Background and Purpose: Professional ethics is one of the foremost components of every occupation. The ethical standards are essential to the improvement of quality of care. On the other hand, job satisfaction is a critical challenge for healthcare organizations. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction among nurses. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 142 nurses employed in the teaching hospitals of Sari, Iran. Participants were selected via stratified random sampling. Data collection tools were Cadozier's professional ethics questionnaire (2002), and Warr, Cook, and Wall's job satisfaction scale (1979). Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.14 using t-tests, Pearson's correlation-coefficient, and one- way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: In this study, the majority of the participants were female (90.1%), registered nurses (81.7%), and had bachelor's degree (92.3%). Mean scores of compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction were 62.01±6.92 and 47.86±9.94, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between compliance with the professional ethics and job satisfaction (P=0.113). Moreover, there was a significant association between the observance of professional ethics and work experience of the nurses (P=0.032). Accordingly, nurses with more than 10 years of work experience had greater compliance with professional ethics. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction are independent from each other. This may be due to the fact that in nursing professional ethics has a intrinsic and independent feature in compared to other parameters, such as payment equity, job bonus, and promotion, which could increase or reduce job satisfaction among these healthcare providers.


Under this proposal, local taxes would not be deductible for federal purposes, but state taxes would continue to be deductible. A deduction for local taxes is less justified because they provide benefits to local taxpayers in ways that make them more similar to a purchase of private goods, for which a deduction is generally not allowed. State taxes, on the other hand, are more likely to be redistributive, and a deduction for them is therefore more appropriate. The proposal is estimated to raise $45.1 billion in 2016.The proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration of tax professionals developing methods for raising revenue in ways that improve the fairness and efficiency of the tax base. Shelf Project proposals imitate committee reports in describing current law, discussing the reasons for change, and explaining the proposal.


Governance is one of the most important factors for ensuring effective environmental management and conservation actions. Yet, there is still a relative paucity of comprehensive and practicable guidance that can be used to frame the evaluation, design, and analysis of systems of environmental governance. This conceptual review and synthesis article seeks to addresses this problem through resituating the broad body of governance literature into a practical framework for environmental governance. Our framework builds on a rich history of governance scholarship to propose that environmental governance has four general aims or objectives – to be effective, to be equitable, to be responsive, and to be robust. Each of these four objectives need to be considered simultaneously across the institutional, structural, and procedural elements of environmental governance. Through a review of the literature, we developed a set of attributes for each of these objectives and relate these to the overall capacity, functioning, and performance of environmental governance. Our aim is to provide a practical and adaptable framework that can be applied to the design, evaluation, and analysis of environmental governance in different social and political contexts, to diverse environmental problems and modes of governance, and at a range of scales.


Radiocarbon-controlled stratigraphic data from Owasco Lake valley, New York, document two cycles of relative lake-level change during the Holocene in response to regional variations in effective precipitation. Lake highstands occurred at 10.5 and 6.9 ka, with an intervening lowstand at 9 ka. The 10.5 ka highstand occurred during the well-known Killarney–Younger Dryas cold interval (11.2–10.0 ka) in response to decreased evaporation and increased precipitation. The driest interval of the early-middle Holocene occurred ∼ 9 ka, at the time of maximum summer solar insolation. A second highstand occurred during the Hypsithermal (∼ 8.5–5.5 ka) in response to increased precipitation at a time when the interior of North America underwent maximum aridity. This out-of-phase relationship between northeastern North America and the midcontinent during the Hypsithermal may have been a consequence of a northward shift of the jet stream and a change of precipitation patterns in response to increased global warmth. If the Hypsithermal can be used as an analog for potential global warming, the northeastern United States may experience future increases in regional precipitation.


Colin Todd is a football man from the old school. He was brought up in the North East of England, a well known hot bed of soccer. Colin has enjoyed a career spanning over forty years in our national game. He played over seven-hundred and fifty games at the highest level, including twenty-seven full caps for his country. Working under such famous Managers as Brian Clough (3 times!) Dave MacKay and Sir Alf Ramsay to name but a few, he learnt the managerial ropes prior to stepping to the breach at Middlesborough.Two champion-ship medals at his beloved Derby County, he also won the coveted PFA player of the year award in 1974. Colin has seen and studied all aspects of our beautiful game.At heart a strong family man he has recently taken up the post of first team Manager in the Danish League, the latest chapter in what has been a magnificent career in football. Colin maintains remarkable enthusiasm for the game which is evident throughout this autobiography.


This paper presents a computer code for the assessment of absorbed effective doses and dose equivalents in X-ray diagnostics. The absorbed doses in a patient's tissues in various X-ray examinations were estimated using the Monte Carlo method. The X-ray spectra generated by the empirical TASMIP model were verified. Further simulations were based on an anthropomorphic phantom of a standard adult. The absorbed doses in voxels in various diagnostic X-ray examinations were calculated using the Monte Carlo method. The result of the calculations was an array of X-ray flux through the surface of every voxel, and a summation of doses on voxels over organ and tissue volumes. Average absorbed doses on organs and tissues of the phantom were determined by further division by the number of voxels inside the respective organ or tissue. Doses in 22 standard organs of the phantom for various standard X-ray examinations were computed. The doses obtained from Monte Carlo simulations were compared with the measured absorbed doses. A comparison was made with the doses calculated by several similar programs for calculating patients' organ doses and the effective dose in medical X-ray examinations.


The term reactive oxygen species, ROS, is defined by the US National Library of Medicine (NIH 2006) as:

 "Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include singlet oxygen; superoxides; peroxides; hydroxyl radical; and hypochlorous acid. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to nucleic acids; proteins; and lipids."

This chapter explores the role of minerals in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Five different mechanisms by which minerals may promote the formation and transformation of ROS species are explored (Fig. 1⇓). These are:

 Figure 1.
Mineral-induced ROS formation and transformations. Numbers refer to mechanisms listed in text. [Used by permission of Corey Cohn and Martin Schoonen, Stony Brook University, 2006]

1. Mineral release of metal ions: Metals that are released into body fluids via congruent or incongruent mineral dissolution can act as catalysts. In this mechanism minerals are a source of metals, but are not directly involved in any of the reactions.

2. Surface-bound metal-promoted reactions: Insoluble metal-containing minerals can catalyze formation of ROS from molecular oxygen. In this mechanism the conversion of molecular oxygen takes place on the mineral surface, with the mineral surface itself, or adsorbed species, acting as an electron donor.

3. Intrinsic or mechanically-induced surface defects: Defects on the mineral surface, either intrinsic to the mineral structure or generated by crushing, can react to form ROS. In this mechanism, highly reactive defects combine with water, molecular oxygen, or carbon dioxide to form ROS.

4. Inflammatory cell/mineral interactions: Insoluble particles that deposit in the airways and alveoli of the lung may activate airway epithelial cells or macrophages as a result of binding to the cell surface or engulfment mechanisms that bring the particles into the cell interior; these processes can lead to …


Antiplatelet therapy is widely used with proven benefit for the prevention of further ischemic cardiac complications in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Treatment guidelines for acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention now recommend the use of oral antiplatelet agents including ticagrelor, prasugrel, or clopidogrel in combination with aspirin to comprise dual antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of recurrent ischemic events. The limitations of conventional antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel or prasugrel include the potential for low response to clopidogrel identified through platelet reactivity or genetic testing, increased risk of bleeding with prasugrel, or slower return to normal platelet activity in patients who received either prasugrel or clopidogrel prior to emergent or planned surgical procedures. This review will discuss the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ticagrelor in comparison to conventional P2Y12 receptor inhibitors and its utility in patients identified as low responders to clopidogrel. Completed clinical studies and substudies comparing ticagrelor to clopidogrel and ongoing clinical trials evaluating ticagrelor in acute coronary syndrome patients will also be reviewed.


The Arabian Gulf is a main source of wealth and food for the people of the Gulf countries. For hundreds of years, the Gulf used to be the main source for some of the finest pearls in the world. It harbors highly diverse and productive habitats including coral reefs, mangroves, intertidal marshes, and seagrass. Another feature of the Arabian Gulf is that it hosts the second largest population of dugongs in the world's oceans. The Gulf is a shallow basin (avg. depth = 35 m) that has some of the most radical environmental conditions in the world's oceans including extreme temperature, high UV irradiance, high evaporations and limited fresh water influx, resulting in salinities that ranges from 40 up to 70 psu in some bays. On the top of the aforementioned extreme natural hydrographic conditions, there are tremendous environmental stresses exerted by the unprecedented industrialization, fossil hydrocarbon exploration and production, shipping tankers introducing non-indigenous species, power and desalination plants, and coastal development activities as well as any remnants from the largest oil spills in history, during the Gulf war in 1991. Qatar University Life Science Symposium (QULSS) is an annual event where local and world leader academics address the research priorities for the state of Qatar and the Gulf region. As headlines worldwide emphasize climatic changes, ocean acidification, eutrophication, loss of habitats, marine pollution, and toxic algal blooms as the top environmental issues threatening the health of the world's oceans and the Gulf, the QULSS of 2015 is tackling the effects of the local and global changes on the Arabian Gulf ecosystem. In QULSS-2015, marine scientists in Qatar University, along with collaborators from local, regional and international leading institutes, communicate and exchange their most recent research findings on impacts of different stressors including extreme natural conditions on the structures and functions of different species and habitats in the Gulf, to the fellow scientists, public, and policymakers. Objectives of the symposium are to increase the awareness on the ecological value of the Arabian Gulf, to initiate activities that foster marine science education, to promote interests in marine and environmental sciences among young people, to encourage young generations to pursue a career in marine environmental science/research, and to provide opportunities for networking and collaboration among scientists at the national, regional and international level as well as to strengthen scientific and research collaboration between academia, industry, and decision makers.


Abstract This paper clarifies the identification of the three species referred by Tobien (1954) to the genus Masillamys from Messel, and more specifically provides a revision of their diagnosis and differential dental features, using an updated terminology. Based on specimens better preserved than the holotype (M. beegeri), it appears that this genus had an infraorbital area more hystricomorphous than sciuromorphous. As the genus shares dental features – like a long oblique postprotocristid or the occurrence of a metalophid I on the lower molars, the relatively well-developed hypocone on the upper molars, as well as hystricomorphy –, notably with Hartenbergeromys and Pantrogna, Masillamys is here included among the basal Theridomorpha.


RATIONALE
Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory has drawn much attention, with evidence supporting the contribution of stem cells to tumor initiation, relapse, and therapy resistance.

OBJECTIVES
To screen drugs that target CSCs to improve the current treatment outcome and overcome drug resistance in patients with lung cancer.

METHODS
We used publicly available embryonic stem cell and CSC-associated gene signatures to query the Connectivity Map for potential drugs that can, at least in part, reverse the gene expression profile of CSCs. High scores were noted for several phenothiazine-like antipsychotic drugs, including trifluoperazine. We then treated lung CSCs with different EGFR mutation status with trifluoperazine to examine its anti-CSC properties. Lung CSCs resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor or cisplatin were treated with trifluoperazine plus gefitinib or trifluoperazine plus cisplatin. Animal models were used for in vivo validation of the anti-CSC effect and synergistic effect of trifluoperazine with gefitinib.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
We demonstrated that trifluoperazine inhibited CSC tumor spheroid formation and down-regulated the expression of CSC markers (CD44/CD133). Trifluoperazine inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer spheroids. The combination of trifluoperazine with either gefitinib or cisplatin overcame drug resistance in lung CSCs. Trifluoperazine inhibited the tumor growth and enhanced the inhibitory activity of gefitinib in lung cancer metastatic and orthotopic CSC animal models.

CONCLUSIONS
Using in silico drug screening by Connectivity Map followed by empirical validations, we repurposed an existing phenothiazine-like antipsychotic drug, trifluoperazine, as a potential anti-CSC agent that could overcome epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy resistance.


Background Calculating the metabolome size of species by genome-guided reconstruction of metabolic pathways misses all products from orphan genes and from enzymes lacking annotated genes. Hence, metabolomes need to be determined experimentally. Annotations by mass spectrometry would greatly benefit if peer-reviewed public databases could be queried to compile target lists of structures that already have been reported for a given species. We detail current obstacles to compile such a knowledge base of metabolites. Results As an example, results are presented for rice. Two rice (oryza sativa) subspecies have been fully sequenced, oryza japonica and oryza indica. Several major small molecule databases were compared for listing known rice metabolites comprising PubChem, Chemical Abstracts, Beilstein, Patent databases, Dictionary of Natural Products, SetupX/BinBase, KNApSAcK DB, and finally those databases which were obtained by computational approaches, i.e. RiceCyc, KEGG, and Reactome. More than 5,000 small molecules were retrieved when searching these databases. Unfortunately, most often, genuine rice metabolites were retrieved together with non-metabolite database entries such as pesticides. Overlaps from database compound lists were very difficult to compare because structures were either not encoded in machine-readable format or because compound identifiers were not cross-referenced between databases. Conclusions We conclude that present databases are not capable of comprehensively retrieving all known metabolites. Metabolome lists are yet mostly restricted to genome-reconstructed pathways. We suggest that providers of (bio)chemical databases enrich their database identifiers to PubChem IDs and InChIKeys to enable cross-database queries. In addition, peer-reviewed journal repositories need to mandate submission of structures and spectra in machine readable format to allow automated semantic annotation of articles containing chemical structures. Such changes in publication standards and database architectures will enable researchers to compile current knowledge about the metabolome of species, which may extend to derived information such as spectral libraries, organ-specific metabolites, and cross-study comparisons.


The novel terpolymer resins (2,2'-BPTEPAF- I, II, III) have been synthesized by condensation polymerization of 2,2'-biphenol (2,2'-BP) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with formaldehyde (F) in presence of 2 M NaOH as a catalyst using varying molar ratios of reacting monomers. The composition of resins has been determined by elemental analysis. Spectral studies such as UV-Visible, FT-IR and 1 H NMR spectra have been used to confine the most probable structures of newly synthesized terpolymer resins. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis has been carried out to determine their mode of decomposition and relative thermal stability. Kinetic parameters such as energy of activation (E a), order of reaction (n) and frequency factor (z) has been calculated by applying Friedman, Chang and Sharp-Wentworth methods. The computed results are compared and elaborated.


Background Calciphylaxis is a rare condition usually seen in patients with end-stage renal disease. Pain is a hallmark of this condition and can be extremely difficult to control. Anecdotal data suggests that pain management in calciphylaxis is challenging with variable approaches across the United Kingdom (UK) and internationally. A knowledge and practice survey was conducted to establish current practice in the management of pain in patients with calciphylaxis, in the UK. Based on the results and clinical experience the authors suggest a clinical practice guideline.Methods An online questionnaire was circulated among physicians (renal and palliative care) involved in the management of pain in calciphylaxis. The questionnaire included a mix of open-ended questions and questions with drop down options. Results One hundred and six clinicians responded to the survey of which 60 (57%) respondents were from palliative medicine; the remaining 46 (43%) were from renal medicine. 31 (30%) respondents across both specialties had not encountered any patients with a diagnosis of calciphylaxis (renal-2, palliative care-29). A referral to the palliative care team was undertaken by 18% of renal physicians, 32% referred to the pain team and 50% referred to both. Only 3% of the palliative medicine respondents indicated that they had received a referral from the renal team at the time of diagnosis. Opioids were the preferred initial drug of choice for the management of all types of pain. Paracetamol was universally selected as the preferred first-choice adjuvant agent for management of all types of pain. The importance of advance care planning was highlighted with 72% undertaking advanced care planning discussions often or most of the time.Conclusion There was wide variation in the current practice of pain management in patients with calciphylaxis, with variation between renal specialists and palliative care specialists. Referral to specialists in pain management is not universal despite the severe nature of the pain experienced by patients with calciphylaxis. The data generated has facilitated the development of a clinical practice guideline to support complex pain management in a group of patients with multiple comorbidities.


This paper evaluates the effectiveness of market-based approaches in the provision of public-sponsored training programs. In particular, we study the link between training quality and labor earnings using a Peruvian program that targets disadvantaged youths. Multiple proxies for training quality are identified from bidding processes in which public and private training institutions that operate for profit compete for limited public funding. Using difference-in-differences kernel matching and standard regression-based approaches, we find that beneficiaries attending high-quality training courses have higher average and marginal treatment impacts. These earnings differentials are larger for females rather than males, and are larger in the medium term rather than in the short run. External validity was assessed by using five different cohorts of individuals over an eight-year period.


Yucatecan, Ch'olan, and Tzeltalan languages have numeral classifiers which obligatorily follow numbers. Although such classifiers are not present in every number expression, several numeral classifiers occur frequently in the Classic Maya inscriptions. The most common of them, the period glyphs, constitute a feature which distinguishes Maya inscriptions from Mixe-Zoquean inscriptions, since the classifiers required in Mayan languages do not occur in Mixe-Zoquean languages. Any glyph immediately following bar/dot numbers should be examined carefully for that possibility. Several morphemes which immediately follow numbers are discussed here, and evaluated for the likelihood of their having functioned as classifiers.


This essay provides a brief introduction into an analysis of citizenship and migration by using a transnational and cultural studies lens. It argues that migration is a global phenomena and responding to this domestic law must imagine the contours of citizenship. This is done in a historical context examining the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1807, Dred Scott in 1857 and Wong Kim Ark in 1898, respectively 200, 150 and 111 years ago. This analysis is also applied to current migration between the U.S. and Mexico, examining Mexico's dual-nationality legal regime and public calls to revisit birthright citizenship in the U.S. This essay makes two general arguments. First it argues that these examples of migration show how domestic law (re)determines citizenship standards after sustained exposure to the global movement of persons. It presents migration as a transnational and global process, versus something unilaterally felt or caused. Second, this essay contends that these legal determinations regarding citizenship reflect cultural processes of imagined communities, borrowing the concept from Benedict Anderson.


It is widely accepted that conservation tillage management affords benefits to soil properties and reduces production costs; therefore these practices could be attractive to farmers from semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of different tillage practices under semiarid conditions on macroaggregate stability (water stable aggregates, WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and particulate organic carbon (C-POM) content of an Alfisol from Spain. The experimental design involved a split plot and four randomized blocks in which tillage was the main factor and crop rotation (fallow―wheat―pea―barley) the secondary factor. Three tillage systems were compared: no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT), and conventional tillage (CT). Soil samples were collected on November 2006 and October 2007. In November 2006 no significant differences in WSA were found among the tillage treatments. In October 2007, however, the mean WSA in the upper soil layer for the NT was significantly higher, 24%, that in the CT. No significant differences were seen for the subsurface layer. Under NT, the SOC and C-POM values for the surface soil layer were significantly higher than those for the other treatments on both sampling dates. At the subsurface depth, no significant differences were seen in either of these variables. The SOC and C-POM values were more homogeneous throughout the soil profile in the plowed soil than in the NT for which the corresponding values were more stratified. The results show that NT will help improve soil structure and soil fertility, which is particularly relevant to semiarid conditions like the area studied.


The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are under scrutiny for their engagement in production networks following recent emphasis on increasing intra-regional trade, rebalancing, and inclusive growth in Asia. Using a data set covering 5,900 firms in five ASEAN economies at different stages of development, this paper analyses the participation of SMEs in production networks, determinants, and policy implications. It finds that although large firms dominate production network engagement in ASEAN economies, there are signs that SMEs have modestly increased their participation since the late-1990s. This is linked to firm-specific factors (e.g., firm size, foreign ownership, skills, technological capabilities, and access to credit) as well as a supportive business environment. Tackling residual supply-side and policy constraints can further the participation of ASEAN SMEs in production networks.


Although the late Paleozoic deglaciation is arguably one of the best deep-time analogs for current and predicted climate change, quantitative paleotemperature data from this interval are generally lacking. We reconstruct extreme paleoweather conditions and paleoclimate changes from Permian Nippewalla Group (probably uppermost Leonardian/Kungurian; North America) ephemeral lake halite by using fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures to directly measure the water temperature when the halite precipitated; in these depositional settings, this is an excellent air temperature proxy. Extremely high temperatures, to 73 °C, and large diurnal temperature ranges are evidenced in the lower Nippewalla Group, suggesting conditions more extreme than anywhere on Earth today. In contrast, the upper Nippewalla Group was cooler; maximum temperature was 43 °C and diurnal temperature ranges were smaller, though even these conditions are similar to modern extremely hot environments. Comparison to prior studies suggests that these results may be indicative of regional patterns. This study represents the first pre-Quaternary high-resolution quantitative data set of extreme paleoweather and possible paleoclimate trends from fluid inclusions in halite, and provides new insight into climate change during the late Paleozoic deglaciation.


Given a set $Y$ of decreasing plane trees and a permutation $\pi$, how many trees in $Y$ have $\pi$ as their postorder? Using combinatorial and geometric constructions, we provide a method for answering this question for certain sets $Y$ and all permutations $\pi$. We then provide applications of our results to the study of the deterministic stack-sorting algorithm.


Developing complex engineering systems requires the consolidation of models from a variety of domains such as economics, mechanics and software engineering. These models are typically created using differing formalisms and by stakeholders that have varying views on the same problem statement. The challenging question is: what is needed to make sure that all of these different models remain consistent during the design process? A review of the related literature reveals that this is still an open challenge and has not yet been investigated at a fundamental level within the context of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). Therefore, this paper specifically focuses on examining the fundamentals of consistency management. We show that some inconsistencies cannot be detected and come to the conclusion that it is impossible to say whether or not a system is fully consistent. In this paper, we first introduce a mathematical foundation to define consistency in a formal manner. A decision-based approach to design is then studied and applied to the development of a real-world example. The research reveals several distinct types of inconsistencies that can occur during the design and development of a system. We show that these inconsistencies can be further classified into two groups: internal and external consistency. From these insights, the ontology of inconsistencies is constructed. Finally, requirements for possible tool support and methods to identify and manage specific types of consistency issues are proposed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


I. Introduction Considering the enormous influence Legal Realism has exercised upon American law and legal education over the last sixty years, and considering, too, as the cliche has it, that "we are all realists now," it remains surprising how inadequate-indeed inaccurate-most descriptions of Realism turn out to be. Ronald Dworkin, for example, claims that according to Realism, "judges actually decide cases according to their own political or moral tastes, and then choose an appropriate legal rule as a rationalization."1 Dworkin is echoed by Judge Jon Newman of the Second Circuit who asserts that Realists believe that "the judge simply selects the result that best comports with personal values and then enlists, sometimes brutally, whatever doctrines arguably support the result."2 John Hart Ely says the Realists "'discovered' that judges were human and therefore were likely in a variety of legal contexts consciously or unconsciously to slip their personal values into their legal reasoning. "3 Steven Burton remarks that it is often "claimed, in legal realist fashion, that judges decide whatever they want to decide when the law is unclear (and it is often or always unclear)."4 Fred Schauer describes Realists as holding "that legal decision-makers are largely unconstrained by forces external to their own decision-making preferences. "5 And Robert Satter, a Connecticut trial judge, says in a recent popular work that Realists "assert that a judge exercises unbridled discretion in making decisions; he works backward from conclusion to principles and uses principles only to rationalize his conclusions. [Realists] consider the judge's values all-important. "6 Glosses on Realism like these are surely familiar to every student of the literature. But it may help to recast them in a slightly more systematic form to understand precisely what picture of Realism so powerfully grips the legal imagination. According to what I will call the "Received View," Legal Realism is fundamentally: (1) a descriptive theory about the nature of judicial decision, according to which, (2) judges exercise unfettered discretion, in order (3) to reach results based on their personal tastes and values, which (4) they then rationalize after-the-fact with appropriate legal rules and reasons. Like much "conventional wisdom," the Received View of Realism has an element of truth: the core of Realism is, indeed, a certain sort of descriptive claim about how judges decide cases, according to which judges rationalize, after the fact, decisions reached on other grounds. But it is, or so I shall argue, quite misleading to think of Realism as committed to the claim that judges exercise "unfettered" discretion7 or that they make choices based on "personal" values and tastes. That Realism has been saddled with these claims-what I shall call the claims of "Judicial Volition" and "Judicial Idiosyncrasy"-has contributed in no small measure to the frequent reduction of Realism to a whipping boy for legal common sense.8 As a preliminary matter, however, any talk about the core of "Realism"-or even of "Realism" simpliciter-invites the objection that there simply is no such thing: there is no doctrine of "Realism" as apart from the views of individual writers.9 This sort of familiar skepticism is, I think, largely false. For everyone commonly thought to be a RealistKarl Llewellyn, Jerome Frank, Underhill Moore, Felix Cohen, Leon Green, Herman Oliphant, Walter Wheeler Cook, and Max Radin, among others-endorses the following descriptive claim about adjudication: in deciding cases, judges respond primarily to the stimulus of the facts. The Received View can then be seen as simply one interpretation of certain aspects of what I shall call this "Core Claim" of Realism, to which I return below.10 Indeed, I will suggest something further: that the misleading presentation of the Received View as the essence of Realism really represents what we may call the "Frankification" of Realism, i. …


The fraction of ionizing photons that escape from young star-forming galaxies is one of the largest uncertainties in determining the role of galaxies in cosmic reionization. Yet traditional techniques for measuring this fraction are inapplicable at the redshifts of interest due to foreground screening by the Lyα forest. In an earlier study, we demonstrated a reduction in the equivalent width of low-ionization absorption lines in composite spectra of Lyman break galaxies at z ≃ 4 compared to similar measures at z ≃ 3. This might imply a lower covering fraction of neutral gas and hence an increase with redshift in the escape fraction of ionizing photons. However, our spectral resolution was inadequate to differentiate between several alternative explanations, including changes with redshift in the outflow kinematics. Here we present higher quality spectra of three gravitationally lensed Lyman break galaxies at z ≃ 4 with a spectral resolution sufficient to break this degeneracy of interpretation. We present a method for deriving the covering fraction of low-ionization gas as a function of outflow velocity and compare the results with similar quality data taken for galaxies at lower redshift. We find an interesting but tentative trend of lower covering fractions of low-ionization gas for galaxies with strong Lyα emission. In combination with the demographic trends of Lyα emission with redshift from our earlier work, our results provide new evidence for a reduction in the average H i covering fraction, and hence an increase in the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from Lyman break galaxies, with redshift.


The common practice is to derive in the time domain the equations for the nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses and to solve them by the split-step Fourier method. When fields at different frequencies propagate and interact in a fiber, it is also usual to write a distinct equation for each of these fields. This implicitly assumes that the spectra of these various fields do not overlap, which may no longer be the case for femtosecond pulses. It then becomes necessary to consider the propagation of the total field as a whole. Moreover, for such broad field spectra the dispersion of higher orders must be taken into account, which can be dealt with in the frequency domain without any difficulty. It is shown that writing the equations for the total field presents many advantages, and an alternative to the split-step Fourier method is proposed, based on an integration rule of higher order.


How to measure the value and results of corporate philanthropy remains one of corporate giving professionals' greatest challenges. Social and business benefits are often long-term or intangible, which make systematic measurement complex. And yet: Corporate philanthropy faces increasing pressures to show it is as strategic, cost-effective, and value-enhancing as possible. The industry faces a critical need to assess current practices and measurement trends, clarify the demands practitioners face for impact evidence, and identify the most promising steps forward in order to make progress on these challenges. This report aims to meet that need, by providing the corporate philanthropic community with a review of recent measurement studies, models, and evidence drawn from complementary business disciplines as well as the social sector. Rather than present another compendium of narrative accounts and case studies, we endeavor to generalize the most valuable concepts and to recognize the strengths and limitations of various measurement approaches. In conjunction with the annotated references that follow, the analysis herein should provide an excellent starting point for companies wishing to adapt current methodologies in the field to their own corporate giving programs.


More than ten small Global Position System (GPS) networks located at middle latitude of both hemisphere with different longitude selected from International GNSS Service (IGS) were used to investigate the global longitude variations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). These networks can provide the total electron content (TEC) over the global major sectors (Asia-Australia, Europe-Africa, and America). To detect MSTIDs, the cross-spectral method is used to obtain the nighttime MSTID parameters from small GPS network TEC series. The parameters of MSTIDs in different longitude are first compared, and their similarities and differences are discussed. On other hand, we focus on the seasonal variation of MSTID occurrence rate, especially their comparison in different longitude. Further, the features of MSTIDs in inter-hemisphere are also discussed. In addition, the characteristics of the MSTIDs during nighttime and daytime are compared, especially their similarities and differences in different longitude.


The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) has become a popular alternative to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) during the last decade. UKF propagates the so called sigma points by function evaluations using the unscented transformation (UT), and this is at first glance very different from the standard EKF algorithm which is based on a linearized model. The claimed advantages with UKF are that it propagates the first two moments of the posterior distribution and that it does not require gradients of the system model. We point out several less known links between EKF and UKF in terms of two conceptually different implementations of the Kalman filter: the standard one based on the discrete Riccati equation, and one based on a formula on conditional expectations that does not involve an explicit Riccati equation. First, it is shown that the sigma point function evaluations can be used in the classical EKF rather than an explicitly linearized model. Second, a less cited version of the EKF based on a second-order Taylor expansion is shown to be quite closely related to UKF. The different algorithms and results are illustrated with examples inspired by core observation models in target tracking and sensor network applications.


South Korea and Vietnam established diplomatic relations only twenty years ago. Today these former adversaries enjoy unexpectedly cordial and rapidly expanding bilateral ties. Leaders of the two nations - perceiving broadly shared interests and no fundamental conflicts - seek to leverage their subregional influence on behalf of common or complementary policy goals. Today they often profess a "middle power" identity as they explain their foreign policy in terms of such classical middle power goals as regional peace, integration, and common goods. Broadly similar in many respects, South Korea and Vietnam are nonetheless sufficiently different that a comparison can yield interesting insights - yet there is a dearth of systematic comparative work on the two. While holding a range of views on the contentious concepts of middle power and national identity, the contributors to Asia's Middle Powers? help readers, both academic and policy practitioners, to gain an enhanced appreciation of South Korea and Vietnam's regional behavior and international strategies.


The relationship between economic development and public infrastructure capital has puzzled economists, economic geographers, planners, and other social scientists, for many years. This thesis presents an attempt to theorise and conduct empirical research on this field in the context of a developing economy within the European Union - Greece. Key to understanding the work undertaken in this thesis is the wider theoretical and applied research, which has flourished in the US and other countries during the last decade. The thesis examines the effects of public capital investment on Greek economic development viewed at different spatial scales. More specifically, it explores the role of infrastructure spending at national, regional, and urban (metropolitan area of Athens) levels. The empirical presentation begins with a description of the Public Investment Programme from 1976 onwards. This is the main channel for public investment in infrastructure capital in Greece. Its various public capital sub-categories have been aggregated into two basic types, 'productive' and 'social' infrastructure. The next step was to utilise a production function analytical framework and panel data analysis to explore the direct and network effects of infrastructure investment on manufacturing industry. Positive effects of infrastructure spending are apparent. An alternative approach, cost function analysis, is deployed in the second major empirical section. Using various spatial levels, the role of public capital on the private costs of production can be examined by the calibration of a cost function for industrial sectors. The results show that infrastructure investment reduces private costs in manufacturing at most spatial levels. Finally, the thesis investigates other direct and indirect channels by which public capital can affect the non-manufacturing and manufacturing sectors of the private economy. The empirical findings show that there is no significant infrastructure impact on the former sector, whereas there are mixed results for the indirect channels on manufacturing. It can be safely argued that the public capital and regional development relationship is a complex one, especially as infrastructure effects can be different at different spatial levels.


Introduction: Scrotal liposarcoma is a very rare scrotal malignancy that is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the treating surgeon. Case description: A 47-year-old man presented with a recent onset of bilateral testicular swelling and increasing discomfort. The patient had undergone an uneventful laparoscopic bilateral inguinal hernia repair 6 months prior and had been symptom free at 1 month after surgery. Now, the patient had developed recurrent swelling of his right scrotal area and nocturia. A computed tomographic scan revealed a lipomatous mass extending into the inguinal canal, and a decision was made to explore and resect the mass via a laparoscopic approach. Exploration revealed a large fatty mass extending from the inguinal canal to the retropubic space. After careful dissection of the mass off the inguinal vessels, it was pushed into the inguinal canal for later removal through the scrotum. The inguinal defect was covered with an absorbable mesh via laparoscope, and the dissection and transscrotal removal of the fatty mass was completed. Pathology revealed scrotal liposarcoma. At the 4-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and a computed tomographic scan revealed no masses or signs of recurrence. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient remained disease free. Conclusion: This case demonstrates an uncommon scrotal malignancy. Open surgery with orchiectomy is the surgical technique that most surgeons use. We have demonstrated that a laparoscopic approach is a viable alternative that can provide negative margins and testicular preservation.


Tweets contain mentions of numerous entities, persons and events, and often additional information, like an opinion, that can be viewed as an annotation of that entity. However, this information is currently being accumulated only by specific applications without being made available in a generic format. We discuss a natural language processing approach to extract information about entities and their annotations from tweets and transform them into a semantic, reusable knowledge base. We believe this will greatly facilitate access to user-generated Twitter data for many applications.


Within current mainstream understandings of patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research, a clear distinction is made between what 'involvement' in research is: 'research being carried out 'with' or 'by' members of the public rather than 'to', 'about' or 'for' them'1 and what it is not: namely 'engagement with' and 'participation in' research. Research evidence describes problems than can arise when such distinctions are unclear or misunderstood (often by those new or unfamiliar with PPI); or when distinctions are intentionally blurred e.g. by 'dual roles' being created within some projects, where research participants also advise on the conduct of projects. What is less widely examined, however, is the blurring of boundaries between the object of enquiry which is the business of PPI for that project, the data which is the object of qualitative collection involving discussion with participants and the purposeful research activities which are best progressed through engagement with stakeholders. This poster draws upon case study findings from two recent, similar National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)-funded evaluations of PPI in health research: RAPPORT (England-wide) and IMPRESS (regional research programme-specific), pertaining to how researchers (from various disciplines, using various research designs) within different case study research projects can blur the boundaries between qualitative research, stakeholder events and PPI. We pose questions pertaining to the consequences of blurred research design boundaries for the success of outcomes of public-research collaborations. We query why, and to what extent, such distinctions matter in co-producing knowledge and in measuring the impact of various investments in collaborative research activities.


After 36 years of hurtling toward the edge of the solar system, the Voyager 1 spacecraft—its sensors failing, its energy running low—has crossed into the abyss of interstellar space. At least, after long disagreements, that is now the consensus view of Voyager mission team leaders. The space physicists9 edge of the solar system "is not your usual planetary environment at all," says heliophysicist George Gloeckler, a Voyager team member since the 1960s. Even modern computer simulations could give no warning of the confusing weirdness Voyager 1 has encountered.


A 41-year-old woman underwent a fractional dilatation and curettage for menorrhagia and a diagnosis of adeno-acanthoma was made from the curettings. However, the subsequent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy specimen revealed the presence of a clinically undiagnosed tubal pregnancy and extensive immature squamous metaplasia (morules) of the endometrium. No malignancy was present. A review of the original curettings lead to the recognition of the benign lesion already present at that stage. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis are discussed. The presence of endometrial polyps is considered as a possible factor responsible for the morular metaplasia rather than the tubal pregnancy, which seems to be a previously undescribed and interesting coincidence.


PURPOSE
To determine the efficacy of a biweekly paclitaxel and cisplatin regimen in patients with advanced breast carcinoma, which has previously been reported to produce an 85% response rate in such patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Sixteen patients with metastatic breast carcinoma who had relapsed after prior doxorubicin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy were treated with paclitaxel (90 mg/m2) by intravenous (i.v.) infusion over 3 hours followed by cisplatin (60 mg/m2) given by i.v. infusion over 1 hour on an outpatient basis. Treatment was repeated every 2 weeks if the absolute neutrophil count was > or = 750/microL and platelet count > or = 75,000/microL. After a maximum of eight cycles of paclitaxel/cisplatin, patients received biweekly paclitaxel alone (90 mg/m2 with dose escalation). Thirteen patients were assessable for response and all for toxicity. Nine of 13 patients assessable for response (69%) had at least three sites of metastases and 10 patients (77%) had visceral-dominant disease.

RESULTS
Partial response occurred in three of 13 assessable patients (23%; 90% confidence interval, 7% to 49%). All responders had two or fewer sites of metastases. The median time to progression was 4.3 months and the median survival duration was 11.4 months. Patients received a median of seven cycles of therapy (range, two to 21). Severe and/or life-threatening toxicity occurred in 50% and 38%, respectively, and consisted primarily of granulocytopenia, anemia, and neuropathy. The trial was terminated after the first interim analysis as per its two-stage design, since it was unlikely that the response rate would exceed 70%.

CONCLUSION
Biweekly paclitaxel/cisplatin is not likely to produce a response rate greater than 70% in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have relapsed after prior doxorubicin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy and who have multiple sites of metastases and/or visceral-dominant disease.


Contemporary civil wars are often characterized not only by fighting between rebels and governments, but also by rebel violence against their own community members. In spite of repeated peace negotiations, many of these conflicts seem to go on endlessly. Such instances may reflect attempts or failures on the part of the non-state side to consolidate. To confront the government on the battle field or at the negotiation table, rebels need to become an effective fighting force as well as effective negotiators. So, what do rebels do to consolidate to wage war and negotiate peace? The dissertation approaches the question of rebel capacity by disaggregating the non-state side in civil war and in connection with peace talks. The dissertation offers a set of original case studies from three ethno-separatist conflicts: Sri Lanka, Indonesian Aceh, and Senegal. It combines qualitative methods with one study also containing basic regression analysis. The empirical analysis reveals that the risk perceptions, information asymmetries, and commitment issues that often mark the relationship between the state and non-state parties are also prevalent within the non-state party. The overall argument is that rebels' consolidation of their capacity to fight and negotiate entails different processes. More specifically, it first specifies conditions under which rebels use violence against members of their own ethnic community as part of the war against the government by emphasizing the importance of timing, territorial control, and ethnic demographic concentration. Second, it explores and highlights the importance of the rich repertoire of non-violent methods which rebels employ to enhance their fighting capacity. Third, it draws attention to the significant role of social network structures on the non-state side by empirically examining these structures, and their relationship to civil war dynamics and peace negotiations. Fourth, it sheds new light on pre-negotiation and ripeness theory by specifying the elements on the non-state side that need to be mobilized for a peace settlement, and what mobilization measures are used at what time. By furthering an understanding of the non-state side in civil war and peace processes, the dissertation helps third parties to engage more constructively in peacemaking, and humanitarian and development assistance.


According to climate science and the 195 signatory States to the UN Climate Convention, every emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributes to climate change. Furthermore, they hold that a two degree Celsius rise of Earth's average temperature is to be considered as a dangerous climate change to mankind and all of the world's ecosystems. Using the climate proceedings of Dutch citizens against the Dutch state as a starting point, the author of this case note explains why each European Member State's contribution to dangerous climate change as a result of inadequate emission reduction policies constitutes a tort of negligence against its citizens and poses a real threat for its citizens' effective enjoyment of human rights. The author argues that this makes individual European Nations severally liable for dangerous climate change and gives European citizens and non-governmental organisations the possibility to request their Nation State's competent court to compel the Nation's government to implement stricter emission reductions in accordance with what is deemed necessary to help avoid dangerous climate change and to protect their human rights.


Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been shown to be common in critically ill patients with associated very poor outcome. There is paucity of data regarding its epidemiology, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to assess the presence of AKI among critically ill children to determine its prevalence, outcome, and outcome determinants in children suffering from AKI. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study of critically ill children admitted to the children emergency unit of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu. Critically ill children suffering from AKI were identified and classified using the pediatric RIFLE criteria. Result: A total of 300 children were studied. One hundred and eighty (60%) were males. The prevalence of AKI in the study population was 56%. Factors associated with AKI included age <5 years (OR = 3.618; 95% CI = 2.100–6.235; P < 0.001), inability to drink (OR = 2.866; 95% CI = 1.723-4.766; P < 0.001), tachycardia (OR = 2.111; 95% CI = 1.071-4.163; P = 0.031), unconsciousness (OR = 3.128, 95% CI = 1.303-7.511; P = 0.011), and hypotension (OR = 2.619; 95% CI = 1.008–6.804; P = 0.048). The odds of death increased with increasing severity of AKI among those who had pRIFLE-F, who were 24 times more likely to die than those with no AKI (OR = 24.38; 95% CI = 5.702-104.194; P = 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of AKI in the study population was unacceptably high. The risk factors to its occurrence can be determined from epidemiologic and clinical data, and therefore, clinicians attending to critically ill patients should identify those with AKI for early intervention to reduce the expected poor outcomes associated with its occurrence.


In this paper we present Double Tree, a new visualization of Key Word In Context (KWIC) displays targeted to support linguistic analysis. Inspired by Wattenberg's and Viégas' [1] Word Tree visualization, Double Tree extends the idea of representing KWIC results as trees. We address several issues with Word Trees with respect to the specific demands of linguists and discuss the design decisions and implementation details that we chose for Double Tree. In particular we present our approach for displaying a two-sided tree. We describe details of the layout, including how frequency and linguistic information is incorporated, and what user interaction is supported. We conclude with some consideration on possible next steps for Double Tree.


This study seeks to investigate the nature of ownership of land and how the right to its control and use can be inferred from self-ownership as a premise. Hence, the question asked is how ownership (of land) can be justified considering the nature of man from a natural rights point of view.

The starting point for the argument is self-ownership as being, where man is identified as an indivisible entirety with inalienable rights to his self emanating from his complex nature. This identification is the point of departure in examining the relation between man and the world and the concept of ownership. The right to self implies the right to use externals through his choice to ?focus his consciousness? in order to achieve values beneficial to his being.

The discussion on ownership, as inferred from self-ownership as being, ends in a discussion on the distinct features of land and how ownership of such can be obtained. The conclusion is that man as a rights-bearer to self can obtain natural use-rights through possession and constructive use of resources, which are valid throughout the value-achieving process.


This exciting collection of work from leading feminist scholars including Elspeth Probyn, Penelope Deutscher and Chantal Nadeau engages with and extends the growing feminist literature on lived and imagined embodiment and argues for consideration of the skin as a site where bodies take form - already written upon but open to endless re-inscription. Individual chapters consider such issues as the significance of piercing, tattooing and tanning, the assault of self harm upon the skin, the relation between body painting and the land among the indigenous people of Australia and the cultural economy of fur in Canada. Pierced, mutilated and marked, mortified and glorified, scarred by disease and stretched and enveloping the skin of another in pregnancy, skin is seen here as both a boundary and a point of connection - the place where one touches and is touched by others; both the most private of experiences and the most public marker of a raced, sexed and national history.


This paper explores the implementation of a regional capacity-building program in Solomon Islands, a state that experienced significant violence and political tension between 1998 and 2003. As Bellamy notes, the July 2003 intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) is a useful and relevant case study for understanding the operationalization of Pillar II of RtoP, which we have termed the "Responsibility to Assist" (RtoA).1 While RAMSI has not consciously adopted RtoP language in its operations, the rationale for the intervention included humanitarian as well as wider regional security concerns.2 The mission's emphasis on developing the state's capacities in policing has supported the development of a human rights culture. RAMSI is thus illustrative of RtoP's Pillar II as it demonstrates a regional intervention to enhance a state's capacity to protect its population from mass atrocities.


This study addresses the interconnections between brand names, scripts, and languages in the Jordanian context through an investigation of the brand names in the linguistic landscape (LL henceforth) of Aqaba and of Jordanians' attitudes and beliefs towards the occurrence of these brand names in the city.
For the purpose of conducting the study, six streets were selected in Aqaba city on the basis of their commercial and tourism significance. The data collected within these survey areas generated a corpus of 1,810 signs. In the Thesis brand names, which constitute 25% of the entire corpus, are divided according to two typologies: the languages of scripts, and scripts in association with the language of slogans and business names. For the former typology, the mono-script brands contain Roman, Romanised Arabic, and Arabic, and the multi-script brands contain the pairings of Arabic and Romanised Arabic, and Roman and Arabicised Roman. The second typology identifies the brand names according to four patterns: brand advertising, hybrid brand, clone brand, and brand imitation. Brand names in both typologies have been examined from the perspective of semiotics, particularly the use of 'composition' and 'multimodality' as pertinent premises of Kress and Van Leewen's (1996) grammar of visual design. The visual semiotic analysis has uncovered that the elements of the brand names perform as toolkits to disclose different socio-cultural and symbolic meanings in connection with both global and Jordanian brand names. Whilst the Arabic-script brands reflect local cultural practices in connection with the Jordanian community, such as the significance of religion, social habits, the customs exemplified in Bedouin life, and the display of Jordanian Arabic, the global brands, generally expressed in Roman scripts, display symbolic meanings associated with prestige, youth, decoration, success, and progress in the LL. In order to test the model proposed by Tufi and Blackwood (2010) regarding the impact of the socio-economic composition of individuals on their responses to the language(s) and countries of representation of brand names' scripts, 42 Jordanian residents of the city with different demographic backgrounds were interviewed on their understanding of 20 recurrent brand names in the LL. The analysis of the data pinpoints five broad themes and perspectives: the prestige of English, the prestige of the US, Islamic associations, linguistic nationalism, and sound suggestions. The first two of these themes highlight the positive beliefs of younger people with respect to 'English' and the US as prestigious labels and marks. Cosmopolitan traits enhance this perception so that LL actors and viewers participate in new social identities which, in many situations, do not belong to the local setting. As for Islamic associations and linguistic nationalism, these are mostly mentioned by middle-aged and older respondents, who associate certain brand names with the teachings of Islam and the preference of the Arabic language over foreign languages. Islamic associations in turn relate to negative political and social concepts with regard to the brands' perceived country of representation. This extends to negative evaluations of the inhabitants' norms and customs in the given countries, which are then transferred to the languages themselves. Responses incorporating elements of linguistic nationalism exhibit views about the decreased appearance of the Arabic language and its replacement with foreign languages, as well as the respondents' devotion to Arabic as the language of Islam. Finally, sound associations, that is the relations between the phonological shape of the brand name and the particularities of a local language, were identified and articulated by some educated inhabitants of different age groups. The Thesis concludes by highlighting the key role of age in the identification of the diverse viewpoints regarding the perceived language(s) and countries of brand names. Jordanian linguistic preferences towards the languages of these signs are also dependent on their viewpoints on the political meanings surrounding the perceived country of the brand names. The Thesis contributes to the field of LL in so far as it provides a wealth of original data from an unexplored setting, it devises a new method of coding brand names, and it contributes to establishing a solid linguistic framework in which to place the language policy of brand names in other LLs.


This paper focuses on the increasing role of English in the educational system of the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain. The position of English in the curriculum has become stronger in the last years and schools include multilingualism as one of their aims. This chapter discusses two main trends: first, the early introduction of English in pre-primary education when children are four years old or younger; second, the use of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) with English, along with Basque and Spanish as an additional medium of instruction. The paper also discusses studies aimed at examining the outcomes and effectiveness of these practices and the main challenges faced when teaching English in the Basque context.


The EU perceives itself as a model for regional integration, which it seeks to diffuse by actively promoting the development of genuine (intra-) regional economic and political cooperation, the building of issue-related regimes, and the creation of joint institutions for consultation and decision-making in its neighbourhood and beyond as well as between the world regions and the EU. In this paper, we explore the extent to which EU has sought to promote regional integration beyond its borders. More specifically, we analyze what exactly the EU seeks to export and how it has used its external relations and foreign policy to foster the cooperation between regions (inter-regionalism), on the one hand, and regional cooperation among third countries, on the other. We proceed in three steps. The first part of the paper outlines the mechanisms and instruments through which the EU diffuses the idea of regional integration to other regions and foster regional integration among third countries. In the second part, we take stock of the EU's attempts to export regional integration focusing on the mechanisms it has drawn upon. We conclude with some considerations to what extent the promotion of regional integration constitutes a genuine EU agenda for global governance.


Abstract A social preparation framework was used to examine how social cues and intergroup relations affect social judgment and behavior in negotiation. In Experiment 1, subjects negotiated and then learned that their opponent felt happy/disappointed/neutral. Negotiators felt less successful when their opponent was happy than when the opponent was disappointed. This effect occurred independent of negotiators′ actual performance on the task. The feeling of success was "bittersweet", however, in that individuals who felt successful also regarded themselves as less honest, less sincere, less generous, and less fair - in short, less honourable in the negotiations. Experiment 2 tested the prediction that intergroup relationships govern the inverse affect and bittersweet effects. Individuals who negotiated with a disappointed opponent felt successful when the opponent was an out-group member, but not when the opponent was an in-group member. Negotiators allocated substantially more resources to in-group members who expressed disappointment with a previous outcome than to out-group members who expressed disappointment.


Horace Springs is the start of a perennial reach of the Rio San Jose at the Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico. As the meandering Rio San Jose flows through a gap between Horace Mesa to the north and La Ventana Mesa to the south, the alluvial aquifer system lies in the gap, causing a decrease in the alluvial aquifer's cross-sectional area resulting in groundwater discharging to the streambed. Horace Springs, currently, discharges about 3.5 to 4 cubic feet per second of water into the stream channel and is classified as a rheocrene spring. Geology in the area is characterized by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks that have sandstone and limestone aquifer systems. The San Rafael Fault Zone is a northeast trending fault zone west of Acoma, and rocks have been down-dropped towards the east. Along the fault, the San Andres Limestone and Glorieta Sandstone (Psg), which forms a combined aquifer system, are just below alluvial cover and lava flows west of the fault; east of the fault the aquifer is displaced over 800 feet deeper below ground surface. The groundwater in the Psg, which flows from west to east, is brought to the surface due to juxtaposition of the Psg against the lower permeability Chinle Formation along the fault contact. This water discharges at a spring, Ojo del Gallo, and also recharges the alluvial-basalt aquifer. Horace Springs discharges from the alluvial-basalt aquifer downgradient (east) of the fault. Water chemistry was used to evaluate potential aquifers contributing to Horace Springs. Water that discharges at Horace Spring is predominantly derived from the Psg, with components from aquifers in the alluvial-basalt, Entrada Sandstone and Dakota Sandstone. 397


The present study attempts to explain the difference in observed earning inequality
between self-employment and wage-employment in Switzerland in 1992, 1995
and 2000. We use several measures of inequality in order both to determine the factors
affecting income dispersion in the two groups and to identify the variables that
drive the earning inequality differential. Thus, we make use of discrete decomposition
techniques and of a regression-based method. The latter allows us to introduce
a selection term in our decompositions which is of crucial importance in the case of
self-employment. Our results indicate that education- and age-related variables, like
work experience and tenure, are the most important factors explaining the inequality
level in both groups. The importance of these factors seems, however, to be larger in
the wage-employment sector. The reason may lie in the process of selection into selfemployment
rather than in the differences in the returns to characteristics between the
two sectors.


Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) describes a condition of non-septic inflammation of the lower airways in horses. The disease occurs principally in adult horses and has an apparent worldwide distribution. The most common clinical signs of IAD include poor athletic performance, cough, and/or increased tracheobronchial secretions. Inconsistencies in disease definition, sampling methods and laboratory techniques have limited comparisons between studies.

Essential criteria for diagnosis of IAD, as stated by the 2007 ACVIM consensus statement, include documentation of non-septic inflammation or pulmonary dysfunction based on evidence of lower airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, or impaired blood gas exchange at rest or during exercise. A definitive diagnosis is currently based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and/or pulmonary function testing (PFT).

The correlation between BALF cytology and pulmonary function testing (PFT) has been poorly defined. The primary aim of this study was to characterise the relationship between BALF cytology and PFT with histamine bronchoprovocation methods in a population of sedentary asymptomatic horses. The principal hypothesis was that a strong association exists between these two diagnostic methods.

On the basis of BALF cytology the majority of horses in this study had lower airway inflammation as defined by published criteria. The study thus highlights that normal values for cell proportions in BALF might vary between populations of horses.

Despite an obvious overlap between inflammatory BALF cytological profiles and airway hyperresponsiveness, no statistical association between these two diagnostic methods was found in this population of horses. The secondary aim was to assess the reliability of the Open Pleth™ PFT system Acceptable reliability {ICC: 0.655 (95% CI: 0.098, 0.952; significance: 0.011)}) was demonstrated using the Flowmetrics Plethysmography™ system with histamine bronchoprovocation.

In conclusion, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity are loosely related to each other in this population of horses. The presence of inflammatory cells does not necessarily predict airway hyperresponsiveness on the basis of histamine bronchoprovocation. Likewise, airway hyperresponsiveness can occur in the absence of a BALF inflammatory profile. Further investigation of other potential factors such as inherited abnormalities of smooth muscle contractility, airway wall remodelling, autonomic dysfunction, and the presence of inflammatory cell mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are warranted.


The stress-diathesis model is a well-known but little-tested theory which states that people can possess diatheses, or vulnerabilities, to certain mental disorders such as depression or anxiety. These diatheses are activated when a person is under stress. This study examined how ostracism as a temporary stressor can trigger existing diatheses and cause increases in depression symptoms among at-risk people. Theory suggests that ostracism is likely to trigger symptoms of depression in at-risk people. This study is an extension of a study conducted by Luxton, Ingram, and Wenzlaff (2006) in which people with naturally varying levels of diathesis factors were exposed to a psychological threat, after which diathesis activation and depressive symptoms were assessed. Like Luxton et al., 2006, I exposed participants to a stressor (ostracism) and measured depression symptoms and diathesis activation with different measures. It was expected that for people who possessed diatheses that the ostracism threat would activate symptoms of depression. My sample consisted of 177 WKU students, 112 female and 65 male. Effects were found on state anxiety and positive and negative affect scales.


Adrien is an adolescent damaged by a difficult childhood, without a father. Over the course of psychotherapy as well as through football, a veritable object of desire, Adrian discovered the unconscious traces of his history, a « father », and his place as subject that arises from establishing social relations though his discourse.


The article presents the conception of the object of criminal accountancy and discusses the influence of the object over the crime qualification according to the new Criminal Code of Lithuania. The object of criminal accountancy is determinated by the law of accountancy. In spite of the opinion of the authors in Lithuanian literature, that objects of criminal accountancy are three documents – documents, registers and financial accountability – the author of this article discusses the idea, that according to the law of accountancy the objects of criminal accountancy can be only documents and registers. The financial accountability is not the object of criminal accountancy. The author of this article notices that a lawyer must decide if a document in the criminal case had to be fulfilled as a document of accountancy in general too. If that should be done – what sort (according to the reglamentation) of the document had to be fulfilled. Then you can solve the next problem – if the document of accountancy is the object of the crime. The law doesn't reglament the form, contents and the number of the registers but the accountant must register economic events and economic operations least in one register. In spite of this contents of the registers is not reglamented, the information, which must be fixed, has to satisfy the requirements of the law. Such a conception of the object of criminal accountancy influences the process of crime qualification, which is discussed in this article too – the understanding of the object of the discussed crime means that criminal influence over the financial accountability must be punished according to the other articles of the Criminal Code of Lithuania.


This paper (Note 1) examines the form sort of in British men and women's speech, and investigates whether there is a gender difference in the use of this form. We do so through corpus analysis of the British National Corpus (BNC). We contend there is no quantitative difference in the use of sort of in men and women's speech. Contrary to general belief, we claim women do not use hedges more than men. However, there is a functional difference. Men and women use the item sort of for slightly different functions: in particular, women use these forms as politeness devices more often than men. The results of this study do not present any evidence to support the widespread claim that women use the forms sort of more than men do. There is no significant gender difference in the frequency of sort of. In the light of these results, women's allegedly greater usage of these forms could be regarded as persistent folklore. Furthermore, sort of has been treated mainly as a sign of powerlessness and uncertainty. Yet, this study indicates that it is a useful interpersonal resource, which both men and women seem to appreciate. When examining the affective function in greater detail, some marked gender differences emerge. The main finding is that positive affect is more common in women's speech, whereas negative affect is clearly more frequent in men's speech. In much of the research on gender differentiated conversational strategies, women's language is presented as co-operative and men's language as competitive. The results of this study show that, with respect to sort of, such a distinction cannot be drawn. Even if negative affect is more common in men's than in women's speech, by far the most instances of interpersonal function occur in essentially co-operative behaviour not only in women's but also in men's speech. This notion does not fit the description of men's speech style being competitive and prone to conflict. Hence, the results of this study suggest that men use the marker sort of more co-operatively than many researchers allow for.


A simple method is described for estimating the sample size per group required for specified power to detect a linear contrast among J group means. This allows comparison of sample sizes to detect main effects with those needed to detect several realistic kinds of interaction in 2 × 2 and 2 × 2 × 2 designs with a fixed-effects model. For example, when 2 factors are multiplicative, the sample size required to detect the presence of nonadditivity is 7 to 9 times as large as that needed to detect main effects with the same degree of power. In certain other situations, effect sizes for the main effects and interaction may be identical, in which case power and necessary sample sizes to detect the effects will be the same. The method can also be used to find sample size for a complex contrast in a nonfactorial design.


Dengue outbreaks are affected by biological, ecological, socio-economic and demographic factors that vary over time and space. These factors have been examined separately, with limited success, and still require clarification. The present study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal relationships between these factors and dengue outbreaks in the northern region of Sri Lanka. Remote sensing (RS) data gathered from a plurality of satellites: TRMM TMI, Aqua AMSR-E, GCOM-W AMSR2, DMSP SSM/I, DMSP SSMIS, NOAA-19 AMSU, MetOp-A AMSU and GEO IR were used to develop an index comprising rainfall. Humidity (total precipitable water, or vertically integrated water vapor amount) and temperature (surface temperature) data were acquired from the JAXA Satellite Monitoring for Environmental Studies (JASMES) portal which were retrieved and processed from the Aqua/MODIS and Terra/MODIS data. RS data gathered by ALOS/AVNIR-2 were used to detect urbanization, and a digital land cover map was used to extract land cover information. Other data on relevant factors and dengue outbreaks were collected through institutions and extant databases. The analyzed RS data and databases were integrated into geographic information systems, enabling both spatial association analysis and spatial statistical analysis. Our findings show that the combination of ecological factors derived from RS data and socio-economic and demographic factors is suitable for predicting spatial and temporal patterns of dengue outbreaks.


How much should judges be paid? We first survey the considerable history of the debate and identify the implicit causal claims made about the effect of judicial pay. We find that claims about the effect of pay on the composition and quality of the judiciary have remained remarkably similar over the past two hundred years. In contrast, claims about the effect of pay on judicial independence have changed as the meaning of judicial independence itself has shifted. We take advantage of the large variation in real salaries and opportunity costs for state appellate court judges across states from 1977 to 2007 to empirically test these claims. We find that judicial salaries have a small but significant effect on the likelihood of exit and thus the length of judicial tenure and a small effect on the background of judges that join the bench. Preliminary analysis of trial court behavior suggests a much larger effect of pay for trial court judges.


A high level of freshwater fish endemism in the Balkans Region emphasizes the need for non-native species risk assessments to inform management and control measures, with pre-screening tools, such as the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) providing a useful first step. Applied to 43 non-native and translocated freshwater fishes in four Balkan countries, FISK reliably discriminated between invasive and non-invasive species, with a calibration threshold value of 9.5 distinguishing between species of medium and high risk sensu lato of becoming invasive. Twelve of the 43 species were assessed by scientists from two or more Balkan countries, and the remaining 31 species by a single assessor. Using the 9.5 threshold, three species were classed as low risk, 10 as medium risk, and 30 as high risk, with the latter category comprised of 26 moderately high risk, three high risk, and one very high risk species. Confidence levels in the assessments were relatively constant for all species, indicating concordance amongst assessors.


The study of cognitive function in gerontology is considered relevant because it is an important risk factor for other pathologies in the old age, such as physical disability and dependence, depression, and frailty, mainly because of early pathological changes in cog- nitive function which are considered a preclinical state that may progress to dementia. In this chapter, cognitive functioning and the dimensions that are included in it (attention, memory, meta-memory, processing speed, executive functions, visuospatial skills, and language) are conceptualized. Additionally, the current evidence is analyzed regarding age-associated changes that are experienced during cognitive aging. These changes, or cognitive decline, are distinguished from those that are part of cognitive pathologies, the most common mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Such pathologies are conceptualized based on the current diagnostic criteria, and controversies and challenges are discussed. Additionally, we analyze the risk factors for cognitive functioning in aging, both modifiable and nonmodifiable ones. A review of the main nonpharmacological intervention techniques used from the gerontology approach is made. It includes the cognitive training in the case of age-related decline or techniques of stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation in the case of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the current state of this topic in the field of gerontology and its relevance in professional practice.


Background: Approximately 50% of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) experience symptoms that are not fully controlled by antihistamines, indicating an unmet clinical need. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the selective CRTh2 antagonist AZD1981 on symptoms and targeted leukocytes in adults with persistent CSU despite treatment with H1-antihistamines. Methods: We performed a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study involving adult CSU subjects with symptoms despite daily antihistamines. The subjects underwent a 2-week placebo run-in and 4 weeks of double-blinded therapy with either AZD1981 40 mg TID or placebo, followed by a 2-week placebo washout. The primary objective was to assess the effect of AZD1981 on CSU signs and symptoms. Secondary objectives included the effects of AZD1981 on prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-induced eosinophil shape change, circulating leukocyte subsets, CRTh2 expression on blood leukocytes, and total blood leukocyte histamine content. Results: Twenty-eight subjects were randomized to AZD1981 or placebo, with 26 subjects completing the study. The urticaria activity scores declined during the treatment phase in both groups, and they were significantly reduced in the AZD1981 group at the end of washout. AZD1981 treatment increased circulating eosinophils and significantly impaired PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change. CRTh2 surface expression rose significantly on blood basophils during active treatment. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a CRTh2 antagonist in antihistamine-refractory CSU. AZD1981 treatment was well tolerated, effectively inhibited PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change, shifted numbers of circulating eosinophils, and reduced weekly itch scores more than hives during treatment and into washout. Further studies are needed to determine whether inhibition of the PGD2/CRTh2 pathway will be an effective treatment for CSU.


Forest fire prevention policy has been implemented over 50 years in the Great Xing'an Mountains in Northeast China,which lengthened the mean forest fire return interval and increased the forest fuel load. It's needed to incorporate forest fuel management with the current forest fire prevention policy. In this study,ten fuel treatment scenarios were designed,five of which were the prescribed burnings (PB02,PB04,PBP6,PB08,PB10) and the other five were the prescribed burnings plus mechanical removals (PR02,PR04,PRP6,PR08,PR10),taking no treatment (NoTreat) as a contrast. The long-term (300 years) effects of the forest fuel treatment scenarios on the total burned area,the area burned by various intensity fires,and the dynamic characteristics of fire intensity were analyzed by using a spatially explicit forest landscape model LANDIS,and the results showed that prescribed burning could reduce the total burned area,but had less effect on reducing the area burned by high intensity fires because the decrement of total burned area became lesser with the increase of treatment size. However,prescribed burning plus mechanical removal could dramatically reduce the total burned area while changing the high intensity fire (classes 4 and 5) to low intensity fire (classes 1 and 2). It was suggested that forest fuel treatment should be implemented for a long period to effectively reduce the forest fire intensity and the likelihood of catastrophic fires.


The estimation of body fluids is a useful and common practice in the status assessment of diseasemechanisms and treatments. Electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (EBIS) methods are non-invasive,inexpensive, and efficient alternatives for the estimation of body fluids. However, these methods areindirect, and their robustness and validity are unclear.Regarding the recording of measurements, a controversy developed regarding a spectrum deviationin the impedance plane, which is caused by capacitive leakage. This deviation is frequentlycompensated for by the extended Cole model, which lacks a theoretical basis; however, there is nomethod published to estimate the parameters. In this thesis, a simplified model to correct thedeviation was proposed and tested. The model consists of an equivalent capacitance in parallel withthe load.Subsequently, two other measurement artefacts were considered. Both artefacts were frequentlydisregarded with regard to total body and segmental EBIS measurements as their influence isinsignificant with suitable skin-electrode contact. However, this case is not always valid, particularlyfrom a textile-enabled measurement system perspective. In the estimation of body fluids, EBIS dataare fitted to a model to obtain resistances at low and high frequencies. These resistances can berelated to body fluid volumes. In order to minimise the influence of all three artefacts on theestimation of body fluids and improve the robustness and suitability of the model fitting the differentdomains of immittance were used and tested. The conductance in a reduced frequency spectrum wasproposed as the most robust domain against the artefacts considered.The robustness and accuracy of the method did not increase, even though resistances at low and highfrequencies can be robustly estimated against measurement artefacts. Thus, there is likely error in therelation between the resistances and volumes. Based on a theoretical analysis, state of the artmethods were reviewed and their limitations were identified. New methods were also proposed. Allmethods were tested using a clinical database of patients involved in growth hormone replacementtherapy. The results indicated EBIS are accurate methods to estimate body fluids, however they haverobustness limits. It is hypothesized that those limits in extra-cellular fluid are primarily due toanisotropy, in total body fluid they are primarily due to the uncertainty ρi, and errors in intra-cellularfluid are primarily due to the addition of errors in extracellular and total body fluid. Currently, theseerrors cannot be prevented or minimised. Thus, the limitations for robustness must be predicted priorto applying EBIS to estimate body fluids.


Nanodielectrics, a 21st-century phenomena, is envisioned to be the answer for material challenges in progressive high-voltage technology. It is well known that the proper dispersion of nanoparticles plays a key role in improving the dielectric properties of a material, but to understand where changes in the properties of a material originate, it is also essential to reveal the multiscale structure of the material. In this study, the dielectric permittivity, breakdown strength, and structure of nano calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO3)/polypropylene composites with 1.8–8.1 wt % doping were characterized systematically. The combined results from transmission electron microscopy, Raman microscopy, and optical microscopy show that the quality of nanodispersion was similar in all of the filler concentrations studied. However, all of the samples also contained smoothly distributed microparticles. The density of the microparticles increased exponentially when the concentration of nano-CaCO3 was increased in the manufacturing process. The dielectric direct-current breakdown of the composites had a maximum at 1.8 wt % concentration and then decreased as the filler concentration was increased. The differences could be explained by the existence of large microparticles rather than the quality of the nanoparticle dispersion; this indicated the importance of multiscale characterization


This volume brings together a number of papers written by R. W. Hunt (1908-1979) on the history of grammar in the Middle Ages. The importance of these papers lies almost as much in the spark of scholarly investigation that they have inspired, as in their contribution to original research. The first three studies in this collection deal with the change in grammatical doctrine that took place in the late 11th and 12th centuries and from which all subsequent developments during the creative period of medieval grammatical speculation derive. The fourth paper deals with a problem that concerns all students of the medieval liberal arts: the unity of learning, as opposed to the present-day compartmentalisation of studies. The remaining three studies deal with the textual materials available to the medieval student of grammar.


The results after 6 years of a prospective clinical trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with a regimen of two drugs—cyclophosphamide and 5‐fluorouracil (CF)— for 2 years in 97 women with stage II or III breast cancer are reported. Eligible patients were free from distant metastases. All patients began adjuvant therapy within 4 weeks of surgery; therapy consisted of radical, modified, or extended radical mastectomy. No postoperative radiotherapy was given. The results are compared with a historical control group from previous consecutive patients treated by surgery alone. Patients were stratified by age (younger than 50 or older than or equal to 50) and nodal status (one to three positive axillary nodes vs. four or more positive nodes). The estimated 6‐year survival was 60% for CF patients vs. 31% for control patients (P = 0.001). The estimated 6‐year disease‐free survival was 53.6 and 30.3% for CF and control, respectively (P = 0.007). There was a trend toward longer disease‐free survival (DFS) and survival (S) in patients treated with CF, but this was not significant in all the subgroups. Disease‐free survival was statistically significant in the subgroup of women ≥ 50 years old with one to three positive nodes (P = 0.038); survival in the patients ≤ 49 years old with four or more positive nodes (P = 0.0036); and in patients ≥ 50 years old with one to three lymph nodes involvement (P = 0.038).


Non-timber forest products [NTFPs] originate from plants and fungi that are harvested from natural, manipulated or disturbed forests. NTFPs may include fungi, moss, lichen, herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees. People harvest the products for many reasons, including personal, recreational and spiritual uses, as well as commercial gain. The assessment of volumes and values is based on reports of permitted harvests of NTFPs by the US Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. These "sales" are assumed to be for commercial use but stating definitively that they are is speculative at best. The annual harvest of non-timber forest products is estimated for a number of product categories over five regions of the United States. The total value of the receipts from the issuance of permits to harvest non-timber forest products from federal lands is estimated. The wholesale value of these products is extrapolated, as well. The data presented illustrates that non-timber forest products represent significant contribution to the country's economy. Challenges with reporting the full volumes and value of non-timber forest products are identified and a role for FIA to improve the reporting of this information is discussed.


An all-fiber refractive index (RI) sensor with a simple configuration of periodical tapers is proposed and investigated experimentally. The proposed fiber RI sensor consists of a small core fiber sandwiched between two standard singlemode fibers, with tapers periodically fabricated along the small core fiber using a focused CO2 laser beam. Such a structure can be used for RI sensing by measuring the dip wavelength shift of the multimode interference within the small core fiber cladding. An average sensitivity of 226.6 nm/RIU (RI Unit) has been experimentally achieved in the RI range from 1.33 to 1.38. The refractometer is sensitive to temperature and an experimental investigation of this sensitivity is presented. It is found that the peak shift response has a linear variation with temperature; therefore, temperature dependence can be mitigated by a suitable RI correction process. The proposed RI sensor benefits from simplicity and low cost and achieves a competitive sensitivity compared with other existing fiber-optic sensors.


The Crimean War was the first 'media war:' an international conflict experienced, not simply through the press and journals, but through a variety of 'cultural dimensions,' including poems and ballads, and not after events had transpired but often during their occurrence. Yet its cultural historiography remains heavily Anglo- (and London) centric, despite the war culturally impacting the entire United Kingdom. Within that Anglophonic Ireland's popular or public response to the conflict was a mixture of martial and oftentimes imperial enthusiasm, and local or national interest, with a minority strain of criticism, opposition and nationalism. By providing fresh analysis of the same, this essay serves to both illustrate the ambiguous nature of Irish identity in the 1850s (in the wake of the Famine)—within the union and as part of the empire—and epitomise the often elusive, contradictory and paradoxical nature of the same, while also demonstrating the interest Irish people showed in the war; how that was outwardly manifest; and where that fits within the broader contexts of Ireland's war memorialisation/commemoration tradition and the cultural impacts and legacies of war.


Near the end of her classic wartime account, Susie King Taylor writes, "There are many people who do not know what some of the colored women did during the war." For her own part, Taylor spent four years - without pay or formal training - nursing sick and wounded members of a black regiment of Union soldiers. In addition, she worked as a camp cook, laundress, and even teacher. Written from a perspective unique in the literature of the Civil War, "Reminiscences of My Life in Camp" not only chronicles daily life on the battlefront but also records interactions between blacks and whites, men and women, and northerners and southerners during and after the war. Taylor tells of being born into slavery and of learning, in secret, to read and write. She describes maturing under her wartime responsibilities and traveling with the troops in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. After the war, Taylor dedicated herself to improving the lives of black southerners and black Union Army veterans. The final chapters of Reminiscences are filled with depictions of the racism to which these efforts often exposed her. This volume reproduces the text of the original 1902 edition. Catherine Clinton's new introduction provides historical context for the events that form the backdrop of Taylor's memoir, as well as for the problems of race and gender it illuminates.