In this paper, we investigate a neglected aspect of financial systems of many countries around the world: government ownership of banks. We assemble data which establish four findings. First, government ownership of banks is large and pervasive around the world. Second, such ownership is particularly significant in countries with low levels of per capita income, underdeveloped financial systems, interventionist and inefficient governments, and poor protection of property rights. Third, government ownership of banks is associated with slower subsequent financial development. Finally, government ownership of banks is associated with lower subsequent growth of per capita income, and in particular with lower growth of productivity rather than slower factor accumulation. This evidence is inconsistent with the optimistic development' theories of government ownership of banks common in the 1960s, but supports the more recent political' theories of the effects of government ownership of firms.


In this contribution the author looks at the ecclesiology and church polity of the Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (NHKA) as a case study. Different approaches to ecclesiology and church polity by different NHKA theologians are examined. The conclusion is reached that a paradigm shift is required, to assist the church in the process of transformation. Part of the transformation process, is the creation of a church order with a stronger missional orientation. It is argued that, in the context of the 21st century, the missio Dei paradigm and missional ecclesiology could be a suitable point of departure in the creation of a new church order for the NHKA.


When an epidemic spreads in a given network of individuals or communities, can we detect its source using only the information provided by a small set of nodes? We propose a general framework that incorporates two dimensions. First, we can either rely exclusively on a set of selected nodes (i.e., sensors) which always reveal their state independently of any particular epidemic (these are called static), or we can add some sensors (called dynamic) as an epidemic spreads, depending on which additional information is required. Second, the method can either localizes the source after an epidemic has spread through the entire network (offline), or while the epidemic is ongoing (online). We empirically study the performance of offline and online localization both with and without dynamic sensors. Our analysis shows that, by using dynamic sensors, the number of sensors necessary to localize the source is reduced by up to a factor of 10 and that, even with high-variance transmission delays, the source can be localized by using fewer than $5\%$5% of the nodes as sensors.


Aim of the study: Effect of atropinization with different methods. Outcomes in terms of duration of hospital stay and patients recovery. Methodology: An open-label randomized clinical trial was conducted in, Shri B M Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Vijayapura, Karnataka. 108 individuals with OPC poisoning .We compared two groups that used a titrated dosing protocol based on a structured monitoring sheet for atropine infusion with another group using an 'ad hoc' regime. The aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of conventional bolus doses with individualized incremental doses of atropine for atropinization followed by continuous atropine infusion for management of OPC poisoning. Result: Out of 108 patients, 54 patients received conventional bolus dose atropine (group A) and 54 patient received rapidly incremental doses of atropine followed by infusion (group B).36 subjects analyzed in group A and 32 in group B for moderate to severe poisoning. The mortality in group A was 11.1%(4/36) and in group B was 6.3%(2/32).The mean duration of atropinization in group A was 5.8hrs (348) in minutes compared to time 26.9minutes for group B. Conclusion: Administration of atropine using a fixed algorithm is easy and effective in providing the atropine requirement in management of early phase of acute OPC poisoning. Rapid incremental dose atropinization followed by atropine infusion reduces mortality and morbidity from OPC poisoning and shortens the length of hospital stay and early recovery .Incremental atropine and infusion should become the treatent of choice for OPC poisoning. Keywords: Organophosphate compound; Atropine toxicity; Organophosphorus poisoning; Atropinization protocols.


Abstract This paper reports some of the findings of a distinctive innovative use of audio-conferencing involving a population (campus-based advanced learners) and a type of application (task-based language learning) that have received little attention to date: the use of Wimba Voice Tools to provide additional opportunities for spoken interactions between advanced learners of French. The experiment had a dual aim: (a) to examine the suitability of Wimba Voice Tools as an environment for sustained interactive talk, and (b) to study the nature of interactions between advanced learners, with particular reference to the processes supporting collaborative activity. After a brief summary of the rationale and main characteristics of the experiment, the paper focuses on the strategies used by three non-native speaker (NNS) dyads to resolve language problems as they worked on a set of four tasks. Extending the classical model of negotiation for meaning to cover other instances of language-related episodes identified through discourse analysis of the empirical data, the study offers a detailed account of the incidence and nature of negotiated interaction and collaboration between partners. This leads to a discussion covering the impact of functionalities, scaffolding and task effects. The paper ends with some suggestions for future research.


This paper conceptualizes recently negotiated international agreements, particularly the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as a collective roadmap to overcome challenges associated with globalization. By analyzing the effects and implications of globalization on societies and economies, the paper highlights concrete aspects of the international commitments that address globalization challenges in the three dimensions of sustainable development. Particular focus is placed on global production patterns, labor markets, poverty and inequality, global imbalances, migration and climate change. The paper concludes that, in the context of a changing political economy of globalization and multilateralism, concrete steps to be taken should include efforts to forge a new social contract, tackle inequalities within and between countries, address adverse effects of globalization on domestic economies, promote decent work, strengthen global institutions and tackle environmental challenges.


The design of cities has long ignored the flows that shape the city. Water has been the most visible one, but energy and materials were invisible and/or taken for granted. A little over 50 years ago, Abel Wolman was the first to illuminate the role of water flows in the urban fabric. It has long been a search for quantitative data while the flows were mostly seen as separated entities. The fact they invisibly formed the way the city appears has been neglected for many years. In this thematic issue the "city of flows" is seen as a design task. It aims to bring to the fore the role flows can play to be consciously used to make spatial decisions in how and where certain uses and infrastructure is located. Efficient and sustainable.


Experience with 50 women undergoing extracranial transethmoidal-sphenoidal hypophysectomy for metastatic breast carcinoma with 12-month follow-up showed an objective remission of metastases after hypophysectomy in 58% of patients. The highest incidence of remission following the operation occurred in those women with only osseous metastases (83%) or with previous remission to both therapeutic oophorectomy and androgen administration (86%). No patient with primary central nervous system metastases, only one of ten with hepatic metastases, and none who had failed to respond to both oophorectomy and exogenous androgen administration experienced remission after hypophysectomy. The operative approach to the pituitary was via a periorbital incision, the posterior ethmoid cells, and the sphenoid sinus. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurred in three early patients, and has been successfully avoided in later ones by a fascia lata graft. Diabetes insipidus, seen in 13 patients, and extraocular palsies, seen in two, were transient.


THE CORRECT decision as to whether or not to tell the patient he has persistent cancer is frequently altered by the circumstances, personal, practical, and philosophical. In many instances, one decides that the patient is to be informed, and therein lies the reason for these words—solicited by an eminent surgeon from a most humble physician. To tell or not to tell—is that really the question? It appears to me that the manner in which the physician gives this information is of more importance than the information itself. To be the bearer of bad tidings is a distasteful task at best, but to present the patient with an ill-defined prognosis and often, unfortunately, with certain limitations borders on the verge of cruelty. To those unfortunate ones who must face this task come varied thoughts on how to ease the burden to the patient and also to the physician. Let me tell


the end of the chapter Abstract Toward the organic polymer, hybrid elements can be defined as those beyond C, H, O, and N. Polymers comprising hybrid elements, such as Si, P, B, or metal ions have attracted great attention in the design of high performance or smart materials. Introduction of hybrid elements into a polymeric network may also lead to the formation of new intermolecular interactions, thus promote the self-organization of polymer chains to form controllable structures and morphologies. In this chapter, we introduce some of the recent important development in the design and self-assembly of hybrid amphiphilic copolymers. Specific attention was paid on the hybrid amphiphilic copolymers containing POSS, boronic acid, or boronate functional moieties. We introduce the design, synthesis, self-assembly behav- ior, and properties of these hybrid amphiphilic copolymers in detail. Also, the advantages and drawbacks of these polymers and their corresponding nanoassemblies are discussed.


With the unprecedented availability of continuously observed and generated data there is a likewise unprecedented potential for new and timely insights; yet, benefits are not fully leveraged as of today. The plethora of formats in combination with heterogeneous services remains is an obstacle — e.g., image services prefer binary formats, SPARQL endpoints like to think in RDF triples, and browsers integrate JSON data smoothly. We propose a model-based multi-encoding approach for overcoming the limitations of individual formats while still supporting their use. Concretely, this approach is being followed by the OGC Coverage Implementation Schema (CIS) standard which establishes a concrete, interoperable data model unifying n-D spatiotemporal regular and irregular grids, point clouds, and meshes. We describe how independence from data formats is achieved, in particular for three practically relevant formats — XML, JSON, and RDF —, thereby fostering integration of hitherto rather separate application domains.


Arthur Okun - teacher at Yale in the 1950s, member and later Chairman of the President's Council of Economic Advisors in the 1960s, and Fellow of the Brookings Institution throughout the 1970s - was one of the three or four most important macroeconomists of the past twenty years. He was perhaps unique in having the respect and admiration of both academic economists and practical politicians. Okun was an effective mediator between the realms of economic theory and analysis and the making and implementation of public policy. These thirty-one essays, whether they first appeared in the American Economic Review or in the New York Times Magazine, are all marked by a lucid and readable style of writing and by a willingness to grapple with real economic, social, and political problems. They are grouped under eight headings: Inflation: Causes and Cures; Implicit Contracts; Output, Employment, and Unemployment; Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Economic Performance, 1960-1980; Economic Forecasting; Economic Policy Formulation; and Equality and Efficiency.


V. L. Allen. The History of Black Mineworkers in South Africa. London: Merlin Press, 2005. Bibliograpy. Index. Volume 1; Mining in South Africa and the Genesis of Apartheid, 1871-1948. xx + 491 pp. £40.00. Cloth. Volume 2: Apartheid, Repression and Dissent in the Mines, 1948-1982. xx + 489 pp. £40.00 Cloth. Volume 3: Organize or Die. xxxiii + 746 pp. £50.00. Cloth. This three-volume work has a rather unconventional history. Originally commissioned by the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) as their official history, it has expanded into the current massive opus. A work of intensely committed scholarship, written for the union, it must now subject itself to academic critique. It has never been subject to peer review. That is unfortunate, because it would have benefited from scholarly criticism and editorial pruning. Vic Allen devoted more than fifteen years of his life to the writing of it. Much of that time seems to have been spent at the headquarters of the Union in Johannesburg. Thus in the third volume, where Allen chronicles the history of the NUM itself, he relies heavily on personal experience. That volume clearly sets the mark against which future accounts of the emergence of the NUM between 1982 and 1994 will have to be measured. It is an institutional history written from the perspective of the union head office. Allen is frank about tensions that arose in the course of that history, including episodes of violent conflict initiated by union members (and occasionally officials) as well as mine managers at many different levels. This is by no means a whitewash job. The first two volumes are quite derivative. Volume 1 relies heavily on secondary literature in the history of mining. Volume 2 is a patchwork compilation of geological information, union histories, management histories, and commission reports, as well as scholarly work on migration and the South African state during the apartheid period. Throughout the second and third volumes, Allen pays particularly close attention to mine accidents, devoting entire chapters to the Coalbrook, Hlobane, and Kinross disasters as exemplars of state and management collusion in covering up unsafe practices. His analysis is a harrowing window into racially flawed stope-face relations and inept supervisory decisions in South African mines. The very particularity of Allen's account of mine accidents points up historical weaknesses in the balance of these first volumes, however. His stress on broad structural determinations and his narrow institutional understanding of worker resistance as hypostatized in trade unions makes it problematic for him to get at "the reality of mineworkers' lives," which is his avowed intent. While recognizing that workers initially migrated to the mines for their own reasons, Allen's narrative, which hinges on structural "traps" (the poverty trap, the legal trap, and the land trap), leaves little space for worker agency until the African Mine Workers Union (AMWU) appears on the scene in the 1940s. Day-to-day struggles on the compounds and in the mines are reduced to "the monotonous uniformity" of miners' lives "over the last 90 years." Allen and his assistant, Kate Carey, interviewed a sample of one hundred and twenty black miners, but his book makes very little use of those interviews, presumably because "the stories which they told about their lives had a monotonously similar tone about them." Allen's dependence on secondary sources and his use of a questionnaire means that the significance of the life histories of his informants was lost on him; to ask the right questions, one needs to know specificities of events. Allen notes that historical specifics were denied him because he was not able to get access to the Chamber of Mines archives; perhaps so, but he provides no evidence that he ever sought access to the state archives. He cites government report after government report, for instance, but seems unaware that the national archives contain transcripts of evidence presented to most state commissions. …


Background: Diabetes mellitus is an emerging public health problem in Tanzania. For the community and the health system to respond adequately to this problem, it is important that we understand the meanings given to its symptoms, and the care-seeking practices of individuals. Methods: To explore collective views on the meanings given to diabetes symptoms, we conducted nine focus group discussions with adult diabetes patients and members of the general community. To gain a better understanding of how the meanings in the community inform the care-seeking practices of individuals, 19 in-depth interviews were conducted with diabetes patients. The data were analyzed using principles of grounded theory and applying cultural schema theory as a deductive framework. Results: In the communities and among the patients, knowledge and awareness of diabetes are limited. Both people with diabetes and community members referred to their prevailing cultural meaning systems and schemas for infectious diseases to interpret and assign meaning to the emerging symptoms. Diabetes patients reported that they had initially used anti-malarial medicines because they believed their symptoms—like headache, fever, and tiredness—were suggestive of malaria. Schemas for body image informed the meaning given to diabetes symptoms similar to those of HIV, like severe weight loss. Confusion among members of the community about the diabetes symptoms instigated tension, causing patients to be mistrusted and stigmatized. The process of meaning-giving and the diagnosis of the diabetes symptoms was challenging for both patients and health care professionals. Diabetes patients reported being initially misdiagnosed and treated for other conditions by medical professionals. The inability to assign meaning to the symptoms and determine their etiologies informed the decision made by some patients to consult traditional healers, and to associate their symptoms with witchcraft causes. Conclusion: The meanings given to diabetes symptoms and the care-seeking practices described in the study are shaped by the prevailing cultural schemas for infectious diseases and their treatments. Efforts to educate people about the symptoms of diabetes and to encourage them to seek out appropriate care should build on the prevailing cultural meaning system and schemas for diseases, health and illness.


Taking Northern Nigeria during the years 1946 to 1966 as an example, Professor Whitaker shows how modern institutions--parliamentary representation, a cabinet system, popular suffrage, and political parties--were introduced and how they resulted not in a displacement of tradition but in an astute absorption by traditional forces. Originally published in 1970. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


To find out whether measurements of height made by health visitors are sufficiently accurate for use in routine screening of children we carried out an interobserver and intraobserver reliability study. Height measurements were made on a group of 10 children aged 3 years old and 10 aged 4.5 years old by two sets of four health visitors. They used a Microtoise or wall chart and the measurements were compared with those made by a trained auxologist with a Harpenden stadiometer. For a single assessment of height both pieces of equipment gave reasonably accurate results. In a child aged 3 years, with height measured on the Microtoise as 100 cm, the true height could be expected--with 95% probability--to lie between 99.2 cm-101.8 cm. At the age of 4.5 years, if the measurement was 110 cm, the child's true height could be expected to lie between 108.9 cm and 111.9 cm. The narrowest confidence interval for the growth rate from 3 to 4.5 years was achieved with the Microtoise, taking the mean of three measurements. We conclude that measurements made by health visitors are sufficiently accurate for routine screening of height, and the use of such measurements for the calculation of height velocity could be improved by more structured training.


This paper presents an online scheduling algorithm for hardware accelerators and its implementation on the NetBSD operating system. The scheduler uses the current performance characteristics of the accelerators to select which accelerators to load and unload. The evaluation on a number of workloads shows that the scheduler is typically within 20% of the optimal schedule computed offline. The hardware support consists of simple costbenefit indicators, usable for any online scheduling algorithm. The NetBSD modifications consist primarily in loadable kernel modules, with minimal changes to the operating system itself. The measured overhead is negligible when accelerators are not in use, and otherwise scales linearly by a small constant with the number of active accelerators.


Open science can provide researchers diverse opportunities to collaborate, disseminate their research results, generate important impacts in the scientific community, and engage in effective and efficient science for the benefit of society. This study seeks to analyse and evaluate researchers' knowledge of open science in Colombia using a survey to determine adequate instruments with which to improve research in the framework of open science. The aim of the study is to determine researchers' current awareness of open science by considering demographic characteristics to analyse their attitudes, values, and information habits as well as the levels of institutionalism and social appropriation of open science. A representative sample of Colombian researchers was selected from the National Research System. An anonymous online survey consisting of 34 questions was sent to all professors and researchers at Colombian universities and research institutes. Sampling was random and stratified, which allowed for a representative sample of different categories of researchers, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the sample design. A total of 1042 responses were received, with a 95% confidence level and a margin of error of 3%. The majority of respondents knew about open science, especially in relation to open science tools (software, repositories, and networks) and open data. Researchers consider open science to be positively impacted by factors such as the rise of digital technologies, the search for new forms of collaboration, the greater availability of open data and information, and public demand for better and more effective science. In contrast, a lack of resources to develop research activities within the open science approach and the limited integration between traditional and open science are identified as the most important barriers to its use in research. These results are important for building adequate open science policy in Colombia.


The actin cytoskeleton coordinates numerous cellular processes required for plant development. The functions of this network are intricately linked to its dynamic arrangement, and thus progress in understanding how actin orchestrates cellular processes relies on critical evaluation of actin organization and turnover. To investigate the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton, we used a fusion protein between green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the second actin-binding domain (fABD2) of Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) fimbrin, AtFIM1. The GFP-fABD2 fusion protein labeled highly dynamic and dense actin networks in diverse species and cell types, revealing structural detail not seen with alternative labeling methods, such as the commonly used mouse talin GFP fusion (GFP-mTalin). Further, we show that expression of the GFP-fABD2 fusion protein in Arabidopsis, unlike GFP-mTalin, has no detectable adverse effects on plant morphology or development. Time-lapse confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses of the actin cytoskeleton labeled with GFP-fABD2 revealed that lateral-filament migration and sliding of individual actin filaments or bundles are processes that contribute to the dynamic and continually reorganizing nature of the actin scaffold. These new observations of the dynamic actin cytoskeleton in plant cells using GFP-fABD2 reveal the value of this probe for future of 7-d-old light Zeiss, CCD MR, Axiovision 4.0 and cell plan-area, length, width, perimeter, and circularity measurements public domain NIH of


Radio emission at around 90 GHz from star-forming galaxies is expected to be strongly dominated by the free–free component due to ionizing radiation from massive, short-lived, stars. We present high surface-brightness sensitivity observations at 90 GHz of the nearby star-forming galaxy Messier 66 with resolution of about 10 arcsec (corresponding to a physical scale of about 500 pc) and analyse these observations in combination with archival lower frequency radio and mid-infrared measurements. We detect five regions of emission, four of which are well fitted by the models we adopt. For these four regions, we find that the free–free component indeed dominates the emission at 90 GHz, making up 76–90 per cent of the luminosity. However, the data are also consistent with all of the emission being due to free–free. The estimates of free–free luminosities agree, within measurement and decomposition errors, with star formation rates derived from lower radio frequencies and mid-infrared observations. In our analysis we consider both power-law and curved spectra for the synchrotron component but do not find evidence to support the curved model in preference to the power law.


Multiresolution shape editing performs global deformations while preserving fine surface details by modifying a smooth base surface and reconstructing the modified detailed surface as a normal displacement from it. Since two nontrivial operators (deformation and reconstruction) are involved, the computational complexity can become too high for real-time deformations of complex models. We present an efficient technique for evaluating multiresolution deformations of highresolution triangle meshes directly on the GPU. By precomputing the deformation functions as well as their gradient information, we can map both the deformation and the reconstruction operator to the GPU, which enables us to reconstruct the deformed positions and sufficiently close approximations of the normal vectors in the vertex shader in a single rendering pass. This allows us to render dynamically deforming 3D models several times faster than on the CPU. We demonstrate the application of our technique to two modern multiresolution approaches: one based on (irregular) displaced subdivision surfaces and the other one on volumetric space deformation using radial basis functions. A video, source code, and models are available at the website listed at the end of this paper.


The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is to create new quality standards for public health, the Department of Health for England has announced.

At NICE's conference in Birmingham, the health minister Earl Howe said that the first three standards would cover tobacco, harmful alcohol use, and obesity—three topics that he admitted had not been difficult to select. He expected that the new quality standards would provide a key tool for Public Health England in tackling the three issues.

A consultation will follow on other public health issues that NICE will cover, amounting eventually to a "growing portfolio" of quality standards. Since its formation in 1999 NICE had earned a worldwide reputation as …


The focus of this research is the isolation of waterborne pathogens which are one of the grand challenges to human health, costing the lives of about 2.5 million people worldwide each year. The aim was to develop new microfluidic techniques for selectively concentrating and detecting waterborne pathogens. Detection of microbes in water can greatly help reduce deaths; however, analytical instruments cannot readily detect them due to the extreme dilution of these microbes, and hence, require significant sample concentration. Current methods are expensive and either require days to process or are not sufficiently robust for water monitoring. Microfluidic chips based on insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) provide a promising solution to these problems and have been previously used to selectively concentrate biological particle such as bacteria. The microfluidic devices in this work were created with a 3D mircofabrication technique, which we also developed as part of this project. The core process of the technique is the etching of 3D structures in silicon with a single plasma etch utilizing an effect known as reactive ion etch lag (RIE lag). Using this unique process, 3D devices are fabricated in both silicon and the polymer polydimenthylsiloxane (PDMS). Using both numerical modeling and experimental results, we show how these 3D structures enhance the performance of the dielectrophoretic devices. The main findings indicate that 3D structures can help reduce Joule heating in the devices and lower the applied voltage necessary to operate the devices. Additionally, within this work, we develop a new dielectrophoresis technique called off-chip passivated-electrode, insulator-based dielectrophoresis microchip (OπDEP). This technique combines the sensitivity of electrode-based dielectrophoresis (eDEP) with the high-throughput and inexpensive device characteristics of insulatorbased dielectrophoresis. The result is a cartridge based system which is accessible, economical, high-performance, and high-throughput technologies allowing timely detection of pathogenic bacteria.


in Radiology and subsequently served as Assistant Medical Director and Acting Medical Director for the Section of Neuroradiology in the Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna. He was appointed as an Associate Professor in Radiology 1993 becoming the Acting Medical Director at the Clinical Magnetic Resonance Institute at the University of Vienna. Since 2003 Prof. Trattnig has the position of the Medical Director of the Centre of Excellence in High-Field MR at the Medical University of Vienna. In 2010 he was appointed as a full Professor for Radiology with special focus on High field MR. Prof. Trattnig has pioneered the field of multi parametric or biochemical MR imaging of cartilage. He is currently the lead researcher on the clinical 7T & 3T projects at the Medical University in Vienna. Based on the results of clinical comparison studies between 3 and 7T his Center of Excellence for High Field MR was appointed as the international Reference Center for 7 Tesla by Siemens Healthcare, the leading vendor in the ultra-high-field MR. He is editorial board member of 8 scientific journals, is or was member of 35 committees and working groups within the ISMRM, ESR, ESMRMB and the ICRS among them he has been Executive Board member of the ESMRMB, member of the ESR Research Committee Board and Chairperson of the ESR European Imaging Biomarker Alliance (EIBALL) and Director of the School of MRI of the ESMRMB. He is an author of 532 articles in peer reviewed scientific journals and contributed to 25 scientific books. Additionally he has held 26 peer reviewed scientific grants with a total of funding money of 13.5 Mio €, received 12 scientific awards and is a reviewer for 35 scientific journals.


The decision-making process depends on up-to-date and accurate data. This makes the efficient information flow in both the enterprise and the supply chain a key aspect of decision making. The selection of IT tools supporting management and decision-making has a direct impact on the efficiency of information flow in the enterprise and supply chain. In this article Authors have focused on the subject of information flow efficiency by identifying basic integration problems in the supply chain. The presented research methodology takes into account both literature analysis and business practice research on the basis of research projects (national and international) carried out at the Institute of Logistics and Warehousing and Poznan School of Logistics in Poland.The conducted research concerns a specific type of supply chain, which handles intermodal transport operations. The choice of the supply chain typology is based not only on the complexity of intermodal transport processes, but also on the timeliness of the problem, both in terms of research and business practice. The research also included an analysis of the possibility of using IT systems supporting information management in enterprises and supply chains.


The government of Kenya has put in place an integrated package of service to reduce gender disparities through credit facilitation, which includes business skills, enhanced and increased access to the viable markets among others. It is in this respect that this study sought to establish the status of men and women in the entrepreneurial fisheries activities in Kenya; with an objective to establish various ventures within fisheries value chain that men and women participate. The social structural theory developed by Connell (1987) based on patriarchal system and social mechanisms in place to reinforce and sustain the ideology. The theory provides a substantive justification of women's subordination in the fisheries value chain. The study findings showed that men were prominent in economically high end City market and South C market while women were more in the marginal Kariobangi market. The findings revealed that men had controlled the high-end value chains namely; aquaculture/fish harvesting, transportation, distribution, middle trade, and large scale while women were more focused on the lower end value chain namely; grading/sorting/gleaning and market sellers.


The notorious bat-and-ball problem has long been used to demonstrate that people are easily biased by their intuitions. In this paper we test the robustness of biased responding by examining how it is affected by repeated problem presentation. Participants solved 50 standard and control versions of the bat-and-ball problem. To examine the nature of a potential learning effect we adopted a two-response paradigm in which participants have to give a first hunch and can afterwards take the time to deliberate and change their answer. Results showed that both people's first hunches and the responses they gave after deliberation predominantly remained biased from start to finish. But in the rare cases in which participants did learn to correct themselves, they immediately managed to apply the solution strategy and gave a correct hunch on the subsequent problems. We discuss critical methodological and theoretical implications.


This chapter examines the means and methods relating to the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The UN Charter obliges States to resolve their disputes peacefully and suggests certain means for such settlement: on the one hand, diplomatic means, like negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or the 'good offices' of the UN Secretary General and, on the other, legal methods, such as arbitration and recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which are binding. The ICJ exercises its jurisdiction over contentious cases only upon the consent of the parties to the dispute, which may be expressed through various forms (eg compromis or optional clause declaration). The ICJ may also render advisory opinions to questions of international law posed by the UN General Assembly, the Security Council, or other competent organs and organizations. The chapter also explains dispute settlement in the context of international investor–State arbitration and in the World Trade Organization.


"Make" magazine, launched in February 2005 as the first magazine devoted to Tech DIY projects, hardware hacks and D.I.Y. inspiration, has been hailed as "a how-to guide for the opposable thumb set" and "Popular Mechanics for the modern age." Itching to build a cockroach-controlled robot, a portable satellite radio or your very own backyard monorail? Hankering to hack a game boy or your circadian rhythms? Rather read about people who fashion laptop bags from recycled wetsuits and build shopping cart go-karts? Make is required reading. Now, following on the heels of "Make's" wildly popular inaugural issues, O'Reilly offers "Makers", a beautiful hardbound book celebrating creativity, resourcefulness and the D.I.Y. spirit. Author Bob Parks profiles 100 people and their homebrew projects - people who make ingenious things in their backyards, basements and garages with a lot of imagination and a little applied skill. "Makers" features technologies old and new used in service of the serious and the amusing, the practical and the outrageous. The makers profiled are driven by a combination of curiosity, passion and plain old stick-to-itiveness to create the unique and astonishing. Most are simply hobbyists who'll never gain notoriety for their work, but that's not what motivates them to tinker. The collection explores both the projects and the characters behind them, and includes full-color photographs and instructions to inspire weekend hackers. Parks is just the man to track the quirky and outlandish in their natural maker habitats. A well-known journalist and author who covers the personalities behind the latest technologies, Parks' articles on innovations of all kinds have appeared in "Wired", "Outside", "Business 2.0", and "Make". He has contributed essays to "All Things Considered" on public radio and discussed trends in technology devices with Regis Philbin and Russ Mitchell on television. As a "Wired" editor, Parks directed coverage of new consumer technologies and contributed feature articles. All those who love to tinker or who fancy themselves kindred D.I.Y. spirits will appreciate Parks' eclectic and intriguing collection of independent thinkers and makers.


This absorbing book, by professional photographer and author Ken Milburn, offers a ton of expert advice to those who are ready to move to the next level with digital photography. Rather than a general discussion of photography principles, Digital Photography: Expert Techniques focuses on workflow: time-tested, step-by-step procedures based on hard-nosed experience by and for genuine practitioners of the art. The book's conversational tone presents detailed information about what to look for in today's affordable high-end digicams, how to use simple techniques and equipment to shoot breathtaking shots, instructions on shooting great panoramas, dos-and-don'ts for creating better Photoshop masks, and professional digital darkroom techniques for everything from knockouts to restoration to transforming your photos into watercolors. It even shows you how to get your most prized photographs printed and ready for exhibition. Contents include: Understanding your digital camera from the inside out. Creating effects with the camera: making panoramas, high-resolution matrixes, infrared photos, and more. General composition and managing your workflow. Using the digital darkroom and Photoshop CS to make your images professional caliber. Understanding the power of Photoshop CS selections and masks. Using special effects to save what's good, and get rid of the bad and the ugly. Creating fictitious photos: bend and wrap images to fit an object, insert a more interesting skyscrape, and more. Professional color and tonal management Creating portfolios and presenting your images on the Web. Digital Photography: Expert Techniques is in four-color front to back, allowing you to see each step in the Digital Photographer's workflow, including the steps in-between. Serious photographers, including professionals, who want to take advantage of the unique creative powers available through digital photography and digital image processing will find this problem-solving book invaluable.


"The new Geologic Map of North America covers ~15% of Earth's surface and differs from previous maps in several important respects: It is the first such map to depict the geology of the seafloor, the first compiled since the general acceptance of plate-tectonic theory, and the first since radiometric dates for plutonic and volcanic rocks became widely available. It also reflects enormous advances in conventional geologic mapping, advances that have led to a significant increase in the complexity of the map. The new map, printed in 11 colors, distinguishes more than 900 rock units, 110 of which are offshore. It depicts more than seven times the number of on-land units as are shown on its immediate predecessor, as well as many more faults and additional features such as volcanoes, calderas, impact structures, small bodies of unusual igneous rocks, and diapirs.

When displayed at earth science institutions and libraries, this map is sure to impress viewers with the grand design of the continent and may inspire some to pursue the science of geology. The new Geologic Map of North America is also a "thinking map," a source for new interpretations of the geology of North America, insights into the evolution of the continent, new exploration strategies for the discovery of mineral and energy resources, and the development of better ways to assess and mitigate environmental risks and geologic hazards.3 sheets (North, South, and Legend), approximately 74 x 40 inches."


The definition of user requirements for the marine observing system is not a simple process. When asked, users have a tendency to ask "what can you provide?" or reply "as much as possible". Sometimes there is not enough information or data at the outset to do more than guess at the requirement. There are also pragmatic considerations. The importance of well characterised user requirements is easy to demonstrate. Those observing programs that have clear user requirements, particularly when those requirements can be stated simply, have prospered in the developing Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Examples are the Argo program of ocean profiling floats and the drifting buoy network for observing sea surface temperature (SST). The clear definition of user requirements, and in particular the point at which a particular component of the GCOS can be considered complete, has allowed funding agencies to target resources at these projects and to easily report back on the impact that their funding has had. Even more desirable is the ability to prove that the investment is reaping rewards, for example that the money spent on operational satellite programs can be demonstrated to have improved weather forecasting in a quantitative way.
The assessment of observing system adequacy against user requirements is made easier when the contributing observing platforms sample regularly and predictably and the characteristics of the uncertainty in the components of the measurement system is known. Particularly difficult to assess are observing systems made up of a large number of observing platforms, where the characteristics of those observing platforms are variable and sometimes unknown, where details of the sampling is unpredictable, where the spatial and temporal characteristics of the observed field are poorly known and the signal to noise ratio is not particularly favourable. These are the characteristics of the marine surface meteorological observing system, currently made up of contributions from the JCOMM Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) program managed by the Ship Observations Team (SOT, http://www.jcommops.org/sot/), a network of moored and drifting buoys co-ordinated by the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP, http://www.dbcp.noaa.gov/) and satellite observations.
This report will consider only the in situ component of the marine surface meteorological observing system. It should be remembered that the satellite observing system contributes substantially to observations of SST, winds, cloud and precipitation. All of the satellite-derived parameters require in situ ground truth for calibration, validation or bias correction. Surface air temperature, humidity and heat fluxes are examples of parameters which cannot be derived with usable accuracy from space-based platforms.


A series of azomethine dimers were prepared by condensation reactions of benzaldehyde, biphenylcarboxaldehyde and 9-anthraldehyde with various aromatic diamines of varying flexibility in ethanol in the presence of tosic acid. Their chemical structures were determined by Fourier transform infrared and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, as well as elemental analysis. Their thermal properties were also examined by using a number of experimental techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarising optical microscopy (POM) and variable temperature X-ray diffraction (VTXRD). Azomethine dimer, prepared from benzaldehyde and 1,9-bis(4-aminophenoxy)nonane, exhibited a monotropic, nematic liquid-crystalline (LC) phase. The majority of the azomethine dimers containing biphenyl moieties exhibited enantiotropic, nematic LC phase on melting at relatively low temperatures, since they developed typical Schlieren, threaded or marbled textures in their LC phase. They also had accessible isotropisation temperatures well below their decomposition temperatures. Azomethine dimers containing anthracene moieties did not exhibit LC properties, but exhibited polymorphism as determined by POM and VTXRD in two cases. All of these azomethine dimers in the series had excellent thermal stability that was in the broad range of temperatures of 307–400°C depending on their degrees of aromaticity index.


Tertiary education at Connecticut's Community Colleges, in the United States, is facing a public outcry for a higher level of accountability for the resources appropriated to higher education. This study utilized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to determine the technical efficiency of and provide Improvement guidelines to these twelve Community Colleges. Three research questions were used to direct this study: Question #1: How do institutions of the Community College System of Connecticut compare to each other regarding their levels of Efficiency? Question #2: What conditions may account for the differences in the level of success within similarly efficient colleges? Question #3: What factors or constraints create the varying score among the inefficient colleges? Data for eleven variables, seven inputs and four output, were collected on each of the twelve Community Colleges, but due to the high level of correlation that existed between the variables only three inputs and four outputs were used to characterize each college in the model. The analysis indicated that seven colleges were being run efficiently and five had less than 100% efficiency. However, the small numbers of colleges in the study handicapped the DEA procedure, since the number of colleges could not be changed the number of variables was decreased. This resulted in a decrease in the efficient units. The study concluded that DEA was, in principle, well suited for the performance assessment of the colleges. However, the validity of the model is compromised if only a small number of colleges can be entered into the analysis; either a very small number of variables can be considered ( which violates one's conception of the ways colleges are to be judged, and the number of independent variables that can be considered), or the requirements of the model are violated ( which necessarily produces the result that a large number of colleges are spuriously designated as 100 % efficient)


HTTP video is quickly becoming a dominating type of traffic on the Internet, with popular services such as YouTube and Netflix being used by hundreds of millions of users daily, and showing ever-growing usage numbers. Understanding Quality of Experience (QoE) for these services is an important topic, and one that has been addressed in the literature. However, the available works focus on the impact of application-level events (e.g. stalls) on the perceived quality, but not on the underlying cause, i.e., network-level impairments, as the relation between Quality of Service (QoS) and QoE is significantly more complex than it was in the case of RTP/UDP based video, due to HTTP video being streamed over TCP. In this paper we present a first step in the direction of solving this QoS-to-QoE mapping for HTTP video, by providing a (parametric) layered model approach for network-side QoE monitoring.


Objective:  Study the advantages of using the PCR method for monitoring of natural foci within the EDP surveillance system. Introduction:  Natural foci of especially dangerous pathogens (EDP) (tularemia, leptospirosis, anthrax, tick-borne infections) are known in Lviv oblast for more than 50 years. An integral part of the epidemiological surveillance of these infections is the monitoring of environmental objects that can detect the circulation of pathogens in natural biotopes. Identification and studying of the activity of natural foci of EDP in the territory of Lviv oblast in previous years was conducted using classical laboratory and epidemiological methods Methods: Since 2015 in the EDP laboratory are conducted investigations of field materials (mouse-like rodents, ixodic ticks, gray rats, surface water bodies, wild birds dungs, soil) during the monitoring process of the EDP natural foci. From 2015 to 2017 samples of field materials were investigated in order to identify specific DNA regions of causative agents of tularemia, anthrax, leptospirosis, Q-fever, Lyme borreliosis, etc., using the «Primer designTM genesig», «GENEKAM Biotechnology AG», «MO BIO Laboratories, Inc», «Analytic Jena AG» kits, which were provided within the Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (CBEP), and «Amplisens» kits. During this period samples were analyzed from 299 mouse-like rodents, 7325 ixodic ticks, 128 open water reservoirs, 51 wild birds dung, 92 soil samples and 17 gray rats. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used. For immunoserological monitoring selected serum samples of 80 people living in enzootic territories were used. Currently, 40 human samples were investigated for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies using the "Serion ELISA classic Francisella tularensis IgG/IgM". Results: According to the results of the research that was conducted in previous years it was revealed that in the territory of Lviv oblast there are stable natural foci of tularemia, leptospirosis, tick-borne infections (Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis) present. The main reservoirs of pathogens are 5-6 species of small mouse-like rodents and gray rats who are carriers of two dominant species of ixodic ticks. Live cultures of tularemia and leptospirosis were isolated from these types of reservoirs and carriers and positive results of immunoserological analysis were found. Tularemia antigen was detected in 29.2% of ticks samples (D. reticulatus mainly), causative agents of Lyme borreliosis D. reticulatus was detected in 17.3% of ticks and I.ricinusin was present in 8.0% of ticks. During the serological investigation of mouse-like rodents antibodies against F.tularensis were detected in 6.5% of samples, antibodies against leptospira in 6.7%, and antibodies against borrelia from 14.6% to 27.7%. During the monitoring period of burial places of animals killed from anthrax on the territory of the oblast where classical laboratory methods were used, B.anthracis was not detected. However, due to the ability of the pathogen to maintain its pathogenic properties for a long time, monitoring of such areas will be relevant in the future. According to analysis of mouse-like rodents, ticks, samples of surface water bodies, wild birds dung, soil and gray rats were received 3.18% positive samples that confirmed the presence of F.tularensis, 9.74% positive samples of pathogenic Leptospira spp, 20.75% positive samples of B. burgdorferi s.l.. Results of DNA detection of tularemia, leptospirosis and Lyme borreliosis were obtained on already known enzootic territories as well as on new ones. During the investigation of soil samples collected from burial places of animals, DNA of B.anthracis were not detected. Also, results of PCR-tested samples of ticks and rodents were negative and did not confirm the presence of C. burnetii. Based on data received from PCR analysis, anti-epidemic measures were carried out in places where positive results were found: additional acaricidal treatment of areas of ticks breeding, deratization measures and educational work with the population. The investigation of 40 serum samples collected from people living in the enzootic territory gave negative results, but the work continues. Conclusions: PCR methodology provides a possibility to monitor the natural foci of EDP at a fundamentally new level. Its requires less time for getting results if compared to classical methods, the level of biorisks during the work is lower, and it is possible to conduct samples at the same time to detect several pathogens.


BACKGROUND
Aging is accompanied by a decrease in brain volume and by an increase in cerebrovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and vascular disease history on measures of brain morphology, including relative brain volume, ventricular volume, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex volumes, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden, in a large community-based cohort of racially/ethnically diverse older adults without dementia.

DESIGN
The associations of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and self-reported vascular disease history with brain morphology were examined in a cross-sectional study using multiple linear regression analyses. Sex x race/ethnicity interactions were also considered.

SETTING
The Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community-based epidemiological study of older adults from 3 racial/ethnic groups (white, Hispanic, and African American) from northern Manhattan.

PARTICIPANTS
Beginning in 2003, high-resolution quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired in 769 participants without dementia.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Relative brain volume (total brain volume/intracranial volume), ventricular volume, and hippocampus and entorhinal cortex volumes were derived manually on high-resolution MR images. White matter hyperintensities were quantified semiautomatically on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-T2-weighted MR images.

RESULTS
Older age was associated with decreased relative brain volume and with increased ventricular and WMH volumes. Hispanic and African American participants had larger relative brain volumes and more severe WMH burden than white participants, but the associations of these variables with age were similar across racial/ethnic groups. Compared with men, women had larger relative brain volumes. Vascular disease was associated with smaller relative brain volume and with higher WMH burden, particularly among African Americans.

CONCLUSIONS
Older age and vascular disease, particularly among African Americans, are associated with increased brain atrophy and WMH burden. African American and Hispanic subjects have larger relative brain volumes and more WMH than white subjects. Racial/ethnic group differences in WMH severity seem to be partially attributable to differences in vascular disease. Future work will focus on the determinants and cognitive correlates of these differences.


Title of Document: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ENHANCE NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE TRANSMIGRATION ACROSS A POLARIZED MONOLAYER VIA A MECHANISM THAT HIJACKS EGFR. Vonetta Lisa Edwards Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed By: Dr. Wenxia Song, Associate Professor Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics Gonorrhea, a common sexually transmitted infection, is caused by the gramnegative bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In the female reproductive tract, gonococci (GC) initiate infection at the apical surface of columnar endocervical epithelial cells. These cells provide a physical barrier against mucosal pathogens by forming continuous apical junctional complexes between neighboring cells. This study examines the interaction of GC with polarized epithelial cells. We show that viable, but not gentamicin killed, GC preferentially localize at the apical side of the cell-cell junction in polarized endometrial and colonic epithelial cells, HEC-1-B and T84, respectively. In GC infected epithelial cells, continuous apical junctional complexes are disrupted, and the junctionassociated protein β-catenin is redistributed from the apical junction to the cytoplasm and to GC adherent sites. However, GC inoculation does not change the overall cellular level of junctional proteins. This redistribution of junctional proteins is associated with a decrease in the apical junction's barrier function against the lateral movement between the apical and basolateral membranes, but not against the permeability through the paracellular space. Disruption of the apical junction by removing calcium increases GC transmigration across the epithelial monolayer. GC inoculation induces the phosphorylation of both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and β-catenin, while inhibition of EGFR kinase significantly reduces both GC-induced β-catenin redistribution and GC transmigration. These results suggest a relationship between junction protein redistribution from the plasma membrane with the resultant weakening of the junctional complex, and an increase in the ability of GC to transmigrate. The presence of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, lead to an increased degree of disruption of the junctional complex and enhance GC transmigration across the monolayer. Therefore, GC are capable of weakening the apical junction and the polarity of epithelial cells via activating EGFR, which facilitates GC transmigration across the epithelium. ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ENHANCE NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE TRANSMIGRATION ACROSS A POLARIZED MONOLAYER VIA A MECHANISM THAT HIJACKS EGFR


color measurements for the classing of U.S. cottons are normally performed on the Uster ® high Volume instrument (hVi), which yields two color parameters specific to cotton—Rd (reflectance) and +b (yellowness). Since Rd and +b do not readily relate to other well known and globally recognized color systems (e.g., L*a*b* or cielAB), a program was implemented to evaluate and validate the relationships of Rd and +b to a globally recognized color system (L*a*b*) and to investigate the impacts of key instrumental and operational variables on the color results. The tile and cotton fiber batt samples analyzed were measured on 7 color spectrophotometers (bench-top and portable). Strong L*↔Rd and b*↔+b correlations were observed on all color units, and very similar linear relationships were obtained for L*↔Rd and b*↔+b regardless of the bench-top unit used. Thus, the use of L*a*b* for relating globally recognized color parameters from a color spectrophotometer to the HVI's Rd and +b color parameters was validated. The primary variable that impacted the color agreement between units was the use of HVI glass in front of the sample. L* was the color parameter that was most impacted by the use of glass in the tile and cotton fiber color measurements. The use of glass leads to a "shift" in the sample's reflectance spectrum (%R). These shifts in %R, and the use of only 2 color filters in the HVI unit, lead to the observed differences in L*↔Rd when glass is used in the measurement.


This e-book presents new research on women scientists who enjoyed careers at industrial corporations during the first seven decades of the twentieth century. What positions were they able to achieve? What was the relationship between academic and industrial research? How open were certain industrial sectors – the electrical, chemical, cosmetic, nuclear, and optical sectors in particular – to hiring female researchers? Were women working in certain industries better able to acquire patents than those in others? What role did patronage play at the time? How did political turmoil affect women's careers? How did career opportunities differ from one country to another? This e-book focuses on women who were active in Germany, Russia, and the United States, but the situation in Greece, France, and Great Britain is also addressed. Each of the chapters is based on new sources, including materials from corporate archives. On the basis of these findings and their own work, the editors have formulated a series of general theses concerning the conditions of women working in industrial research.


This paper provides a synopsis of our latest understanding of the regional geological setting, mineralisation and ore genesis of the Neoproterozoic Rosh Pinah Zn-Pb deposit in southwestern Namibia. During continental rifting at ~740 Ma, an intracratonic rift (Rosh Pinah Graben) became detached from the main Gariep depository by a basement high. The rift subsequently failed and was filled mainly by a volcanoclastic rift-fill sequence, containing predominantly siliciclastic and subordinate calcareous rocks, and was accompanied by contemporaneous bimodal but dominantly felsic volcanism. Volcanism may have provided the heat engine for contemporaneous sedimentary-exhalative and hydrothermal replacement base metal deposits, which formed within anoxic, carbonaceous mudstone horizons in the deep rift. Mineralisation consists mainly of sphalerite, pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite within mudstone, with interbedded, dolomitic and Ba-rich carbonate lenses, and lesser bornite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, stromeyerite, and native gold. Pervasive hydrothermal alteration has affected the surrounding host rocks, and whole-rock lithogeochemical trends indicate that as the ore body is approached, increases in the elements Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ba and Pb are apparent, with barium being the most extensively dispersed, followed by copper and zinc. Evidence for the presence and locality of a potential hydrothermal vent zone is provided by preliminary metal-zoning studies, which is confirmed by the spatial distribution of dominant brecciation and silicification, and the position of peripheral barium-rich carbonate ore bodies. Vertical zoning is indicated by elevated copper contents in the footwall breccia zone, and increases in lead and zinc towards the massive sulphide zones occurring near or at the hanging wall contact. Fluid inclusion studies reveal the presence of two chemically distinct fluid populations – a pre-orogenic, rift-related Rosh Pinah ore-forming fluid dominated by MgCl2- and CaCl2-rich fluids, probably representing hypersaline brines induced by rift-related magmatism, and a general orogenic fluid dominated by a NaCl-CaCl2-H2O (with minor MgCl2) system. The association of the Rosh Pinah deposit with basin-margin rifting, second-order basins, anoxic sediments, and the finely banded/laminated nature of the ore are indicators of possible sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) origins for the mineralisation. The close association of the sulphides with silicification and brecciation may also indicate significant post-depositional replacement and/or impregnation.


: Sage-grouse occupy less than 8% of their historic range. To address these declines, the western states and provinces have implemented sage-grouse management plans. These plans identified the need for local working groups (LWGs) to develop and implement conservation plans to address high priority issues. To facilitate LWGs in Utah, the Division of Wildlife Resources entered into a cooperative agreement with Utah State University Extension in 2001 to develop a Utah Community-Based Conservation (CBCP) program. Because sage-grouse occupy diverse landscapes each exhibiting different land ownership patterns, each of the sage-grouse management areas are somewhat unique. Thus, we believe the success of each working group rests on the ability of the LWGs to understand and incorporate this uniqueness of each environment in their plan. Each LWG is beginning to implement experimental management projects funded largely through the 2002 Farm Bill to learn more about what conservation practices will result in the greatest benefits for sage-grouse, other wildlife species, private landowners, and local Utah communities. Although the scientific literature contains good information on sage-grouse ecology, there is limited information on the effects of specific conservation practices that can be directly applied to management. In addition, because land uses are variable across the state, the site-specific management information required to address population declines and socio-economic needs is limited. To address these needs, we have implemented a "we know, we believe, and we feel" process to conservation planning. This process directly involves landowners and local communities in activities to learn more about the systems they are trying to manage while managing them. In this paper, we discuss and compare the success and limitations of this "we know, we believe, and we feel" approach to species conservation.


The present paper attempts to throw light on the utility of vocatives within thetwofold participation framework of film dialogue. This is done through a casestudy investigating the pragmatic functions and positions of vocatives in thefamous films "Erin Brockovich", "One Hour Photo", and "Sliding Doors". Thepaper identifies various types of vocatives at the inter-character level, namelysummonses, relational vocatives, adversarial vocatives, emphatic vocatives, turnmanagement vocatives, mitigators, insults, badinage vocatives and vocatives validatingthe addressee's identity. It will be underlined that, at the inter-characterlevel, vocatives typically act as illocutionary force enhancing devices, and that,in this respect, film dialogue makes the most of a tendency attested in naturallyoccurringlanguage, i.e. the preponderant use of vocatives to perform functionswhich go far beyond the mere identification of the addressee. The functions andpositions of vocatives will be discussed in their implications for the recipientdesign. In particular, it will be argued that vocatives facilitate viewers' suspensionof disbelief, contribute to viewers' involvement, foster the comprehensibilityof the plot, and signal crucial scenes.


In this article we introduce a new computationally tractable framework for Ericson and Pakes-style dynamic oligopoly models that overcomes the computational complexity involved in computing Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE). First, we define a new equilibrium concept that we call moment-based Markov equilibrium (MME), in which firms keep track of their own state, the detailed state of dominant firms, and few moments of the distribution of fringe firms' states. Second, we provide guidelines to use MME in applied work and illustrate with an application how it can endogenize the market structure in a dynamic industry model even with hundreds of firms. Third, we develop a series of results that provide support for using MME as an approximation. We present numerical experiments showing that MME approximates MPE for important classes of models. Then, we introduce novel unilateral deviation error bounds that can be used to test the accuracy of MME as an approximation in large-scale settings. Overall, our new framework opens the door to study new issues in industry dynamics.


Does the intersection of two market anomalies set the stage for outsized performance? The first is what is known as the Presidential Cycle. This theory goes that equity returns during the third and fourth years of a President's term are more favorable than the first two years. A second market bias is the large outperformance of small cap stocks in January. Historically small caps outperformed large caps in 80% of all Januaries by 3 percentage points per year. Historically across the 48 months in the four year cycle the January of Year 3 is the single biggest outperformer with median returns since 1927 of nearly 8% a month for small caps. Does this mean that January is guaranteed to be great? Again, nothing is guaranteed - Year 3 Januaries have varied from 27% to down 10%. While many of these tendencies are just that, investors can view them as head or tailwinds that could give bulls and bears pause.


Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a classic grounded theory of patients in palliative care. Methods: A classic Grounded Theory methodology was used to conceptualize patterns of human behavior. Twenty-seven interviews with patients in palliative care and two autobiographies written by persons receiving palliative care were analyzed. Result: "Confronting the forthcoming death" emerged as the pattern of behavior through which patients deal with their main concern, living in uncertainty of a death foretold. The theory involves four strategies; Seeking concrete knowledge, Shielding off, Seeing things through, and Embracing life. Holding on to hope and Suffering are also ever present. Conclusion: The theory shows that there is no easy way straight ahead; patients strive to confront the situation as well as they can, both wanting and not wanting to know what lies ahead. For health professionals, knowledge about how patients use different strategies, which can be used in tandem or succession, or shifted back and forth between over time, to confront their imminent deaths, can create an awareness of how to encounter patients in this uncertainty.


Physiological correlates of behavioral and emotional problems, substance use onset and initiation of risky sexual behavior have not been studied in adolescents with prenatal drug exposure. We studied the concordance between baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at age 3 and baseline cortisol levels at age 11. We hypothesized that children who showed concordance between RSA and cortisol would have lower neurobehavioral disinhibition scores which would in turn predict age of substance use onset and first sexual intercourse. The sample included 860 children aged 16 years participating in the Maternal Lifestyle Study, a multisite longitudinal study of children with prenatal exposure to cocaine and other substances. Structural equation modeling was used to test pathways between prenatal substance exposure, early adversity, baseline RSA, baseline cortisol, neurobehavioral disinhibition, drug use, and sexual behavior outcomes. Concordance was studied by examining separate male and female models in which there were statistically significant interactions between baseline RSA and cortisol. Prenatal substance exposure was operationalized as the number of substances to which the child was exposed. An adversity score was computed based on caregiver postnatal substance use, depression and psychological distress, number of caregiver changes, socioeconomic and poverty status, quality of the home environment, and child history of protective service involvement, abuse and neglect. RSA and cortisol were measured during a baseline period prior to the beginning of a task. Neurobehavioral disinhibition, based on composite scores of behavioral dysregulation and executive dysfunction, substance use and sexual behavior were derived from questionnaires and cognitive tests administered to the child. Findings were sex specific. In females, those with discordance between RSA and cortisol (high RSA and low cortisol or low RSA and high cortisol) had the most executive dysfunction which, in turn, predicted earlier initiation of alcohol by age 16. Among boys, there also existed a significant baseline RSA by baseline cortisol interaction. Boys with low baseline RSA and high baseline cortisol had the highest levels of behavioral dysregulation. This increase in behavioral dysregulation was in turn related to initiation of alcohol use by age 16 and lower age of first sexual intercourse. We found sex-specific pathways to the initiation of alcohol use and risky sexual behavior through the combined activity of parasympathetic and neuroendocrine functioning. The study of multiple physiological systems may suggest new pathways to the study of age of onset of substance use and engagement in risky sexual behavior in adolescents.


The additive manufacturing (AM) industry is heavily employed in a wide variety of applications today. Initially, the different processes have been used for concept modelling and rapid prototyping but are now capable of building fully functional parts. Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the rapidly growing technologies since its inception in early 2000s. It creates parts by melting powder materials in layers using a laser heat source based on the information provided by a threedimensional computer-aided design model. The parameters of SLM have been continuously optimised while attempting to produce fully dense parts comparable to the traditionally counterparts. This is an ongoing area of research due to the considerable number of variables involved in the process, including but not limited to powder material properties (powder deposition, particle morphology, particle size, particle size distribution and particle porosity), laser parameters (laser power, laser scan speed and laser scan spacing), and build chamber conditions (atmosphere, powder bed temperature and substrate plate preheating). Selective laser re-melting (SLR) is yet another approach visualised for improving the quality of SLM parts by integrating the laser surface re-melting (LSR) schemes into the SLM process planning. By re-melting every layer of a part, improved mechanical and physical properties can be obtained through decreased porosities. The re-melting process promotes grain refinement with a larger temperature gradient and balling within solidified layers is reduced leading to the reduction of pores and defects. However, the SLR technique further complicates the small SLM process window and requires careful selection of parameters for a successful build. Additionally, past SLR experiments employed laser powers less than 100 W as were made available with the older SLM machines. This study explores the effects of laser re-melting in SLM with varying energy density settings, establishing the process to structure and the structure to property relationships. Laser powers up to 375 W are used, with appropriate laser scan speed settings, ensuring the minimum energy densities as required for the laser melting of 316L stainless steel powders. Microstructural analyses are performed on the cross-sectional areas of the parts evaluating the formation of melt pools and the structures within. Both mechanical and physical properties including surface roughness of the top and the lateral faces, hardness, tensile strength, and density are the critical responses measured and analysed based on experimental conditions with varying levels of laser re-melting. Other aspects such as the laser scan strategies and the build orientations are also given due considerations in the experimental designs. All the experiments are conducted on the Renishaw laser melting system. One of the main problems faced is that the re-melting approach led to excessive heating, bubbling and loss of the layer structures when attempted at the same original density levels as required for the first pass. This has led to limiting the energy densities in the repeated passes at either a half or a quarter of the original energy density level. Certain improvements are noticed from the laser re-melting process, though the end results are the combined effects of a number of factors.


Theoretical models of attention development have emphasized the role of neural networks in the emergence of attentional control towards the end of the first year of life. The current study aimed to assess the relation between neural network maturation and developing attention skills by examining changes in observed attention and EEG coherence across a short-term longitudinal study. Participants were 339 infants participating in a larger study; data was collected at 5 and 10 months of age. It was hypothesized that increases in frontal and fronto-parietal EEG coherence during this time would be positively associated with controlled attention behaviors at 10 months. Attention behaviors were coded using Video Coding System software developed by James Long Company. Results indicated that on average EEG coherence values were significantly greater at 10 months than at 5 months across multiple pairs. However, only for certain pairs were changes in EEG coherence significantly associated with changes in observed attention behaviors. Effect sizes were relatively small and do not provide strong support for the role or neural networks in developing attention skills. Results are discussed in terms of directions for future research.


In recent
 years, online social network services (OSNs) have gained wide adoption and
 become one of the major platforms for social interactions, such as building
 up relationship, sharing personal experiences, and providing other services.
 A huge number of users spend a large amount of their time in online social
 network sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, etc. These sites allow the
 users to express themselves by creating their personal profile pages online.
 On the profile pages, the users can publish various personal information such
 as name, age, current location, activity, photos, etc. Sharing the personal
 information can motivate the interaction among the users and their friends.
 However, the personal information shared by users in OSNs can disclose the
 private information about these users and cause privacy and security issues.
 This dissertation focuses on investigating the leakage of privacy and the
 disclosure of face biometrics due to sharing personal information in OSNs.
 The first work in this dissertation investigates the effectiveness of privacy
 control mechanisms against privacy leakage from the perspective of
 information flow. These privacy control mechanisms have been deployed in
 popular OSNs for users to determine who can view their personal information.
 Our analysis reveals that the existing privacy control mechanisms do not
 protect the flow of personal information effectively. By examining
 representative OSNs including Facebook, Google+, and Twitter, we discover a
 series of privacy exploits. We find that most of these exploits are inherent
 due to the conflicts between privacy control and OSN functionalities. The
 conflicts reveal that the effectiveness of privacy control may not be
 guaranteed as most OSN users expect. We provide remedies for OSN users to
 mitigate the risk of involuntary information leakage in OSNs. Finally, we
 discuss the costs and implications of resolving the privacy exploits. In
 addition to the privacy leakage, sharing personal information in OSNs can
 disclose users' face biometrics and compromise the security of systems, such
 as face authentication, which rely on the face biometrics. In the second
 work, we investigate the threats against real-world face authentication
 systems due to the face biometrics disclosed in OSNs. We make the first
 attempt to quantitatively measure the threat of OSN-based facial disclosure
 (OSNFD). We examine real-world face-authentication systems designed for both
 smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Interestingly, our results find that the
 percentage of vulnerable images that can be used for spoofing attacks is
 moderate, but the percentage of vulnerable users that are subject to spoofing
 attacks is high. The difference between the face authentication systems
 designed for smartphones/tablets and laptops is also significant. In our user
 study, the average percentage of vulnerable users is 64% for laptop-based
 systems, and 93% for smartphone/tablet-based systems. This evidence suggests
 that face authentication may not be suitable to use as an authentication
 factor, as its confidentiality has been significantly compromised due to
 OSNFD. In order to understand more detailed characteristics of OSNFD, we
 further develop a risk estimation tool based on logistic regression to extract
 key attributes affecting the success rate of spoofing attacks. The OSN users
 can use this tool to calculate risk scores for their shared images so as to
 increase their awareness of OSNFD. This dissertation makes contributions on
 understanding the potential risks of private information disclosure in OSNs.
 On one hand, we analyze the underlying reasons which make the privacy control
 deployed in OSNs vulnerable against privacy leakage. On the other hand, we
 reveal that the face biometrics can be disclosed in OSNs and compromise the
 security of face authentication systems.


Asteroseismic forward modelling techniques are being used to determine fundamental properties (e.g. mass, radius, and age) of solar-type stars. The need to take into account all possible sources of error is of paramount importance towards a robust determination of stellar properties. We present a study of 34 solar-type stars for which high signal-to-noise asteroseismic data is available from multi-year Kepler photometry. We explore the internal systematics on the stellar properties, that is, associated with the uncertainty in the input physics used to construct the stellar models. In particular, we explore the systematics arising from: (i) the inclusion of the diffusion of helium and heavy elements; and (ii) the uncertainty in solar metallicity mixture. We also assess the systematics arising from (iii) different surface correction methods used in optimisation/fitting procedures. The systematics arising from comparing results of models with and without diffusion are found to be 0.5%, 0.8%, 2.1%, and 16% in mean density, radius, mass, and age, respectively. The internal systematics in age are significantly larger than the statistical uncertainties. We find the internal systematics resulting from the uncertainty in solar metallicity mixture to be 0.7% in mean density, 0.5% in radius, 1.4% in mass, and 6.7% in age. The surface correction method by Sonoi et al. and Ball & Gizon's two-term correction produce the lowest internal systematics among the different correction methods, namely, ~1%, ~1%, ~2%, and ~8% in mean density, radius, mass, and age, respectively. Stellar masses obtained using the surface correction methods by Kjeldsen et al. and Ball & Gizon's one-term correction are systematically higher than those obtained using frequency ratios.


Various image editing tools make our pictures more attractive, and at the same time, evoke different emotional responses. With powerful and easy-to-use imaging applications, capturing, editing and then sharing pictures have become daily life for many. This paper investigates the influence of several image manipulations on evoked emotions for different types of images. To do so, various types of images clustered in different categories, were collected from Instagram and subjective evaluations were conducted via crowdsourcing to gather the emotional responses on different manipulations as perceived by subjects. Evaluation results show that certain image manipulations can induce different evoked emotions on transformed pictures when compared to the original ones. However, such changes in image emotions due to manipulation are highly content dependent. Then, we conducted a machine learning based experiment, in attempt to predict the emotions of a manipulated image given its original version and the desired manipulation method. Experimental results present a promising performance of such a prediction model, which could pave the road to automatic selection or recommendation of image editing tools that can efficiently transform or emphasize desired emotions in pictures.


Before introducing an emissions trading system, jurisdictions have to consider the ex-isting energy and climate policy framework. This report seeks to analyse and evaluate non-ETS climate policy instruments, such as carbon taxes or green certificate trading schemes, regarding their suitability to serve as a basis for establishing emission trading systems. There is a general assessment of prototypical policy instruments. Besides, the report contains insights from case studies in India and Mexico. The report is meant to inform ETS development by showing how existing policy instruments could contribute to this process and by illustrating how non-ETS policy instruments could coexist with an emissions trading system, allowing for an effective policy mix.


In the present study, I investigated the effects of child complainant's age (5 years, 15 years, a "minor"), the child's level of sexual knowledge (low, high), and the presence of jury instructions on mock jurors' perceptions of the child's credibility and legal decisions regarding a child sexual abuse (CSA) case. Participants read one of 12 trial transcriptions describing an ambiguous CSA case involving a summer camp doctor and female camper. Perceptions of the child complainant and frequency of convictions were also analyzed in relation to mock jurors' knowledge concerning CSA victims, as measured by the Child Sexual Abuse Misconceptions Questionnaire (Goodman-Delahunty, Cossins, & O'Brien, 2010). Results indicated significant effects for child age, the presence of jury instructions, mock juror gender, and CSA misconception endorsement on mock jurors' credibility ratings for the child complainant. Conviction decisions were also influenced by child age, the presence of jury instructions, and mock jurors' endorsements of CSA misconceptions. Additionally, perceptions of the child's credibility were found to significantly predict mock jurors' decisions to convict the defendant. Implications for legal professionals and future directions are discussed in terms of these research findings.


The level of GDP, its sector composition and the carbon intensity of individual sectors together determine a country's emissions. To evaluate the contribution of changes in each determinant, I construct counterfactual emissions scenarios in a sample consisting of 34 sectors in 37 countries over 1995–2009. I compare these scenarios quantitatively using a novel metric, namely the relative cumulative emissions. I find that the composition of output and the carbon intensity of sectors individually or jointly constrained emissions in a large majority of countries. This motivates an analysis of high- and low-carbon intensity sectors, denoted HCI and LCI, where emissions and value-added tend to be concentrated, respectively. I document the cross-country variation in HCI sectors' carbon intensity and show it declines over time largely due to improvements in developing countries. HCI sectors tend to account for a smaller share of employment; be more capital intensive; and employ a workforce with a lower average skill level. Employment declined in HCI sectors and increased in LCI sectors with its composition shifting towards high-skilled workers in both. Capital intensity growth was faster but multifactor productivity growth was slower in HCI sectors.


In Alabama, typically, a three-wk period is required after rolling down a cover crop to achieve termination rates >90%, and to eliminate competition for water between the cover crop and cash crop. Cover crop termination can be sped up by applying herbicides during the rolling process. However, for organically grown cotton, synthetic herbicides cannot be used. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of terminating two cover crops using a roller/crimper alone and with glyphosate, or two organic herbicides at different application rates to determine the effects of cover crop termination practices on cotton population and yield. In the three growing seasons, rye termination rates were between 99% and 100% for all rolling treatments three wk after rolling. Similar rates were generated for crimson clover but only in 2011, as crimson clover termination rates in two yr were lower. Organic herbicides did not increase cover crop termination compared with glyphosate and roller alone. In 2009 there was no difference in cotton population following rye and crimson clover. In 2010, cotton population following clover was higher than with cereal rye, although, in 2011, cotton population following rye was higher compared to crimson clover. In three growing seasons, seed cotton yield following rye was significantly higher compared to crimson clover. In 2010, rainfall deficit and high temperatures negatively impacted cotton growth and substantially reduced yields compared to 2009. Overall, rolling treatments did not affect cotton population and yield. In contrast, cotton population and yield were affected by different weather conditions during 2009, 2010, and 2011 growing seasons.


Alexander Hamilton's Report on Manufactures (1791) is a classic document in the history of U.S. economic policy, but its fate in Congress is not well known. It is commonly believed that the report was never implemented. Although Hamilton's proposals for bounties (subsidies) failed to receive support, virtually every tariff recommendation put forward in the report was adopted by Congress in early 1792. These tariffs were not highly protectionist duties because Hamilton feared discouraging imports, which were the critical tax base on which he planned to fund the public debt. Indeed, because Hamilton's policy toward manufacturing was one of encouragement and not protection, those interests shifted their political support from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans during the 1790s.


The main purpose of the article was to establish the effects of monetary policy on unemployment in Namibia. The article used the structural VAR methodology in a macroeconometric setting to achieve this. The results show that monetary policy affects unemployment in Namibia in the short run and in the long run, it is ineffective. These results differ from the results by Alexius & Holmlund (2007) and Jacobs et al. (2003) who found that monetary policy has a significant role to play in explaining unemployment in both the short run and the long run. This means that there is still need to investigate the other explanations of long run unemployment in Namibia such as the demand and supply related variables so that appropriate policies are propounded to address it effectively.


A well governed institution is expected to use its resources optimally and, thus, perform more efficiently and contribute positively to economic development of a nation. However, often, it can be seen that poor management of the stakeholders leads to less than optimal strategic directions for an institution. Due to recent global financial crisis and rising issues of the Bangladeshi banking sector, corporate governance is one of the factors that have gained considerable attention. Recent drive of the governance issues of the banking sector of Bangladesh is expected to bring positive change in the financial sector and, hence, it is crucial to assess whether complying with governance codes leads to desired outcome or not. Specifically, the main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between performances of commercial banks with corporate governance factor along with some internal and macroeconomic variables. Thus, the listed commercial banks in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) of Bangladesh were considered for the study. Subsequently, considering data availability of the time period (2011-2014), 29 listed commercial banks in the DSE have been considered and, hence, Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) regression models were used through Eviews 8.0 for analyzing the data. Though the study shows a positive relation between corporate governance and performances of banks, the statistical insignificance of the relation raises concern regarding various issues of corporate governance in the financial sector of Bangladesh.


Throughout the 1300 km long East Greenland Caledonides, the western exposed marginal thrusts overlie foreland rocks of latest Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic age, mainly exposed in tectonic windows. In the western, 100–130 km wide, marginal thrust belt, the thrust planes outlining the windows appear to follow long flats developed in Lower Palaeozoic carbonates. East of the marginal thrust belt, thrust inclinations steepen, and by implication the remaining part of the Caledonian orogen extending eastwards to the present Atlantic Ocean coast is allochthonous and thick-skinned. The contrast between the restricted Neoproterozoic–Lower Palaeozoic foreland succession and the very thick and almost continuous sedimentation of the allochthonous Neoproterozoic Eleonore Bay Supergroup–Tillite Group–Cambro-Ordovician sequence of the fjord zone of East Greenland confirms the presence of distinct N–S trending facies belts on the northwestern passive margin of Iapetus. Comparisons with the Caledonides of Northwest Scotland, which may originally have lain as little as 500 km south of the East Greenland Caledonides, provide further clues to the understanding of Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic basin geometry on this sector of the developing Iapetus margin. The areas of the Laurentian margin represented in the foreland windows of East Greenland were inboard of Neoproterozoic rifting but, with respect to the Torridonian basins of Northwest Scotland, the Eleonore Bay Supergroup succession must have been laid down further outboard. Similarly the Lower Palaeozoic developments of the foreland of Northwest Scotland are thicker than the equivalent foreland sequences of East Greenland, but much thinner than the allochthonous East Greenland Cambro-Ordovician succession.


The small mammals at five sites on each of six land types in the afforestable grasslands of the northern Eastern Cape Province were sampled. Sampling grids consisting of 100 equally spaced trapping points were used. Mean species richness and relative abundance per hectare did not differ significantly over the land types. Significant associations between site type and species relative abundances were : valleys and north slopes with Rhabdomys pumilio; south slopes with Myosorex varius and Otomys irroratus; east slopes with M. itarius; and crests with Mus minutoides and Mystromys albicaudatus. The threatened, rare species M. albicaudatus was associated with crests and ridges.


We have produced loose packings of cohesionless, frictional spheres by sequential deposition of highly-spherical, monodisperse particles through a fluid. By varying the properties of the fluid and the particles, we have identified the Stokes number (St)—rather than the buoyancy of the particles in the fluid—as the parameter controlling the approach to the loose packing limit. The loose packing limit is attained at a threshold value of St at which the kinetic energy of a particle impinging on the packing is fully dissipated by the fluid. Thus, for cohesionless particles, the dynamics of the deposition process, rather than the stability of the static packing, defines the random loose packing limit. We have made direct measurements of the interparticle friction in the fluid, and present an experimental measurement of the loose packing volume fraction, ϕRLP, as a function of the friction coefficient μs.


The number of induced abortions in France is fairly stable, at about 210,000 a year. The total abortion rate in 2011 was 0.53 abortions per woman during her lifetime. Recourse to abortion rises between ages 18 and 25 (the increase among under-18s recorded in 1995-2005 has slowed) and falls after age 25. The raising of the legal limit from 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy in 2001 led to an increase in the mean gestational age at abortion, but since 2002, it has resumed its downward trend as medical abortions have become more widespread (55% of induced abortions in 2011). The proportion of first abortions continues to fall, as does the proportion of women who ever have an abortion: according to the 2011 rates, one woman in three has an abortion at some time in her life. After a first abortion, the probability of having another increases; it stood at 41% in 2011, compared with 28% in 2002 and 18% in 1990. In 2002, the probability of having an abortion did not correlate with previous abortion history, whereas by 2011 the probability of a repeat abortion was higher than that of a first abortion. More so than ten years ago, certain women find themselves in a situation of seeking abortion at various points in their lives.


The Chattahoochee River in northeastern Georgia is a popular summer recreational site. The section of the river that flows through the city of Helen, about eighty miles northeast of Atlanta, is visited by thousands of swimmers and "tubers" each year. Studies have been conducted in drought and non-drought years on Escherichia coli levels in the water before and after peak recreational use. Recreational river use may lead to increased levels of bacteria suspended in the water due to sediment disruption and subsequent dispersal of bacteria contained in the soil. Water samples were taken from five recreational sites in town and five secluded, nonrecreational sites in the Chattahoochee National Forest. Samples were collected on days known to have the highest volume of recreational users, from late June to midSeptember. Sites were sampled in the morning and evening, before and after peak recreational use, respectively. E. coli levels were quantified using the Colilert® Quanti – tray® 2000 system (IDEXX), and the results from 2009 (a non-drought year) were compared with those from 2007 (a drought year). E. coli levels were significantly higher at recreational sites than nonrecreational sites for both years. Though 2009 sampling exhibited higher E. coli levels than 2007 overall, 2009 sites showed no significant difference between morning and evening samples. In 2007, however, E. coli levels were higher after peak recreational use. Furthermore, evening sampling at recreational sites revealed a correlation between suspended sediments and water-borne E. coli levels in 2007, but not in 2009. This dissimilarity between drought and non-drought years suggests that sediment bacteria, in drought years, are more dispersed in the water due to the lower water volume, and increased disruption of the sediment. These results indicate that users of the Chattahoochee River are exposed to higher water-borne E. coli levels during the summers of drought years.