We present a neural network regression method for relighting realworld scenes from a small number of images. The relighting in this work is formulated as the product of the scene's light transport matrix and new lighting vectors, with the light transport matrix reconstructed from the input images. Based on the observation that there should exist non-linear local coherence in the light transport matrix, our method approximates matrix segments using neural networks that model light transport as a non-linear function of light source position and pixel coordinates. Central to this approach is a proposed neural network design which incorporates various elements that facilitate modeling of light transport from a small image set. In contrast to most image based relighting techniques, this regression-based approach allows input images to be captured under arbitrary illumination conditions, including light sources moved freely by hand. We validate our method with light transport data of real scenes containing complex lighting effects, and demonstrate that fewer input images are required in comparison to related techniques.


Friedrich Engels is one of the most attractive and contradictory figures of the nineteenth century. Born to a prosperous mercantile family in west Germany, he spent his career working in the Manchester cotton industry, riding to the Cheshire hounds, and enjoying the comfortable, middle-class life of a Victorian gentleman. Yet Engels was also the co-founder of international communism - the philosophy which in the 20th century came to control one third of the human race. He was the co-author of "The Communist Manifesto", a ruthless party tactician, and the man who sacrificed his best years so Karl Marx could write "Das Kapital". Tristram Hunt relishes the diversity and exuberance of Engels' era: how one of the great bon viveurs of Victorian Britain reconciled his raucous personal life with this uncompromising political philosophy.


Much has been written about the political, economic and social dimensions and challenges of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (see Noland and Pack 2007; World Bank 2007b; AfDB and OECD 2008; Muasher 2008; Richards and Waterbury 2008; World Bank 2008d; IMF 2009b). These works cover the situation in diff erent combinations of countries in the region depending on how they chose to defi ne it and their particular perspectives and geopolitical interests. This book is concerned with the context for private sector development (PSD) including micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs1), the PSD challenges and the relevant policy, institutional and research capacity, responses and needs in 12 MENA countries: Algeria (AG), Egypt (EG), Iraq (IQ), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LE), Morocco (MA), Sudan (SD), Syria (SY), Tunisia (TN), Turkey (TR), the West Bank & Gaza (WB&G) and Yemen (YE), hereafter referred to as the MENA12. The rationale for this particular selection of MENA countries is that they all fall within the geographic domain of the Middle East/North Africa Regional Offi ce (MERO) of Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC). The results shared in the book are based on a scoping study carried out by the IRDC from 2007 to 2009. Building on IDRC's growing interest in the topic of PSD over the past few years and an expanding literature on PSD strategies as a vehicle for economic growth in developing countries, the book presents a diagnostic of the PSD challenges in the MENA12 countries, off ers conceptual frameworks for PSD, SME and entrepreneurship development, and shares countrylevel approaches to enhancing growth of the private sector.


In recent years, international grain markets have been exposed to considerable price volatility which was partly caused by supply shocks driven by extreme climate events affecting major grain exporters. In addition, a number of exporting countries resorted to distortive trade measures in the form of export restrictions which have led to additional shortages, undermining the reliability of the world trading system. Recent climate studies suggest that climate change-induced extreme events are likely to increase yield fluctuations. As trade volumes are also projected to increase, export restrictions constitute a systemic threat to the security of the global food supply. However, WTO rules and regulations on export restrictions are lenient, offering ample 'policy space' to member countries. In this context, this paper explores the potential welfare implications of productivity shocks and consequent export restrictions imposed on rice. We use a world trade stochastic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with the Monte Carlo method, taking into account risk factors in the form of a wide range of productivity shocks to world rice supplies. Our findings suggest that welfare losses that are likely to be caused by increased yield variability, due to climate change or other factors, are expected to grow substantially if countries react to productivity shocks by imposing export restrictions. Losses incurred by rice importing countries in Asia and Africa are expected to be particularly high. The paper links these results to potential WTO reform initiatives aiming at improving world food supply stability under future uncertainty.


This research is a focused investigation of the use of digital production technologies by UK designer-makers. The Critical and Contextual Review begins by examining what is known about the UK designer-maker sector. It considers how making practices relate to history and theories of craft, exploring meanings of key concepts such as 'skill' and 'productive autonomy'. It reviews contemporary digital craft practice, identifying it as a genre and examines both digital economy and digital tool-use trends, relating to craft.

The methodology Chapter 3 explains how the pragmatic philosophical approach taken justifies the focus on investigations of experiential practice and the specific mixed methods adopted. A series of experiential case studies looking at emergent practice is analysed using grounded theory techniques and concludes that in using digital tools the maker's vision is the animating force in an inherently collective endeavour. This chapter is followed by an in-depth practicebased investigation looking specifically at the collaborative potential facilitated by digital possibilities. Chapter 6 presents an analysis of professional views based on interviews that probe the range and extent of technical and creative collaborations.

At each stage of the research a reflective enquiry points towards the next step and provides successive iterations of evidence. The thesis that emerges from evidence is the contribution to knowledge of this research. It is that a cross-fertilisation between craft and digital technologies produces a hybrid networked practice that can amount to a new type of technology-enabled and networked craft – Technepractice – in which 'negotiated collective engagement' is the driving characteristic. This presents a fundamental challenge to the constructed authenticity of productive autonomy in 20th century studio craft practice. The animation of collective resources, from exteriorised skill embedded in technology to the expertise of technicians and machine operators and the use of digital data sources, requires a re-evaluation of the location and meaning of skill in digital craft practice. A full account of the digital 'proposition' for craft, both the opportunities and threats, places digital craft in the context of other digital creative industries and explores possibilities for extending practice from collaborations to digital business models.


Lieutenant General P. K. (Ken) Keen serves as the Military Deputy Commander of U.S. Southern Command, Miami, Florida. He is second-in-command of one of ten unified commands under the Department of Defense. Southern Command conducts military operations and promotes security cooperation throughout the 16 million square mile area of Latin America and the Caribbean. Most recently, LTG Keen served as the Commander, Joint Task Force Haiti during Operation UNIFIED RESPONSE. As Commander of all U.S. forces in Haiti, he led the largest U.S. military operation in support of foreign natural disaster. LTG Keen is a native of Hyden, Kentucky and graduated as a distinguished military graduate from Eastern Kentucky University in December 1974.An Infantry Officer with 18 years on airborne status, LTG Keen has commanded Light Airborne Infantry, Ranger, Special Forces, Military Group and Army Component units. His commands include a Special Forces Detachment (SCUBA) in 3rd Battalion, 7th Special Forces Group; Company and Battalion Commands in the 82nd Airborne Division; Command of 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment; Command of the 75th Ranger Regiment; Command of U.S. Military Group in Bogota, Colombia; and Command of U.S. Army South (USARSO). LTG Keen participated in Operation JUST CAUSE as the Assistant S3 of the 75th Ranger Regiment and was Commander, Ranger Task Force during Operation DESERT STORM as part of a Joint Special Operations Command. His experience in Latin America includes assignments as a Special Forces Officer in the Republic of Panama (1977-1980); Military Group Training Officer in Honduras (1980); Foreign Area Officer and Student at the Brazilian Command and General Staff College in Brazil (1987-88); Commander of U.S. Military Group in Colombia (2001-2003); and Commander of U.S. Army South (2005-2007).From September 2007 to September 2009, he served as the Director of the U.S. European Command Plans and Operations Center and the EUCOM Chief of Staff.
LTG Keen's education includes a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics; a Master of Arts in Latin American Studies from the University of Florida; the Brazilian Command and General Staff College; and the U.S. Army War College.
His awards and decorations include the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Special Forces Tab, Ranger Tab, Pathfinder Badge, Combat SCUBA Diver, Combat Infantry Badge, Expert Infantry Badge and Master Parachutist Badge.


The ribosome is a structurally and functionally conserved macromolecular machine responsible for translating messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) into proteins. Composed of two independently assembled subunits, the bacterial ribosome is approximately 2.5 MDa in size. The process of translation, catalysed by the ribosome, is central to gene expression in the cell. Correspondingly, the regulation of ribosome biogenesis is paramount to cell viability, growth and differentiation. Moreover, the ribosome is the target of numerous clinically relevant therapeutic agents, several of which are known to affect ribosome assembly. Although, in vitro reconstitution of bacterial ribosomal subunits can be achieved using purified ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and r-protein components, the process occurs at nonphysiological conditions. It is suggested that a specific order of processing and assembly events and regulatory factors is required to achieve fully functional particles. This article focuses on the protein factors that are involved in the process of bacterial ribosome biogenesis.

Key concepts:

This article focuses on the protein factors that are involved in the process of bacterial ribosome biogenesis.

Keywords:

assembly;
biogenesis;
ribosome;
RNA;
translation;
bacteria


In this study, we successfully manipulate the heterogeneous junction at Co₃O₄-Pt core-shell cathodic nanocatalysts (C/P CNCs) by controlling the core/shell ratios. Our results indicate the cobalt core atoms would inject their valence charge to the surface Pt atoms due to the presence of extensive lattice strain in the shell region. This charge injection accelerates the redox kinetics at the catalysts surface. Consequently, compared with that using Pt nanoparticle cathode, the C/P CNCs at an optimal Pt/Co atomic ratio of 1, improves the current density and the photovoltaic efficiency of dye-sensitized soar cell (DSSC) by ∼36.3% and ∼22.9%, respectively. By combining structure and electrochemical analysis, we systematically elucidate the effects of Pt/Co (shell/core) ratios, the interplay of Co atoms on the shell structures, and the redox activity of C/P CNCs on the DSSC performance. Hereby, this study provide mechanistic insights in developing electrocatalysts for DSSC with programmable performance and reduced Pt utilization.


This paper traces the massacres of Jews and Soviet prisoners of war in November 1941 in the city of Bobruisk, Eastern Belarus. Sparked by a current memorial at one of the killing sites, the author examines the historic events of the killings themselves and presents a micro level analysis of the various techniques for murdering and disposing of such large numbers of victims. A contrast will be shown between the types of actions applied to the victims by the German army, SS, police personnel and other local collaborators, reflecting an imposed racial hierarchisation even after their death.


The objective of these studies was to determine whether the chronic administration of choline, like the chronic administration of nicotine, increased the density of nicotine binding sites in brain. To accomplish this, rats were maintained on a choline-deficient (0% choline chloride), basal choline (0.2% choline chloride) or choline-supplemented (2.0% choline chloride) diet for 30 days or were fed a standard rodent chow and received injections of saline or nicotine (3.6 mumol/kg s.c.) twice daily for 10 days. Membranes from striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex were isolated, and the binding of L-(-)-[N-methyl-3H]nicotine (0.5-60 nM) was studied. A single binding site for nicotine was evident for all brain regions from all animals studied with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 2 to 5 nM. Chronic supplementation with choline, which increased circulating choline levels by 92%, did not alter binding affinity, but increased significantly the maximal number (Bmax) of nicotine binding sites in cortical and hippocampal membranes by 20 and 73%, respectively, compared to animals fed the basal choline diet; the Bmax in striatal membranes was unaltered. Nicotine binding parameters for membranes from animals maintained on the choline-deficient diet were not different from those maintained on the basal diet. The chronic administration of nicotine did not alter binding affinity, but increased significantly the maximal density of nicotine binding sites in striatal and cortical preparations by 47 and 18%, respectively; the Bmax in hippocampal membranes was unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SMVM) is a crucial primitive used in a variety of scientific and commercial applications. Despite having significant parallelism, SMVM is a challenging kernel to optimize due to its irregular memory access characteristics. Numerous studies have proposed the use of FPGAs to accelerate SMVM implementations. However, most prior approaches focus on parallelizing multiply accumulate operations within a single row of the matrix (which limits parallelism if rows are small) and/or make inefficient uses of the memory system when fetching matrix and vector elements. In this paper, we introduce an FPGA-optimized SMVM architecture and a novel sparse matrix encoding that explicitly exposes parallelism across rows, while keeping the hardware complexity and on-chip memory usage low. This system compares favorably with prior FPGA SMVM implementations. For the over 700 University of Florida sparse matrices we evaluated, it also performs within about two thirds of CPU SMVM performance on average, even though it has 2.4x lower DRAM memory bandwidth, and within almost one third of GPU SVMV performance on average, even at 9x lower memory bandwidth. Additionally, it consumes only 25W, for power efficiencies 2.6x and 2.3x higher than CPU and GPU, respectively, based on maximum device power. Keywords-sparse matrix vector multiplication, FPGA, accelerator, SPMV, SMVM, reconfigurable computing, HPC.


Real‐time high‐rate geodetic data have been shown to be useful for rapid earthquake response systems during medium to large events. The 2014 Mw6.1 Napa, California earthquake is important because it provides an opportunity to study an event at the lower threshold of what can be detected with GPS. We show the results of GPS‐only earthquake source products such as peak ground displacement magnitude scaling, centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution, and static slip inversion. We also highlight the retrospective real‐time combination of GPS and strong motion data to produce seismogeodetic waveforms that have higher precision and longer period information than GPS‐only or seismic‐only measurements of ground motion. We show their utility for rapid kinematic slip inversion and conclude that it would have been possible, with current real‐time infrastructure, to determine the basic features of the earthquake source. We supplement the analysis with strong motion data collected close to the source to obtain an improved postevent image of the source process. The model reveals unilateral fast propagation of slip to the north of the hypocenter with a delayed onset of shallow slip. The source model suggests that the multiple strands of observed surface rupture are controlled by the shallow soft sediments of Napa Valley and do not necessarily represent the intersection of the main faulting surface and the free surface. We conclude that the main dislocation plane is westward dipping and should intersect the surface to the east, either where the easternmost strand of surface rupture is observed or at the location where the West Napa fault has been mapped in the past.


Ontology is a fundamental data object for organizing knowledge in a structured way in many areas ranging from philosophy to Knowledge Management. Knowledge capture, knowledge integration and knowledge delivery are the essential parts of dynamic knowledge management. E-Learning is considered to be an integral part of knowledge delivery system. Information architect plays an important role in developing the system, and are primarily responsible for capturing and modeling knowledge from various Information sources as a part of eLearning. Ontology is found to be useful and efficient as a basis to capture the knowledge, model it in a structured way and disseminate it for further processing from various information sources. In this paper, we present a brief description on the role of ontology in e-learning and review the ontology building tools. The purpose for reviewing ontology building tools is to determine the toolkit most suitable for ontology creation, editing, and mind/concept mapping from the view points of Information Architects (IAs) who play a significant role in designing knowledge management systems. The paper also gives a fundamental understanding of ontology tools available on the market as open source products as well as commercial products in terms of their capability, availability, enhancement and further development. We provide a ranked list of the tools based on our needs and suitability for the IAs.


Recent developments of high performance concrete, increasing amounts of prestressing, and increasing use of deep girders have resulted in increasing popularity of precast pretensioned concrete girders in bridge construction. These developments have increasingly contributed to end zone cracking. This paper summarizes the interim results of an ongoing research sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 18-14. The objectives of the research are: (1) to establish procedures for the acceptance, repair, or rejection of precast/prestressed concrete girders with longitudinal web cracking, and (2) to prepare a user's manual for the application of these procedures. The results from a national survey of fabricators and users of pretensioned concrete girders and an extensive literature review are presented in this paper.


Insects identify and evaluate behaviorally relevant odorants in complex natural scenes where odor concentrations and mixture composition can change rapidly. In the honeybee, a combinatorial code of activated and inactivated projection neurons (PNs) develops rapidly within tens of milliseconds at the first level of neural integration, the antennal lobe (AL). The phasic-tonic stimulus-response dynamics observed in the neural population code and in the firing rate profiles of single neurons is faithfully captured by two alternative models which rely either on short-term synaptic depression, or on spike frequency adaptation. Both mechanisms work independently and possibly in parallel to lateral inhibition. Short response latencies in local interneurons indicate that local processing within the AL network relies on fast lateral inhibition that can suppress effectively and specifically odor responses in single PNs. Reviewing recent findings obtained in different insect species, we conclude that the insect olfactory system implements a fast and reliable coding scheme optimized for time-varying input within the behaviorally relevant dynamic range.


Background There is increased focus on HIV prevention with African men who report experiencing childhood sexual (CSA) or physical abuse (CPA). Objective To better understand the effects of a community-based intervention (Project Accept HPTN 043) on HIV prevention behaviors among men who report CSA or CPA experiences. Methods Project Accept compared a community-based voluntary mobile counseling and testing (CBVCT) intervention with standard VCT. The intervention employed individual HIV risk reduction planning with motivational interviewing in 34 African communities (16 communities at 2 sites in South Africa, 10 in Tanzania, and 8 in Zimbabwe). Communities were randomized unblinded in matched pairs to CBVCT or SVCT, delivered over 36 months. The post-intervention assessment was conducted using a single, cross-sectional random survey of 18-32 year-old community members (total N = 43,292). We analyzed the effect of the intervention on men with reported CSA or CPA across the African sites. Men were identified with a survey question asking about having experienced CSA or CPA across the lifespan. The effect of intervention on considered outcomes of the preventive behavior was statistically evaluated using the logistic regression models. Results Across the sites, the rates of CSA or CPA among men indicated that African men reflected the global prevalence (20%) with a range of 13–24%. The statistically significant effect of the intervention among these men was seen in their increased effort to receive their HIV test results (OR 2.71; CI: (1.08, 6.82); P: 0.034). The intervention effect on the other designated HIV prevention behaviors was less pronounced. Conclusion The effect of the intervention on these men showed increased motivation to receive their HIV test results. However, more research is needed to understand the effects of community-based interventions on this group, and such interventions need to integrate other keys predictors of HIV including trauma, coping strategies, and intimate partner violence.


Titanium alloys are widely used in the aerospace industry especially in airframes and engine components due to their high strength-weight ratio that is maintained at elevated temperature and their exceptional corrosion resistance.
Nevertheless, titanium and its alloys are thought to be difficult-to-machine material due to their poor thermal properties and highly chemical reactivity. In this study, Ti-6AI-4V has been drilled using single-layer PVD-HIS-TiAIN coated carbide, Type A (T12-A) and Type C (T12-C and T13-C), multi-layer PVD-HIS-Supemitride coated carbide, Type A (S 13-A) and Type C (S l2-C and S 13-C) and uncoated carbide Type B (U12-B and U13-B) and Type C (U12-C and U13-C) drills with different drill point geometry under various cutting speeds and constant feed rate. The tool performance, tool failure modes and tool wear mechanisms were analyzed under various cutting speeds. On the other hand, the cutting forces and the surface roughness were measured. In this study, Type C drills outperformed Type A and B drills in terms of tool life for almost all the cutting conditions tested. At low cutting speed of 25 m/min, the uncoated carbide tool of U12-C drills demonstrated the longest tool life, which resulted in low tool wear rate. The excellent improvement of both coated drills were mainly due to their ability of maintaining oxidation resistance and high hardness especially at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, poor performance of Type B drills was mainly due to premature tool failure caused by severe chipping and breakage. Non-uniform flank wear, chipping, cracking and catastrophic failure were the dominant failure modes of all tools under most cutting
conditions tested. These failure modes were mainly associated with adhesion, diffusion and plastic deformation wear mechanisms. Based from the results obtained, it can be suggested that Type C drill was recommended and the lower
cutting speed of 25 m/min should be employed in order to achieve high performance in drilling Ti-64.


A variety of evaluation methods for user interfaces (UI) exist such as usability testing, cognitive walkthrough, and heuristic evaluation. However, UIs such as guidance systems at transit hubs must be evaluated in their intended application field to allow the effective and valid identification of usability flaws. However, what if evaluations are not feasible in real environments, or laboratorial conditions cannot be ensured? Based on adapted heuristics, in the present study, the method of heuristic evaluation is combined with immersive Virtual Reality (VR) for the identification of usability flaws of dynamic guidance systems (DGS) at transit hubs. The study involved usability evaluations of nine DGS concepts using the newly proposed method. The results show that compared to computer-based heuristic evaluations, the use of immersive VR led to the identification of an increased amount of "severe" usability flaws as well as overall usability flaws. Within a qualitative assessment, immersive VR is validated as a suitable tool for conducting heuristic evaluations involving significant advantages such as the creation of realistic experiences in laboratorial conditions. Future work seeks to further prove the suitability of using immersive VR for heuristic evaluations and compare the proposed method to other evaluative methods.


BACKGROUND
There are only a few studies on acne in pregnancy. This study was aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, and familial characteristics of acne in pregnancy, triggering factors including endocrine diseases, and association of these findings with acne in different trimesters of pregnancy.

METHODS
Pregnant women aged 18 years and older with acne at any stage of pregnancy were consecutively interviewed at the participating centers during the study period from 2016 to 2019. Acne severity was evaluated using the Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale.

RESULTS
A total of 295 pregnant women with acne were included, with 167 (56.6%) patients showing mild, 87 (29.5%) moderate, six (12.2%) severe, and five (1.7%) very severe acne. Truncal acne was significantly higher in the third trimester than in the other stages (P < 0.001). Onset of acne before pregnancy, prepubertal, pubertal or adult onset, or acne history in previous pregnancies did not influence acne severity in pregnancy. Women with irregular menstruation before pregnancy, polycystic ovary syndrome, hirsutism, and higher body weight index tended to show severe acne in pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS
Severe acne during pregnancy is generally uncommon, while severity of facial acne, truncal acne, and hirsutism is higher in the third trimester than in other trimesters. Acne in pregnancy shares many characteristics with female adult acne. Substantial changes in different kinds of hormones play a more complex role in acne during pregnancy, but the pathogenesis remains to be determined.


University students' mobility has implications for regional development. By attracting students, Universities significantly contribute to enhance regional endowment of a highly skilled workforce and to rise regional GDP by stimulating a number of economic activities linked to the demand for goods and services from students living away from home. But, what if student migration inside a country follows just a unidirectional flow from certain regions towards other ones? More interestingly, why does it happen? This is the case of Italy, where student mobility is characterized by an increasing trend of enrollment by students from the Mezzogiorno regions towards Central-Northern Universities, not offset by a comparable flow in the opposite direction. Even more, students from the South of Italy, who graduate in Centre-North, often do not come back in their region of origin, but they search for occupation in the more developed regions of Centre-North. This selective migration elicits a brain drain from Southern regions; it also causes income transfers in favor of the regions of destination (at least in the measure of the costs of living away from the family of origin). This paper aims at giving evidence on the infra-region Italian students' mobility over the last 13 years.


Older patients with multimorbidity and extensive healthcare needs are at risk of frequent readmission to hospital after discharge. With a Swedish report entitled 'Follow-up 48-72' as its basis, the present study aimed to describe nurses' experiences of follow-up visits to older patients with multimorbidity 48 to 72 hours after discharge from hospital. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 nurses experienced with such home visits to older patients, and the material was analysed by qualitative content analysis. The results indicate that such visits by nurses can relieve patient anxiety, as patients are often unsure of the next steps, in terms of medication and care. According to the nurses, these visits created trust in the nurse-patient relationship and ensured patient safety. Follow-up visits soon after discharge from hospital should become a part of routine nursing, especially for older people with multimorbidity.


Company management policy, that includes CRM (Customer Relationship Management) that is implemented with CRM computer system is rapidly growing in importance in Slovenia and worldwide. But just implementing CRM system is not enough if we want system that is well accepted and used daily.
Integration with other systems in company is very important when implementing CRM system. Four types of integration are defined and they are usage, replication, synhronization and business process integration.
Successful CRM system implementations include integration with e-mail systems and e-mail clients, ERP systems and other business software, document management systems, reporting systems and business inteligence systems, phone systems, web pages, social networks, external data sources and other systems. Integration should be done in phases and with great deal of planning and analysis. Only integrations that are identified as usefull for business should be done as every integration costs money and time to implement and maintain.
Microsoft Dynamics CRM is a system that is well prepared for integration with other systems. Some integrations are out-of-the-box (Outlook, Dynamics ERP systems, SharePoint, phone systems), other integrations can be done with free or comercial 3rd party solutions (smarh phones, web site integrations, social networks) and there are couple of integrations tools and platforms that can connect to Dynamics CRM (BizTalk Server, Microsoft SQL Server Integration Services, Scribe Insight,...).
Cloud computing is proving to be a difficulty when trying to integrate system. Data in the cloud is typically less available than on premise, access to data is also slower. Replication cloud data to local data stores solves some of these problems.


Spreading on networks is influenced by a number of factors, including different parts of the inter-event time distribution (IETD), the topology of the network and non-stationarity. In order to understand the role of these factors we study the SI model on temporal networks with different aggregated topologies and different IETDs. Based on analytic calculations and numerical simulations, we show that if the stationary bursty process is governed by power-law IETD, the spreading can be slowed down or accelerated as compared to a Poisson process; the speed is determined by the short time behaviour, which in our model is controlled by the exponent. We demonstrate that finite, so called 'locally tree-like' networks, like the Barabási–Albert networks behave very differently from real tree graphs if the IETD is strongly fat-tailed, as the lack or presence of rare alternative paths modifies the spreading. A further important result is that the non-stationarity of the dynamics has a significant effect on the spreading speed for strongly fat-tailed power-law IETDs, thus bursty processes characterized by small power-law exponents can cause slow spreading in the stationary state but also very rapid spreading, with this heavily dependent on the age of the processes.


After the worst thing in the world happens, then what? What is left to the survivors, the witnesses, those who tried to help? What can we do to prevent more atrocities from happening in the future, and to stop the ones that are happening right now? "That the World May Know" tells the powerful and moving story of the successes and failures of the modern human rights movement. Drawing on firsthand accounts from fieldworkers around the world, the book gives a painfully clear picture of the human cost of confronting inhumanity in our day.There is no dearth of such stories to tell, and James Dawes begins with those that emerged from the Rwandan genocide. Who, he asks, has the right to speak for the survivors and the dead, and how far does that right go? How are these stories used and, what does this tell us about our collective moral future? His inquiry takes us to a range of crises met by a broad array of human rights and humanitarian organizations. Here we see from inside the terrible stresses of human rights work, along with its curious seductions, and the myriad paradoxes and quandaries it presents.With pathos, compassion, and a rare literary grace, this book interweaves personal stories, intellectual and political questions, art and aesthetics, and actual "news" to give us a compelling picture of humanity at its conflicted best, face-to-face with humanity at its worst.


This study is an attempt to check some political factors determining budget deficit in Pakistan. It examines the short and long-run relationship between the Budget deficit, democracy and cabinet size for Pakistan's economy. The bounds testing approach to co-integration and (ECM) error-correction models, developed within an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is applied to annual data for the period 1976 to 2009 in order to investigate whether a long-run equilibrium relationship exists between the budget deficit and these factors. The result of the bounds test indicates that there exist long-run relationship between the budget deficit and political variables. The results provide strong evidence that large government size will significantly add to the budget deficit. The democracy can help in reducing budget deficit but shows a weaker influence in case of Pakistan for the sample period.


: The European Union's (EU) 2015–2016 "migration/asylum crisis" gave discussions over the relationships between migration, security and development renewed prominence in global a ff airs. In response to record migratory fl ows, the EU, like the United States (US), has implemented security responses to migration aimed at protecting territorial integrity. This article addresses the migration–security–development nexus through the lens of policy coherence for development (PCD). It compares EU and US migration policies within the framework of the "transformative development" associated with the Sustainable Development Goals. It contends that these donors have undermined transformative development through the regionalization of development aid, which has contributed to the securitization of both development and migration policies. Thus, the article contends that new mechanisms for change need to be identi fi ed. It introduces the notion of "normative coherence" and proposes a potential role for regional human rights courts in fostering migration-related PCD.


In the tropical rainforest at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, regional bedrock groundwater high in dissolved carbon discharges into some streams and wetlands, with the potential for multiple cascading effects on ecosystem carbon pools and fluxes. We investigated carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) degassing from two streams at La Selva: the Arboleda, where approximately one third of the streamflow is from regional groundwater, and the Taconazo, fed exclusively by local groundwater recharged within the catchment. The regional groundwater inflow to the Arboleda had no measurable effect on stream gas exchange velocity, dissolved CH4 concentration, or CH4 emissions but significantly increased stream CO2 concentration and degassing. CO2 evasion from the reach of the Arboleda receiving regional groundwater (lower Arboleda) averaged 5.5 mol C m−2 d−1, ~7.5 times higher than the average (0.7 mol C m−2 d−1) from the stream reaches with no regional groundwater inflow (the Taconazo and upper Arboleda). Carbon emissions from both streams were dominated by CO2; CH4 accounted for only 0.06–1.70% of the total (average of both streams: 5 × 10−3 mol C m−2 d−1). Annual stream degassing fluxes normalized by watershed area were 48 and 299 g C m−2 for the Taconazo and Arboleda, respectively. CO2 degassing from the Arboleda is a significant carbon flux, similar in magnitude to the average net ecosystem exchange estimated by eddy covariance. Examining the effects of catchment connections to underlying hydrogeological systems can help avoid overestimation of ecosystem respiration and advance our understanding of carbon source/sink status and overall terrestrial ecosystem carbon budgets.


This paper compares the structural and optical
properties of electrodeposited Cadmium
Telluride films grown on Cadmium Sulphide
films prepared by two different methods:
pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering and
Chemical Bath deposition (CBD). The films
were characterised using Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopy (EDS) and Spectrophotometry.
The SEM and TEM characterisation revealed
that the microstructure of the CdTe film was
influenced by the deposition method used for
the underlying thin film CdS. The CdTe films
deposited on the CBD CdS films showed
development of bigger crystallites compared to
the films grown on the sputtered CdS layer.
Thickness measurements showed that the
substrate had significant influence on the
growth rate of the CdTe, with the material
grown on sputtered CdS having 3 times higher
deposition rate. Transmission measurements
showed that the material deposited on the
sputtered CdS had a narrower band gap,
1.41eV, compared to that deposited on CBD
CdS, 1.46eV.


This practice-based enquiry into United Kingdom based collecting rooms reveals five participants' motivations, frustrations and satisfactions manifested in the creation of their spaces. Through the examination of theorists and commentators in the distinct but related fields of cultural theory, sociology and art, the thesis proposes that a collector's past can be witnessed through memories generated by and within the space. The thesis also advances the idea that part of the experience of the space takes place in the present but simultaneously imagines the future. I have constructed spatial portraits using semi-structured interviews, photography and video, which explore the environment of each collector thus gaining insights into individual circumstances and personal situations.

Narrative within this enquiry takes three intersecting forms: firstly the account of the construction of each collecting room, which divests objects of their historical origins, replacing these with personal associations or meanings devised by each collector. Secondly, each participants' re-telling of their narratives and thirdly through the re-presentation of the collectors' narratives to an audience. The latter brings my agency as an artist into focus. Uniting all three narrative forms, the creative practice intends to produce a metanarrative of each collecting room that further investigates the temporality of the space through the combined use of still photography, video and sound.

Constructed from a symbiotic relationship between theory and practice, the research uses a methodology that combines Sensory Ethnography with Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. This methodology explores the idiosyncrasies of each collector, engendering an extensive investigation of the individual collecting spaces. This detailed approach formed and eventually determined the number of participants, resulting in the production of a developmental case study and four original re-presentations that respond to ideas and debates on collecting, material culture and domestic space. These artworks that have been informed by combining existing research methods and constitute my contribution to new knowledge, disclosing ideas and observations which combine narrative and experience not necessarily discernable from theoretical arguments alone.


Solubilisation of soil carbon (C) under cow urine patches may lead to losses of soil C by priming or leaching. We investigated the solubilisation and bioavailability of soil C in undisturbed pasture soil treated with urine. We also studied the contribution of acid-neutralising capacity (ANC) forcing and aggregate disruption as mechanisms of soil C solubilisation. Undisturbed soil cores (0–5 cm; Typic Udivitrand) were treated with water or δ13C-enriched urine and subsequently leached. Urine deposition increased total C and dissolved organic C leaching by 8 g C m–2 compared with water. Soil C contributed 28.1 ± 0.9% of the C in the leachate from urine-treated cores (ULeachate). ANC forcing of urine was 11.8 meq L–1 and may have contributed to soil C leaching, but aggregate disruption was unlikely to have contributed. The bioavailability of organic C in ULeachate was four times greater than in both cow urine and water leachate. It is possible that ULeachate may lead to priming of soil C decomposition lower in the profile. Further testing under field conditions would determine the long-term contribution of urine deposition to dissolved organic C leaching and the fate of solubilised C in pastoral soils.


A field experiment was carried out during summer of 2007 and 2008 to work out integrated weed management practices with its economics in dry direct-seeded summer rice (Oryza sativa L.). Among the weed flora, grasses, like Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], Jungle rice [Echinochloa colorra (L.) Link], Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], Signalgrass [Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf]; sedges, like Cyperus pilosus L., Flatsedge (Cyperus iria L.) and broad-leaved weeds, like Spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L.), Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), Garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta L.), Commelina diffusa Burmp., Gripe weed (Phyllanthus niruri Hook.f.), Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), Alternanthera sp., Ground cherry/Hogweed (Physalis minima L.) and several species of Polygonum was noticed during experimentation. The concept of brown manuring in which seeding of dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata Brem) with rice seeds, followed by 2,4-D application @ 0.50 kg/ha at 25 days after sowing and subsequent incorporation of dried dhaincha with rotary weeder at 35 days after sowing, has been used in integrated weed management. Among the integrated weed management practices, butachlor @ 1.25 kg/ha as pre-plant surface application + brown manuring + 2,4-D @ 0.50 kg/ha at 40 days after sowing recorded highest grain yield (4.36 and 4.18 tonnes/ha) and it was significantly at par with the grain yield (4.53 and 4.31 tonnes/ha) obtained from season-long weed-free situation. Highest net returns (Rs 21 954 and 20 494/ha) and benefit:cost ratio (1.30 and 1.22) was also recorded in this treatment during both the years.


General wellbeing challenges in low-pay nations frequently centre on issues of undernutrition, in any case, as nations change, we regularly observe a pattern of expanding corpulence and constant illnesses. One explicit locale which has experienced ongoing noteworthy financial progress is the Autonomous Region of Kurdistan. Hardly any investigations have inspected grown-up populaces here, and none have investigated related geographic segments. Therefore, this paper presents healthful status and geographic information gathered from 1023 grown-up ladies matured 18 to 63 years working/learning at two colleges in Erbil, Kurdistan. Healthful status information included tallness, weight, weight list, abdomen/hip outline and percent muscle versus fat. Geographic information were gathered by requesting that members find their home on enormous examined maps which were georeferenced to realized GIS layers of Erbil and afterward digitized. The nearby Getis-Ord spatial bunching measurement was utilized to distinguish spatial groups of high and low BMI esteems. Markers of underweight were found in 3.4% of the example and 44% were seen as either overweight or hefty. Spatial bunch examination found a diligent group of low BMI esteems in the southwest quadrant of the city over a scope of basic separations. Groups of high BMI esteems were detectable over the focal and eastern territories of the city yet shifted with basic separations. This information recommends higher BMI to be related with wealthier neighbourhoods inside Erbil. The discoveries are critical in that they speak to one of the principal distinct and geographic examinations of the wholesome circumstance among ladies in Erbil, Kurdistan.

The improvement of the Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS) was one of the three equal exercises of the Landscape Analysis venture; the second being the advancement of nation typologies for "status" to quicken activity through the work area audit; and the third, the usage of inside and out nation evaluations. The advancement of the NLIS planned for bringing issues to light of, and worry about, the Country Profiles among nation arrangement producers and different partners including contributors. Bringing different existing nourishment related databases together inside WHO and furthermore those of other accomplice organizations to create NLIS should enable sustenance to activity in general to be introduced in a progressively far reaching way. This is a living record which might be refreshed dependent on new research or criticism from clients.

Rare assertion is made to the Bill and Melinda Gates Basis for supporting the usage of the Landscape Examination on Republics' Readiness to Hurry Action in sDiet. Profound thanks are communicated first separate nations who have attempted the Landscape Analysis nation appraisals and furthermore the individuals who have indicated the extraordinary enthusiasm for undertaking these nation evaluations, and furthermore to the individuals from the Partner Agency Group, including UN offices (specifically FAO, UNICEF, WFP, World Bank), reciprocal offices, NGOs (specifically Helen Keller International and GAIN), research and scholastic foundations, for example, Medical Research Council in South Africa just as various teaming up specialists who had upheld and guided in different phases of the arrangements and execution of the

Scene Analysis.

The service's organization way to deal with the improvement of this report, including the financing of certain occasions and exercises, especially the board conversations with youngsters in 12 governorates, features the eagerness to collaborate in supporting such extraordinary endeavors. We stretch out our thanks and appreciation to each one of the individuals who have added to this report: the central writer, the national facilitator, the Kurdistan Region organizer, writers, perusers, specialists, analysts, experts, scientists, and the Youth Team. We likewise express our gratefulness for the gatherings that have bolstered this work all through the United Nations Development Program (Head Office and Iraq Office), the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, and Bayt Alhikma.

Given in 2008, the second National Human Development Report (NHDR) prevailing with regards to acknowledging one of the most significant objectives of Human Development Reports: raising a discussion on advancement approaches among government authorities, scholastics, educated people, media experts, and common society associations. Today, with the expanding need to advance the administration's job as a guardian of human turn of events, this report centers around Iraqi youth.


Abstract In order to qualify new beryllium grades for ITER, several Russian and Chinese materials were tested in the electron beam facility JUDITH-1 and compared to the reference material S65C. In a former campaign, samples from these materials were loaded in thermal shock experiments with single shots and multiple shots. The present work is an extension of this work to other loading scenarios. Four actively cooled mock-ups were produced in Russia and in China (two by each party). These mock-ups consisted of a water-cooled CuCrZr body with four tiles from different beryllium grades. Both parties used their own joining techniques, but each of the mock-ups also contained beryllium tiles from the other party, as well as from S65C. Each tile was loaded by the following scenarios on different surface areas: • simulation of vertical displacement events (VDEs) at 40 MJ/m2, 1 shot, heated area a = 10 × 10 mm2, 50-ms ramp-up, 165-ms steady state • disruption simulation at 3 MJ/m2, 1 shot, heated area a = 5 × 5 mm2, Δt = 5 ms • repetitive test with 1000 shots at 80 MW/m2 (2 MJ/m2), a = 10 × 10 mm2, Δt = 25 ms. This loading condition is similar to one that was proposed by Sandia National Laboratory for the comparison of different beryllium grades. Finally, one mock-up by each party underwent a thermal fatigue test with 1000 cycles at 2 MW/m2, 15 s heating, and 15 s cooling (heated area: whole sample surface). Heavy melting was observed in the area of the VDE loading, but no detachment of any of the tiles was found. Following the high-heat-flux experiments in the electron beam facility, post-mortem examinations were performed by optical photography and scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces as well as by metallography. From these analyses, no fundamental differences were found for the damage in the different beryllium grades.


Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV), a thrips-transmitted, tentative species in the genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, was first identified in solanaceous crops, but also infects several ornamental crops such as orchid (4), gloxinia (3), and calla lily (1). From 2005 to 2007, virus-like yellow ringspots were observed on the leaves of amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.) and blood lily (Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn.) plants cultured in screenhouses and a private garden, respectively. Three of several hundred amaryllis plants in screenhouses from two places were observed as showing yellow ringspot symptoms and one of six blood lily plants was observed as showing similar yellow ringspot symptoms. Sap extracts from symptomatic leaves were inoculated to Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and the resulting local lesions were passaged three successive times to C. quinoa for virus isolation. Using the tospovirus genus-specific primers gL3637 and gL4435c designed from the conserved region in the L RNA (2), DNA fragments of the expected size of 800 bp were amplified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR from field samples and local lesions from C. quinoa. Extracts from the diseased plants and local lesions of C. quinoa reacted strongly with antiserum against the nucleocapsid (N) protein of CaCV in ELISA and western blotting. To confirm the identity of this virus, we amplified the N gene from three amaryllis and one blood lily source using primer pair WN2328 and WN3534 designed from the S RNA of Watermelon silver mottle virus (1), and these products were cloned and sequenced. The sequence from each virus isolate was determined from three independent clones. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of N genes for the blood lily isolate (GenBank Accession No. EF101344) and three amaryllis isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. EF101343, EF137177, and FJ185170) had identities greater than 97% with that of a CaCV isolate infecting Capsicum spp. found in Australia (GenBank Accession No. AY036057). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony showed that these sequences clustered with CaCV. These results show that the virus identified from amaryllis and blood lily that were expressing yellow ringspot symptoms are isolates of CaCV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CaCV naturally infecting amaryllis and blood lily and it could become an important threat to ornamental production in Taiwan. References: (1) C. C. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 91:1201, 2007. (2) F. H. Chu et al. Phytopathology 91:361, 2001. (3) H. T. Hsu et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 66:167, 2000. (4) Y. X. Zheng et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 120:199, 2008.


Nocker-Ribaupierre, M. (2004). Music therapy for premature and newborn infants. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona Publishers. 226 pages. ISBN 1-891278-20-7. $28.00. Improved medical care has resulted in a dramatic increase in the survival rate of pre-term infants. However, these infants remain at great risk for emotional and neurodevelopmental problems because of the abrupt separation from the intrauterine environment. In recent years, the care for premature infants has shifted from a pure survival approach to an individualized developmental care approach. Professionals, including music therapists, have used a variety of interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in an attempt to give infants sensory and social stimulation that would have been provided for in uterus. Music Therapy for Premature and Newborn Infants, edited by Monika Nocker-Ribaupierre, sets out to bring a deeper understanding of the role of music therapy in the neonatal care environment. The first part of the book provides us with theories and models from related disciplines including medicine, developmental psychology, and psychoanalytic psychology, leading to a deeper understanding of the impact of premature birth on the infant and the mother. The second part of the book focuses on clinical applications and research in neonatal music therapy. In the first chapter, Christine Fisher and Heidelise Als present us with a well-written and informative discussion on individualized relationship-based developmental care in the NICU. The chapter begins with a concise overview of normal neurological development throughout the prenatal period. Although this information will not be new to many readers, it provides a great background to contrast with the extra-uterine experience of the pre-term neonate. And this is exactly what these authors set out to do: contrasting the experience of this 'displaced fetus/ as termed by AIs, with what would have been in the womb. The authors succeed in convincing the reader for the need of an individualized developmental approach to counterbalance the severe "sensory mismatch." The chapter concludes with guidelines for the implementation of a developmentally supportive NICU. In the second chapter, Kenneth Cerhardt and Robert Abrams give detailed information about the intrauterine sound environment and the transmission of sound to this environment. This is followed by a review of the prenatal auditory development. The authors emphasize that knowledge about the intrauterine experience of sound elements is paramount to our understanding of the impact of sound on the pre-term infant. It becomes clear that the immature auditory system of the preterm neonate is not equipped to respond to the highfrequency stimuli characteristic of the NICU environment and is not ready to tolerate sound intensities never encountered before. Recommendations are made for the NICU sound environment, specifically as it is related to musical stimuli. The insights provided by this chapter raise several concerns related to the use of music with preterm infants. Do we have sufficient information about the effects of added sounds, such as music, on the auditory experience and the development of the premature infant? I eagerly continued to read the subsequent chapters, hoping to find some answers. The third chapter provides insights into the development and the quality of attachment relationships between preterm infants and their mothers. Tina Gutbrod and Dieter Wolke, two experts in child development, present a comprehensive review of research findings and discuss the meaning of these according to a transactional perspective. Although one would assume that a prolonged stay in the NICU puts the preterm infant at risk for insecure attachment, the extensive review provided by the authors suggests that research on this subject is inconclusive at this time. Throughout the chapter, the authors make many useful recommendations for future research. …


Present models of the derivation of the gold in the Witwatersrand conglomerates of South Africa as detrital grains directly from primary deposits in a source area consisting mainly of Archaean schist belts meets with a volume problem. Witwatersrand deposits have yielded about 923 kg/km2 Au compared to about 65 kg/km2 Au in the richest known schist belts. Differences in the extent of mining activities cannot account for these differences in yield. Gold fineness, grain size, and morphology of the gold particles are also difficult to reconcile with a purely detrital derivation. Data on the mobility of gold in the hydrosphere and in the weathering cycle are used to erect a model which predicts that most of the gold in the Witwatersrand conglomerates was derived from a source area in trace amounts in a 'dissolved' form and precipitated at or close to the edge of the depositional basin, possibly under organic influences. Subsequent sedimentary reworking and metamorphic/diagenetic remobilization led to the formation of the complex association of minerals observed now in the conglomerates.


Humanity can make short work of the oceans' creatures. In 1741, hungry explorers discovered herds of Steller's sea cow in the Bering Strait, and in less than thirty years, the amiable beast had been harpooned into extinction. It's a classic story, but a key fact is often omitted. Bering Islannd was the last redoubt of a species that had been decimated by hunting and habitat loss years before the explorers set sail.As Callum M. Roberts reveals in THE UNNATURAL HISTORY OF THE SEA, the oceans' bounty didn't disappear overnight. While today's fishing industry is ruthlessly efficient, intense exploitation began not in the modern era, or even with the dawn of industrialization, but in the 11th century in medieval Europe. Roberts explores this long and colorful history of commercial fishing, taking readers around the world and through the centuries to witness the transformation of the seas.Drawing on firsthand accounts of early explorers, pirates, merchants, fishers, and travelers, the book recreates the oceans of the past: waters teeming with whales, sea lions, sea otters, turtles, and giant fish. The abundance of marine life described by 15th century seafarers is almost unimaginable today, but Roberts both brings it alive and artfully traces its depletion. Collapsing fisheries, he shows, are simply latest chapter in a long history of unfettered commercialization of the seas.The story does not end with an empty ocean. Instead, Roberts describes how we might restore the splendor and prosperity of the seas through smarter management of our resources and some simple restraint. From the coasts of Florida to New Zealand, marine reserves have fostered spectacular recovery of plants and animals to levels not seen in a century. They prove that history need not repeat itself: we can leave the oceans richer than we found them.


This study investigates gender differences in South African self-employment, focusing particularly on earnings differences. The study identifies a large earnings gap in favour of men in self-employment, and it explores how the determinants of female and male returns to self-employment differ. Using a combination of descriptive and econometric methods and data from the Labour Force Surveys for 2001-2007, I find that female self-employment is more likely than male selfemployment to exhibit characteristics that are associated with low returns. The female self-employed tend to work part-time, be home-based, have own account enterprises and work in unskilled occupations in the informal sector. The data also suggest the presence of gender discrimination among the self-employed which may be the result of consumer discrimination and discrimination in access to credit or product markets. Focusing on the non-agricultural informal sector, I construct a more detailed gendered profile of the self-employed using a household survey from October 2005, namely the Survey of Employers and the Self-Employed. This survey captures a wealth of information on the self-employed and their businesses which is not available in the Labour Force Survey data. The analysis reveals that, in comparison to men, women are more likely to enter self-employment out of necessity, spend less starting a business, have poorer access to transport and report lower overheads. In light of the key constraints identified particularly by women in self-employment, the analysis suggests that assistance with marketing, better access to raw materials/supplies, provision of an alternative location, and better access to credit markets would help improve the profitability of their businesses.


Depression is a common chronic and recurrent illness that is the cause of significant morbidity that often requires long-term treatment. Depression is among the most common health disorders in women. The prevalence of depression is approximately twice as great in women as in men and it is more common in the childbearing years. Despite its common occurrence it is frequently undiagnosed and left untreated during pregnancy usually due to concerns about the safety of treating women during pregnancy. Depression itself can have a negative impact on the course of the pregnancy as well as the foetus. All antidepressants cross the placenta and expose the foetus to the effects of these medications. The decision on whether to treat a pregnant woman with depression with pharmacotherapy depends on the severity of the disease, the number and frequency of episodes and the history of response to medication. Whether or not the patient may breastfeed also needs to be taken into consideration when deciding on which antidepressant to prescribe. Psychotherapy may obviate the need for pharmacotherapy in mild to moderate depression and may also be beneficial in patients taking antidepressants. All pregnant patients with depression need to be assessed and treated on an individual basis. Pharmacists can provide patients with general counselling regarding depression and antidepressants and support by identifying any pharmaceutical issues such as interactions, persistent side effects, and adherence. Pharmacists may also identify potential suicide risk which may become apparent when talking with a patient which would require urgent referral.


Using new techniques based on the polarimetric fluctuation spectrum, the fluctuation behaviour of the polarization of individual pulses is examined in three pulsars that show drifting subpulses, allowing various aspects of the fluctuations to be quantified for the first time. Of the three pulsars studied, only PSR B0809+74 shows behaviour completely consistent with the superposition of orthogonal polarization modes (OPMs), and this only at 328 MHz and in superposition with an apparently randomly polarized component. The observed periodic pattern is decomposed into the sum of two orthogonally polarized, out- of-phase drift patterns, one of which shows a dramatic jump in subpulse phase near the leading edge of the pulse window, which probably relates to the phase jump earlier reported in total intensity at 1380 MHz. For PSR B0320+39 and PSR B0818−13, considerable periodic fluctuations away from OPM orientations are seen, a condition that also occurs in the trailing half of the pulse in PSR B0809+74 at 1380 MHz. In some cases the deviation is so strong that the periodic locus of the polarization vector in the Poincare sphere is almost circular, in contrast to the strictly colinear states of superposed OPMs. Several possibilities are discussed for the physical origin of these patterns. The similarity between the subpulse patterns in one of the OPMs of PSR B0809+74 at 328 MHz to that of the total intensity signal at 1380 MHz supports a picture of superposed, out of phase drift patterns. To explain the full range of behaviour seen in the three pulsars, it must be possible to produce at least three arbitrarily polarized superposed patterns. While the data do not suggest a particular approach for the empirical decomposition of patterns into non-orthogonally polarized components, the specific, quantitative nature of the results should provide strong constraints for theoretically driven modelling.


Introduction: Intensive Care Unit (ICU) medical personnel, in an ongoing process termed ventilation management, utilize patient physiology and pathology data to define ventilator apparatus settings. Aims: The aim of the research is to develop and evaluate in comparison hybrid ventilation advisor systems, that could support ventilation management process, specific to lung pathology for patients ventilated in control mode. Methodology: A questionnaire was designed and circulated to Intensivists. Patient data, as defined by the questionnaire analysis, were collected and categorized into three lung pathologies. Three ICU doctors evaluated correlation analysis of the recorded data. Evaluation results were used for identifying models basic architecture. Two custom software toolboxes were developed for developing hybrid systems; namely the EVolution Of Fuzzy INference Engines (EVOFINE) and the FUzzy Neural (FUN) toolbox. Eight hybrid systems developed with EVOFINE, FUN, ANFIS and ANN techniques were evaluated against applied clinical decisions and patient scenarios. Results: Seventeen (17) models were designed for each of the eight (8) modeling techniques. The modelled process consisted of twelve physiology variables and six ventilator settings. The number of models' inputs ranged from single to six based on correlation and evaluation findings. Evaluation against clinical recommendations has shown that ANNs performed better; mean average error as percentage for four of the applied techniques was 0.16%, 1.29% & 0.62 for ANN empirical, 0.05%, 2.23% & 2.30% for ANFIS, 0.93%, 2.33% & 1.89% for EVOFINE and 0.73%, 2.63% & 6.56 for FUN NM, in Normal, COPD and ALI-ARDS categories respectively. Additionally evaluation against clinical disagreement SD has shown that 70.6% of the NN empirical models were performing in 90% of their suggestions within clinical SD, while the percentages were 53%, 53% and 59% for the EVOFINE, ANFIS and NN Normalized models respectively. The EVOFINE and ANFIS produced Fuzzy Systems whose architecture is transparent for the user. Visual observation of ANFIS architectures revealed possibly hazardous advices. Evaluation against clinical disagreement has shown that the NN empirical was not producing hazardous advices, while EVOFINE, ANFIS and NN Normalized were shown to produce potentially hazardous advice in 17.6%, 23% and 5.8% of the developed models.


The paper analyses the interplay between European regulatory private law and citizens' rights. The financial and sovereign debt crisis has strongly weakened the confidence of the European citizens in the European Union. The Author argues that European regulatory contract law, conveyed by EU secondary law, constitutes a valuable tool to strengthen the citizens' access to goods and services offered by the internal market. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of recent developments of consumer and services law with regard to law-making and enforcement. In particular, the Court of Justice (ECJ) has assumed a prominent position in ensuring high standards of contractual protection for consumers, clients and users in mortgages and services markets (e.g. energy, telecoms). The high contractual protection of vulnerable parties does not only create the conditions for an effective functioning of internal market but it also grants access to essential goods and services.


To develop tools that can improve agricultural conservation, I: 1) assessed total watershed condition and where agricultural conservation practices (CPs) are likely to be effective (hereafter primary management capacity) of stream segments in Missouri River basin by conducting a threat assessment, 2) assessed agricultural soil CP effectiveness, and 3) developed a decision support framework to improve strategic conservation planning. Agricultural threats were the most prevalent source of potential ecological stress, and 60% of stream segments were classified as under primary management capacity of U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Modeled relationships among NRCS soil CPs and fish guild abundance indicate CPs have the potential to reduce impacts of agricultural sources of stream sedimentation. Applied NRCS soil CPs were predicted to improve fish assemblage condition in 2% of evaluated watersheds and additional CPs were needed to improve fish assemblage condition in up to 11 and 17% of stream segments in evaluated ecoregions. The decision support framework was used in a case study to identify a subset of watersheds with degraded fish assemblages under NRCS primary management capacity. In these 2,633 watersheds, I estimated the amount and cost of CPs required to meet ecological objectives so that managers can make strategic conservation decisions and appropriately allocate conservation resources.


This study investigates the adult second language (L2) acquisition of non- nominative, non-agentive subjects, a particular feature of the Spanish language also shared by other Indo-European and South Asian languages. The existence of non- nominative elements in Spec, IP with subject-like properties is well-documented in the literature. One of the first attempts to account for this phenomenon in Romance languages is Belletti and Rizzi (1988) on Italian. Masullo (1992, 1993) extends the analysis to Spanish, proposing the Non-Nominative Subject (NNSub) Parameter, whereby a language allows NNSubs as part of its core grammar only if nominative case is assigned in situ. Spanish NNSubs can appear in unaccusative, dethematized, as well as impersonal constructions, and can be dative, accusative, or locative. These constituents are shown in Masullo (1992, 1993) not to occupy an A-bar position above IP, like topics and left-dislocated constituents, but rather Spec, IP, moving from the VP to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle. Languages like English and French, in which nominative case is checked in Spec, BP, disallow NNSubs.The aim of this study is to understand the processes involved in the acquisition language (LI) in the process of acquisition. A study involving three groups of adult English L2 learners of Spanish at a British university and a control group was carried out to determine if L2 learners with a [-NNSub] LI setting can reset the parameter to the Spanish [+NNSub] value. The learners belonged to one of three language levels: Intermediate, Advanced and Advanced+ according to the number of years spent at university and their contact with Spanish in a Spanish speaking country. The test battery involved an aural preference task, an elicited imitation task, and a picture description task. Hypothesis A predicted that Intermediate L2 learners would show clear L1 effects on their data and that the NNSub parameter would not show resetting. Hypothesis в predicted that the more advanced L2 learners would be able to reset the NNSub parameter to accommodate NNSubs and dative case in their interlanguage. Results from the aural preference and the elicited imitation tasks show correspondence between the results per category in both tasks. Knowledge of unaccusativity and NNSubs develops steadily up to the Advanced level but it suffers a decline with the Advanced+ learners. Results from the picture description task show that competence increases from the Intermediate to the Advanced level but that the percentage of non-target forms either stays at the same level or goes up with respect to the Advanced+ group. This regression seen in the Advanced^ data might be explained by the recent exposure to naturalistic input that the Advanced learners had just had. The L2 data do not show enough evidence that the NNSub parameter has been reset. Most of the grammatical utterances contain the verbs gustar 'like' and doler 'hurt', verbs which are part of the teaching curriculum. On the other hand, grammatical utterances involving other unaccusative verbs with NNSubs are rare. The fact that teaching of these verbs is insufficient does not help the L2 learners overcome the learnability problem posed by the input. This problem stems from the L2 input not showing clear-cut signals to tell learners which verbs require a NNSub. In addition to this, native speakers' use of optional structures to substitute the constructions with NNSubs makes NNSubs even less salient in the input.


Psychological processes involved in moral cognition were examined in three studies, taking as their starting point the assumption that the cognitive-developmental perspective commonly taken is too narrow and that individual differences and implicit processes need to be taken into consideration.

Study I focused on the role of defense mechanisms in moral thinking. A self-report questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of measuring three aspects of morality: moralism, conscience and need for reparation. As hypothesized, a significant positive relationship was found between moralism and the defense mechanism of isolation, particularly isolation of affect, supporting the idea that implicit processes are important for moral functioning.

In Study II the effects on moral reasoning of gender, time pressure and seriousness of the issue at hand were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, women were found, as predicted from C. Gilligan's (1982) moral judgment model, to be more care-oriented in their reasoning than men. Both time pressure and consideration of everyday as opposed to serious moral dilemmas led to an increase in a justice orientation as compared with a care orientation in moral judgments. In the second experiment, moral reasoning was coded in terms of its being either duty-oriented (duty, obligations, rights) or consequence-oriented (effects on others). Men were found to be more duty-oriented than women, and time pressure to lead to a greater incidence of duty orientation.

Study III, involving two experiments, concerned the question of whether moral judgment is primarily based on intuition or on reasoning. In Experiment 1 participants were presented with a classic moral reasoning task (Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma") and with four other tasks designed to put intuition and reason in conflict with one another. On the four latter tasks, but not on the Heinz task, judgments were found to be based more on gut feelings than on reasoning, participants frequently laughing and stating directly that they were unable to give reasons in support of their judgments. This phenomenon, the stubborn and puzzled maintenance of a judgment without supporting reasons, was dubbed "moral dumbfounding." In Experiment 2, reasoning processes were put under pressure by means of cognitive load. High load was found to lead to arguments of lower quality, but the predicted effects of increased dumbfounding and shorter time before giving up the discussion could not be shown. The existence of moral dumbfounding calls into question models in which moral judgment is regarded as being produced solely by moral reasoning. It is suggested that both implicit processes and reasoning should be included in models of moral cognition and that taking account of the interaction between the two is important for an adequate understanding of moral judgment.


To offer an increased understanding of the spatial patterns, temporal, social and physical predictors of the conversion and transformations of land use and land cover in Lake Victoria basin, an assessment of proximate and underlying forces is presented. This paper discusses key theoretical underpinnings for the manifold linkages existing between selected drivers and land use and cover change around the basin and their consequences on human wellbeing. Using a meta-analytical research design, the paper analyses ecosystems level cases of the causes ofland use and cover change in the basin, in order to determine any spatio-temporal or institutional patterns and dynam.ics. A suite of recurrent core variables have been identified to influence land use and cover changes in the basin. The most prominent of these at the underlying category are climatic factors, economic factors, institutions, national and regional policies, population growth, and other remote influences. At the proximate level, these factors drive cropland expansion, overgrazing, infrastructure extension and rates of land degradation. These are supported by empirical evidence fr0111the basin. This assessment is crucial for appropriate local and transboundary policy interventions, which have to be fine-tuned to the locale-specific dynamic patterns associated with the inherent land use and land cover changes.


Surround suppression is a well-known example of contextual interaction in visual cortical neurophysiology, whereby the neural response to a stimulus presented within a neuron's classical receptive field is suppressed by surrounding stimuli. Human psychophysical reports present an obvious analog to the effects seen at the single-neuron level: stimuli are perceived as lower-contrast when embedded in a surround. Here we report on a visual paradigm that provides relatively direct, straightforward indices of surround suppression in human electrophysiology, enabling us to reproduce several well-known neurophysiological and psychophysical effects, and to conduct new analyses of temporal trends and retinal location effects. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) elicited by flickering "foreground" stimuli were measured in the context of various static surround patterns. Early visual cortex geometry and retinotopic organization were exploited to enhance SSVEP amplitude. The foreground response was strongly suppressed as a monotonic function of surround contrast. Furthermore, suppression was stronger for surrounds of matching orientation than orthogonally-oriented ones, and stronger at peripheral than foveal locations. These patterns were reproduced in psychophysical reports of perceived contrast, and peripheral electrophysiological suppression effects correlated with psychophysical effects across subjects. Temporal analysis of SSVEP amplitude revealed short-term contrast adaptation effects that caused the foreground signal to either fall or grow over time, depending on the relative contrast of the surround, consistent with stronger adaptation of the suppressive drive. This electrophysiology paradigm has clinical potential in indexing not just visual deficits but possibly gain control deficits expressed more widely in the disordered brain.


Although the Socialist or Social Democractic parties played a key role in West European politics during the quarter century after the Second World War, they have been studied far less than their political rivals, the Christian Democrats. The story of West European Social Democracy after 1945 begins with a dilemma: Democratic marxism, which had been the parties' ideological and organizational principle until the Second World War, was becoming politically irrelevant. The three parties analyzed here represent the spectrum of reactions among Social Democratic parties to this realization. The debate over the parties' programs and ideologies did not, of course, take place in a vacuum: the author devotes considerable space to a comparative analysis of the parties' leaders and organizational structures as well as the evolution of Social Democratic domestic and foreign policies. Immensely readable, this book not only offers an in-depth analysis of the postwar period crucial for the history of Social Democracy but also, because of its cross-national treatment of these three major parties, adds significantly to our understanding of the processes of European integration and the evolution of the Atlantic Alliance.


The progression of viral infections is notoriously difficult to follow in whole organisms. The small, transparent zebrafish larva constitutes a valuable system to study how pathogens spread. We describe here the course of infection of zebrafish early larvae with a heat-adapted variant of the Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV), a rhabdovirus that represents an important threat to the salmonid culture industry. When incubated at 24°C, a permissive temperature for virus replication, larvae infected by intravenous injection died within three to four days. Macroscopic signs of infection followed a highly predictable course, with a slowdown then arrest of blood flow despite continuing heartbeat, followed by a loss of reactivity to touch and ultimately by death. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, patterns of infection were imaged in whole larvae. The first infected cells were detectable as early as 6 hours post infection, and a steady increase in infected cell number and staining intensity occurred with time. Venous endothelium appeared as a primary target of infection, as could be confirmed in fli1:GFP transgenic larvae by live imaging and immunohistochemistry. Disruption of the first vessels took place before arrest of blood circulation, and hemorrhages could be observed in various places. Our data suggest that infection spread from the damaged vessels to underlying tissue. By shifting infected fish to a temperature of 28°C that is non-permissive for viral propagation, it was possible to establish when virus-generated damage became irreversible. This stage was reached many hours before any detectable induction of the host response. Zebrafish larvae infected with IHNV constitute a vertebrate model of an hemorrhagic viral disease. This tractable system will allow the in vivo dissection of host-virus interactions at the whole organism scale, a feature unrivalled by other vertebrate models.


ABSTRACT

Compact low-cost sensors for measuring particulate matter (PM) concentrations are receiving significant attention as they can be used in larger numbers and in a distributed manner. Most low-cost particle sensors work on optical scattering measurements from the aerosol. To ensure accurate and reliable determination of PM mass concentrations, a relationship of the scattering signal to mass concentration should be established. The scattering signal depends on the aerosol size distributions and particle refractive index. A systematic calibration of a low-cost particle sensor (Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) was carried out by both experimental and computational studies. Sodium chloride, silica, and sucrose aerosols were used as test cases with size distributions measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The mass concentration was estimated using the measured size distribution and density of the particles. Calculations of the scattered light intensity were done using these measured size distributions and known refractive index of the particles. The calculated scattered light intensity showed better linearity with the sensor signal compared to the mass concentration. To obtain a more accurate mass concentration estimation, a model was developed to determine a calibration factor (K). K is not universal for all aerosols, but depends on the size distribution and refractive index. To improve accuracy in estimation of mass concentration, an expression for K as a function of geometric mean diameter, geometric standard deviation, and refractive index is proposed. This approach not only provides a more accurate estimation of PM concentration, but also provides an estimate of the aerosol number concentration.


This study introduces the network weight matrix as a replacement for the spatial weight matrix to measure the spatial dependence between links of a network. This matrix stems from the concept of betweenness centrality and vulnerability in network science. The elements of the matrix are a function not simply of proximity, but of network topology, network structure, and demand configuration. The network weight matrix has distinctive characteristic, which are capable of reflecting spatial dependence between traffic links: (1) The elements are allowed to have negative and positive values, which capture competitive and complementary nature of links, (2) The diagonal elements are not fixed to zero, which takes the self-dependence of a link upon itself into consideration, and (3) The elements not only reflect the spatial dependence based on the network structure, but they acknowledge the demand configuration as well. We verified the network weight matrix by modeling traffic flows in a 3x3 grid test network with 9 nodes and 24 directed links connecting 72 origin-destination (OD) pairs. The results disclose models encompassing the network weight matrix outperform both models without spatial components and models with the spatial weight matrix. This leads inexorably to the conclusion that the network weight matrix represents a more accurate and defensible spatial dependency between traffic links, and thereby augments traffic flow prediction.


This survey outlines the characteristics and drivers of the phases of European industrial policy over the last century and attempts some conclusions about policy impacts. The first liberal phase and the second, ultimately autarkic, phase were ended by war. The third phase terminated with the oil price shocks of the 1970s at the high tide of interventionism. These shocks, and the associated economic growth retardation, contributed to the financial stringencies in the fourth phase that eventually prompted both privatisation policies and more modest policy aspirations. The historical record is consistent: policies that encouraged openness to trade and investment, by creating an environment favourable to competition, also enhanced industrial productivity.


A new synthesis of 2 , 2 - dimethyl - 12 - [ 3 - methylbut - 2 - enyl ] - 2H , 6H - pyrano [ 3 , 2 - b ] xanthen - 6 - one (7) is described from 1 , 3 - dihydroxyxanthone and involved the preparation of a linear dihydropyranoxanthone (26), its conversion into the pyranoxanthone (14) and its prenylated derivative (31) followed by a Claisen rearragement leading to the target substrate (7).


In the context of climate protection policy it has been suggested that global CO2 emissions should be reduced significantly (contraction) and that per capita emissions should gradually be equalized across countries (convergence). This paper uses a dynamic multi-region computable general equilibrium model of the world economy to assess the economics of ?Contraction and Convergence? (C&C). In comparing a regime of tradable and non-tradable emission rights for implementing C&C we find that the former allows to reduce long-term costs of abatement in terms of Hicksian equivalent variation in lifetime income by more than 50% percent in comparison with the latter. Under a tradable permit regime some developing countries improve their economic welfare even beyond non-abatement baseline levels. A decomposition of the general equilibrium effects associated with C&C shows that changes in the terms of trade constitute a key determinant of the overall welfare effects.


The Scottish Government has set very ambitious targets and policies in its Climate Change Plan to decarbonise the energy system. The Scottish TIMES model is as a key tool informing these new climate change policies. TIMES is a well-known, widely used model. However, the adequacy of TIMES for energy efficiency policy analysis has not been assessed in the literature. This report sets out the potential for using TIMES to understand the system impacts of energy efficiency improvements. The main challenges identified in the specific context of using TIMES for energy efficiency analysis are: * Energy efficiency implementation in TIMES is not straightforward. Several approaches could be followed, delivering potentially different results. * Decisions are cost driven. The cost minimisation algorithm would lead to outcomes involving extreme specialisation (corner solutions), if not prevented by user determined constraints (e.g. imposing maximum shares for different technologies). * Energy demands and actions and reactions across the wider economy impacts are not modelled within TIMES. More generally, market "problems" and other drivers for consumer behaviour are not captured. From a policy analysis perspective, TIMES is a very powerful tool that could be used to support decision making. Therefore, building on the model's strengths, the report discusses possible TIMES uses and ways to go forward, grouped as: * using TIMES as it is; * developing TIMES improvements; and * soft-linking with other models.


Introduction. -- In the Anti-Atlas, south of Morocco (fig. 1), the Precambrian terrains are usually divided into several "series" (fig. 2) : the Paleoproterozoic (PI) is an old crystalline basement, at least Eburnean ; the Neoproterozoic (PII) is constituted by metasedimentary rocks, quartzites and limestones, indicative of a shelf, in which volcano-sedimentary and volcanic flows are intercalated, laterally grading to an ophiolitic complex along the Sirwa-Bou Azzer axis. These PII rocks have been deformed in the course of the Panafrican orogeny ; above the underlying upper Proterozoic terrains and in major unconformity on the Panafrican structures, the Saghro group (PII3) and Ouarzazate group (PIII) series are volcanic and volcano-clastic sequences, often considered as late-Panafrican molasses. Above them, the Tata group (Adoudounian), constituted by marine carbonates and siltstones, represents the earliest Cambrian.

Recent structural and sedimentological observations

Recent observations have been realized through all the Anti-Atlas, of which the present note gives only examples that are the most significant and easily accessible. They show that the PII3 conglomerates were not everywhere deposited around Panafrican paleoreliefs ; they often contain large bodies of quartzites embedded within the conglomerates (fig. 3). Clearly, the PII3 is an olistostrome at the base of the PIII detrital and volcanic series, which were deposited at the base of active faults. The development of these reliefs took place several tens of millions of years after the end of the Panafrican paroxysm and therefore the PII3 and the PIII are post-Panafrican deposits, unrelated to the Panafrican orogeny. Study of synsedimentary structures (folds, faults, progressive unconformities : fig. 4 to 7) reveals the extensive character of this faulting event that extends even in basal Cambrian. Between the PII3 series and PIII an angular unconformity due to tilting can exist, but we did not find there plicative structures clearly related to the compressive late-Panafrican « B2 » phase sometimes described in the litterature. In the western Anti-Atlas, the extension is pure, with a NW-SE direction ; it is N-S in the central Anti-Atlas and it is transtensive according to N070°E faults, en echelon between sinistral N110°E trending faults in the central-eastern Anti-Atlas. In the detail, nevertheless, the synsedimentary structures suggest slidings from raised zones that correspond to the future inliers (fig. 7).

Magmatic and metallogenic activity

This extension accompanies various events : (1) a marine transgression, from west to east ; (2) the emplacement of extrusive magmas, first calco-alkaline then tholeiitic ; (3) an hydrothermal activity responsible for the concentration of Co, Au, Cu, etc. These concentrations were in the past attributed to various episodes, from the pre-Panafrican extension to the Hercynian compression. In fact, they result from the circulation of hydrothermal solutions that deposited, in the superficial levels of the crust, products extracted from the PIII magmas or the PII Proterozoic serpentines. The circulations took place in the old compressive structures (e.g. the Panafrican foliation) reopened during the extensive episode described above.

Discussion and conclusion : the late Proterozoic-early Cambrian rifting

The crustal extension that affected the Anti-Atlas started during the late Proterozoic, after the end of the main Panafrican deformation. Its tectonic significance is discussed with regard to the Panafrican orogeny : either a late Panafrican extension, bracketed between two compressive deformations and possibly related to a thinning of the orogenic crust, or a post-Panafrican extension, unrelated to compressive phases, described as a synrift event. In the Anti-Atlas, it developed through late Proterozoic and early Cambrian times. It aborted at the end of the early Cambrian. Evidences of a comparable extension are found in northern Morocco, western Europe and as far in the Middle East, i.e. all along the northern margin of the paleo-Gondwana.


The chemistry of benzylchlorocarbene was investigated through both theory and experiment. Photolysis of a phenanthrene-based precursor in an NMR tube gave evidence for isomeric beta-chlorostyrenes but not the alpha-isomer. Computations showed that insertion into the aromatic ring should have a barrier smaller than that for 1,2-hydrogen migration. Attempts were made to confirm the structure of a novel "ene" product that appears to result from addition of photogenerated cyclopentyne to cyclohexene. DFT calculations explored the energetics of these reactions and showed that Gilbert's bis-carbene mechanism is an unlikely route to the ene product. A variety of photochemical vinylidene precursors were prepared based on the phenanthrene and pyrene frameworks. Several substituted triazinanetriols were investigated and tested to determine catalytic ability and were successfully polymerized with difunctional isocyanates, p-tolyldiisocyanate (TDI) and poly-4,4 'methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (pMDI). Computational and NMR studies of a DABCO-isocyanate complex were performed and it was concluded that the equilibrium concentration of this complex was too low to measure. Preliminary results were acquired using a reaction calorimeter in the mechanistic studies of the reaction between an alcohol and an isocyanate. These results indicate that the reaction follows Farkas and Strohm's proposed mechanism and that the rate-determining step is the activation of the alcohol with an amine base. The lowest energy pathway for the interconversion of axial-methylcyclohexane to equatorialmethylcyclohexane was calculated at two Hartree-Fock levels of theory (HF/3-21G and HF/6-31G*) and at the Moller-Plesset level of theory (MP2/6-31G). Through the Hartree-Fock and Moller-Plesset levels of theory, we have determined that there is one lowest energy pathway for the interconversion of axialmethylcyclohexane to equatorial-methylcyclohexane. Calculations were attempted at a higher level of theory (density functional theory), however this level of theory caused the individual transition states to converge into one, not allowing us to determine a lowest energy pathway at that level of theory.*.


Abstract This study examines the relationship between agricultural intensification and social complexity in past societies using a diachronic, contextualized population, the Nasca of the southern coast of Peru (A.D. 1–750). Using stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen, we tested social assumptions arising from the relationship between agricultural intensification and social complexity during the Nasca's cultural fluorescence, including the construction of underground filtration galleries (puquios). Our data show that while agricultural intensification may have spurred social complexity in the Nasca region, it engendered few significant differences in access to foodstuffs. High status individuals in Nasca society had access to more meat than low status individuals, especially during time periods characterized by more social conflict, increasing trade routes, and agricultural intensification. Meat consumption may have been an important marker of status identity among the Nasca. Nasca elites, however, did not control access to agricultural products such as maize as effectively as they did meat. These dietary data support the contention that an indigenous process of innovation and intensification was the major catalyst to later social complexity in the Nasca population from the Las Trancas Valley.


It is argued that Canadian teacher education is characterized by a paradox - that of change and no change. The cause of this paradox is a delinquency in the pro- cess of implementation; the ability to change at the level of structure is not matched by an ability to change at the level of practice. Explanations are sought as to why this is the case. First, the barriers to change in teacher education are analysed and then a situational analysis exposes tensions in the role of teacher training institutions that inhibit their functioning. Finally, individual differences between institutions are explained by a description of the sagas that tend to acculturate them.


The study of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a continually growing, as these networks have the advantage of easy deployment for a number of different applications. Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency: Protocols, Routing and Management focuses on wireless sensor networks and their operation, covering topics including routing, energy efficiency and management. Containing 27 chapters authored by a group of internationally experienced professionals and researchers in the fields of computer science, communication, and networking, this book discusses critical issues in wireless sensor network research including MAC, Routing Protocols, TCP, performance and traffic management, time synchronization, and security.