many invasive insect pests show phenotypic variation between local populations across their geographical range. Understanding and integrating such differences will help to improve pest management. Population differences are the result of local adaptation to environmental conditions and may be detected using ecological analyses. Immature stages may represent especially interesting study objects as they represent important stages in the life cycle of insects and in many cases may be the most destructive stage. The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal, 1813), is a variable worldwide pest that heavily damages alfalfa fields and is widely distributed in Iran. The lack of information about Iranian populations of H. postica has motivated us to examine immature life stages of three western populations (Karaj, Hamedan, Tuyserkan) and one eastern population (Jovein) under laboratory conditions. We measured the percentage of survival and the developmental times of each immature stage. The results suggested that the mean duration of the pupa stage significantly differs among the eastern population and all western populations (P < 0.005). Egg survivorship was lower in the eastern population (72.5%). The importance of differences in development times between populations is discussed in regards of pest management strategies.


Implant dentistry has become a standard option for the rehabilitation of fully and partially edentulous patients. With the ever-increasing number of dentists involved in implant dentistry, it is essential to ensure that their treatment methods follow the highest standard. The ITI Treatment Guide series, a compendium of evidence-based implant-therapy techniques in daily practice, is written by renowned clinicians and provides a comprehensive overview of various therapeutic options. Using an illustrated step-by-step approach, the ITI Treatment Guide shows practitioners how to manage different clinical situations, with the emphasis on sound diagnostics, evidence-based treatment concepts, and predictable treatment outcomes. This third volume of the ITI Treatment Guide series provides clinicians with practical clinical information that will allow them to make evidence-based decisions regarding appropriate implant placement protocol in post-extraction sockets. The book features 15 case presentations illustrating the use of various clinical protocols as well as discussion of the factors influential to treatment outcome and potential complications.


Many museums and institutions have collections that include human mummies. Although some of the mummies may have been analyzed prior to or since acquisition, many have never been scientifically studied or have not been re-examined in decades. The rapid development of technology for the analysis of ancient human remains affords researchers the opportunity to gather new data about mummies that were discovered and examined decades, or even centuries, ago. The implementation of technology for the analysis of human mummies has become routine and provides substantial new information about the individuals being studied. During the re-analysis of a mummy, early post-excavation modifications, often previously unknown to current museum curators and staff, are identified and will, in some circumstances, affect the analysis and accurate interpretation of data. There are also ethical and professional guidelines that should be applied to the use of technology for the study of human remains, including mummies. Museums make the protection of all human remains a priority and any plans for research using human mummies must be carefully considered and planned. New data from any research based on mummies in museums can be, and should be, applied to both academic analysis and interpretation and public presentation. This paper reviews some of the effects of past post-excavation efforts on the re-analysis and interpretation of three Iron Age bog mummies from northern Germany and a child mummy from South America, and highlights issues for museums who are considering undertaking or permitting analysis of mummies in collections.


Following the Second World War, the British Council, along with British publishers and universities, began to take a serious interest in English as a foreign language teaching ('ELT') and the UK soon gained a dominant role in the development and export of teaching approaches and materials. This set includes the works of neglected theorists such as Horace Wyatt, who indicated that English can be taught through the mother tongue as well as 'directly', and Michael West, whose emphasis on the educational value of teaching reading 'in difficult circumstances' has often been ignored in favour of the more utilitarian, spoken-language approach to ELT.


In the Nordic countries, the food industry is of significant importance to the economies. Strong cultural traditions mixed with high quality have been its strength, resulting in good reputation. However, that is not enough in order to be competitive in the global food market. The industry has to carefully observe the rapid developments in the food sector, which makes new thinking and innovations essential.


Ribosomal profiling is a promising approach with increasing popularity for studying translation. This approach enables monitoring the ribosomal density along genes at a resolution of single nucleotides. In this study, we focused on ribosomal density profiles of mouse embryonic stem cells. Our analysis suggests, for the first time, that even in mammals such as M. musculus the elongation speed is significantly and directly affected by determinants of the coding sequence such as: 1) the adaptation of codons to the tRNA pool; 2) the local mRNA folding of the coding sequence; 3) the local charge of amino acids encoded in the codon sequence. In addition, our analyses suggest that in general, the translation velocity of ribosomes is slower at the beginning of the coding sequence and tends to increase downstream. Finally, a comparison of these data to the expected biophysical behavior of translation suggests that it suffers from some unknown biases. Specifically, the ribosomal flux measured on the experimental data increases along the coding sequence; however, according to any biophysical model of ribosomal movement lacking internal initiation sites, the flux is expected to remain constant or decrease. Thus, developing experimental and/or statistical methods for understanding, detecting and dealing with such biases is of high importance.


Virtual worlds provide unique opportunities for innovative distance learning arrangements and are particularly suitable for transferring experiential knowledge. Nowadays, numerous universities are exploring potentials of virtual worlds for distance learning purposes. Virtual worlds offer new possibilities for computer-mediated communication and cooperation because of their immersive character and because interaction techniques such as Voice over IP can be applied. Virtual worlds are expected to become a powerful tool for distance learning when combined with other technologies such as Web 2.0. This paper presents a theory-based framework for the arrangement of distance learning courses with virtual worlds.An analysis of activities of German universities on Second Life depicts that the potentials of virtual worlds for distance learning arrangements are not exploited sufficiently today. Structured implementation of learning arrangements in virtual worlds in combination with other technologies such as Web 2.0 was hardly observable.


Synopsis Measurements of Holocene raven bones from New Zealand show that birds from the Chatham Islands were significantly larger, on average, than those from the South Island, which were in turn significantly larger than North Island birds. Size variation on the North and South Islands appears to have been clinal in accordance with Bergmann's Rule. Three taxa are recognised: the Chatham Islands raven Corvus moriorum Forbes, 1892, the North Island raven C. antipodum antipodum (Forbes, 1893) and the South Island raven C. a. pycrafti n. subsp. A lectotype is designated for C. moriorum and a neotype for C. antipodum. New Zealand ravens were the largest crows in the Australasian region, and the Chatham Islands raven was probably the world's fourth‐ or fifth‐largest passerine. Nothing in the shape or relative size of New Zealand raven bones suggests adaptation for anything other than the generalised crow niche, except that the tarsometatarsus is relatively long, perhaps as an adaptation to increased walking or running on the ground. New Zealand ravens were strong fliers with no reduction in flying ability compared to weak‐flying New Zealand birds such as Callaeas. New Zealand ravens had a more ossified palate than C. brachyrhychos and C. corax of the Northern Hemisphere, while C. coronoides of south‐east Australia seems to be intermediate in this regard. C. coronoides is the most probable closest relative of New Zealand ravens, and the latter probably developed from an invasion of New Zealand by C. coronoides or crows ancestral to it.


This paper proposes a novel algorithm to improve localization and segmentation of an iris image. Since in many practical applications, user cooperation is not possible, eyelash occlusion can seriously affect the performance of an iris recognition system. This paper discusses a robust method for accurate localization and segmentation of the exact iris region without eyelash occlusion. Our algorithm uses a logarithmic image enhancement technique and the Hough transform for iris localization as well as an intensity gradient based method for eyelash detection using local region statistics of the image. Experimental results show the accuracy of our algorithm leading to exact iris region segmentation.


An examination of the macroeconomic, political, and institutional environment of the 1930s and the 1980s suggests a set of stylized facts associated with periods of trade tension and incidents of trade retaliation. Periods of macroeconomic stress precipitate changes in the conduct of and implementation of U.S. trade policy, which then can lead to escalating trade tension, protectionist measures, and perhaps retaliation. Macroeconomic stress, especially when linked to external events, decreases the political benefits of following a liberal trade policy and changes the economic consequences of following a particular trade strategy. As a result, it may be difficult for trading partners to predict the conduct of U.S. trade policy. Moreover, in reexamining its commitment to free trade, the United States may change its response to policies abroad. Finally, the United States may not only deviate from its established behavioral norms, but may also stray from the consensual international code of trade conduct. ; These stylized relationships between macroeconomic environment and political and institutional pressures are applied to a simple game-theory paradigm. Changes in the environment and balance of political power change the elements of a payoff matrix. The policy implications of the model are that the United States should, subject to the constraints of a democracy, make clear both the direction of its trade policy and the magnitudes of any penalties. Much of the tit-for-tat trade retaliation observed in recent months may represent just such a communications effort.


Nomenclature of plants in pharmacology can be presented by pharmaceutical names or scientific names in the form of Linnaean binomials. In this paper, positive and negative aspects of both systems are discussed in the context of the scientific nomenclatural framework and the systems' practical applicability. The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) runs the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring and is responsible for the WHO Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) database that currently contains 3.6 million records. In order for the UMC to monitor pharmacovigilance through ADRs to herbal medicine products the following nomenclatural criteria are important: (i) the name should indicate only one species of plant; (ii) the source for this name must be authoritative; (iii) the name should indicate which part of the plant is used. Based on these criteria, the UMC investigated four options: (i) adopt main names used in recognised (inter-) national pharmacopoeias or authoritative publications; (ii) adopt option 1, but cite the publication for all names in abbreviated form; (iii) three-part pharmaceutical names consisting of Latinised part name plus Latinised genus name, plus Latinised specific epithet; (iv) scientific binomial names, optionally with author and plant part used. The UMC has chosen the latter option and will at its adoption utilise the scientific botanical nomenclature as defined by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This decision satisfies all criteria set by the UMC and renders the necessity of creating a new system or upgrading an old inconsistent system obsolete. The UMC has also issued an extensive synonymy checklist of vernacular, pharmaceutical and scientific names for the herbals in the WHO ADR database. We strongly recommend the adoption of scientific names to denote plant ingredients in medicine.


Africa is the final continent to be affected by the nutrition transition and, as elsewhere, is characterized by the paradoxical coexistence of malnutrition and obesity. Several features of the obesity epidemic in Africa mirror those in other emerging nations: it penetrates the richer nations and urban areas first with a strong urban- rural gradient; initially it affects the wealthy, but later there is a demographic switch as obesity becomes a condition more associated with poverty, and it shares many of the same drivers related to the increasing affordability of highly refined oils and carbohydrates, and a move away from subsistence farm work and towards sedentary lifestyles. Africa also has some characteristics of the obesity epidemic that stand out from other regions such as: (1) excepting some areas of the Pacific, Africa is probably the only region in which obesity (especially among women) is viewed culturally as a positive and desirable trait, leading to major gender differences in obesity rates in many countries; (2) most of Africa has very low rates of obesity in children, and to date African obesity is mostly an adult syndrome; (3) Africans seem genetically prone to higher rates of diabetes and hypertension in association with obesity than Caucasians, but seem to be relatively protected from dislipidemias; (4) the case-specific deaths and disabilities from diabetes and hypertension in Africa are very high due to the paucity of health services and the strain that the 'double burden' of disease places on health systems.


Magnetic flux emergence is the subject of how magnetic fields from the solar interior can rise and expand into the atmosphere to produce active regions. It is the link that joins dynamics in the convection zone with dynamics in the atmosphere. In this thesis, we study many aspects of magnetic flux emergence through mathematical modelling and computer simulations. Our primary aim is to understand the key physical processes that lie behind emergence. The first chapter introduces flux emergence and the theoretical framework, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), that describes it. In the second chapter, we discuss the numerical techniques used to solve the highly non-linear problems that arise from flux emergence. The third chapter summarizes the current literature. In the fourth chapter, we consider how changing the geometry and parameter values of the initial magnetic field can affect the dynamic evolution of the emerging magnetic field. For an initial toroidal magnetic field, it is found that its axis can emerge to the corona if the tube's initial field strength is large enough. The fifth chapter describes how flux emergence models can produce large-scale solar eruptions. A 2.5D model of the breakout model, using only dynamic flux emergence, fails to produce any largescale eruptions. A 3D model of toroidal emergence with an overlying magnetic field does, however, produce multiple large-scale eruptions and the form of these is related to the breakout model. The sixth chapter is concerned with signatures of flux emergence and how to identify emerging twisted magnetic structures correctly. Here, a flux emergence model produces signatures found in observations. The signatures from the model, however, have different underlying physical mechanisms to the original interpretations of the observations. The thesis conludes with some final thoughts on current trends in theoretical magnetic flux emergence and possible future directions.


An overdense plasma layer irradiated by intense light can exhibit dramatic nonlinear-optical effects due to a relativistic mass-effect of free electrons: highly-multiple hysteresises of reflection and transition, and emergence of immobile waves of large amplitude. Those are trapped quasi-soliton spikes sustained by a weak pumping having a tiny fraction of their peak intensity once they have been excited first by higher power pumping. The phenomenon persists even in the layers with "soft", wash-out boundaries, as well as in a semi-infinite plasma with low absorption.


Formulation of the fiscal regime for the extractive industry requires meeting the competing needs for both investors and government. Such desires are tackled when government policymakers put in place fiscal regimes that respond to the attributes of the 'good tax' criteria dealing with, among others; stability, equity, progressiveness, transparency and clarity, risk sharing, economic efficiency, neutrality and non-regressiveness. The objective of this study was to assess the responsiveness of the Zambian mine fiscal regimes to the attributes of 'good tax' criteria. The study design was descriptive with data collection employing both questionnaires and semi-structured interviews meant to gather respondents' opinions using Likert items addressing the attributes of 'good tax' criteria. Non-probability purposive sampling was conducted with 82 questionnaire respondents and 13 interviewees from the mining industry. Questionnaire survey findings indicated that 63% of the respondents disagreed to the Zambian mine tax systems being responsive to the attributes of 'good tax' criteria. Responses from interviewees supported this outcome and signified that the taxation regimes fail to embrace the economic perspective dealing with stability, neutrality, transparency, risk sharing and progressivity. Interviewees felt that weak institutional capacities, policy inconsistencies, information asymmetry, and lack of stabilisation agreements in the fiscal regimes affected the responsiveness of the Zambian mine taxation systems to attributes of 'good tax' criteria.


The gelation abilities toward organic solvents of a series of triazole-based coordination polymers of formula [M(C(n)trz)(3)]A(2) (M = Fe(II) or Zn(II); C(n)trz = 4-n-alkyl-1,2,4-triazole with n = 13, 16, 18; A = monovalent anions, abbreviated as MC(n)A) have been studied to form thermally responsive multifunctional metallogels, in particular for the iron polymers that present the spin-crossover phenomenon. Indeed thermo-reversible physical gels exhibiting thermally reversible magnetic and optical crossovers are formed in decane and toluene. The FeC(18)ptol/decane and FeC(18)ptol/toluene phase diagrams are described (ptol = p-toluene sulfonate anion), together with the rheological properties of the gels determined as a function of the solvent, the gelator concentration as well as temperature. Microscopic observations of the gel structure are correlated to the composition and rheological properties of the gels. Magnetic and thermal studies show that both the gel-liquid and spin-crossover phenomena can be adjusted through the composition of the gel mixture.


This study explores the relationship between education and wages in Mexico. It contributes to our understanding of the structure of wages, helping explain individuals' choices concerning education level. First, we estimate the age-earnings functions for each level of education. Then, taking into account some important costs of added years of study, we estimate the net present value of investment in human capital in each of four steps up the educational ladder. We estimate the internal rate of return associated with investment in each successive step considering different scenarios, two of which take into account prospective economic growth and mortality.


Methodical specification of process inputs for injection molding is hindered by the absence of accurate analytical models. For these processes, the input variables are assigned either by trial and error, based on heuristic knowledge of an experienced operator, or by statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) methods which construct a comprehensive empirical model between the inputs and part quality attributes. In this paper, an iterative method of input selection (tuning) referred to as the Virtual Search Method (VSM) is introduced that conducts most of the search for appropriate machine inputs in a 'virtual' environment provided by an approximate input-output (I-O) model. VSM applies the inputs to the process only when it has exhausted the search based on the current I-O model. It evaluates the quality of inputs from the search and updates the I-O model for the next round of search based on measurements of part quality attributes (e.g., size tolerances and surface integrity) after each process iteration. According to this strategy, VSM updates the model only when needed, and thus selectively develops the model as required for tuning the process. This approach has been shown to lead to shorter tuning sessions than required by DOE methods.


The transmission characteristics of silver–dielectric superlenses in photolithographic applications are studied here and are shown to introduce significant spatial frequency-specific artifacts into images of subwavelength patterns when the superlens is below a certain thickness. These artifacts have a negative impact on the fidelity of patterns produced by photoresists exposed through superlenses, which is not ideal in photolithography applications. The cause of the artifacts is identified as a mismatch between the dc transmission coefficient and the peak transmission coefficient of the superlens, which is normally placed beyond the conventional diffraction limit. We show that this mismatch can be corrected by increasing the thickness of the component layers within the superlens, with the result that the total transmission through the superlens is reduced but the range of spatial frequencies that can be transmitted without severe distortion is increased. Analyses and examples are presented for superlens designs that maximize the spatial frequency bandwidth over which good imaging can be expected; systems with a total thickness of 120–140 nm are optimal, delivering superresolution imaging over spatial frequency bandwidths of up to 6.6  μm−1.


Strategy and tactics need to be developed in the same direction to gain success. This is the application of the research on building the new model which will combine strategy and tactics in marketing. The model will have to satisfy three conditions. It will have to be applicable, simple and interactive. The research will consist of three parts. The first part will be the literature review aimed at making the historical overview on research subject and developing the first instance of the model. The second part of the research will be the main research in the form of interviews with managers responsible for the implementation of strategy and tactics in companies. The result of the main research will be the final version of the model which will be tested in the third part of the research, an experiment on the real company which is present on the real market.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) during the early survivorship period as well as demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with BCRL development.

DESIGN
The Pathways Study, a prospective cohort study of breast cancer survivors with a mean follow-up time of 20.9 months.

SETTING
Kaiser Permanente Northern California medical care program.

PARTICIPANTS
We studied 997 women diagnosed from January 9, 2006, through October 15, 2007, with primary invasive breast cancer and who were at least 21 years of age at diagnosis, had no history of any cancer, and spoke English, Spanish, Cantonese, or Mandarin.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Clinical indication for BCRL as determined from outpatient or hospitalization diagnostic codes, outpatient procedural codes, and durable medical equipment orders.

RESULTS
A clinical indication for BCRL was found in 133 women (13.3%), with a mean time to diagnosis of 8.3 months (range, 0.7-27.3 months). Being African American (hazard ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-3.72) or more educated (P for trend = .03) was associated with an increased risk of BCRL. Removal of at least 1 lymph node (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.07) was associated with an increased risk, yet no significant association was observed for type of lymph node surgery. Being obese at breast cancer diagnosis was suggestive of an elevated risk (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-2.31).

CONCLUSIONS
In a large cohort study, BCRL occurs among a substantial proportion of early breast cancer survivors. Our findings agree with those of previous studies on the increased risk of BCRL with removal of lymph nodes and being obese, but they point to a differential risk according to race or ethnicity.


The West Wing is widely considered to be the product of its liberal writer Aaron Sorkin and of a left-leaning Hollywood community. Liberals, disappointed by the results of the 2000 election, could find some solace by tuning in following the trials, tribulations, and triumphs of the fictional Bartlet administration every Wednesday night at nine o'clock. These same people might have looked forward to an alternative to President Bush's prosecution of the war on terrorism in the wake of September 11. However, Sorkin's President Bartlet, in the months after the terrorist attacks, pursued a foreign policy more hawkish than even that of the Bush administration. This article examines The West Wing's portrayal of terrorism after September 11 and Josiah Bartlet's zealous - and arguably overzealous - prosecution of a fictional "War on Terror." To some, studying a fictional television's depiction of terrorism may seem frivolous in a time when real people are fighting and dying in a real war on terrorism. However, it is our argument that messages in fiction matter; they matter in real and political ways. The depictions of terrorism and other public issues in fictional media affect how people think about the world. That these messages frequently go unexamined is troublesome. This article takes seriously the power of fiction to shape and form ideas and arguments about the world. In a time when people are afraid and living with the uncertainty that terrorism creates, it behooves scholars to look at all of the messages the public receives on the topic, from President Bush to President Bartlet. Literature Review History suggests that compelling narratives can carry remarkable social and political force. The idea that stories hold persuasive power is at least as old as the parables of Jesus. Over the last century, both totalitarian and democratic governments have shown a healthy respect for narratives and their potential to bring about social change. The former Soviet Union censored the politically themed fiction of Nobel laureates Boris Pasternak and Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Members of the US Congress blacklisted "anti-American" screenwriters, directors, and actors in Hollywood in 1947 (Rosenfeld). Today, the US Department of Defense routinely advises film companies and television networks on the portrayal of the military in their storylines. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Pentagon chose to release proposed rules for military tribunals of terrorist defendants to writers of the CBS television drama JAG before making the same information available to the news media (Seelye). As the lines between news and entertainment continue to blur, political scientists have begun to acknowledge that a wide variety of television programming, including entertainment and fiction, can inform the public's ideas about politics. Michael Belli Carpini and Bruce Williams argue that any meaningful discussion of media and politics should move beyond the outdated and unsatisfying distinction between traditional conceptions of news and entertainment (2001a). When determining whether a piece of information or a certain medium is "politically relevant," Delli Carpini and Williams argue for a test based on how individuals use the information rather than the information's genre, content, or source. Over the last fifty years -the "Golden Age of Broadcast News" -the test of whether a piece of information was considered "political" depended on its genre (news, not entertainment), its content (fact, not fiction), or its source (journalists, not film actors). Today, political scientists have begun to recognize that individuals sometimes draw upon entertainment programs and fictional narratives in forming political beliefs (Delli Carpini and Williams, 2001a). While the entertainment media do not rival traditional news media in politically relevant information, they argue that its importance should not be underestimated. …


This body of work investigates various techniques for the surface modification of food contact materials for use in food packaging and processing applications. Nanoscale changes to the surface of polymeric food packaging materials enables changes in adhesion, wettability, printability, chemical functionality, and bioactivity, while maintaining desirable bulk properties. Polymer surface modification is used in applications such as antimicrobial or non-fouling materials, biosensors, and active packaging. Non-migratory active packagings, in which bioactive components are tethered to the package, offer the potential to reduce the need for additives in food products while maintaining safety and quality. A challenge in developing non-migratory active packaging materials is the loss of biomolecular activity that can occur when biomolecules are immobilized. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible polymer, is grafted from the surface of ozone treated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) resulting in a surface functionalized polyethylene to which a range of amine-terminated bioactive molecules can be immobilized. The grafting of PEG onto the surface of polymer packaging films is accomplished by free radical graft polymerization, and to covalently link an amine-terminated molecule to the PEG tether, demonstrating that amine-terminated bioactive compounds (such as peptides, enzymes, and some antimicrobials) can be immobilized onto PEG-grafted LDPE in the development of non-migratory active packaging. Fouling on food contact surfaces during food processing has a significant impact on operating efficiency and can promote biofilm development. Processing raw milk on plate heat exchangers results in significant fouling of proteins as well as minerals, and is exacerbated by the wall heating effect. An electroless nickel coating is co-deposited with polytetrafluoroethylene onto stainless steel to test its ability to resist fouling on a pilot plant scale plate heat exchanger. Further work was performed to test the stability of non-fouling material after extended exposure to an alkali detergent or acid sanitizer formulated for clean-in-place procedures in dairy processing facilities. Additionally, the anti-corrosive property of the surface coating was tested on carbon steel against chlorine ions, a common corrosive agent found in the food industry. Accelerated corrosion and long-term chemical exposure studies were conducted to measure the coating stability against the harsh corrosive agents.


IntroductionHigh rates of self-harm resulting in acute health service contact have been observed in adults released from prison. Contact with health services due to self-harm is a key intervention opportunity to prevent deleterious health outcomes. Little is known about subsequent mental health service contact after discharge from acute health services.
Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to describe mental health service contact after discharge from acute health service contacts following self-harm in a representative sample of adults released from prison. Ambulance, emergency department (ED), hospital inpatient and ambulatory mental health service records were probabilistically linked to pre-release interview data. Self-harm events after release were identified from ICD codes and coded from case notes in ambulance, ED, and hospital records. We calculated the time between discharge from ambulance, ED, or hospital after self-harm and subsequent contact with mental health services. Factors predicting the likelihood of mental health service contact were examined using multivariate logistic regression.
ResultsOf 1307 adults released from prison, 108 (8.3%) experienced 218 self-harm events resulting in acute health service use in the community. Of these presentations, 0%, 59%, and 50% of discharges from ambulance attendances, ED and hospital, respectively, had subsequent contact with a specialist mental health service within 7 days of that acute service contact. Mental health service contact within 7 days of acute service contact was positively associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.27; 95%CI: 1.26-8.47) and being identified by prison staff as at risk for self-harm (AOR: 3.34; 95%CI: 1.29-8.62), and was negatively associated with dual diagnosis (AOR: 0.19: 95%CI: 0.06-0.61), substance use disorder only (AOR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.04-0.48) and physical health functioning (AOR: 0.96; 95\%CI: 0.92-0.99).
Conclusion/ImplicationsAlmost half of adults with a recent history of incarceration discharged from acute health service after self-harm did not receive timely specialist mental health care. Improved integration of acute health services and ambulatory mental health services could improve outcomes for adults who present with self-harm.


Professor Lawrence Lessig makes the (rather dire) prediction in Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace that the Internet will be transformed from an unregulated medium into a highly regulated one. Lessig posits that the Net will largely be regulated not by the government but by commercial entities - in particular, by the software (or code) written by entities such as AOL and IBM. While the government's regulatory power is limited by the Constitution, regulation by commercial entities is not. For example, Internet service providers can censor "indecent" speech on the Net largely free of constitutional constraints. The "Net libertarians" applaud such nongovernmental regulation and contend that market forces will suffice to impose any necessary limitations on such commercial Internet regulation. For example, if AOL does not sufficiently respect our free speech rights, we can "vote" with our mouse clicks and choose another Internet service provider that does. Lessig is skeptical of this Net libertarian model, and contends that although such a model might reflect and incorporate individual values, it will be incapable of adequately protecting our important "collective" values. In this essay, I first describe Lessig's ideas about Net regulation and then explain the Net libertarian response to these claims, focusing on whether a libertarian market-based model would adequately protect freedom of expression. I then analyze the mechanisms of exit and voice, examining the role of exit in both Robert Nozick's libertarian utopian framework and in the Net libertarian model. I consider the potential dangers that an exit-based model poses to protecting unpopular speech, and observe that the sufficiency of such protection under the exit model is a function of the particular marketplace. I conclude that Lessig has not shown that marketplace regulation endangers our important collective values. I argue further that Lessig's favored mechanism of voice, wherein individual market members reshape a market's values from within, may not serve to incorporate our important collective values. Lessig contends that voice could afford such protection if somehow the meta-value of "deliberation" were incorporated into the expression of voice - i.e., by providing individuals with information on a subject before they were asked to make value-based decisions. However, I contend that Lessig has not shown that the introduction of deliberation into the expression of voice is warranted. I conclude that while government intervention may eventually be necessary if the market's potential to disregard collective values does materialize, we have not yet reached that point. Next, I consider a market-based model of cyberspace and examine Lessig's claim that the government will be powerless to intervene if the cybermarket were no longer conducive to reflecting our important values. I argue that, contrary to Lessig's claims, the First Amendment's state action doctrine does not prohibit court intervention where private regulation threatens important collective values such as freedom of expression. In interpreting the state action doctrine in situations where private parties have threatened free speech rights, courts have balanced the competing rights and interests at stake, examined the markets involved, and considered whether meaningful alternative avenues of expression were available. Furthermore, the government has used other mechanisms to intervene where markets have failed to protect speech adequately. I conclude that Lessig has not shown that a cyberspace governed by market forces will fail to incorporate important collective values or that courts and policymakers will be powerless to protect such values if the marketplace indeed fails to do so.


The American criminal justice system is fundamentally democratic and should reflect an ideal of citizenship that is equal, participatory, and deliberative. Unfortunately, the outcomes of criminal cases are now almost always determined by professionals (prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges) instead of by juries. This overly bureaucratized system of adjudication silences the voice of the people. A better system would strengthen "criminal justice citizenship," which refers to the right of the citizenry to participate, directly and indirectly, in the criminal justice system and to deliberate in its workings.

The three key principles of criminal justice citizenship are membership, participation, and deliberation. Membership refers to who can participate and whether they can participate on an equal basis. Where the justice system adheres to this principle, people enjoy a greater sense of belonging, solidarity, and trust in government. Participation refers to public participation in democratic processes, such as jury service. Deliberation refers to structured dialogues between lay persons that affect governmental decisions. Institutions and procedures must be designed to give the people an important role in government, but the nature and extent of that role should be limited by other considerations, such as procedural accuracy and preventing racial discrimination.

This theory of criminal justice citizenship has important applications to jury trials. Regarding membership, providing broad and equal opportunities for jury service is necessary for democratic legitimacy and fair and effective deliberations. Regarding deliberation, jury trials need to be more transparent; the prevailing procedures of jury deliberations need to be modified; and unanimous verdicts must be required to protect the voice of potentially marginalized jurors. Regarding participation, jury trials are so rare that it will be necessary to improve criminal justice citizenship by democratically reforming other aspects of the criminal justice system, such as plea bargaining. The overarching principle is that the people need a more significant role in criminal adjudication, not only because popular participation is good for defendants, but also because it strengthens American democracy.


The neutralino, the lightest stable supersymmetric particle, is a strong theoretical candidate for the missing astronomical 'dark matter'. A profusion of such neutralinos can accumulate near the Sun when they lose energy upon scattering and are gravitationally captured. Pair-annihilations of those neutralinos may produce very high-energy (VHE, above 100 GeV) gamma rays. Milagro is an air shower array which uses the water Cherenkov technique to detect extensive-air showers and is capable of observing VHE gamma rays from the direction of the Sun with an angular resolution of 0.75 deg. . Analysis of Milagro data with an exposure to the Sun of 1165 hours presents the first attempt to detect TeV gamma rays produced by annihilating neutralinos captured by the Solar system and shows no statistically significant signal. Resulting limits that can be set on the gamma-ray flux due to near-Solar neutralino annihilations and on the neutralino cross-section are presented.


Integrin signaling has been implicated in both cell spreading (mediated through the small GTP-binding proteins Rac and cdc42) and cell retraction (mediated through RhoA). However, the mechanism whereby integrin temporally regulates these opposing processes--which must be coordinated in cell migration and wound repair--has been unclear. Noting that calpain cleavage of the cytoplasmic domain of integrin β3 is inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation at Y759, Flevaris et al. expressed a phosphorylation-mimicking integrin β3 mutant in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, along with the wild-type integrin αIIb subunit, to investigate the role of calpain cleavage in integrin signaling. After determining that this R760E mutant was in fact resistant to calpain cleavage when expressed in CHO cells adherent to fibrinogen, the authors showed that cell-mediated clot retraction was inhibited with the R760E mutant cells, whereas cell spreading on fibrinogen was enhanced. In contrast, a deletion mutant that mimicked calpain cleavage exhibited defective cell spreading. RhoA was activated in cells with cleaved integrin β3, and pharmacological analysis indicated that defective spreading in the deletion mutant depended on activation of RhoA and Rho-dependent kinase (ROCK)-mediated retraction. A combination of pharmacological analysis and investigation of a dominant-negative c-Src mutant revealed that integrin β3-dependent c-Src signaling inhibited RhoA activation, thereby promoting cell spreading; integrin β3 cleavage disrupted its binding to c-Src, thereby relieving its inhibition of RhoA and stimulating retraction. Thus, the authors propose that the phosphorylation-regulated cleavage of the integrin β3 cytoplasmic domain by calpain switches the integrin β3 signal to promote retraction instead of spreading. P. Flevaris, A. Stojanovic, H. Gong, A. Chishti, E. Welch, X. Du, A molecular switch that controls cell spreading and retraction. J. Cell Biol. 179, 553-565 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Recent approaches to reconstructing city-sized areas from large image collections usually process them all at once and only produce disconnected descriptions of image subsets, which typically correspond to major landmarks. In contrast, we propose a framework that lets us take advantage of the available meta-data to build a single, consistent description from these potentially disconnected descriptions. Furthermore, this description can be incrementally updated and enriched as new images become available. We demonstrate the power of our approach by building large-scale reconstructions using images of Lausanne and Prague.


The use of laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is introduced for the analysis of substrate contamination from plated metal contacts on silicon solar cells. Solar cells with plated Ni/Cu/Ag contacts were heat treated at 200 °C for up to 1000 hours and the concentration of plated metals in the silicon wafer was determined with LA-ICP-MS. Ablation efficiency was shown to depend strongly on spot size and scan speed, which greatly affected crater properties and transport efficiency. Wet chemical etching using HNO3 + HF/HCl was demonstrated to sufficiently remove surface metals from plated regions for the purposes of metal contamination analysis of solar cells. The LA-ICP-MS technique was successful in demonstrating the penetration of plated metal from the contacts into the silicon wafer during thermal stress testing, and correlating Cu and Ni concentration with an associated exponential reduction in the open-circuit voltage of silicon solar cells, although the individual contributions of each metal were difficult to separate. The large standard deviations (>±50%) in LA-ICP-MS results were theorised to be the result of non-uniformities in the cell processing as well as in the line-scanning method applied in LA-ICP-MS measurements, the latter being able to be addressed by optimisation of laser ablation parameters for silicon solar cells.


Pressure–temperature (P–T) paths as complete as possible and with a precision on the km‐scale or less are needed to further improve the knowledge of deformation, re‐equilibration processes and element/fluid transfer, in particular along subduction zones. This contribution attempts to (i) critically evaluate the precision and continuity with which metamorphic P–T histories are retrieved today and (ii) discuss implications for regional‐scale accretionary processes in subduction zones, through application to the Schistes Lustrés complex (Haute Maurienne, W. Alps). P–T estimates are compared and combined using several independent approaches: (i) from minerals assumed to be in textural equilibrium; (ii) from electron microprobe compositional maps; and (iii) from pseudosection modelling predictions. Multi‐equilibrium calculations were performed with tweequ and thermocalc, and pseudosections were built with Perple_X and Theriak/Domino. These P–T estimates were also compared with maximum temperatures (Tmax) deduced from the Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous matter. The different methods used here yield the peak of pressure for the lower structural unit of the Schistes Lustrés at 480 °C and 23 kbar and document the retrograde path for both the Median and Lower Units. The results show that P–T conditions are recorded almost continuously and can be determined with a precision of ±1 kbar and ±30 °C at best. This study underlines the complementarity of the various thermobarometric methods and demonstrates that precision could be increased by improving solid solution models for chlorite. Observed tectonic patterns, major lithological boundaries, pressure–temperature and Tmax data suggest that underplating processes and early structural development played a key role in the Schistes Lustrés accretionary complex.


Summary 1. During the next century, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to more than double, potentially leading to a decline in plant diversity as well as a change in plant community composition and structure. 2. In a decade-long field experiment, simulated atmospheric N deposition has slowed litter decay, resulting in an accumulation of forest floor (i.e. Oi & Oe horizons). We reasoned that a greater forest floor mass under simulated N deposition would impose a physical barrier to sugar maple Acer saccharum seedling establishment, thereby reducing seedling populations of an ecologically and economically important tree species. 3. To test this idea, we first quantified sugar maple seedling abundance in replicate northern hardwood forest stands receiving ambient atmospheric N (7–12 kg N ha )1 year )1 ) and experimental atmospheric N deposition, simulating future amounts in eastern North America (ambient plus 30 kg NO3 Nh a )1 year )1 ). Then, we experimentally manipulated forest floor mass under ambient and simulated N deposition treatments. Finally, we transplanted first-year established seedlings into areas receiving ambient and simulated N deposition and quantified their mortality after 1 year. 4. First-year seedling abundance did not differ under ambient and simulated N deposition; however, there were greater abundances of second- and third-to-fifth-year seedlings under ambient N deposition ( P< 0AE001). In all cases, experimental manipulation to increase forest floor mass, equivalent to that under simulated N deposition, resulted in significantly (P =0 AE001) fewer established individuals, regardless of whether the greater forest floor mass occurred under ambient or simulated N deposition. Finally, fewer 1-year-old transplanted seedlings survived when grown under simulated N, albeit that result was not statistically significant. 5. Synthesis and applications. The slowing of decay and the accumulation of forest floor under anthropogenic N deposition can negatively impact seedling survival and potentially alter stand development and structural diversity. As atmospheric N deposition increases globally, it becomes necessary to understand the mechanisms that lead to population changes for ecologically important tree species. The responses we document should be considered in simulations of future of forest dynamics, as atmospheric N deposition continues to increase, specifically when sugar maple life-history traits are included to simulate regeneration, structural diversity and stand development.


The view presented in The Internet and Its Protocols is at once broad and deep. It covers all the common protocols and how they combine to create the Internet in its totality. More importantly, it describes each one completely, examining the requirements it addresses and the exact means by which it does its job. These descriptions include message flows, full message formats, and message exchanges for normal and error operation. They are supported by numerous diagrams and tables.

This book's comparative approach gives you something more valuable: insight into the decisions you face as you build and maintain your network, network device, or network application. Author Adrian Farrel?s experience and advice will dramatically smooth your path as you work to offer improved performance and a wider range of services.

* Provides comprehensive, in-depth, and comparative coverage of the Internet Protocol (both IPv4 and IPv6) and its many related technologies.
* Written for developers, operators, and managers, and designed to be used as both an overview and a reference.
* Discusses major concepts in traffic engineering, providing detailed looks at MPLS and GMPLS and how they control both IP and non-IP traffic.
* Covers protocols for governing routing and transport, and for managing switches, components, and the network as a whole, along with higher-level application protocols.
* Offers thoughtful guidance on choosing between protocols, selecting features within a protocol, and other service- and performance-related decisions.

Table of Contents

Ch 1 Overview of Essentials ? Ch 2 The Internet Protocol ? Ch 3 Multicast ? Ch 4 Routing ? Ch 5 Concepts in IP Security ? Ch 6 IP Service Management ? Ch 7 Transport Over IP ? Ch 8 Traffic Engineering ? Ch 9 MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) ? Ch 10 Generalized MPLS ? Ch 11 Managing Switches and Components ? Ch 12 Network Management ? Ch 13 Application Protocols ? Ch 14 Advanced Applications ? Ch 15 Future Developments


We analyse a labour market programme for partly disabled workers that involves the transition from Labour Market Enterprises to a job in the ordinary labour market. We find that the percentage of these people finding jobs after a maximum two-year programme period has increased over time. In 1995, 28 per cent became employed in the ordinary job market in that year after they have left the programme. Exit rates to employment increased to 36 per cent in 1998 and to 39 per cent in 1999. We also find heterogeneity in the job transitions. Employment ratios for men are relatively stable over time, varying between 30 and 40 per cent over the period 1995–1999. For women, however, we find a significant change in employment ratios, with 21 per cent finding a job in 1995 and 40 per cent in 1999. In 1995, employment ratios for female participants were below those of male participants, although there was no difference over the whole period studied (1995–1999). In 1999, the average transition rate to employment was higher for female than for male participants.


Having already penned Getting in the Game, his inside scoop on the mayhem within baseball's winter meetings, Josh Lewin once again gives baseball fans a window into the big leagues. By interviewing big league ballplayers about their first day in the majors, Lewin creates fascinating mini-biographies of the players, highlighting the personalities hidden behind the on-field accomplishments. He lets the players recount their own memories of how they made it to the big leagues. In You Never Forget Your First, Lewin shares the stories of players great and less so. Tony Gwynn recalls singling in his first at bat and finding Pete Rose waiting for him at first base with a wink and a warning:"Don't break my record all at once, kid." Bob Brenly heard of his call-up on the car radio while on a family trip to the Grand Canyon. He then stood helplessly in the middle of the Arizona desert after his transmission gave out, trying to convince passersby he was a ballplayer heading to the big leagues and needed a lift to the airport. Duane Kuiper witnessed a fight both on the field and in his own clubhouse his first day in Cleveland. Greg Maddux recalls being stuck at the Chicago River drawbridge, convinced he'd never make it to Wrigley Field in time for his debut. Lewin interviews modern star players such as A-Rod, Barry Bonds, and Manny Ramirez, as well as Hall of Famers such as Jim Palmer, Don Sutton, and George Brett. More than 100 popular baseball players are profiled, complete with the box scores of their big league debuts.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal serum estriol levels, which are routinely measured in the first trimester of pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes including gestational diabetes. We performed a retrospective chart analysis of women who delivered between July 1, 2007, and December 31, 2009, at Kangnam CHA Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. Only patients with available estriol measurements during their pregnancies and complete follow-up data were included in the study. The effect of estriol on the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis with age and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) as covariates. The total number of subjects was 1,553, the mean age was 32.9 ± 3.7 years, and the mean pre-pregnancy BMI was 21.2 ± 3.0 kg/m2. Unconjugated estriol > 95th percentile of the screened population or unconjugated estriol ≥ 2.0 MoM (Multiple of the Median) was significantly associated with an increased risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), after adjusting for age and pre-pregnancy maternal weight. High levels of unconjugated estriol in the maternal serum during the early second trimester of pregnancy are a useful predictor of GDM development.


Antivenoms against snake and scorpion envenomations are usually equine in nature and composed mostly of F(ab')2; additionally, phenol and m-cresol are mainly employed for their preservation. Although there is no study on this subject, m-cresol is utilized by most manufacturers in a concentration that ranges from 0.15 to 0.35 g%. Decreasing the concentration of m-cresol to its minimal effective level may protect victims from its toxic effects and keep the antivenom stable during its shelf life without forming any aggregates. In the present work, different concentrations of m-cresol, ranging from 0.1 to 0.35 g%, were used with some selected batches of snake and scorpion antivenoms. A low concentration of 0.15 g% showed an acceptable preserving result that complies perfectly with antimicrobial specifications stated by the British Pharmacopoeia. Tested antivenoms (in 12 batches), when kept in a cold room for 39 months (more than their shelf life), retained their physical, chemical and microbiological activities according to the specifications of pharmacopeias. The present data demonstrated that reduction of m-cresol concentration to 0.15 g% in case of equine F(ab')2 antivenoms will improve safety of such preparations and preserve their stability during their shelf life.


The Monte Carlo code PENELOPE has been used to simulate photon flux from the Leksell Gamma Knife®, a precision method for treating intracranial lesions. Radiation from a single 60Co assembly traversing the collimator system was simulated, and phase space distributions at the output surface of the helmet for photons and electrons were calculated. The characteristics describing the emitted final beam were used to build a two-stage Monte Carlo simulation of irradiation of a target. A dose field inside a standard spherical polystyrene phantom, usually used for Gamma Knife® dosimetry, has been computed and compared with experimental results, with calculations performed by other authors with the use of the EGS4 Monte Carlo code, and data provided by the treatment planning system Gamma Plan®. Good agreement was found between these data and results of simulations in homogeneous media. Owing to this established accuracy, PENELOPE is suitable for simulating problems relevant to stereotactic radiosurgery.


This paper presents preliminary work on three-dimensional numerical modelling of seismic strengthening measures for poorly detailed reinforced concrete frames, primarily designed for gravity loads, as was typical in seismic-prone countries before the introduction of more advanced seismic codes in the early 1970s. These buildings are at risk due to inadequate structural detailing, deficiencies in reinforcement anchorage and the absence of measures to prevent brittle failure modes. Representative beam-column joints tested experimentally at the University of Pavia are analyzed using a continuum finite element program specially developed for detailed modelling of fracture in quasi-brittle materials. The microplane material model with relaxed kinematic constraint is used for the concrete. In the first stage of this work, which is presented in this paper, the proper modelling of the behaviour of smooth reinforcement with hooked ends, as well as the accurate representation of brittle shear failure modes in joints, are of particular interest. In the second stage of the project, strengthening measures that incorporate post-installed anchors for connection to the existing structure will be assessed.


Tourism is a complex and transversal phenomenon of huge social-economic importance that in the last few years has entered the phase of globalization and internationalisation. Furthermore, by virtue of the considerable reinforcement of means of communication, the diffusion of tourism has undergone an unprecedented acceleration and therefore the means of sourcing of information and opportunities of consumption have become numerous. In this direction, distributed hospitality needs investigated, considering that, at the current status, it is not fully understood in terms of inborn potentials by the local policy makers. In general, distributed hospitality represents a form of hospitality that is based on relations of a collaborative nature, especially suitable to generate virtual requalification processes on the territory of residential assets, of repositioning of the tourist destination, as well as reinforcing the attractiveness of the area. Moreover, even though different kinds of inter-company relations exist, the aggregation phenomenon appears to be the answer to the cognitive requirements and the means to activate a modern differential process on the market. The theme of sustainability of tourism development will therefore be faced through the identification of current forms of experience of diffused hotels that exist on an Italian level; subsequently, changing from some morphological indicators deducted by the Network Analysis, a model was proposed in the attempt to define the governance model of diffused hotels. So, the research question is the following: can the formula of distributed hospitality lead to enhancement of a tourist destination with a view to sustainability?


We consider adversarial training of deep neural networks through the lens of Bayesian learning, and present a principled framework for adversarial training of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) with certifiable guarantees. We rely on techniques from constraint relaxation of non-convex optimisation problems and modify the standard cross-entropy error model to enforce posterior robustness to worst-case perturbations in $\epsilon$-balls around input points. We illustrate how the resulting framework can be combined with methods commonly employed for approximate inference of BNNs. In an empirical investigation, we demonstrate that the presented approach enables training of certifiably robust models on MNIST, FashionMNIST and CIFAR-10 and can also be beneficial for uncertainty calibration. Our method is the first to directly train certifiable BNNs, thus facilitating their deployment in safety-critical applications.


C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum protein that binds to damaged membranes and initiates the complement immune response. Different forms of CRP are thought to alter how the body responds to inflammation and the degradation of foreign material. Despite knowing that a modified form of CRP(mCRP) binds to downstream protein binding partners better than the native pentameric form, the role of CRP conformation on lipid binding is yet unknown. In this work, three main assays were performed to characterize how conformation affects CRP-membrane interactions. The first assay utilized supported lipid bilayers that mimic the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells. The results show that CRP interactions vary with protein conformation, lipid composition, and membrane shape and that the mechanism by which CRP recognizes damaged membranes depends on the combination of all three. The second assay focused on CRP interactions with cellular membranes by using induced apoptosis in MES-SA cells to characterize how CRP recognizes damaged cellular membrane. Monitoring the disassociation of pCRP to mCRP on apoptotic cell membrane with a fluorescent RNA aptamer that specifically binds mCRP but not pCRP allowed for quantitative analysis. Thirdly, a fluorescence quenching assay was utilized to characterize CRP conformational states using 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS), a fluorescence probe that binds to the hydrophobic regions of a protein. The unfolding of CRP using different denaturants was assessed using tryptophan fluorescence assay. Urea-EDTA, Guanidine-HCl, and iii SDS with heat were used to perturb the pentameric state. All treatments give rise to a monomeric state in native PAGE experiments. As revealed by ANS fluorescence, treatment with 2.5M GndHCl, 3 or 6 M urea, or 0.01% SDS caused hydrophobic portions of CRP to be exposed. Based on this data, we conclude that the two forms of CRP studied here have different mechanisms of action.


Electrons confined within a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb potential can host localized electronic states at their edges. These edge states exhibit distinctive electronic properties relative to the bulk and may result in spin polarization or topologically protected conduction. However, the synthesis and characterization of well-defined 2D structures which host such edge states remain challenging. Here, we confirm the presence of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and find evidence for unique edge states in the Ag-induced honeycomb surface reconstruction of silicon nanosheets (SiNSs) grown on Ag(111). Atomic-scale scanning tunneling microscopy and computational modeling confirm that the electronic properties of the SiNS surface are determined by the honeycomb surface reconstruction. This surface presents ordered edge terminations with distinct spectroscopic signatures associated with the edge orientation, and calculations suggest that Rashba-type spin–orbit coupling may result in spin-polarized conduction along certain edge orientations. This quantification of the electronic structure of edge states in SiNS 2DEGs will address ongoing efforts to engineer quantum effects in silicon-based nanostructures.Electrons confined within a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb potential can host localized electronic states at their edges. These edge states exhibit distinctive electronic properties relative to the bulk and may result in spin polarization or topologically protected conduction. However, the synthesis and characterization of well-defined 2D structures which host such edge states remain challenging. Here, we confirm the presence of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and find evidence for unique edge states in the Ag-induced honeycomb surface reconstruction of silicon nanosheets (SiNSs) grown on Ag(111). Atomic-scale scanning tunneling microscopy and computational modeling confirm that the electronic properties of the SiNS surface are determined by the honeycomb surface reconstruction. This surface presents ordered edge terminations with distinct spectroscopic signatures associated with the edge orientation, and calculations suggest that Rashba-type spin–orbit coupling may result in spin-polarized conducti...


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether plasma homocysteine concentrations are increased in patients after cardiac transplantation.

DESIGN
Total plasma homocysteine concentration was measured in 44 consecutive patients before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after orthotopic heart transplantation between June 1, 1988, and Oct. 15, 1992, and the data were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS
Mean homocysteine concentrations (normal range, 4 to 17 mumol/L) increased 70% from 12.5 mumol/L before cardiac transplantation to 21.2 mumol/L (P < 0.002) 3 months after transplantation, at which time the concentrations were above normal in 14 of 26 patients (54%). Homocysteine concentrations remained elevated 6 and 12 months after transplantation (20.4 and 22.6 mumol/L, respectively) but did not increase further. Mean concentrations of plasma folic acid and vitamin B12, cofactors in homocysteine metabolism, decreased 20% and 49%, respectively, within 3 months after transplantation (11.6 to 9.3 micrograms/L [P = 0.04] and 584 to 295 ng/L [P = 0.01]). The mean glomerular filtration rate decreased 25% during this same interval (81 to 61 mL/min; P = 0.0001). Linear regression analysis revealed an association between the increase in homocysteine concentration and the folic acid concentration that approached statistical significance (P = 0.07); we found no statistically significant correlates of the increase in homocysteine concentration.

CONCLUSION
The homocysteine concentration increases in most patients within 3 months after cardiac transplantation to levels previously associated with premature atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, and it remains increased for at least 1 year. Further investigation into the mechanism for the increase in homocysteine concentration and the relationship between homocysteine and coronary artery disease after transplantation is warranted.


Abstract Construction simulation is a versatile technique with numerous applications. The basic simulation methods are discrete-event simulation (DES), agent-based modeling (ABM), and system dynamics (SD). Depending on the complexity of the problem, using a basic simulation method might not be enough to model construction works appropriately; hybrid approaches are needed. These are combinations of basic methods, or pairings with other techniques, such as fuzzy logic (FL) and neural networks (NNs). This paper presents a framework for applying simulation for problems within the field of construction. It describes DES, SD, and ABM, in addition to presenting how hybrid approaches are most useful in being able to reflect the dynamic nature of construction processes and capture complicated behavior, uncertainties, and dependencies. The examples show the application of the framework for masonry works and how it could be used for obtaining better productivity estimates. Several structures of hybrid simulation are presented alongside their inputs, outputs, and interaction points, which provide a practical reference for researchers on how to implement simulation to model construction systems of labor-intensive activities and lays the groundwork for applications in other construction-related activities.


A house is very important for rural and urban people. A house is a needy economic asset for human beings. It gives dignity and privacy to the families. In India 13 per cent of the people do not own a house. In Karnataka 26 per cent of the people do not own a house. The objectives of this study are i) to investigate the factors which determine the construction of a good house ii) to identify the factors which influence the non-preference for construction of a house in the village? and iii) to record the socio-economic conditions of Dalits in Karnataka. The study followed the multi-stage random sampling method. The total sample size was 1,800 SC (Dalit) households in Karnataka.The main findings of the study are i) two villages have sufficient water resources and that is one of the main reasons for the construction of good houses and the economic status of these villages is also better than other villages ii) among the selected villages, in Srinivasa Saradgi village of Kalaburagi district the condition of Dalits' houses is very pathetic. Due to lack of financial support the Dalits are unable to construct houses and ii) some of the Dalits are unable to sleep during nights in the rainy season because of water seepage.


The relation between aid and taxation is largely contested in the literature. On the one hand, aid may act as a substitute for tax revenue and thus have a crowding-out effect. It can also have a detrimental effect on domestic tax institutions. On the other hand, it can promote and support tax mobilisation through policy advice, technical assistance, and conditionality, in addition to more indirect channels. The case of Ethiopia supports the existence of a positive relation between aid and tax, which occurs mainly through policy advice and technical assistance rather than conditionality. This finding is grounded in both quantitative and qualitative analysis.


In 1991, the New York City Board of Education expanded HIV/AIDS education to include condom availability in public high schools. A three-year study was initiated to assess the program's impact on student risk behavior, the schools' social environments, and patterns of communication about HIV/AIDS and condoms among students, their parents and teachers in 12 randomly selected New York City high schools. Findings on gender differences in both attitudes and use of the program among sexually active students are reported here. Sexually active girls' attitudes toward using condoms and the condom availability program were more positive than those of sexually active boys, yet boys were more likely to have used the program. Girls reported embarrassment and confidentiality concerns as the main deterrents to using the program. Data suggest that schools need to examine the address gender-specific attitudes that contribute to reluctance to use the program among sexually active girls.


The painting that would become known as the "York Springs Graveyard" (see cover illustration) was sold to Connecticut folk-art collectors Jean and Howard Lipman in about 1939 by Joe Kindig, an antiques dealer from York, PA. The 18" x 24" oil painting on canvas, of mid-nineteenth-century people and carriages at a cemetery, with cattle in the middle distance, is signed "R. Fibich." The New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, NY, subsequently acquired the painting from the Lipmans. It was cleaned, documented, studied, and then exhibited at various venues including the Primitives Gallery of Harry Stone (1942); the Union College of Art Gallery, Schenectady (1951); the Museum of Fine Arts of Houston, Texas (1956); the M. Knoedler Gallery, NYC (1956); the Roberson Gallery, Binghamton NY (1966-67); the New York State Fair at Syracuse (1970); the DeCordova Museum, Lincoln, MA (1972); the Whitney Museum, NYC (1974), and Smith College Museum of Art Collection ((1975). In addition to inclusion in The Flowering of American Folk Art: 1776-1976, which was published in conjunction with the 1974 Whitney Bicentennial Exhibit, it also appeared in American Primitive Painting (Metropolitan Miniature Series, 1953) and in Life magazine, where readers were solicited for any information about the artist. The Flowering of American Folk Art: 1776-1976 index of artists' biographies states "R. Fibich (active c. 1850). Known for a single oil landscape of a York Springs, Pa., graveyard." [excerpt]


In this paper we develop a functorial language of probabilistic mappings and apply it to some basic problems in Bayesian nonparametrics. First we extend and unify the Kleisli category of probabilistic mappings proposed by Lawvere and Giry with the category of statistical models proposed by Chentsov and Morse-Sacksteder. Then we introduce the notion of a Bayesian statistical model that formalizes the notion of a parameter space with a given prior distribution in Bayesian statistics. We give a formula for posterior distributions, assuming that the underlying parameter space of a Bayesian statistical model is a Souslin space and the sample space of the Bayesian statistical model is a subset in a complete connected finite dimensional Riemannian manifold. Then we give a new proof of the existence of Dirichlet measures over any measurable space using a functorial property of the Dirichlet map constructed by Sethuraman.


Despite the long history of wildlife rehabilitation and the abundance of empirical knowledge of the behavior and resource selection of wildlife species, rarely does research bridge these disciplines. Such investigations could be of value to wildlife managers and rehabilitators by revealing the suitability of the habitat at selected release sites, the wild activities, behavior, and fitness of the captive-reared individuals, and ultimately the efficacy of the rehabilitation process. Rehabilitated carnivores warrant specific attention, given that they are wide-ranging and may behave in ways that threaten human safety or interests. We investigated the behavior of orphan, rehabilitated black bear cubs (Ursus americanus) during their first year after release by utilizing GPS collars, resource selection functions, and generalized linear mixed models. To understand if rehabilitated individuals exhibited speciestypical behaviors, we included metrics commonly reported in other empirical studies of this species, such as immediate post-release movements, denning chronology, release-site fidelity, and resource use. Rehabilitated bear cubs denned shortly after release exhibited latesummer dispersals, showed preferential selection for certain habitat types based on season, and displayed no inclination toward utilization of anthropogenic resources. The survival and behavior of the orphaned bears in this study suggest that welfare-based captive care and rehabilitation can be a safe and effective practice without habitation to humans or deleterious effects on fitness.


In current Web browsers, there is no uniform way to specify that a user clicking on a link will be presented with an editable view of a Web Distinguished Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) server. For example, it is frequently desirable to be able to click on a link and have this link open a window that can handle drag-and-drop interaction with the resources of a WebDAV server. This document specifies a mechanism and a document format that enables WebDAV servers to send "mounting" information to a WebDAV client. The mechanism is designed to work on any platform and with any combination of browser and WebDAV client, relying solely on the well-understood dispatch of documents through their MIME type.