As teachers with students of diversities in cultures, it is very essential for us to understand the characteristics of the students in their classes in order to identify and apply appropriate teaching strategies to learning activities in order to help students achieve the objectives of teaching and learning another language. As numerous teaching methodologies are available, therefore as teachers, we should be wise and professional in deciding what approach is best for our learners.  For the students, the acceptance of implementing the Task-based learning method may take some time. Perhaps it may be more efficient if we firstly explain the method to them before we start the learning process. The purpose is to have them be responsive to the benefits that they can achieve from this methodology. To introduce Task-based learning will not be always easy as it may not fit immediately to the classroom. Some problems are bound to exist for the first time.


The rise of the alt-right as a potent and sometimes violent political force has been well documented. Yet the journey of an individual towards upholding these ideologies is less well understood. Alt-righters are not instantly converted, but rather incrementally nudged along a particular medial pathway. Drawing on video testimonies, chat logs, and other studies, this paper explores the interaction between this alt-right "pipeline" and the psyche of a user. It suggests three overlapping cognitive phases that occur within this journey: normalization, acclimation, and dehumanization. Finally, the article examines the individual who has reached the end of this journey, an extremist who nevertheless remains largely unregistered within traditional terrorist classifications.


Abstract Cultural reproduction is rarely, if ever, theorised through clandestine practices of sexual offending by teachers in the gendered hierarchies of state schools. Drawing upon Freedom of Information requests and other official qualitative data provided by a U.K. teaching council, this article endeavours to explain the form of a gendered cultural reproduction by reference to the diversity of ways in which identities are constructed and 'contracted' for female student victims. The article begins by looking at this taboo subject matter in the context of a historical patriarchal order and cultures of heterosexuality in schools, followed by a feminist perspective through which empirical theorisation is documented. Michel Foucault's work on the micro-physics of power and normativity informs the emphasis of the contemporary feminist prism. It is argued that this offending occurs under the auspices of the professional teacher–student hierarchy and produces distinctive and damaging power effects.


With its roots in clinical and educational psychology, school psychology is an ever-changing field that encompasses a diversity of topics. The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology synthesizes the most vital and relevant literature in all of these areas, producing a state-of-the-art, authoritative resource for practitioners, researchers, and parents. Comprising chapters authored by the leading figures in school psychology, The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology focuses on the significant issues, new developments, and scientific findings that continue to change the practical landscape. The handbook's focuses include: - allegiance to the reciprocal relationship between science and practice to promote problem-solving and enrichment models - service delivery designed to improve competencies of all students - the relationship between general cognitive ability and important life outcomes - the development of viable and enduring educational, family, and community systems to support students - increasing student diversity and the necessity of increased sensitivity to the influences of social, cultural, political, and legislative variables of schooling - outlining tenable reasons why, since the end of World War II, children from kindergarten through the secondary grades have generally not been the recipients of a superior or efficient educational system - all relevant legislation, including the No Child Left Behind Act, and the ongoing question of who or what is responsible for the inadequate academic preparation of inner-city children - building a cumulative knowledge base to better facilitate students' academic, social, and personal competencies including the promotion of positive mental health and subjective well-being The scholarship compiled here is a must-read for practitioners, students, and faculty, and an ideal resource for parents seeking a scientific approach to the efficacy of school psychology practices. In both breadth and depth, this handbook promises to serve as the benchmark reference work for years to come.


This thesis presents a case study on the application of a dynamic framework for the intelligent control of flooding in the Boise River system in Idaho. This framework couples a robust and numerically efficient hydraulic routing approach with the popular multi-objective, non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The novelty of this framework is that it allows for controlled flooding when the conveyance capacity of the river system is exceeded or is about to exceed. Controlled flooding is based on weight factors assigned to each reach of the system depending on the amount of damage that would occur should a flood occur. For example, an urban setting would receive a higher weight factor than a rural or agricultural area. The weight factor for a reach doesn't need to be constant as it can be made a function of the flooding volume (or water stage) in the reach. The optimization algorithm minimizes flood damage by favoring low weighted floodplain areas (e.g., rural areas) rather than high weighted areas (e.g., urban areas) for the overbank flows. The proposed framework has the potential to improve water management and use of flood-prone areas in river systems, especially of those systems subjected to frequent flooding. The Hydraulic Performance Graph (HPG) of a channel reach graphically summarizes the dynamic relation between the flow through and the stages at the ends of the reach under gradually varied flow (GVF) conditions, while the Volume Performance Graph (VPG) summarizes the corresponding storage. The Rating Performance Graph (RPG) summarizes the dynamic relation between the flow through and the stages at the ends of the in-line structure under gradually varied flow or rapidly varied flow v conditions. The use of HPGs, VPGs, and RPGs in the proposed approach results in a robust and numerically efficient model because the hydraulics for all river reaches are pre-computed (i.e., any error attained during the computation of the water profiles for each reach-e.g., due to instability-can be detected and therefore corrected before the river system routing) and most of the computations for the system routing involve only interpolation steps. The latter makes this approach highly numerically efficient. The proposed framework is the first model of its kind that uses the HPG/VPG/RPG approach for intelligent control of river flooding and has been applied to the Boise River system of Idaho. In order to test the hydraulic routing approach, a model for unsteady flow routing through dendritic and looped river networks based on performance graphs is presented in this thesis. The application presented in this thesis is limited to subcritical flows; however, it can be extended to supercritical flows. The model builds upon the application of Hydraulic Performance Graph (HPG) to unsteady flow routing introduced by [12] and adopts the Volume Performance Graph (VPG) introduced by [16]. The HPG of a channel reach graphically summarizes the dynamic relation between the flow through and the stages at the ends of the reach under gradually varied flow (GVF) conditions, while the VPG summarizes the corresponding storage. Both, the HPG and VPG are unique to a channel reach with a given geometry and roughness, and can be computed decoupled from unsteady boundary conditions by solving the GVF equation for all feasible conditions in the reach. Hence, in the proposed approach, the performance graphs can be used for different boundary conditions without the need to recompute them. Previous models based on the performance graph concept were formulated for routing through single channels or channels in series. The new approach expands on the use of HPG/VPGs and adds the use of rating performance graphs for unsteady flow routing in dentritic


Nowadays, the use of computers to solve complex computational problems is present virtually everywhere. There are more and more temporally and spatially complex problems. They are solved using purpose-built parallel systems. Most modern systems of this type fit almost exclusively into Flynn's MIMD category, examples of which are tightly coupled SMP systems, loosely coupled MPP systems, and clusters. Especially in the field of scientific computation, distributed systems have become established as an affordable substitute for parallel systems. They are suitable mainly for solving problems where the decomposition into subproblems is trivial. An important difference between the two approaches lies in its intended purpose. Parallel systems are designed to speed up problem solving (to enable a faster response time of the system), while distributed systems are mainly intended for environments where a high number of problems are solved (increased throughput of the system).

A special type of distributed systems are voluntary systems that allow the exploitation of computing resources (processing and memory resources). The most famous and widespread systems are BOINC and Condor. The aim of both is the same, i.e. to exploit the computing resources during idle time. The BOINC system is used to exploit computing resources in a wide area environment, while the Condor system is suitable for closed environments. Both can be mutually complementary.

The possibility of examining and evaluating the performance characteristics of such systems is crucial because it allows more efficient use of computing resources. Following the example of the BOINC and Condor systems and after simplifications were defined, a simulation model was designed in the form of an open queuing network with feedback. Simplifications were necessary since the simulation model would be otherwise difficult to manage. The queueing network consisted of a central queue and working queues. Working queues receive task from the central queue, carry them out and send the results back. The model verification confirmed the correctness of the operation, and the validation confirmed correct design. The implementation of the simulation model and of the simulation were carried out in the ns-2 discrete oriented open source simulation tool, which proved extremely versatile and flexible. The queue was designed with the help of two network nodes and their mutual network connection. The serving was realized by transferring the package via UDP network connections between nodes.

Based on the designed model assumptions can be made about the behavior and performance of the real model. Any changes to the model parameters that were defined (such as queue capacity, number of queues, routing type, the probability of a feedback loop) can significantly affect its behaviour.

The experiment results with the simulation model provided insight into the behavior of the model as its parameters were changed. For the input intensity, the Poisson process of UDP packets were used. It was found that as input intensity increases, so does the the model load, which means that the central server unit can quickly become a bottleneck. Its load further increases the greater the number of feeding units, and with the probability of returning UDP packets to the central queue. In the case of sufficiently powerful central queue, the bottleneck may be caused by working queues. Random routing does not allow for a steady load of working queues, especially if these have different performance. In this case a rapid increase in tasks to be performed, and consequently model saturation, follows working queues with worse performance. Balance is achieved by using the "shortest queue first" principle in routing. Working queues in this case are almost the same length.

The use of this method of routing and of working queues with different performance enables us to discover some surprising behaviour. Working queues with better performance are automatically inclined to receiving long UDP packets, while those with worse performance receive shorter UDP packets. This might mean that more efficient free computer resources tend to implement more complex tasks, while less powerful free computer resources focus on implementing less demanding ones.

The designed model is not restricted to simulations of a voluntary system. It is useful in any system consisting of a central unit and a set of work units. The only requirement is that the central unit sends jobs or tasks to the work units, which communicate the results back to the central unit upon completion.


Long-molecule sequencing is now routinely applied to generate high-quality reference genome assemblies. However, datasets differ in repeat composition, heterozygosity, read lengths and error profiles. The assembly parameters that provide the best results could thus differ across datasets. By integrating four complementary and biologically meaningful metrics, we show that simple fine-tuning of assembly parameters can substantially improve the quality of long-read genome assemblies. In particular, modifying estimates of sequencing error rates improves some metrics more than two-fold. We provide a flexible software, CompareGenomeQualities, that automates comparisons of assembly qualities for researchers wanting a straightforward mechanism for choosing among multiple assemblies.


In this paper, we study the performance of Italian listed family firms in the period 1998-2003. We measure their performance by using both accounting and market data. We first study the relative performance of family firms compared to widely held firms. Then we investigate whether performance is affected by the type of family firm (i.e., whether the CEO is a member of the family or is an outsider). We find that the data and the methodology used to measure performance strongly affect the results. When performance is measured by accounting data (ROA), using a static model, we find evidence in favour of a superior performance of family firms. Such evidence is not confirmed by the application of the same model to market measures of performance. However, we report statistical evidence that the correct econometric specification for market data is a dynamic model. The results of estimation of the dynamic model for the market measures of performance are more consistent with those based on the static model for the accounting measures of performance.


Abstract. Global projections for ocean conditions in 2100 predict that the North Pacific will experience some of the largest changes. Coastal processes that drive variability in the region can alter these projected changes but are poorly resolved by global coarse-resolution models. We quantify the degree to which local processes modify biogeochemical changes in the eastern boundary California Current System (CCS) using multi-model regionally downscaled climate projections of multiple climate-associated stressors (temperature, O2, pH, saturation state (Ω), and CO2). The downscaled projections predict changes consistent with the directional change from the global projections for the same emissions scenario. However, the magnitude and spatial variability of projected changes are modified in the downscaled projections for carbon variables. Future changes in pCO2 and surface Ω are amplified, while changes in pH and upper 200 m Ω are dampened relative to the projected change in global models. Surface carbon variable changes are highly correlated to changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pCO2 changes over the upper 200 m are correlated to total alkalinity (TA), and changes at the bottom are correlated to DIC and nutrient changes. The correlations in these latter two regions suggest that future changes in carbon variables are influenced by nutrient cycling, changes in benthic–pelagic coupling, and TA resolved by the downscaled projections. Within the CCS, differences in global and downscaled climate stressors are spatially variable, and the northern CCS experiences the most intense modification. These projected changes are consistent with the continued reduction in source water oxygen; increase in source water nutrients; and, combined with solubility-driven changes, altered future upwelled source waters in the CCS. The results presented here suggest that projections that resolve coastal processes are necessary for adequate representation of the magnitude of projected change in carbon stressors in the CCS.


Purpose To investigate narrow, elongated magnetically focused proton beams and compare their properties with passively collimated beams using Monte Carlo simulation.

METHODS
We performed Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations involving a single quadrapole focusing magnet, thereby creating a flattened beam with an elongated elliptical cross section. The parameters of the magnet were chosen to mimic k=3 (quadrapole) Halbach cylinders that are available commercially as assemblies of rare earth permanent magnetic materials. For comparison, simulations were also performed with the same beam line components and passively collimated beams (using an elliptically shaped collimator). To facilitate fair comparison, efforts were made to closely match the planned treatment volumes (PTV) for each simulation case in dose, volume, and major and minor diameters of the elliptically shaped PTV at Bragg depth.

RESULTS
Magnetic focusing delivered significantly better dose localization to the target over collimated beams which are the current beam delivery modality. Compared to collimated beams, the magnetically focused beams showed a 31% smaller therapeutic ratio, a 31% smaller integrated dose, a 34% smaller entrance dose, a 30% larger peak-to-entrance central depth dose ratio, a 37% smaller penumbra volume, and were 35% more efficient in dose delivery (based on proton number).

CONCLUSIONS
The clinically relevant advantages of the magnetically focused beams compared to the collimated beams (the current standard of care) can be attributed to the preferential directional acceleration of protons due to the magnetic field. Our simulations suggest such magnets can be used to deliver tissue sparing doses to normal and at-risk tissue, and enhanced dose to elongated, narrow targets. Future work to characterize and test prototype magnets is in progress. Such beams my find application in novel proton treatments including application to the spinal cord.


Abstract A graphical presentation of precipitation data has been used for some years in which the cumulative percentage of the total mass falling on various days of a sample of precipitation days, ordered from the largest to the smallest mass, is plotted against the cumulative percentage of days. This type of graph is called a "double cumulative curve" (DCC), but it is essentially the same as the Lorenz curve in economics. The paper reviews the literature, summarizes the properties, shows the DCC's for uniform, log-normal, exponential, gamma and degenerate distributions, studies the average effect of sample size, and presents a formula for testing the significance of the difference between two DCC's. This formula is applied to compare hail data of various types. It is concluded that a sample DCC is a biased estimate of the population DCC, but the bias becomes negligible as the sample size increases beyond ∼30.


Literacy is at the heart of all social concerns. Not only in childhood, in education, in Britain, but everywhere in the modern world of signs, print and information, literacy is linked to changes, especially in all forms of communication. So what are children to learn about reading and writing? What counts as literacy now, and what will it be like in the lives of those who leave school in the next century? In this book Margaret Meek shows how young learners become strong, confident readers if they discover early what reading and writing are good for, as powerful ways of learning and 'being in the know.' Literacy will change, but it is still the entitlement of everyone.


Investigation of the temporal trajectories of currently used neuropsychological tests is critical to identifying earliest changing measures on the path to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used the Progression Score (PS) method to characterize the temporal trajectories of measures of verbal memory, executive function, attention, processing speed, language, and mental state using data spanning normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD from 1661 participants with a total of 7839 visits (age at last visit 77.6 SD 9.2) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and 1542 participants with a total of 4467 visits (age at last visit 59.9 SD 7.3) in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. This method aligns individuals in time based on the similarity of their longitudinal measurements to reveal temporal trajectories. As a validation of our methodology, we explored the associations between the individualized cognitive progression scores (Cog-PS) computed by our method and clinical diagnosis. Digit span tests were the first to show declines in both data sets, and were detected mainly among cognitively normal individuals. These were followed by tests of verbal memory, which were in turn followed by Trail Making Tests, Boston Naming Test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. Differences in Cog-PS across the clinical diagnosis groups were statistically significant, highlighting the potential use of Cog-PS as individualized indicators of disease progression. Identifying cognitive measures that are changing in preclinical AD can lead to the development of novel cognitive tests that are finely tuned to detecting earliest changes. ABBREVIATIONS AD Alzheimer's disease AVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test BLSA Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging CI Cognitive impairment Cog-PS Cognitive progression score CVLT California Verbal Learning Test AD Alzheimer's disease MCI Mild cognitive impairment MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination WRAP Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention


Cellulose-silica composite fiber samples have been successfully synthesized using cellulose solution, tetraethoxysilane, and NH3•H2O in ethanol/water mixed solvents at room temperature for 24 h. The cellulose solution was previously prepared by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in a solvent mixture of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/lithium chloride (LiCl). The effect of the tetraethoxysilane concentration on the product was investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS), and cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) solid state 13C-NMR. The morphology of the cellulose-silica composite fiber was investigated by SEM, while their composition was established from EDS measurements combined with the results of FT-IR spectral analysis and XRD patterns. The XRD, FT-IR and EDS results indicated that the obtained product was cellulose-silica composite fiber. The SEM micrographs showed that the silica particles were homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose fiber. The CP/MAS solid state 13C-NMR results indicated that the silica concentration had an influence on the crystallinity of the cellulose. This method is simple for preparation of cellulose-based composites.


We use dialogic theory to flame our conversation about how we are completing our Ph.D.s, in an attempt to help other students finish their degrees. Dialogic theory allows us to document how we think through the Ph.D. process, critically evaluate our experiences in graduate school, and transcend solely individualistic or structurally oriented advice about how to complete a Ph.D. Further, our conversational format exemplifies the open-ended focus of dialogic theory, demonstrating that there is no single "best" way to complete the Ph.D. Indeed, students may continue our conversation in order to figure out how to complete their Ph.D.s, in their own particular circumstances. ----- We aim to help other graduate students successfully finish their Ph.D.s by drawing on dialogic theory and using a discussion oriented method. Although coursework and seminars are important, and all students must acquire basic analytical, writing, and technical skills, our experiences suggest that success also depends heavily on informal interactions with faculty and peers to learn how to publish, teach well, complete dissertations, and, in short, become professionals. This reflexive process, generally captured under the aegis of "completing a Ph.D., " requires students to continually reevaluate their progress in relation to their existing social circumstances. As such, we find it odd that many of the books and articles that intend to help students complete their degrees are little more than lists of advice on how to conduct good research, navigate the dynamics of dissertation committees, or find perfect jobs, regardless of the social context. Although we have personally found much work on these topics useful (e.g., Becker 1998; Marx 1997; Peters 1997; Sternberg 1981; Stinchcombe 1966), the culture of graduate education implies that helping students teach themselves how to be successful-according to their own standards and situations-might be a more valuable approach. We use dialogic theory to frame our discussion about how to complete a Ph.D. in a timely and efficacious manner, for three reasons. First, we hope that the conversational format will allow students to add their own voices to our discussion, in order to better think through the dynamics of their situations (Bochner and Ellis 1996; Warren and Fassett 2002). Dialogic theory posits that thinking is an interactive process that depends on talking with others while situated in specific contexts (Shotter and Billig 1998). That is, conversing with others can help individuals gain new perspectives on their particular social situations, an advantage that simple lists of advice may be unable to provide. Further, Mead (1934) suggests that thinking is a process that takes place through conversations with others, although those "others" need not be present. An individual may take the imagined perspective of another to better discuss-or think through-various aspects of an issue. Rather than illuminate "the perfect" tactic for finishing, we aim to prompt others to think about how they might learn from others and teach themselves to finish their Ph.D.s, given their own particular circumstances and aspirations. Second, we hope that fostering conversations about navigating the Ph.D. process will provide students with an opportunity to reflect on their own and others' experiences to more readily become professionals. Personal transformation, from the role of student to the role of professional, is a central element of graduate education (Becker et al. 1961; Granfield 1992). Dialogic theory takes the perspective that conversations-both with one's self and with others-allow individuals to critically examine their own experiences, compare them with others, and consider alternate courses of action based on these new insights (de Peuter 1998; Gagnon 1992; Warren and Fassett 2002). We hope that students will expand our discussion to their own contexts, with an eye toward understanding how to feel, think, and act more like professionals. …


A Permian (268 ± 2 Ma) olivine-nephelinite dyke cutting Proterozoic (Moinian) psammites on the west coast of Mull, contains an abundance of xenoliths inferred to be from the lower crust and possibly uppermost mantle. The majority are pargasite pyroxenites grading to hornblendites. Next most abundant are pyroxene granulite orthogneisses. High-grade meta-arenites are also relatively common. Scarce xenoliths and related megacrysts are composed of anorthoclase, ferrosalite, apatite, magnetite and ilmenite (af–cpx–ap–mt–il suite). Scarce kaersutite megacrysts are thought to be derivative from pegmatitic hornblendites. The pargasite pyroxenites are derived from ultramafic protoliths that have experienced recrystallization, modal metasomatism (with introduction of amphibole) and deformation prior to entrainment. Olivines are wholly pseudomorphed but pyroxenes are diopsides (Fs7.8–9.2) with up to 12.5% Al2O3. Plagioclase (An45.6) is a rare accessory. Whether the pyroxenite protoliths were upper mantle peridotites or lower crustal ultramafic cumulates is indeterminate. The mesocratic xenoliths are granulite-facies orthogneisses comprising plagioclase (An38–22), augite (Fs16–22), pseudomorphed pigeonite (?), magnetite, ilmenite and apatite. Pb/U SHRIMP dating of zircons indicates a crystallization age of 1850 ± 50 Ma for the orthogneisses, suggesting that the Archaean/ Palaeoproterozoic Lewisian gneisses were magmatically underplated by younger Proterozoic (Rhinnian or Ketilidian age) rocks. The pyroxenite and granulite gneiss xenoliths may be coeval fragments of a lower crustal and possibly uppermost mantle sequence. The most evolved of the orthogneisses are two-feldspar quartz diorites containing subordinate sanidine (Or64–74). The magmas parental to the postulated underplating intrusion are thought to have been mildly alkaline (transitional) basalts. The metasomatic introduction of amphibole that affected the ultramafic rocks is attributed to pervasive influx of Fe, Ti, K, LREE (etc.)-rich small fraction partial melts from the asthenosphere. The af–px–ap–mt–il megacryst suite, however, appears to represent a distinct younger event involving intrusion of a geochemically evolved vein system within the amphibole pyroxenites. Temperature estimates based on coexisting (a) feldspar and (b) oxide pairs indicate establishment of equilibrium at approximately 800°C, suggesting a geothermal radient of c. 27°C km−1.


The bedrock threshold over which the Lake Bonneville emptied is covered by post-Bonneville alluvium and colluvium. A 12-channel seismograph was used to determine the exact position, configuration, and altitude of the original pass. The elevation of the crest probably exceeds 4,755 feet by one or two feet over most of the length. The width of the channel on the crest is about 800 feet. The threshold trends N. 85 degrees W., oblique to the channel, which trends N. 30 degrees W. The slopes approaching the threshold are steeper on the east side of the channel, perhaps indicating that the threshold is slightly lower on the east end, and that in the last stages of flow, the stream was at the east side of the channel. The depth of the fill on the threshold is about 20 feet.


To generate boiling water beyond 100 °C via heat pump technology, the prototype of an ultra-high temperature air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH) based on a single-stage compression cycle of R134a was established, and an experimental investigation on it was conducted under an environment temperature of 25 °C. Then, thermodynamic analyses were carried out on the basis of the experimental results, especially when the prototype produced 95.9 and 100.3 °C water. The experimental and analytical results indicate that water beyond 100 °C was achieved through the prototype. When producing 100.3 °C water, the discharge temperature and compression ratio of the compressor of the prototype are only 108.4 °C and 4.07, respectively, which are in moderate levels. Correspondingly, the work input of the compressor is 0.622 kW, the heating capacity is 2.786 kW, and the heating coefficient of performance is 4.48. In addition, when producing 95.9 and 100.3 °C water, the system exergy efficiencies of the prototype are 50.76% and 49.73%, which are larger than those of the existing ASHPWHs, demonstrating that dividing the condensing process into two parts of high-grade exergy and low-grade exergy and utilizing them separately is effective. That is the essential reason of generating boiling water beyond 100 °C as expected only through the single-stage compression cycle.


In this first full-length study of Pound's influence on American poetry after World War II, Beach argues that Pound's experimental mode created a new tradition of poetic writing in America. Often neglected by academic critics and excluded from the 'canon' of American poetic writing, Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, and later members of this experimental tradition have maintained the sense of an American avant garde in keeping with Pound's modernist experiments of the 1910s and 1920s. The work of these poets has served as a counterforce to the established traditions of the 'American Sublime' and the Anglo-American formalism represented by T. S. Eliot and the New Criticism. "ABC of Influence" challenges previous discussions of poetic influence, particularly Harold Bloom's oedipal theory of revisionist 'misreading', as insufficient for understanding the influence Pound's modernist practice and his relationship to poetic tradition had in defining the postmodernist poetics of Olson, Duncan, and other postwar American writers. The relation of these poets is most clearly seen on a formal level, but it is also evident in thematic elements of their work and in their stance toward poetic convention, the 'canon', political and social engagement, and the inclusion of historical and other nonpoetic materials in the poetic text. This book makes a significant contribution to the study of modern American poetry by exploring modernism's legacy and charting new canonical possibilities in American literature. In reading Pound through the works of later poets, it also provides important new insights into Pound's own work and ideas.


This study explores the possibilities of using solid base catalysts, mainly hydrotalcites, for the transesterification of triglycerides (TAG) possessing alkyl groups in the range of C4-C18. The aim of the research is to design various types of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) formulated with different atomic ratio of M2+/Al3+ (M = Zn2+, Ni2+ and Mg2+), spanning from 1.5-4.0 via an alkali-free method. To enhance the physicochemical properties of the LDH, catalysts were calcined-rehydrated via gas-phase (GP), liquid-phase (LP), and hydrothermal (HTM) pathways. Extensive characterisation of both structural and base properties of these materials was conducted to provide a greater insight into the role of base sites for heterogeneously catalysed transesterification. Results showed HTM reconstructed method enhances the LDH reconstruction purity, surface area and basicity. A positive trend in initial rates was observed as GP < LP < HTM with reconstruction on conventional ZnAl LDH. Following this, the HTM reconstruction method was consequently applied in conventional NiAl and MgAl LDH and further underwent transesterification reaction. However, the diffusion rates of C18 was still hampered by the bulky chains and narrow pores, which the turnover frequency (TOF) in a range of 0.46 min-1 for all prepared conventional LDH materials. This was due to the steric limitation of bulkier TAG to access the Bronsted basic sites within the interlayer and edges of LDHs. To overcome this, catalysts possessing a macroporous framework have been synthesised on Zn/Al, Mg/Al and Ni/Al LDH using the polystyrene template and reconstructed under HTM method. Preliminary studies on macroporous Ni/Al LDH found that reconstruction is impossible at ratio 4:1, thus it was discontinued. Macroporous Zn/Al and Mg/Al LDH were further characterised and tested in the transesterification reaction. The TOF was increased nearly ~20 folds in both macroporous LDH, simultaneously overcoming the above issue. Additionally, a comparison on commercial solid based catalysts such as dolomite and NanoMgO were also carried out. A remarkable catalytic performance was observed on commercial catalysts compared to the conventional and macroporous LDH materials which mainly attributed from the enhanced basicity of the catalyst.


Bangladesh is one of the poorest nations in the world – a country in which 98% of the people speak the national language Bangla and identify themselves as Bangladeshi nationals. There are also 45 or more indigenous groups which form linguistic minorities in the country, speaking more than 30 different languages, and ethno-linguistically different from the majority of the Bangla-speaking population. The country's educational policies have, until recently, ignored language issues in relation to the ethno-linguistic minorities. The National Education Policy 2009 (Final) proposes a first-language-based education policy for the indigenous minorities in the country. Considering the current language policy and planning context of Bangladesh, this paper examines major challenges to the implementation of a multilingual language-in-education policy for linguistic minorities in a country where a single language is spoken by a vast majority of people and is also the focus of the country's national language policy. Besides investigating the challenges, the paper also considers ways to overcome them. In short, the paper seeks answers to two major questions: (1) What are the challenges that stand in the way of implementing a first-language-based multilingual language-in-education policy in Bangladesh?; and (2) How can these challenges be overcome?


View of Westminster Hall, form the northwest, depicting where the Westminster Hall meets the Barry addition with the southwest tower behind (this is the only surviving part of the original Palace of Westminster, dating from 1097); On 16 October 1834, most of the Palace was destroyed by fire. Only Westminster Hall, the Jewel Tower, the crypt of St Stephen's Chapel and the cloisters survived. A Royal Commission was appointed to study the rebuilding of the Palace and decided that it should be rebuilt on the same site, and that its style should be either Gothic or Elizabethan. A heated public debate over the proposed styles ensued. It was decided that neo-Classical design, similar to that of the White House and Congress in the USA, was to be avoided due to its connotations of revolution and republic. Gothic design embodied conservative values. "On 29 February 1836 the first premium was given to Barry. The great task of rebuilding the Palace was to occupy him for the rest of his life. At his death it was still unfinished and was continued by his son E. M. Barry until 1870. The remarkable features of Barry's design were its confident Gothic detail and ingenious plan, which brilliantly incorporated the remaining medieval buildings into a logical system of circulation. Barry constantly revised and improved his design so that the final result became a uniquely successful masterpiece, which, although in the Gothic style, was designed on classical principles with a system of repeating modules." Source: Grove Art Online; http://www.groveart.com/ (accessed 1/25/2008)


All bacterial epibiotic predators are rich in secondary metabolites and most genera rich in secondary metabolites have demonstrable predatory abilities. Predation resistant species may benefit not only by escaping predation but also by utilizing nutrients released by lysis of prey cells by predatory bacteria. The resistant organisms may enjoy greater fitness benefits than the predator since they get the benefit without investing in the predation machinery. In our experiment, a marine isolate of Streptomyces atrovirens showed good predatory activity on a range of species including Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. Escherichia coli was resistant to predation by this species. On slide culture with water agar when the predator, S. aureus and E. coli were grown together S. aureus population declined whereas the predation resistant E. coli increased their population as compared to controls. However the growth of E. coli did not affect growth of the predator unfavorably. Thus, the experiment demonstrates that resistance to predation gives an added advantage of nutrition. This strengthens the possibility based on previously published evidences that evolution of antibiotic resistance not only gave a selective advantage of escaping predation, it also would have increased the fitness of the resistant organism by promoting growth on nutrients released from the prey cells lysed by the predator. When the predator was grown with S. aureus and P. vulgaris as prey, S. aureus declined rapidly whereas P. vulgaris was spared. This suggests that the predator appears to show preference towards prey and in that case even a partial or relative resistance may give substantial advantage to a population.


In the proposed demo we will present a method for design of musical composition using the Audio Oracle (AO) - a machine improvisation method that constructs and produces variation from a music recording using a graph of repeated factors found in the recording. The compositional / improvisation use of AO involves controlling the rate of recombination, the length of common history (length of the repeated factors) and selection of regions in the AO where the machine operates. One of the challenges in working with AO is understanding the generative potential of different audio materials and marking and allocating regions in a recording where AO should operate to achieve the desired musical result. Recently we introduced a novel analysis method "on top" of the AO structure that captures aspects of order and complexity that we call Information Rate. This measure, belonging broadly to a field of study know as Musical Information Dynamics, is related to Bense formulation of aesthetics in terms of entropy and compression. In the demo we will briefly explain the theory behind Audio Oracle and Information Rate and demonstrate a process of designing a composition / structured improvisation based on analysis of the AO graph. In contrast to the usual live interaction method where both the audio input to the oracle and the improvisation are done "on the fly", in this presentation the audio analysis will be done prior to the presentation, while during the talk we will show the process of planning a composition and then do a live performance with the AO based on this design.


Recent work suggests that the evolution of egg coloration may have been constrained in three important ways that have not yet been critically synthesized in any review. First, on account of birds being able to see in the ultraviolet spectrum, the interaction between the properties of avian vision and the light environment of nests imply different perceptions of egg coloration from those experienced by humans. Second, a new hypothesis to explain blue–green egg coloration interprets it as a sexually selected signal to males of the laying female's genetic quality. Third, evidence from taxa as divergent as sparrowhawks and great tits indicates that protoporphyrin pigments responsible for maculation (spotting patterns) have a structural function in compensating for eggshell thinning, as caused by calcium stress, and, more recently, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. We consider this to be the most convincing explanation for the primary function of spotting, although an important secondary function might arise through the fact that individual patterns of maculation may allow birds to identify their own eggs, effectively serving as signatures in the face of inter- or intra-specific brood parasitism. These constraints or hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and should not be taken to imply that one, but not other, agents of selection might apply to any one species. However, the sexually-selected eggshell coloration hypothesis is least plausible for hole-nesting birds because of the poor light quality available, although such species have been the focus of research in this area, and only a single experimental study has shown a link between egg coloration and male provisioning. Furthermore, the observed relationships between female phenotypic quality and egg traits do not necessarily imply that they have signalling functions. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 753–762.


The corrosiveness of various residential thermal insulation materials was tested under simulated field conditions in a test wall structure. The test was conducted under controlled conditions typical of winter in the absence of a vapor barrier to create relatively severe moisture transport and possible condensation. The house-wall simulation was achieved by constructing a test panel containing 50 compartments into which various insulation materials were installed. The panel was located in an environmental chamber. The test samples included various cellulosic, glass fiber and rockwool insulations as well as sterile cotton as a control. Steel and copper coupons together with water-cooled copper pipes were embedded in the insulation and exposed for six months. It was found that moisture absorption by the insulation was the primary factor in causing corrosion but required that chemical activity from insulation components also be present. No corrosion occurred in the absence of insulation or in rockwool and glassfiber insulation. All cellulose insulations caused some corrosion; mostly this was minimal, but in a few cases severe pitting resulted. Such behavior of the cellulose did not correspond to previous laboratory test results in saturated insulation or leachants made from the insulation. However, laboratory testing of leachants made from some of the cellulose after the simulated wall test showed a change in pitting tendency, suggesting that time and/or exposure to moisture can change the corrosiveness. This should be further explored.


In his statement before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs on the availability of credit, Bank President Richard F. Syron discusses the "credit crunch." He describes how developments in the financial and real sectors of the economy led to restricted credit availability, and why the situation has become particularly acute in New England. ; Mr. Syron concludes by considering the outlook for the future, cautioning against making the 1990s a period of excessive credit contraction, a mirror image of the mid 1980s when expectations were overly optimistic. Painful as the high unemployment rate and the drop in real estate prices are, they will provide the catalyst for restoring New England's competitive position in manufacturing, which requires land and labor costs more in line with costs in the rest of the nation.


Chlorophyll a and b contents were determined in developing tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Heinz 1350') at 5-day increments from 10 or 15 days past anthesis to fulIy ripe (55 to 60 days). When presented on a whole-fruit basis, chlorophyll a and b contents increased from 15 days past anthesis to 35 days and then decreased to zero at 55 days. Porphobilinogen (EC 18.104.22.168; PBG) deaminase activity was measured in extracts from the fruit, and changes in PBG deaminase activity correlated with changes in chlorophyll and protein contents with respect to fruit age. Partial characterization of tomato PBG deaminase enzyme showed similarities to PBG deaminase enzymes isolated from other sources.


The objective of this paper is to present a proposed control model for the electromechanical damper mass spring system including the backstepping technique in comparison with the conventional proportional–derivative–integral (PID) controller unit to realize the best performance of the control systems. The suggested approach demanded the construction in laboratory arrangement of damper mass spring system which linked with electrical position sensor, and the theoretical work involved the derivation of the required mathematical equations in order to formulate the simulation models in Matlab software package. The obtained results show that the backstepping control technique provides the better performance associated with stable control system especially with increasing the value of selected mechanical load.


Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases implicated in the biochemical and morphological changes that occur during apoptosis (programmed cell death). The loop domain of Bcl-2 is cleaved at Asp34 by caspase-3 (CPP32) in vitro, in cells overexpressing caspase-3, and after induction of apoptosis by Fas ligation and interleukin-3 withdrawal. The carboxyl-terminal Bcl-2 cleavage product triggered cell death and accelerated Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis, which was dependent on the BH3 homology and transmembrane domains of Bcl-2. Inhibitor studies indicated that cleavage of Bcl-2 may further activate downstream caspases and contribute to amplification of the caspase cascade. Cleavage-resistant mutants of Bcl-2 had increased protection from interleukin-3 withdrawal and Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis. Thus, cleavage of Bcl-2 by caspases may ensure the inevitability of cell death.


RATIONALE
Septic shock is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Early recognition of septic shock and appropriate treatment increase survival rate; thus, developing new diagnostic tools may improve patients' outcomes.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether a metabolomics approach could be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of septic shock in pediatric intensive care unit (PICUs).

METHODS
Serum samples were collected from 60 patients with septic shock, 40 PICU patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (not suspected of having an infection), and 40 healthy children. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy spectra were analyzed and quantified using targeted profiling methodology.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to detect specific patterns in metabolic profiles and to highlight differences between patient samples. Supervised analysis afforded good predictive models and managed to separate patient populations. Some of the metabolite concentrations identified in serum samples changed markedly, indicating their influence on the separation between patient groups. These metabolites represent a composite biopattern of the pediatric metabolic response to septic shock and might be considered as the basis for a biomarker panel for the diagnosis of septic shock and its mortality in PICU.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that nuclear magnetic resonance metabolite profiling might serve as a promising approach for the diagnosis and prediction of mortality in septic shock in a pediatric population and that quantitative metabolomics methods can be applied in the clinical evaluations of pediatric septic shock.


A multiple-interference model to describe double-grating waveguide structures is presented. It is based on the multiple-interference model for single-grating waveguide structures previously established by Friesem and co-workers [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2985 (1997)]. We show that double grating waveguide structures, in particular, as well as the usual single-grating waveguide structures can be completely described by our model and that explicit dependences of the resonant conditions on the wavelength, the angle, and the polarization of the incident light as well as on system parameters such as refractive indices, layer thickness, grating depths, and grating period can be given. This multiple-interference model elucidates the resonance behavior of single- and double-grating waveguide structures and predicts reflection and transmission resonance bandwidths in analogy to those of the classic Fabry–Perot interferometer. One can explain and understand the periodicity of resonances by interpreting grating waveguide structures as inverted Fabry–Perot interferometers. Comparison with exact numerical calculations and verification by experimental investigations prove the model to be a powerful tool for design purposes and to provide a deep understanding of the observed resonance phenomena.


The companion book to the six-part public television series coming in the fall of 1997, written to allow nonscientists to better understand the mystery and majesty of the cosmos.At last -- a science book for the rest of us! More than 9 million people around the world bought Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time, making it one of the most widely read scientific titles ever published, but many simply couldn't understand the complex concepts of space and time it discussed. Now David Filkin, producer of the upcoming public television series Stephen Hawking's Universe, and former head of BBC Television's Science Department, presents the companion book to that series, which explains, in simple layman's terms, the origin of the universe, the meaning and nature of time, the properties of other galaxies, and many other subjects of Professor Hawking's fascinating research. By simplifying these latest findings in astrophysics, Filkin makes clear to the average reader just how close Stephen Hawking and his colleagues have come to understanding the secrets of the universe. Featuring a wonderful selection of mesmerizing, full-color photographs of the cosmos and a foreword by Stephen Hawking himself, Stephen Hawking's Universe is a great way to learn about our universe without going back to school.


A study was carried out to investigate the effect of water restriction on various traits of broiler breeders under tropical conditions. The experimental treatment comprised of water available 24h/d and restricted to 8h/d and 6h/d.
Body weight for male and female birds were not affected by water restriction during the growing period. Body weight was reduced significantly during the production period for 6h1d compared with 24h1d but showed no difference with 8h/d. Flock uniformity was similar for all groups at week 21. Water intake was significantly higher in water available ad libitum either on or off feed day compared with restricted groups. Water intake of 8h/d was significantly higher than those on 6h1d on feed day, while there was no significant effect on off feed day. There was no effect of water restriction on the percentage of birds
spent standing and walking, resting, preening and spot pecking for all treatments, with the exception of scratching and pecking litter in which the water restricted treatments recorded higher proportion in this activity. Egg production, egg weight and hatchability were reduced significantly by water restriction. Fertility and several defects of egg were not affected by water restriction.
Mortality was not affected during rearing, while in production periods mortality was significantly higher in the water restriction treatments. The results of this study showed that water restriction could be used during the growing period, but not during the production periods, since water restriction had a detrimental effect on egg production and mortality.


THE spices with which the body of Jesus was to be anointed had been prepared on the day preceding the Sabbath. Early in the morning of the first day of the week, the Marys, with certain other women, went to the sepulcher to proceed with the work of embalming the body of the Saviour. As they neared the garden, they were surprised to see the heavens beautifully lighted up, and the earth trembling beneath their feet. They hastened to the sepulcher, and were astonished to find that the stone was rolled away from the door, and that the Roman guard were not there. They noticed a light shining about the tomb, and, looking in, saw that it was empty. Mary then hastened with all speed to the disciples, and informed them that Jesus was not in the sepulcher where they had laid him. While she was upon this errand, the other women, who waited for her at the sepulcher, made a more thorough examination of the interior, to satisfy themselves that their Lord was indeed gone. Suddenly they beheld a beautiful young man, clothed in shining garments, sitting by the sepulcher. It was the angel who had rolled away the stone, and who now assumed a character that would not terrify the women who had been the friends of Christ, and assisted him in his public ministry. But notwithstanding the veiling of the brightness of the angel, the women were greatly amazed and terrified at the glory of the Lord which encircled him. They turned to flee from the sepulcher, but the heavenly messenger addressed them with soothing and comforting words : "Fear not ye; for I know that ye seek Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here, for he is risen, as,  he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay. And go quickly, and tell his disciples that he is risen from the dead ; and behold, he goeth before you into Galilee; there shall ye see him; lo, I have told you." As the women responded to, the invitation of the angel, and looked again into the sepulcher, they saw another angel of shining brightness, who addressed them with the inquiry : " Why seek ye the living aniong the dead? He is not here, but is risen; remember how he spake unto you w hen he was yet in Galilee, saying, The Son of man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again." These angels were well acquainted with the words of Jesus to his disciples, for they had been with him in the capacity of guardian angels, through all the scenes of his life, and had witnessed his trial and crucifixion. With combined wisdom and tenderness, the angels reminded the women of the words of Jesus, warning them beforehand of his crucifixion and resurrection. The women now fully comprehended the words of their Master, which at the time were veiled in mystery to them. They gathered fresh hope and courage. Jesus had declared that he would rise from the dead, and had rested his claims as the Son of God, the Redeemer of the world, upon his future resurrection from the dead. Mary, who had first discovered that the tomb was empty, hurried to Peter and John, and announced that the Lord had been taken out of the sepulcher, and she knew not where they had laid him. At these words the disciples both hastened to the sepulcher, and found it as Mary had said. The body of their Master was not there, and the linen clothes lay by themselves. Peter was perplexed; but John believed that Jesus had risen from the dead, as he had told them he should do. They did not understand the scripture of the Old Testament, which taught that Christ should rise from the dead; but the belief of John was based upon the words of Jesus himself while he was yet with them. The disciples left the sepulcher, and returned to their homes; but Mary could not bear to leave while all was uncertainty as to what had become of the body of her Lord. As she stood weeping, she stooped dqVel-k LQ_ once more look into the sepulcher ; and lo, there were two angels, clothed in garments of white. They were disguised by an appearance of humanity, and Mary did not recognize them as celestial beings. One sat where the head of Jesus had rested, and the other where his feet had been. They addressed Mary with the words : " Woman, why weepest thou? She saith unto them, Because they have taken away my Lord, and I know not were they have laid him." In view of the open sepulcher, and the disappearance of her Master's body, Mary was not easily comforted. In her abandonment of grief she did not notice the heavenly appearance of those who addressed her. As she turned aside to weep, another voice inquired, " Woman, why weepest thou ? Whom seekest thou ?" Her eyes were so blinded by tears that she did not observe the person who spoke to her, but she immediately grasped the idea of obtaining from her interrogator some information concerning the whereabouts of her Master's body. She thought that the speaker might be one who had charge of the garden, and she addressed him pleadingly : " Sir, if thou have borne him hence, tell me where o thou bast laid him, and I will take him away." She felt that if she could only gain possession of the precious crucified body of her Saviour, it would be a great consola`tion to her grief. She thought that if this rich man's tomb was considered too honorable a place for her Lord, she would herself provide a place for him. Her great anxiety was to find him, that she might give him honorable burial. But now the voice of Jesus himself fell upon her astonished ears. He said to her, " Mary." Instantly her tears were brushed away; and he whom she supposed was the gardener stood revealed before her— it was Jesus ! For a moment she forgot in her joy that he had been crucified ; she stretched forth her hands to him, saying, " Rabboni ? " Jesus then said, " Touch me not, for I am not yet ascended to my Father ; but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God." Jesus refused to receive the homage of his people until be knew that his sacrifice had been accepted by the Father, and until he bad received the assurance from God himself that his atonement for the sins of his people had been full and' ample, that through his blood they might gain eternal life. Jesus immediately ascended to heaven and presented himself before the throne of God, showing the marks of shame and cruelty upon his brow, his hands and feet. But he refused to receive the coronet of glory, and the royal robe, and he also refused the adoration of the angels as he had refused' the homage of Mary, until the Father signified that his offering was accepted. He also had a request to prefer concerning his chosen ones upon earth. He wished to have the relation clearly defined that his redeemed should hereafter sustain to heaven, and to his Father. His church must be j ustified and accepted before he could accept heavenly honer. He declared it to be his will that where he was, there his church should be; if he was to have glory, his people must share it with him. They who suffer with him on, earth must finally reign with him in his kingdom. In the most explicit manner Christ pleaded for his church, identifying his interest with theirs, and advocating, with a love and constancy stronger than death, their rights and titles gained through him. God's answer to this appeal goes forth in the proclamation : " Let all the angels of God worship him." Every angelic commander obeys the royal mandate, and Worthy, worthy is the Lamb that was slain ; and that lives again a triumphant conqueror ! echoes and re-echoes through all heaven. The innumerable company of angels prostrate themselves before the Redeemer. The request of Christ is granted ; the church is justified through him, its representative and head. Here the Father ratifies the contract with his Son, that he will be reconciled to repentant and obedient men, and take tberOpte,diviue faYor -tlaraugll-the merits of Christ. Christ guarantees that he wi'l make a man "more precious than fine gold, even a man than the golden wedge of Ophir." All power in heaven and on earth is now given to the Prince of life; yet he does not for a moment forget his poor disciples in a sinful world, but prepares to return to them, that he may impart to them his power and glory, Thus did the Redeemer of mankind, by the sacrifice of himself, connect earth with heaven, and finite man with the infinite God. Jesus said to Mary, " Touch me not • for I am not yet ascended to my Father." When he closed his eyes in death upon the cross, the soul of Christ did not go at once to heaven, as many believe, or how could his words be true—" I am not yet ascended to my Father "? The spirit of Jesus slept in the tomb with his body, and did not wing its way to heaven, then; to maintain a separate existence, and to look down upon the mourning' disciples embalming the body from which it had taken flight. All that comprised the life and intelligence of Jesus remained with his body in the sepulcher; and when he came forth it was a whole being ; he did not have to summon his spirit from heaven. He had power to lay down his life and to take it up again. The brightest morning that ever. dawned upon a fallen world, was that in which the Saviour rose from the dead; bat it was of no greater importance to man than the day upon which his trial and crucifixion took place. It was no marvel to the heavenly host that he who controlled the power of death, and had life in himself, should awaken from the sleep of the grave. But it was a marvel to them that their loved Commander should die for rebellious men. Christ rested in the tomb on the. Sabbath day, and when holy beings of both heaven and earth were astir on the morning of the first day of the week, he rose from the grave to renew his work of teaching his disciples. But this fact does not consecrate the first day of the week, and make it a Sabbath. Jesus, prior to his ,death, established a memorial of the breaking of his body and the spilling of his blood for


Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibits insulin signaling and, in vivo, is believed to be one mechanism underlying insulin resistance in type II diabetes. Tagami et al. show that TNF signaling promotes the synthesis by increasing the expression of the GM3 synthase, leading to increased amounts of the ganglioside GM3 at the plasma membrane of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. TNF-α also inhibited insulin receptor-mediated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). This effect could be mimicked by application of exogenous GM3 and blocked by treatment of the cells with an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids. The GM3 synthase transcript was expressed at higher levels in fat from obese mice (ob/ob and Zucker strains) than from lean fat tissue from control animals, further supporting a role for GM3 in insulin-resistance phenotypes. Thus, changes in the lipid composition of the membrane appear to be one mechanism underlying TNF-α-mediated inhibition of insulin signaling, which may lead to insulin resistance and obesity in vivo. S. Tagami, J.-i. Inokuchi, K. Kabayama, H. Yoshimura, F. Kitamura, S. Uemura, C. Ogawa, A. Ishii, M. Saito, Y. Ohtuska, S. Sakaue, Y. Igarashi, Ganglioside GM3 participates in the pathological conditions of insulin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3085-3092 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


"This book is a must for anyone attempting to examine the iPhone. The level of forensic detail is excellent. If only all guides to forensics were written with this clarity!" -Andrew Sheldon, Director of Evidence Talks, computer forensics experts With iPhone use increasing in business networks, IT and security professionals face a serious challenge: these devices store an enormous amount of information. If your staff conducts business with an iPhone, you need to know how to recover, analyze, and securely destroy sensitive data. iPhone Forensics supplies the knowledge necessary to conduct complete and highly specialized forensic analysis of the iPhone, iPhone 3G, and iPod Touch. This book helps you: Determine what type of data is stored on the deviceBreak v1.x and v2.x passcode-protected iPhones to gain access to the deviceBuild a custom recovery toolkit for the iPhoneInterrupt iPhone 3G's "secure wipe" processConduct data recovery of a v1.x and v2.x iPhone user disk partition, and preserve and recover the entire raw user disk partitionRecover deleted voicemail, images, email, and other personal data, using data carving techniquesRecover geotagged metadata from camera photosDiscover Google map lookups, typing cache, and other data stored on the live file systemExtract contact information from the iPhone's databaseUse different recovery strategies based on case needsAnd more. iPhone Forensics includes techniques used by more than 200 law enforcement agencies worldwide, and is a must-have for any corporate compliance and disaster recovery plan.


While there has been little work yet on quantifying diachronic change in multi-word sequences (MWS) beyond studies of individual expressions or small groups thereof, the increasing availability both of diachronic corpora and more adequate processing power and software, make larger scale quantitative analyses of diachronic change in MWS more easily possible. As part of an on-going research project into diachronic change in German MWS, the present paper seeks to outline a possible typology of change based on motivation.
The data for this analysis are taken from the Swiss Text Corpus, a 20-million-word corpus of standard written German as used in Switzerland, covering language across the 20th century (Bickel et al. 2009).
Frequent contiguous MWS, between 2 and 7 words in length, were extracted from each of four temporally ordered subcorpora using a version of the N-gram Statistics Package (Banerjee, & Pedersen 2003). The resulting lists were then consolidated into four substring reduced lists, one list per time period, which were subsequently compared. This analysis was used as the basis for an investigation into the motivation of observed changes. This yielded a typology of change in four categories of motivation among which the group of changes without readily identifiable motivation was the largest. While the derived typology is in need of some refinement and confirmation on other data, it sheds light on the characteristics of MWS from a new angle.

References:
Banerjee, S. & Pedersen, T., 2003, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics. Mexico City, The Design, Implementation and Use of the Ngram Statistics Package.
Bickel, H., Gasser, M., Hacki Buhofer, A., Hofer, L. & Schon, Ch., 2009, Schweizer Text Korpus, Linguistik Online, 39(3).


This self-study guide for students of German was designed with special attention to students' needs, providing an accessible and practical way to revise grammar topics that prove to be common mistakes or stumbling blocks when learning German as a speaker of English. This guide is aimed at German learners at all levels, but especially at those with a good basic command of the language seeking to dispose of typical mistakes and to consolidate their knowledge of key grammatical structures. The idea is to spend no more than a few minutes a day on one topic. Although this is primarily a grammar guide, it also provides opportunities to learn about German (as well as Austrian and Swiss) culture and life by embedding grammar in a wider context.


Objective: To
study the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycemic
control in adults with type 1 diabetes with overweight or obesity.

Research
Design and Methods: Thirty inactive adults with type 1
diabetes who had BMI≥25kg/m2 and HbA1c≥7.5% were randomized to 12
weeks of either: HIIT exercise intervention consisting of 4x4 minutes HIIT
(85-95% HRpeak) performed thrice weekly, or usual care control. In a partial
cross-over design, the control group subsequently performed the 12-week HIIT intervention.
The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks. Glycemic
and cardiometabolic outcomes were measured at 0, 12, and 24 weeks.

Results:
Participants were aged 44±10 years, with diabetes duration 19±11 years, and BMI
30.1±3.1 kg/m2. HbA1c decreased from 8.63 ± 0.66% at
baseline to 8.10 ± 1.04% at 12 weeks in the HIIT intervention group (p=0.01),
however this change was not significantly different to the control group (HIIT
-0.53 ± 0.61%, control -0.14 ± 0.48%, p=0.08). In participants who undertook at
least 50% of the prescribed HIIT intervention, the HbA1c reduction was
significantly greater than control (HIIT -0.64 ± 0.64% (n=9), control -0.14 ±
0.48% (n=15), p=0.04). There were no differences in insulin dose, hypoglycemia
on continuous glucose monitoring, blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight or
body composition between groups.

Conclusions: Overall, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c with a
12-week HIIT intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes. However glycaemic
control may improve for people who undertake HIIT with greater adherence.


An historical approach to constitutional interpretation draws upon original intentions or understandings of the meaning or application of a constitutional provision. Comparing the ways in which courts in different jurisdictions use history is a complex exercise. In recent years, academic and judicial discussion of "originalism" has obscured both the global prevalence of resorting to historical materials as an interpretive resource and the impressive diversity of approaches courts may take to deploying those materials. This chapter seeks, in Section B, to develop a basic taxonomy of historical approaches. Section C explores in greater depth the practices of eight jurisdictions with constitutional courts or apex courts that engage in constitutional review: those of the United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, India, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore.

Because our selection of cases aims to be illustrative rather than exhaustive, we do not attempt to draw firm conclusions about the global use of constitutional history. Still, the qualitative evidence that follows hints at what might well be universal within constitutional judging: (1) the significance of history broadly understood, and (2) the limits on history's reach into contemporary rights conflicts.


For many, the Christmas season can be filled with distractions and anxiety rather than the joy and peace it is supposed to bring. In "The Christmas Spirit, "his first holiday book, Joel Osteen offers uplifting and inspiring stories of family and friends celebrating Christmas traditions that will help readers return to the essence of the holiday by practicing the principles taught by our Savior, Jesus Christ, whose birth we celebrate that day. With these stories, Joel reminds us all of what is truly important in life. Filled with humorous and compelling holiday memories from Joel s family and friends, this heartwarming collection will inspire and amuse readers while enhancing their faith in God s goodness and eternal wisdom. The stories in "The Christmas Spirit "reflect that this Christian holiday is a celebration of family: God s family, our own, and the diverse global family. Friends and families from near and far share faith and Christmas traditions: They laugh together. They grieve together. They support each other. They offer proof that the best way to overcome hurt and loneliness is to reach out to others who may be hurting and lonely, too. Joel s unique stories and memories will encourage readers to savor their own Christmas memories, to share them with loved ones, and to create new memories and traditions that will be passed down for generations to come. For those feeling stressed, hurt, or lacking direction this holiday season, these heartwarming stories will serve as a healing balm and a guiding light to a more hopeful and peaceful holiday. Over the past decade, Joel Osteen has been called the Most Influential Christian in America by numerous publications and, in 2006, was named one of Barbara Walters s Most Fascinating People. Hailed as America s voice of hope, Joel Osteen is one of the most respected pastors in America. Each week 43,000 people attend his worship services at Lakewood Church in Houston, and his weekly inspirational program is seen by more than 7 million television viewers across America, along with tens of millions more in 200 nations throughout the world. This new book of stories from family and friends about Christmas will be cherished by readers everywhere."


For part I see ibid., p. 1210, 2002. We present a discussion of the behavior of the electric and magnetic fields satisfying the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation for waveguides in the vicinity of a dielectric corner. Although certain components of the electric field have long been known to be infinite at the corner, it is shown that all components of the magnetic field are finite, and that finite-difference equations may be derived for these fields that satisfy correct boundary conditions at the corner. These finite-difference equations have been combined with those derived in the previous paper to form a full-vector waveguide solution algorithm of unprecedented accuracy. This algorithm is employed to provide highly accurate solutions for the fundamental modes of a previously studied standard rib waveguide structure.


Background: The Division of Radiodiagnosis at Tygerberg Academic Hospital, a 1384-bed tertiary training institution in Cape Town, South Africa provides a comprehensive 24-hour clinical radiology service, and has a duty registrar on-site at all times. The demand for computed tomography (CT) imaging is increasing and plays a pivotal role in patient management.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of after-hour registrar CT reporting, to identify possible factors that may affect the error rate, and to assess whether or not errors had any clinical impact.
Method: A set of senior registrar reports (provisional reports) issued during a 28-day period was compared with the corresponding consultant reports (final reports). Discrepancies were identified and quantified, based on their impact on patient management.
Results: The overall discrepancy rate was 8% (18 out of 225) and the overall accuracy rate was 92% (207 out of 225). The major error rate was 4% (9 out of 225) and the minor error rate was also 4% (9 out of 225).
Conclusion: We observed that the accuracy of after-hour CT reporting by senior registrars at the Division of Radiodiagnosis at Tygerberg Hospital was on par with international standards. We investigated three factors which may have affected discrepancy rates, and only found one factor, namely the time of day, to be significant. Steps can be taken to create awareness of this fact amongst registrars, which hopefully would result in improved patient care and management.


The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (short Eyes test) is a widely used instrument assessing theory of mind abilities in adults. The present study for the first time assesses its testretest reliability and provides initial data on the psychometric properties of a German version. 132 nonclinical participants completed the German Eyes test, a test of facial emotion recognition, and a measure of verbal skills. 40 of the 132 participants completed the Eyes test twice, three weeks apart. Results suggest that overall, the German Eyes test is a reliable instrument. No systematic learning effects occurred with repeated testing and measurement precision was evenly distributed across different ranges of performance. Moreover, a significant correlation between Eyes test scores and a related construct, the Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling (FEEL) test, supports the construct validity of the German translation. However, analyses of individual items (item difficulty, testretest agreement) suggest that psychometric properties of certain items could be improved. Examining the psychometric qualities and clinical usefulness of a short version might thus prove fruitful. Furthermore, future research should assess whether the clinical strengths of the original version (in particular, the differentiation between individuals with autism spectrum disorders and nonclinical controls) also apply to the German version.


Infection of primary CD4+ T cells with HIV-1 coincides with an increase in glycolysis. We investigated the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and glycolytic enzymes in human CD4+ T cells in response to infection with HIV-1. We demonstrate the co-expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, and GLUT6 in human CD4+ T cells after activation, and their concerted overexpression in HIV-1 infected cells. The investigation of glycolytic enzymes demonstrated activation-dependent expression of hexokinases HK1 and HK2 in human CD4+ T cells, and a highly significant increase in cellular hexokinase enzyme activity in response to infection with HIV-1. HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells showed a marked increase in expression of HK1, as well as the functionally related voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) protein, but not HK2. The elevation of GLUT, HK1, and VDAC expression in HIV-1 infected cells mirrored replication kinetics and was dependent on virus replication, as evidenced by the use of reverse transcription inhibitors. Finally, we demonstrated that the upregulation of HK1 in HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells is independent of the viral accessory proteins Vpu, Vif, Nef, and Vpr. Though these data are consistent with HIV-1 dependency on CD4+ T cell glucose metabolism, a cellular response mechanism to infection cannot be ruled out.


Background Physical activity (PA) is already beneficial at the preschool age. In many countries, young children spend most of their days in the preschool setting, making it a common arena for PA interventions. Mobile health tools are becoming increasingly popular to promote PA in different populations; however, little is known about the interest for and how the preschool setting could incorporate such a tool. Objective This study aimed to examine how teachers and parents perceive PA in preschool-aged children in general and their perceptions of how a mobile phone app could be used to promote PA in the preschool setting. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 teachers (93%, [14/15] women, mean age 43.5 years, 47%, [7/15] with a university degree and 10 parents [91%, 9/10] women, mean age 38.9 years, all with a university degree) recruited from 2 urban preschools in central Sweden. The interviews were recorded, fully transcribed, coded, and analyzed using thematic analysis by means of an inductive approach. Results The analysis revealed 4 themes: (1) children are physically active by nature, (2) the environment as a facilitator or a barrier, (3) prerequisites of the adult world, and (4) an app in the preschool setting—challenges and possibilities. Parents and teachers perceived preschoolers as being spontaneously physically active; however, high-intensity PA was perceived as low. The PA was specifically performed during the day in the preschool. Identified facilitators of PA were access to safe and engaging outdoor environments such as forests, spacious indoor areas, and adult involvement. Adult involvement was considered especially important for children preferring sedentary activities. Identified barriers for PA were restricted indoor and outdoor space, rules for indoor activities, and lack of adult involvement because of time constraints. The teachers perceived that they had limited skills and experiences using apps in general, although they also acknowledged the increasing role of technological tools in the curriculum. Thus, the teachers expressed an interest for an app designed as a support tool for them, especially for situations when PA was limited because of perceived barriers. They suggested the app to include accessible information regarding the health benefits of PA in children linked to a library of activities for different settings and seasons. Parents suggested interactive app features including problem-solving tasks and music and dance, but not video clips as they made children passive. Conclusions Vigorous PA was perceived as low in preschool-aged children. Future tailoring of interventions in the preschool setting should work around barriers and support facilitators to PA, especially PA of high intensity. In such work, an app could serve as a source of inspiration for PA in different ages, settings, and seasons and thus reduce environmental and structural inequalities in the preschool setting.


A wavelength tunable, high repetition rate mode-locked fiber ring laser was demonstrated. In the experiment, photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is used as an intracavity compression medium. The high nonlinearity and anomalous dispersion of PCF can cause intracavity compression and result in significant reduction in the pulse width. The pulses duration at the repetition rate of 9.99 GHz was less than 10 ps over the range of 1532-1565 nm.


Haruki Murakami published Norwegian Wood in 1987; Tran Ahn Hung adapted the novel to film in 2010. This essay investigates the function of music in the novel and compares it with the function of music in the film adaptation. To support my thesis I have provided some background theory on adaptation of music from novel to film and investigated the use of music in other novels by Murakami and in other films by Hung.
 The main body of the essay consists of a detailed analysis of the music in the novel and the way it is used to provide deeper insight into the emotions and psychology of some of the main characters. This is achieved by analysing the underlying meaning of the songs and lyrics.
 A contrast is drawn between the use of music in the novel and the score of the film. Music in the film is not part of any diachronic reference system as it is in the novel. Instead, it is mainly used to add emotional depth to certain scenes and enhance the general atmosphere of the film. Although certain songs in the film are associated with characters and themes, they serve a very different function and one that is not synonymous with Murakami's novel.
 The essay concludes with an independent comparison between the music in the novel and the score of the film to determine what is lost in the adaptation process.


The Level 3 Biff, Chip and Kipper Stories, written by Roderick Hunt and illustrated by Alex Brychta, provide a rich story context to help develop language comprehension and decoding skills. Stories, More Stories A and More Stories B build on the reading skills from Level 2 and are slightly longer. First Sentences include a range of high frequency vocabulary with repetitive text to continue to build fluency. Books contain inside cover notes to support children in their reading. Help with childrens reading development is also available at www.oxfordowl.co.uk.


The Euler equations subject to uncertainty in the input parameters are investigated via the stochastic Galerkin approach. We present a new fully intrusive method based on a variable transformation of the continuous equations. Roe variables are employed to get quadratic dependence in the flux function and a well-defined Roe average matrix that can be determined without matrix inversion. In previous formulations based on generalized chaos expansion of the physical variables, the need to introduce stochastic expansions of inverse quantities, or square-roots of stochastic quantities of interest, adds to the number of possible different ways to approximate the original stochastic problem. We present a method where no auxiliary quantities are needed, resulting in an unambiguous problem formulation. The Roe formulation saves computational cost compared to the formulation based on expansion of conservative variables. Moreover, the Roe formulation is more robust and can handle cases of supersonic flow, for which the conservative variable formulation leads to instability. For more extreme cases, where the global Legendre polynomials poorly approximate discontinuities in stochastic space, we use the localized Haar wavelet basis.


This title is now available in paperback. Get up close and personal with the world's best street photographers as they capture the drama of everyday life at 1 125 of a second. Prowl pavements and back alleys, encountering comic absurdities, small acts of kindness and scenes of unexpected beauty; let your eye be caught by a witty billboard, a woman dressed as an angel, a businessman sprinting through the crowd: the human carnival is in town and the streets are alive. "Street Photography Now" presents 46 contemporary image-makers noted for their candid depictions of everyday life. Included are Magnum masters such as Bruce Gilden, Martin Parr and Alex Webb, along with an international cast of emerging photographers whose individual biographies illuminate the stories behind their pictures of New York, Tokyo, Delhi or Dakar. Four thought-provoking essays and a global conversation between leading street photographers explore the compelling and often controversial issues in the genre. A select bibliography and a resource section for aspiring street photographers complete the book.


The starting-point for this exhibition is a pivotal decade for British culture and politics: the 1980s. Spanning painting, sculpture, photography, film and archives, The Place Is Here brings together a wide range of works by more than 30 artists and collectives. The questions they ask – about identity, representation and what culture is for – remain vital today.

In 1982, a group of artists and thinkers met in Wolverhampton at the First National Black Art Convention, to discuss the 'form, future and function of Black Art'. Two years later, the second 'working convention' took place here in Nottingham. What constitutes 'black art', or the 'Black Arts Movement' was, and continues to be, heavily contested.

This exhibition traces some of the urgent conversations that were taking place between black artists, writers and thinkers during the 80s. Against a backdrop of civil unrest and divisive national politics, they were exploring their relationship to Britain's colonial past as well as to art history. Many artists were looking to the Civil Rights movement in America, Black feminism, Pan-Africanism, the struggle over apartheid, and the emergent fields of postcolonial and cultural studies.

The Place Is Here does not present a chronological survey. Instead, it is conceived as a kind of montage. For many of these artists, montage allowed for identities, histories and narratives to be dismantled and reconfigured according to new terms. The exhibition assembles different positions, voices and media to present a shifting portrait of a decade while refusing to pin it down. The presentation is structured around four overlapping groupings, each of which is titled after a work on display: Signs of Empire; We Will Be; The People's Account; and Convenience Not Love.


For decades, antibiotics have been widely used, saving lives and reducing suffering. Such drugs are routinely employed among both human and farm animal populations. However, scientific data now links the use of antibiotics at sub therapeutic levels in livestock feed to the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the human population. Mter examining the current research, this Article concludes that despite short-term economic benefits associated with the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture, the risk to human health justifies a change in policy. This Article recommends a number of steps to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistance. The primary changes would be to phase out the use of antibiotics as livestock feed additives, and to refuse to approve new drugs for this purpose. In either instance, this use would be permissible if the drug sponsor provides convincing evidence that the agricultural use of its particular antibiotic presents no appreciable risk to human health.


PROBLEM
Chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and stroke) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Data on health risk behaviors that increase the risk for chronic diseases and use of preventive practices are essential for the development, implementation, and evaluation of health promotion programs, policies, and intervention strategies to decrease or prevent the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Surveillance data from states and territories, selected metropolitan and micropolitan areas, and counties are vital components of these various prevention and intervention strategies.

REPORTING PERIOD
January-December 2008 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing, state-based, random-digit--dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults residing in the United States. BRFSS collects data on health risk behaviors, preventive health services and practices, and access to health care related to the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. This report presents results for 2008 for all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, 177 metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs), and 266 counties.

RESULTS
In 2008, the estimated prevalence of high-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and conditions, screening practices, and use of preventive health-care services varied substantially by state and territory, MMSA, and county. The following is a summary of results listed by BRFSS question topic. Each set of proportions refers to the range of estimated prevalence for the disease, condition, or behavior as reported by the survey respondent. Adults reporting good or better health: 68% to 89% for states and territories and 69% to 93% for selected MMSAs and counties. Health care insurance coverage: 72% to 96% for states and territories, 61% to 97% for MMSAs, and 61% to 98% for counties. Teeth extractions among persons aged ≥65 years: 10% to 38% for states and territories, 5% to 36% for MMSAs, and 4% to 34% for counties. Adults who had a checkup during the preceding 12 months: 56% to 81% for states and territories, 51% to 85% for MMSAs, and 51% to 89% for counties. Influenza vaccination among persons aged ≥65 years: 31% to 78% for states and territories, 52% to 82% for MMSAs, and 51% to 86% for counties. Pneumococcal vaccination among persons aged ≥65 years: 28% to 73% for states and territories, 46% to 82% for MMSAs, and 41% to 83% for counties. Adults aged ≥50 years who had a sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy: 38% to 74% for states and territories, 45% to 78% for selected MMSAs, and 45% to 80% for counties. Adults aged ≥50 years who had a blood stool test during the preceding 2 years: 8% to 29% for states and territories, 7% to 51% for MMSAs, and 7% to 40% for counties. Among women aged ≥18 years who had a Papanicolaou test during the preceding 3 years: 67% to 89% for states and territories, 66% to 93% for selected MMSAs, and 66% to 96% for counties. Women aged ≥40 years who had a mammogram during the preceding 2 years: 64% to 85% for states and territories, and 61% to 88% for MMSAs and counties. Men aged ≥40 years who had a Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test during the preceding 2 years: 34% to 66% for states and territories, 39% to 70% for MMSAs, and 37% to 71% for counties. Current cigarette smoking among adults aged ≥18 years: 6% to 27% for states and territories, 5% to 31% for MMSAs, and 5% to 30% for counties. Adults who reported binge drinking during the preceding month: 8% to 23% for states and territories, 3% to 25% for selected MMSAs, and 3% to 26% for counties. Heavy drinking among adults during the preceding month: 3% to 8% for states and territories, <1% to 10% for MMSAs, and 1% to 11% for counties. Adults who reported no leisure-time physical activity: 18% to 47% for states and territories, 12% to 40% for MMSAs, and 10% to 40% for selected counties. Adults who were overweight (BMI ≥25.0 and <30.0): 33% to 40% for states and territories, 31% to 46% for selected MMSAs, and 28% to 50% for counties. Adults aged ≥20 years who were obese (BMI ≥30.0): 20% to 34% for states and territories, 15% to 40% for MMSAs, and 13% to 40% for counties. Asthma among adults: 5% to 11% for states and territories, 4% to 13% for MMSAs, and 4% to 15% for counties. Diabetes among adults: 6% to 12% for states and territories, 3% to 17% for selected MMSAs, and 3% to 14% for counties. Adults aged ≥18 years who had limited activity because of physical, mental, or emotional problems: 10% to 30% for states and territories, 13% to 33% for MMSAs, and 12% to 31% for counties. Adults who required use of special equipment: 4% to 11% for states and territories, 3% to 12% for MMSAs, and 2% to 13% for counties. Angina and coronary heart disease among adults aged ≥45 years: 5% to 19% for states and territories, 6% to 22% for MMSAs, and 4% to 22% for counties. Adults aged ≥45 years with a history of stroke: 3% to 7% for states and territories, 2% to 11% for selected MMSAs, and 1% to 12% for counties.

INTERPRETATION
The findings in this report indicate substantial variation in health-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and conditions, and use of preventive health-care services among U.S. adults at the state and territory, MMSA, and county level. The findings underscore the continued need for surveillance of health-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and conditions, and the use of preventive health services.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION
Healthy People 2010 objectives have been established to monitor health behaviors and the use of preventive health services. Local and state health departments and federal agencies use BRFSS data to identify populations at high risk for certain health behaviors, chronic diseases and conditions, and to evaluate the use of preventive services. In addition, BRFSS data are used to direct, implement, monitor, and evaluate public health programs and policies that can lead to a reduction in morbidity and mortality from adverse effects of health-risk behaviors and subsequent chronic conditions.


When French revolutionaries sacked royal holdings at the end of the 18th century, they began the largest transfer of artistic goods in world history. By 1850 many "repossessed" treasures had come to rest in a new institution, the public museum, where they were assigned educational tasks. Anne Higonnet's book begins at this turning point in the history of art, but it looks instead at another new institution, the collection museum. Emerging in London with the Wallace Collection, the collection museum spread rapidly in Gilded Age America. To the discontent of many Europeans, cash-flush Americans like J.P. Morgan and Henry Clay Frick went on collecting campaigns that netted masterpiece after masterpiece, along with the furniture and fittings of dozens of aristocratic residences.From the outset, these collectors planned to present their trophies to the public as museums in which they could dictate each and every detail of the arrangements. Drawing on a decade of research, Higonnet weaves letters, auction records and photographs into an engrossing account of the founding of both renowned and obscure collection museums. She also explores how these collectors stoked the tremendous values accorded paintings by Raphael, Titian, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Velazquez, Gainsborough and Reynolds.