Herein, in the context of third version of nonextensive statistical mechanics, a theory that generalizes the Boltzmann- Gibbs-Shannon's statistics, we display a solution for an anomaly found by calculating the internal energy for a composite A + B, of 2 spines 1/2, with additive Hamiltonian H = HA + HB. Specifically, the calculations of the internal energy in the full Hilbert space is different from the calculations done in the Hilbert subspaces, in other words, Utotal is different to UA + UB. We carry out analytical calculations. The results exactly indicate that the alternative method of matrices EA and EB is suitable for the calculations of the internal energy. Consequently, the matrix that holds the physical information of the system is ρ q . c


A morphological study was conducted on ternary systems containing epoxy, PMMA-grafted natural rubber, and organic chemically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B). Optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis were used. The following four materials were prepared at room temperature: cured unmodified epoxy, cured toughened epoxy, cured unmodified epoxy/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites, and cured toughened epoxy/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites. Mixing process was performed by mechanical stirring. Poly (etheramine) was used as the curing agent. The detailed TEM images revealed co-continuous and dispersed spherical rubber in the epoxy-rubber blend, suggesting a new proposed mechanism of phase separation. Highmagnification TEM analysis showed good interactions between rubber and Cloisite 30B in the ternary system. Also, it was found that rubber particles could enhance the separation of silicates layers. Both XRD and TEM analyses confirmed that the intercalation of Cloisite 30B was achieved. No distinct exfoliated silicates were observed by TEM. Aggregates of layered silicates (tactoids) were observed by SEM and EDX, in addition to TEM at low magnification. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of organic and inorganic elements in the binary and ternary epoxy systems containing Cloisite 30B.


Representations of sets are challenging to learn because operations on sets should be permutation-invariant. To this end, we propose a Permutation-Optimisation module that learns how to permute a set end-to-end. The permuted set can be further processed to learn a permutation-invariant representation of that set, avoiding a bottleneck in traditional set models. We demonstrate our model's ability to learn permutations and set representations with either explicit or implicit supervision on four datasets, on which we achieve state-of-the-art results: number sorting, image mosaics, classification from image mosaics, and visual question answering.


In no aspect of his presidency has Trump acted more immorally and done more damage to the rule of law and constitutional norms than in his exercise of the pardon power. He has granted only five pardons, far fewer than any modern president at a comparable stage. And the immediate practical consequences of these pardons have been modest relative to the havoc he has wreaked with other endeavors — for example, his all-out assault on federal law enforcement institutions. But his pardons violate core principles of justice and appear designed to settle scores with enemies and to encourage allies to resist cooperation with the Mueller investigation. At times, Trump appears almost gleeful about using the pardon power in a manner directly contrary to its purpose.
Three of his pardons — the recent surprise grant to conservative political commentator Dinesh D'Souza; the April grant to Scooter Libby, former adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney; and the pardon of Sheriff Joe Arpaio last August — involve grave abuses of presidential power. Each of these pardons was a debasement of the pardon power and an egregious affront to constitutional norms and the rule of law.


Axisymmetric direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to study the formation criterion and evolution of zero-net-mass-flux synthetic jets. Jet formation is characterised by an oscillating streamwise jet centreline velocity, showing net momentum flux away from the orifice. This momentum flux away from the orifice takes the form of a series of vortical structures, often referred to as a vortex train. Simulation of the jet actuator consists of a modified oscillating velocity profile applied to a wall boundary. The jet issues into quiescent air, and the Reynolds numbers used vary from 85 < Re < 1000. Variations to the input simulation parameters are carried out in order to determine the overall effects on the flow field. From these results the conditions necessary for the formation of the synthetic jet along with the input parameters that provide an optimal jet output are deduced. Jet optimisation is defined by both the vortical strength and longevity of the vortex train as it travels downstream. This study examines the vortical structures, the jet centreline velocities along with other flow characteristics in order to deduce and visualise the effects of the input parameters on the jet performance. The results attained on altering the oscillation frequency of the jet actuator indicated that synthetic jets with zero mean velocity at the inflow behave significantly differently from jets with non-zero mean velocity at the inflow. An evolution study into the formation of the train of vortical structures associated with the formation of a synthetic jet is performed. This study is accompanied with a time history of the jet centreline velocity, showing the net momentum flux of the fluid away from the orifice of a fully developed synthetic jet. Further details on the jet centreline velocity for all cases are also presented; along with a study on the effect on the vortical structures of altering the Reynolds number of the flow.


In the last several years, commentators have expressed serious concerns with the state of the law governing awards of reasonable royalties as damages in patent infringement cases. Given these concerns, the proper assessment of royalties has been a recent, frequent topic for debate among economists and legal scholars. At the same time, all three branches of the federal government have studied ways to improve the law governing reasonable royalties. In this Article, I reframe the ongoing debate by identifying and exploring two basic paradigms for calculating reasonable royalties: valuing patent rights and valuing patented technology. The traditional paradigm, valuing patent rights, reflects a tort law make-whole conception of compensatory damages. Notably, however, the alternative paradigm, valuing patented technology, in various respects explains the course of the common law governing the method for calculating reasonable royalties, comports with the public policies identified by courts as guiding the award of reasonable royalties, and, moreover, if fully adopted may have significant benefits. I therefore consider several reforms that would tie the law governing reasonable royalty determinations even closer to the value of patented technology, and I highlight several open questions related to full adoption of this alternative paradigm.


In 1833 a group of Mexican-born Franciscans from the College of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zacatecas was sent to Alta California to replace their Spanish confreres in several of the northern missions. The Franciscan priests were not prepared, however, for the situation they would encounter as a result of mission secularization. With missions in decay and stripped of both their resources and their native inhabitants, these priests eventually found themselves marginalized in a society in which their Spanish predecessors had been protagonists. The political changes of the 1840s, from local insurrections against Mexican authorities and inter-Californio rivalries to the difficulties of U.S. military occupation, forced a shift in identity among some of these friars. No longer missionaries, they had to adapt to a hand-to-mouth existence and the lifestyle of an itinerant pastor, while seeking wherever possible to advocate for Native rights. Beginning with H. H. Bancroft, California historians often portrayed the priests9 unorthodox lifestyles as the result of corruption and ignorance. A closer look at the life of one of these friars, Jose Maria Suarez del Real, helps contextualize their choices within the trying circumstances of years of upheaval and uncertainty.


Genetic variation within the heterothallic cosmopolitan plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae was determined in 96 isolates from a wide range of hosts and geographic locations by characterizing four mitochondrial (10% of the genome) and three nuclear loci. In all, 52 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (an average of 1 every 58 bp) and 313 sites with gaps representing 5,450 bases enabled the identification of 50 different multilocus mitochondrial haplotypes. Similarly, 24 SNPs (an average of 1 every 69 bp), with heterozygosity observed at each locus, were observed in three nuclear regions (hyp, scp, and β-tub) differentiating 40 multilocus nuclear genotypes. Both mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed a high level of dispersal of isolates and an inconsistent geographic structuring of populations. However, a specific association was observed for host of origin and genetic grouping with both nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. In particular, the majority of citrus isolates from Italy, California, Florida, Syria, Albania, and the Philippines clustered in the same mitochondrial group and shared at least one nuclear allele. A similar association was also observed for isolates recovered from Nicotiana and Solanum spp. The present study suggests an important role of nursery populations in increasing genetic recombination within the species and the existence of extensive phenomena of migration of isolates that have been likely spread worldwide with infected plant material.


To provide a seamless integration of manufacturing processing simulation and fiber microstructure modeling, two new stochastic 3D microstructure reconstruction methods are proposed for two types of random fiber composites: random short fiber composites, and Sheet Molding Compounds (SMC) chopped fiber composites. A Random Sequential Adsorption (RSA) algorithm is first developed to embed statistical orientation information into 3D RVE reconstruction of random short fiber composites. For the SMC composites, an optimized Voronoi diagram based approach is developed for capturing the substructure features of SMC chopped fiber composites. The proposed methods are distinguished from other reconstruction works by providing a way of integrating statistical information (fiber orientation tensor) obtained from material processing simulation, as well as capturing the multiscale substructures of the SMC composites.


In November 2005 the 'Question of Antarctica' was taken up yet again by the UN First Committee. Following formal placement upon its agenda in 1983 by the Malaysian government, the UN has discussed the topic regularly, initially annually, then biennially, but more recently upon a triennial basis. As usual, in 2005 UN members were guided by a lengthy report produced for the United Nations Secretary General (UNSG) by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in order to outline recent developments affecting Antarctica and the Antarctic Treaty system (ATS). In November 2005 the UN First Committee, acting upon proposed amendments advanced by the Malaysian delegation, agreed to a major change of course. Thus, resolution L60, adopted by the committee without a vote, stipulated that the UN, though remaining 'seized' of the 'Question of Antarctica', would not place the topic upon the agenda of the 63rd. session in 2008. Nor would the UNSG be required, henceforth, to produce a report on Antarctica for members. In December 2005, the UN General Assembly adopted draft resolution L60 as resolution 60/47, once again without a vote. As a result, for the first time since 1983, the UN is no longer scheduled to return to the 'Question of Antarctica'. Meanwhile, the episode has raised interesting questions about future developments: the UN's role, if any, in the 'Question of Antarctica', the direction of Malaysian policy towards the ATS, including membership thereof; the continued ability of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties (ATCPs) to manage Antarctica in a democratic, transparent and accountable manner without attracting criticism from the broader international community; and the relevance of the common heritage principle to the Antarctic region.


Vasicentric tracheids are defined as tracheids present adjacent to vessels in a wood which also possesses libriform fibers or fiber-tracheids as imperforate tracheary elements. Vasculartracheids would correspond with this definition, but are defined as occurring only in latewood, whereas vasicentric tracheids occur throughout a growth ring or in wood of a diffuse-porous species. V asicentric tracheids offer a subsidiary conducting system which can supply stems and leaves when the vessels to which vasicentric tracheids are adjacent fail because of air embolisms. True tracheids (present as the sole imperforate tracheary element type in the woods in which they occur) have much the same physiological effect, maximizing potential safety in conduction. Vasicentric tracheids, vascular tracheids, and true tracheids are alike in being imperforate tracheary elements bearing relatively large bordered pits approximately like those on lateral walls of vessels in density. Libriform fibers or fiber-tracheids also occur in woods in which vasicentric tracheids or vascular tracheids are present. Vascular tracheids, by virtue of occurrence only at the end of a growth ring (where they grade into narrow vessel elements), maintain water columns in stems, which thereby persist through dry seasons, but may not adequately supply leaves, which may wilt as drought progresses. Vasicentric tracheids, by safeguarding the conduction of all parts of a growth ring, seem related to the evergreen habit which many shrubs possessing vasicentric tracheids have. Phylads with true tracheids are relatively few in dicotyledons, and only a small part ofthese groups have evidently succeeded in adapting to dry climates. The numerous phylads which instead have libriform fibers or fiber-tracheids have developed comparable safety by evolving vasicentric tracheids. Therefore genera with vasicentric tracheids bulk large in the floras of areas in which evergreen drought-tolerant shrubs are adaptive, the Mediterranean-type areas of the world. In southern California, 26 families (17 reported for the first time) have vasicentric tracheids; notable genera include Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Prunus, Quercus, and Salvia. Desert shrubs have vasicentric tracheids to a somewhat lesser degree. Other Mediterranean-type areas are surveyed for both vasicentric tracheids and true tracheids. The regions so analyzed are central Chile, southern Australia, the lands adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, and southern Mrica. Genera in these areas with vasicentric tracheids include Banksia, Carissa, Eucalyptus, Grevil/ea, Hakea, Protea, Quercus, Rosmarinus, etc. New Zealand and Japan are wetter and have fewer genera with vasicentric tracheids but more with true tracheids. Many drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs have vasicentric tracheids. A new listing of families and genera with vasicentric tracheids is provided for the world flora, with new reports documented and pertinent literature cited. This new listing includes 68 families (33 newly reported in this paper), which represents a considerable advance on the 32 families listed by Metcalfe and Chalk in their compendia of 1950 and 1983, and includes some large and diverse families for the first time (e.g., Ericaceae, Pittosporaceae, Rosaceae). The lack of reports on occurrence of vasicentric tracheids may in part relate to difficulty in identifying these cells; suggestions for analysis are given.


Reperfusion injury is a major complication associated with the restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic myocardium. The deleterious effects associated with reperfusion injury result from several complex pathologic mechanisms. The complexity of these mechanisms makes development of treatment protocols difficult. The purpose of this article is to review the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury and currently indicated therapies. Implications for advanced practice nursing and areas for further research are presented.


College students, even of the same religious preference, attend church functions with varying degrees o£ frequency. What factors influence the rate of attendance among students? This study investigated the relationship between reported church attendance and personality and achievement variables in a group of college juniors and seniors in a state university in the South. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences between students who reported attendance at church functions either (a) 7 or more times per month (High Attenders), (b) 2 through b times per month (Attenders), or (c) 1 or 0 times per month (Low Attenders) on grade-point standings and scores on the MMP1, Study of Values (SV), and the Form T Inventory of Beliefs. 49 students, both male and female, were included in the final study. Findings were accepted as significant at p < .05 following analysis of the separate variables both between the three groups and between sexes using the analysis of variance technique. Differences between the sexes were found on the Mf scale of the MMPIt as would be expected, and the Si scale of the same instrument. This difference on the Si scale revealed that females were more reserved in unfamiliar social situations than were males. No differences were found between the three groups in respect to grade-point standings, scores on the Form T Inventory of Beliefs, or the scales on the MMPI. Significant differences were found to exist between the groups on three scales of the SV. Low Attenders scored higher on the economic scale than did either of the other groups while the group mean scores on the theoretical scale varied inversely with the amount of reported church attendance. Scores on the religious scale were in direct correspondence to the number of times of church attendance, i.e. High Attenders scoring highest and Low Attenders scoring lowest on this scale. Sex and values as measured by the SV emerge from this study as the major variables affecting the rate of church attendance. Several factors suggest that differences between the 3 groups might have been found on other variables as well, if the groups had been compared within only one sex.


Considerable research activities in vibration and seismic analysis for various fluid-structure systems have been carried out in the past two decades. Most of the approaches are formulated within the framework of finite elements, and the majority of work deals with inviscid fluids. However, there has been little work done in the area of fluid-structure interaction problems accounting for flow separation and nonlinear phenomenon of steady streaming. In this paper, the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) finite element method is extended to address the flow separation and nonlinear phenomenon of steady streaming for arbitrarily shaped bodies undergoing large periodic motion in a viscous fluid. The results are designed to evaluate the fluid force acting on the body; thus, the coupled rigid body-viscous flow problem can be simplified to a standard structural problem using the concept of added mass and added damping. Formulas for these two constants are given for the particular case of a cylinder immersed in an infinite viscous fluid. The finite element modeling is based on a pressure-velocity mixed formulation and a streamline upwind Petrov/Galerkin technique. All computations are performed using a personal computer.


A block of ductile Iron of known composition was procured and samples for various testing were cut out from that block. Tensile test specimens were machined from the block according to the ASTM E8 (Flat sub-size specimen) standard. From a set of nine specimens, three were kept untreated whereas the other six specimens were annealed isothermally following different cooling rates. All the six specimens were heated isothermally to 1000°C and held there for 90 minutes. Out of the six, three specimens were first cooled to 700°C immediately after 90 minutes and held there for 330 minutes and followed by cooling to room temperature. The rest three were immediately cooled after 90 minutes to room temperature. All the six specimens were cooled inside the furnace. Tensile test was performed at room temperature using INSTRON 1195 UTM at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. After completion of tensile test the broken specimens were cut down to small pieces to study the fracture surface. Hardness values were recorded from Vickers hardness tester by application of 20Kg load at room temperature. X-ray diffraction technique was employed for phase analysis with Philips PANalytica x-ray diffractometer. Graphs were plotted comparing yield strength, elongation and hardness values for the "as-cast" and both the annealed samples.


Research suggests that as an important component of language, FL learners" writing skill can be greatly enhanced by teachers" comments particularly in the form of written feedback on students" written products. This research was carried out to examine how effect is teachers" feedback on writing error correction in EFL context. It seeks to identify the differences between two kinds of written feedback (coded and uncoded feedback) and students" perception towards written feedback provided by their teacher. The research applied both qualitative and quantitative approaches employed on ten Libyan third year students. Data collection involved two writing essays, administration of questionnaire for students and interviews with four students. The findings of the research showed that students improved on their essay writing by committing lesser errors after receiving written feedback from their teacher on the submitted essays, but the coded group recorded more improvement in correcting the errors than the uncoded group. Further findings from the questionnaire and interviews revealed that the entire participants (four students) had a positive perception towards giving and receiving feedback. The study suggested that effective approaches on how to give suitable written feedback on students" written essays should be considered by EFL teachers in classroom.


It is believed that the multi dimensional dilemma has been prevailing in the country for the last two decades in the field of economy, social development and politics which have caused scary reactions in the society in general and to youth in particular. As a result, a pro-social behavior in the society is hardly witnessed. This paper investigates the pro-social behavior of society in terms of age and gender with an objective evaluation of the present scenario. Findings confirmed that elderly people are more pro-social as compared to younger ones while females are more inclined towards helping behavior as compared to males.


More than two billion people inhabit global drylands where animal husbandry is the most important source of income for pastoral livelihoods. Consequences of
climate and land use change accompanied by human population growth cause an
accelerating degradation of natural resources. These trends endanger sustainable
range management for livestock and consequentially pastoral livelihood security.
Drylands are characterized by low and spatio-temporally variable precipitation.
It follows, that sustainable range management is dependent on adaptive mobility
to make use of the highly variable availability of forage resources. Intensive
research on such strategies is mainly focused either on ecological or economic aspects
of sustainable resource use. However, the feedbacks between the natural
and the social system are currently not well understood so far. It is still an open
question how the diverse set of drivers interacts and translates into vulnerability
for pastoral livelihoods.
We aim to analyze the consequences of climate and land use change on pastoral
livelihood security. This is exemplified by a case study on nomadic herdsmen in
the High Atlas Mountains of Southern Morocco. The challenge is to evaluate diverse
aspects of pastoralism and their combined impact on pastoral households.
To achieve this goal, we develop an ecological-economic simulation model on spatially
heterogeneous rangelands. The resulting herd size dynamics are then evaluated
by means of an innovative risk assessment, to identify the constraints under
which income for households is not sufficient anymore in three different model
applications.
First, consequences of projected climate change for drylands are investigated
in terms of increased precipitation variability and decreased mean annual precipitation.
Interestingly, increasing precipitation variability has a smaller effect on
the sustenance of the herd size than for example a decreased mobility. Especially
the negative effects of extremely high precipitation variability were not confirmed
by this study. This can be partly explained by the traits of perennial vegetation.
Mediterranean shrubs are able to conserve reserves that buffer effects of variable
precipitation and production of forage. But even more important is the adaptive
strategy of mobile and frequently destocked herds, which allows sufficient pasture
resting and thereby a sufficient performance of vegetation and herd size.
The second model application tests the effect of drought events on pastoral
livelihood security. Surprisingly, meteorological droughts are only in rare cases
the single cause for the vulnerability of pastoral households since several effects
overlap. This is proved by a hypothetical reference simulation under constant
precipitation, where a considerably high variation of vegetation and herd size can
be observed. This is evidence for a tightly coupled vegetation-herbivore system
which already poses a challenge for pastoral livelihoods. The innovative characterization
of diverse socio-economic household types reveals the major influence
of socio-economic factors compared to single drought events on the livelihood of
mobile pastoralists.
The third model application uses a newly developed operationalization of the
concept of key resources to evaluate the relative importance of different pasture
types for local herds in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. These pastures are
characterized by specific vegetation traits due to the climatic gradient and different
tenure regimes. Particularly, the communal winter pastures can be identified
as essential for the long term sustenance of livestock. Besides vegetation production,
the ability to conserve reserves plays an important role. This applied example
helps to review and refine the concept of key resources.
The different applications of our newly developed model help to find options
and constraints of sustainable range management related to the combined effect
of natural and socio-economic impacts. Model analyses enable us to compare climate
and socio-economic change in their consequences on pastoral livelihood security.
Notably, it seems that climate change affects adaptive herd management
less then previously expected. This underlines the importance of typical traits of
adaptive pastoralism for sustainable resource use. A major risk for livelihoods
is posed by socio-economic change such as increasing income needs or reduced
mobility resulting from land use change. This could partly be compensated by increasingly
diversified income from non-pastoral activities but it remains an open
question how effective this strategy is in the long-term.
The general principles of sustainable range management can be further demonstrated
by the development of a strategic board game. In it, three to five players
take the role of nomadic herdsmen to raise their herd of sheep. During the game,
players can experience typical events in the environment of pastoral households
and are confronted with complex decisions. The board game supports the communication
and education about various aspects of sustainable range management,
such as mobility and resting times for pastures. Beyond that, it facilitates learning
about natural resource use and livelihood security in a broadly understandable
way.
Finally, the problem-oriented modelling approach of this work contributes to
the integration of natural and social sciences in research on range management
in drylands. The interdisciplinary perspective supports mutual understanding on
principles of sustainable land use which could be transfered to wider regions.


The thesis is an edition of selections from Sadavasyaka vriti of Tarunaprabha. Tarunaprabha composed this Gujrati commentary in 1411 V.S. (1355 A.D.) at Patan. The earliest available ms. is written in 1412 V.S. and comes from Bikaner. In addition to this, I have used three other mss. from the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Bh, not dated), the Limbdi (L. 1419 V.S.),and the Patan (P. 1508 V.S.) collection; The earliest specimens of the Gujrati language date from 1330 V.S. There are four fragmentary prose pieces (in all, less than 200 lines) from 1330 to 1369 V.S.,while this work is a detailed document containing popular narratives, written in 1411 V.S. This work is, not only the earliest detailed document of Gujrati, but one of the earliest in the New Indo-Aryan languages. The whole commentary is a large work of 308 folios, so I have edited narratives from it, omitting the Old Gujrati translation of the original Prakrit sadavasyaka and discussions about the ritual. These thirty popular stories are the nearest approximation to the then spoken Gujrati of the common man. The selections form more than one-third of the whole work. It is an important phenomenon that our best ms. is written just one year after the composition of the text. At the same time, the other two, the BORI and the Limbdi mss. are written between 1411-1419 V.S.; thus, of the four mss. available three are written during the first ten years succeeding the composition of the text, evidence which cannot be disregarded. in the restoration of the text. So I have edited the text eclectically. By presenting the internal evidence I have been able to show the probable course of text-transmission,which has helped me to judge the authenticity of various readings, and to fix the date of the BORI ms. The difficulties of editing a 'bhasa' text where the scribes do not trouble much about minor alterations are well known; but at the same time, these scribal variations in different mss. present material through which we get glimpses of the dialectal tendencies of Early Gujrati. In the treatment of the orthography I have analysed these scribal variations which have enabled me to present the text in a method hitherto unknown in Gujrati text-editing. The work is divided into three main parts: 1. Introduction; deals with the orthography and contains a grammatical analysis of the language of the text. 2. Text: contains thirty narratives from the mss. with complete collations of B, Bh, and P and partial collations of L. 3. Index ; contains a vocabulary of Gujrati words, omitting the Sk. and the Pk. loanwords,found in the text together with the Sk. equivalents explaining their etymology. The appendix contains the colophons, which give the date of the composition and the writing of the text, and the genealogical of the author and the patron of the scribe of the B.


[1] The sensitivity of Vatnajokull ice cap, Iceland, to perturbations in equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is analyzed by performing a series of model experiments using a shallow ice approximation (SIA) flow model. For this purpose a simple but realistic parameterization for the mass balance is used that accurately simulates the observed variability in surface mass balance over a period of nine years. We find that because of feedback between mass balance and altitude the ice cap either grows without bounds or settles to steady states depending on whether ELA is larger or smaller than a critical value ELAcrit. The largest modeled steady state is 60% of the current volume of the ice cap. The ice cap, as modeled, is therefore currently not close to a possible stable steady state. Past climate history and spatial and temporal variations in basal condition, such as surges, can be expected to have an influence on the ice cap and have to be taken into account when modeling the response of the ice cap to future climate change scenarios. For the neighboring ice cap, Hofsjokull, the relationship between ELA and volume is, in contrast, found to be simple, and Hofsjokull is close to a stable steady state with respect to the current climatic conditions. Introducing surges, which is not done here, will likely change the details of the ELA-volume relationship of Vatnajokull, presumably by making the relationship between volume and ELA more complex, and possibly less sensitive, as a further nonlinear feature is added to the model.


Objective The study aims to demonstrate the reproducibility and feasibility of creating a hemilaryngeal model with a medialized vocal fold (VF) using 3-dimensional (3D) modeling techniques in both healthy larynges and those affected by cancer. Study Design Three-dimensional modeling of human larynges. Setting Tertiary academic referral center and regenerative medicine laboratory. Subjects and Methods Computed tomography (CT) scans from 10 healthy control and 10 patients with laryngeal cancer were segmented and imported into 3D modeling software. The larynx was cut sagittally to create a hemilaryngeal model and the vocal fold medialized. Measurements were taken from the CT and 3D model data and compared. Results All control modeling data closely matched the CT data and were not statistically different from each other. There was a significant correlation between subglottic anteroposterior diameter and VF length (r2 = 0.78, P = .0008), and it may be a valuable tool to infer true VF dimension in cases where disruption has occurred. The modeling data from patients with cancer did not show statistical difference to the control data, showing that accurate modeling can also be achieved in patients with laryngeal cancer. Conclusion CT scan-based 3D modeling of the larynx and VF is possible and reproducible. The results closely match those previously reported in the literature and can also be replicated in cases with laryngeal cancer. This study paves the way for future de novo fabricated laryngeal scaffolds that can be synthesized using 3D printers and tailored to meet surgical demands.


Simulated patients (SPs), are widely used in communication skills teaching and testing worldwide. However, little research has been undertaken regarding the linguistic structure of the simulated consultation between students and SPs. Mixed method analysis (Conversation Analysis, Discourse Analysis and statistical analysis)of 100 transcribed assessed conversations between SPs and students were analysed for linguistic markers of conversational control, namely: talking more, interrupting more, asking questions, controlling the topic development, opening and closing the conversation. Results showed that the SP rather than the student seems to have conversational control over the conversation, except in the opening of the consultation. Qualitative analysis shows that this dominance is functional, as students have little knowledge and experience. The SP directs the conversation in order to give the student opportunities to show their skills. The SP and student seem not only to follow the rules of the 'language game of medicine' but also the rules of the 'language game of education', which suggests that the language of simulated consultations should be seen as a different genre, rather than a mirror of reality. These findings raise questions about role-play in medical education, devising scenarios, communication skills assessments, and the training of SPs.


The art of the Victorian poet-painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti developed along the boundaries between distinct cultures and artistic systems. His work is marked by a perpetual dialogue between different semiotics, which should be taken into account in order to fully appreciate the dual aesthetics of his works of art. Crucial to illuminate Rossetti's double work are also the works of Walter Pater, especially his introduction to the "School of Giorgione".


The past few decades have introduced us to the Digital Natives, a generation born in the 1980s, who have been familiar with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the myriads of ICT products since the day they were born. The last decade has also made us familiar with numerous disruptive innovations and technologies that have now been so pervasive in our daily lives and have 'threatened' many established practices on how we conduct our lives and businesses, such as ride-sharing (Uber, Grab, etc.), accommodation-sharing (AirBnb), and the blockchain technology that has been applied in more and more aspects of life, with Bitcoin as one of its applications in the crypto currency sector.

Those changes and disruptions have not spared the higher education (HE) sector. Nowadays HE institutions need to take into account the characteristics of the Digital Natives, and various disruptive innovations and technologies if they want to remain relevant and stay ahead of the competition in the sector. All aspects of HE – including academic libraries, are not immune to these changes and disruptions. In the past, academic libraries have tended to play their roles as the storehouse of information and the provider of space for individual learning. The advent of the Digital Natives and disruptive technologies have led some in the HE sector to argue that academic libraries would soon lose their relevance since nowadays information can be accessed digitally from anywhere and at any time. People who believe this line of thinking have given some examples. One of them is the demise of Blockbuster (movie rental) stores in the United States (US) with the emergence of online video/movie streaming services. However, many forget that libraries, including academic libraries, also have their social functions besides their traditional roles as an information storehouse and individual learning space. Due to their social functions, libraries have even been viewed as one of the most democratic spaces that societies have. This is especially true in the case of public libraries, but also – to some extent – true for academic libraries, where they also perform their functions as community hubs.


Unusual diglycosides composed of D-hexofuranosyl entities were prepared by a chemoenzymatic route using the -L-arabinofuranosidase, AbfD3. The required, unprotected monosaccharidic donors were first prepared according to multi-step syntheses. Since one goal of this study was the investigation of donor -1 subsite in the active site of the enzyme, we focused on D-fucofuranosyl and 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactofuranosyl derivatives which present stereochemical similarities with L-arabinose series, but also structural variations on the side arm. These substrates were then used in AbfD3-catalysed hydrolyses to determine the parameters Km and kcat and in AbfD3-catalysed transglycosylation to evaluate their ability to serve as donor/acceptor. Four disaccharides were thus isolated and characterised, two resulting from -(1,2) connection along with two -(1,3)-regioisomers.


The goal of my thesis was to use all of my design, illustration and photographic skills to create an excellent interactive CD on the North American T-6. The most widespread and ver satile training aircraft ever built, the T-6 was used by more air forces world-wide than any other. A brilliant concept developed and mod ified throughout a decade resulted in more than 17,000 flying machines, of which, more than 600 are still flying fifty years later. The best loved and most remembered single engine training aircraft of all time, the T-6 was an adaptable, rugged aircraft that performed in the unexpected roles of fighter aircraft, dive-bomber, COIN airplane, and ground attack machine. Now, most commonly seen at air dis plays and air races the T-6 is esteemed by stunt aces and formation teams alike, but best remembered as the aircraft that spawned eral generations of young pilots in countries as diverse as Brazil and the Soviet Union. This ubiquitous aircraft had almost as many official destinations and names as it had uses and users. The NA-26, BC-1, NA-44, AT-6, SNJ, Texan, JBird, Harvard, Wirraway, Ceres and a host of other variants, marks and modifications to the same standard design proliferated down the years as engines and concepts were altered around the same basic airframe. Yet, all of these aircraft are manifestations of onethe North American T-6. Many facets of this hugely versatile aircraft's repertoire have been covered within the limited format of a CD. While it is obvious that not every aspect of the T-6 could be encompassed, every effort has been made to include a broad range of subjects. Through my research, I have contacted muse ums, flying teams, individual owners, and enthusiasts from all across North America. All parties interviewed were more than eager to share their vast knowledge of the T-6. Library of Congress Subject Headings T-6 (Training plane)--Interactive multimedia; North American airplanes (Military aircraft)-Interactive multimedia; Interactive multimedia--Design Publication Date 5-1-1998 Document Type Thesis Department, Program, or Center School of Design (CIAS) Advisor Hannu, Halminen Advisor/Committee Member Keough, Bob Advisor/Committee Member Ciolek, Nancy Comments Note: imported from RIT's Digital Media Library running on DSpace to RIT Scholar Works. Physical copy available through RIT's The Wallace Library at: TL686.T67 H35 1999 Recommended Citation Halminen, Michael, "North American T-6" (1998). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/6127 Campus RIT – Main Campus  Download SHARE THESES Enter search terms: Search


Much of the BPM literature views business process design and implementation as a topdown process that is built on strategic alignment and managerial control. This view is inconsistent with the observation that information infrastructures, including a company's business process infrastructure, are at drift, a term that refers to the lack of top-down management control. The paper contributes to resolving this inconsistency by developing a framework that conceptualizes business processes as emergent organizational routines that are represented, enabled, and constrained by IT artifacts. IT artifacts are developed in processes of functional-hierarchical decomposition and social design processes. Organizational routines have ostensive and performative aspects, forming a mutually constitutive duality. A literature review demonstrates that the propositions offered by the framework have been insufficiently considered in the BPM field. The paper concludes with an outlook to applying the framework to theorizing on the emergence of business processes on online social network sites.


The central Mediterranean today marks one of the most active and dangerous routes for sea crossings to Europe, due in no small part to border regimes designed to prevent the mobilities that have defined these waters from earliest antiquity. This article considers initial results of fieldwork undertaken to document and make visible the material culture of contemporary vessels used to carry forced and undocumented migrants to southeast Sicily over the past decade. These former fishing craft reveal structural and spatial adaptations to facilitate a different traffic, reflected also in items left behind when the boats were intercepted. Archaeology helps to embed these journeys within long-term frameworks of connectivity and to situate their ephemeral traces alongside more traditional notions of Mediterranean maritime heritage. In a region that celebrates its deep connections to the sea, care for the materiality of these contemporary mobilities foregrounds human experiences, while serving goals of advocacy, empowerment, and social justice amid global change.1


This article is designed to provide an overview of the U.S. retirement income security system from a comparative law perspective. Like many countries, the U.S. has a three tier pension or retirement income system, with the three tiers consisting of (1) Social Security, (2) employment-based pensions, and (3) individual savings. Thus, superficially, the U.S. retirement income security system resembles that of many around the world. Yet, in other ways, such as its focus on individual rights and responsibility, the U.S. system is unique.The article begins by discussing the nine guiding principles of the U.S. Social Security system as identified by the late Robert Ball. It then describes the principal elements of employment-based pension plans in the U.S and provides a brief overview of individual savings. The article then turns to the values reflected in the U.S. retirement income security system. It discusses how the U.S. system does, and does not, reflect the European values of (1) responsibility, (2) protection, (3) solidarity, (4) nondiscrimination, and (5) participation.


Managing wildlife and reducing damage in rural areas has traditionally been achieved by hunting and trapping problem species or by preventing animals from accessing crops and entering buildings. With urban sprawl, specialized tools and management approaches often are needed to reduce wildlife conflicts in developed landscapes. To address these issues, the private wildlife control industry has grown considerably during the past 2 decades. State wildlife agencies have regulatory authority and oversight of this industry, and there is an increasing trend toward licensing or certification of commercial wildlife control operators (WCOs). Regulations differ in every state, however, and no consistent standard for training WCOs exists. We developed the National Wildlife Control Training Program (NWCTP) to provide a uniform standard for demonstrating core competency and understanding of integrated wildlife damage management (IWDM) principles. The NWCTP includes modules on basic principles of IWDM, physical safety, wildlife diseases, site inspection, general control methods, trapping, exclusion, toxicants, animal handling, euthanasia, legal, and ethical issues, and professionalism. The NWCTP was designed to be easily adapted for use in any state or province, and we encourage wildlife agencies that lack training materials to adopt the NWCTP.


INTRODUCTION
Many strategies have been implemented to address the shortage of medical practitioners in rural areas. One such strategy, the Rural Clinical School Program supporting 18 rural clinical schools (RCSs), represents a substantial financial investment by the Australian Government. This is the first collaborative RCS study summarising the rural work outcomes of multiple RCSs. The aim of this study was to combine data from all RCSs' 2011 graduating classes to determine the association between rural location of practice in 2017 and (i) extended rural clinical placement during medical school (at least 12 months training in a rural area) and (ii) having a rural background.

METHODS
All medical schools funded under the RCS Program were contacted by email about participation in this study. De-identified data were supplied for domestic students about their gender, origin (rural background defined as having lived in an Australian Standard Geographic Classification-Remoteness Area (ASGC-RA) 2-5 area for at least 5 years since beginning primary school) and participation in extended rural clinical placement (attended an RCS for at least 1 year of their clinical training). The postcode of their practice location according to the publicly available Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) register was collected (February to August 2017) and classified into rural and metropolitan areas using the ASGC 2006 and the more recent Modified Monash Model (MMM). The main outcome measure was whether graduates were working in a 'rural' area (ASGC categories RA2-5 or MMM categories 3-7) or 'metropolitan' area. Pearson's χ2 test was used to detect differences in gender, rural background and extended placement at an RCS between rural and metropolitan practice locations. Binary logistic regression was used to determine odds of rural practice and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS
Although data were received from 14 universities, two universities had not started collecting origin data at this point so were excluded from the analysis. The proportion of students with a rural background had a range of 12.3-76.6% and the proportion who had participated in extended RCS placement had a range of 13.7-74.6%. Almost 17% (16.6%) had a principal practice postcode in a rural area (according to ASGC), range 5.8-55.6%, and 8.3% had a principal practice postcode in rural areas (according to MMM 3-7), range 4.5-29.9%. After controlling for rural background, it was found that students who attended an RCS were 1.5 times more likely to be in rural practice (95%CI 1.2-2.1, p=0.004) using ASGC criteria. Using the MMM 3-7 criteria, students who participated in extended RCS placement were 2.6 times as likely to be practising in a rural location (95%CI 1.8-3.8, p<0.001) after controlling for rural background. Regardless of geographic classification system (ASGC, MMM) used for location of practice and of student background (metropolitan or rural), those students with an extended RCS had an increased chance of working rurally.

CONCLUSION
Based on the combined data from three-quarters (12/16) of the Australian medical schools who had a graduating class in 2011, this suggests that the RCS initiative as a whole is having a significant positive effect on the regional medical workforce at 5 years post-graduation.


Objectives: The objective of this study is to ascertain the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Indian patients at a tertiary care center with emphasis on the data pertaining to demographics, management, and temporal trends. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional Level II audit study carried out in the Department of Vascular Surgery at our institute from January 2012 to December 2017. The patients were identified from the electronic medical records by the International Classification of Diseases code. Consecutive patients were identified from the above-mentioned time period, and data on demographics, presentation, site, predisposing factors, etiology, primary referring specialty, and management were recorded. Results: This was a 6-year retrospective study and a total number of 1010 patients were included in the study that presented primarily with VTE. There were a total of 518,111 admissions in this period with a VTE incidence of 19.49/10,000 cases. Males contributed to 55% of patients in this study. Acute deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) (<14 days of presentation) contributed to 66% of the patients. The age group between 41 and 60 years had the maximum incidence of DVT of 43.9%. Provoking factors were found in 48.8% (493) of the cases. Conclusions: VTE is a common disease and is associated with reduced survival and significant morbidity. More locoregional registries like ours are the need of the hour and will help large institutions identify their lacunae and address areas, which need attention, like thromboprophylaxis and uniform management.


Igor Stravinsky's Dumbarton Oaks Concerto was premiered as part of a program conducted by Nadia Boulanger on 8 May 1938 at the Washington, D.C., home for which the piece was named. The concerto was the result of a commission by the philanthropists Mildred and Robert Woods Bliss for a piece to celebrate their thirtieth wedding anniversary. The commision was apparently negotiated in the spring of 1937 by Boulanger, a passionate champion of Stravinsky's music. Early plans may have involved a first performance conducted by Stravinsky himself, but his poor health, which forced him to undergo a cure for tuberculosis in the spring of 1938, made the voyage to America impossible. The program was turned over to Boulanger, who presented the concerto with extracts from Bach cantatas (sung by the tenor Hugues Cuenod and bass Doda Conrad, who had both come from France with her for her American tour) and Stravinsky's own Duo Concertante for violin and piano. Mildred Bliss wrote the following letter to Boulanger (now in the Bibliotheque nationale, Paris) a week after the Dumbarton Oaks concert, in the fluent but somewhat idiosyncratic French she normally employed in communications with the musician. She explains that her letter was delayed because of the sudden death of a close friend, whose admirable qualities she describes, the highest praise she can imagine is that he was "a useful citizen," the emphasis reflecting her own strong commitment to public service and her belief in the necessity of contributing to society in practical ways. After explaining why her letter is late, Bliss discusses the arrangements for paying the composer and the participants in the concert. She wants Stravinsky's concerto to be named after Dumbarton Oaks, a gesture that seems to have had the desired effect of affording the mansion's owners at least a degree of anonymity (at its premiere in England later the same year the piece was identified as named "after the California home in which it was written"). Throughout the letter Bliss's deep affection and regard for Boulanger is evident. She is concerned about Boulanger's tendency to over work, as well as her penchant for dispensing money to her students rather than keeping it for herself. And her reference to perfume and a neglige (which she did send to Boulanger's ship when she sailed for France, as a subsequent letter makes clear) seems to indicate a desire to help Boulanger to pamper herself more than she was generally inclined to do. Bliss closes with a request for Boulanger's opinion on two letters, which she encloses, she does not discuss the content, but it is clear she values her advice greatly. Her trust in Boulanger's musical judgment worked to Stravinsky's advantage again the following year. Boulanger acted as Stravinsky's go-between with Bliss to arrange for the premiere of his Symphony in C during the fiftieth anniversary season of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.


Time interleaving of samples digitized by a parallel array of analog-to-digital (A/D) converters provides a means of increasing the sampling rate beyond that possible with a single A/D converter. For time-interleaved photonic A/D converters, optical demultiplexers can be used to advantage. Both time-division and wavelength-division demultiplexers must yield low crosstalk between the parallel output channels in order to yield accurate A/D conversion. An analysis predicts the level and form of the resulting errors. The analytical results compare well with experiment.


ABSTRACT The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention launched Take Charge. Take the Test.™, a national, communication campaign focused on the overarching goal of increasing HIV testing among African American women in March 2012. We surveyed 200 members of the campaign's priority audience to inform selection of updated concepts for the campaign. Two of the potential concepts (Love Yourself More and Look Out for Yourself) were updated versions of the original campaign concepts, and three (Control of My Life, Personal Potential, and Strong Sisters) were newly developed. Look Out for Yourself and Love Yourself More had the highest mean ratings on the perceived effectiveness scale (PES) and were not significantly different from each other. Control of My Life had the third highest mean rating on the PES and was not significantly different from Love Yourself More. All three concepts were rated significantly higher than Personal Potential and Strong Sisters (P < 0.01). Across all concepts, prior intentions to get tested in the next 6 months was a positive, statistically significant predictor of the PES (P < 0.001). Higher perceived effectiveness was significantly associated with agreement that the concept motivated the respondent to get tested for HIV across all five concepts (P < 0.001). The findings support framing HIV testing as a matter of personal responsibility and emphasizing the importance of getting tested so that women can be there to participate in their children's lives as effective messaging strategies for African American women.


This paper introduces a fuzzy logic model to evaluate, predict and control the slurry erosion of ductile materials in engineering and chemical applications. There are seven variables which have the most significant influences on the slurry erosion of ductile material, and must be taken into considerations. These are impact angle, time, roundness factor, aspect ratio, particle size, impact velocity and concentration of the particles. By using the fuzzy rules which can be generated based on some experimental observations, a two-layer fuzzy model could be developed to correlate these variables to the slurry erosion (weight loss of material). The model is based on the assumption that the slurry erosion characteristics of ductile materials is an imprecise complex function of many interacting variables, and can be described and evaluated by the theory of fuzzy sets. Membership functions and fuzzy rule-base for application to slurry erosion of 5127 steel as a ductile material are presented in detail to demonstrate the effectiveness of fuzzy logic in modeling such a complex system in an efficient way. This constructed model would facilitate the development of an expert, real-time and integrated system using fuzzy logic technology to monitor and control the level of the slurry erosion process.


This paper describes spatio-temporal variability of the basic ice condition parameters, relationships between selected lakes in terms of those parameters, and frequency of fast (ice cover) and floating ice. Attention is also paid to morphology and topography of ice cover in lakes Jamno, Bukowo, Gardno, and Lebsko during 1960/61-1999/2000. Based on data archived at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, the following ice parameters were analysed: date of the first ice appearance; date of the first ice cover formation, date of disintegration of the last ice cover, date of disappearance of the last ice, ice season duration, number of days with ice, number of days with ice cover, ice conditions continuity, and maximum ice thickness in winter. Lakes Jamno and Bukowo, located in the western part of the Polish coast, are characterised by milder ice conditions, compared to the more eastward lakes (the Gardno and the Lebsko). Ice parameters were found to correlate closely, with statistical significance exceeding a = 0.01 and correlation coefficients usually higher than 0.90, between individual lakes, particularly the neighbouring ones. The highest frequencies of fast and floating ice, 70-75 % and about 10 %, respectively (altogether more than 80 %), were recorded in the last pentade of January. Fast ice (ice cover), accounting for 80 % of all the ice types, was found to dominate in the lakes studied; fast ice domination is typical of small and shallow water bodies. Ice cover is formed as a result of uniform increase in ice rind thickness. After the fast ice has decayed, an ice field pushed by the wind may form ice piles rising to a few metres above the water surface. At the beginning of the ice season, the piled ice appears most often on the western and northern shores, while at the end of the season it tends to stay on the eastern shores. The processes, associated with the presence of piled ice on the shore, are destructive not only for the shore, but also for constructions deployed within the ice range. The ice piles also affect transport and accumulation of sediment, mainly in the shore zone.


Abstract Part of the Alpine foreland basin, the Grand Coyer remnant lies in a NW-SE-trending syncline and contains turbidity current deposits derived from the south. Palaeotopography of the Marnes Bleues surface is complex but there is generally a NE-dipping confining slope in the west of the area. Palaeocurrent data suggest that aside from localized alteration of flow paths, the mean direction of flow was parallel to this slope. Three sections (Vallon de Fouès & Carton, Laupon and Sommet de la Mole) are used to illustrate the nature of the Marnes Brunes Inférieures—a transitional facies between the Marnes Bleues and the Grès d'Annot. The Marnes Brunes Inférieures is typically thin-bedded, sharp-based and sharp-topped, non-graded, predominantly very fine-grained sands, with planar and ripple lamination, interbedded with thin marls and shale. The finer grained Marnes Brunes Inférieures in the Grand Coyer area is interpreted as a distal and lateral equivalent of the coarser Grès d'Annot, which is generally thought to represent deposition along the main axis of flow. Examples are provided of how these characteristics change away from the onlap slope. Evidence is presented to illustrate the connection between syndepositional structural alteration and the common slumping observed within the Marnes Brunes Inférieures.


Neurons of the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generate self‐sustained rhythms of action potential frequency having a period of approximately 24 h. It is generally believed that cell autonomous circadian oscillation of a network of biological clock genes drives the circadian rhythm in neuronal firing rate through as yet unspecified effects on the neuronal membrane. While it is clear that cyclic gene expression continues in constant darkness, previous studies have not examined which specific membrane properties of SCN neurons continue to oscillate in constant conditions. Here, we demonstrate that SCN neurons exhibit robust rhythms in resting membrane potential and input resistance in constant darkness. Furthermore, application of the K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium revealed a rhythm in K+ current amplitude that persists in constant darkness and underlies the rhythm in membrane potential.


Composites are increasingly being considered for offshore and other marine structural applications. Polymeric matrix composites reinforced with glass, carbon, and aramids offer substantial weight-reduction capabilities, in addition to increased corrosion and fatigue resistance. Coupled with lower maintenance costs and ease of fabrication, these properties make composites attractive materials for use in the offshore industry. It is expected that their use will increase dramatically by the twenty-first century for applications such as platform decks and structures, risers and drill-pipes, tubing, and storage tanks. Unfortunately, education in the area of advanced materials for such applications currently lags behind technology, resulting in applications being designed by aerospace and automotive engineers without a proper understanding of the various related structural design and environmental issues. The current focus on aerospace and automotive applications has led to a lack of curricula and training for engineers using composites and advanced materials for off-shore applications. This, in turn, has resulted in the almost negligible use of composites for offshore applications. In this paper, we discuss the education needs of engineers using composites in the offshore industry in this decade and into the twenty-first century. Issues to be addressed include the environment which such materials must withstand and performance/cost relationships. The multidisciplinary composites program is formulated based on the diverse educational needs of undergraduate- and graduate-level academic programs as well as the continuing education needs of practicing engineers. An interdisciplinary approach that emphasizes the integration of materials science, processing, mechanics, durability, and design is outlined. Key areas of development are emphasized. A cooperative program structure between academe and industry to provide the appropriate educational tools for future engineers is critical to the success of the offshore industry. A successful approach being used in another field of composites is described. The need for such programs is essential to insure the rapid and successful transition of current and future composites technologies into the offshore and ocean-related industries.


Critics of the ever-lengthening copyright term lament its potentially immense cultural and economic costs, but their policy prescriptions have failed to bring about legislative change. Provocative evidence that the last copyright term extension was all-but-purchased through lobbying has not done much to spur legislative action either. This Essay proposes a novel solution to the copyright extension puzzle. Congress, through the use of private bills, should grant unique copyrights with significantly longer terms to interested individuals and entities. Shielding intensely interested copyright holders from the threat of copyright expiration would reduce and potentially even eliminate opposition to the expiration of the general copyright term, while potentially preserving and protecting the public domain from another general copyright extension. It might even allow us to enlist these interested copyright holders as allies in the fight to return more creative works to the public domain.


A new concept for the background in resonance scattering of acoustic waves by a submerged target is proposed. The idea is that the remainder after removing only the resonances from the target response must be used as the background. The complex wave numbers whose imaginary parts are the attenuation coefficients of elastic bulk waves in target are introduced to damp out the resonances. From the assumption that the structural damping coefficient, the product of the attenuation coefficients of elastic bulk waves, and the outer radius of target, is a large constant compared with the radiation damping coefficients of resonances, a simple mathematical expression is derived for elastic cylindrical shells and named the inherent background. It is shown that the inherent background leads to the impenetrable (i.e., rigid or soft) background in some limiting cases and also describes exactly the background of elastic shell over entire frequencies regardless of shell thickness.


Pretrained text encoders, such as BERT, have been applied increasingly in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, and have recently demonstrated significant performance gains. However, recent studies have demonstrated the existence of social bias in these pretrained NLP models. Although prior works have made progress on word-level debiasing, improved sentence-level fairness of pretrained encoders still lacks exploration. In this paper, we proposed the first neural debiasing method for a pretrained sentence encoder, which transforms the pretrained encoder outputs into debiased representations via a fair filter (FairFil) network. To learn the FairFil, we introduce a contrastive learning framework that not only minimizes the correlation between filtered embeddings and bias words but also preserves rich semantic information of the original sentences. On real-world datasets, our FairFil effectively reduces the bias degree of pretrained text encoders, while continuously showing desirable performance on downstream tasks. Moreover, our post-hoc method does not require any retraining of the text encoders, further enlarging FairFil's application space.


BACKGROUND
For treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disorders pains to be successful, drug interventions are required.

OBJECTIVE
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the Rational Drug Use Knowledge Level (RDUKL) in patients with musculoskeletal disorders and some relevant factors.

METHOD
The study was carried out in October 2017 on patients treated in the Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Hospital in Turkey. The prepared questionnaire and RDUKL scale were administered to 239 patients by face-to-face interviews. The ANOVA test, chi-squared test and logistic regression model were used for the statistical evaluation.

RESULTS
Forty-three percent of the study group was found to have Rational Drug Use Knowledge (RDUK). The patients who used medicines under family supervision had twice as much RDUK as those who did not use medicines under family supervision, and those who were university graduates had six times as much RDUK as those who had primary education or below. Scale score was found to be low in patients with fibromyalgia and high in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (p< 0.05).

CONCLUSION
RDUKL was found to be low in the group with chronic diseases and high average age. Besides training, it is important to provide patients with family support about their illness and its treatment. Thus, positive contributions can be made to the increase of the RDUKL.


This study explains empirically the differences in the use of informal financing between native- and immigrant-owned small businesses in terms of ethnicity and other relevant variables. A sample of 2814 native- and immigrant-owned small businesses, consisting of a unique database gathered, was analysed and several univariate and multivariate methods employed. The results suggest that ethnicity is a significant explanatory variable and an important factor in informal capital access in the start-up stage in terms of loans from family members and friends. Moreover, the other independent variables, namely gender, age, experience of starting businesses, the amount of start capital, and firm size, affect loans from family members, whereas loans from friends are influenced by age, size, and industry affiliation. Since knowledge about informal capital determinants is limited, the results of this study add to our understanding of the variables that explain the financing behaviour of small businesses at start-up.


Suitably brief pulses of selectively absorbed optical radiation can cause selective damage to pigmented structures, cells, and organelles in vivo. Precise aiming is unnecessary in this unique form of radiation injury because inherent optical and thermal properties provide target selectivity. A simple, predictive model is presented. Selective damage to cutaneous microvessels and to melanosomes within melanocytes is shown after 577-nanometer (3 x 10(-7) second) and 351-nanometer (2 x 10(-8) second) pulses, respectively. Hemodynamic, histological, and ultrastructural responses are discussed.


40% of Detroit's population is having their water shut off The Detroit Water and Sewage Department is conducting mass water shutoffs in Detroit, Michigan targeting over 120,000 accounts: over 40% of the city. This has been called a 'human rights violation' by the United Nations. 70,000 of those accounts are residential accounts, or over 300,000 people directly affected. Without water.. ... dehydration becomes an immediate threat to Detroit residents. A lack of clean and drinkable water on a scale of this size can affect not only a family but the entire city almost immediately. The onset of dehydration is 1-2 days which, if left untreated, can result in death in as little as 5-14 days from onset. Making sure Detroit residents have a supply of clean drinkable water is our top priority. Sanitation is the second concern. With lack of water for basic things like waste removal, food preparation and cleanliness of food preparation tools, disease can become a threat factor in a matter of weeks. If left unchecked, disease can spread in 2 months time. Without water, the threat to the health and safety of Detroit residents becomes immediate, the resulting negative effects of mass water shutoffs begin just 2 days after shutoff and can become endemic in just 60 days time. When taking the scope into account (120,000 water accounts or 300,000+ people ) the implications become clear: this is a disaster zone—and immediate relief and preparation is needed. — Detroit Water Brigade, http://detroitwaterbrigade.org/, visited Dec. 16, 2015.


We introduce a novel contrast mechanism for imaging superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (average diameter ${\sim}100nm$ ) using magneto-motive optical Doppler tomography (MM-ODT), which combines an externally applied temporally oscillating high-strength magnetic field with ODT to detect the nanoparticles flowing through a glass capillary tube. A solenoid cone-shaped ferrite core extensively increased the magnetic field strength ( $B_{max}=1\;T,\;{\Delta}|B|^2=220T^2/m$ ) at the tip of the core and also focused the magnetic force on targeted samples. Nanoparticle contrast was demonstrated in a capillary tube filled with the SPIO solution by imaging the Doppler frequency shift which was observed independent of the flow rate and direction. Results suggest that MM-ODT may be a promising technique to enhance SPIO nanoparticle contrast for imaging fluid flow.


The England and Wales precipitation (EWP) dataset is a homogeneous time series of daily accumulations from 1931 to 2014, composed from rain gauge observations spanning the region. The daily regional‐average precipitation statistics are shown to be well described by a Weibull distribution, which is used to define extremes in terms of percentiles. Computed trends in annual and seasonal precipitation are sensitive to the period chosen, due to large variability on interannual and decadal timescales. Atmospheric circulation patterns associated with seasonal precipitation variability are identified. These patterns project onto known leading modes of variability, all of which involve displacements of the jet stream and storm‐track over the eastern Atlantic. The intensity of daily precipitation for each calendar season is investigated by partitioning all observations into eight intensity categories contributing equally to the total precipitation in the dataset. Contrary to previous results based on shorter periods, no significant trends of the most intense categories are found between 1931 and 2014. The regional‐average precipitation is found to share statistical properties common to the majority of individual stations across England and Wales used in previous studies. Statistics of the EWP data are examined for multi‐day accumulations up to 10 days, which are more relevant for river flooding. Four recent years (2000, 2007, 2008 and 2012) have a greater number of extreme events in the 3‐ and 5‐day accumulations than any previous year in the record. It is the duration of precipitation events in these years that is remarkable, rather than the magnitude of the daily accumulations.


Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are a novel class of highly stable, purely organic crystalline frameworks made of molecular building blocks. For example, the condensation of boronic acids with appropriate polyols in principle allows the design of precisely controllable structures since their chemical and physical properties can be easily tuned through the selection of the building blocks. The young research field of COFs has attracted scientists due to their extraordinary and versatile properties, however, strategies to control the topology and the properties of the backbone as well as the inner surface are still not well established. With support of Prof. Knochel and his group, who contributed numerous new organic COF linkers, this thesis aims to extend the functionalization strategies for the design of Covalent Organic Frameworks. Investigation of the structural modification and the associated change in physical and chemical properties should lead to progress regarding the applicability of these materials.
Employing the concept of reticular chemistry in combination with High Throughput Synthesis Techniques, the formation of a very large Covalent Organic Framework BTP-COF with 4 nm open pores was successfully carried out. The solvothermal co-condensation of 1,3,5-benzenetris(4-phenylboronic acid) (BTPA) and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dimethyl-anthracene (THDMA) was carried out using microwave irradiation instead of conventional synthesis in an oven, thus synthesis time of BTP-COF was reduced from initially 72 h to 5 min. Extending the open pore diameter of a crystalline material to 4 nm, in combination with the resulting high accessible surface area of 2000 m2/g offers great potential to exploit organic reactions in the pores and enables the incorporation of large functional guests, such as polymers or dyes. Bearing these results in mind the scope of functionalization possibilities was expanded from the geometric extension to the chemical modification of the inner surface of COFs. Decorating the organic building blocks with small functional active groups, such as methyl-, -methoxy- and hydroxy- allowed for the successful synthesis of several organic frameworks. Chemical and physical properties of the backbone and the inner surface can be precisely tailored by chemical modification of the building blocks. In order to investigate post-synthetic modification strategies, the methyl- and hydroxy-groups were used as reaction anchor points to covalently attach molecules after framework formation. The co-condensation of benzene-1,3,5-triyltriboronic acid (BTBA) and the 9,10-dimethyl-anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetraol (DMAT) succeeded in the formation of AT-COF-Me. In a radical bromination reaction the methyl groups of an anthracene linker were successfully brominated giving AT-COF-Br without degrading the crystalline framework of AT-COF-Me. The formation of the resulting benzylic bromine was monitored with IR spectroscopy and solid state NMR, respectively. Elemental analysis results correspond to the bromination of half the -CH3 groups. Reaction of (2',5'-dihydroxy-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diyl)diboronic acid (HTDBA) and 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytri-phenylene (HHTP) The terphenyl-based hydroxyl substituted T-COF-OH, formed by (2',5'-dihydroxy-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-diyl)diboronic acid (HTDBA) and 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytri-phenylene (HHTP), was tested in several nucleophilic substitution reactions. Esterification of the –OH group was achieved with either acetylchloride or in a Steglich type reaction with 4-pentynoic acid. X-ray diffraction analysis after the post-synthetic modification shows that the crystallinity of the framework was preserved. This indicates that T-COF-OH is compatible with the reaction conditions. The detection of the newly formed ester moieties in IR and in solid state NMR spectra proves the successful post-synthetic esterification of the –OH groups. Another approach to tailor functionality in COFs is to assemble monomers with distinct properties in COF synthesis. Modification of the backbone of the framework was realized with two heterocyclic building blocks. Benzothiadiazole (BTD) and thienothiophene (TT) monomers are known as building blocks of semiconducting polymers. These molecules were equipped with boronic acid or boronate ester moieties in para position. The linkers were then used in co-condensation reactions with HHTP. The synthesis of BTD-COF was carried out in a two step microwave synthesis procedure: first the pinacolboronate 4,7-Bis(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTDA) was cleaved with HCl, in a second step addition of HHTP resulted in the crystalline product in only 60 min. TT-COF was synthesized in a conventional co-condensation reaction of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyldiboronic acid (TTBA) with HHTP; the black TT-COF showed aborbance over the whole spectrum of the visible light. Upon irradiation with light the system showed significant photoconductivity. The 3 nm pores of the hole-transporting TT-COF offer enough space to incorporate large fullerene-based electron-transporting materials such as PCBM. This inclusion leads to a significant quenching of the luminescence of TT-COF, indicating light-induced charge transfer at the interface of these two materials.
The oriented growth of thin films of porous COF-10, a product of the condensation of 4,4'-biphenyldiboronic acid(BPBA) and HHTP, and TT-COF on self-assembled monomer (SAM)-functionalized gold surfaces is shown. Films grown on boronic acid terminated SAMs result in a parallel orientation of the pores along the substrate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the films. Homogenous films with thicknesses of around 150 nm and a total coverage of the substrates were obtained.
In summary, several functionalization strategies are shown to control or tune the topology and properties of Covalent Organic Frameworks. Tuning the topology and functionality to large open pore systems or intrinsic semiconductivity allows incorporation of large functional molecules and study the host-guest interactions. The post-synthetic modification of COFs offers a synthetic pathway to integrate organic functionalities, which cannot be synthesized directly by co-condensation. These strategies provide the means necessary for a precise control of the pore environment and design a porous material for specific applications. A facile and rapid method to produce thin oriented COF films will pave the way for this material to fabricate technological devices, such as photovoltaic devices, sensors of OFETs.


Following an investigation of Professor Kou-Gi Shyu by the Academic Ethical Issue Committee of Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital and by Taipei Medical University, it has been recommended that this paper along with the following other papers be retracted: Wang, B.-W., Chang, H. and Shyu, K.-G. (2009) Regulation of resistin by cyclic mechanical stretch in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin. Sci. 118, 221–230, DOI:10.1042/CS20090155. Shyu, K.-G., Lien, L.-M., Wang, B.-W., Kuan, P. and Chang, H. (2011) Resistin contributes to neointimal formation via oxidative stress after vascular injury. Clin. Sci. 120, 121–129, DOI:10.1042/CS20100226. Shyu, K.-G., Chen, S.-C., Wang, B.-W., Cheng, W.-P. and Hung, H.-F. (2012) Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on leptin expression induced by angiotensin II in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Clin. Sci. 122, 33–42, DOI:10.1042/CS20110114. The corresponding authors of each of these papers are aware of and agree with the retraction.


A laboratory-scale anaerobic hybrid reactor was operated at mesophilic temperature (30 – 35˚C) for treating fermentation based pharmaceutical wastewater at six hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 30, 18, 12, 8, 6, 3 h. The COD removal efficiencies decreased from 91.25 to 68.00 % with decreasing the HRT from 30 to 3 h. In this study, the mathematical model such as Monod, Grau second order, modified Stover-Kincannon and first order kinetic models were applied to determine the substrate removal kinetic of anaerobic hybrid reactor. Kinetic parameters were determined through linear regression using the experimental data. The predicted COD concentrations were calculated using the kinetic constants. It was found that these simulated data were in good agreement with the observed ones in Grau second order and modified Stover-Kincannon models. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient value (R 2 ) obtained for the experimental and predicted effluent COD concentration also confirmed the suitability of the kinetic models.


Pension plans in Switzerland favor active management over indexing to implement their strategic asset allocation. Empirical surveys show, however, that their success has been below expectations, as the median performance of Swiss pension plans in domestic and international equities is below market indices even gross of fees. The results of this paper's survey across decisionmakers of Swiss pension plans sheds some light on why active management is still so popular across Swiss pension plans. On average the participants in the sample are prone to the better-than-average-effect. A majority expects their managers and their overall pension plan to outperform the other survey participants in the future. The subjective perceptions of the own skill level relative to the competitors can explain the popularity of active management across Swiss pension plans.


Acute and long-term objectives must be linked early in the treatment of schizophrenia. Maintenance therapy is pivotal in relapse prevention. Relapses are serious events that alter disease trajectory and are most often related to nonadherence. Patients with schizophrenia have a substantial risk of relapse, especially when they are nonadherent to antipsychotics. Because relapses are accompanied by structural brain changes, worsening symptoms, and increased treatment resistance when medication is resumed, clinicians must monitor nonadherence and offer strategies to avoid or improve it. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics have the potential to reduce nonadherence, relapse, rehospitalization, and mortality, even among patients with first-episode schizophrenia and with comorbid substance use disorder. Long-acting formulations can be a very powerful strategy in helping to ensure that patients get the benefit of the medication they have been prescribed, as the use of LAIs is more easily monitored than oral medications due to the nature of their administration to patients. However, prescribers tend to believe that patients have negative attitudes about LAIs and avoid prescribing them. Patients should be offered the option of LAI antipsychotic treatment and should understand the logistics and the potential benefits of the regimen. LAIs differ regarding their initiation strategy, duration, and flexibility of injection intervals, in addition to the differences of the antipsychotic that the LAI formulation is based on. Presentation matters for LAI treatments to be accepted by patients and family members. Clinicians can use certain communication tools to improve their dialogue with patients about the benefits of switching from oral agents.


Background:Mastitis is the term for a bacterial infection of the udder. It is most common in ewes raising multiple lambs or with high milk production. Most cases occur during the first weeks after lambing or immediately before weaning. Good ewe nutrition and providing a clean lambing environment are important factors in reducing the incidence of mastitis. Objective: The study was focused on using of rapid & efficient methods for detection of Subclinical Mastitis in 4 small holder dairy flock in central of Kirkuk &its affiliated areas. Material and Methods:A total of 94 milk samples sheep were collected from four farms in October to December 2018 to determine pathogens responsible for subclinical mastitis in sheep. Results:Screening Subclinical Mastitis(of SCM) were done using California mastitis and White Slide Test (WST). the prevalence percentage of SCM in California mastitis and White Slide Test according the early stage lactation was(74 % and 70%) respectively. While the prevalence percentage of SCM in California mastitis and White Slide test according the according the dry period lactation was(66 % and 64 % ) respectively. identification of the isolates was achieved using Gram's staining, hemolytic pattern, colony morphology, Catalase , Coagulase test, IMVIC test and confirmation of bacteria species by using Vitek 2 compact after identification to the primary biochemical tests using Analytical Profile Index. Bacteriological examination of all milk samples found the presence of (82.85% ) isolates where Staphylococcus was predominant species (74.28 %) and the coagulase negative Staphylococcus (25.7% ) species was identified at the least bacteria .than staph. aureus, while environmental pathogen represented E. coli second common pathogen followed by klebsiella pneumonia (14.8% ) , Manhemia haemolytica (12.8 %) proteus spp.( 11.4%) And low percentage to the Enterobacter spp. (4.3 %) . Conclusion:subclinical mastitis seems to be, as deduced from the high prevalence observed in this study, an important health problem for milking sheeps in the Kirkuk Application of VITEK system could be practiced at selected samples from time to time to confirm identification of causative organisms.


Situated at the intersection of media and communication and critical citizenship studies, this article explores how refugees assert themselves as political subjects through communicative acts of citizenship—everyday forms of resistance against the border regime enacted in and through diverse media networks. It discusses how these communicative practices of claims-making are shaped by refugee–volunteer solidarities and the shifting micropolitics of securitized humanitarian care at Europe's border. Finally, it considers the potential that such acts, especially those enacted within digital media spaces, carry for interrupting dominant media and humanitarian discourses. Drawing on 12 weeks of participant observation and 42 interviews with refugees and volunteers conducted on the Greek island of Chios between March 2016 and July 2018, the article concludes that despite their limited effects, taking the mediation of refugees' political agency seriously is methodologically, analytically, and politically imperative to avoid reifying the figure of the mute refugee so deeply embedded in the humanitarian imaginary.


A base line study involving analysis of groundwater samples from the Ghriss plain plio-quaternary aquifer, in northwest Algeria, was carried out to determine the major elements chemistry and to assess the hydrogeochemical processes and water quality for domestic use. The main groundwater facies in the area belong to the Mg–HCO 3 and Mg–Cl types. Based on TDS classification, 44.5% of the analyzed samples belong to fresh water and the remaining 55.5% to brackish water categories. A comparison of groundwater quality parameters in relation to WHO limits for drinking water shows that the concentrations of TDS, Cl − and NO 3 − exceed the desirable limits in many water samples. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique reveals the contribution of Cl − , Na + , Ca 2+ , K + and Mg 2+ in the salinization process and underlines the contamination of the groundwater with NO 3 − in relation to the widespread application of nitrate fertilizers and/or infiltration of untreated urban wastewater. The groundwater quality index (GWQI) shows that 70.5% of the water samples fall within the excellent-to-good category whereas the remaining samples fall in the poor-to-unsuitable for drinking category.


Market-based algorithms have become popular in collaborative multi-agent planning due to their simplicity, distributedness, low communication requirements, and proven success in domains such as task allocation and robotic exploration. Most existing marketbased algorithms, however, suer from two main drawbacks: resource prices must be carefully handcrafted for each problem domain, and there is no guarantee on nal solution quality. We present an optimal marketbased algorithm, derived from a mixed integer program formulation of planning problems. Our method is based on two wellknown techniques for optimization: DantzigWolfe decomposition and Gomory cuts. The former prices resources optimally for a relaxed version of the problem, while the latter introduces new derivative resources to correct pricing imbalances that arise from the relaxation. Our algorithm is applicable to a wide variety of multi-agent planning domains. We provide optimality guarantees and demonstrate the eectiveness of our algorithm in both centralized and distributed settings on synthetic planning problems.


A novel reinforcement learning benchmark, called Industrial Benchmark, is introduced. The Industrial Benchmark aims at being be realistic in the sense, that it includes a variety of aspects that we found to be vital in industrial applications. It is not designed to be an approximation of any real system, but to pose the same hardness and complexity.


Abstract: Since the turn of the 21st century, a distinctive Chinese variety of industrial capitalism has taken shape. In this chapter, we trace the contours of China's emergent industrial economy, giving special attention to the role of the information technology (IT) industry. Throughout China's reform era, the IT industry has often been a forerunner of broader trends in the industrial economy, and this continues to be true today. For most of the socialist period, development was equated with large, heavy industrial plants. Even under market transition, the Chinese government at first maintained its faith in guided development and invested resources in large, state-owned firms in the hope of creating "national champions." However, over the past decade planners have moved away from the "big-is-better" model of industrialization, and instead placed their hopes in science and technology-intensive industry. The first section of this chapter describes how China's contemporary industrial economy emerged from the state-run economy and introduces our first illustrative case of a Chinese IT company, the computer firm Legend Lenovo. The next section describes the emergence of a broader three-tiered industrial system, and indicates where Chinese IT companies fit in. The third section highlights new opportunities and challenges for Chinese IT firms that result from their progressive integration into global production and innovation networks. The fourth section introduces Huawei, China's largest telecommunications and networking equipment manufacturer, our second illustrative case. We examine Huawei's business model and show how the company is seeking to exploit the new international division of labor to foster managerial and innovative capabilities.


Background Substance use disorders (SUDs) continue to be a public health problem. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is seen as a risk factor for SUD. Prevalence of alcohol and cannabis use amongst adults with SUD and comorbid ADHD impacts both disorders cognitively and behaviourally. Aim Our study aimed to compare alcohol and cannabis use between treatment-seeking SUD patients with ADHD and SUD patients without ADHD symptomatology. Setting Various rehabilitation centres, including the South African National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (SANCA) Centres, and Private and Provincial Government Substance Abuse Treatment Centres. Methods A cross-sectional study of adults on drug rehabilitation was conducted. Data on socio-demographic information and alcohol and cannabis use from 185 post-detox inpatients were collected. Diagnoses were based on DSM-IV criteria. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis was confirmed by the Diagnostic-Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2.0). SUD+ADHD (n = 52) and SUD-ADHD (n = 128) groups were compared on alcohol and cannabis use as a function of gender. Results No significant differences in the use of alcohol between the SUD+ADHD and SUD-ADHD groups were found. However, the SUD+ADHD group showed increased cannabis consumption. Especially, the SUD+ADHD females showed an earlier age of onset of cannabis use than the SUD-ADHD females and revealed that they use cannabis for a longer period compared with the SUD-ADHD females and SUD+ADHD and SUD-ADHD males. Conclusion The results revealed the relationship between ADHD and cannabis use, especially amongst females with ADHD and reinforce the need to consider ADHD in cannabis use SUD in clinical interventions.


During southward interplanetary magnetic field, dayside reconnection will drive the Dungey cycle in the magnetosphere, which is manifested as a two‐cell convection pattern in the ionosphere. We address the response of the ionospheric convection to changes in the dayside reconnection rate by examining magnetic field perturbations at 780 km altitude. The Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment data products derived from the Iridium constellation provide global maps of the magnetic field perturbations. Cluster data just upstream of the Earth's bow shock have been used to estimate the dayside reconnection rate. By using a statistical model where the magnetic field can respond on several time scales, we confirm previous reports of an almost immediate response both near noon and near midnight combined with a 10–20 min reconfiguration time of the two‐cell convection pattern. The response of the ionospheric convection has been associated with the expansion of the polar cap boundary in the Cowley‐Lockwood paradigm. In the original formulation of this paradigm the expansion spreads from noon to midnight in 15–20 min. However, also an immediate global response has been shown to be consistent with the paradigm when the previous dayside reconnection history is considered. In this paper we present a new explanation for how the immediate response can be accommodated in the Cowley‐Lockwood paradigm. The new explanation is based on how MHD waves propagate in the magnetospheric lobes when newly reconnected open flux tubes are added to the lobes, and the magnetopause flaring angle increases.


In the exocrine pancreas, the relationship between structure and function, as well as between normal and pathological functioning, can be easily understood if presented in a systematic and logical manner. In this chapter, we explain pancreas physiology. We start by explaining the embryological and ontogenetic development of the pancreas and describe the basic anatomical characteristics of the mature gland, i.e. the macro- and microscopic structure, its vascular supply and innervation. These form the foundation necessary to understand the mechanisms of acinar and ductal cell secretion and their regulation, which are covered in the middle part, with an emphasis on the ionic part of the pancreatic juice. In the last part, we focus on the enzymatic part of the pancreatic juice and its role in digestion of all main groups of energy-rich nutrients, i.e. carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Two main sources of additional information will help the reader grasp the main concepts in pancreas physiology: figures summarize and combine various concepts encountered in the main text, and clinical boxes contain examples of how a given piece of knowledge can be relevant to understand some diseases.