An open question within the Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro theory for synaptic modification concerns the specific mechanism that is responsible for regulating the sliding modification threshold (SMT). In this conductance-based modeling study on hippocampal pyramidal neurons, we quantitatively assessed the impact of seven ion channels (R- and T-type calcium, fast sodium, delayed rectifier, A-type, and small-conductance calcium-activated (SK) potassium and HCN) and two receptors (AMPAR and NMDAR) on a calcium-dependent Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro-like plasticity rule. Our analysis with R- and T-type calcium channels revealed that differences in their activation-inactivation profiles resulted in differential impacts on how they altered the SMT. Further, we found that the impact of SK channels on the SMT critically depended on the voltage dependence and kinetics of the calcium sources with which they interacted. Next, we considered interactions among all the seven channels and the two receptors through global sensitivity analysis on 11 model parameters. We constructed 20,000 models through uniform randomization of these parameters and found 360 valid models based on experimental constraints on their plasticity profiles. Analyzing these 360 models, we found that similar plasticity profiles could emerge with several nonunique parametric combinations and that parameters exhibited weak pairwise correlations. Finally, we used seven sets of virtual knock-outs on these 360 models and found that the impact of different channels on the SMT was variable and differential. These results suggest that there are several nonunique routes to regulate the SMT, and call for a systematic analysis of the variability and state dependence of the mechanisms underlying metaplasticity during behavior and pathology.


Target design study to improve the quality of an accelerated proton beam from the interaction of a high-intensity short pulse laser with an overdense plasma slab has been accomplished by using a two-dimensional, fully electromagnetic and relativistic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The target consists of a thin core part and a thick peripheral part of equivalent plasma densities, while the ratio of the radius of the core part to the laser spot size, and the position of the peripheral part relative to the fixed core part were varied. The positive effects of this core-peripheral target structure could be expected from the knowledge of the typical target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism in a laser-plasma interaction, and were apparently evidenced from the comparison with the case of a conventional simple planar target and the case of the transversal size reduction of the simple planar target. Improvements of the beam qualities including the collimation, the forward directionality, and the beam divergence were verified by detailed analysis of relativistic momentum, angular directionality, and the spatial density map of the accelerated protons.


With the recent development of high field MRI scanners, the risk for healthcare staff being exposed to large static magnetic fields (3T to 7T) and rapidly time-varying magnetic field gradients is greatly increased. A better understanding of the interaction mechanisms and the bio-effects associated with MRI environment would allow sensible and workable exposure limits to be set for staff, patients and volunteers. This paper presents a novel approach in modeling hazardous electric field levels induced in a human body under continuous movements within a strong magnetic field environment. The derived algorithm is able to accurately model both translational motion and rotating body movements. Since this algorithm is based on the quasi-static Finite-Difference approximation, the computational space for modeling a human body can then be divided into a large number of cubic cells. Every cell in the model is very suitable for parallelization and hardware acceleration using General Purpose Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU). After adopting several optimization techniques, a speedup of around 40 times is achieved by adopting GPGPU for modeling torso movements around 8 million cells compared with a CPU implementation.


The importance of the cement industry in Libya has been growing over the past few decades. Cement has become one of the fundamental materials for the construction industry, which in Libya matters a great deal to both government and people. This is because more than 97% of the construction industry depends on cement or cement based material such as blocks. Despite this great demand, the Libyan cement industry has suffered and is still suffering from declining productivity and cannot meet even the local minimum requirements for its products. The main underlying reason is the poor reliability of its production systems as a result of poor or insufficient maintenance. Previous studies indicate that cement manufacturing firms are operating at a rate not exceeding 50% of the total designed capacity. This is due to the lack of strategies to implement maintenance properly, since maintenance is considered one of the main pillars for ensuring the reliability of production system components at the highest level and consequently increasing operational efficiency, which ensures continuity and increases production. Thus, this study explores and addresses the barriers facing the implementation of efficient maintenance in the Libyan cement industry, thereby strengthening the reliability of its production systems by introducing a strategy of Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) as an option to improve maintenance within the Libyan cement industry. RCM as an approach identifies components whose failure can cause undesirable consequences and directly affect the continuity of production in a factory or institution. Primarily, a new conceptual model is proposed, which will enable a reliability centred maintenance strategy to be implemented in the four targeted Libyan cement factories. Through this model, the level of current maintenance practices can be understood and examined, facilitating the improvement of production systems and thus increasing their reliability. In order to improve understanding of this field, a comprehensive review of the literature on the topic of maintenance practices, importance and strategies was made. This study explores the history, types and concepts of maintenance and its relationship to the reliability of production systems in the cement companies studied. A review of the Libyan cement industry was also carried out to understand its situation in more depth regarding their practices of maintenance; it was based on identifying the problems affecting this sector as a precursor to the data collection. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the data were collected from detailed questionnaires, face-to-face semi-structured interviews and direct observations. A total of four case studies were conducted at four Libyan cement plants, so as to compare results and assess the situation in these factories. Conceptual models were developed in line with the obtained results, aiming to increase the reliability of the production systems through implementing the strategy of reliability centred maintenance in these cement factories. The results of this study show that the level of maintenance practices in the four chosen cement firms was below the minimum required level. The reason was the poor reliability of the production systems as a result of not adopting effective strategies for maintenance, which was evidenced by their inability to reach the targeted level of production. This research contributes to helping Libyan industry in general and the cement sector in particular, to adopt proper strategies for maintenance through which the maximum reliability of their production systems can be attained, thus ensuring continuity of production.


Physically based distributed models of catchment hydrology are likely to be made available as engineering tools in the near future. Although these models are based on theoretically acceptable equations of continuity, there are still limitations in the present modelling strategy. Of interest to this thesis are the current modelling assumptions made concerning the effects of soil spatial variability, including formations producing distinct zones of preferential flow. The thesis contains a review of current physically based modelling strategies and a field based assessment of soil spatial variability. In order to investigate the effects of soil nonuniformity a fully three dimensional model of variability saturated flow in porous media is developed. The model is based on a Galerkin finite element approximation to Richards equation. Accessibility to a vector processor permits numerical solutions on grids containing several thousand node points. The model is applied to a single hillslope segment under various degrees of soil spatial variability. Such variability is introduced by generating random fields of saturated hydraulic conductivity using the turning bands method. Similar experiments are performed under conditions of preferred soil moisture movement. The results show that the influence of soil variability on subsurface flow may be less significant than suggested in the literature, due to the integrating effects of three dimensional flow. Under conditions of widespread infiltration excess runoff, the results indicate a greater significance of soil nonuniformity. The recognition of zones of preferential flow is also shown to be an important factor in accurate rainfall-runoff modelling. Using the results of various fields of soil variability, experiments are carried out to assess the validity of the commonly used concept of `effective parameters'. The results of these experiments suggest that such a concept may be valid in modelling subsurface flow. However, the effective parameter is observed to be event dependent when the dominating mechanism is infiltration excess runoff.


The debate on the possible recognition of the use of the Internet as a human right matures. This paper, first, overviews arguments in favour and against the recognition of such a right. It then analyses how existing human rights, in particular the freedom of expression, function as legal tools to shield the content and connectivity of the Internet against unlawful interference. Next it turns to the doctrine of positive state obligations and the doctrine of human rights as living instruments. Both can be invoked to make existing rights protect content and to ensure connectivity. The example of the European Union's Universal Service Directive illustrates the importance of legal sources other than those taken from the fundamental rights category. This paper concludes that before a new right to the use of the Internet is recognised, one should take into account what is already protected and how. Still, one might argue that more is needed in human rights law than what currently exists.


A channel in a lipid-dependent GPCR allows ligand to access its binding site from within the plasma membrane. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid that binds to the G protein–coupled receptor S1P receptor subtype 1 (S1PR1) to activate signaling pathways involved in regulation of the vascular and immune systems. Hanson et al. determined the crystal structure of S1PR in complex with an antagonist sphingolipid mimic. Ligand access to the receptor from the extracellular milieu is occluded, and a gap between helices I and VII may provide ligand access from within the membrane. The structural information, together with mutagenesis and structure activity relationship data, provides insight into the molecular recognition events that modulate signaling. M. A. Hanson, C. B. Roth, E. Jo, M. T. Griffith, F. L. Scott, G. Reinhart, H. Desale, B. Clemons, S. M. Cahalan, S. C. Schuerer, M. G. Sanna, G. W. Han, P. Kuhn, H. Rosen, R. C. Stevens, Crystal structure of a lipid G protein–coupled receptor. Science 335, 851–855 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


ABSTRACT It has been suggested that psychopathy and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are associated and that they could be differently gendered variants of the same underlying phenotype. This study explored gender-specific perceptions of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Borderline Personality (CABP). Correctional staff (n = 87) were asked to rate the prototypicality of these models for women and men with psychopathy. The results provide further support for the CAPP model as a promising conceptualization of psychopathy. Findings show few gender differences and lend support to psychopathy and BPD as overlapping constructs.


A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Master of Science in Clinical, Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Makerere University


As part of the UG171 Cycle Facilities and Engineering project for the Department for Transport, TRL investigated cycling near road narrowings in a study comprising: (l) Consultations with cyclist to ascertain their views on road narrowing features and their experience of negotiating them in traffic. (2)Video surveys of sites where features were installed by highway authorities to assist cyclists in negotiating road narrowings. (3)Virtual reality simulations of encounters between drivers and cyclists, allowing the reactions of drivers to be measured under a range of circumstances. Road narrowings were found to constitute a source of stress to cyclists, particularly when large vehicles were present, although fast traffic and large roundabouts were also thought difficult. Some cyclists avoided narrowings by riding on the footway or selecting alternative routes. There were experimental indications that a cycle lane with coloured surface might improve safety and the report discusses this and other recommendations that could improve conditions for cyclists in the context of the results of the study. (A)


Mobile network operators need to continually upgrade network capacity in order to cope with higher data consumption, keep their subscribers loyal and attract more subscribers from the competition. MIMO technologies are an essential component of state-of-the-art mobile radio systems and are key to achieving extremely ambitious capacity goals that include providing stable data rates in the twoto three-digit Megabit per second range over a broad coverage area. However, the effectiveness of these technologies is not always guaranteed. A channel state matrix can provide the information needed to determine whether spatial multiplexing is possible for multilayer data transmission. The MIMO test solution from Rohde & Schwarz (four R&S®TSME scanners plus R&S®ROMES) measures simple but important indicators like the channel matrix components and calculates the rank and the condition number of the channel matrix. It measures the MIMO feasibility of the environment and estimates the data throughput based on key parameters.


The National Democratic Movement (NDM) has hailed the decision of the Supreme Court, in its ruling handed down this morning, regarding the actions of the Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Holness, when he submitted undated resignation letters for at least two JLP Senators to the Governor General in 2013 after the party's bitter leadership contest. The NDM hailed the Court's ruling, that the Opposition Leader's underhand and unprecedented method, of ending Mr. Arthur Williams' tenure as a Senator (by tendering his "resignation letter" knowing that he had no actual intention of resigning) as null and void, unlawful, unconstitutional, and contrary to public policy, as a good one and a victory for justice and good order.


Whether interacting with a colleague from another department, a child with distinct cognitive and linguistic skills or a foreigner with different cultural background, humans try to adapt to their communication partners. The adaptation allows for a flow in communication and thereby for successful turn-taking. In contrast, when users communicate with artificial systems often reduced flow and turn-overtaking 4 are observable. The reasons for these insufficiencies may lie in the fact that little is known about the turn-taking strategies that dialogue systems should pursue 4. In our approach, we postulate that it is the feedback of the system and the interpretation of the feedback by the user that are in the center of an adaptation process As a result, one way to improve HRI, and especially its communicational flow, is to focus on different types of feedback and how they affect the user{\textquoteright} discursive behavior.

In contrast to former work concentrating on telephone based speech systems or multimodal systems consisting of a touch screen and speech 1, 2, 5, we study an embodied interaction with the service robot BIRON (BIelefeld RObot CompanioN). The general goal of the studies is to develop a situated system that can learn the spatial environment as well as the names and visual appearance of objects. Therefore, BIRON can not only understand spoken speech but also co-verbal deictic references to objects in the scene and carry out mixed-initiative dialogues.

In our study, the subjects were asked to introduce objects to the robot by showing and pointing. This very restricted goal allowed us to compare verbal and gestural behavior across subjects. We analyzed the interactions of 15 native German speaking users communicating with BIRON. The interaction was carried out with the fully autonomous mode of BIRON, except for the speech recognition, which was simulated by keyboard input in order to avoid speech recognition errors. By using the autonomous interaction system, we were able to produce realistic communication sequences including problems caused by the complex interaction of the diverse perceptual system components.

In analyzing the users{\textquoteright} discursive behavior, we noticed different task-related interaction strategies. Focusing on subject{\textquoteright}s consistency and changes of strategies in the course of the ongoing turn-taking, we analyzed which feedback of the system caused a change of a strategy within a user. We found that subjects decided for one strategy addressing one perceptual channel (vision or speech) of the system and used it as long as they did not receive any feedback about the failure of this specific channel. We observed a change in strategy when it became obvious to the subject via feedback that a particular perceptual channel was not working appropriately. The change in strategy was likely to maintain the interaction flow and thereby the user satisfaction.

While these results support previous findings indicating when and how users change strategies 1, 5, they give new insights into the discursive behavior, i.e. into the repertoire of strategies in embodied and situated interaction. The results imply that within turn-taking, users interpret the system{\textquoteright}s feedback and thus verify their model of the capabilities of the interlocutor. Thus, the change in discursive strategy is an indicator of users{\textquoteright} expectation of how the robot functions 3.

In further studies we plan to deliberately vary the robots misunderstandings and integrate the personality traits of the subjects into the research on strategies.


In 1802, the year in which Wordsworth began his tuition of sonnet writing under Milton, the Critical Review noted that "the sonnet has been revived by Charlotte Smith: her sonnets are assuredly the most popular in the language, and deservedly so" (393). Smith's Elegiac Sonnets, first published in 1784 and expanded in ten editions by 1811, became the standard for the sonnet in the early Romantic period. Smith's critics praised her achievement, and her readers responded powerfully to the mournful melodies structured in the peculiar vehicles Smith calls Elegiac Sonnets. But Smith's distinction of her sonnets as "elegiac" remains enigmatic today in studies of her poetry, as most critics take the term as a description of their consistently melancholy tone. Viewing the term "elegiac" as a formal rather than a thematic distinction will help us better understand Smith's achievement in reviving the moribund sonnet and making it amenable to the tastes of a reading public hungry for literature of Sensibility. Smith's innovation in the Elegiac Sonnets derives from the ways in which the formal traditions of sonnet and elegy converge. The first part of this essay explores the ways in which the eighteenth-century conception of "elegy" affects the formal construction of Smith's Elegiac Sonnets; building upon this, part two considers Smith's engagement of the Petrarchan sonnet tradition in the first edition of the sonnets. In innovating the "elegiac sonnet," Smith engages in what I call "formal paradoxy"--the deliberate yoking of seemingly disparate forms that has become such a characteristic feature of Romantic poetry. PART ONE: ELEGIAC ... We might ask, "What is an 'elegiac sonnet'?" just as we are tempted to ask, "What is a 'lyrical ballad'?" To understand Smith's formal distinction, we must attempt to recover somewhat the meaning of "elegiac" to her contemporary audience and consider how it can be combined with what we understand about the sonnet revival. The adjective in Smith's title ostensibly defines what sort of sonnets these poems are. But the elegiac sonnet, as such, has no clear antecedent, so Smith appears to be designating a new kind of sonnet, one that defies the traditional conception of legitimacy as defined by the Italian sonnet tradition. The title itself, therefore, boldly announces the illegitimacy of the poems it designates. (1) The elegy tradition is much older and more mercurial than the sonnet tradition, going back to classical literature and the pastoral elegy form practiced by Theocritus, Moschus, Bion, and others. Originally, the Greek elegy expressed grief; but the form broadened widely with Latin adaptations, such as Ovid's love elegies, Amores, to include almost any kind of subject. Eighteenth-century discussions of elegy show that there was a considerable effort made towards defining this often-amorphous term. Joseph Trapp, Oxford's first Professor of Poetry, for instance, gave a lecture on the form in an attempt to formulate a "dissertation" on a subject, he remarks, not much understood at the time. According to Trapp, the elegy is "generally and primarily understood a mournful Poem, bewailing the Loss of some Person lately dead; and sometimes has any other melancholy plaintive Circumstance for its Subject" (163). Trapp traces the development of the form from the Roman poet Tibullus, whom Trapp calls "the best of Elegiac Writers," and identifies its "chief Subjects" as "Death and Love" (164-65). The basic thematic definition, a combination of the original mournful associations with death and the Ovidian associations with love, changed little during the century. The famous eighteenth-century elegist William Shenstone, furthermore, in a prefatory essay to his Elegies, Written on Many different Occasions (1764), wrote that the style of the elegy "should imitate the voice and language of grief" (1:7). Likewise, John Newbery, echoing Trapp in The Art of Poetry on a New Plan (1762), describes the form as "mournful and plaintive, but yet a sweet and engaging kind of poem," adding that "funeral lamentations and affairs of love seem most accessible to its character" (70). …


To elucidate the fate of river‐borne nitrate in the estuarine environment, we measured nitrate concentrations and Δ15N and Δ18O of nitrate along the salinity gradient in the estuary of the river Elbe, one of the largest German rivers discharging into the North Sea. Nitrate concentrations in river waters ranged from 78 µmol L‐1 to 232 µmol L‐1; Δ15N varied from 8.2‰ to 16.2‰, and the Δ18O values ranged from 20.1‰ to 3.2‰. The nitrate concentrations in the German Bight were between 2 µmol L‐1 and 34 µmol L‐1, with Δ15N between 8.0‰ and 12.2‰ and Δ18O between 0.3‰ and 9.5‰. Both riverine and marine end‐member concentrations showed seasonal variations, with lower nitrate concentrations and more enriched isotope values during spring and summer compared to winter months. We found no indication in either concentrations or isotopic composition for a significant loss of nitrate within the estuary, but we found a significant increase of nitrate in the maximum turbidity zone in summer. We attribute this to nitrification reflected in a change in the oxygen isotopic composition. The entire riverine nitrate load is entrained into the North Sea by conservative mixing; this conflicts with both the presumed role of estuaries as effective N‐sinks and with historical data from the Elbe estuary. Fundamental changes in the biogeochemical processes of the estuary have occurred over the past several decades due to extensive dredging and removal of sediment favorable for denitrification in the Elbe estuary that connects the port of Hamburg with the North Sea.


The paper tracks recent developments in the USA and EU competition systems with regards to the different policy tools used to address matters arising from the intersection of IP and competition policies. The analysis compares the enforcement and advocacy efforts carried out by the different antitrust agencies in the US and EU. The paper first traces how different authorities with anti-trust mandate in the US have dealt with the issue balancing the rights of standard essential patent holders versus innovation driven public welfare. Then, the paper looks at how the antitrust authorities are using their antitrust statutes (e.g. Section 5 of the FTA Act, merger review provisions) to tackle IPR related issues that have tenuous connections to competition concerns.All of the above issues have been highlighted with the aim to bring the attention to the spillover effects that these moves may have in the national, transatlantic and international context.


This study involved the determinations of the foliar levels of chlorophyll a and b and metal levels in the year 1, year 2 and year 3 needles of Sitka spruce. A survey was made of nineteen sites in the Afan 1 forest in South Wales. The results obtained indicates that there are two distinct types of site, namely good growth sites and poor growth sites. The poor growth sites were found to be at higher elevations. Further analyses of the results show that there is possibly an increased loss of nutrients from the trees at the poor growth sites. This may be due to increased pollution that may be present at the higher elevations. In 1987 a survey was made of the one year old epicormic tissues that were compared with the normal tissues at the 19 sites of the Afan 1 Forest There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of the chlorophylls or in any of the metals that were looked at. At the Afan 1 Forest there are observed pairs of trees that are growing quite close together, but they exhibit quite a marked difference in growth. One of the pair shows vigorous healthy growth, whilst the other is stunted and shows symptoms of decline. One such pair is found at Site 15. They are of the same age and from the same seed stock. It was found that over an eight month period, the stronger growing of the pair had significantly higher levels of chlorophyll a and b, potassium, calcium and magnesium. This may indicate increased leaching and foliar damage from the poorer growing of the pair. Three more pairs of trees together with their grafts were examined from sites' 1,5 and 6, for their levels of peroxidase enzymes. Peroxidase has been used to determine possible genetic differences in cultivars. The work yielded very little useful information. The SCOR-UNESCO equations have been widely used as a means of determining chlorophyll levels from plant extracts. A multivariate calibration method was used in conjunction with HPLC to determine the accuracy of these equations for determining the levels of chlorophyll and b. The results show revealed that the equations appear to be underestimating the chlorophyll a levels. Leading on from the HPLC work, a novel method for the separating a mixture of chlorophyll a and b was developed using packed column SFC. The method appears to be quite promising with its better resolution and faster analysis times as compared to FIPLC methods. Sitka spruce seedlings were grown in COIR (coconut husk) and were used in and were used in a central composite design to determine the effects of cadmium and copper, both singly and in combination would have upon their growth. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effects and it was found from the experiment that high levels of cadmium appeared to have an effect upon the elongation of the needles of the new shoots.


Genome-wide Association Studies (GWASes) identify genomic variations that are statistically associated with a trait, such as a disease, in a group of individuals. Unfortunately, careless sharing of GWAS statistics might give rise to privacy attacks. Several works attempted to reconcile secure processing with privacy-preserving releases of GWASes. However, we highlight that these approaches remain vulnerable if GWASes utilize overlapping sets of individuals and genomic variations. In such conditions, we show that even when relying on state-of-the-art techniques for protecting releases, an adversary could reconstruct the genomic variations of up to 28.6% of participants, and that the released statistics of up to 92.3% of the genomic variations would enable membership inference attacks. We introduce I-GWAS, a novel framework that securely computes and releases the results of multiple possibly interdependent GWASes. I-GWAS continuously releases privacy-preserving and noise-free GWAS results as new genomes become available.


Background—New generation transcatheter heart valves (THV) may improve clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Methods and Results—In a nationwide, prospective, multicenter cohort study (Swiss Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Registry, NCT01368250), outcomes of consecutive transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation patients treated with the Sapien 3 THV (S3) versus the Sapien XT THV (XT) were investigated. An overall of 153 consecutive S3 patients were compared with 445 consecutive XT patients. Postprocedural mean transprosthetic gradient (6.5±3.0 versus 7.8±6.3 mm Hg, P=0.17) did not differ between S3 and XT patients, respectively. The rate of more than mild paravalvular regurgitation (1.3% versus 5.3%, P=0.04) and of vascular (5.3% versus 16.9%, P<0.01) complications were significantly lower in S3 patients. A higher rate of new permanent pacemaker implantations was observed in patients receiving the S3 valve (17.0% versus 11.0%, P=0.01). There were no significant differences for disabling stroke (S3 1.3% versus XT 3.1%, P=0.29) and all-cause mortality (S3 3.3% versus XT 4.5%, P=0.27). Conclusions—The use of the new generation S3 balloon-expandable THV reduced the risk of more than mild paravalvular regurgitation and vascular complications but was associated with an increased permanent pacemaker rate compared with the XT. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the newest generation balloon-expandable THV is associated with a low risk of stroke and favorable clinical outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01368250.


The pressure to publish more papers in the Journal increases, and the Council of the Geological Society has responded once more by permitting further expansion. The growth of the Journal over the past 36 years is shown graphically below (Figs 1 & 2). Will still further expansion be necessary or even desirable in the future? Instituting a Short Papers section with rapid publication is one profitable way of meeting the pressure and details of this are given at the end of this Editorial. The Supplementary Publications Scheme is another and increasingly useful way of enabling data to be made available to readers of the Journal, and this Editorial publicizes details of the scheme and provides guidelines on how best to submit material for a Supplementary Publication. The SupplementaryPublications Scheme The growing volume of research, the increasing facilities for producing and analysing data mechanically, and the rising cost of printing have each made it more difficult to publish in the normal way the full details of experimental data which are available. Moreover, whilst there may be large a audience for the general methods of a research project and its conclusion, the number of scientists interested in details in any particular case may bequite small. Therefore, in consultation with interested journal editors, the British Library Document Supply Centre (formerly the National Lending Library) has developed a scheme for the storage and dissemination of detailed material which supplements articles published in learned scientific journals. Under this scheme, authors submit articles and their supplementary


Intellectual property rights protect valuable, intangible resources embodied in material objects. These "things" can be the objects of classic private property rights. Often, classic and intellectual property rights are in conflict with each other. Managing these conflicts by balancing classic and intellectual property rights is an important matter of public policy. One of the policy levers affecting this balance is the legal doctrine of exhaustion. The exhaustion doctrine dictates that the rights of intellectual property owners do not extend to enable control over uses of material objects embodying intellectual property.Though the scope of the doctrine of exhaustion (and the terminology used to describe it) is somewhat different in the contexts of copyrights, trade-marks, and patents, as well as in different jurisdictions, the concept and function are universal in intellectual property law. The doctrine is also growing in social and economic importance around the world. The issue of exhaustion is also highly relevant to current debates about intellectual property reform in Canada.This article looks at the laws of different jurisdictions to demonstrate the common threads underlying the doctrine of exhaustion. In Canada, the applicability of the exhaustion doctrine to copyrights, trade-marks, and patents seemed clear. But one recent Supreme Court of Canada judgment casts doubt on the nature of exhaustion in respect of biotechnology patents. This article identifies the case of Monsanto v. Schmeiser as an outlier in Canadian intellectual property law. We propose various hypotheses that might justify the Supreme Court's distinct attitude toward the principle of exhaustion in Canadian patent law. None withstands the scrutiny of investigation. As such, we conclude that it is likely and appropriate that the Supreme Court of Canada will continue to use the concept of exhaustion in future cases.


Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are cell surface receptors that typically consist of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmatic tail. In several plant species, RLPs have been found to play a role in disease resistance, such as the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cf and Ve proteins and the apple (Malus domestica) HcrVf2 protein that mediate resistance against the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum, Verticillium spp., and Venturia inaequalis, respectively. In addition, RLPs play a role in plant development; Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) regulates stomatal distribution, while Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 (CLV2) and its functional maize (Zea mays) ortholog FASCINATED EAR2 regulate meristem maintenance. In total, 57 RLP genes have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and a genome-wide collection of T-DNA insertion lines was assembled. This collection was functionally analyzed with respect to plant growth and development and sensitivity to various stress responses, including susceptibility toward pathogens. A number of novel developmental phenotypes were revealed for our CLV2 and TMM insertion mutants. In addition, one AtRLP gene was found to mediate abscisic acid sensitivity and another AtRLP gene was found to influence nonhost resistance toward Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. This genome-wide collection of Arabidopsis RLP gene T-DNA insertion mutants provides a tool for future investigations into the biological roles of RLPs.


Marketing concept formed around the focus on the consumers, their needs, wants and demands, evolves in the case of pharmaceutical into a care of the complex interest of constituents generating demand on this market – pres scribers whose role is to select therapies, pharmacists who dispense drugs within a specialized distribution channel to the final consumer -patient, alongside the payers – the state and or insurance companies refund a part of or total costs of the pharmaceutical product. A special challenge that the subject raises is the existence of controversy generated from two sources. Marketing controversy stems from criticism leveled at the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing activities and the debatable ethical code of conduct.


System logs typically contain lines with time stamps that each describes an event. Where these events semantically form start and end events, they can be combined into interval events. For visual event analytics, the analysis of interval events is more complex than that of point events, since not only the order of events, but also temporal overlaps have to be taken into account. To address this increased complexity and for the purpose of system understanding and analysis, we present SELE, a domain-independent tool for visualizing parallel interval events. SELE is intended to be used on a single long trace of events. A visual technique named strata timeline is developed to handle visual scalability issues. Finally, a multi-core parallel graph searching algorithm is analyzed to demonstrate SELE.


Despite improvements in risk factor awareness, diagnosis and enhanced management strategies, the incidence and five year survival of colorectal cancer, has remained largely unchanged over the last twenty years. As with many epithelial cancers, a preponderance of new colorectal cancer diagnoses occur in the over sixty five age group, making chronological age a strong risk factor. Given this indelible link between ageing and cancer in general, genetic pathways which are implicated in one process could influence the other. Thus, an understanding of the biology of ageing and factors which regulate it may provide insight into cancer pathogenesis.

Telomeres are nucleo-protein complexes sited at the ends of all chromosomes and have a critical function in the protection of the genome. Telomeres are implicated in the ageing process as a result of the inadequacies of the DNA replication machinery in somatic cells meaning that a section of telomeric DNA sequence is lost during each round of cell division, thus telomere length reduces with age and is a putative marker of biological ageing. Control of telomere length is complex and involves interplay between a number of genetic and environmental factors, of which oxidative stress is particularly important. However, critically short and hence dysfunctional telomeres have been implicated in cancer development through an inability to maintain genomic intergrity and an effect on senescence.

Telomeres play an integral role in the sensing and repair of DNA damage, however, cells must possess a finely tuned mechanism through which they can sense DNA damage and initiate a response. This usually involves the activation of cell cycle checkpoints, either temporarily to allow repair, or on an irreversible basis to prevent the clonal expansion of cells with deleterious mutations. If the damage is deemed irrepairable apoptotic pathways are initiated. The sirtuins are a group of genes first discovered and shown to control longevity in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intense work has defined seven mammalian homologs termed SIRT1-7 which vary in their sub-cellular localisation, and have critical cellular functions ranging from the control of apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose and lipid metabolism, maintenance of genomic integrity and cell cycle control. Given these functions it is therefore no surprise that aberrancy of sirtuin expression is implicated in ageing and its commonly related diseases, particularly cancer. The aim of this study was therefore, to determine if patients with colorectal cancer display aberrancy of ageing related factors, namely telomere biology and sirtuin expression.

This study was undertaken using two sources of material for investigation. Quantitative-PCR was utilised to measure telomere length in the peripheral blood leucocytes of 64 colorectal cancer patients and 1348 controls. In addition, telomere length was similarly measured in colorectal cancer tumour and normal adjacent tissue. Telomere length was then correlated with a number of clinical and pathological parameters to determine diagnostic or prognostic utility. Furthermore, an attempt was made to establish whether telomere lengths were reflected in circulating mediators of inflammation and redox control factors, including fetuin-A a circulating modulator of calcium homeostasis. Sirtuin relative transcriptional expression (SIRT1-7) was then measured in the tumour and normal tissue samples. Clinically relevant information was derived by analysing the SIRT1-7 transcriptional data in terms of clinico-pathological, inflammatory and outcome variables. Finally, sirtuin expression was correlated with other factors known to be involved with biological ageing to determine any potential association.

Colorectal cancer patients had significantly shorter telomeres in their peripheral blood leucocytes (adjusted mean RelT/S=0.61) compared with chronologically older controls (mean age 75, adjusted mean RelT/S=0.70) (ANCOVA, p=0.004), indicating colorectal cancer patients were biologically older than their control counterparts. In addition, telomere length in tumour tissue (median=0.43, IQR=0.40) was significantly shorter than adjacent normal tissue (median=0.65, IQR=0.28) (p=0.004). Patients with low plasma fetuin-A levels were shown to have significantly shorter telomeres (p=0.041) and patients with rectal tumours had significantly higher levels of fetuin-A than those with colonic tumours (p=0.045). There was no correlation between telomere length and other redox factors, namely anti-oxidant vitamins, micronutrients and divalent cations. There was, however, a significant association between telomere length and systemic inflammation as determined by the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio.

SIRT 1-7 were differentially expressed between tumour and normal tissue, with significant attenuation evident in tumour samples when compared with normal tissue (p<0.0001 except SIRT2 p=0.003). SIRT2 (p=0.021) and SIRT4 (p=0.027) expression in tumour samples, was significantly associated with anatomical tumour site and pathologically determined nodal status respectively. Whilst, SIRT3 expression in normal tissue correlated with pro-inflammatory status, indicated by higher serum CRP levels. Finally, there was a significant inverse relationship with colorectal cancer tissue telomere length and SIRT3. When overall survival was considered, Kaplan-Maier analysis revealed a significant difference in survival in relation to SIRT4 expression levels.

We have observed that patients with colorectal cancer display clear evidence of telomere attrition compared with controls. This is congruent with accelerated biological ageing in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and indicates cancer patients have 'more miles on the clock'. An imbalance in redox control mechanisms and calcium homeostasis may be a contributing factor to telomere dynamics in these patients. The demonstration of attenuated sirtuin expression in colorectal cancer suggests a role as potential tumour suppressors and provides further evidence implicating biological ageing in the oncogenic process. Furthermore, plasma fetuin-A and tissue SIRT2 expression levels can be used to distinguish between colon and rectal cancers, providing further information regarding the molecular characteristics of these tumours. Telomere biology and the sirtuins could both play a pivotal role in the MTR (Mitochondria Telomere Ribosome biogenesis) paradigm, aberrancy of which could explain the apparent link between biological ageing and cancer. Enhancement of the understanding of the determinants of telomere length could mean that manipulation could lead to reduced colorectal cancer risk at the population level. In addition, the data provided in this thesis strengthens the evidence base which suggests that targeting individual sirtuins could be a future chemotherapeutic strategy, or indeed prove useful as markers of prognosis.


e-mail: email@example.com The research presented in this article deals with the design of appropriate technology and with an implementation of the structural design of the 3D printer for use in gastronomy. A printer concept of RepRap open source project was used and completed with own solution of the extrusion head for printing with chocolate. Chocolate was chosen since it can be easily converted by heat into a plastic-like material and displaced through an extruder on a substrate. Thanks to that, you can print business cards made of chocolate, pralines in shape of whatever the customer desires, or portraits. The printer can also be used for other materials, such as different toppings on cakes, or very complicated structures that would not be possible to create without using 3D printing.


Abstract Multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) is a new branch of geoscience, allowing extracting the characteristics from training images and copying them to simulated images. To reconstruct 3-D porous media is quite important to the science of mechanisms of fluids flow and industrial fields. However, accurate reconstruction of porous media is not easy using traditional interpolation methods. Therefore, a real 2-D micro-CT image and MPS are used to reconstruct the 3-D structures of porous media. A cross-section of porous media, with the resolution of 10 microns, obtained by micro-CT scanning is used as an original training image. By using MPS and extracted sample points from each former regenerated training image, each newly reconstructed image is taken as a new training image to predict its next layer. Then, the stochastic 3-D images of porous media are generated by stacking all the reconstructed layers successively. The permeability of the target image composed of real sandstone volume data and the reconstructed images was compared using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). A pore network model was extracted by using maximal ball algorithm, by which some important parameters of reconstructed images were compared with those of the real volume data. The experimental results show that although the structures of porous media reconstructed through this method are stochastic, all the reconstructed results have similar structures, which are close to those of real volume data obtained by micro-CT scanning, demonstrating better reconstructed results than what two-point geostatistics does.


The general objective of this study was to describe the experience of the development pedago- gy for sex education, based on assumptions contained in the work of Freire, seeking to assist adolescents from the periphery of a city in the interior from Sao Paulo. We opted for an action-research based pedagogic model from Freire. Starting initial questioning of the youths four interviews were carried out concentrat- ing on questions about sexuality, anatomy and human physiology, birth-control methods and sexually transmitted diseases. With the completion of this work, the youths had the opportunity to participate in an educational process through the examination of their own experiences and beliefs, making it possible to reflect about their autonomy within the experiences of a healthy sexuality, one which respects itself and values the other.


"Minor millets are examples of underutilized plant species, being locally important but rarely traded internationally with an unexploited economic potential. In the Kolli hills of Tamil Nadu, India, a genetically diverse pool of minor millet varieties are grown by the tribal farming communities to meet their subsistence food needs. Most of these minor crops were not traded outside the farming community. Despite a consumption preference among the farming communities for minor millets, in the recent past the acreage under minor millet crops have declined considerably due to the availability of substitute cash crops. As a response, the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) based in Chennai has led targeted conservation cum commercialization intervention programs over the last 7-9 years in the Kolli Hills. In this paper we provide a first evaluation of the success of marketing development for minor millets in the Kolli Hills with a specific focus on collective action and group initiatives undertaken by the women and men self-help groups organized by the concerned non-governmental organization. We analyze the key collective actions that are taking place in the minor millet marketing chain through a series of field visits and focus group discussions with the stakeholders involved. We then compare the role of collective action in this new market with the case of marketing chains for cassava and organic pineapples, two cash crops with an expanding production in Kolli Hills. Our analysis shows the critical role of collective action and group initiative as a necessary but not sufficient condition for the successful commercialization of underutilized plant species for the benefit of the poor and the conservation of agrobiodiversity." authors' abstract


Ammonia production is imperative to providing food for a growing world population. However, the primary method of synthetic ammonia production, the Haber Bosch process, is resource demanding and unsustainable. Here we report a novel ammonia production strategy, exemplified in an electrochemical lithium cycling process, which provides a pathway to sustainable ammonia synthesis via the ability to directly couple to renewable sources of electricity and can facilitate localized production. Whereas traditional aqueous electrochemical approaches are typically dominated by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), we are able to circumvent the HER by using a stepwise approach which separates the reduction of N2 from subsequent protonation to NH3, thus our synthesis method is predominantly selective for ammonia production. Density functional theory calculations for thermodynamic and diffusion energy barrier insights suggest that Li-based materials are well suited to carry out this process, though other materials may also be useful. The three steps of the demonstrated process are LiOH electrolysis, direct nitridation of Li, and the exothermic release of ammonia from Li3N, which reproduces the LiOH, completing the cycle. The process uses N2 and H2O at atmospheric pressure and reasonable temperatures, and, while approaching industrial level electrolytic current densities, we report an initial current efficiency of 88.5% toward ammonia production.


The launch of the NASA Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) platform in November 2000 marked the establishment of spaceborne hyperspectral technology for land imaging. The Hyperion sensor onboard EO-1 operates in the 0.4-2.5 micrometer spectral range, with 10 nanometer spectral resolution and 30-meter spatial resolution. Spectral unmixing has been one of the most successful approaches to analyze Hyperion data since its launch. It estimates the abundance of spectrally pure constituents (endmembers) in each observation collected by the sensor. Due to the high spectral dimensionality of Hyperion data, unmixing is a very time-consuming operation. In this paper, we develop a cloud implementation of a full hyperspectral unmixing chain made up of the following steps: 1) dimensionality reduction; 2) automatic endmember identification; and 3) fully constrained abundance estimation. The unmixing chain will be available online within the Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS), an image processing framework that can run on the cloud, as part of the NASA SensorWeb suite of web services. The proposed implementation has been demonstrated using the EO-1 Hyperion imagery. Our experimental results with a hyperspectral scene collected over the Okavango Basin in Botswana suggest the (present and future) potential of spectral unmixing for improved exploitation of spaceborne hyperspectral data. The integration of the unmixing chain in the WCPS framework as part of the NASA SensorWeb suite of web services is just the start of an international collaboration in which many more processing algorithms will be made available to the community through this service. This paper is not so much focused on the theory and results of unmixing (widely demonstrated in other contributions) but about the process and added value of the proposed contribution for ground processing on the cloud and onboard migration of those algorithms to support the generation of low-latency products for new airborne/spaceborne missions.


Every child has the right to quality education and good health care. The government of Kenya introduced Free Primary Education to ensure all school aged children acquire basic education. Despite this government investment, the participation of girls in primary school education has been low. This study aimed at assessing the influence of sanitation on participation of the girl-child in public primary schools in Garissa County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The targeted population was made up of girls and teachers in public primary schools. A sample size of 704 respondents comprising of 640 class seven girls, 32 head teachers and 32 class seven class teachers was sampled. Questionnaires, observation schedules and interview schedules were used for data collection. Validity of the research instrument was ascertained through experts in research of Chuka University. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. The results were presented in tables. Most schools did not have adequate toilets and did not provide adequate sanitary pads. The schools did not have hand washing points and tissue papers. The study revealed that adequacy of sanitary pads, washing water points /soap and toilets influenced enrolment, concentration, self-confidence, attendance and performance of girls in education. The study recommends development of clear policies on provision sanitation facilities, increase the number of sanitary pads supplied per girl. The government should set aside adequate budgetary allocation to provide school with sanitary facilities.


The Final Volume of the Groundbreaking Trilogy on Agent-Based Modeling In this pioneering synthesis, Joshua Epstein introduces a new theoretical entity: Agent_Zero. This software individual, or "agent," is endowed with distinct emotional/affective, cognitive/deliberative, and social modules. Grounded in contemporary neuroscience, these internal components interact to generate observed, often far-from-rational, individual behavior. When multiple agents of this new type move and interact spatially, they collectively generate an astonishing range of dynamics spanning the fields of social conflict, psychology, public health, law, network science, and economics. Epstein weaves a computational tapestry with threads from Plato, Hume, Darwin, Pavlov, Smith, Tolstoy, Marx, James, and Dostoevsky, among others. This transformative synthesis of social philosophy, cognitive neuroscience, and agent-based modeling will fascinate scholars and students of every stripe. Epstein's computer programs are provided in the book or on its Princeton University Press website, along with movies of his "computational parables." Agent_Zero is a signal departure in what it includes (e.g., a new synthesis of neurally grounded internal modules), what it eschews (e.g., standard behavioral imitation), the phenomena it generates (from genocide to financial panic), and the modeling arsenal it offers the scientific community. For generative social science, Agent_Zero presents a groundbreaking vision and the tools to realize it.


This chapter discusses the concept of administrative justice. The complexity and scale of modern government means that it is inevitable that sometimes things will go wrong. Public bodies make hundreds of thousands of decisions each year. Sometimes, the pressures of making thousands of decisions on finite resources mean that public bodies may not treat members of the public appropriately and not fulfil the aims of good government. When things go wrong, some will wish to challenge decisions made by the public authorities. Although such disputes are usually resolved by the courts applying the principles of judicial review, alternatives such as statutory tribunals, the ombudsman, and public inquiry provide other ways to challenge decisions made by public bodies. These three procedures form the basis of the system of administrative justice.


Industrial recommender systems deal with extremely large action spaces -- many millions of items to recommend. Moreover, they need to serve billions of users, who are unique at any point in time, making a complex user state space. Luckily, huge quantities of logged implicit feedback (e.g., user clicks, dwell time) are available for learning. Learning from the logged feedback is however subject to biases caused by only observing feedback on recommendations selected by the previous versions of the recommender. In this work, we present a general recipe of addressing such biases in a production top-K recommender system at Youtube, built with a policy-gradient-based algorithm, i.e. REINFORCE. The contributions of the paper are: (1) scaling REINFORCE to a production recommender system with an action space on the orders of millions; (2) applying off-policy correction to address data biases in learning from logged feedback collected from multiple behavior policies; (3) proposing a novel top-K off-policy correction to account for our policy recommending multiple items at a time; (4) showcasing the value of exploration. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approaches through a series of simulations and multiple live experiments on Youtube.


Information anorexia can be defined as lack of or reduced absorption of information, especially information which necessary for everyday life and work. This research tries to investigate the correlation between application of information technology and information anorexia in a higher education setting. This survey was conducted among higher education students in "Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman" (Iran). Data collected from 343 higher education students through cluster sampling. Findings revealed that there was a direct relationship between expected performance and the expected effort in information technology and information anorexia; and a direct relationship between information technology and information anorexia. Also, there was an inverse relationship between social influence and facilitators in information technology and information anorexia. The results of this study showed that despite the abundance of information and the advancement of information technology in the present era, the unawareness of the proper utilization of these facilities had led to a massive baseless information- without scientific authority. This is an important factor in the creation and growth of information anorexia toward authoritative information.


The influence of vibrational excitation on chemical reaction dynamics is well understood in triatomic reactions, but the multiple modes in larger systems complicate efforts toward the validation of a predictive framework. Although recent experiments support selective vibrational enhancements of reactivities, such studies generally do not properly account for the differing amounts of total energy deposited by the excitation of different modes. By precise tuning of translational energies, we measured the relative efficiencies of vibration and translation in promoting the gas-phase reaction of CHD3 with the Cl atom to form HCl and CD3. Unexpectedly, we observed that C–H stretch excitation is no more effective than an equivalent amount of translational energy in raising the overall reaction efficiency; CD3 bend excitation is only slightly more effective. However, vibrational excitation does have a strong impact on product state and angular distributions, with C–H stretch-excited reactants leading to predominantly forward-scattered, vibrationally excited HCl.


This study documents a six-fold increase in short-term return reversals during earnings announcements relative to non-announcement periods. Following prior research, we use reversals as a proxy for expected returns market makers demand for providing liquidity. Our findings highlight significant time-series variation in the magnitude of short-term return reversals and suggest that market makers demand higher expected returns prior to earnings announcements because of increased inventory risks that stem from holding net positions through the release of anticipated earnings news. Collectively, our findings suggest that uncertainty regarding anticipated information events elicits predictable increases in the compensation demanded for providing liquidity and that these increases significantly affect the dynamics and information content of market prices.


On 3 August 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) attacked the Ezidi religious minority in Sinjar, northern Iraq, resulting in the displacement of the overwhelming majority of the community. The study considers whether the reasons for the displacement of Ezidi women from Sinjar (who, by December 2016, were living in Fidanlik Camp, Diyarbakir, Turkey), are consistent with International Refugee Law (IRL) principles. It also lays down their experiences as refugee women, trying to offer an insight into the gendered aspect of their day-to-day lives. To this end, interviews with Ezidi women living in one of the refugee camps, and local service providers, form the basis of this study. It also briefly reviews the evolution of a dominant interpretation of IRL and its critics, while examining the extension of the refugee regime's ability to provide protection to women claiming asylum, offer solutions to the problems they face, and provide information about the local legal framework and practices.


The need for university reform. The educational commission's description of the problems in Swedish higher education 1745-1751.During the so called age of liberty in Sweden (1721-1772), demands were promptly made for concrete applications of the rather elusive idea of 'utility'. One grand expression of these claims was the educational commission appointed in 1745 to investigate whether and in which ways the Swedish educational system, including the universities, should be reformed. Previous studies have primarily focused on analyzing the commission's reform proposal; its content, potential consequences and the response it received from Uppsala University in particular. The relationship between the commission and the universities has, moreover, almost exclusively been considered as a struggle for influence over Sweden's higher education. This article focuses instead on the ideas of the commission regarding the need for university reform. The article aims to suggest alternative approaches for subsequent studies, however I wish to also indicate the contours of a more nuanced understanding of the intentions of the commission. The article takes as an analytical starting point the assessment made by the commission that Swedish universities failed in reaching their legitimate goal: to educate students for positions in government offices. As this failure was considered harmful for the country it was believed to be in the state's interest to regulate the influx of students into higher education as well as the knowledge and qualifications these students should have acquired upon graduation. Previous studies have considered the commission almost exclusively as a manifestation of the principle that universities should contribute to the economic utility or welfare of the country. This article brings to the fore that while the economy was indeed important, additional attention should be given to broader political interests of the commission.


Acid sulfate soil (ASS) materials that are subject to oxidation are often treated with neutralising agents to minimise the export of acidity that may result from pyrite oxidation. The effects of additions of both CaCO3 and seawater-neutralised bauxite refinery residue (SNBRR) on the oxidation of sulfides and acidification were assessed for 4 ASS materials using laboratory incubation experiments. As the application of sub-optimal rates of neutralising materials can occur for a variety of reasons, the effect of application rates were also examined. Two application rates were chosen; a sub-optimal rate [approximately 20% of the theoretical neutralising requirement (NR)] and an excessive application rate (>250% of the NR). There was minimal sulfide oxidation and no acidification after the addition of excess CaCO3 over the 180 days of incubation. The addition of excess SNBRR prevented acidification, but substantial sulfide oxidation still occurred. Following a brief initial increase in pH when sub-optimal rates of CaCO3 and SNBRR were applied, the treated ASS materials rapidly acidified. For three of the ASS materials the addition of sub-optimal amounts of CaCO3 had little impact on the rate of sulfide oxidation. However, for the other ASS material (a peat) both the rates of sulfide oxidation and acidification were accelerated by the addition of sub-optimal rates of CaCO3, resulting in higher soluble Fe and Al concentrations than in the untreated ASS materials. For some of the ASS materials, sub-optimal applications of SNBRR resulted in elevated soluble Al.


The distributed network connectivity algorithm allows every node in a general topology network to determine which portions of the network are reachable and unreachable. The algorithm consists of three phases: test, dissemination, and connectivity computation. During the testing phase each link is tested by one of the adjacent nodes at alternating testing intervals. Upon the detection of a new unresponsive link; the tester starts the dissemination phase, in which a distributed breadth-first tree is employed to inform the other connected nodes about the event. At any time, any working node may run the third phase, in which a graph connectivity algorithm shows the network connectivity. We prove bounds on the worst case latency of the algorithm. Simulation results of the dissemination of one event are presented for a number of network topologies, and compared to other algorithms.


The context paper addresses works submitted that are informed by postcolonial theoretical debates about multiculturalism, racial identification, essentialism, cultural
hybridity and mimicry that prevailed in the cultural milieus of New York and London in the 1980s and early 1990s. Race is addressed in all these works as a language and
racialisation is treated as a social and psychic process. The practice that is addressed in the context paper is interdisciplinary, involving performance, video and curating, as well as writing that assesses how these works engage the public in a dialogue about race as a signifying practice and about the seductive qualities of racial imagery.

Central to the works submitted is the notion of the archive, and more particularly the colonial archive. The context paper singles out the pertinent conceptualizations of the archive in relation to the postcolonial theories and practices under consideration. Those most relevant to the works submitted are the writings of Edward Said, Michel Foucault and Allan Sekula. The colonial archive is understood as actual repositories of official representations of colonised peoples, as well as a structuring principle that demarcates the
possible articulations of subaltern selfhood.

The context paper treats the artistic works submitted as attempts to work through postcolonial theories via critically informed lived experiences, which is to say via praxis. What is proposed is that performative re- enactment and interaction with audiences offers an important means of exploring how racialised cultural discourses actually operate in and shape understanding of the world. The principal argument for the originality of the works submitted is that the reflexive use of performances foregrounding the constructed nature of racial identity through re-enactment and simulation constitutes an innovative approach to postcolonial praxis.

The context paper also summarizes relevant aspects of the historical context in which the submitted works were produced. During that period, the author was associated
with artists and art collectives that were actively engaged in a postcolonial critique of cultural institutions and Eurocentric aesthetics in the United States and Britain. The
multicultural activism of that period concentrated on developing ways to combine experimental techniques with a "new cultural politics of difference" in the words of cultural theorist Cornel West. Multicultural activists were concerned not only with critiquing the stereotyping of racial minorities in mainstream media and art history, but also with putting forward a notion of race as a social construct and a symbolic practice. The works submitted address the ways that racial tropes from colonial discourse, such as "the primitive" reasserted themselves in the contemporary discourses of state-sponsored and corporate multiculturalism.

The context statement focuses on three major cultural projects and nine essays that engage with the notion of race as a language. Those cultural projects are: my caged
Amerindian performance, Two Undiscovered Amerindians Visit the West (1992-1994), featured in the video The Couple in the Cage (1993); my video a/k/a Mrs.George Gilbert (2004); and my curatorial project Only Skin Deep: Changing Visions of the American Self (2003). The essays address either these works or others by artists who share a concern with racial representation. The context statement outlines the theoretical underpinnings that inform these works. I discuss how these works have been informed by structuralist and post-structuralist theories of language and discursive practice; psychoanalytic theories of racial identification and fantasy and postcolonial models of cultural interpretation. The
conclusion incorporates retrospective commentary on the shortcomings in my approach and in my original understanding of audience reception, particularly in relation to credulity and the suspension of disbelief.


This dissertation consists of three essays on the geography of finance. In the first essay, we study the relation between geographic dispersion and firm value. In the context of asset-sells, information asymmetry hypothesis and managerial alignment hypothesis offer opposite predictions on the market reaction to asset-sell announcements. Real estate investment trusts (REIT) firms provide an ideal setting to investigate these two competing but not mutually exclusive effects. We construct a unique panel data of more than 800,000 property-year observations and apply a two-stage sequential decision-making method to mitigate selection bias at both firm level and property level. We find that REIT firms tend to dispose of distant properties and there is a negative relation between distance and cumulative abnormal returns (CARs, also known as cumulative prediction errors), consistent with managerial alignment hypothesis. Further, informational and social factors explain corporate decisions on asset sell-offs and the effect of social interactions only exists in less-populated areas. Together, these findings suggest a dominant role of managerial alignment effect. In the second essay, we analyze cross-state/MSA spillover effects of local capital scarcity. We propose a theoretical framework to capture the competition for scarce capital across state/MSA borders and calibrate its implications with spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial Durbin's (SDM) models. Our application of spatial econometrics tools mitigates potential bias in estimation that arises due to the violation of Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA), which leads to indirect treatment effect (competition effect) on geographic neighbors. Overall, our findings suggest that negative spatial spillovers may arise due to competition for scarce capital, and the competition effect is amplified during local and national economic downturns. In the third essay, we introduce geographic variables and implement a novel econometric method. Chongyu Wang – University of Connecticut, 2017 We test the hypothesis that geographic (state-level) macroeconomic factors and funding liquidity affect market liquidity. We find cross-state spillover effects for market liquidity. These spatial spillover effects have two implications. First, higher REIT market liquidity in neighboring states leads to decreased REIT market liquidity in a particular state. Second, there is also a spatial multiplier effect (less than 1) that diminishes the magnitudes of the total effect of state macroeconomic effects on funding liquidity. These results indicate that neighboring states compete for scarce capital, leading to negative effects on the growth trajectories across state borders. Such negative effects are more extreme during market downturns. Three Essays on the Geography of Finance


In an ongoing study of brain microvasculature in humans at autopsy, we had the opportunity to analyze the overall scheme of this vascular supply. The native endothelial membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used to precipitate black lead sulfide salt in the vessel wall, rendering the brain microvasculature visible by both light microscopy and microradiography. There are six distinct patterns of intraparenchymal afferent blood supply to the supratentorial brain: short arterioles from a single source (e.g., those in the cortex); short- to intermediate-length arterioles, single source (anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum); short- to intermediate length arterioles and arteries, dual source (subcortical U fibers); intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, triple source (extreme/external capsule and claustrum); long arteries and arterioles, single source (centrum semiovale); and large, long muscular arteries, single source (thalamus and basal ganglia). The nature of this arrangement offers some protection to certain regions of the cerebrum from circulatory challenges such as hypotension, while leaving other areas vulnerable. The distal arterioles supplying two of these protected regions, the U-fiber area and the extreme/external capsule and claustrum area, also exhibit the feature of interdigitation, which can offer additional collateral potential from one arteriolar territory to the next. Aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can have a significant impact on brain microcirculation. The way in which vascular patterns dictate the distribution of these effects is discussed. The ability to stain the cerebral microvessels and demonstrate the finer points of their patterns in sections and microradiographs has enabled us to resolve some long-standing questions about vascular connections and directions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


N 6 -furfuryladenine (kinetin) is a cytokinin growth factor with several biological effects observed in human cells and fruit flies. Kinetin exists naturally in the DNA of almost all organisms tested so far, including human cells and various plants. The cytotoxicity effect of kinetin on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines was measured by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and the results showed that kinetin could inhibit cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 52 μmol/L at 96 h after the drug was added into the culture. The interaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with kinetin was studied in aqueous solution at physiological conditions, using constant protein concentration and various drug contents. UV-vis spectroscopic method was used to determine kinetin binding mode, the binding constant and the effects of kinetin complexation on protein structure. The spectroscopic results showed that kinetin is located along the polypeptide chains with overall affinity constant of KKinetin-BSA = 6.8 x 10 4 M -1 .


In \cite{gjha} we give a detailed analysis of spherical Hausdorff measures on sub-Riemannian manifolds in a general framework, that is, without the assumption of equiregularity. The present paper is devised as a complement of this analysis, with both new results and open questions. The first aim is to extend the study to other kinds of intrinsic measures on sub-Riemannian manifolds, namely Popp's measure and general (i.e., non spherical) Hausdorff measures. The second is to explore some consequences of \cite{gjha} on metric measure spaces based on sub-Riemannian manifolds.


We propose a joint nonlinear electrical equalization approach in coherent optical discrete-Fourier-transform spread orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (DFT-spread-OFDM) systems with polarization division multiplexing (PDM). This method is based on an adaptive Volterra series expansion for nonlinear distortions of two orthogonal polarizations. The nonlinear electrical equalization is validated through numerical simulation of 100-Gb/s quadrature phase shift keying and 200-Gb/s 16 quadrature amplitude modulation PDM DFT-spread-OFDM systems.


This paper shares the findings of an inquiry that evaluated 50 survey articles published in a refereed journal, "Educational Administration Quarterly," by examining the 53 sample designs reported in the articles. The paper presents a typology of the sample designs identified, discusses the problems of sample selection and estimation procedures, and delineates possible ways to improve sample design practice in educational research. Major findings are that: (1) oneand two-stage sample selections were typically used in the survey sample designs; (2) the target or survey populations were not defined in about half of the sample designs; (3) where complex survey data was involved, variance estimates, obtained using the standard methods, were not adjusted to account for any possible design effects; and (4) potential nonresponse bias effects were not investigated in any designs with low response rates. Overall, the general quality of the selection procedures in the 53 sample designs was compromised by problems. Editors of this journal should require sufficient information about sample selection procedures. (Contains 3 tables and 36 references.) (Author/SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Lin Wang TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES .INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) AN EVALUATION OF THE SAMPLE DESIGNS IN EDUCATIONAL SURVEY RESEARCH


The paper presents the findings of research into the extent and impact of restricted access to ICT based communications for specific groups of staff in UK further and higher education organisations. Educational institutions disseminate key corporate information internally via email, intranets and Virtual Learning Environments. However, the extent to which access to electronic communications is available to all personnel within such institutions in the UK has not previously been established. The research arose from a concern that a significant proportion of staff were being routinely excluded from access, thus perpetuating and extending existing inequalities among personnel and creating a digital divide between the 'information rich' and the 'information poor'. A questionnaire survey was used to quantify the extent of restrictions on staff access across the sector, whilst case study research was used to conduct a qualitative analysis of its impact on individuals and institutions. The findings indicate that lack of hardware and network infrastructure pose less of a barrier to access than does lack of ICT skills, lack of motivation either to use computers or to gain ICT skills, and line manager resistance to staff using computers or accessing ICT training in work time. Job function was the factor most associated with lack of access, with cleaning, catering and estates staff least likely to have access. However, there were also examples identified of effective practice in extending the range of personnel with access and ensuring inclusive communication with all personnel. These insights into good practice should be transferable to a wide range of workplace contexts.


A polystyrene-supported isothiourea (1a) behaves as a highly efficient organocatalyst in a variety of formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. The catalytic system has proven to be highly versatile, leading to six-membered heterocycles and spiro-heterocycles bearing an oxindole moiety in high yields and very high enantioselectivities (32 examples, including the previously unreported oxindole spiropyranopyrazolones 8; 97% mean ee). The notable chemical stability of 1a under operation conditions results in high recyclability (11 cycles, accumulated TON of 76.8) and allows the implementation of an extended-operation continuous flow process (no decrease in yield or ee after 18 h).


The early-to-mid nineteenth century was a turbulent period for the cities of an expanding America. Beginning in the 1830's, it was a time of "epic homicidal riots," which prompted the creation of the first urban police force. The rise of the police helped reduce the rates of homicide dramatically. Concomitant with the explosion of real-life murder and the rise of the first police force was also a particular renaissance moment for gothic storytelling, focusing in large part on the wily criminal and the deductive reasoning used by these early police to track, apprehend and convict these offenders. What influence did these tremendously popular stories have on the creation of 19th-century criminal law and the public's understanding of the 19th-century criminal?The most emblematic example of this fascination with American criminality, of course, was the writing of Edgar Allan Poe, whose Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in 1849. Close behind it in influence, however, was the gothic fiction of Washington Irving and short stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne, whose work beguiled a developing nation. These highly popular stories, steeped in mystery, psychology and potentially horrific crimes, were influential in the shaping of 19th-century criminal law and organized police forces, which rose hand in hand with the popular understanding of crime-solving.There were many links between 19th-century gothic/criminal fiction and the intellectual development of 19th-century American criminal law. One example is the rise of new narrative techniques in 19th-century fiction in developing character studies, including third-person narrative forms, and the concomitant development of mens rea analysis (i.e., that liability for wrongdoing should not just be based on sheer "wickedness," but on actual intent to commit a specific crime). As literary gothic fiction explored a new, more complex understanding of why a criminal defendant might act the way he did, this matched — and undoubtedly influenced — the way the legal understanding of mens rea became more refined, shifting from a simple finding of general wrongdoing to a more sophisticated, elemental approach. This book chapter explores the similarities and cross-pollination between the two.


Our deployment of cache-aware load balancing in the Google web search backend reduced cache misses by ~0.5x, contributing to a double-digit percentage increase in the throughput of our serving clusters by relieving a bottleneck. This innovation has benefited all production workloads since 2015, serving billions of queries daily.
 A load balancer forwards each query to one of several identical serving replicas. The replica pulls each term's postings list into RAM from flash, either locally or over the network. Flash bandwidth is a critical bottleneck, motivating an application-directed RAM cache on each replica. Sending the same term reliably to the same replica would increase the chance it hits cache, and avoid polluting the other replicas' caches. However, most queries contain multiple terms and we have to send the whole query to one replica, so it is not possible to achieve a perfect partitioning of terms to replicas.
 We solve this via a voting scheme, whereby the load balancer conducts a weighted vote by the terms in each query, and sends the query to the winning replica. We develop a multi-stage scalable algorithm to learn these weights. We first construct a large-scale term-query graph from logs and apply a distributed balanced graph partitioning algorithm to cluster each term to a preferred replica. This yields a good but simplistic initial voting table, which we then iteratively refine via cache simulation to capture feedback effects.


Polarization properties of pure four-wave mixing (FWM) and dressed-FWM processes in a two-level system and a cascade three-level atomic system are theoretically and experimentally investigated. The relative intensities and polarization characteristics of the FWM signals in different laser polarization configurations and different level systems are experimentally investigated and compared. Also, the results are theoretically explained by different transition paths combinations. In the dressed-FWM processes, we study the dependence of dressing effect on the incident field's polarization. The FWM signal generated by a linearly polarized pumping field is suppressed more by the dressing field than the one generated by a circularly polarized pumping field. However, an opposite effect was observed when the probe field's polarization is changed. The multidressing mechanisms are used to explain these effects. In addition, the interference and polarization dependence of the coexisting FWM signals in the same atomic system are discussed.


We present a computational framework to address the flow of two immiscible viscous liquids which co-flow into a shallow rectangular container at one side, and flow out into a holding container at the opposite side. Assumptions based on the shallow depth of the domain are used to reduce the governing equations to one of Hele-Shaw type. The distinctive feature of the numerical method is the accurate modeling of the capillary effects. A continuum approach coupled with a volume-of-fluid formulation for computing the interface motion and for modeling the interfacial tension in Hele-Shaw flows is formulated and implemented. The interface is reconstructed with a height-function algorithm. The combination of these algorithms is a novel development for the investigation of Hele-Shaw flows. The order of accuracy and convergence properties of the method are discussed with benchmark simulations. A microfluidic flow of a ribbon of fluid which co-flows with a second liquid is simulated. We show that for small capillary...


We establish a simple generalization of a known result in the plane. The simplices in any pure simplicial complex in R^d may be colored with d+1 colors so that no two simplices that share a (d-1)-facet have the same color. In R^2 this says that any planar map all of whose faces are triangles may be 3-colored, and in R^3 it says that tetrahedra in a collection may be "solid 4-colored" so that no two glued face-to-face receive the same color.


This article discusses a business-school collaborative learning partnership in the Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Greater Sendai. This partnership is further linked to a broader context of multi-stakeholder public participation in the RCE that was set up to advance the ESD agenda in the region. The authors propose a conceptual framework for multi-stakeholder, ESD-based social learning within the RCE with the aim of enabling the creation of a sustainability-literate society. This proposal is based on the results of students' prior experience in ESD activities, optimal age for ESD learning and future job choices presented in this paper, together with a reported article that the levels of sustainability of the two sectoral organizations were mixed and hence need improvement. The paper argues that it will be good to focus on bridging the business and education sectors by building ESD capacity of the children and youth in the formal education sector. It contends this could be done through collaborative learning using the government-mandated "Period of Integrated Studies" (PIS) in the Japanese primary and secondary school curriculum. Additionally, it will be appropriate for the RCE Greater Sendai Steering Committee to facilitate and coordinate the learning processes and also promote networking and cooperative interactions among the actors and stakeholders in the region. Recommendations for improvement of the learning partnerships in RCE Greater Sendai are made for consideration at the local and national policy levels.


The synthetic biology toolkit contains a growing number of parts for regulating transcription and translation, but very few that can be used to control protein association. Here we report characterization of 22 previously published heterospecific synthetic coiled-coil peptides called SYNZIPs. We present biophysical analysis of the oligomerization states, helix orientations, and affinities of 27 SYNZIP pairs. SYNZIP pairs were also tested for interaction in two cell-based assays. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, >85% of 253 comparable interactions were consistent with prior in vitro measurements made using coiled-coil microarrays. In a yeast-signaling assay controlled by coiled-coil mediated scaffolding, 12 SYNZIP pairs were successfully used to down-regulate the expression of a reporter gene following treatment with α-factor. Characterization of these interaction modules dramatically increases the number of available protein interaction parts for synthetic biology and should facilitate a wide range of molecular engineering applications. Summary characteristics of 27 SYNZIP peptide pairs are reported in specification sheets available in the Supporting Information and at the SYNZIP Web site [http://keatingweb.mit.edu/SYNZIP/].


The human organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is strongly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. OCT1 mediates the uptake of drugs and exogenous substances with cationic or weak basic structures into the liver. The OCT1 gene has high genetic variability with five common amino acid substitutions R61C, C88R, G401S, G465R and the deletion of M420del that are known to cause loss of OCT1. The loss of OCT1 function decreases the hepatic uptake of drugs like morphine, tropisetron, and o-desmethyl-tramadol (the active metabolite of tramadol) and increases their plasma concentrations. This may result in increased efficacy of these drugs, but also increases the risk of adverse effects. In Caucasians, 9% of the individuals carry two inactive OCT1 alleles and further 42% carry only one inactive OCT1 allele. Recent next-generation resequencing analyses of 53 global populations as well as the existing data of 14 populations of the 1000 Genomes project led to the identification of ad¬di¬tional amino acid substitutions predicted to affect OCT1 function.
In the first part of this thesis, 19 amino acid variants in OCT1 (including the 5 common, 5 novel, and 9 population-specific) were functionally characterized using a broad spectrum of structurally diverse OCT1 substrates. The aim was to generate a world map of genetically-determined loss of OCT1 function. This world map might shed light on the potential role of OCT1 polymorphisms in interethnic differences in drug therapy. Furthermore, the global distribution of loss of OCT1 function might point to a selection pressure for either retention or loss of OCT1 activity.
Targeted genomic integration was used to generate HEK293 cell lines over¬ex¬pressing OCT1 allelic variants. The cells were used to measure the effect of the variants on the uptake of the model substrates MPP+, TEA+, ASP+ as well as of the drugs morphine, metformin, tropisetron, debrisoquine, and O-desmethyltramadol. The subcellular localization of OCT1 was analyzed by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining detected by confocal microscopy.
Fifteen major OCT1 alleles causing a more than 50 % decrease or increase of the wild type transport activity were identified. An additional 6 sub-alleles were identified that did not substantially affect the transport properties of the major allele. Four major alleles OCT1*5 (G465R/M420del), OCT1*6 (C88R/M420del), OCT1*12 (S29L), and OCT1*15 (E284K) showed complete substrate-wide loss of activity caused by improper membrane localization of the protein. Three alleles OCT1*3 (R61C), OCT1*4 (G401S), and OCT1*14 (R206C/M420del) showed strong substrate-wide decrease in transport activity. Of these, OCT1*3 and OCT1*14 showed reduced plasma membrane localization. A substantial number of alleles (5 out of 19 tested) showed substrate-specific loss of activity: OCT1*2 (M420del), OCT1*7 (S14F), OCT1*10 (S189L), OCT1*11 (I449T), and OCT1*13 (T245M). Two alleles OCT1*8 (R488M) and OCT1*9 (P117L) showed more than 50% increase in activity for at least one substrate tested. A world map of genetically-determined loss of OCT1 function, which was generated based on these analyses, showed strong variability in the loss of OCT1 function among different world regions. Almost all individuals in East Asia and Oceania carry two active OCT1 alleles. In contrast, more than 80% of the Surui Indians, a Native American tribe in the Amazon, carried two loss-of-function alleles. These findings should be taken into consideration for recommendations of individualized adjustment of drug medication in specific populations.
This work provides functional analysis of existing OCT1 allelic variants on a broad spectrum of structurally diverse substances revealing strong differences in the effect of these variants on transporter function. The high number of substrate-specific loss of function variants suggests that it is not sufficient to test single OCT1 substrates in order to predict the effect of OCT1 variants.
Among the substrate-specific loss-of-function alleles OCT1*2 (M420del) was by far the most common one. It was ubiquitously observed across tested populations and was the only loss-of-function OCT1 variant observed in Surui Indians. In the second part of the thesis the structural mechanism underlying the highly substrate-specific effects of M420del was analyzed.
First, it could be shown that the substrate-specific effects of M420del are not caused by an unspecific reduction of the protein chain but rather due to the deletion of the amino acid at codon 420. The transport activity of the mutants L427del and H428del, which were expected to show transport activity similar to M420del, did not differ from wild type. The mutant insertion of alanine after proline425 (A426ins) on M420del background, which was expected to restore wild type activity, showed the similar activity as M420del. Furthermore, the mutant M420A showed no differences in the uptake kinetics compared to M420del using structurally different OCT1 substrates. Furthermore, neither isoleucine, nor threonine, nor cysteine at position 420 could restore wild type transport activity. This data confirmed that the effects of M420del are caused by a specific loss of the methionine side chain.
Finally, interactions of methionine420 with amino acids in the 7th transmembrane domain (L364 and H367) were analyzed. An interaction between M420 and L364 or H367 could not be confirmed, as a mutation of these amino acids resulted in a general reduction of OCT1 uptake. Analyses of interactions between methioine420 and amino acids known to be involved in substrate binding and translocation suggest complex interaction of M420del with D474, but not with W217 and F159.
Taken together, it could be shown that the substrate-specific effects of M420del are caused by the specific loss of the methionine side chain and indirect interactions with essential transport domains were suggested. Further experiments applying detailed homology modeling are needed to reveal the exact structural mechanism how M420del affects OCT1 function.


This is the first book to examine in depth the doctrinal character of the unit trust. The author begins by tracing the history of the unit trust as a sub-set of the trust and the company. He goes on to examine a whole range of related topics, including the contractual ingredient of the unit trust and its implications on doctrines of perpetuities, important case law such as the case of Saunder v Vautier, frustration, and remedies. This is followed by an analysis of the unit trust's relationships, obligations, and rights aspects -- including the associative, agency and fiduciary character of the relationships; the 'split of trusteeship' between the trustee and the manager (in the form of directory, veto, delegation, and advisory powers); and the nature of the unit trust. The relevant provisions of the Financial Services Act 1986 and its subsidiary legislation are also analysed. Clearly this book will be invaluable to all those who require a better understanding of the unit trust.