Abstract. Proxy records represent an invaluable source of information for reconstructing past climatic variations, but they are associated with considerable uncertainties. For a systematic quantification of these reconstruction errors, however, knowledge is required not only of their individual sources but also of their auto-correlation structure, as this determines the timescale dependence of their magnitude, an issue that is often ignored until now. Here a spectral approach to uncertainty analysis is provided for paleoclimate reconstructions obtained from single sediment proxy records. The formulation in the spectral domain, rather than the time domain, allows for an explicit demonstration as well as quantification of the timescale dependence that is inherent in any proxy-based reconstruction uncertainty. This study is published in two parts. In this first part, the theoretical concept is presented and analytic expressions are derived for the power spectral density of the reconstruction error of sediment proxy records. The underlying model takes into account the spectral structure of the climate signal, seasonal and orbital variations, bioturbation, sampling of a finite number of signal carriers, uncorrelated measurement noise, and it includes the effects of spectral aliasing and leakage. The uncertainty estimation method, based upon this model, is illustrated by simple examples. In the second part of this study, published separately, the method is implemented in an application-oriented context, and more detailed examples are presented.


A bioactive paper-based colorimetric "dipstick" bioassay is reported that is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzed enlargement of gold nanoparticles that are co-entrapped with the enzyme in a sol-gel based silica material that is coated on a functionalized paper substrate. Test solutions containing acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and a Au(III) salt are spotted over the sensing area of the bioactive test strips containing small (3 nm diameter) primary gold nanoparticles (AuNP). Biocatalyzed hydrolysis of ATCh via AChE leads to formation of thiocholine, which in turn reduces the Au(III) onto the entrapped nanoparticles, producing particle growth and a concomitant increase in color intensity that can be correlated to the amount of substrate or inhibitor present in test solutions. The entrapped AuNP cannot leach from the silica material, leading to a bioactive paper assay that can utilize visual detection of a color change as a simple readout. Our results show that the dipstick based bioassay is sufficiently sensitive to allow for detection of Paraoxon over the concentration range of 500 nM to approximately 1 mM. Detection can be made by eye or using a digital camera and image analysis, making the assay suitable for remote analysis.


This paper presents new evidence on the proportion of women in poverty in ten developing countries. It compares poverty measures for males and females and male- and female-headed households, and investigates the sensitivity of these measures to the use of per-capita and per-adult equivalent units and different definitions of the poverty line.


The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that were chiefly known for their ability to inhibit apoptosis by blocking caspase activation or activity. Recent research has shown that cellular IAP1 (cIAP1), cIAP2, and X-linked IAP (XIAP) also regulate signaling by receptors of the innate immune system by ubiquitylating their substrates. These IAPs thereby act at the intersection of pathways leading to cell death and inflammation. Mutation of IAP genes can impair tissue homeostasis and is linked to several human diseases. Small-molecule IAP antagonists have been developed to treat certain malignant, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. Here, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP; the consequences of their mutation or dysregulation; and the therapeutic potential of IAP antagonist drugs.


This study, conducted by the Internet Monitor project at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, analyzes the scope of government-sponsored censorship of Wikimedia sites around the world. The study finds that, as of June 2016, China was likely censoring the Chinese language Wikipedia project, and Thailand and Uzbekistan were likely interfering intermittently with specific language projects of Wikipedia as well. However, considering the widespread use of filtering technologies and the vast coverage of Wikipedia, our study finds that, as of June 2016, there was relatively little censorship of Wikipedia globally. In fact, our study finds there was less censorship in June 2016 than before Wikipedia's transition to HTTPS-only content delivery in June 2015. HTTPS prevents censors from seeing which page a user is viewing, which means censors must choose between blocking the entire site and allowing access to all articles. This finding suggests that the shift to HTTPS has been a good one in terms of ensuring accessibility to knowledge. The study identifies and documents the blocking of Wikipedia content using two complementary data collection and analysis strategies: a client-side system that collects data from the perspective of users around the globe and a server-side tool to analyze traffic coming in to Wikipedia servers. Both client- and server-side methods detected events that we consider likely related to censorship, in addition to a large number of suspicious events that remain unexplained. The report features results of our data analysis and insights into the state of access to Wikipedia content in 15 select countries.


The Information Systems (IS) field has struggled to achieve a functional relationship
between academia and practice. Debate has persisted among academics, but without
apparent progress. The relationship is characterised as suffering a 'disconnect', largely
resulting from a 'communication deficit'. The problem is complex and interrelated with
other major academic debates regarding the field's identity.
The applied nature of the field and the importance of practitioners as stakeholders in
academic research underline the significance of the academic-practitioner relationship.
Prominent academics question the future viability of an IS academic discipline, and warn of
an impending crisis. They advocate 'proactive change' by engaging with practitioners, and
call for empirical research into the practitioner perspective of the relationship.
There are two primary objectives of this research.
The first is to explore the practitioner perspective on the relationship with IS academia and
the role played by academia. The second is to trial, via Action Research (AR), an engagement
approach that can be shown effectively to address the disconnect.
The research objectives are achieved via two complementary AR cases.
The first, the 'BA Workshop case', is 'problem-driven', and the research context is heavily
influenced by academia. The second, the 'PM Alliance case', is 'researcher-driven', and the
research setting is predominantly influenced by its industry location.
For the purposes of this thesis, the theoretical framework is referred to as the Academic Practitioner
Interaction Theoretical Framework (APITF). This framework, which underpins
the interaction approaches, is primarily based on Boundary Spanning Theory. It adopts the
Dialogical Action Research (Dialogical AR) approach. It also draws on the conception of IS as
a 'design science' and the principles of Mode 2 Knowledge.
These cases yielded a variety of qualitative data in the form of transcribed interviews,
emails and personal communications, observations, and corporate documentation. The
cases were conducted under an interpretivist-pragmatist paradigm, which acknowledges
the subjective nature of the research. The data are analysed using thematic analysis
methods.
The research provides an in-depth understanding of the practitioners' perspective of
academia and the academic role. It also yields insights into the current state of the relationship, and the causes of the disconnect. Seeking the practitioners' viewpoint in a
context of deeply engaged action facilitated a more meaningful response from the
practitioners. It also enabled the Author to make more informed observations.
Both cases provide evidence to support the efficacy of the APITF as a basis for conducting
academic-practitioner interactions that can overcome the relationship disconnect. While
the success of the boundary spanning role may seem intuitively obvious, the emphatically
positive response from practitioners is noteworthy.
The key features of Dialogical AR are also confirmed as prescribing appropriate roles for
both academics and practitioners to interact productively. Overall, the evidence suggests
that the boundary spanning role may be the crux of a potential solution. While the concept
of academic-practitioner engagement is inherently appealing, such interactions are
operationally challenging.
This research makes two main contributions.
Firstly, it provides an in-depth understanding of the practitioner perspective. Secondly it
answers the call for pragmatic, action-based responses to the academic-practitioner
disconnect, and demonstrates how highly functional relationships between academics and
practitioners can be achieved.


Recent education reforms have begun to reframe academic discussion and teacher practice surrounding bilingual educational approaches for preparing "21st century, college and career ready" citizens. Given this broader context, in this article we examine ways that we might join implementation of dual language programs, Common Core State Standards, and critical pedagogy at the school and classroom levels via a teacher, school administrator, and teacher professional development program. We focus on a concrete example of a partnership between a progressive dual language school along the U.S.-Mexico border, known as Chula Vista Learning Community Charter School, and a bilingual teacher education program in the College of Education at San Diego State University, which prepares teachers and administrators to implement and develop dual language instruction aligned (but not beholden) to Common Core State Standards. We include discussion of a Freirian-based instructional program that helps unite the opportunities presented by dual language programs and standardsbased reform initiatives in a deeper equity and social justice framework for educating students. We discuss opportunities (oportunidades), strategies (estrategias), and challenges (retos) encountered during this collaborative work between the bilingual teacher preparation program, a Dual Language school, and one exemplary fourth grade teacher team and their enactment of a critical pedagogy-based curriculum. We conclude with a discussion of implications of our work for education of multilingual learners and the educators that work with them.


Drosophila oogenesis starts when a germline stem cell divides asymmetrically to generate a daughter germline stem cell and a cystoblast that will develop into a mature egg. We show that the fs(1)Yb gene is essential for the maintenance of germline stem cells during oogenesis. We delineate fs(1)Yb within a 6.4 kb genomic region by transgenic rescue experiments. fs(1)Yb encodes a 4.1 kb RNA that is present in the third instar larval, pupal and adult stages, consistent with its role in regulating germline stem cells during oogenesis. Germline clonal analysis shows that all fs(1)Yb mutations are soma-dependent. In the adult ovary, fs(1)Yb is specifically expressed in the terminal filament cells, suggesting that fs(1)Yb acts in these signaling cells to maintain germline stem cells. fs(1)Yb encodes a novel hydrophilic protein with no potential signal peptide or transmembrane domains, suggesting that this protein is not itself a signal but a key component of the signaling machinery for germline stem cell maintenance.


Generic drugs have been provided considerable cost-savings to consumers. The Hatch-Waxman Act provides economic incentives to both generic and brand-name manufacturers, but it is a complicated piece of legislation scattered across numerous sections of the United States Code. This obfuscation has led to abuse by brand name and generic drug manufacturers, resulting in anticompetitive behaviors for the consumer. Despite attempts to ameliorate the problem, a review of case law makes plain that the judicial and legislative systems are currently inadequate to address this problem.
Litigation typically arises in the context of patented drug filings after a generic drug manufacturer files an Abbreviated New Drug Application for a generic drug modeled after the patented drug, an act of constructive patent infringement. This then initiates paragraph IV patent litigation. In order to avoid a finding of patent invalidity, branded and generic manufacturers have entered into collusive "reverse-payment" agreements in which the branded manufacturer agrees to pay the generic company to stay out of the market.
While direct cash payments seem to have been foreclosed in FTC v. Actavis, subsequent iterations of reverse payments have evaded this holding, allowing reverse payments to continue to the frustration of many consumers. Finally, the latest mode of manipulation does not involve monetary transfers, but rather manipulates the FDA system via product hopping, risk evaluation monitoring systems, and sham citizen petitions, to achieve anticompetitive aims.
This articles examines the patenting system for generic drugs, the numerous modes of reverse-payment, particularly with the difficulty of prescribing a bright-line approach to often fluid definitions of "reverse payments." This is the first article to review the array of reverse payment modes, explaining how legislative and judicial efforts to combat these practices have failed, and arguing for a systemic legislative approach to solving this problem.


Skew is prevalent in many data sources such as IP traffic streams. To continually summarize the distribution of such data, a high-biased set of quantiles (e.g., 50th, 90th and 99th percentiles) with finer error guarantees at higher ranks (e.g., errors of 5, 1 and 0.1 percent, respectively) is more useful than uniformly distributed quantiles (e.g., 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles) with uniform error guarantees. In this paper, we address the following two problems. First, can we compute quantiles with finer error guarantees for the higher ranks of the data distribution effectively using less space and computation time than computing all quantiles uniformly at the finest error? Second, if specific quantiles and their error bounds are requested a priori, can the necessary space usage and computation time be reduced? We answer both questions in the affirmative by formalizing them as the "high-biased" and the "targeted" quantiles problems, respectively, and presenting algorithms with provable guarantees, that perform significantly better than previously known solutions for these problems. We implemented our algorithms in the Gigascope data stream management system, and evaluated alternate approaches for maintaining the relevant summary structures. Our experimental results on real and synthetic IP data streams complement our theoretical analyses, and highlight the importance of lightweight, non-blocking implementations when maintaining summary structures over highspeed data streams.


Scholars of administrative law focus overwhelmingly on lawsuits to review federal government action while assuming that, if plaintiffs win such lawsuits, the government will do what the court says. But in fact, the federal government's compliance with court orders is imperfect and fraught, especially with orders compelling the government to act affirmatively. Such orders can strain a federal agency's resources, interfere with its other legally-required tasks, and force it to make decisions on little information. An agency hit with such an order will often warn the judge that it badly needs more latitude and more time to comply. Judges relent, cutting slack and extending deadlines. The plaintiff who has "won" the suit finds that victory was merely the start of a tough negotiation that can drag on for years. These compliance negotiations are little understood. Basic questions about them are unexplored, including the most fundamental: What is the endgame? That is, if the judge concludes that the agency has delayed too long and demanded too much, is there anything she can do, at long last, to make the agency comply? What the judge can do, ultimately, is the same thing as for any disobedient litigant: find the agency (and its high officials) in contempt. But do judges actually make such contempt findings? If so, can judges couple those findings with the sanctions of fine and imprisonment that give contempt its potency against private parties? If not, what use is contempt? The literature is silent on these questions, and conventional research methods, confined to appellate case law, are hopeless for addressing it. There are no opinions of the Supreme Court on the subject, and while the courts of appeals have handled the problem many times, they have dealt with it in a manner calculated to avoid setting clear and general precedent. Through an examination of thousands of opinions (especially of district courts), docket sheets, briefs, and other filings, plus archival research and interviews, this Article provides the first general assessment of how federal courts handle the federal government's disobedience. It makes four conclusions. First, the federal judiciary is willing to issue contempt findings against agencies and officials. Second, while several federal judges believe they can (and have tried to) attach sanctions to these findings, the higher courts have exhibited a virtually complete unwillingness to allow sanctions, at times swooping down at the eleventh hour to rescue an agency from incurring a budget-straining fine or its top official from being thrown in jail. Third, the higher courts, even as they unfailingly thwart sanctions in all but a few minor instances, have bent over backward to avoid making pronouncements that sanctions are categorically unavailable, deliberately keeping the sanctions issue in a state of low salience and at least nominal legal uncertainty. Fourth, even though contempt findings are practically devoid of sanctions, they have a shaming effect that gives them substantial if imperfect deterrent power. The efficacy of litigation against agencies rests on a widespread perception that federal officials simply do not disobey court orders and a concomitant norm that identifies any violation as deviant. Contempt findings, regardless of sanctions, are a means of weaponizing that norm by designating the agency and official as violators and subjecting them to shame. But if judges make too many such findings, and especially if they impose (inevitably publicity-grabbing) sanctions, they may risk undermining the perception that officials always comply and thus the norm that they do so. The judiciary therefore may sometimes pull its punches to preserve the substantial yet limited norm-based power it has.


INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a major public health problem and it is related to socioeconomic factors. The aim of this study is to describe socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of diabetes in the population with 25 years or more, resident in Portugal in 2014.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data from the Health National Survey 2014 was analysed, n = 16 786. We estimated the prevalence of diabetes in the population and stratified by socioeconomic variables namely educational level and income. The extent of socioeconomic inequalities was assessed using concentration index and the relative index of inequality.

RESULTS
Diabetes was found to be concentrated among the people with lower educational levels (concentration index = -0.26) and lower income quintiles (concentration index = -0.14). Relative index of inequality also showed a lower degree of inequality among the most educated (0,20; CI 95% = [0,12; 0,32]) and with higher income (0,59; CI 95% = [0,48; 0,74]).

DISCUSSION
Distribution of diabetes is associated with education and income. Previous studies have shown that although income might reflect lifestyle patterns, education reflects better social factors that are important for establishing healthier behaviours. Also, the National Health Service, of universal coverage and free of charge, might have contributed to reduce inequalities in the access to health by those with the lowest income.

CONCLUSION
Supporting 'Health in All Policies' might reduce inequalities, namely by improving population educational level and actions that promote health literacy.


Non-uniform step-size distribution is implemented for split-step based nonlinear compensation in single-channel 112-Gb/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmission. Numerical simulations of the system including a 20 \times 80 km uncompensated link are performed using logarithmic step size distribution to compensate signal distortions. 50% of reduction in number of steps with respect to using constant step sizes is observed. The performance is further improved by optimizing nonlinear calculating position (NLCP) in case of using constant step sizes while NLCP optimization becomes unnecessary when using logarithmic step sizes, which reduces the computational effort due to uniformly distributed nonlinear phase for all successive steps.


The dissertation not only represents the most sustained engagement an undergraduate
student will have with writing, but it is usually the focus of a research project. It therefore 30
offers the potential for the development of specific graduate attributes and skills. In
particular, the dissertation is often promoted as a means of advancing autonomous
learning. As such, it is said to offer the potential for students to move along a continuum
from dependence to independence. The approach adopted for this study stemmed from
a desire to develop the practice of the two authors by giving voice to the student's
experience of undertaking a dissertation. Ten students who had recently completed their
undergraduate dissertation were interviewed for the first (pilot) stage of what is envisaged
to be an on-going piece of action research. In order to promote discussion and obtain
rich narratives an 'interview guide' rather than a structured questionnaire was used. The
interviews took between half-an-hour and an hour (with most taking an hour). They were
recorded, transcribed and analysed using matrices and cognitive mapping.
The interviews focused on how the students chose their dissertation topic; the factors
influencing when they started work on their dissertations; and the nature of the student's
relationship with their dissertation tutor. The extent to which students demonstrated a
willingness to exert control, or take charge of their own learning, during the dissertation
process depended upon a complex set of factors determining their 'competency values' -
i.e. what students believed was the most effective way (in terms of meeting their
objectives) to go about researching and writing-up their dissertation.
The small sample size adopted for this study means that further research into the factors
influencing the way students research and write-up their dissertations needs to be carried
out. This research does, nevertheless, suggest that rather than trying to direct or persuade
students to adopt particular approaches, it would be more useful for tutors to enter into a
dialogue with their students about the values underpinning their perspectives on how the
dissertation should be tackled. Given a better understanding of each others values it is
envisaged that the tutor and the student would be in a better position to negotiate an
approach to researching and writing-up the dissertation. It is planned to put these ideas
into practice and to evaluate them using action research.


I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a 1969 autobiography about the early years of African-American writer and poet Maya Angelou. The first in a sevenvolume series, it is a coming-of-age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. The book begins when three-year-old Maya and her older brother are sent to Stamps, Arkansas, to live with their grandmother and ends when Maya becomes a mother at the age of 16. In the course of Caged Bird, Maya transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a selfpossessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice.


Dental based human identification is commonly used in forensic. Dentistry can contribute for the identification of human remains after any disasters or crimes in assistance to other medical specialties. The algorithm can be developed by comparing post mortem and ante mortem dental radiographs. This work aims to introduce radiographic images. In this paper, a contour and skeleton-based shape extraction as well as matching algorithm for dental radiograph is proposed. An active contour model with selective binary and Gaussian filtering regularised level set method is used for contour extraction. Shape matching is done by both contour and skeleton-based approaches. The experimental results are obtained from a database of dental images include radiographs only. This algorithm provides better matching decision about the person than the existing algorithms since it includes skeleton measures also. The performance measures obtained and the hit-rate indicates that the better matching is observed with radiographic than the photographic images. Keywords— dental radiograph; shape extraction; Shape matching; skeleton measures; Gaussian filtering


This manual is the reference text used for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) National Highway Institute (NHI) courses No. 132042 and 132043 on Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes (RSS) and reflects current practice for the design, construction and monitoring of these structures. This manual was prepared to enable the engineer to identify and evaluate potential applications of MSE walls and RSS as an alternative to other construction methods and as a means to solve construction problems. The scope is sufficiently broad to be of value for specifications specialists, construction personnel and contracting personnel responsible for construction inspection, development of material specifications and contracting methods. With the aid of this text, the engineer should be able to properly select, design, specify, monitor and contract for the construction of MSE walls and RSS embankments. The MSE wall design within this manual is based upon Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) procedures. This manual is a revision (to LRFD) and an update to the FHWA NHI-00-043 manual, which was based upon allowable stress design (ASD) procedures. Volume II contains Chapters 8 through 11 and the appendices.


Among the candidate organs or tissues for pig-to-primate xenotransplantation, pancreatic islets are probably closest to clinical application. Rejection of islet xenografts occurs mainly by cellular mechanisms; that is, T cells. A candidate molecule to protect porcine islets against the attack by human T cells is CTLA-4Ig, which represents the T-cell-inactivating extracellular domain of the human CTLA-4 protein linked to a region of the human immunoglobulin (Ig). This recombinant soluble fusion protein binds to CD80 and CD86, blocking their interaction with CD28 and thereby inhibiting T-cell proliferation and T-cell-dependent antibody production. The survival of human, rabbit, and porcine islets after transplantation into streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice was found to be prolonged after treatment with CTLA-4Ig. In order to facilitate local protection of pig-to-primate islet xenografts, we generated transgenic pigs expressing LEA29Y, a modification of the original CTLA-4Ig with higher potency, specifically in the pancreatic islets. In LEA29Y, 2 amino acids in the binding region of CTLA-4 are altered. The LEA29Y coding sequence was placed under the control of the 1.3-kb core promoter from the porcine insulin gene (INS), and the polyadenylation signal from the bovine growth hormone gene (GH) was added. The construct was linked with a floxed neomycin resistance cassette and transfected into porcine fetal fibroblasts. The cells were selected and stable clones were pooled and used as donors for nuclear transfer. After electrofusion and activation, embryos were transferred to 2 synchronized gilts; 8 piglets survived to term with 7 of them carrying the transgene. Southern blot analysis suggested that the founder animals contain 1 or 2 independent integration sites. Four founders were autopsied at the age of 3 months to evaluate expression of LEA29Y in the pancreatic islets by immunohistochemistry. The ratio of immunohistochemically stained islet cell profiles to all islet cell profiles in the islet profiles visible in the sections was estimated. The staining intensity was also estimated qualitatively, by grading from weak to strong immunoreactivity (brown color, using DAB as chromogen). Although 2 founders exhibited single LEA29Y-positive islet cells in some pancreatic islet profiles, the other 2 founders showed a high percentage of strongly positive cells in all islet profiles examined, suggesting beta-cell specific expression. Fibroblasts from the latter 2 founders are currently being used for recloning to generate multiple pigs with constitutive expression of LEA29Y in the pancreatic islets. The protective effect of this strategy will be tested by transplanting LEA29Y-expressing porcine islets in diabetic mouse models with a humanized immune system and in diabetic nonhuman primate models. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR 535).


On the surface, textualism and the doctrine of statutory stare decisis seem to have much in common — both are rule-bound and emphasize predictability and stability in the law, legislative supremacy, the need to limit judicial discretion, and the need to preserve the legitimacy of the Court as an institution. Yet, in practice, textualist jurists — at least at the Supreme Court level — have proved quite willing to abandon statutory stare decisis and to argue in favor of overruling established statutory precedents. Why? This paper advances a twofold thesis. First, it argues that textualism suffers from a "correct answer" mindset, which makes it especially difficult for its proponents to accept the idea that an incorrect statutory interpretation should be left in place simply because it was first in time. While others have noted that this tension between accuracy and stare decisis poses problems for textualists, they have tended to brush it off as a tension that also affects other interpretive theories and to insist that textualism can and does give way to statutory stare decisis as a matter of necessity. Second, and more importantly, this paper argues that textualist jurists tend to view statutory precedents that create a test for implementing a statute as different from more ordinary parsing-the-text statutory interpretation. That is, textualist jurists regard implementation-test precedents as akin to common law decision-making, rather than statutory interpretation—and seem to have created a de facto "implementation test" exception to the heightened stare decisis protection typically afforded to statutory precedents.The paper begins by providing several examples of cases in which textualist Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court have rejected statutory stare decisis and voted to overturn a statutory precedent. The argument is largely descriptive but has significant theoretical and normative implications. In particular, the implementation-test insight suggests a new and previously unexplored explanation for the judicial treatment of congressional overrides and the shadow precedent phenomenon that some scholars have observed. The distinction between implementation tests and text-parsing statutory construction also highlights important and underappreciated differences between textualist and purposivist visions of the judicial role in statutory interpretation. In the end, the paper both supports and critiques the implementation test exception to statutory stare decisis. It argues that the Supreme Court should be free to reexamine implementation tests that have been criticized by lower courts as confusing or unworkable in practice. But for separation of powers reasons, and in order to preserve stability and predictability, the Court should limit this implementation test exception to only those contexts in which substantial lower court criticism is present.


The association between migraine and psychiatric disorders has been reported in both clinical and epidemiological studies. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders has been found to be increased among individuals with migraine. Studies assessing migraine in psychiatric patients are limited and the majority of these studies have focused solely on examining patients with major depression. In the present study, we examined the prevalence and characteristics of migraine headache in an anxiety disorders clinic sample in order to better understand the relationship between these commonly associated conditions. We evaluated 206 consecutive outpatients to an Anxiety Disorders Clinic for the prevalence of migraine. The presence of migraine was established using International Headache Society Criteria. Subjects completed a modified self‐report version of the Headache Diagnostic Questionnaire. In order to assess the relationship between migraine and anxiety disorder symptom severity, subjects completed standardized measures of symptom severity. The prevalence of migraine in our anxiety disorder clinic sample was 67%. Anxiety disorder patients with migraine presented with a significantly greater number of comorbid psychiatric disorders than patients without migraine (P= 0.012). The prevalence of migraine was significantly higher in patients with a diagnosis of either panic disorder with agoraphobia (P= 0.048) or major depressive disorder/dysthymia (P= 0.008) compared to other psychiatric disorders. The severity of anxiety disorder symptoms was significantly higher in patients with migraine compared to patients without migraine. This study suggests that there is an increased prevalence of migraine headaches among anxiety disorder patients as compared to the general population. Migraine comorbidity may have important clinical implications, such that the treatment of one condition could potentially ameliorate the development or progression of the other. Further research is required to better understand the nature and implications of the association between migraine and psychiatric disorders.


This research investigates the impact of socioeconomic developments on the physical condition of medieval populations in Holland and Zeeland between AD 1000 and 1600 through the analysis of human skeletal remains from three archaeological sites. In a brief period of time, this region went from being scarcely populated to an area characterised by expanding urban centres and flourishing trade systems. These large scale developments had an impact on the daily lives of medieval people. Focusing on several skeletal indicators of disease, activity, and diet, this research has studied the physical consequences of medieval socioeconomic developments from a hitherto unexplored perspective.

Although differences are observed between the skeletal collections, the key finding is the absence of a marked distinction between town and country. The noted variations in skeletal indicators of disease, activity, and diet are minor and do not support the traditional idea that towns and villages in medieval Holland and Zeeland had become worlds apart. While urban living is frequently associated with negative consequences, this is not supported by this research. Especially in terms of disease, a more nuanced view is necessary. While the risks appear to have been different, one living environment cannot be considered better than the other.


Lynch and Schwarz offer different assessments and perspectives regarding the ("(nearly) accomplished") mission and characteristics of BDT research and its contribution to our field. Whereas Lynch and I are largely in agreement, Schwarz questions the value of the "mission,†refers to the challenged economics assumptions as a mere "strawman,†and is critical of the BDT focus on effects instead of offering a coherent process theory of decision making. In the first section of this reply, I argue that (a) establishing robust effects followed by a study of moderators, processes, and rivals, was the most effective approach given the field's mission and audience, and (b) no single framework or theory can account for the many different ways in which the value maximization assumption is violated and decisions are made. Regarding the proposed next research program to study the interactions between the evolving information environment and consumer judgment and choice, both Lynch and Schwarz offer alternative hypotheses. Thus, for example, they both disagree with the suggestion that the ability to easily access more and better information tends to produce better decisions. I discuss the important issues raised by Lynch and Schwarz and the factors that moderate the decision making impact of the information environment. As our exchange demonstrates, this is a rich and important area that offers a wide range of topics and competing predictions that can be addressed in future research.


A fundamental question remaining unanswered in dinosaur behavior is whether they had the ability to swim. We report the discovery of an exceptional swimming dinosaur trackway, with 12 consecutive footprints, in lacustrine nearshore sediment from the Early Cretaceous Cameros Basin, La Rioja, Spain. The singular morphology of these footprints strongly suggests a fl oating animal clawing the sediment as it swam. Diagnostic traits of theropod dinosaur footprints are identifi able in these peculiar elongated S-shaped ichnites. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction indicates an upper shoreface setting with a maximum water depth of ~3 m, substantiating the swimming hypothesis. Ichnological analysis of the trackway shows that this theropod used a pelvic paddle motion, similar to that of modern bipeds, and swam with amplifi ed asymmetrical walking movements to maintain direction into a leftward water current. After recent hints of swimming dinosaurs, this new evidence persuasively demonstrates that some non-avian theropod dinosaurs were swimmers.


PANORAMA is a partnership initiative to facilitate learning from success in conservation. It promotes examples of inspiring solutions that showcase how nature conservation can benefit society. PANORAMA enables the wider application of such solutions through cross-sectoral global learning and exchange. Through a modular case study format, solutions are dissected into their replicable "building blocks". This booklet is the first in a series of compilations assembling PANORAMA solution case studies on a defined topic. It is a snapshot of the PANORAMA portfolio at a given time, rather than a representative assembly of selected "best practices" on the issue at hand. All solutions featured in this booklet, and many others, are available on the PANORAMA web platform.


Many ex-service personnel recently returned from deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan report symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder. Yet there is very little NHS or MoD support for these individuals who often end up disaffected or criminalised. I wanted to construct a performance project that could respond to this situation and tell this 'untold' story of combat. However, I have encountered a hitch. A military psychiatrist explained that many ex-service personnel fabricate stories about their experiences of war. This, he suggested, is often a mean of coming to terms with the difficulty of readjustment following deployment.

Veracity and authenticity are synonymous to our conception of testimony. The testimonial subject who speaks of his experiences but also lies, throws up many challenging questions both in regard to the philosophical truth claims of testimony and to the 'messy, pesky, risky business' of developing a research methodology and a practice that can ethically negotiate this possibility.

By drawing on Derrida's writing on testimony (1998) I explore this ethical dilemma and suggest that by conceiving testimony as a paradoxical discourse we recognise its capacity to engage simultaneously with both truth and fiction. If we conceive testimony not as a 'descriptive' or 'narrative' process but rather as 'an act' of faith does it then become possible to distinguish between testimony that is put forward seriously 'in good faith' and a 'fiction of testimony' that 'lies' or 'pretends to tell the truth' ( Derrida 1998)? And can this ultimately enable us to negotiate an ethics of practice that can respond to these challenges?


Until recently very little attention was given to the systematic study of reading and spelling problems in FL-teaching. Today there appears to be a need of instruments for tracking down, diagnosing and treating these problems.In this article an attempt is made at making a complete, systematic and differentiated classification of errors. This classification is linguistically oriented, as this enables the researcher to say of every error in a systematic way, which principle of the orthographic system was violated. It is demonstrated why this classification offers an adequate basis for inventorying, and interpreting spelling errors in French by native Dutch children.In the second part of the article a number of predictions are formulated with regard to the expected spelling errors in French by this group of children and the criteria on which these predictions are based are discussed.


This is a study on the puzzling case of neoliberal pro-market states enacting policies that attempt to curb the competitive and profitable businesses of urban street vendors. Accordingly this project asks a simple question: if neoliberal governance of the economy prescribes a positive disposition towards the market system driven by selfish pecuniary gain, then why are informal street vendors regularly evicted and harassed by neoliberal states in cities around the world? To answer this, I analyze the literature on neoliberalism and the informal economy, and provide new theoretical insight into the internal contradiction of neoliberal principles in the context of the informal economy of selling. I argue that the conflict with informal street vendors and the states is a manifestation of this contradiction. Through my field research on informal street vendors (or hawkers) of Kolkata I demonstrate this contradiction by analyzing the political economy of street vending. Specifically I study the social movement of hawkers and show how the right to sell in the city of Kolkata is negotiated and configured in the neoliberal era. I argue that this case of Kolkata hawkers is a symptom of a larger struggle over spaces of selling in the neoliberal era which has been overlooked in my discipline. Thus, I hope this project will provide fresh avenues of future research on the political economy of selling through studies of the struggle between the forces of formalization and informalization of retail spaces. RIGHT TO SELL: POLITICS OF INFORMAL RETAIL IN THE NEOLIBERAL ERA


The time-course for induction of growth, sucrose, and enzyme changes by Polaris 3 (N,N-bis [phosphonomethyl ] glycine), a commercial sugar cane ripener marketed by Monsanto Agricultural Products Company, was studied with early-juvenile sugarcane propagated by sand culture. The ripener was administered as an aqueous foliar spray containing 3000 p/m active ingredient. Plant samples were harvested just prior to treatment and from 8 h to 10 days thereafter. Acid invertase was significantly repressed within 24 hand sucrose increased in both leaf and expanding stem tissue within 48 h. The enzymes trehalase and ATP-ase declined in expanding stem tissue by the fourth and tenth day, respectively. Soluble protein was significantly repressed from the sev enth day onward. Significant growth repression was first recorded at 7 days. The time-course of Polaris action is discussed in the context of spatially- and biochemically-discrete tasks to be performed within an early-juvenile model.


Abstract. Ocean acidification and associated shifts in carbonate chemistry speciation induced by increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have the potential to impact marine biota in various ways. The process of biogenic calcification, for instance, is usually shown to be negatively affected. In coccolithophores, an important group of pelagic calcifiers, changes in cellular calcification rates in response to changing ocean carbonate chemistry appear to differ among species. By applying a wider CO2 range we show that a species previously reported insensitive to seawater acidification, Coccolithus braarudii, responds both in terms of calcification and photosynthesis, although at higher levels of CO2. Thus, observed differences between species seem to be related to individual sensitivities while the underlying mechanisms could be the same. On this basis we develop a conceptual model of coccolithophorid calcification and photosynthesis in response to CO2-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry speciation.


Several national and international assessments have demonstrated that there has been little improvement in the performance of American high school students in recent decades. High school students are increasingly underprepared for transition into college-level course-work. One new approach to high school redesign, early college, seeks to address these issues. The model features a rigorous academic course of study that engages students in college-level work in grades nine through fourteen. Early college is a subset of dual enrollment programs providing opportunities for students to complete high school and college credits with the same courses. The goal is to prepare students academically for college-level coursework while easing the transition to higher education. Early college offers promise in directly addressing student academic performance, attrition rates, and readiness for college, but further research is needed to determine its efficacy and scalability.


OBJECTIVE To prepare a history of the passage and early implementation of Ballot Measure 44, "An Act to Support the Oregon Health Plan", and tobacco control policymaking in Oregon. Measure 44 raised cigarette taxes in Oregon by US$0.30 per pack, and dedicated 10% of the revenues to tobacco control. METHODS Data were gathered from interviews with members of the Committee to Support the Oregon Health Plan, Measure 44's campaign committee, as well as with state and local officials, and tobacco control advocates. Additional information was obtained from public documents, internal memoranda, and news reports. RESULTS Although the tobacco industry outspent Measure 44's supporters 7 to 1, the initiative passed with 56% of the vote. Even before the election, tobacco control advocates were working to develop an implementation plan for the tobacco control programme. They mounted a successful lobbying campaign to see that the legislature did not divert tobacco control funds to other uses. They also stopped industry efforts to limit the scope of the programme. The one shortcoming of the tobacco control forces was not getting involved in planning the initiative early enough to influence the amount of money that was devoted to tobacco control. Although public health groups provided 37% of the money it cost to pass Measure 44, only 10% of revenues were devoted to tobacco control. CONCLUSIONS Proactive planning and aggressive implementation can secure passage of tobacco control initiatives and see that the associated implementing legislation follows good public health practice.


CRISPR-Cas is driving a gene editing revolution because of its simple reprogramming. However, off-target effects and dependence on the double-strand break repair pathways impose important limitations. Because homology-directed repair acts primarily in actively dividing cells, many of the current gene correction/replacement approaches are restricted to a minority of cell types. Furthermore, current approaches display low efficiency upon insertion of large DNA cargos (e.g., sequences containing multiple gene circuits with tunable functionalities). Recent research has revealed new links between CRISPR-Cas systems and transposons providing new scaffolds that might overcome some of these limitations. Here, we comment on two new transposon-associated RNA-guided mechanisms considering their potential as new gene editing solutions. Initially, we focus on a group of small RNA-guided endonucleases of the IS200/IS605 family of transposons, which likely evolved into class 2 CRISPR effector nucleases (Cas9s and Cas12s). We explore the diversity of these nucleases (named OMEGA, obligate mobile element-guided activity) and analyze their similarities with class 2 gene editors. OMEGA nucleases can perform gene editing in human cells and constitute promising candidates for the design of new compact RNA-guided platforms. Then, we address the co-option of the RNA-guided activity of different CRISPR effector nucleases by a specialized group of Tn7-like transposons to target transposon integration. We describe the various mechanisms used by these RNA-guided transposons for target site selection and integration. Finally, we assess the potential of these new systems to circumvent some of the current gene editing challenges.


The study deals with the shear behavior occurring on the contact surface between the flange and the web of a T-Shape composite, concrete beam, in which the flange was made of lightweight concrete and the web of normal weight concrete material. The shear behavior of the beam was inspected with respect to the variations of the type of shear reinforcement, by using an analytical finite element model to fit the result obtained out of laboratory testing. with the variations of the type of shear reinforcement, analytical results out of the implementation of SAP 2000 package program were adjusted to the result based on laboratory test. Analytical result showed that with shear reinforcements provided diagonally between flange longitudinal reinforcement and the web tensile reinforcements, the performance of the beam to resist slip was increased.


SQL Server 2012 introduced two innovations targeted for data warehousing workloads: column store indexes and batch (vectorized) processing mode. Together they greatly improve performance of typical data warehouse queries, routinely by 10X and in some cases by a 100X or more. The main limitations of the initial version are addressed in the upcoming release. Column store indexes are updatable and can be used as the base storage for a table. The repertoire of batch mode operators has been expanded, existing operators have been improved, and query optimization has been enhanced. This paper gives an overview of SQL Server's column stores and batch processing, in particular the enhancements introduced in the upcoming release.


The problem of modernization of the heat module with two-stage mixing scheme connection of hot water supply by installations of the heat pump during interheating period is considered. Heating water of the in-house circuit of the building heating system is used as a heat source for heat pump. The district cooling of the residential areas is possible through the heaters during the summer. R600 refrigerant is chosen for heat pump for its environmental-friendliness and low-pressure of evaporation and condensation. The economic calculation is made for interheating period comparing the operation with and without heat pump. This paper advances selection of optimum amount of heat to be recovered during low potential heat utilisation and targets for heating and cooling capacities.


Acoustic travel-time tomography (ATOM) determines the distribution of the temperature in a propagation medium by measuring the travel-time of acoustic signals between transmitters and receivers. To employ ATOM for indoor climate measurements, the impulse responses have been measured in the climate chamber lab of the Bauhaus-University Weimar and compared with the theoretical results of its image source model (ISM). A challenging task is distinguishing the reflections of interest in the reflectogram when the sound rays have similar travel-times. This paper presents a numerical method to address this problem by finding optimal positions of transmitter and receiver, since they have a direct impact on the distribution of travel times. These optimal positions have the minimum number of simultaneous arrival time within a threshold level. Moreover, for the tomographic reconstruction, when some of the voxels remain empty of sound-rays, it leads to inaccurate determination of the air temperature within those voxels. Based on the presented numerical method, the number of empty tomographic voxels are minimized to ensure the best sound-ray coverage of the room. Subsequently, a spatial temperature distribution is estimated by simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). The experimental set-up in the climate chamber verifies the simulation results.


The luminal membrane antiporter of the proximal tubule has been represented using the kinetic formulation of E. Heinz (1978. Mechanics and Engergetics of Biological Transport. Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with the assumption of equilibrium binding and 1:1 stoichiometry. Competitive binding and transport of NH+4 is included within this model. Ion affinities and permeation velocities were selected in a least-squares fit to the kinetic parameters determined experimentally in renal membrane vesicles (Aronson, P.S., M.A. Suhm, and J. Nee. 1983. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 258:6767-6771). The modifier role of internal H+ to enhance transport beyond the expected kinetics (Aronson, P.S., J. Nee, and M. A. Suhm. 1982. Nature. 299:161-163) is represented as a velocity effect of H+ binding to a single site. This kinetic formulation of the Na+/H+ antiporter was incorporated within a model of the rat proximal tubule (Weinstein, A. M. 1994. American Journal of Physiology. 267:F237-F248) as a replacement for the representation by linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET). The membrane density of the antiporter was selected to yield agreement with the rate of tubular Na+ reabsorption. Simulation of 0.5 cm of tubule predicts that the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter is the most important force for active secretion of ammonia. Model calculations of metabolic acid-base disturbances are performed and comparison is made among antiporter representations (kinetic model, kinetic model without internal modifier, and NET formulation). It is found that the ability to sharply turn off Na+/H+ exchange in cellular alkalosis substantially eliminates the cell volume increase associated with high HCO3- conditions. In the tubule model, diminished Na+/H+ exchange in alkalosis blunts the axial decrease in luminal HCO3- and thus diminishes paracellular reabsorption of Cl-. In this way, the kinetics of the Na+/H+ antiporter could act to enhance distal delivery of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- in acute metabolic alkalosis.


Labor market programs may affect unemployed individuals' behavior before they enroll. Such ex ante effects may differ according to ethnic origin. We apply a novel method that relates self-reported perceived treatment rates and job search behavioral outcomes, such as the reservation wage or search intensity, to each other. We compare German native workers with migrants with a Turkish origin or Central and Eastern European (including Russian) background. Job search theory is used to derive theoretical predictions. We examine the omnibus ex ante effect of the German ALMP system, using the novel IZA Evaluation Data Set, which includes self-reported assessments of the variables of interest as well as an unusually detailed amount of information on behavior, attitudes and past outcomes. We find that the ex ante threat effect on the reservation wage and search effort varies considerably among the groups considered.


Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Differentially Glycosylated HCV E2 Envelope Proteins Expressed in Mammalian and Insect Cells. Title Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Differentially Glycosylated HCV E2 Envelope Proteins Expressed in Mammalian and Insect Cells. Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2019 Authors Urbanowicz, RA, Wang, R, Schiel, JE, Keck, Z-Y, Kerzic, MC, Lau, P, Rangarajan, S Journal J Virol Date Published 2019 Jan 16 ISSN 1098-5514 Abstract Development of a prophylactic vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge. Cumulative evidence supports the importance of antibodies targeting the HCV E2 envelope glycoprotein to facilitate viral clearance. However, a significant challenge for a B cell-based vaccine is focusing the immune response on conserved E2 epitopes capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies not associated with viral escape. We hypothesized that glycosylation might influence the antigenicity and immunogenicity of E2. Accordingly, we performed head-to-head molecular, antigenic and immunogenic comparisons of soluble E2 (sE2) produced in (i) mammalian (HEK293) cells, which confer mostly complex and high mannose type glycans; and (ii) insect (Sf9) cells, which impart mainly paucimannose type glycans. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that all 11 predicted N-glycosylation sites were utilized in both HEK293and Sf9-derived sE2, but that N-glycans in insect sE2 were on average smaller and less complex. Both proteins bound CD81 and were recognized by conformation-dependent antibodies. Mouse immunogenicity studies revealed that similar polyclonal antibody responses were generated against antigenic domains A-E of E2. Although neutralizing antibody titers showed that Sf9-derived sE2 induced moderately stronger responses than HEK293-derived sE2 against the homologous HCV H77c isolate, the two proteins elicited comparable neutralization titers against heterologous isolates. Given that global alteration of HCV E2 glycosylation by expression in different hosts did not appreciably affect antigenicity or overall immunogenicity, a more productive approach to increasing the antibody response to neutralizing epitopes may be complete deletion, rather than just modification, of specific N-glycans proximal to these epitopes. Development of a vaccine for hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge. A major challenge for vaccine development is focusing the immune response on conserved regions of the HCV envelope protein, E2, capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies. Modification of E2 by glycosylation might influence the immunogenicity of E2. Accordingly, we performed molecular and immunogenic comparisons of E2 produced in mammalian and insect cells. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that the predicted glycosylation sites were utilized in both mammalian and insect cell E2, although the glycan types in insect cell E2 were smaller and less complex. Mouse immunogenicity studies revealed similar polyclonal antibody responses. However, insect cell E2 induced stronger neutralizing antibody responses against the homologous isolate used in the vaccine, albeit the two proteins elicited comparable neutralization titers against heterologous isolates. A more productive approach for vaccine development may be complete deletion of specific glycans in the E2 protein. DOI 10.1128/JVI.01403-18 Alternate Journal J. Virol. PubMed ID 30651366


Tourism in Kenya is not only cyclic, but suffers heavily from national and international politics. The result is an uncertain future for the country"s hotel-bed occupancy. Part of the bed-occupancy solution may be found in creating a Kenyan Yield Management (YM) culture. YM has established an impressive record of benefiting space constrained operations including airlines, tourism facilities, and sporting avenues during low demand periods and excess demand periods. The main objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the scope and application of YM in Kenya"s town hotels, creating a room-stocks YM model for Kenya"s hospitality manager. Consequently, the approach was through an attempt at establishing the capacity-utilization efficiencies of using the various YM ingredients, through the performance indicators of occupancy. The study, therefore, sought to determine both the YM status of the town hotels population in Kenya and their occupancy performances. Literature was reviewed through the five YM ingredients with occupancy being confirmed as the appropriate measure for evaluating the sample hotels" performances. The study"s sample size was 46 hotels of Kenya"s 53 registered town hotels; in effect a census was carried out on the total population of Kenya"s registered town hotels. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions, while the validity and reliability of the instruments were enhanced by pre-testing the tools. Cross tabulation and Chi-square analyzed the YM applications and occupancy performances to establish the relationship between the two variables. The analysis revealed that a significant statistical relationship existed between all the five YM ingredient applications and occupancy performances (p<0.001 to p-0.047). The results suggested that the application of YM, improved the hotel"s occupancy performances, giving competitive advantage to hotels that had implemented YM and its ingredients. Moreover, multivariate regression analyses confirmed fourteen ingredient elements as the best occupancy predictors, making significant (p<0.001 to p<0.05) contributions to the town hotels occupancies. These determinant variables were assembled into an YM outcome model and presented as the most effective YM ingredient predictors for a hospitality facility. In addition, a leaner version of the model was also identified for the smaller hotel facilities and the budget constrained. A total of seven determinant variables with the biggest B coefficient values were identified and recommended as making the better contributions to occupancy. These predictor variables could then be implemented gradually starting with the variable with the highest impact (coefficient), increasing implementations as circumstances improve.


Since it was launched in 2004, the research group Locus Sonus has been working on artistic possibilities arising from the intersection of networked and acoustic or local audio spaces. The first projects, Locustream & Wimicam, were developed from experimentation using audio streaming techniques [9], and engage with problematic related to the use of flux for artistic purposes (flux understood here as a continually updating medium) in local and networked environments. Today our research is grouped under two main headings Field Spatialization and Networked sonic spaces. Our research is fundamentally practice based aiming to create a corpus of artistic experimentation around a common problematic. The forms emanating from this activity are « verified » essentially through their presentation in public contexts. The choice of implementing this research within the art education environment is prompted by the current renewal of techniques and art-forms which are at the intersection of the visual arts and music.


The PPlane European project aims to investigate, define and evaluate a novel Personal Air Transport System (PATS) through a systematic "out of the box" approach [Ref 1]. The results of the project suggest that PATS can be viable if it is perceived as comparable to the private car in terms of accessibility and ease of operation without compromising the safety of its occupants, and of the other airspace users. To this end, three areas have been investigated in the project: airworthiness to ensure reliability, pilot proficiency to ensure safe system operation, and modes of operation in order to guarantee seamless integration in airspace. PPlane system architecture includes air vehicles, ground segment installations and an air transport management system that consists of a Remote Pilot Station (RPS) that integrates with Air Traffic Control (ATC). PPlane vehicles are expected to utilize high density 4D operations airspace, supported by a dense networked environment. Unlike car drivers, piloting a plane requires three-dimensional navigation in a variety of weather conditions in dense air traffic. This makes particular skills and special education and training vital. In contrast, thanks to a high level of automation of the overall system, the PPlane "Remote Pilot" concept requires a small number of highly trained professionals, each of which will handle several PPlanes at the same time. The Remote Pilot will also be able to communicate with passengers during the flights. Passengers aboard PPlane will simply need a pre-flight travel safety briefing. Upon finalizing the PPlane concept, the team then had to consider the airworthiness of the global system both on-board, in-flight equipment such as health monitoring systems, automated full flight management systems and human machine interfaces; and ground equipment such as the RPS. Next, the integration of the system in the airspace with other systems was considered. The proposed solution utilizes four-dimensional, conflict free pre-set trajectories called 4D contracts. In this concept, aircraft communication with ATC is only digital, taking into advantage all possible post-SESAR functionalities of the European Transport System. A preliminary cost analysis of this "on demand" service by PPlane indicates that the price-point is expected to be comparable to high speed trains. In summary, PPlane analysis and results show new and novel ideas in the area of air vehicle automation and airspace automated management. High level decision-making on both sides of the Atlantic will help to make it a reality.


Summary A variety of methods are used in honey bee research and differ depending on the level at which the research is conducted. On an individual level, the handling of individual honey bees, including the queen, larvae and pupae are required. There are different methods for the immobilising, killing and storing as well as determining individual weight of bees. The precise timing of developmental stages is also an important aspect of sampling individuals for experiments. In order to investigate and manipulate functional processes in honey bees, e.g. memory formation and retrieval and gene expression, microinjection is often used. A method that is used by both researchers and beekeepers is the marking of queens that serves not only to help to locate her during her life, but also enables the dating of queens. Creating multiple queen colonies allows the beekeeper to maintain spare queens, increase brood production or ask questions related to reproduction. On colony level, very useful techniques are the measurement of intra hive mortality using dead bee traps, weighing of full hives, collecting pollen and nectar, and digital monitoring of brood development via location recognition. At the population level, estimation of population density is essential to evaluate the health status and using beelines help to locate wild colonies. These methods, described in this paper, are especially valuable when investigating the effects of pesticide applications, environmental pollution and diseases on colony survival.


On 15 June 1215, rebel barons forced King John to meet them at Runnymede. They did not trust the King, so he was not allowed to leave until his seal was attached to the charter in front of him. This was Magna Carta. It was a revolutionary document. Never before had royal authority been so fundamentally challenged. Nearly 800 years later, two of the charter's sixty-three clauses are still a ringing expression of freedom for mankind: 'To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice'. And: 'No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or in any way ruined, except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land'. 1215 - THE YEAR OF THE MAGNA CARTA explores what it was like to be alive in that momentous year. Political power struggles are interwoven with other issues - fashion, food, education, medicine, religion, sex. Whether describing matters of state or domestic life, this is a treasure house of a book, rich in detail and full of enthralling insights into the medieval world.


Abstract: Lee County is located in the Post Oak Savannah and Blackland Prairie vegetation areas of east-central Texas and encompasses 635 square miles (ca. 405,000 acres). A floristic survey of the vascular plants of Lee County, Texas, was conducted from November 2002 through March 2006 as a requirement for the Master's Degree by the author in the Plant Biology Graduate Program at The University of Texas at Austin. The county was revisited in the summers of 2015 and 2017 to update information for publication. The physical and biotic settings, vegetational history, and previous collecting efforts are outlined. The checklist contains voucher collections from the present study as well as additional records from the TEX/LL, TAES, TAMU and BAYLU herbaria. The annotated checklist includes 732 species and infraspecific taxa, representing 427 genera and 122 families. The most species-rich families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. No federally or state listed rare species were documented, although at least two species of conservation concern were collected within the county. Native species comprise about 89% of the county flora, and include 20 species endemic to Texas. The phytogeographic position of Lee County is discussed, with a prominent feature being its position at the extreme western edge of the distributions of many species typical of the southeastern U. S. flora.


Natural gas transmission pipelines have proven to be a safe and efficient means for transporting the trillions of cubic feet of natural gas used annually in the United States. Since the peak of construction of these pipelines occurred between 1950 and the mid-1960s, their average age is now over thirty years. However, replacement of these pipelines because of age would be prohibitively expensive and unnecessary. Preventive maintenance and rehabilitation programs put into practice by the pipeline industry provides the key to ensuring the continued integrity of the transmission pipeline system. This article reviews the preventive maintenance practices commonly used by the gas industry. These practices include right-of-way patrols, corrosion control procedures, in-line inspection with intelligent or smart pigs that inspect the pipe while traveling through the inside of the pipe, direct access inspection of the pipe from bellhole excavations, and hydrostatic retesting of pipelines. When pipelines are properly maintained, these practices can ensure the integrity and long-term serviceability of transmission pipelines well into the 21st Century. 11 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.


A stable hydrophobic ionic crystalline solid comprised of the N-propyl-N-methylpiperidinium cation and hexafluorophosphate anion PP13PF6 exhibits a remarkably wide electrochemical window of 7.2 V. This high purity crystalline ionic salt has versatility for use as an electrolyte in the electrodeposition of reactive metals such as tin. Moreover, this ionic salt can be used as a solid state electrolyte in Li-ion batteries. Theoretical calculations indicate that this solid state electrolyte has vacant sites that are preferential for Li-ion conductivity with an energy barrier of 0.4 eV. Further, the ionic crystals exhibit molecular rotations which facilitate facile Li-ion transport.


This paper pursues the development of the predicated -ta construction through the different stages of Vedic. In the earliest stage of the language, this construction represents a predicated, p-oriented verbal adjective, which subsequently develops into a passive, that in turn evolves into an inverse category. The data from the different periods of Vedic clearly shows that this construction, which ultimately has given rise to the ergative construction in New Indo-Aryan, has undergone significant typological changes through its attested history. Its development is in line with a well-established grammaticalization cline found in other languages, whereby predicated verbal adjectives develop via passives and inverse categories into ergatives (cf. Gildea 1997). The paper makes a strong case for the claim that the construction never developed into a full ergative in the Vedic period, implying that it reached the last stage of the grammaticalization path in the Early Middle Indo-Aryan period.


Small nanoparticles, a.k.a. nanoclusters, of transition metals have been studied extensively for a wide range of applications due to their highly tunable properties dependent on size, structure, and composition. For these small particles, there has been considerable effort towards theoretically predicting what is the most energetically favorable arrangement of atoms when forming a nanocluster. In this work, we develop a computational framework that couples density-functional theory calculations with mathematical optimization modeling to identify highly stable, mono-metallic transition metal nanoclusters of various sizes. This is accomplished by devising and solving a rigorous mathematical optimization model that maximizes a general cohesive energy function to obtain nanocluster structures of provably maximal cohesiveness. We then utilize density-functional theory calculations and error term regression to identify model corrections that are necessary to account with better accuracy for different transition metals. This allows us to encode metal-specific, analytical functions for cohesive energy into a mathematical optimization-based framework that can accurately predict which nanocluster geometries will be most cohesive according to density-functional theory calculations. We employ our framework in the context of Ag, Au, Cu, Pd and Pt, and we present sequences of highly cohesive nanoclusters for sizes up to 100 atoms, yielding insights into structures that might be experimentally accessible and/or structures that could be used as model nanoclusters for further study.


This abstract is based on project contributions from partners in, Lithuania, Slovenia, Finland and the UK. The members from partner countries are as follows:
- Slovenia, University of Nova Gorica, Dr. P.Purg
- Lithuania, Vilnius Business College, Dr. D. Rimkuniiene
- Finland, University of Turku, V.Hautala
- UK, Staffordshire University, L.Drumm

There is no lack of evidence that Europe places a high importance on entrepreneurial education:
"Europe needs more entrepreneurs, more innovation and more high-growth SMEs. This is why it is necessary to stimulate the entrepreneurial mindsets of young people. The important role of education in promoting more entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviours is now widely recognised." [1].

"The European Commission is committed to promoting education for entrepreneurship at all levels" [2].

This paper introduces the key interim findings of the IDEATE project[3] which aims to provide a new approach to including entrepreneurial education into Higher Education programmes through the development and delivery of a trans-national, interdisciplinary module delivered through intensive learning mobilities (workshops).

This paper is written halfway through the IDEATE project, after two student mobilities, involving 16 students from 4 Universities. The students were from varying study programmes including Law, ICT, Creative arts and Bio-medicine. The paper reflects on the practical stages of the module development, and compares experiences from the 4 EU Universities[4], including the validation process, the selection of students, the development of a common syllabus and common assessment, as well as the acceptance of the module as part of the learning plan of each student. It will not include the student experience in detail as this will be analysed after the second (2016) cohort, and will be the subject of another publication. Instead it focuses on the potential benefits, enablers and barriers to HEIs working with this new pedagogic approach, and constructs some lessons learned for those managing HE provision.


In eating disorders (EDs), interest commonly focuses on eating, weight, and shape rather than on beliefs. In this study, we investigated the importance of negative self-beliefs in EDs by examining whether manipulating those beliefs would elicit symptom-relevant change. The technique cognitive-bias modification is ideal for this purpose because it permits experimental manipulation of beliefs. Using content derived from the clinical literature, we applied cognitive-bias modification to a sample of 88 subclinical participants. Results demonstrated a wide range of effects, including significant change in target beliefs, ED behaviors, related intrusive thoughts, anxiety, and depression, some of which were maintained at 1-week follow-up. Although one measure of ED symptoms remained unaltered, our data nevertheless evidence a causal role of negative self-beliefs in ED pathology and suggest that future work in clinical samples is warranted, including identification of factors determining susceptibility to the technique.


Carabid beetles are found in a variety of Montana crops, although their impact on the food web is poorly known. To detect aphidophagy using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), carabids were fed a single aphid and allowed to digest for increasing time intervals. Aphidspecific PCR primers were used to amplify aphid DNA from carabid beetles. For the laboratory-fed beetles, PCR detection of aphidophagy decreased with longer digestion periods. Further, there were differences among genera in the proportion of fed beetles positive for aphid DNA at the tested digestion intervals. Field surveys of 273 individual carabid beetle gut contents, representing seven genera, found all genera surveyed in Montana cropping systems, except Microlestes and Pasymachus, positive for aphid DNA. Genera positive for aphid DNA were Calosoma, Harpalus, Pterostichus, Amara, Agonum, and Bembidion. The detectability of prey DNA in the context of predator size is discussed.


Under most circumstances, it is not possible to carry out central processing for 2 tasks at the same time; effectively there is a bottleneck. Nevertheless, in 2 experiments it is demonstrated here that both younger and older adults are able to partially bypass the bottleneck in a psychological refractory period procedure, even without extensive training, when the 2nd of the 2 tasks is a saccade or a body tilt in the direction of rotation of a visual stimulus. Consistent with earlier research, the findings showed that younger adults can bypass when the second task has ideomotor-compatible stimuli and responses. Most strikingly, they demonstrated that bypass can also occur in older adults. Overall, the findings are inconsistent with any categorical claim that younger adults can bypass the dual-task bottleneck whereas older adults cannot. The construct of ideomotor-compatible tasks may comprise 2 quite different classes of experimental procedures.


This paper reviews the main highlights of the GEEP Workshop, both its successes and failures, draws conclusions from these and from lessons learnt in convening and participating in the workshop, and suggests a way forward for research and application of biological effects techniques. We point to the importance of maintaining close links between the research effort and the evaluation of procedures that emerge, in the context of a wide spectrum of climatic and environmental regimes. The utility of measures of biological responses to pollution will depend on the extent to which a suite of such measurements can be put together so as to link In a cause/effect manner the results of chemical analyses and responses at the biochemical, cellular physiological, population and community levels Some hopeful trends and some basic difficulties are indicated. We suggest that further practical workshops on the same model as the GEEP Workshop, but held in different climatic regions and with different faunas, will play an essential part in furthering the development of techniques for measuring the biological effects of pollutants.


Classical economic theory assumes that people are rational and selfish, but behavioral experiments often point to inconsistent behavior, typically attributed to "other regarding preferences." The Ultimatum Game, used to study fairness, and the Trust Game, used to study trust and trustworthiness, have been two of the most influential and well-studied examples of inconsistent behavior. Recently, evolutionary biologists have attempted to explain the evolution of such preferences using evolutionary game theoretic models. While deterministic evolutionary game theoretic models agree with the classical economics predictions, recent stochastic approaches that include uncertainty and the possibility of mistakes have been successful in accounting for both the evolution of fairness and the evolution of trust. Here I explore the role of population structure by generalizing and expanding these existing results to the case of non-random interactions. This is a natural extension since such interactions do not occur randomly in the daily lives of individuals. I find that, in the limit of weak selection, population structure increases the space of fair strategies that are selected for but it has little-to-no effect on the optimum strategy played in the Ultimatum Game. In the Trust Game, in the limit of weak selection, I find that some amount of trust and trustworthiness can evolve even in a well-mixed population; however, the optimal strategy, although trusting if the return on investment is sufficiently high, is never trustworthy. Population structure biases selection towards strategies that are both trusting and trustworthy trustworthy and reduces the critical return threshold, but, much like in the case of fairness, it does not affect the winning strategy. Further considering the effects of reputation and structure, I find that they act synergistically to promote the evolution of trustworthiness.


Objective: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of ultrasound guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block (TAPB) procedure that was performed for the purpose of postoperative analgesia in patients who underwent caesarian section operation under spinal anesthesia.
Patients and Methods: This study included a total of 50 patients who underwent elective Caesarian section under spinal anesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups: those who postoperatively underwent guided ultrasound TAPB (Group TAPB, 20 ml. of 0.25% bupivacaine injected bilaterally); and those who did not undergo TAPB (Group C). Post-operatively, all patients received patientcontrolled analgesia using tramadol. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were recorded at the time of patient's transport to and from the recovery room, and at the post-operative 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 12th and 24th h. Tramadol consumption was recorded at the recovery phase and at 24 h.
Results: Demographical data of the patients did not show any statistically significant difference. The amount of tramadol administered during recovery and at the end of postoperative 24 h were significantly lower in group TAPB (32.50 ± 15.51 and 226.00 ± 66.44 mg, respectively) in comparison to group C (47.52 ± 19.15 mg and 280.80 ± 35.34 mg, respectively) (p<0.01). VAS scores at time of transport to the recovery room, at the time of exit from the recovery room, and at the post-operative 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 12th h were significantly lower in group TAPB when compared to group C (p<0.05).
Conclusions: It has been determined that ultrasound-guided TAPB performed after spinal anesthesia results in lower VAS scores, reduced analgesic consumption.


Learn how to apply robust application design to your J2EE projects There are a number of best practices you need to consider to build highly effective J2EE components and integrate them into applications. These practices include evaluating and selecting the right set of software components and services to handle the job. In this book, Darren Broemmer supplies you with a set of best practices for J2EE development and then teaches you how to use them to construct an application architecture referred to as the reference architecture. The design and implementation of the reference architecture is based on a set of guiding principles that are used to optimize and automate J2EE development. In addition to the author's thorough discussions of the latest technologies for J2EE implementation-including EJB 2, Jakarta Struts, Servlets, Java Server Pages, UML, design patterns, Common Business Logic Foundation components, and XML-Broemmer addresses such topics as: Understanding J2EE application architecture Building business applications with J2EE, a business object architecture, and extensible components created with design patterns Designing and implementing a sample banking Web application Integrating proven performance-engineering and optimization practices in the development process Using metadata-driven, configurable foundation components to automate much of the development and processing of Web-based business applications The companion Web site contains the source code for a Common Business Logic Foundation and sample applications from the book, including a Jakarta Struts project and a banking application. Links to the Jakarta Struts frameworks and J2EE application servers such as BEA WebLogic and IBM WebSphere are also provided.


John Dewey's "Democracy and Education" addresses the challenge of providing quality public education in a democratic society. In this classic work Dewey calls for the complete renewal of public education, arguing for the fusion of vocational and contemplative studies in education and for the necessity of universal education for the advancement of self and society. First published in 1916, "Democracy and Education" is regarded as the seminal work on public education by one of the most important scholars of the century.


Male choice is expected to evolve when females differ in quality, even if male investment in each mating is low. The family Poeciliidae is an example of fishes in which males show little parental investment as they only provide sperm. Up until now, a preference for large females has been found in all species studied. Here we show that unexpectedly, males of the least killifish (Heterandria formosa) prefer to interact with small instead of large females in a dichotomous male choice test, even though large females are more fecund. During a free-swimming choice experiment, males did not discriminate between females based on their size. We suggest that this unique preference for small females, or the lack of preference for large females, results from strong first male sperm precedence in this species. Smaller females are younger and therefore more likely to be virgin, which probably makes them more profitable mates for males. When presented with a virgin and a mated female of similar size, males showed no preference for either type. This suggests that males do not use pheromone cues to assess female mating status but that they are likely to use female size as a proxy for it.


Although technology has been commonly used to teach reading skills to students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the overall quality and evidence base of research supporting this practice has not yet been fully investigated. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the effects of technology-based reading interventions for students with ASD through a systematic quality review, meta-analysis, and single-case experimental study.In Study 1, articles that incorporated technology into reading interventions for students with ASD were systematically aggregated (N = 31), and the methodological rigor of both group design (n = 4) and single-case design studies (n = 27) were evaluated based on the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) quality indicators. A total of 16 studies (52%) met the WWC standards without or with reservations. Study characteristics related to participant, setting, interventionist, technology usage, intervention components, and targeted outcomes were coded and synthesized for these 16 studies with high-quality research evidence. Results indicated that two types of technology (i.e., computer, tablet) were used for developing materials, supporting interventionist-directed reading instruction, and delivering reading instruction without interventionist-directed reading instruction. The purpose of Study 2 was to quantify the magnitude of effect of technology-based reading interventions for students with ASD and determine if participant and intervention characteristics moderate intervention effects. A total of 13 single-case studies that met the WWC quality indicators were included in the meta-analysis, and these studies yielded 50 separate effect sizes with 13 participants. The Tau-U effect size without baseline control was calculated to quantify the effects of technology-based reading interventions, and statistically significant tests were conducted to analyze categorical variables. Results of this meta-analysis found a medium overall effect of .89 (95% CI [.83, .96]) for technology-based reading interventions and variables associated with the use of time delay moderated reading outcomes.In Study 3, the effects of adapted science eBooks within shared reading on reading comprehension and task engagement of high school students with ASD were investigated using a single-case multiple-probe design. For the reading materials, one grade-level science textbook was selected based on its alignment with secondary science standards and participants' interests and daily living activities. The selected textbook was converted to an eBook format that included various auditory and visual features (e.g., text-to-speech, highlighted keywords, summarized sentences, pictures) and was presented on an iPad screen. The shared reading intervention included before, during, and after reading strategies (i.e., pre-teaching a key vocabulary word, reading and sharing information, retelling). The results of this study indicated that all three participants demonstrated noticeable improvements in reading comprehension. Despite the longer duration of intervention sessions, participants exhibited similar or better task engagement with intervention as compared to baseline sessions. Taken together, these findings provide additional support for the efficacy of technology to teach reading skills to students with ASD. Major findings, implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.


Aims: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effect of bleaching (16% carbamide peroxide) on color stability and flexural strength of DPI Self-Cure Tooth Moulding Powder, Protemp 4, and Revotek LC. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped 10 samples were prepared for each of the materials DPI Tooth Moulding Powder, Protemp 4, and Revotek LC with a dimension of 10-mm diameter and 4-mm height. Similarly for flexural strength, 30 rectangular samples with a dimension of 25mm × 2mm × 2mm were made for each material. All the disc-shaped samples were dipped in bleaching agent and ΔE values were recorded before bleaching after 7 and 14 days of bleaching using spectrophotometer. For flexural strength, 10 rectangular samples of each material were kept in bleaching agent for 7 days and 10 samples were kept for 14 days. Remaining 10 without bleaching acted a control group. The data were subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance test. Result: No statistically significant difference was observed between the mean values of color change before bleaching and after 14 days of bleaching for all three materials. But statistically significant difference was observed in mean values of color change among the three materials (P < 0.001). For flexural strength, statistically significant difference was observed between the mean values of flexural strength before bleaching and after 14 days of bleaching for DPI (P = 0.007) and Revotek LC (P = 0.026). Conclusion: All the three materials showed noticeable color change after 7 and 14 days of bleaching when compared with color of specimen before bleaching. Maximum color change was observed in Protemp 4 and least color change was observed in Revotek LC. Flexural strength was significantly different among the material as well as there were significant changes in flexural strength of each material after bleaching.


Background: The classification of pulmonary stenosis (PS) severity based on the transpulmonary pressure gradient, which is affected by flow rate. Case Report: We report the first case of a pregnant patient with atrial septal defect (ASD) and pulmonary stenosis that was misclassified by conventional echocardiographic methods. Most importantly, three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary stenosis changed the entire treatment strategy. Conclusion: The planimetric calculation of the pulmonary valve (PV) opening area using three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiographic may be helpful, especially in encounters with specialized conditions such as ASD and/or pregnancy, which can cause inaccurate recordings of the transvalvular peak gradient.


Research shows that people handle the complexity of environments by cognitively simplifying them using spatial schemas and heuristics. Such simplification strategies can be seen in route planning situations, such as the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and tour planning. The present study extends this work by examining a situation where memory demands must be considered during route planning -planning a running route through an unfamiliar area. Results of routes planned on maps in grid-like and non-grid-like environments suggest that the planned routes reflect aspects of cognitive simplification to meet memory demands. This was evident in both global and local features of the routes. Globally, route trajectories tended towards simple shapes in accord with the affordances of the environment. Locally, changes of direction were preferably chosen at landmarks. More demanding (non-grid) environments led to an increase in simplification strategy use, such as relying on major roads, and avoiding complex decision points.


Spectrum sensing, the task of discovering spectrum usage at a given location, is a fundamental problem in dynamic spectrum access networks. While sensing in narrow spectrum bands is well studied in previous work, wideband spectrum sensing is challenging since a wideband radio is generally too expensive and power consuming for mobile devices. Sequential scan, on the other hand, can be very slow if the wide spectrum band contains many narrow channels. In this paper, we propose an analog-filter based spectrum sensing technique, which is much faster than sequential scan and much cheaper than using a wideband radio. The key insight is that, if the sum of energy on a contiguous band is low, we can conclude that all channels in this band are clear with just one measurement. Based on this insight, we design an intelligent search algorithm to minimize the number of total measurements. We prove that the algorithm has the same asymptotic complexity as compressed sensing while our design is much simpler and easily implementable in the real hardware. We show the availability of our technique using hardware devices that include analog filters and analog energy detectors. Our extensive evaluation using real TV "white space" signals shows the effectiveness of our technique.


For biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems designed to maximize nitrogen removal, the effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration may range from 2.0 to 4.0 g N/m(3) with about 25-50% in the form of organic nitrogen (ON). In this study, current approaches to modeling organic N conversions (separate processes vs. constant contents of organic fractions) were compared. A new conceptual model of ON conversions was developed and combined with Activated Sludge Model No. 2d (ASM2d). The model addresses a new insight into the processes of ammonification, biomass decay and hydrolysis of particulate and colloidal ON (PON and CON, respectively). Three major ON fractions incorporated are defined as dissolved (DON) (<0.1 µm), CON (0.1-1.2 µm) and PON (41.2 µm). Each major fraction was further divided into two sub-fractions - biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Experimental data were collected during field measurements and lab experiments conducted at the ''Wschod'' WWTP (570,000 PE) in Gdansk (Poland). The accurate steady-state predictions of DON and CON profiles were possible by varying ammonification and hydrolysis rates under different electron acceptor conditions. With the same model parameter set, the behaviors of both inorganic N forms (NH4-N, NOX-N) and ON forms (DON, CON) in the batch experiments were predicted. The challenges to accurately simulate and predict effluent ON levels from BNR systems are due to analytical methods of direct ON measurement (replacing TKN) and lack of large enough database (in-process measurements, dynamic variations of the ON concentrations) which can be used to determine parameter value ranges.


This paper investigated the long run relationship between financial development and economic growth in South Korea using a four-variable Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model using time series data from 1961 to 2013. Applying unit root tests and cointegration analysis, the study revealed that real GDP per capita, financial development, real exports, and real imports were co-integrated with one vector. The empirical results from Granger causality tests based on vector error correction model (VECM) with one co-integrating vector suggested that financial development led to increase in economic growth and that there was unidirectional causality from financial development to economic growth but not from economic growth to financial development, supporting previous theoretical perspectives on the positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. This result emphasized the important role of financial development in South Korea's recent economic growth.