The aim of this paper is to argue that models in cognitive science based on probabilistic computation should not be restricted to those procedures that almost surely (with probability 1) terminate. There are several reasons to consider nonterminating procedures as candidate components of cognitive models. One theoretical reason is that there is a perfect correspondence between the enumerable semi-measures and all probabilistic programs, as we demonstrate here (generalizing a better-known fact about computable measures and almostsurely halting programs). One practical reason is that the line between almost sure termination and non-termination is elusive, as well as arbitrary. We argue that this matters not only for theorists, but also potentially for a learner faced with the task of inducing programs from experience.


Through deducing the relationship between support vector machine (SVM) and correlation principle, the optimal hyperplane is proved as a correlation filter when the kernel function is the linear kernel. So a new correlation filter, named linear SVM correlation filter (LSCF), is proposed. The filter has not only shift-invariance, but also SVM properties. The real images of laser radar are used as experiment data, and LSCF is used to solve the in-plane rotation invariance. The results show that the filter can recognize the different rotated objects, and the correlation output is stable. The filter is insensitive to the noise and gray change, and has good discrimination ability. In the same design way, LSCF is also suitable to solve other problems of correlation distortion.


Background: Stroke is a neurological change that occurs quickly caused by disruption of blood supply to parts of the brain. Stroke has a complex impact which includes bio-psycho-social and spiritual. Various complexities of problems encountered in stroke patients so that self-management is needed as a form of adaptation to new conditions after stroke. Self-management interventions are useful for improving self-management skills and behavior in stroke patients. Purpose this study is to analize effectiveness of self-management interventions in stroke patients. Methods : Narrative literature review, research analyzes published in the online databases of ProQuest, Google scholar and Scopus. The study was selected using the criteria and keywords for the 2015-2019 period.  Seven studies were analyzed using the literature review process. Results: To improve self-management stroke patients self-management interventions are needed. Self-management interventions can be applied in hospitals when post acute patients are hospitalized, preparation for discharge, return and after discharge home and can be combined with rehabilitation programs in the community. Self-management interventions can improve self-efficacy, self-management behavior, activity daily living (ADL) ability, decreased re-hospitalisation and patient readiness to return to the community. Conclusion: Self-management interventions can be applied in Indonesia, with a note that among others prepared human resources, costs, supporting facilities and policies from the manager.


The use of genetics in medical research is one of the most important avenues currently being explored to enhance human health. For some, the idea that we can intervene in the mechanisms of human existence at such a fundamental level can be at minimum worrying and at most repugnant. In particular, religious doctrines are likely to collide with the rapidly advancing capability for science to make such interventions. The key ingredient for acceptance of genetics, on the other hand, is prototypically assumed to be scientific literacy – familiarity and understanding of the critical facts and methods of science. However, this binary opposition between science and religion runs counter to what is often found in practice. In this paper, we examine the association between religiosity, science knowledge and attitudes to medical genetics amongst the British public. In particular, we test the hypothesis that religion acts as a 'perceptual filter' through which citizens acquire and use scientific knowledge in the formation of attitudes towards medical genetics in various ways.


To realize functionally distributed computing in a wide area distributed environment, distributed shared memory (DSM) is an attractive option due to the simplicity and flexibility in software programming. DSM has mainly been studied in a local environment. In a widely distributed environment, the latency of communication impacts system performance, even if a high bandwidth network is used. DSM models in a widely distributed environment are discussed and evaluated in this paper. First, two existing DSM models are examined: shared virtual memory and replicated shared memory. Next, an innovative replicated shared memory model, which uses internal machine memory, is proposed. A prototype of this model using multi-thread programming was implemented on multi-CPU SPARCstations. These DSM models are compared with SCRAMNet, whose mechanism is based on replicated shared memory. Results from this evaluation show the superiority of the replicated shared memory compared to shared virtual memory when the length of the network is large. While replicated shared memory using external memory is influenced by the ratio of local and global accesses, replicated shared memory using internal machine memory is suitable for a wide variety of cases. The replicated shared memory model is considered to be suitable particularly for applications which impose real time operation in a widely distributed environment, since some latency hiding techniques such as context switching or data prefetching are not effective for real time demands.


This book explains how to combine and exploit sensor networks and internet-of-things (IoT) technologies and Web-service design patterns to enrich and integrate Building Information Models (BIMs). It provides approaches and software architectures for facilitating the interaction with (and between) BIMs through Web services, and for enabling and facilitating the fusion of the information residing in such models or of information acquired from IoT technologies. The proposed software architectures are presented in the form of design patterns. This information fusion will facilitate many novel application fields ranging from emergency response, to urban monitoring and surveillance, and to smart buildings. The book consists of 8 chapters. The first 2 chapters focus on the basics of BIMs, while chapter 3 presents fundamental service-oriented architecture patterns for complex information models. Subsequently, chapters 4 and 5 elaborate on the hardware and software side of IoT, with a special focus on their use for BIMs. Chapter 6 provides advanced SOA patterns for BIMs, while chapter 7 details patterns for IoT, and for BIM and IoT information fusion. Lastly, chapter 8 summarizes the work and provides an outlook on promising future developments. Overall, the book will be beneficial for researchers and developers in the fields of building information models, IoT applications, and systems integration.


This paper examined the relationship between socio-economic attributes of users and their perceived environmental quality in Ile-Ife markets, Nigeria. Through systematic random sampling, primary data were obtained from 455 traders in Odo-Ogbe, Olorunsogo, Oja-Ife, Bonfo, and Urban day markets. Mean analysis generated from users' rating of twenty (20) indicators that were of importance to their environmental quality were then used to ascertain if a relationship existed between their socio-economic characteristics and environmental quality. Average indices for each of the socioeconomic characteristics were computed. The indicators were then polarized into two. These were indicators above the average indices computed for each of the attributes and those below them. Indicators that were most important in all the markets included availability of water, electricity availability and health care facilities. On the other hand, those that were not important comprised economic opportunities, absence of water pollution, and police service in the market. Therefore, the study recommended that government should provide the facilities and services, especially those that were scarcely supplied to the market users so as to enhance their environmental quality.


Aim: Abnormalities in water balance are manifested as hyponatremia and hypernatremia and the present investigation shows the effect of water deprivation in hot and humid climatic condition of north eastern part of India. Methods: Twenty four BALB/c mice of either sex (weight 30-40 g) were used for a 13-week experiment to determine the effects of water deprivation on behavioral and physiological changes. Mice were divided into control group (I) (n = 8), given water ad libitum, water-deprivation male group (15 ml/day) (Group II, n=8) and water-deprivation female group (15 ml/day) (Group III, n=8). Results: The water deprivation mice shows significantly (P<0.05) deteriorated of reflex, progressive visual placement, emotional whereas body weight, grip strength and rectal temperature were significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to the control group. This information is useful to those living or deployed in crisis situations where the water supply limited in a hot-humid climate.


The tumor suppressor gene Pten also plays a critical role for normal brain development. Standard Pten deletion mutants in mice are lethal in early development, so Groszer et al. (see the Perspective by Penninger and Woodgett) developed a conditional knockout that deletes PTEN in the central nervous system at mid-gestation. These mice showed hyperactivation of certain signal transduction pathways; they also exhibited enlarged brains with multiple malformations, and more and bigger neural cells. Analysis of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the mutant brains suggests that PTEN controls progression of neural progenitor cells through the cell cycle. M. Groszer, R. Erickson, D. D. Scripture-Adams, R. Lesche, A. Trumpp, J. A. Zack, H. I. Kornblum, X. Liu, H. Wu, Negative regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation by the Pten tumor suppressor gene in vivo. Science 294, 2186-2189 (2001). [Online Journal] J. M. Penninger, J. Woodgett, Stem cells: PTEN-coupling tumor suppression to stem cells? Science 294, 2116-2118 (2001). [Online Journal]


Heterogeneous palmprint recognition has attracted considerable research attention in recent years because it has the potential to greatly improve the recognition performance for personal authentication. In this article, we propose a simultaneous heterogeneous palmprint feature learning and encoding method for heterogeneous palmprint recognition. Unlike existing hand-crafted palmprint descriptors that usually extract features from raw pixels and require strong prior knowledge to design them, the proposed method automatically learns the discriminant binary codes from the informative direction convolution difference vectors of palmprint images. Differing from most heterogeneous palmprint descriptors that individually extract palmprint features from each modality, our method jointly learns the discriminant features from heterogeneous palmprint images so that the specific discriminant properties of different modalities can be better exploited. Furthermore, we present a general heterogeneous palmprint discriminative feature learning model to make the proposed method suitable for multiple heterogeneous palmprint recognition. Experimental results on the widely used PolyU multispectral palmprint database clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Until recently, discussions with Libya on migration have taken place largely at bilateral level, i.e. almost exclusively with Italy. Since the late 1990s, Italy has engaged in a number of formal and informal diplomatic initiatives with the northern African country in order to bring under control irregular migration across the Mediterranean. This has started to change with the increasing role being played by the European Union (EU). Notably, on 12–13 November 2008 the negotiations for the EU–Libya framework agreement were officially launched. These aim to strengthen relations between the European Community, its member states and Libya. The deepening interaction between Libya and the EU alongside established bilateral cooperative arrangements is one of the main concerns of this paper. Our analysis seeks to unpack and understand the gradual intertwining of bilateral relations between two states – Italy and Libya – and those between states and supranational actors that we shall here qualify as 'supralateral'. In questioning prevailing accounts of the manner in which the EU externalises migration control policies, this paper draws attention to the multiple reciprocal interactions at the levels of migration framing, institutional setting and modes of compliance.


The subcloning of large inserts (>50 kbp) from P1‐derived artificial chromosomes (PACs) was found to be hindered by the presence of contaminating Escherichia coli chromosomal fragments which, because of their smaller median size, are recovered preferentially as unwanted subclones. A significant fraction of contaminating DNA was seen to persist after conventional plasmid purification methods. We describe a rigorous protocol for eliminating the bulk of contamination that involves plasmid isolation on commercially available silica‐based columns followed by three pulsed field gel electrophoresis steps. Using this, we were able to subclone 55, 85 and 90 kbp PAC inserts but failed to subclone a 195 kbp PAC insert. After surveying a range of DNA purification methods, we devised an optimised protocol that allowed us to subclone the 195 kbp insert. The optimised protocol, which reliably yields DNA with essentially no contaminating material, consists of plasmid isolation on silica‐based columns followed by treatment with highly purified DNaseI and retrieval by electroelution of restriction‐digested DNA electrophoresed on a single pulsed field gel. By inference it is applicable to the purification of large inserts from other single‐copy plasmid vectors such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs).


Adenomyosis is a common gynaecological condition. In the past, it was believed that the diagnosis could be made clinically and confirmed histologically following hysterectomy, which was the treatment of choice. Presently, it has been accepted that adenomyosis cannot be diagnosed clinically. There are newer insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as advanced diagnostic tools that allow reliable diagnosis. This has resulted in different management options which are available to the clinician. The aim of this review is to present an update of the current knowledge and outline alternate management options.


Abstract. By 1800, national surveys had become a priority for regimes around Europe, keen to centralise government and secure territories during a period of significant political upheaval. Military requirements were paramount but the representation of relief remained woefully inadequate. Commanders, not content with simple rough impressions of relief, demanded effective representations from which absolute altitudes and gradients could be derived. However, innovative methods of relief depiction were unlikely to be spearheaded by new national mapping institutions, already committed to long-term mapping programmes. Conversely, for those independent cartographers and model makers, unfettered by the constraints that characterised national institutions, the pursuit of the optimum depiction of relief became a preoccupation verging on obsession. Inspired by early map and model makers, Swiss, German and Austrian cartographers embarked on a phase of developing more artistic, naturalistic means to create an illusion of the third dimension on the two-dimensional face of the map. Chromolithography had made possible the replacement of hachures by shading tones and the production of multicolour printed maps. As a result, a wide variety of maps appeared during the second half of the 19th century with hypsometric tints generating images of naturalistic and symbolic landscapes. Alternative and often competing methods of assigning colour in sequence were developed most notably in central Europe. This culminated in the publication of Schatthenplastik and Farbenplastik in 1898 in Vienna by Karl Peucker (1859–1940) a work that injected new life and debate into the pursuit of an optimum colour sequence for layered relief maps that would last well into the next century.This paper aims to assess the role of model making in initiating and fuelling a period of experimentation and development of relief portrayal. The increasing fascination with the natural wonders of the world combined with the growth of Alpine tourism kick started a period of private enterprise in which the production of relief models became a highly valued activity. Starting with the remarkable model of the Relief of Central Switzerland by Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher (1716–1802), through the exploits of Joachim Eugen Müller (1752–1833) (Figure 1) to the later models crafted by Xaver Imfeld (1853–1909), Simon Simon (1857–1925) and Fridolin Becker (1854–1922), this period witnessed a level of artistry and craftsmanship that has arguably never been surpassed.Opportunity is taken to assess the accuracy of one of the key models produced by Joachim Eugen Müller. This clearly demonstrates that early model making achieved standards of accuracy that were extraordinary for the time. Of course, such feats were not the preserve of European model makers. For example, readers of reports and newspaper articles from expeditions to the interior of the United States had thrilled at the photographs, drawings, sketches and maps of Niagara Falls, Yosemite Valley and the Grand Canyon. No sooner had John Wesley Powell completed his expedition to the Grand Canyon in 1874 and published a detailed report, than its true magnificence was brought to public attention through a model of the Grand Canyon constructed by Edwin Howell in 1875 (McCalmont, 2015).The nineteenth century was characterized by great endeavour and craftsmanship that fashioned some of the most remarkable and visually stunning maps ever published. This paper pulls together the various strands of this complex story into a coherent narrative and assesses the role of model makers in underpinning this 'golden age'.


Different approaches to modelling the macroeconomy vary in the emphasis they place on coherence with theory relative to their ability to match the data. Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models place greater emphasis on theory, while vector autoregression (VAR) models tend to provide a better fit of the data. Del Negro and Schorfheide (2004) develop a method of using a DSGE model to inform the priors of a Bayesian VAR. The resulting BVAR-DSGE model partially relaxes the relationships in the DSGE so as to fit the data better. However, their approach does not accommodate the typical restriction of small open economy models which ensures that developments in the small economy cannot affect the large economy. I develop a method that allows this restriction to be imposed and introduce a simple way, suitable for small open economies, of identifying the empirical BVAR-DSGE using information from the DSGE model. These methods are demonstrated using the Justiniano and Preston (2010a) DSGE model. Compared to the DSGE model, the empirical BVAR-DSGE model estimates that there is a larger role for foreign shocks in the small economy's business cycle.


Background: Knowing the time cannabis was last used is important for determining impairment in accident investigations and clinical evaluations. Two models for predicting time of last cannabis use from single plasma cannabinoid concentrations—model I, using Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and model II, using the concentration ratio of 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) to THC—were developed and validated from controlled drug administration studies. Objectives of the current study were to extend the validation by use of a large number of plasma samples collected after administration of single and multiple doses of THC and to examine the effectiveness of the models at low plasma cannabinoid concentrations. Methods: Thirty-eight cannabis users each smoked a 2.64% THC cigarette in the morning, and 30 also smoked a second cigarette in the afternoon. Blood samples (n = 717) were collected at intervals after smoking, and plasma THC and THCCOOH concentrations measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Predicted times of cannabis smoking, based on each model, were compared with actual smoking times. Results: The most accurate approach applied a combination of models I and II. For all 717 plasma samples, 99% of predicted times of last use were within the 95% confidence interval, 0.9% were overestimated, and none were underestimated. For 289 plasma samples collected after multiple doses, 97% were correct with no underestimates. All time estimates were correct for 76 plasma samples with THC concentrations between 0.5 and 2 μg/L, a concentration range not previously examined. Conclusions: This study extends the validation of the predictive models of time of last cannabis use to include multiple exposures and low THC concentrations. The models provide an objective and validated method for assessing the contribution of cannabis to accidents or clinical symptoms.


We provide an overview of Indian corporate governance practices, based primarily on responses to a 2006 survey of 370 Indian public companies. Compliance with legal norms is reasonably high in most areas, but not complete. We identify areas where Indian corporate governance is relatively strong and weak, and areas where regulation might usefully be either relaxed or strengthened. On the whole, Indian corporate governance rules appear appropriate for larger companies, but could use some strengthening in the area of related party transactions, and some relaxation for smaller companies. Executive compensation is low by U.S. standards and is not currently a problem area. We also examine whether there is a cross-sectional relationship between measures of governance and measures of firm performance and find evidence of a positive relationship for an overall governance index and for an index covering shareholder rights. We find an overall association, which is stronger for more profitable firms and firms with stronger growth opportunities. A subindex for shareholder rights is individually significant, but subindices for board structure (board independence and committee structure), disclosure, board procedure, and related party transactions are not significant. The non-results for board structure contrast to other recent studies, and suggest that India's legal requirements are sufficiently strict so that overcompliance does not produce valuation gains.


By "augmenting human intellect" we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. Increased capability in this respect is taken to mean a mixture of the following: more-rapid comprehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension in a situation that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insoluble. And by "complex situations" we include the professional problems of diplomats, executives, social scientists, life scientists, physical scientists, attorneys, designers--whether the problem situation exists for twenty minutes or twenty years. We do not speak of isolated clever tricks that help in particular situations. We refer to a way of life in an integrated domain where hunches, cut-and-try, intangibles, and the human "feel for a situation" usefully co-exist with powerful concepts, streamlined terminology and notation, sophisticated methods, and highpowered electronic aids. 1a1


This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model that is intended to help clarify the role of credit market frictions in business fluctuations, from both a qualitative and a quantitative standpoint. The model is a synthesis of the leading approaches in the literature. In particular, the framework exhibits a financial accelerator,' in that endogenous developments in credit markets work to amplify and propagate shocks to the macroeconomy. In addition, we add several features to the model that are designed to enhance the empirical relevance. First, we incorporate money and price stickiness, which allows us to study how credit market frictions may influence the transmission of monetary policy. In addition, we allow for lags in investment which enables the model to generate both hump-shaped output dynamics and a lead-lag relation between asset prices and investment, as is consistent with the data. Finally, we allow for heterogeneity among firms to capture the fact that borrowers have differential access to capital markets. Under reasonable parametrizations of the model, the financial accelerator has a significant influence on business cycle dynamics.


The influence of the atmospheric refraction on the geometric accuracy of airborne photogrammetric images was already considered in the days of analogue photography. The effect is a function of the varying refractive index on the path from the ground to the image sensor. Therefore the effect depends on the height over ground, the view zenith angle and the atmospheric constituents. It is leading to a gradual increase of the scale towards the borders of the image, i.e. a magnification takes place. Textbooks list a shift of several pixels at the borders of standard wide angle images. As it was the necessity of that time when images could only be acquired at good weather conditions, the effect was calculated using standard atmospheres for good atmospheric conditions, leading to simple empirical formulas. Often the pixel shift caused by refraction was approximated as linear with height and compensated by an adjustment of the focal length. With the advent of sensitive digital cameras, the image dynamics allows for capturing images at adverse weather conditions. So the influence of the atmospheric profiles on the geometric accuracy of the images has to be investigated and the validity of the standard correction formulas has to be checked. This paper compares the results from the standard formulas by Saastamoinen with the results calculated from a broad selection of atmospheres obtained from radiosonde profile data. The geometric deviation is calculated by numerical integration of the refractive index as a function of the height using the refractive index formula by Ciddor. It turns out that the effect of different atmospheric profiles (including inversion situations) is generally small compared to the overall effect except at low camera heights. But there the absolute deviation is small. Since the necessary atmospheric profile data are often not readily available for airborne images a formula proposed by Saastamoinen is verified that uses only camera height, the pressure at the ground and the camera level, and the temperature at the camera level.


The effects of temperature and daily-integrated photosynthetic photon flux (PPF DI ) on African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) flower initiation and development were quantified to provide the basis for an inflorescence development model. The percentage of leaf axils in which an inflorescence initiated and continued development increased as the PPF DI increased from 1 to 4 mol·m -2 ·day -1 , while the rate of inflorescence development was a function of the average daily temperature (ADT). The appearance of a visible flower bud (VB) in a leaf axil was related to the growth of the subtending leaf blade. A polynomial model based on ADT and PPF DI was used to describe leaf blade length at visible bud (LBL VB ). A nonlinear model was used to describe the influence of ADT on leaf expansion rate (LER). Inflorescence appearance in the leaf axil was predicted by measuring LBL and estimating the time for the leaf blade to develop to the length required for VB. A phasic-development scale was developed to quantify inflorescence development. Days required for an inflorescence to develop from VB to first open flower was described as a function of ADT and either inflorescence height or inflorescence development stage (IDS). Days from leaf emergence to first open flower for the inflorescence initiated in that leaf axil decreased from 86 to 55 as ADT increased from 18 to 26C.


Design for Sustainable Behaviour [DfSB] is an emerging research area concerned with the application of design strategies to influence consumer behaviour during the use phase of a product towards more sustainable action. Current DfSB research has primarily focussed on strategy definition and selection within a design process, with surprisingly little research into understanding the actual impact of the behaviour changing interventions yielded through such investigation. Furthermore, the suitability of evaluation methods and the transferability of evaluation results have seldom been discussed. This paper reports on the findings of a three-year research project within the UK social housing sector, research that aimed to reduce energy consumption within the home through behaviour changing intervention, whilst maintaining occupants comfort levels. A behaviour changing prototype was developed through a user-centred design process, resulting in a physical manifestation of one specific DfSB strategy – feedback; a user agentive performance indicator. In order to evaluate this feedback prototype, an evaluation framework was developed, targeted at the three fundamental questions that arise when faced with the evaluation of a DfSB strategy led intervention: (1) Does the produced design solution function for the specified context? (2) Has the user's behaviour changed as a consequence of the design intervention? (3) Is the change in user's behaviour sustainable? Applying these core questions in practice resulted in an evaluation of unparalleled depth. The function and usability of the design were evaluated with users and against extensive feedback design criteria. In addition, behavioural changes in the intentions and habitual processes of the user and their facilitating conditions as well as sustainability changes in energy consumption and comfort were evaluated against pre-intervention state benchmarks. Fitting within the remit of sustainability, the associated ethical dimensions and impact of this DfSB research were also evaluated. Using data collection methods that included focus groups and user trials, the results of this research project illustrate the success of using this tripartite questioning strategy towards the evaluation of a DfSB strategy led intervention, building a vital knowledge platform for the formalisation of transferable DfSB research and evaluation methods.


• A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis found acupuncture to have a significant treatment effect in improving the birth rates of subfertile women undergoing IVF or ICSI. • A summary of previous reviews from 2009 to 2017 found acupuncture had a beneficial treatment effect on clinical pregnancy rate. However, according to GRADE assessment guidelines, the scientific methods of the studies included in this review need to be improved. • It is recommended that future research should explore the impact of acupuncture administration during ovarian stimulation. The aim should be to improve embryo and blastocyst quality, rather than focus on acupuncture post fertilisation. • Acupuncture may be a suitable treatment option to help reduce stress and anxiety levels for women suffering with subfertility. • Research indicates that the effectiveness of acupuncture may be dose-dependent, that is a sufficient number of acupuncture treatments are required over an adequate period of time


The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted trade and global value chains. Small open economies such as Portugal are particularly vulnerable. In this paper we consider the impact of the pandemic on the country's exports, arguing that an export-led recovery is possible. The challenge is to identify viable export opportunities: one of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is to have closed and shrunk export opportunities globally. Despite this we show that there are still significant under-utilized export opportunities for Portugal. We use the large UN-COMTRADE and CEPII BACI data sets to which we apply four sets of filters to identify 42,593 realistic export opportunities. These opportunities are worth €286,6 billion in untapped revenue potential. The major markets for these products are countries such as United States, Germany, China, United Kingdom, France and Japan. We discuss the trade facilitation and industrial policy implications for utilizing these opportunities in the context of the relevant literature on trade and development.


Identifying changes in gene regulation that shaped human-specific traits is critical to understanding human evolution. Here, we use >60 DNA methylation maps of different human groups, both present-day and ancient, as well as six chimpanzee maps, to detect regulatory changes that emerged specifically in modern humans. We show that genes affecting vocalization and facial features went through particularly extensive changes in methylation. Especially, we identify expansive changes in a network of genes regulating skeletal development (SOX9, ACAN and COL2A1), and in NFIX, which controls facial projection and voice box (larynx) development. We propose that these changes might have played a key role in shaping the human face, and in forming the human 1:1 vocal tract configuration that is considered optimal for speech. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modern human face and voice, and suggest that they arose after the split from Neanderthals and Denisovans.


We propose a model consistent with two observations. First, the tax rates adopted by different countries are generally uncorrelated with their growth performance. Second, countries that drastically reduce private incentives to invest, severely hurt their growth performance. In our model, the effects of taxation on growth are highly non-linear. Low or moderate tax rates have a very small impact on long-run growth rates. But as tax rates rise, their negative impact on growth rises dramatically. The median voter chooses tax rates that have a small impact on growth prospects, making the relation between tax rates and economic growth difficult to measure empirically.


In this paper we analyse the exergy balance of green leaves. The exergy source comes from the direct and diffuse solar radiation absorbed in the leaves, while exergy destruction occurs as the consequence of evapotranspiration, of internal flows and of leaf metabolism. Exergy storage occurs namely in the form of glucose which is a result of photosynthesis and oxygen release into the environment. Based on the exergy balance equation we show how to evaluate the leaf metabolic rate and the survival threshold conditions. In the absence of the exergy source (solar radiation) we can also understand how the trees use the exergy stored for their metabolic needs. This process is similar to the discharge of a capacitor through a resistance, which is a characteristic found in every living structure.


Submerged breakwater is a barrier with its crest at or slightly below the still water level. In situations where complete protection from waves is not required, submerged breakwaters offer a potentially economic solution. Submerged breakwaters have been effectively used to protect harbour entrances, to reduce siltation in entrance channels, against beach erosion, and for creation of artifical fishing grounds. However quantitative information available about the hydraulic behaviour of these submerged breakwaters is rather limited. Theoretical analysis of the problem has not proved satisfactory primarily because of the difficulties in quantifying the energy losses that always accompany these wave - structure interactions. Recourse has to be taken to laboratory studies to provide the necessary information regarding the performance characteristics of submerged breakwaters. A comprehensive laboratory investigation to evaluate the performance characteristics of the submerged breakwaters of various types and shapes, permeable and impermeable was undertaken. The results of these investigations are presented in this paper.


Measurements of the top quark polarization and top quark pair (t (t) over bar) spin correlations are presented using events containing two oppositely charged leptons (e(+)e(-), e(+/-)mu(-/+), or mu(+)mu(-)) produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) . A set of parton-level normalized differential cross sections, sensitive to each of the independent coefficients of the spin-dependent parts of the t (t) over bar production density matrix, is measured for the first time at 13 TeV. The measured distributions and extracted coefficients are compared with standard model predictions from simulations at next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and from NLO QCD calculations including electroweak corrections. All measurements are found to be consistent with the expectations of the standard model. The normalized differential cross sections are used in fits to constrain the anomalous chromomagnetic and chromoelectric dipole moments of the top quark to -0.24 < C-tG/Lambda(2) < 0.07 TeV-2 and -0.33 < C-tG(I)/Lambda(2) < 0.20 TeV-2, respectively, at the 95% confidence level.


Understanding how local government responds to gender vulnerability and gender capacity is important to make cities safer both for women and for men. However, little is known on how local government is empowered in terms of provision of capacity, resources and abilities to mainstreaming gender into disaster risk reduction and community resilience. The case of Indonesia pinpoints district government capability is vital to promote gender equality within local disaster risk reduction and resilience. The district government capability means the ability of local government to organise resources, competence and knowledge to meet the needs and concerns of women and men within disaster risk reduction process. This capability has been transformed into their ability in institutional and human resources policy and for providing financial, technical and leadership capabilities to promote gender equality into local disaster risk reduction and resilience. Experience of Bantul earthquake reconstruction shows a significant achievement has been made by this district in terms of local capability in mainstreaming gender. Among the most important factors related to district capability are women leadership, support from non-government organisations, women participation, financial resources and capacity of local gender institutions.


Molecular phylogenetics, the study of reconstructing evolutionary trees, is a well-established field of scientific endeavor. However, in certain circumstances evolution is not completely tree-like. For example, a comparison of gene trees representing a set of present-day species and reconstructed for different genetic loci often reveals conflicting tree topologies. These discrepancies are not always due to missampling or difficulties in the gene tree reconstruction method, but rather due to reticulation events such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and hybridization. During an HGT event, a DNA segment is transferred from one organism to another which is not its offspring, whereas hybridization describes the origin of a new species through a mating between two different species. Both processes yield genomes that are mixtures of DNA regions derived from different ancestors. Consequently, evolutionary relationships between species whose past includes reticulation can often be better represented by using phylogenetic networks rather than trees. The main focus of this thesis is to develop new biologically motivated theoretical frameworks that provide insight into the extent to which reticulation events have influenced evolution. First, we have implemented the exact algorithm HybridNumber to compute the minimum number of hybridization events for two rooted binary phylogenetic trees. This approach is based on the notion of agreement forests and uses three rules that reduce the size of the problem instance, before calculating the hybridization number. We applied HybridNumber to a grass data set and analyzed the extent of hybridization. We also approached the question whether hybridization events have occurred relatively recently or in the distant past. Furthermore, since many biological data sets lead to reconstructed gene trees that are not fully resolved, we extended the above mentioned framework for rooted phylogenetic trees and showed that calculating the minimum number of hybridization events for two such trees is fixed-parameter tractable. Second, we present a new likelihood framework to estimate a rate of HGT for a set of taxa. To this end, we simulate an increasing number of HGT events on a species tree to obtain a tree distribution that can be used to estimate an HGT rate for a set of gene trees. This framework was applied to the COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups of Proteins) data set and inaccuracies due to the gene tree reconstruction method were considered. Finally, we give a new result on how to speed up the exact calculation of the rooted subtree prune and regraft distance between two trees which is often used to model reticulation events and end with two interesting examples that give rise to questions for future research.


This paper provides a unique comparative overview of the structure of credit to the non-government sector in 14 industrialised countries and of its evolution over time with a view to casting new light on the implications for the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The analysis draws on the central bank responses to a detailed questionnaire and other available information. Characteristics covered include, inter alia, breakdowns of credit in terms of instrument, maturity, the adjustability of contractual interest rates, collateral and the degree of control over the amounts of credit granted. The paper identifies similarities and differences across countries and offers conjectures about their influence on the relative importance of the channels through which monetary policy affects economy activity. The paper is part of a broader BIS cross-country study on the impact of financial structure on the transmission mechanism.


When Ludwig Prandtl took up the Chair of Applied Mechanics at Gottingen University in 1904, the small university town became the cradle of modern fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. Not only did Prandtl found two research institutions of worldwide renown, the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) and the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Stromungsforschung, but with the so-called 'Gottingen School' he also established an exceptionally fertile line of scientific thinking, unique for its special balance of intuition for physics and mathematical precision. The scientific methods developed by Prandtl and his pupils are manifested in numerous dissertations, monographs and textbooks that now rate as classics and hence belong to the fundamental works on fluid mechanics. Yet many of these publications have long been out of print and inaccessible for study. The series Gottinger Klassiker der Stromungsmechanik is thus making available selected publications that emerged from Ludwig Prandtl's 'Gottingen School' or stand in a particular historical relationship to it. This highly personal biography of Ludwig Prandtl compiled by his daughter, Johanna Vogel-Prandtl, is complemented by numerous photographs depicting Prandtl's working and private life. It completes the picture of the founding father of modern fluid mechanics whose scientific importance continues to resonate to this day.


In this paper we propose a new technique to obtain upper and lower bounds on the energy norm of the error in the velocity field, for the Stokes problem. It relies on a splitting of the velocity error in two contributions: a projection error, that quantifies the distance of the computed solution to the space of divergence free functions, and an error in satisfying the momentum equation. We will show that both terms can be sharply estimated, from above and from below, by implicit a posteriori error estimators. In particular, the proposed estimator is based on the solution of local Stokes problems both with "Neumann-type" boundary conditions, extending the ideas presented in [12, 17] for the Laplace equation, and homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. The numerical results show very good effectivity indices. The underlying idea is quite general and can be applied to other saddle point problems as well, as the ones arising in mixed formulations of second order PDEs.


We examine whether opportunities for civic engagement mediate the effect of access to education on political violence. In fragile states, solely providing education may be necessary, but not sufficient, to reduce violence. Access to schooling can generate unintended grievances against the government. We argue that combining access to education with opportunities for civic participation helps youths to use and trust nonviolent channels to engage with their communities and address their grievances, minimizing the risk of conflict. To test our argument of the interactive effect of education and civic participation we leverage a unique education program implemented in partnership with the Government of Somalia. Using original data from a survey of 800 young people, as well as qualitative interviews, we find support our argument. This article provides new empirical evidence of the role of civic engagement in promoting political stability in fragile states.


Background:AST-120 (spherical carbon adsorbent) was previously reported to be effective for perianal fistula healing in Japanese patients with mild-to-moderate Crohn's disease. Methods:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of AST-120 in a Western population, a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, study (FHAST-1) was conducted in adult patients with at least 1 draining perianal fistula and a Crohn's disease activity index <400. Patients received either AST-120 or matching placebo at a dose of 2 g 3 times daily for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with treatment success, defined as a 50% reduction in the number of draining fistulae, at both weeks 4 and 8. A multivariate model was generated to assess covariates for treatment success among baseline variables. Results:Two hundred forty-nine patients were randomized (AST-120; n = 122; placebo, n = 127). The proportions of patients achieving the primary endpoint were no different between treatment groups (13.9% versus 16.5%, P = 0.6). No differences in fistula response were noted at week 4 (23.0% versus 25.2%, P = 0.77) or week 8 (27.0 versus 34.6%, P = 0.22). Serum C-reactive protein concentrations >0.6 mg/dL and Crohn's disease activity index scores >151 at baseline were associated with a reduced likelihood of treatment success (odds ratio, 0.40; confidence interval, 0.19–0.87; P = 0.02; and odds ratio, 0.45; confidence interval, 0.21–0.97; P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions:In this largest placebo-controlled trial to date to evaluate the impact of a therapeutic agent on perianal fistulae in Crohn's disease, the efficacy of AST-120 could not be confirmed. An inverse relationship was observed between both inflammatory and clinical disease activity and fistula response.


Title of dissertation: FIRM OWNERS AND WORKERS: AN ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRANTS AND ETHNIC CONCENTRATION Monica Garcia-Perez, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Dissertation directed by: Professor John Haltiwanger Department of Economics This dissertation consists of three chapters examining the important role of firm and coworker characteristics, as well as the use of social networks, in labor markets. The first paper investigates the effect of firm owners and coworkers on hiring patterns and wages. Immigrant-owned firms are more likely to hire immigrant workers. This prevalence is especially strong for Hispanic and Asian workers. We also find that the probability that a new hire is a Hispanic is higher for immigrant firms. On wage differentials, the results illustrate that much of the difference between the log annual wages of immigrants and natives can be explained by immigrants' propensity to work in non-native owned firms, which pay the lowest average wages. Interestingly, though, native workers holding a job in immigrant firms are paid less than immigrant workers. The last section examines the potential mechanisms for these findings. It explores the importance of job referral and use of networks for migrants in labor markets. We consider the theoretical implications of social ties between owners and workers in this context. Firms decide whether to fill their vacancies by posting their offers or by using their current workers' connections. Next, we explore the patterns of immigrant concentration relative to native workers at the establishment level in a sample of metropolitan areas. Immigrants are much more likely to have immigrant coworkers than are natives, and are particularly likely to work with others from the same country of origin, even within local markets. The concentration of immigrants is higher for recent immigrants and interestingly for older immigrants. We find large differences associated with establishment size that cannot be explained solely by statistical aggregation. Exploring the mechanisms that underlie these patterns, we find that proxies for the role of social networks, as well as the importance of language skills in the production process, are important correlates of immigrant concentration in the workplace. FIRM OWNERS AND WORKERS: AN ANALYSIS OF IMMIGRANTS AND ETHNIC CONCENTRATION


Small-scale racking testers were developed for use as a means to evaluate paperboard-based sheathing materials used in framed wallconstruction. For the purpose of evaluating the performance of different sheathing materials, the tester provides an economic alternative to standard full-scale racking tests. In addition, results from testing provide practical insight into the racking response of framed and sheathed walls. The load-deformation responses of three commercial sheathing boards were measured, and initial racking stiffness and racking strength were proposed as parameters for characterizing the board. The racking test results showed that the initial paperboard racking stiffness correlated to elastic modulus and caliper, but the response was insensitive to paperboard orientation or test dimensions. Observations and results showed that both panel buckling and paperboard cutting at the staples affected the racking response, but the dominating factor influencing the racking response appears to be load transfer through the staples.


[Extract] ALL THE ESSAYS in this collection have been previously published in international journals. Because usually these journals are not easily available in the Philippines, the aim of bringing these papers under one cover is to make them readily accessible to a Philippine readership. In this way, research on Filipino and Filipina migrants can return, as it were, to the originating point.

As journal articles, most of these papers were accompanied by abstracts when they first saw print. These abstracts have been retained, and where originally none was available new abstracts were kindly provided by the authors. Although this anthology may appear somewhat odd in that each chapter begins with an abstract as if it were a journal, readers may find these abstracts useful in helping them navigate through this collection and choose the sequence by which to engage with these papers. Because these articles discuss many overlapping issues, they could be arranged and presented in a number of different ways. As compiler and editor, I have had to decide on the classification and succession of papers, and the outcome as found in this book should be taken as basically suggestive and provisional. The reader, needless to say, is free to start anywhere.

In this Introduction, certain themes and issues arising from the studies compiled in this volume are highlighted, without by any means exhausting the abundance of data and insight they contain, and without meaning to survey all the theoretical perspectives on international migration. This introductory chapter sketches out the historical complexity of formal and
informal structures and networks of migration, and scans the landscape of social, economic, and political forces that determine migration streams and flows. At the same time, the migrant is seen not as a passive victim of structures, but as one with human agency and subjectivity who is able to navigate through and negotiate with formidable structural forces. By acting out their human potentials within given constraints, migrants participate in restructuring migration practices over time. At the personal level, the process of the individual migrant's transformation is amplified, along with the multifarious means by which personal, gender, and national identities are challenged, reconfigured, and asserted. To laud migration as if it were an extraordinary human activity is not the goal, but rather to suggest ways of understanding the possibilities and complexities opened up by contemporary
migrations and the tensions and contradictions they accentuate and provoke in the migrant himself or herself, in the sending state and. society, in the receiving state and society, in various transnational links and intermediaries, and in the global system generally. The object is to suggest ways of understanding global migrations in the light of what this collection of studies raises as issues and questions of methodology, epistemology, ethics, and
politics. A venues for further study and research are also indicated throughout this chapter. It is hoped that having these papers within one cover will spark further self-critical reflection by researchers, policymakers, migrants, and the
wider reading public.


The Saricimen Fe-Ni laterite ore is located 15 km east of Caldiran County, northeast of Lake Van. This area is situated in the eastern Anatolia accretionary complex of Turkey, close to the Iran boundary. It is the first transported Fe-Ni rich laterite to be described from this area. This paper concentrates on the mineralogical and textural features of the ore minerals and the transported Fe-Ni laterite zone. These transported laterites are very inhomogeneous and contain very abundant zoned chromite grains, which have been altered to magnetite. SEM/probe investigations indicate that Fe-Ni is depleted in the core chromite and increases in the magnetite rim. A sedimentary transported laterite zone exhibits a high proportion of silcretes and ferruginous materials and chemically contains 29-61wt% SiO2 and 11.8-48.7 wt% Fe2O3. The average contents of Al2O3, TiO2, MnO and P are 4.81, 0.37, 0.32, and 0.03 (all in wt%) respectively. The highest Ni value obtained from the transported lateritic ferruginous zone is 1.16 wt%. The Pt and Pd concentrations are low, ranging from 39 ppb to 6 ppb and 21 ppb to 5 ppb, respectively. The Au value reaches up to 3 ppb. The diversity in chemical compositions of transported laterites is related to fracturing, erosion, corrosion, transportation, quantity of clastic material with different alteration history and diagenesis.


Using data from interviews with 133 physicists and biologists working at elite research universities in the United States, we analyze narratives of outreach. We identify discipline-specific barriers to outreach and gender-specific rationales for commitment. Physicists view outreach as outside of the scientific role and a possible threat to reputation. Biologists assign greater value to outreach, but their perceptions of the public inhibit commitment. Finally, women are more likely than men to participate in outreach, a commitment that often results in peer-based informal sanctions. The study reveals how the cultural properties of disciplines, including the status of women, shape the meaning and experience of science outreach.


The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characterization of Listeria species isolated from frozen raw fish. A total of 219 samples consisting of 104 mackerel, 52 horse mackerel, 51 catfish and 12 herring were collected and analyzed by bacteriological, serological, antimicrobial and molecular methods. Overall, 29(56.9%) and 1(0.96%) of catfish samples and mackerel samples respectively were positive for Listeria spp. No Listeria was detected in herring and horse mackerel. In catfish, L. welshimeri (13.7 %) was the most commonly isolated species followed by L. monocytogenes (11.8 %), L. innocua (9.8 %), L. grayi subsp. murrayi (9.8 %), L. grayi subsp. grayi (7.8 %), and L. ivanovii (3.9 %). In mackerel, only L. monocytogenes was detected in one sample. L. monocytogenes isolates serotyped as type 1 and type 4 (3 isolates each) and one non-typeable. Antimicrobial resistance profiling showed all L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Two were resistant to erythromycin. However, they were susceptible to rifampicin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. Four virulence-associated genes (prfA, hlyA, actA and inlA) in addition to the genus gene (prs) were investigated using multiplex PCR. All the isolates were positive for prs gene but, only L. monocytogenes isolates were positive for all tested virulence genes. Our study indicates that imported raw catfish can represent a significant source of L. monocytogenes and potential health risk for listeriosis.


There is growing demand for cost effective and reliable floating production systems to maximize marginal and new deepwater fields worldwide. Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels are considered to be the most economical and viable options to meet this demand. Yet, FPSO projects are prone to significant cost and schedule growth. On average, FPSOs have been reported to experience a 20% cost growth and are delayed by six months. Overruns and delays represent uncertainties for owners, contractors and financial institutions. In-depth interviews with twenty-three practitioners about their experiences with FPSO projects revealed that rework arising from design and construction errors were major contributors to cost and schedule growth. Key latent conditions contributing to rework are classified according to people, organization and project. Using retrospective sensemaking an examination of the determinant histories in a new build and conversion FPSO that experienced rework was undertaken. The sharing of experience(s) is deemed pivotal for reducing rework in future projects, particularly through the use of communities of practice that are able to stimulate situated learning to take place. A reduction in rework will not only reduce cost and schedule growth, improve operational performance and augment safety.


Over the past several years, a community of researchers has been using and re ning a particular framework for research and curriculum development in undergraduate mathematics education. The purpose of this paper is to share the results of this work with the mathematics education community at large by describing the current version of the framework and giving some examples of its application. Our framework utilizes qualitative methods for research and is based on a very speci c theoretical perspective that is being developed through attempts to understand the ideas of Piaget concerning reective abstraction and reconstruct them in the context of college level mathematics. Our approach has three components. It begins with an initial theoretical analysis of what it means to understand a concept and how that understanding can be constructed by the learner. This leads to the design of an instructional treatment that focuses directly on trying to get students to make the constructions called for by the analysis. Implementation of instruction leads to the gathering of data, which is then analyzed in the context of the theoretical perspective. The researchers cycle through the three components and re ne both the theory and the instructional treatments as needed. In this report the authors present detailed descriptions of each of these components. In our discussion of theoretical analyses, we describe certain mental constructions for learning mathematics, including actions, processes, objects, and schemas, and the relationships among these constructions. Under instructional treatment, we describe the components of the ACE teaching cycle (activities, class discussion, and exercises), cooperative learning and the use of a mathematical programming language. Finally, we describe the methodology used in data collection and analysis. The paper concludes with a discussion of issues raised in the use of this framework, followed by an extensive bibliography.


We construct a model of household decision-making in which agents consume a private and a public good, interpreted as children's welfare. Children's utility depends on their human capital, which depends on the time their parents spend with them and on the parents' human capital. We first show that as returns to human capital increase, couples at the top of the income distribution should spend more time with their children. This in turn should reinforce assortative matching, in a sense that we precisely define. We then embed the model into a transferable utility matching framework with random preferences, a la Choo and Siow (2006), which we estimate using US marriage data for individuals born between 1943 and 1972. We find that the preference for partners of the same education has significantly increased for white individuals, particularly for the highly educated. We find no evidence of such an increase for black individuals. Moreover, in line with theoretical predictions, we find that the "marital college-plus premium" has increased for women but not for men.


An analytical model of competitive coexistence in spatial habitats, modified to ad- dress habitat destruction, predicts that the most abundant species can be among the first species driven extinct by habitat destruction, given that abundant species are the poorest dispersers and best competitors. This contrasts with the classical view of biased extinction of rare species. Here we explore the robustness of this prediction both analytically and in spatially explicit simulations of more realistic cases. The prediction proved surprisingly robust. The poorest dispersers, which in this model generally are the best competitors and may be the most abundant species, were among the first driven extinct by habitat destruction whether they were abundant or rare, had short or long range dispersal, or reproduced continuously or periodically; whether competitive displacement was immediate or gradual; whether habitat destruction was clumped, uniform, or random and whether destruction occurred at once or progressively; and whether the habitat was large or small. The amount of destruction sufficient to produce extinctions changed considerably as model assumptions changed, but the biased extinction remained. The underlying reason for the robustness of our conclusions is the broad assumption that inferior competitors persist by virtue of greater dispersal ability and/or lower mortality rates. Further work on the forces allowing multispecies coexistence is thus essential for understanding the effects of habitat destruction on extinction.


A low content of organic matter, which is largely refractory in nature, is characteristic of most sediments, meaning that aquatic deposit-feeders live on a very poor food source. The food is derived mainly from sedimenting phytodetritus, and in temperate waters like the Baltic Sea, from seasonal phytoplankton blooms. Deposit-feeders are either bulk-feeders, or selective feeders, which preferentially ingest the more organic-rich particles in the sediment, including phytodetritus, microbes and meiofauna.The soft-bottom benthos of the Baltic Sea has low species biodiversity and is dominated by a few macrobenthic species, among which the most numerous are the two deposit-feeding amphipods Monoporeia affinis and Pontoporeia femorata, and the bivalve Macoma balthica. This thesis is based on laboratory experiments on the feeding of these three species, and on the priapulid Halicryptus spinulosus. Feeding by benthic animals is often difficult to observe, but can be effectively studied by the use of tracers. Here we used the radioactive isotope 14C to label food items and to trace the organic matter uptake in the animals, while the stable isotopes 13C and 15N were used to follow feeding on aged organic matter in the sediment. The abundance of M. balthica and the amphipods tends to be negatively correlated, i.e., fewer bivalves are found at sites with dense populations of amphipods, with the known explanation that newly settled M. balthica spat are killed by the amphipods. Whether the postlarvae are just accidentally killed, or also ingested after being killed was tested by labelling the postlarvae with 14C and Rhodamine B. Both tracer techniques gave similar evidence for predation on and ingestion of postlarval bivalves. We calculated that this predation was likely to supply less than one percent of the daily carbon requirement for M. affinis, but might nevertheless be an important factor limiting recruitment of M. balthica. The two amphipods M. affinis and P. femorata are partly vertically segregated in the sediment, but whether they also feed at different depths was unknown. By adding fresh 14C-labelled algae either on the sediment surface or mixed into the sediment, we were able to distinguish surface from subsurface feeding. We found M. affinis and P. femorata to be surface and subsurface deposit-feeders, respectively. Whether the amphipods also feed on old organic matter, was studied by adding fresh 14C-labelled algae on the sediment surface, and using aged, one-year-old 13C- and 15N-labelled sediment as deep sediment. Ingestion of old organic matter, traced by the stable isotopes, differed between the two species, with a higher uptake for P. femorata, suggesting that P. femorata utilises the older, deeper-buried organic matter to a greater extent.Feeding studies with juveniles of both M. affinis and P. femorata had not been done previously. In an experiment with the same procedure and treatments as for the adults, juveniles of both amphipod species were found to have similar feeding strategies. They fed on both fresh and old sediment, with no partitioning of food resources, making them likely to be competitors for the same food resource. Oxygen deficiency has become more wide-spread in the Baltic Sea proper in the last half-century, and upwards of 70 000km2 are now devoid of macrofauna, even though part of that area does not have oxygen concentrations low enough to directly kill the macrofauna. We made week-long experiments on the rate of feeding on 14C-labelled diatoms spread on the sediment surface in different oxygen concentrations for both the amphipod species, M. balthica and H. spinulosus. The amphipods were the most sensitive to oxygen deficiency and showed reduced feeding and lower survival at low oxygen concentrations. M. balthica showed reduced feeding at the lowest oxygen concentration, but no mortality increase. The survival of H. spinulosus was unaffected, but it did not feed, showing that it is not a surface deposit-feeder. We conclude that low oxygen concentrations that are not directly lethal, but reduce food intake, may lead to starvation and death in the longer term.


2in size and locally coexisting with diorite and gabbro, represent an important plutonic component of the Koli Nappes in the Trondheim Region. Zircon (and titanite) U-Pb geochronology shows that the earliest suites formed between 438.7 ± 1.5 and 437.6 ± 1.3 Ma, the ages of the Reitstoa and Gia Complexes. The same age of 437.8 ± 2.3 Ma was also obtained for a monzonite from the layered, mafic-ultramafic, Fongen-Hyllingen Complex. The bimodal Valasjo Complex yields ages of 435.6 ± 2.3 and 435.1 ± 2.5 Ma. The youngest trondhjemites lack mafic correlatives and formed at 432 ± 4 (Toset) and 431 ± 4 Ma (Olaberget). They also contain xenocrystic zircons with a mixed Archaean and Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic provenance. Coeval intrusions are common throughout the Koli Nappes of the Upper Allochthon along the entire length of the Scandinavian Caledonides and represent widespread magmatism during the terminal stages of Iapetus Ocean closure, immediately prior to the peak of Scandian metamorphism and thrusting onto the Baltoscandian margin of the Baltic craton.


Howard Smither has written the first definitive work on the history of the oratorio since Arnold Schering published his Geschichte des Oratoriums in 1911. This volume is the first of a four-volume comprehensive study that offers a new synthesis of what is known to date about the oratorio. Volume 1, divided into three parts, opens with the examination of the medieval, Renaissance, and early Baroque antecedents and origins of the oratorio, with emphasis on Rome and Philip Neri's Congregation of the Oratory and with special attention to the earliest works for which the term oratorio seems appropriate. The second part recounts the development of the oratorio in Italy, circa 1640-1720. It reviews the social contexts, patrons, composers, poets, librettos, and music of the oratorio in Italy, especially in Vienna and Paris. The procedure adapted throughout the work is to treat first the social context, particularly the circumstances of performance of the oratorio in a given area and period, then to treat the libretto, and finally the music. For each geographic area and period, the author has selected for special attention a few oratorios that appear to be particularly important or representative. He has verified the information offered in the specialized literature whenever possible by reference to the music or documents. In a number of areas, particular seventeenth-century Italy, in which relatively few previous studies have been undertaken or secondary sources have proven to be inadequate, the author has examined the primary sources in manuscript and printed form -- music, librettos, and documents of early oratorio history. Impressive research and intelligent integration of disparate elements make this complicated, diffuse subject both readable and accessible to the student of music. Volume 2, The Oratorio in the Baroque Era: Protestant Germany and England, and Volume 3, The Oratorio in the Classical Era, continue and expand the study of oratorio history. Although this series was originally announced as a three-volume study, Smither will conclude with a fourth volume. This new work--the first English-language study of the history of the oratorio will become the standard work on its subject and an enduring contribution to music and scholarship. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.


ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus uses the SaeRS two-component system to control the expression of many virulence factors such as alpha-hemolysin and coagulase; however, the molecular mechanism of this signaling has not yet been elucidated. Here, using the P1 promoter of the sae operon as a model target DNA, we demonstrated that the unphosphorylated response regulator SaeR does not bind to the P1 promoter DNA, while its C-terminal DNA binding domain alone does. The DNA binding activity of full-length SaeR could be restored by sensor kinase SaeS-induced phosphorylation. Phosphorylated SaeR is more resistant to digestion by trypsin, suggesting conformational changes. DNase I footprinting assays revealed that the SaeR protection region in the P1 promoter contains a direct repeat sequence (GTTAAN6GTTAA [where N is any nucleotide]). This sequence is critical to the binding of phosphorylated SaeR. Mutational changes in the repeat sequence greatly reduced both the in vitro binding of SaeR and the in vivo function of the P1 promoter. From these results, we concluded that SaeR recognizes the direct repeat sequence as a binding site and that binding requires phosphorylation by SaeS.


According to the National Safety Council, the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and four is unintentional injury, with almost 4,000 fatalities a year. More than 4.5 million American children are injured every year. Leading causes of unintentional childhood injury and death in Florida include falls, drowning, burns and poisoning. The following pages outline steps parents and caregivers can take to help prevent childhood injuries. Childproofing is an on-going task that increases the amount of time it takes for children to get into dangerous situations, but it is no substitute for adult supervision. Adult supervision is the most effective strategy for preventing childhood injuries.


: Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to present a concept of marginal vertical income convergence. This method allows to determine the individual contribution of the objects (countries, regions) to the observed general process of real convergence. Design/Methodology/Approach: Proposed methodology allows to avoid the limitations of the classical analysis of income convergence. To check the cross-country stability of the parameters and to assess an individual contribution to convergence process, separate regressions for all EU member states was provided. The differences between coefficients of the model based on full sample and coefficients specific for a particular country indicate this individual effect. Findings: The empirical results show that in 1993-2018 we can observe an absolute 𝛽 income convergence within the European Union, accelerated after 2008-2009's crisis period. However, the main conclusion is that the contribution to the overall process of levelling out GDP per capita within the EU was different from one member state to another. Received results confirmed that outliers removing allows to increase the quality of used models and the reliability of formulated interpretations. Practical Implications: Different values of marginal vertical income convergence are caused by differences in the dynamics of economic growth of individual countries, their different resistance to economic shocks, as well as different levels of inequality and distribution of income and wealth. Recognition of such differences is the first step in developing policies aimed at reducing discrepancies among national behaviours that could be observed as a background of a general convergence process. Originality/value: This research presents new concept of cross-sectional real convergence analysis built on the long period sample covering pre- and post-crisis time for all EU member countries. Additional contribution of the undergone study is robustness analysis that make allowances of outlier's impact.


Extensive efforts are being conducted in the area of integrating and merging together applications and systems in public administration, including healthcare. One approach against integrating applications is to introduce a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). This could be conducted by modifying the previously stand-alone systems and make them act as services or components, communicating through some sort of common services or directly interoperate. This thesis describes several standards and best practices addressing integration currently present in healthcare. Additionally, a number of business key aspects connected to Service Oriented Architectures are described and also how customers and contractors could benefit from these. By conducting an industrial case study of an integration project, standards and business aspects could be applied and used to analyze the project. Both software engineering issues and business aspects are identified, important to the study.


Abstract This article analyses the impact of the implementation of the 'Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights' (TRIPS) on various segments of the Indian pharmaceutical industry. In particular, it focuses on the conditions under which a strong patent system can create benefits for a developing country's pharmaceutical industry. The theoretical analysis suggests that the greater the technological capabilities of the Indian pharmaceutical industry the greater are its chances to benefit from the introduction of stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs). The evidence presented paints a generally positive picture of the state of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, with the existence of strong and growing technological competencies that can be used as a platform for further expansion. These conclusions are dependent on India's worldwide success in the industry and cannot be automatically applied to other developing countries, especially if their pharmaceutical industry is not strong at the moment of the transition to a stronger IPR regime.


Prototyping is the pivotal activity that structures innovation, collaboration, and creativity in design. Prototypes embody design hypotheses and enable designers to test them. Framin design as a thinking-by-doing activity foregrounds iteration as a central concern. This paper presents d.tools, a toolkit that embodies an iterative-design-centered approach to prototyping information appliances. This work offers contributions in three areas. First, d.tools introduces a statechart-based visual design tool that provides a low threshold for early-stage prototyping, extensible through code for higher-fidelity prototypes. Second, our research introduces three important types of hardware extensibility - at the hardware-to-PC interface, the intra-hardware communication level, and the circuit level. Third, d.tools integrates design, test, and analysis of information appliances. We have evaluated d.tools through three studies: a laboratory study with thirteen participants; rebuilding prototypes of existing and emerging devices; and by observing seven student teams who built prototypes with d.tools.


This new revised edition of African Civilizations re-examines the physical evidence for developing social complexity in Africa over the last six thousand years. Unlike the two previous editions, it is not confined to tropical Africa but considers the whole continent. Graham Connah focuses upon the archaeological research of two key aspects of complexity, urbanism and state formation, in ten main areas of Africa: Egypt, North Africa, Nubia, Ethiopia, the West African savanna, the West African forest, the East African coast and islands, the Zimbabwe Plateau, parts of Central Africa and South Africa. The book's main concern is to review the available evidence in its varied environmental settings, and to consider possible explanations of the developments that gave rise to it. Extensively illustrated, including new maps and plans, and offering an extended list of references, this is essential reading for students of archaeology, anthropology, African history, black studies and social geography.


Automated processing of clinical texts is commonly faced with various less exposed, and not so regularly discussed linguistically complex problems that need to be addressed. One of these issues concerns the usage of figurative language. Figurative language implies the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning, a linguistically complex and challenging problem and also a problem that causes great difficulty for the field of natural language processing (NLP). The problem is equally prevalent in both general language and also in various sublanguages, such as clinical medicine. Therefore we believe that a comprehensive model of e.g. clinical language processing needs to account for figurative language usage, and this paper provides a description, and preliminary results towards this goal. Since the empirical, clinical data used in the study is limited in size, there is no formal distinction made between different sub-classifications of figurative language. e.g., metaphors, idioms or simile. We illustrate several types of figurative expressions in the clinical discourse and apply a rather quantitative and corpus-based level analysis. The main research questions that this paper asks are whether there are traces of figurative language (or at least a subset of such types) in patient-doctor and patient-nurse interactions, how can they be found in a convenient way and whether these are transferred in the electronic health records and to what degree.


A basic approach was optimized for the synthesis of highly selective and sensitive in situ mesoporous (MCM) type imprinted silica polymers for the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA) using europium as a reporter. DPA is a ubiquitous biochemical marker available during the germination event of endospore-forming bacteria such as Bacillus. Additionally, an MCM-MIP (molecularly imprinted polymeric phenomena) detector and a companion MCM–non-surface–MIP detector were synthesized using europium reporters for the sensing of DPA under optimized laboratory conditions. Our results showed that the in situ molecular imprinting process enabled rapid, selective detection of DPA with high sensitivity compared to MCM-MIP (imprinted for DPA; no DPA present), MCM-Non-MIP (no imprint present), and MCM-SR-MIP (imprinted with DPA present) detectors. The lower detection limit observed for DPA concentration is 5.49 × 10−10 mol dm−3 for MCM-MIP. The performance of the sensor in high-salt-water conditions, under photo-bleaching, and its reusability were also evaluated. The synthesized in situ MCM-MIP material should permit the detection of DPA for field assays related to suspect bacterial sporulation events.


Magnetic and electromagnetic data collected by helicopter boom-mounted systems at three different sites permit direct comparison of the systems as to their suitability for buried ordnance detection, mapping, and discrimination. Airborne boom-mounted magnetic systems are at a more advanced stage of development than their electromagnetic counterpart. However, in basaltic terrain, transient electromagnetic systems have proved capable of detecting buried ordnance, whereas magnetic systems may fail to detect ordnance altogether.

Magnetic systems use passive sensors and these can be distributed along the boom structure such that dense data can be collected with sensors spaced 1–2 m apart over a broad swath, up to 12-m wide. The ORAGS-TEM electromagnetic system, having only two receivers, must rely on interleaved flight lines to obtain data of a spatial density approaching that of the airborne magnetic systems.

The total magnetic fields from unexploded ordnance decays at 1/R3 for total field and its gradient at 1/R4. This permits adequate signal-to-noise levels to be easily attained for larger ordnance types at survey heights up to seven meters. Active electromagnetic fields decay at between1/R4 and 1/R6, depending on ordnance type and sensor geometry, and this constrains current electromagnetic systems to practical survey altitudes of less than three meters. Tests at the Badlands Bombing Range indicate that, in some circumstances, the signal-to-noise for the airborne electromagnetic system exceeds that of airborne magnetic systems, and even ground electromagnetic systems. Because time must be allowed for transmitter current buildup and decay, ORAGS-TEM is not capable of sampling along line at the same spatial density as can magnetic systems. However, the temporal signal decay permits greater opportunity for ordnance discrimination than magnetic measurements.


The graded readers series of original fiction, adapted fiction and factbooks especially written for teenagers. Vinnie doesn't live a typical teenage life. His dad works away from home and his mother needs a lot of help, so he can't see his friends after school or at weekends. Then Vinnie sees a competition - a chance for his family to take a break. But the competition changes Vinnie's life more than he could ever expect. This paperback is in American English. Audio recordings of the text are available on our website at: www.cambridge.org/elt/discoveryreaders/ame Cambridge Experience Readers, previously called Cambridge Discovery Readers, get your students hooked on reading.


Abstract. We have used a 2-D axisymmetric, non-hydrostatic, bin-resolved cloud model to examine the impact of aerosol changes on the development of mixed-phase convective clouds. We have simulated convective clouds from four different sites (three continental and one tropical marine) with a wide range of realistic aerosol loadings and initial thermodynamic conditions (a total of 93 different clouds). It is found that the accumulated precipitation responds very differently to changing aerosol in the marine and continental environments. For the continental clouds, the scaled total precipitation reaches a maximum for aerosol that produce drop numbers at cloud base between 180–430 cm −3 when other conditions are the same. In contrast, all the tropical marine clouds show an increase in accumulated precipitation and deeper convection with increasing aerosol loading. For continental clouds, drops are rapidly depleted by ice particles shortly after the onset of precipitation. The precipitation is dominantly produced by melting ice particles. The riming rate increases with aerosol when the loading is very low, and decreases when the loading is high. Peak precipitation intensities tend to increase with aerosol up to drop concentrations (at cloud base) of ~500 cm −3 then decrease with further aerosol increases. This behaviour is caused by the initial transition from warm to mixed-phase rain followed by reduced efficiency of mixed-phase rain at very high drop concentrations. The response of tropical marine clouds to increasing aerosol is different to, and larger than, that of continental clouds. In the more humid tropical marine environment with low cloud bases we find that accumulated precipitation increases with increasing aerosol. The increase is driven by the transition from warm to mixed-phase rain. Our study suggests that the response of deep convective clouds to aerosol will be an important contribution to the spatial and temporal variability in cloud microphysics and precipitation.


Pre-trained models have demonstrated their effectiveness in many downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The availability of multilingual pre-trained models enables zero-shot transfer of NLP tasks from high resource languages to low resource ones. However, recent research in improving pre-trained models focuses heavily on English. While it is possible to train the latest neural architectures for other languages from scratch, it is undesirable due to the required amount of compute. In this work, we tackle the problem of transferring an existing pre-trained model from English to other languages under a limited computational budget. With a single GPU, our approach can obtain a foreign BERT base model within a day and a foreign BERT large within two days. Furthermore, evaluating our models on six languages, we demonstrate that our models are better than multilingual BERT on two zero-shot tasks: natural language inference and dependency parsing.


Question: How do genetic and environmental factors influence alcohol dependence in women?

People: 13 595 female twins and 10 524 male twins aged 20–47 years, born in Sweden between 1959 and 1985. The study included monozygotic and same- and opposite-sex dizygotic twins, who were taking part in the Study of Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE). Participants were identified using the Swedish Twin Registry.

Setting: Sweden; 2005.

Risk factors: Genetic and environmental factors; gender; and childhood trauma (measured using the self-completed Life Stressor Checklist, LSC-R). A basic twin model was used to quantify genetic and environmental effects. Heritability (genetic effects) was compared in male and females. Childhood trauma was assessed in both sexes, but were analyzed and reported on in women.

Outcomes: Lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence, established using a standardised, computer-assisted Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Alcohol dependence was classified as late onset (type I) or early onset (type II) alcohol dependence, based on the revised Cloninger-Bohman criteria. …


Fertilizing field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2014–2015. Spring rape and spring barley with under-crop, perennial grass in the 1st year of use, and winter wheat were grown in four-field crop rotation. The experiment aim was to evaluate the influence of fertilizer on spring barley and on oilseed rape applying bioorganic nanofertilizers (BNF) and N 60 P 60 K 70 . The spring barley breed ' Luokė ' and the oilseed rape ' Sponsor ' were grown for the experiment. The research showed that N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF had a positive effect on the yield of spring barley ' Luokė ' and of oilseed rape ' Sponsor '. The spring barley grain yield increased from 6.8 to 16.3% and the oilseed rape seed yield increased from 8.1 to 23.3% compared to the control. The best yields were obtained fertilizing with N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF rate 1.0 l ha –1 and spraying twice. Fertilization with N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF 1.0 l ha –1 sprayed twice increased the crude protein content in grains by 0.51%. Fertilization with N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF solutions significantly increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw and improved the grain quality, positively influenced 1 000 grain weight, sprouting energy and germination. Application of N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF for barley is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared to other options, 158.10 € ha –1 . The premium yield of spring rape, sprayed with BNF 1.0 l ha –1 solution twice, was higher by 89.92 € ha –1 than that of the oilseed rape sprayed once. Application of N 60 P 60 K 70 and BNF on oilseed rape is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared with other options, 172.90 € ha –1 .


Variability in penetration, development, and reproduction of two resistance-breaking field pathotypes (pt.) of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and a population of mixed Meloidogyne spp. virulent to grape hosts were compared on two resistant Vitis rootstocks 'Freedom' and 'Harmony' in separate tests. 'Cabernet Sauvignon' was included as a susceptible host to all four nematode populations. Secondstage juveniles (J2) of the mixed population failed to penetrate Freedom roots. By contrast, 6% of J2 in the M. incognita population penetrated Freedom roots but did not develop beyond the swollen J2 stage. The two resistance-breaking populations of M. arenaria differed in their virulence except on susceptible roots of Cabernet Sauvignon. More J2 of M. arenaria pt. Freedom penetrated Freedom roots and reached adult stage than did M. arenaria pt. Harmony. Later life stages of M. arenaria pt. Freedom occurred earlier and in greater numbers in Harmony roots than did M. arenaria pt. Harmony. Reproduction of M. arenaria pt. Freedom was greater in Freedom and Harmony roots than M. arenaria pt. Harmony. Thus, one population of M. arenaria is highly virulent and the other is moderately virulent.


Generation of ∼2200 Sanger sequence reads or ∼10,000 454 reads for seven Striga Lour. DNA samples (five species) allowed identification of the highly repetitive DNA content in these genomes. The 14 most abundant repeats in these Striga species were identified and partially assembled. Annotation indicated that they represent nine long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon families, three tandem satellite repeats, one long interspersed element (LINE) retroelement, and one DNA transposon. All of these repeats are most closely related to repetitive elements in other closely related plants and are not products of horizontal transfer from their host species. These repeats were differentially abundant in each species, with the LTR retrotransposons and satellite repeats most responsible for variation in genome size. Each species had some repetitive elements that were more abundant and some less abundant than the other Striga species examined, indicating that no single element or any unilateral growth or decrease trend in genome behavior was responsible for variation in genome size and composition. Genome sizes were determined by flow sorting, and the values of 615 Mb [S. asiatica (L.) Kuntze], 1330 Mb [S. gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke], 1425 Mb [S. hermonthica (Delile) Benth.] and 2460 Mb (S. forbesii Benth.) suggest a ploidy series, a prediction supported by repetitive DNA sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis using six chloroplast loci indicated the ancestral relationships of the five most agriculturally important Striga species, with the unexpected result that the one parasite of dicotyledonous plants (S. gesnerioides) was found to be more closely related to some of the grass parasites than many of the grass parasites are to each other.


AMERICA RIGHT OR WRONG An Anatomy of American Nationalism Anatol lieven New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. xiv, 274pp, $45.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-516840-2)"Over the past fifty years," writes Anatol lieven in the preface to this important and controversial book, "the United States has stumbled into one disastrously misconceived intervention after another, both large (Vietnam, Iraq) and small (Lebanon, Somalia). It is time that more Americans begin to ask themselves just what is wrong with their bloody system " (x). The question of what is wrong with America has of course been asked before, classically by such foreign observers as Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and at home by a long train of critics and dissenters, from Puritan divines to Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, Senator J. William Fulbright, and their presentday successors. lieven-a British journalist now resident in Washington who has written on east European nationalism-finds what is wrong with the American system to be its nationalism, or, more precisely, "the demons of American radical nationalism" (217).Part polemic, part political sociology, and part comparative history, America Right or Wrong is the product of a particular time and place: the period of great fear, war fever, and intellectual paralysis in George W. Bush's Washington during the two years or so immediately following destruction of the World Trade Center in September 2001. In his attempt to explain the malfunctioning of the US system, lieven argues that the ugly underside of American nationalism, with its social sources in the embittered white middle class, the "cracker" south and frontier-minded west, and in the aggressive religiosity of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, came to the fore in the nation's capital in newly respectable form in that time of perceived national emergency. This radical nationalism intimidated and silenced all potential centres of political opposition and dangerously threatened the secular Enlightenment ideals enshrined in the founding documents of the American republic. "America keeps a splendid and welcoming house," lieven observes, but it "also keeps a family of demons in its cellar" (i).The sudden political ascendancy in Washington of this bush-league American nationalism, which is fundamentally different from the mild, civic nationalism of the almost universally admired American creed, lieven continues, brought out the worst instincts of Washington's lingering Cold War-era policy elites to produce a vengeful, bullying foreign policy comparable to that of the Kaiser's Germany of 1914. Inevitably, this American militarism resulted in the estrangement of the United States from the international community. The problem was exacerbated, particularly in the Islamic world, by an unholy alliance that developed between radical American nationalism, with its roots in evangelical religion, and radical Israeli nationalism, with its roots in Israeli fundamentalist religion-and its characteristic intransigence on the question of Palestine.Read closely-and America Right or Wrong is a book that demands and richly repays close reading-the book's thesis is itself both partly right and partly wrong. lieven's overall argument about the nationalist tendencies of the Bush-era Republicans, whom the author refers to repeatedly as "the American Nationalist Party," is, of course, unexceptionable. But his research into that party's current religio-political and regional base serves merely to confirm the conventional wisdom among political observers. …


PERSONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEARNING ABOUT PERSONALITY IN EVERYDAY LIFE by Jayne L. Allen University of New Hampshire, May, 2017 As we encounter other people, we form impressions of and judgments about them. Based on these evaluations, we choose whether we want to interact any further, and if we do, what type of relationship we want to have. Although such choices can have far-reaching consequences, we typically base them on tacit knowledge. Our abilities to reason about our own and others' personalities—abilities theorized to be part of a personal intelligence (Mayer, 2008)—determine in part the relationship outcomes we experience. The existence of such an intelligence implies that people have a "database" they consult when making personality-relevant decisions. This raises the question: Can people readily recall events in which they learned about someone else's personality? In three studies, I show that most college students described an episode that taught them about positive and negative personality characteristics. The perceived costs and benefits associated with the target predicted whether the relationship strengthened or weakened after learning took place (Studies 2 and 3). Moreover, independent trained judges detected differences in sophistication significantly related to abilitybased personal intelligence (Study 3). These findings suggest that people, with varying nuance, note personality information that they perceive as making another person a suitable or useful social companion. People also infer life lessons from their everyday "personality education."