In this paper, a data-driven approach for the classification of simultaneously occurring faults in an induction motor is presented. The problem is treated as a multilabel classification problem, with each label corresponding to one specific fault. The faulty conditions examined include the existence of a broken bar fault and the presence of mixed eccentricity with various degrees of static and dynamic eccentricity, while three "problem transformation" methods are tested and compared. For the feature extraction stage, the start-up current is exploited using two well-known time–frequency (scale) transformations. This is the first time that a multilabel framework is used for the diagnosis of co-occurring fault conditions using information coming from the start-up current of induction motors. The efficiency of the proposed approach is validated using simulation data with promising results irrespective of the selected time–frequency transformation.


The healthcare trend of parental refusal or delay of childhood vaccinations will be investigated through a complex Cynefin Framework component in an economic and educational context, allowing patterns to emerge that suggest recommendations of change for the RN role and healthcare system. As a major contributing factor adding complexity to this trend, social media is heavily used for health related knowledge, making it is difficult to determine which information is most trustworthy. Missed opportunities for immunization can result, leading to economic and health consequences for the healthcare system and population. Through analysis of the powerful impact social media has on this evolving trend and public health, an upstream recommendation for RNs to respond with is to utilize reliable social media to the parents' advantage within practice. The healthcare system should focus on incorporating vaccine-related education into existing programs and classes offered to parents, and implementing new vaccine classes for the public.


Jamie's Kitchen is the ultimate guide for people who love great food and want to cook. It's packed with clear, no-nonsense advice and inspiration, as well as over 100 brand new recipes from the cookery course and the restaurant. Jamie's approach is honest and easy - this is not a heavy duty 'cook like a professional' book, weighed down with facts, figures and techniques. Jamie guides you through different cooking methods - from poaching and boiling, to char-grilling and pot-roasting. He encourages you to have confidence, a sense of independence, a laugh and - importantly - to be the boss in your own kitchen.


In this paper, damping of interarea oscillations using simultaneous coordination of static Var compensator (SVC) and power system stabilizer (PSS) is considered. To be effective in damping of oscillations, the best-input signal of power oscillation damper (POD) associated with SVC is selected using Hankel singular values (HSVs), and right-hand plane zeros (RHP-zeros). The 4-machine-2 area standard test system, under different system configurations and loading conditions, is employed to illustrate the performance and robustness of the proposed controller. Eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear time domain simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique to mitigate interarea oscillations under various operating conditions.


The MEthane Remote sensing Lidar missioN (MERLIN) aims at demonstrating the spaceborne active measurement of atmospheric methane, a potent greenhouse gas, based on an Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) nadir-viewing LIght Detecting and Ranging (Lidar) instrument. MERLIN is a joint French and German space mission, with a launch currently scheduled for the timeframe 2021/22. The German Space Agency (DLR) is responsible for the payload, while the platform (MYRIADE Evolutions product line) is developed by the French Space Agency (CNES). The main scientific objective of MERLIN is the delivery of weighted atmospheric columns of methane dry-air mole fractions for all latitudes throughout the year with systematic errors small enough (<3.7 ppb) to significantly improve our knowledge of methane sources from global to regional scales, with emphasis on poorly accessible regions in the tropics and at high latitudes. This paper presents the MERLIN objectives, describes the methodology and the main characteristics of the payload and of the platform, and proposes a first assessment of the error budget and its translation into expected uncertainty reduction of methane surface emissions.


This paper studies the role of labor market institutions in business cycle fluctuations. We develop a DSGE model with search and matching frictions and incorporate a US unemployment insurance experience rating system. Layoff taxes based on experience rating finance the cost of unemployment benefits and create considerable employment adjustment costs. Our framework helps realign the search and matching model with the empirical properties of its most salient variables. The model reproduces the negative correlation between vacancies and unemployment, i.e., the Beveridge curve. Simulations show that the model generates more cyclical volatility in its key variable - the ratio of job vacancies to unemployment (labor market tightness). Moreover, layoff taxes reduce the excess sensitivity of job destruction found in Krause and Lubik (2007) and strengthen the negative correlation of job creation and job destruction. Thus, the model matches key labor market data while incorporating an important feature of the US labor market.


Color performance of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, was examined under three levels of light intensity (20–50 , 600–850 , and 2700–3500 lx) for 5 wk. The experiment was conducted in nine rectangular glass aquaria (25 × 25 × 20 cm) with three replicates. Each aquarium was stocked with 36 fish, and 3 fish were randomly sampled from each aquarium every other week. Digital images were taken weekly on each individual fish after it was anesthetized in MS-222. The color performance in hue, saturation, and brightness was quantified using image analysis. In addition to the whole-body analysis, each fish image was divided into ventral and dorsal parts to assess the body position-dependent effect. Furthermore, color differences between dorsal fin, anal fin, ventral fin, and caudal fin were also quantified. The whole body was brighter at low light than at medium or at high light intensity. Irrespective of light intensity, the dorsal side was more orange but less bright than the ventral side. Brighter light strengthened overall orange color on fish fins. The dorsal fin and ventral fins appeared more orange than the anal and caudal fins regardless of light intensity and exposure duration. Similar to body color, low light also led to brighter fins, especially for caudal and dorsal fins. Our results indicate that ambient light could regulate fish color performance but could not change the pigment dominance by β-carotene. Light intensity is unlikely to change the contrast between dorsal and ventral sides, but dim light tends to make fish body brighter, and bright light strengthens orange color on fins.


Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) localize the queen and aggregate into a swarm by forming a collective scenting network to directionally propagate volatile pheromone signals. Previous experiments show the robustness of this communication strategy in the presence of physical obstacles that partially block pheromone flow and the path to the queen. Specifically, there is a delay in the formation of the scenting network and aggregation compared to a simple environment without perturbations. To better understand the effect of obstacles beyond temporal dynamics, we use the experimental results as inspiration to explore how the behavioral parameter space of collective scenting responds to obstacle. We extend an agent-based model previously developed for a simple environment to account for the presence of physical obstacles. We study how individual agents with simple behavioral rules for scenting and following concentration gradients can give rise to collective localization and swarming. We show that the bees are capable of navigating the more complex environment with a physical obstacle to localize the queen and aggregate around her, but their range of behavioral parameters is more limited and less flexible as a result of the spatial density heterogeneity in the bees imposed by the obstacle.


A centerpiece of the 2017 federal tax legislation's reforms to international corporate income tax rules is the new global intangible low-taxed income regime (or GILTI). In a prior essay, we argued that U.S. state governments should conform to GILTI. But might there be constitutional restrictions preventing state governments from doing so? This essay argues that state governments can constitutionally conform to the federal GILTI rules and thereby tax GILTI income as part of the states' corporate income tax bases. However, in doing so, we explain that state governments will need to be attentive to background constitutional principles.


Dr. James Scheuer from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center moderated the topic "Is Cardiac Hypertrophy Compensatory or Harmful?" with Drs. Richard B. Devereux from the Weill Cornell Medical College and David Kass from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine participating. The discussion focused primarily on: (1) patterns of hypertrophy: concentric versus eccentric; (2) risks of hypertrophy; (3) special populations; (4) sensitivity of echocardiography compared to electrocardiography in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy; (5) hypertrophy studies in animals; (6) regression of hypertrophy; and (7) the use of antihypertensives and direct vasodilators to reduce left ventricular mass. (Med Roundtable Cardiovasc Ed. 2011;2(3):149-156) ©2011 FoxP2 Media, LLC


Chronic stress may accelerate cellular aging. Telomeres, protective "caps" at the end of chromosomes, modulate cellular aging and may be good biomarkers for the effects of chronic stress, including that associated with acculturation. The purpose of this analysis was to examine telomere length (TL) in acculturating Hispanic Mexican American women and to determine the associations among TL, acculturation, and psychological factors. As part of a larger cross-sectional study of 516 pregnant Hispanic Mexican American women, we analyzed DNA in blood samples (N = 56) collected at 22–24 weeks gestation for TL as an exploratory measure using monochrome multiplex quantitative telomere polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We measured acculturation with the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans, depression with the Beck Depression Inventory, discrimination with the Experiences of Discrimination Scale, and stress with the Perceived Stress Scale. TL was negatively moderately correlated with two variables of acculturation: Anglo orientation and greater acculturation-level scores. We combined these scores for a latent variable, acculturation, and we combined depression, stress, and discrimination scores in another latent variable, "negative affectivity." Acculturation and negative affectivity were bidirectionally correlated. Acculturation significantly negatively predicted TL. Using structural equation modeling, we found the model had an excellent fit with the root mean square error of approximation estimate = .0001, comparative fit index = 1.0, Tucker–Lewis index = 1.0, and standardized root mean square residual = .05. The negative effects of acculturation on the health of Hispanic women have been previously demonstrated. Findings from this analysis suggest a link between acculturation and TL, which may indicate accelerated cellular aging associated with overall poor health outcomes.


This paper examines how audit oversight by a public-sector regulator affects investors' assessments of reporting credibility. We analyze whether the introduction of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and its inspection regime have strengthened capital-market responses to unexpected earnings releases, as theory predicts when reporting credibility increases. To identify the effects, we use a difference-in-differences design that exploits the staggered introduction of the inspection regime, which affects firms at different points in time depending on their fiscal year-ends, auditors, and the timing of PCAOB inspections. We find that capital-market responses to unexpected earnings increase significantly following the introduction of the PCAOB inspection regime. Corroborating these findings, we also find an increase in abnormal volume responses to firms' 10-K filings after the new regime. Overall, our results are consistent with public audit oversight increasing the credibility of financial reporting.


The research question is: "How to develop and apply acoustic artefacts and design methodologies for improving soundscapes in urban outdoor spaces?" In the project, this research question is limited to one specific type of urban outdoor space – city-park – and to two types of acoustic design artefacts. These are: I. Dynamic promotion of qualitative site specific sounds (e.g., the overall site specific sonic atmosphere, sounds from activities, birds and fountains), which creates an improved soundscape. II. Sound-art installations, that creates delimited auditory sub-spaces within the park/square. The purpose and method is:


The journals of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark remain the single most important document in the history of American exploration. This compact volume of their journals, compiled by American Book Awaard nominee Landon Y. Jones, includes all of the most riveting tales of their adventure.Here is a concise, breathtaking record of Lewis and Clark's legendary journey to the Pacific, written by the two captains--under unspeakable stress and the threat of constant danger--with an immediacy that startles to this day. Through these tales of adventure we see the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains and western rivers the way Lewis and Clark first observed them--majestic, pristine, uncharted, and awe-inspiring. We are in moccasins of Lewis and Clark as they witness other wonders no European-Americans had ever seen before: new creatures such as antelope, prairie dogs, and, most memorably, grizzly bears. Also included are the explorers' encounters with Native Americans, featuring the amazing reunion between Sacagawea and her brother, a Shoshone chief who secured the expedition's safe passage over the Continental Divide. Landon Jones has selected the most memorable journal entries left behind by Lewis and Clark, and then edited and annotated them for all readers--those steeped in lore of the expedition, and newcomers to this unforgettable journey. From this raw material springs every book ever written about Lewis and Clark.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To present the novel Symptom Cluster Experience Profile (SCEP) framework for guiding symptom research in adult survivors of childhood cancers and other subgroups at risk for high symptom burden.

DATA SOURCES
Empirically derived model of symptom cluster experience profiles, existing theoretical frameworks, and data-based literature on symptoms and quality of life in adult survivors of childhood cancers.

DATA SYNTHESIS
In a previous study, the authors generated a preliminary model to characterize subgroups of adult survivors of childhood cancers with high-risk symptom cluster profiles. The authors developed the SCEP framework, which depicts symptom cluster experiences as subgroup-specific profiles that are driven by multiple sets of risk and protective factors. The risk and protective factors may directly and indirectly contribute to or alleviate symptoms through their effects on systemic stress. Systemic stress instigates and sustains the symptom experience that, in turn, is expressed through negative diffusion into other components of quality of life, such as functional status, general health perceptions, and overall quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS
The SCEP framework is an initial approach to unbundle the complex heterogeneity that underlies the clustering of symptoms. By measuring a wide range of risk and protective factors in future studies of adult survivors of childhood cancers and other subgroups at risk for high symptom burden, further development and validation of the SCEP framework will occur.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
The SCEP framework can be used to specify mechanisms underlying symptom cluster profiles and derive interventions targeted to high-risk symptom profiles. Findings from future studies can be translated to risk-based surveillance and symptom management clinical practice guidelines.


Salmonella is one of the most important enteropathogenic bacteria. It is responsible for about 5000 reported cases of human gastroenteritis each year in Sweden. Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, and the bacterium has the ability to infect a variety of both domestic and wild animal species.In studies of Swedish wild bird populations, we found that Black-headed gull may be the main reservoir for Salmonella in birds, and that Salmonella infection is expressed as carriage with no obvious disease manifestations. Black-headed gull is a migratory bird and can transport strains of Salmonella with virulence traits like antibiotic resistance, from sources outside Sweden. Genetic molecular methods, PFGE and IS200, also demonstrate that Black-headed gull play a role in the transmission chain of Salmonella in Sweden.In a study of the Swedish Peregrine Falcon population, Salmonella amager and Campylobacter jejuni were found. There were indications, based on serotyping of Salmonella and genetical typing by PFGE of Campylobacter that these isolates were transmitsted to the falcons from a human or domestic animal source. This bird of prey has sparse contact with humans but may be infected by Salmonella of human origin by feeding on other birds, like gull.Salmonella was found in penguins, albatrosses and mainly in seals in a study in Antarctica. Several features of the Salmonella serotypes found indicate a human source for Salmonella infection in these animals, and also a spread of Salmonella within and between animal species in Antarctica.


Somatic mutations in oncogene and tumor suppressor genes accumulate in healthy tissues throughout life and delineate clones with limited expansion. Lifestyle‐related toxic insults increase the size and number of these clones that participate to tissue aging. Their identification has blurred the boundaries between clonal expansion and malignant tumor and has drawn more attention to the role of the host environment in tumor emergence and progression. Local tissue factors such as disrupted cell interactions and stromal cell senescence combine with systemic and distant alterations to initiate the reiterative process of clonal expansion, multilayer intrinsic diversification and clonal selection that eventually characterize overt tumor evolution. In turn, tumors remodel their close and distant environments, establishing positive feedback loops that contribute to disease progression. Strategies emerge to preserve the tumor suppressive properties of healthy tissue landscapes and delay age‐induced changes that eventually lead to cancer.


'Big impacts' focuses on the Black Death, which had an impact on every sphere of human activity. Indeed, the Black Death reshaped the course of European history. The case is strongest in the area where sudden, severe, and prolonged high mortality might be expected to have an effect—that of economic and social relations. The Black Death also had an impact on how people thought about their world and their place in it, and some have argued that there were wholesale changes in mentalities, amounting to turning points in contemporary culture. It is interesting to note that the process of accommodating plague took less time than one might imagine.


A number of different factors are thought to influence the efficiency of the software development process. These include programming languages, use of formal methodologies, CASE tools, etc. Moreover, efficiency in the context of software development has traditionally been measured as the ratio of functionality, either lines of code or functions points, and the effort expended. This is a unidimensional measure and ignores factors such as quality and elapsed time. This study utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to develop a multidimensional measure of efficiency in the context of software development and then examines how efficiency varies with other influencing factors such as the use of CASE tools, use of methodologies, team size, application type, etc. using a decision tree based model.


We look at the effect of the 2000 repeal of the earnings test above the normal retirement age (NRA) on retirement expectations of male workers in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Using administrative records on Social Security benefit entitlements linked to the HRS survey data, we can distinguish groups of respondents according to how, before the repeal, the earnings test would have affected their marginal wage rate after the NRA. We use panel data models with fixed and random effects to investigate the effect of the repeal on the subjective probability to work full-time after the NRA as well as after age 62. We find that male workers whose marginal wage rate increased because the earnings test was repealed, had the largest increase in this probability. We find no significant effects of the repeal on the probability to work full-time past age 62. Since the tax introduced by the earnings test was small when accounting for actuarial benefit adjustments, our results suggest that male workers misperceive the complicated rules of the earnings test.


The aim of the dossier is to open up debate on the real impact of copyright laws affecting the people of the more than 150 developing countries in the Global South, many of whom have never read a book, have no access to the Internet and are facing an indeterminate future. The dossier highlights issues that are not only unique to the Global South, but also focuses on those issues that affect both sides of the North - South divide. This dossier is addressed to the general public, researchers, educators, librarians, activists, and organizations concerned about access to knowledge who want to learn more about the global role of copyright and, in particular, copyright's largely negative role in developing countries of the global South. In more than 50 articles totalling 215 pages, we, in the Copy/South Research Group, who have researched and debated these issues over the past 12 months, have tried to critically analyse and assess a wide range of copyright-related issues that impact on the daily lives (and future lives) of those who live in the global South.


The bcl-2 proto-oncogene is frequently expressed in human cancer. Although bcl-2 was first cloned as the t(14;18) translocation breakpoint from human follicular B-cell lymphoma, it has become apparent that many cell types express bcl-2 because of transcriptional regulation. As such, several transcription factors have been demonstrated to activate expression of bcl-2, including NF-kappaB. We investigated the role of NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers in the expression of Bcl-2 in two murine B-cell lymphoma cell lines: LY-as, an apoptosis-proficient line with low Bcl-2 protein expression and no nuclear NF-kappaB activity, and LY-ar, a nonapoptotic line with constitutive p50 homodimer activity and 30 times more Bcl-2 protein expression than LY-as. We found that nuclear p50 homodimer activity correlated with Bcl-2 expression in these cell types and identified several sites within the bcl-2 5'-flanking region that p50 was capable of binding. In vitro transcription revealed that recombinant p50 enhanced the production of run-off transcripts from the bcl-2 P1 promoter. Additional in vitro transcription experiments suggested the sites by which p50 afforded this effect. We conclude that the p50 homodimer is capable of transcriptional activation of the bcl-2 gene and suggest that its nuclear activity contributes to the expression of bcl-2 in LY-ar cells.


In recent years, a steady chorus of dignitaries has decried the low pay of federal judges and suggested that the federal judiciary is on the brink of losing its best and its brightest. The persistent nature of these claims should give us pause. Scott Baker's recent study empirically evaluates these claims by examining the relationship between judicial salaries and the work habits and voting patterns of federal appellate judges. If large pay disparities are indeed eroding the quality of the federal bench, Baker theorizes this likely results in more ideological voting, fewer dissents, longer delays in issuing opinions, and a self-selection of judges who are intent on maximizing their influence within the federal judiciary. To test these hypotheses, Baker undertook the formidable task of assembling the requisite datasets, which he then posted on the Internet for other researchers to use. Along with the ingenuity of his research design, we applaud Baker's industry and transparency. Thanks to his efforts, there is now an empirical literature surrounding the debate over federal judicial pay. At the end of his inquiry, Baker concludes that higher judicial salaries would have virtually no effect on the performance of federal appellate judges. The purpose of this Reply is to qualify Baker's interpretation of his results, at least with regard to judges located in the "Top Five" legal markets of New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. In his original analysis, Baker relies upon the average law firm partnership compensation, adjusted for years in practice and region, to estimate the forgone income - and hence opportunity costs - of each federal judge. Baker explicitly anticipated the possibility that this variable would understate the opportunity cost in large legal markets; thus, he included a Top Five variable plus an interaction term, which captures the effect of forgone earnings when a judge is located in one of the nation's five largest legal markets. Baker's discussion, however, does not formally address the significance of the interaction term, which requires some additional steps to properly interpret. Based on our reanalysis of Baker's specifications, it appears that judges in the largest legal markets often behave differently than their smaller market counterparts. Specifically, the lower judicial salaries in Top Five markets strongly correlate with behavior Baker characterizes as "ideological" or "influence-motivated." Conversely, while lower judicial salaries in small markets correlate with longer delays in issuing opinions, the exact opposite effect describes the behavior of judges in Top Five metropolitan areas. Our brief Reply proceeds as follows. Part I provides our reanalysis of Baker's data. Part II establishes an additional comparative context that allows us to speculate why Top Five legal markets may foster a more intense tradeoff of influence versus remuneration. Indeed, as we note, the real or perceived financial tradeoffs are so enormous - and conspicuous - in Top Five markets that federal judges may feel they have been lumped together with a large, faceless working class. We conclude by suggesting that the debate over judicial salaries is rooted in the more general problem of greater income disparity within the American legal profession.


The office and hospital records of 17 patients treated for intramuscular myxomas between 1979 and the present were reviewed. Thirteen women and four men were diagnosed with an intramuscular myxoma at an average age of 55 years (range, 31–76 years). Each patient presented with a noticeable mass, and six patients had symptoms of pain or aching related to the mass. The masses were located primarily in the thigh muscles with eight in the quadriceps muscles, two in the gluteal muscles, and two in the adductor muscles. The majority (nine of 11) of the masses were relatively hypointense on T1-weighted images, hyperintense on T2-weighted images, homogeneous and well-circumscribed, and showed peripheral enhancement with gadolinium contrast. All patients were treated by marginal excision of the tumor. Fine needle aspiration biopsy correlated with final surgical diagnosis in only three of eight masses biopsied. The size of the excised tumors ranged from 3.5 to 9.5 cm. No tumors recurred during an average followup of 7 years after excision (range, 1–20 years). None of the intramuscular myxomas in the series was associated with either Mazabraud's syndrome or Albright's syndrome.


Suprathermal ions, created by fusion reactions or by additional heating, will play an important role in burning plasmas such as the ones in ITER or DEMO. Basic plasma experiments, with easy access for diagnostics and well-controlled plasma scenarios, are particularly suitable to investigate the transport of suprathermal ions in plasma waves and turbulence. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations have revealed that the transport of fast ions in the presence of electrostatic turbulence in the basic plasma toroidal experiment TORPEX is generally non-classical. Namely, the mean-squared radial displacement of the ions does not scale linearly with time, but 〈r2(t)〉 ∼ tγ, with γ ≠ 1 generally, γ > 1 corresponding to superdiffusion and γ < 1 to subdiffusion. A generalization of the classical model of diffusion, the so-called fractional Lévy motion, which encompasses power-law (Lévy) statistics for the displacements and correlated temporal increments, leads to non-classical dynamics such as that observed in the experiments. On a macroscopic scale, this results in fractional differential operators, which are used to model non-Gaussian, non-local anomalous transport in a growing number of applied fields, including plasma physics. In this paper, we show that asymmetric fractional Lévy motion can be described by a diffusion equation using space-fractional differential operator with skewness. Numerical simulations of tracers in TORPEX turbulence are performed. The time evolution of the radial particle position distribution is shown to be described by solutions of the fractional diffusion equation corresponding to asymmetric fractional Lévy motion in sub- and superdiffusive cases.


Abstract. In New Zealand, direct measurements of mass balance are sparse due to the inaccessibility of glaciers in the Southern Alps and the logistical difficulties associated with maintaining a mass balance record. In order to explore the benefit of remotely sensed imaging to monitor mass balance in the Southern Alps, this research assesses the relationship between measurements of glacier surface albedo derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and mass balance observations using the glaciological method on Brewster Glacier over the 2005–2013 period. We confirm that minimum glacier-wide albedo is a reliable predictor for annual mass balance in this maritime environment (R2 = 0.93). Furthermore, we show that regular monitoring of glacier-wide albedo enables a new metric of winter accumulation to be derived, namely the cumulative winter albedo, which is found to correlate strongly with winter mass balance (R2 = 0.88), thus enabling the reconstruction of separate winter and summer mass balance records. This allows the mass balance record for Brewster Glacier to be extended back to the start of MODIS observations in 2000 and to confirm that the annual balance of Brewster Glacier is largely controlled by summer balance (R2  =  92 %). An application of the extended record is proposed whereby the relationship between mass balance and the photographic record of the end-of-summer snowline altitude is assessed. This allowed the annual balance record of Brewster Glacier to be reconstructed over the period 1977–2013, thus providing the longest record of mass balance for a glacier in New Zealand. Over the 37-year period, our results show that Brewster Glacier gained a significant mass of up to 14.5 ± 2.7 m w.e. by 2007. This gain was offset by a marked shift toward negative balances after 2008, yielding a loss of 5.1 ± 1.2 m w.e., or 35 % of the gain accumulated over the previous 30 years. The good correspondence between mass balance of Brewster Glacier and the phase of the Pacific (Inter-)Decadal Oscillation (PDO/IPO), associated with the fast terminus retreat observed between 1978 and 1998, strongly suggests that the observed mass gain of Brewster Glacier since 1977 is only offsetting a longer sequence of dominantly negative balances.


Choosing a kindergarten for young children is a highly demanding process. For parents who have children with disabilities this process can be particularly challenging, given the choice between special and inclusive kindergartens. While there has been wide-ranging research on parental concerns of kindergarten practices involving children with disability, there is little attention paid to how parents who have children with disabilities negotiate kindergarten choice dilemmas. This qualitative case study focuses on four Australian parents who have children with disabilities and reports on their perspectives regarding how they negotiated choices in placing their child with disability in either a special or an inclusive kindergarten. Using the notion of "contact zone" as an interpretive framework, this article illustrates that kindergarten choice is difficult, involving complex considerations. For parents who have children with disability, choosing a school is hard work, in many ways a struggle to negotiate conflicting dilemmas in an attempt to find a school that can better shape the life courses for their children.


Astrocytes are selective when they signal neurons and vice versa. Glial cells respond to neurotransmitters when nerve cells communicate with each other. Glial cells themselves release gliotransmitters that regulate neural synaptic transmission. Martín et al. studied this reciprocal relationship in a brain region called the dorsal striatum, which has two types of experimentally identifiable neurons and two types of synapses (see the Perspective by Gittis and Brasier). Subpopulations of glial cells selectively responded to the activity of one specific type of neuron. In turn, these specifically activated glial cells signaled only to the same type of neurons but not the other, indicating that glial-nerve signaling is largely cell-type specific. R. Martín, R. Bajo-Grañeras, R. Moratalla, G. Perea, A. Araque, Circuit-specific signaling in astrocyte-neuron networks in basal ganglia pathways. Science 349, 730–734 (2015). [Abstract][Full Text] A. H. Gittis, D. J. Brasier, Astrocytes tell neurons when to listen up. Science 349, 690–691 (2015). [Summary][Full Text]


Controversies surrounding property rights to the Great Onyx Cave in Kentucky have given rise to two legendary decisions with enduring legal importance. The first of these, Edwards v. Sims (1929), is a leading authority on the extent of ownership rights below the surface of land. The second, Edwards v. Lee's Administrator (1936), concerns the appropriate measure of damages for trespass. Stripped to essentials, the facts that led to these two important rulings are quite straightforward: E discovered a cave beneath his surface, which he developed into a thriving tourist attraction. However, it turns out that approximately one-third of the cave passes below, well below, the surface of land owned by L, who had no ready means of access to the cave. Should title to the cave as a whole belong to the party who owns the mouth and who has taken possession? If not, how might one assess damages for trespass where E has benefited financially by the acts of trespass, but L has no practical use for his portion of the cave? Of course, life is rarely as simple as that suggested by these sparse facts, and if one delves into the background of these famous cases -- a story that has been neglected over the years -- additional insights emerge. As it turns out, this dispute is one episode in a tempestuous time, the so-called 'cave wars' period, in which confrontations and lawsuits over cave rights and tourism in the region were commonplace. Moreover, the fight over Great Onyx Cave arose amid a campaign to acquire the caves in the region for a national park. As the clouds of the Depression formed, the park project must have held out hope for the local landowners. In addition, one member of the Kentucky Court of Appeals, Marvel Mills Logan, played a significant and somewhat unconventional role in the Great Onyx Cave litigation and the events surrounding it. His place in the story is examined in detail.


One of the most regular activities of amateur clubs is scientific outreach, a paramount channel to disseminate scientific results. It is typically performed through talks given by both experts (professional astronomers) and non-experts to a diverse audience, including amateur astronomers. However, this is a rather passive, one-way, approach. The advance of technology has provided all the tools that can help the audience/amateurs to become more active in the scientific output. What is often missing is the proper guidance. To address that within the Greek amateur community the Hellenic Amateur Astronomy Association materialized a training program (free-of-charge and open-accessed) to develop scientific thought and the practical capabilities for amateurs to produce valuable results. The program ran from November 2014 to May 2015 focusing each session (month) to: the Sun, variable stars, comets, planets, artificial satellites, meteors. A professional and/or an experienced amateur astronomer was leading each session consisting of a theoretical part (highlights of the field, necessary observational techniques) and a hands-on part (observations and data analysis). At least 50 unique participants gained significant experience by following parts or the complete program.


An effective emergency management is often connected with the goals achieved in the response activities. However, it is not clear as to which subsequent factors contribute to whether the emergency management should be regarded as a success or not. One factor, the on-scene commanding structure, and the on-scene commander in particular, plays an important role in fighting emerging crises. Dynamic decision making at the "sharp end" presents severe demands on the commanders. This paper reviews research in the area of on-scene commanding, with special attention being paid to models developed to illustrate decision making under uncertainty in emergencies. The paper discusses the applicability of management models on-scene at accidents based on 20 years of experience as the commanding officer of a Norwegian fire department. Some demands to future models are presented. Research in the area of real-time emergency management is difficult from a methodological point of view, due to sudden scenario occurrences, the vast number of variables involved and the apparent uniqueness of each scenario. Consequently, and finally, some ideas on future research designs applied to real-time emergency management are presented.


Methanofullerenes such as the well-known [70]PCBM are commonly synthesized under harsh conditions to obtain the product as a mixture of site-isomers (namely α, β and minor γ) due to the D5h symmetry of the C70 cage. We report the first site-selective synthesis of [70]methanofullerenes under light irradiation and low temperatures, thus avoiding time-consuming and highly expensive HPLC separations. Pure major site-isomers α-[70]PCBM and α-[70]DPM have been thus efficiently prepared including the crystal structure of 5b. Photovoltaic preliminary results revealed a slightly beneficial performance for α-pure [70]PCBM site-isomer devices.


A population-based case-control study was conducted in western Washington state to investigate possible dietary risk factors for laryngeal, esophageal, and oral cancers. Using results from a food frequency questionnaire, past dietary intakes of iron, zinc, and calcium were estimated for 661 cases and 466 controls. Clippings were also taken from the nails of both halluces to determine concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, chromium, and cobalt in 507 of the cases and 434 of the controls. After adjustment for smoking, alcohol, and dietary beta-carotene and vitamin C intake, individuals who reported dietary intakes of iron and zinc in the upper quartile were less likely to develop cancers of the larynx and esophagus than were individuals with intakes in the lowest quartile [odds ratios (OR), 0.5 for iron and 0.1 for zinc]. However, there were no significant differences in zinc concentrations in nail tissue between subjects with these types of cancer and controls. Esophageal cancer cases had higher nail concentrations of iron and calcium than did controls (OR, 2.9 for high versus low quartiles of iron; OR, 2.6 for high versus low quartiles of calcium). Individuals who developed esophageal or oral cancer were more likely to have elevated cobalt concentrations in their nail tissue than were individuals without cancer (OR, 9.0 and 1.9 respectively, for high versus low quartiles). The results of this study suggest that there may be differences in mineral intake or metabolism between individuals who develop some carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and those who do not.


All corporations have been equalized by the development of technology
and it is shown that they have tried to differentiate themselves through their designs. That is, all corporations have started to be concerned about Corporate Identity, Brand Identity and Product Identity for increasing the competitive corporate value as the time of intensely competing in design area had begun. Each corporation represents its own image through products in design and carries out a plan that it actively applies its own corporate culture to management, design, marketing and so on. Among them, it is said that Product Identity has a purpose to establish the identity through a product and it is the most direct strategy that the product is a medium. A consumer directly feels the corporate image by using the product and the communication happens between the corporate image and the consumer when a product is used by a consumer. The corporate can make a good profit through it and it is the purpose of a corporation. Product Identity is one of the most important corporate strategies to lead the communication to a positive way. Therefore, the Product Identity makes the consumer be aware of the corporate philosophy and image through product design and it is important that it gives the same corporate image to all products. The purpose of the study is to understand the meaning and necessity of Product Identity and to know how the Product Identity which has increasing importance affects mobile phones which are delicately and rapidly changing, what elements of Product Identity are important in the case of the mobile phone and what factors are demanded for establishing the Product Identity. For this purpose, the definition, function and necessity of Product Identity are examined through books for reference, and the concept of Corporate Design, Corporate Identity, Brand Identity, and Brand Image, which are related with Product Identity, are analyzed. Secondly, what are the general elements of Product Identity and what are the elements of Product Identity in relation to the mobile phone are surveyed. Thirdly, the elements of Product Identity in mobile phones that the consumers are aware of and concerned about are researched through questionnaires. Fourthly, the Product Identity of the mobile phones of Nokia and Samsung selected according to the result is compared and analyzed in the axis of time and space. Fifthly, a process model is suggested for the powerful Product Identity of a mobile phone according to those results. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the consumers are aware of the first visual Product Identity of a mobile phone among many elements of the Product Identity and it includes the type, the general color and the whole form of the mobile phone. Secondly, Nokia established its own communication way on the basis of form and has a powerful Product Identity different from other competitors according to the result of comparing and analyzing the Product Identity of Nokia and Samsung centered on the axis of time and space in the basis of type, color and form of mobile phones. On the other hand, Samsung makes an experimental design for the recent trend focusing on the type of mobile phone among many elements of Product Identity. The type of mobile phone, however, makes no difference from the type of other competitors and Samsung has less competitiveness. Finally, in order to achieve a powerful Product Identity of mobile phones according to the case study of Nokia and Samsung, the corporate Product Identity must be most effectively represented and then the form must be focused based on the Product Identity which gives a difference to the corporation. In the case of a mobile phone which is sensitive to trend, it is hard to keep the same form without any change but the change without consistency finally creates the loss of its own Product identity. Product Identity is not just a design but an absolute factor which affects all processes including product manufacturing, marketing, consumer needs and so forth. The success of Product Identity cannot be done in coincidence, and the development of Product Identity is very important to the corporate purpose and brand strategy. Accordingly, each corporation must keep and develop its Product Identity through tactical and strategic policy in the consideration of a reasonable design. When a corporation establishes its own Product Identity and communicates it to consumers they can make an ideal product.


Received: July 2015, Accepted: August 2015 Background: In spite of science and technology developments and their application in different industries, accidents occur in many work environments. Thus, this study was conducted in order to investigate factors affecting constructional accidents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, all workers who were injured in building construction during 2009-2010 and were registered in the Labor and Social Welfare Corporation were investigated. The data was collected through a checklist, and then, entered into SPSS software and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results: Most of the accidents (about 40%) have occurred in the 24-29 year age group. Improvidence and nonuse of protective and safety instruments are the cause of 42% and 30% of accidents, respectively. The most injured parts of the body were the head (about 60%) and hands (about 45%). The least number of injured individuals was in the insulation and formatting sections (each one about 5%). Most injured persons were hired for less than 1 month (40%) and had job experience of less than 5 years (45%). Approximately 0.5% of injured persons have died and 35% of events have caused bone fracture in different parts of the body. Conclusions: The instructions related to protection, conforming to the related principles during work, and suggestion of solutions in order to prevent nonchalance, particularly for individuals with low job experience, will help to prevent accidents.


During the last two decades the bank marketing literature has been characterised by a
concern for service quality and information technology (IT) within the industry. IT and
customer service are relatively new `strategic weapons' for banks, both being concerned
with the deployment of information. The two concepts relate to the building and
maintenance of long-term profitable relationships between the customer and the bank.
With increasing competition it has become necessary for banks to keep ahead of rivals
by differentiating themselves and IT is seen as an opportunity to achieve a sustainable
`competitive advantage', especially in terms of improving service quality. In the light of
this, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of IT on the quality of service in
the Jordanian banking sector.
To accomplish the study objectives a questionnaire survey was conducted with two
independent samples (bank customers and branch managers). The empirical work
involved the development of questionnaires which were used for data collection and the
study sample consisted of 550 bank customers and 67 branch managers. Initially, the
data in the questionnaires were analysed to provide a general description of the
respondents' characteristics and their perceptions of individual variables of service
quality, IT-based service, customer satisfaction / loyalty and bank selection criteria. The
research hypotheses were tested using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Spearman
Correlation Coefficient and t-tests.
The main results of the study show a significant and positive relationship between IT
and customer service. The more IT is used, the better the perception of service quality
be. The results also give another strong indication that IT is playing a crucial role, with
regard to bank selection criteria. Additionally, the findings revealed that the least
important factor in influencing customers' choice of their banks is higher interest on
savings and deposits, which is strongly related to religion and cultural background. On
the other hand, it has been found that the most important factors in motivating the
adoption of electronic channels by customers are time-saving, followed by the
convenience of these channels.
The study suggests several recommendations in order to increase the effectiveness of IT
in Jordanian banks and improve their strategic and `competitive positions'. Finally the
thesis ends by setting out an agenda for further work.


Nurses have an ethical obligation to maintain competence and to continue personal and professional growth. Promotion of self-care encourages the nurse's personal and professional development. Review of the literature indicates little is known about the self-care practices of rural nurses. The demanding nature of professional nursing practice coupled with an ongoing nursing shortage in the United States challenge nurses' efforts to maintain adequate self-care for personal and professional development. This study was a replication, extension nursing research study intended to collect data about and explore the self-care practices of rural nurses in Montana. The study used a mailed, paper survey tool to collect information directly from a sample of rural nurses practicing in Montana. In July 2011, a total of 360 surveys were mailed to actively licensed registered nurses in eight rural counties in Montana; 194 surveys were completed and returned yielding a response rate of 53.8%. A significant portion of the study's respondents were over fifty years of age and reported living with chronic health problems. Social support, workplace accommodations for chronic health problems, increased opportunities for physical activity and support for optimal nutritional choices are among the recommendations for practice discussed. Formal validation of the survey tool and replication with other populations is recommended.


Social outsourcing means the contracting out of goods or services to social enterprises. When used by government, it can be seen as a hybrid of the workfare outsourcing found in wage employment schemes, and the commercial outsourcing of government activities to the private sector. This paper focuses on a social outsourcing initiative operated by the government of Kerala State, India. Part of this outsources information technology (IT) services to dozens of cooperatives of women from below-poverty-line families. Interview and case study research was undertaken to assess the impacts of this initiative on five areas of livelihood assets-financial, human, physical, social and political capital. This scheme has Keralan specificities and research shows that social outsourcing may introduce vulnerabilities and questions of sustainability. Overall, though, this paper suggests that social outsourcing has the potential to deliver developmental benefits to marginalised groups. It is therefore worthy of greater attention from international development agencies and governments in developing countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The pituitary, sometimes called the master gland due to its governance over other glands, consists of three distinct anatomical and functional parts: posterior, intermediate (pars intermedia) and anterior lobes (Fig. 1). While the posterior pituitary consists of axon terminals originating from neurons with somata in the hypothalamus, cells in the pars intermedia release peptidergic hormones under the control of neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft from the innervating neurons. On the other hand, the secretory activity of anterior pituitary cells, which control important bodily functions including growth, development, reproduction and responses to stress, release hormones in response to blood-borne hypothalamic factors. Following their interaction with specific surface membrane receptors and subsequent activation of intracellular signalling mechanisms they control exocytosis and thus the secretory output from anterior pituitary cells.

Figure 1

Diagram depicting hypothalamus pituitary gland and an anterior pituitary cell with the GABAA receptor, Na+-K−-2Cl− co-transporter (NKCCi), the K+-Cl− co-transporter (KCC2), voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC).

The paper by Zemkova et al. (2008) in this issue of The Journal of Physiology, brings a new insight into the regulation of anterior pituitary cells. It seems that a novel regulating factor, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), will have to be firmly positioned into the list of factors stimulating hormone release from these cells. Although it has been known previously that anterior pituitary cells express ionotropic and metabotropic GABA receptors which mediate the secretory hormonal output from these cells (Anderson & Mitchell, 1986; Nakayama et al. 2006), it was unclear how the ionotropic GABA receptors, which gate chloride-specific channels, function in the stimulus–secretion coupling. Specifically, it was controversial whether GABA was stimulatory or inhibitory for the secretory output of anterior pituitary cells.

To address these issues Zemkova et al. (2008) first used molecular biology techniques to study the expression of molecular subunits of GABAA receptor channels in cultured anterior pituitary cells from postpubertal female rats and immortalized αT3-1 and GH3 clonal pituitary cells. Interestingly, mRNAs for all GABAA receptor subunits were found to be expressed in pituitary cells and α1/β1 subunit proteins are present in all secretory cells. Second, by using electrophysiology to voltage clamp gramicidin-perforated cells to monitor GABA-induced currents, they have shown that GABA-induced dose-dependent increases in current amplitude were inhibited by bicuculline and picrotoxin, inhibitors of GABAA receptor channels, and facilitated by diazepam and zolpidem in a concentration-dependent manner. Third, they used fluorescence methods to test whether the application of GABA and the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol affected cytosolic calcium activity, an important cytosolic stimulus of anterior pituitary cell secretory activity. Since both GABA and muscimol caused a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium, whereas the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was ineffective, their data are consistent with the view that chloride-mediated depolarization activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Furthermore, the GABAA channel reversal potential for chloride ions was positive to the resting membrane potential in most cells and the activation of ion channels by GABA resulted in depolarization of cells. This prompted Zemkova et al. (2008) to consider the mechanism of chloride homeostasis, which in most brain cells is controlled by NKCC1 and KCC2, two electrically neutral cation/chloride cotransporters. The ubiquitously expressed NKCC1 derives energy from the electrochemical gradient for Na+ to take up Cl−, promoting cytosolic accumulation of Cl−, whereas KCC2 facilitates Cl− extrusion coupled to the K+ gradient (Fiumelli & Woodin, 2007). The experiments have shown that the mRNA expression of NKCC1 greatly exceeded that of KCC2, which is consistent with the relatively positive reversal potential for chloride currents.

While the results of Zemkova et al. (2008) establish the excitatory role of GABA in anterior pituitary cells, a number of questions have now been opened. For example, we will have to consider that GABA is now listed as a regulatory factor of anterior pituitary cells. However, it is unclear if it is delivered from the hypothalamus via the portal vascular system. While GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is released from nerve terminals innervating pars intermedia cells (Schneggenburger & Lopez-Barneo, 1992), the mode of delivery of GABA to the cells in the anterior pituitary is probably different. Is the source of GABA the portal vasculature capturing GABA released from neurons in the median eminence? It is known that radioactive GABA readily accumulates in the pituitary (Kuroda et al. 2000; Duvilanski et al. 2000). Is it possible that GABA is released from anterior pituitary cells and thus can be considered an autocrine regulator? These questions will have to be addressed in the future.


Seismic hazard analyses require an estimate of earthquake ground motions from future events. These predictions are achieved through Ground Motion Prediction Equations, which include a prediction of the median and the standard deviation of ground motion parameters. The differences between observed and predicted ground motions, when normalized by the standard deviation, are referred to as epsilon ( ). For spectral accelerations, the correlation structure of normalized residuals across oscillator periods is important for guiding ground motion selection. Correlation structures for large global datasets have been studied extensively. These correlation structures reflect effects that are averaged over the entire dataset underlying the analyses. This paper considers the effects of site response, at given sites, on the correlation structure of normalized residuals. This is achieved by performing site response analyses for two hypothetical soil profiles using a set of 85 rock input motions. Results show that there is no significant difference between correlation coefficients for rock ground motions and correlation coefficients after considering the effects of site response for the chosen sites. KEY WORD DEFINITIONS GMPE: Ground Motion Prediction Equation PGV: Peak Ground Velocity PGA: Peak Ground Acceleration ASI: Acceleration Spectrum Intensity (cm/s) SI: Spectrum intensity SA: Spectral Acceleration. Vs30: Shear velocity of the site profile at the top 30 m of soil layer.


The routine implementation of "new" prognostic variables in tumour pathology will be worth only for cases where the prognostic information provided by other conventional methods is unreliable. Currently, the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is one those widely applied fashionable techniques aiming to identify microscopic metastatic deposits in the first lymph node draining the tumour area. The use of SLN in non-melanoma skin cancers can effectively identify a subgroup of patients at high risk of metastases, but its meaningful use must consider a careful selection of candidate patients for whom it can provide independent prognostic information, and a proper design including serial sectioning with special techniques and morphologic validation. A collaborative effort is essential for this task.


(publisher's blurb)
The first full biography of a crucial figure in the American story--Washington Roebling, builder of the Brooklyn Bridge.

"I know that nothing can be done perfectly at the first trial; I also know that each day brings its little quota of experiences, which with honest intentions, will lead to perfection after a while." --Washington Roebling

His father conceived of the Brooklyn Bridge, but after John Roebling's sudden death, Washington Roebling built what has become one of American's most iconic structures--as much a part of New York as the Statue of Liberty or the Empire State Building. Yet, as recognizable as the bridge is, its builder is too often forgotten--and his life is of interest far beyond his chosen field. It is the story of immigrants, of the frontier, of the greatest crisis in American history, and of the making of the modern world.

Forty years after the publication of The Great Bridge, David McCullough's classic chronicle of how the East River was spanned, Erica Wagner has written a fascinating biography of one of America's most distinguished engineers, a man whose long life was a model of courage in the face of extraordinary adversity. Chief Engineer is enriched by Roebling's own eloquent voice, unveiled in his recently-discovered memoir that was previously thought lost to history.

The memoir reveals that his father, John-a renowned engineer who made his life in America after humble beginnings in Germany-was a tyrannical presence in Washington's life, so his own adoption of that career was hard won. A young man when the Civil War broke out, Washington joined the Union Army, building bridges that carried soldiers across rivers and seeing action in many pivotal battles, from Antietam to Gettysburg-aspects of his life never before fully brought to light. Safely returned, he married the remarkable Emily Warren Roebling, who would play a crucial role in the construction of the unprecedented Brooklyn Bridge. It would be Washington Roebling's grandest achievement-but by no means the only one.

Elegantly written with a compelling narrative sweep, Chief Engineer will introduce Washington Roebling and his era to a new generation of readers.


This paper shows that the stock return predictability of analysts' earnings forecast dispersion is driven by the information content of dispersion about future firm profitability. Greater dispersion predicts lower future profitability, and the return predictability of dispersion disappears after controlling for future profitability. We propose disclosure manipulation as an explanation for the relation between dispersion and future profitability. Disclosure quality is inversely related to forecast dispersion. Moreover, the return predictability of dispersion decreases in disclosure quality, and is no longer significant in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley period. Our results are robust to consideration of previously suggested explanations for the dispersion anomaly.


Ascorbic acid (AA) is a significant small biomolecule and plays a key role in many biochemical processes. In this work, a rapid turn-on fluorescent probe was developed for sensitive and selective sensing of AA based on carbon dots–MnO2 nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were constructed by in situ synthesis of MnO2 nanosheets in carbon dot (C-dot) solution, and the fluorescence of C-dots was quenched with the formation of the nanocomposites due to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from C-dots to the generated MnO2 nanosheets. Once AA was introduced into the system, MnO2 nanosheets were reduced to Mn2+ and the fluorescence of C-dots would be recovered. Under the optimized conditions, this method shows rapid and sensitive response toward AA, the assay time is 2 min and the limit of detection is 68 nM. Moreover, the carbon dots–MnO2 nanocomposite based fluorescence sensing system was successfully employed to determine AA in commercial tablets with satisfactory results. Taking full advantage of C-dots and MnO2 nanosheets, this probe shows remarkable properties including easy operation, low cost and good biocompatibility, and has great potential to be used in biological and clinical diagnostic applications.


Regional governance systems and national frameworks to address climate change and accelerate green growth in Asia are reviewed and tools to address climate change are outlined. Options for regional level political institutions and financial architecture needed to fulfill voluntary pledges and programs are suggested and potentials, options, and challenges regarding monitoring, reporting, and verification systems are analyzed. In conclusion, policy measures for adaption and mitigation to climate change are provided.


The Maxwell action is conformally invariant and classically ignorant of conformally flat metrics. However, if the vector lives in a disformal metric—as it does if residing upon a moving brane—this is no longer true. The disformal coupling is then mediated by a Dirac-Born-Infeld scalar field. Here a systematic dynamical system analysis is developed for anisotropic Bianchi I cosmology with a massive disformally coupled vector field. Several new fixed points are found, including anisotropic scaling solutions. The formalism here presented can be conveniently applied to general scenarios with or without extra dimensional motivations. This is illustrated here by performing a complete analysis with the assumption that both the potentials and the warp factor for the brane are (nearly) exponential. In that case, the anisotropic fixed points are either not attractors, do not describe accelerating expansion or else they feature too large anisotropies to be compatible with observations. Nonetheless, viable classes of models exist where isotropy is retained due to rapid oscillations of the vector field, thus providing a possible realisation of disformally interacting massive dark matter.


The Arctic Alaska terrane of northern Alaska and Yukon is one of several exotic terranes in the North American Cordillera with putative early Paleozoic connections to the northern Caledonian-Appalachian orogen. The U-Pb and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar isotopic data from detrital minerals in pre-Mississippian sedimentary units of the northeastern Brooks Range are presented here to investigate the consequences of Caledonian orogenesis on sediment dispersal trends and the paleogeography of northern Laurentia. Neoproterozoic–Cambrian siliciclastic rocks of the informal Firth River group and the Neruokpuk Formation were most likely deposited along a passive margin that sourced Archean and Paleoproterozoic basement rocks of the Canadian shield and reworked Mesoproterozoic and younger sedimentary units. These strata are overlain by a Lower Ordovician–Lower Devonian succession of fine-grained siliciclastic turbidites, herein referred to as the Clarence River group, which records a prominent shift in provenance most likely associated with the onset of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogeny in northeast Laurentia. U-Pb detrital zircon age populations of ca. 470–420 and 990–820 Ma, along with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar detrital muscovite ages of ca. 470–430 Ma, support provenance connections with the East Greenland Caledonides, Pearya, and Svalbard. Partially reset 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages in these sedimentary successions are linked to low-grade metamorphism associated with the Early–Middle Devonian Romanzof orogeny, a poorly understood tectonic event in the Brooks Range that is possibly associated with the emplacement of an allochthonous oceanic assemblage, herein named the Whale Mountain allochthon.


The present study was conducted to isolate the causal agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) from broiler chickens. A total of 50 jejunal samples from necropsied broiler chickens were collected for isolation of Clostridium perfringens, the causal agent of NE. The novel method for isolation of Clostridium perfringens was stab culture in association with pouring of olive oil on the surface of the stab culture. The collected samples in nutrient broth were kept in a candle jar and incubated for 24 hrs at 37°C. For maintenance of anaerobic condition olive oil (2-3 cm) were poured on surface of culture broth in test tube. In Gram's staining, the morphology of the isolated bacteria was Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming single or paired in arrangement. The addition of olive oil on the surface of stab culture was effective for the growth of Clostridium perfringens. The characterization of Clostridium perfringens was then performed by other routine cultural study, staining procedure and different types of biochemical tests. The occurrence of necrotic enteritis was 8%.


We analyze the determinants of occupational and educational decisions in a model of dynastic altruism where individuals invest in the education of their children. We show that the relevant wage gaps that drive these two decisions are associated with the expected skill premium and the expected premium that each skill class faces when choosing a more effort-demanding occupation. As the occupational and educational decisions determine the relative frequency of high wages, we analyze how these wage gaps affect the frequency of high wages within each skilled class. We show that the results from this analysis are consistent with empirical evidence based on cross-country data for several European economies.


Summary The College of New Jersey (which later became Princeton University) provides an example of how Scottish philosophy influenced American higher education in an institutional context during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article compares the administrations of John Witherspoon (served from 1768 to 1794), Samuel Stanhope Smith (served from 1795 to 1812) and James McCosh (served from 1868 to 1888) at Princeton and examines their use of Scottish philosophy in restructuring the curriculum and reforming its institutional purpose. While presiding over Princeton during its most significant transitional moments, these philosophers of the Scottish School of Common Sense instituted different versions of moral education. Meanwhile, Witherspoon's legacy of balancing the interests of Evangelicalism and Scottish philosophy as Princeton's driving purpose influenced the creation and reception of nineteenth-century programmes of moral education. The broader question this article addresses is: how did the interconnecting points among Scottish philosophy, Calvinism and moral education inform notions of didactic Enlightenment at Princeton across a century?


Gas condensate reservoirs have complicated fluid flow and thermodynamic processes. As reservoir pressure decreased, the gas condensate system exhibits a dew point. As pressure is reduced, liquid condenses from the gas to form free liquid in the reservoir. This liquid phase develops with pressure reduction and the composition of gas phase is changing due to pressure reduction. The condensate is deposited at such low liquid saturation that is usually trapped by surface tension forces, is therefore immobile, and cannot be produced. Condensate liquid builds up near wellbore causing a reduction in gas permeability and gas productivity. In order to prevent the condensate formation in reservoir, different scenarios have been proposed in which the most important method is gas injection to maintain the pressure or to revaporize the condensed liquid. In other words, the injection of dry gas into a retrograde gas condensate reservoir helps in vaporizing the condensate and increases its dew point. This study prepared a comparison between gas injection scenarios in cells (PVT studies) and a synthetic model of the reservoir. The main goal of this work is to investigate the lean gas recycling into the PVT cell and the synthetic model to enhance condensate recovery. In this work, these subjects were studied: the effect of CO2, separator gas, and N2 on condensate recovery enhancement and comparison of these scenarios with CO2, separator gas, and N2 injection and discussion on why the results are different in these two approaches. This study shows that when CO2, separator gas, and N2 are injected in PVT cell, deduction of condensed liquid during the pressure reduction of simulated constant volume depletion test at different injection volumes related to CO2 is more than separator gas and separator gas scenario is more than N2. In other words CO2 is the most effective and N2 is the least effective scenarios in reduction of condensate in the simulated constant volume depletion. But in the synthetic model, the results are completely different with the simulated PVT cell. In the synthetic model, deduction of condensed liquid during the different injection volumes related to N2 is more than separator gas and separator gas scenario is more than CO2. In other words N2 is the most effective and CO2 is the least effective scenarios in reduction of condensate in the synthetic model. Based on the type of condensate deduction mechanism, the three mentioned gases presented different results. N2 acts as the best gas when the decrease of liquid dropout is aimed to evaporate existing since at the same injection rate for all injected gases, N2 has increased the reservoir pressure more than the other gases and this reservoir pressure increase causes more re-vaporization at the synthetic model. In fact, the injection gas affects the decrease of liquid dropout formation indirectly. But if the injection gas affects directly on the reservoir fluid, CO2 acts as the best injection gas regarding the reservoir composition change. In this mechanism, the injection gas affects the liquid dropout formation directly.


Dataflow analyses for concurrent programs differ from their single-threaded counterparts in that they must account for shared memory locations being overwritten by concurrent threads. Existing dataflow analysis techniques for concurrent programs typically fall at either end of a spectrum: at one end, the analysis conservatively kills facts about all data that might possibly be shared by multiple threads; at the other end, a precise thread-interleaving analysis determines which data may be shared, and thus which dataflow facts must be invalidated. The former approach can suffer from imprecision, whereas the latter does not scale.
 We present RADAR, a framework that automatically converts a dataflow analysis for sequential programs into one that is correct for concurrent programs. RADAR uses a race detection engine to kill the dataflow facts, generated and propagated by the sequential analysis, that become invalid due to concurrent writes. Our approach of factoring all reasoning about concurrency into a race detection engine yields two benefits. First, to obtain analyses for code using new concurrency constructs, one need only design a suitable race detection engine for the constructs. Second, it gives analysis designers an easy way to tune the scalability and precision of the overall analysis by only modifying the race detection engine. We describe the RADAR framework and its implementation using a pre-existing race detection engine. We show how RADAR was used to generate a concurrent version of a null-pointer dereference analysis, and we analyze the result of running the generated concurrent analysis on several benchmarks.


According to energy law, the government Indonesia is required to develop alternative energy. It is also mandated to consider equalization of energy development for each region in taking decision. Simple Addictive Weighting (SAW) method was able to provide the best solution in determining decision and can be applied to determine the renewable energy center. The result was than reinforced by Weighting Product to normalize the so that reaches the absolute value equals 1 that was yielded based on eigen Analytic Hierarchy process method. That alternative Bagan Sinembah was chose with value of 0.8090 which has 25% of five alternatives. Besides that, to find out the possibility of alternative that was not chosen as primary alternative, of decision making in group by using K –Means Clustering method was used. The comparison between the result of main criteria LSP and HPP had the best trend in which contiguity value was 2.45% in SAW. The results concluded that the main criterion of LSP and HPP was not dominant criteria influence the absolute value final decision either by using SAW or WP. The potential energy that can be palm production including waste of shell, fiber frond, and an empty bunch will be 135% of electrical energy of Riau area.


This article explores the application of genetic algorithms to the learning of local robot navigation behaviors for reactive control systems. Our approach evolves reactive control systems in various environments, thus creating sets of "ecological niches" that can be used in similar environments. The use of genetic algorithms as an unsupervised learning method for a reactive control architecture greatly reduces the effort required to configure a navigation system. Unlike standard genetic algorithms, our method uses a floating point gene representation. The system is fully implemented and has been evaluated through extensive computer simulations of robot navigation through various types of environments.


With each building code update and revision of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2, Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings, building enclosure thermal performance criteria are becoming more stringent to reduce building energy consumption. It is well understood that two-dimensional heat transfer must be considered in determining the U-factor of certain building enclosure assemblies (e.g., steel-stud-framed walls with batt insulation). However, the current approach to energy code calculations lacks guidance and/or requirements for • Whole-wall U-factors versus clear-wall U-factors (Kosny and Desjarlais 1994), including inside and outside corners, additional framing around windows and doors, and top and bottom track for framed walls  Including two- and three-dimensional heat transfer effects between assemblies (e.g., the effect of a cantilevered concrete slab on the wall U-factor, steel shelf angles)  U-factors of fenestration products as installed, rather than NFRC Standard 100, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product U-Factor, values for standard-sized products, which is intended for side-by-side comparison of fenestration product, and are not typically representative of those actually used on most projects Such simplifications can result in overestimating building thermal performance. With the ultimate goal of analyzing and demonstrating realistic energy conservation, rather than conservation predicted by oversimplified models, it is imperative that designers consider whole-wall R-values, two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) interaction of assemblies, and actual glazing assembly U-factors. This paper discusses and presents how current methods for U-factor calculations are insufficient through the use of examples, and proposes more detailed methods for calculating U-factors that include recognition of construction practices to be considered future revisions of energy codes and ASHRAE standards. Previously, the lack of software and computing power made conducting more detailed calculations including 2- and 3D thermal analysis unrealistic. However, today the necessary software and computing power exists, making it feasible to require more detailed calculations.


In "Children and Other Strangers, "Ruth Szold Ginzberg offers a personal view of modern women who now have choices concerning marriage, child-rearing, and families. It is written from the perspective and experiences of a mother of three who belongs to the generation of women who came of age in the 1940s and who had little choice but to follow the socially prescribed path of domesticity. Combining analysis, autobiography, and humor in equal parts, this book is a pleasure to read as well as a clear-eyed look at a critically important subject. The author proceeds from the provocative assumption that the women's revolution is the most important social development of the twentieth century. In the experience of many women, the defining questions of that revolution turned on personal issues of marriage and motherhood as much as on the public issues of political and economic equality. Today such personal issues are largely determined by free personal choice; it is possible for couples to maintain a close emotional bond without entering into a marriage arrangement. In Ruth Ginzberg's view the only appropriate reason for a woman to marry is to have children. In spite of these unprecedented freedoms, much of the book's argument maintains that young women today have little idea of what having children really connotes in terms of loss of freedom for the mother, constraints on her time and energy, the disruptions that children introduce into adult relationships, and above all that once a mother, the bond is for life. "Children and Other Strangers is "a memoir rich in wisdom and perception. It will be of interest to women's studies specialists, psychologists, and social workers.


This proposed edited volume represents a critical examination of the interrelationships between gender and transnationalism in the context of war, peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction with respect to the Middle East. The importance of mainstreaming gender in post-conflict reconstruction and peace-building has been highlighted by various multilateral forums, international NGOs and transnational women's movements, in recognition of the differential impact of war on women's lives. Simultaneously, studies of conflict and post-conflict contexts emphasise the role of transnational actors, including diasporic and migrant communities, in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction.

This volume critically examines the ways in which transnational actors, including women's movements, national governments, non-governmental actors and multilateral bodies, as well as processes involving the transborder movements of capital and people, shape the experiences of women in conflict situations, the possibilities for women's participation in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction, as well as long-term prospects for peace and security. In particular, the volume pays attention to the ways in which gender roles, relations and identities are negotiated, conceptualised and employed within transnational social fields in the context of post/conflict—with particular effects for women. All contributions focus on the Middle East as a region experiencing apparently intractable conflicts, including the Arab–Israeli conflict and the post-2003 situation in Iraq.


This paper examines the short-term stock performance of Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways using time series data consisting of daily and cumulative abnormal returns ± 60 trading days around the merger announcement and merger completion dates. The impact of Southwest's announcement to acquire AirTran is positive. The daily abnormal returns of Southwest and AirTran, using the S&P 500 as index, are highly significant on the merger announcement date. The impact of the merger completion is mixed, however. Southwest's share price drifted lower up to the merger date, underperforming the S&P 500, while the share price of AirTran generally drifted higher in a very narrow range. Southwest and AirTran, nevertheless, outperformed the AMEX Airline Index, suggesting that the higher fuel prices at the time of the merger may have influenced investor reaction to the merger, resulting in lower share prices of major airlines. The beta of Southwest improved after the merger announcement and completion of the merger, suggesting shareholder confidence in the merger and in Southwest's financial performance, at least in the short-term.


Managing an organizational transformation is a risky and difficult endeavor. This article examines the lessons learned from the transformation of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), one of the largest agencies in the federal government. The transformation, which has proven to be highly successful, has focused on changing the agency from a health care delivery system emphasizing inpatient-oriented tertiary care to a health care delivery system that can meet the growing needs of veterans for outpatient-oriented primary care. The VHA's experience reveals the importance of selecting leaders whose qualifications match the needs of the transformation, developing a coherent transformation plan, maintaining a focus on key transformation goals, and managing external changes to complement internals one. In addition, the VHAs experience reminds us that a transformation often raises significant issues concerning employee training and education, communication with frontline employees, and the balance between centralized control and operating unit flexibility.


Public libraries were early adopters of Internet-based technologies and have provided public access to the Internet and computers since the early 1990s. The landscape of public-access Internet and computing was substantially different in the 1990s as the World Wide Web was only in its initial development. At that time, public libraries essentially experimented with publicaccess Internet and computer services, largely absorbing this service into existing service and resource provision without substantial consideration of the management, facilities, staffing, and other implications of public-access technology (PAT) services and resources. This article explores the implications for public libraries of the provision of PAT and seeks to look further to review issues and practices associated with PAT provision resources. While much research focuses on the amount of public access that public libraries provide, little offers a view of the effect of public access on libraries. This article provides insights into some of the costs, issues, and challenges associated with public access and concludes with recommendations that require continued exploration.


Magic, miracles, daemonology, divination, astrology, and alchemy were the arcana mundi, the "secrets of the universe," of the ancient Greeks and Romans. In this path-breaking collection of Greek and Roman writings on magic and the occult, Georg Luck provides a comprehensive sourcebook and introduction to magic as it was practiced by witches and sorcerers, magi and astrologers, in the Greek and Roman worlds. In this new edition, Luck has gathered and translated 130 ancient texts dating from the eighth century BCE through the fourth century CE. Thoroughly revised, this volume offers several new elements: a comprehensive general introduction, an epilogue discussing the persistence of ancient magic into the early Christian and Byzantine eras, and an appendix on the use of mind-altering substances in occult practices. Also added is an extensive glossary of Greek and Latin magical terms. In Arcana Mundi Georg Luck presents a fascinating-and at times startling-alternative vision of the ancient world. "For a long time it was fashionable to ignore the darker and, to us, perhaps, uncomfortable aspects of everyday life in Greece and Rome," Luck has written. "But we can no longer idealize the Greeks with their 'artistic genius' and the Romans with their 'sober realism.' Magic and witchcraft, the fear of daemons and ghosts, the wish to manipulate invisible powers-all of this was very much a part of their lives."


Background Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is currently becoming a serious mental health issue around the globe. Previous studies regarding IAD were mainly focused on associated psychological examinations. However, there are few studies on brain structure and function about IAD. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate white matter integrity in adolescents with IAD. Methodology/Principal Findings Seventeen IAD subjects and sixteen healthy controls without IAD participated in this study. Whole brain voxel-wise analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA) was performed by tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to localize abnormal white matter regions between groups. TBSS demonstrated that IAD had significantly lower FA than controls throughout the brain, including the orbito-frontal white matter, corpus callosum, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and corona radiation, internal and external capsules, while exhibiting no areas of higher FA. Volume-of-interest (VOI) analysis was used to detect changes of diffusivity indices in the regions showing FA abnormalities. In most VOIs, FA reductions were caused by an increase in radial diffusivity while no changes in axial diffusivity. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between FA and behavioral measures within the IAD group. Significantly negative correlations were found between FA values in the left genu of the corpus callosum and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and between FA values in the left external capsule and the Young's Internet addiction scale. Conclusions Our findings suggest that IAD demonstrated widespread reductions of FA in major white matter pathways and such abnormal white matter structure may be linked to some behavioral impairments. In addition, white matter integrity may serve as a potential new treatment target and FA may be as a qualified biomarker to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of injury or to assess the effectiveness of specific early interventions in IAD.


This volume deals with the social legislation of Zhu Yuanzhang, who founded the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), following the era of Mongol rule in China. It recounts the circumstances under which the laws were enacted and what the Emperor claimed he was trying to accomplish - a restoration of traditional Chinese social norms. The contents of several codes are discussed in terms of the groups to which they applied and the range of activities they purported to regulate. The early Ming codes formed one of the most comprehensive and cohesive bodies of law in all of Chinese history. Taken as a group, they constituted an autocrate's blueprint for the ideal society. The texts of three codifications - an imperial clan constitution, a general summary of the laws and guidelines for village life - are translated as appendixes.


Ever since its inception, the project of sustainable development has constituted a challenge to deeply entrenched political, economic, and social beliefs in modern societies. Now matured, the project seems to be highly incompatible with the predominant neoliberal capitalist economic system, constitutes a nuisance to the structure of global governance, and is a noticeably controversial issue in North-South politics. However, the project itself was born out of a conflict between two opposing needs – the need for continuous economic growth on the one hand, and the need to protect the environment and achieve intra-generational and intergenerational social equity, on the other. This article argues that reconciling the needs for economic growth with concerns for the environment has been a very intricate and thorny process, hence the controversy over sustainable development's definition, aims, and feasibility. By categorizing, examining, and analyzing sustainable development's inner conflicts, this articles aims at achieving a deeper understanding of today's sustainability stalemate and potential ways to overcome it. A special focus is placed on the implications of the recent prominence of ecological modernization, especially in the developed countries, on the evolution and integrity sustainable development.


Numerous characterizations were performed on 120-nm thick evaporated SiO(2) layers in order to understand how their features change as a function of deposition conditions and time. Density decreases with increasing deposition pressure. It governs all the layer properties (refractive index, hardness, and stress). In situ stress measurements show that stress can be divided into intrinsic and water-induced components, respectively linked to local density (outside the pores) and porosity. Intrinsic stress increase with decreasing pressure is explained by a diminution of the Si-O-Si bond angle (IR measurements). Long-term evolution is characterized by stress relaxation related to Si-O-Si strained bond hydrolysis.


When Gurov sees the lady with the little dog on a windswept promenade, he knows he must have her. But she is different from his other flings - he cannot forget her ...Chekhov's stories are of lost love, love at the wrong time and love that can never be. United by the theme of love, the writings in the "Great Loves" series span over two thousand years and vastly different worlds. Readers will be introduced to love's endlessly fascinating possibilities and extremities: romantic love, platonic love, erotic love, gay love, virginal love, adulterous love, parental love, filial love, nostalgic love, unrequited love, illicit love, not to mention lost love, twisted and obsessional love...


Fairies? No, Termites! Fairy circles consist of circles of perennial vegetation that grow within otherwise mostly barren desert habitat on the southwest coast of Africa. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the creation and maintenance of fairy circles. Using long-term data collected on the distribution and physical and biological components of these features, Juergens (p. 1618) found that the circles are generated by the actions of the sand termite, which removes vegetation produced following intermittent rains. Once generated, the circles collect water, which sustains the growth of perennial vegetation at the edges of the circles, allowing for long-term persistence of the termites. Termites alter local soil conditions to facilitate the growth of grasses, generating patterns in the desert. The sand termite Psammotermes allocerus generates local ecosystems, so-called fairy circles, through removal of short-lived vegetation that appears after rain, leaving circular barren patches. Because of rapid percolation and lack of evapotranspiration, water is retained within the circles. This process results in the formation of rings of perennial vegetation that facilitate termite survival and locally increase biodiversity. This termite-generated ecosystem persists through prolonged droughts lasting many decades.


Objective: Extracellular matrix degradation is required for invasive growth and metastasis formation in colorectal carcinoma; therefore, we examined matrix metalloproteinases expression (MMP-1, MMP-13 and MT1-MMP) and apoptosis in tumours from 49 patients with advanced colorectal disease. Methods: MMP expression was determined immunohistochemically and apoptotic index (AI) was ascertained using the TUNEL assay. Results: Low levels of MT1-MMP, MMP-1 and AI were found to be favourable markers significantly associated with longer survival. MT1-MMP expression levels below the median (≤14.0% of tumour cells) were associated with better overall survival (median 26.2 vs. 15.6 months, p = 0.02) and MMP-1 expression levels below the median (≤28.7% of tumour cells) correlated with longer survival following metastasis (median 21.5 vs. 13.3 months, p = 0.05). MT1-MMP, MMP-1 and AI were all found to have significant independent effects on survival. Interestingly, MMP-1 expression levels above the median were associated with distal disease of the colon (p = 0.02). Conclusions: These findings reveal that MT1-MMP and MMP-1 expression levels and AI are useful prognostic indicators in advanced colorectal carcinoma and suggest that markers of MMP expression might be used in identifying patients who would benefit from new treatment modalities involving MMP inhibitors.


In context-aware route planning, agents have to plan their route on a common infrastructure in such a way that plans made by other agents are not invalidated, and no conflicts are introduced. Previous research on context-aware routing, mostly in the domain of automated guided vehicle (AGV) routing, has reported on an O(n4v2) (n the number of vehicles, v the number of infrastructure resources) algorithm. In this paper we present an improved algorithm with a complexity of only O(nv log(nv) + nv2).

Our free path routing approach is based on a search through the graph of free time windows on the resources, rather than a search through the infrastructure itself. Our algorithm can be used to find a set of conflict-free routes for a number of agents by finding the route for a single agent at a time. As a consequence, the order in which agents plan their route will determine the quality not only of the individual agent plans, but also of the global plan.

Our experimental results confirm that for an individual agent, its position in the planning queue can make a significant difference; for the total throughput of the airport, however, the order in which the agents make their plans is not highly significant. Also the experiments compare our free path routing approach to fixed path scheduling approaches. We show that for a reasonable amount of extra computation time (required to investigate alternative routes), a free path routing approach finds more efficient plans, because it manages to avoid bottlenecks in the infrastructure.


We analyze the performance of the two main portfolio insurance methods, the OBPI and CPPI strategies, using downside risk measures. For this purpose, we introduce Kappa performance measures and especially the Omega measure. These measures take account of the entire return distribution. We show that the CPPI method performs better than the OBPI. As a-by-product, we determine the set of threshold values for these risk/reward performance measures.