On 27 July 2012, in his judgment following 'The Twitter Joke Trial', the Lord Chief Justice of England & Wales quoted from King Lear (Folio).  The trial was the first time a British Court had considered the use of Twitter in the context of a bomb hoax.  The judgment was hailed as 'a victory for common sense', reversing decisions of two lower courts.  It now provides authority against similar prosecutions.  This paper argues that the use of a four-hundred-year-old Shakespearean text in negotiating modern legal principles is of considerable cultural significance – both through using the familiar to respond to the new – and by invoking Shakespeare's voice within the powerful social mechanism of the law courts.  It also considers the advantages and disadvantages of literary allusions within legal proceedings, contrasting these two widely reported judgments. This piece is adapted from a transcript of: King Lear, Twitter and the Da Vinci Code given as part of the Sidelights on Shakespeare lecture series at University of Warwick on 29 November 2013. Professor Gary Watt provides a response to Curtis's critical reflection, considering judicial allusion as logic or ornament.  Image: Cordelia in the Court of King Lear , Sir John Gilbert (1873)


Arogenate dehydrogenase (AD) from the cyanobacterium Synechocystsis sp. PCC6803 is one enzyme within the family of TyrA proteins dedicated to the biosynthesis of L-tyrosine (L-Tyr) and catalyzes the NADP+-dependant oxidative decarboxylation of L-arogenate to L-Tyr. To circumvent some of the difficulties in obtaining L-arogenate using current methodology, we developed an improved methodology to synthesize L-arogenate enzymatically using the recently annotated prephenate aminotransferase from Petunia hybrida. L-arogenate was then purified from major contaminants by high performance liquid chromatography. Guided by sequence alignments and the crystal structure of AD, residues were targeted for the first mutagenesis experiments on this enzyme; the variant proteins were characterized by kinetic, biophysical and computational methods. We identified that His112, a highly conserved residue, is the catalytic hydrogen bond acceptor and is critical for enzyme function, whereas electrostatic interactions afforded by Asp171 appear critical for the overall stability of the enzyme. Both Arg213 and Arg217, a highly conserved residue, appear to play a role in enzyme function, which contradicts the conclusion inferred from the crystal structure. His170, was also identified to be an important active site residue, and likely maintains His112 in a catalytically competent conformation via hydrogen bonding. Ser178, His179, T117 and Gly221 were all also found to be important for enzyme function. Even though the exact roles of these residues require further clarification, our studies have provided valuable insight into how arogenate dehydrogenase functions.


Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) have experienced significant growth in the last two decades due to the extensive use of wireless devices. Security (especially authentication) is a staple concern as the wireless medium is accessible to everybody. Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is the widely used authentication framework in WLANs to secure communication. The authentication mechanism designed on EAP is called EAP method. There are numerous EAP based and non-EAP based authentication protocols for WLANs, but there is no protocol that fulfills all the security requirements, as mentioned in RFC-4017 and other additional requirements like perfect forward secrecy, Denial-of-service (DoS) attack protection, and lightweight computation. Hence, it is fair to infer that there is an impelling need to design a protocol that can meet all the security requirements. In this paper, we propose a secure and user efficient EAP-based authentication protocol for IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The proposed protocol has been formally validated by BAN logic and the AVISPA tool [18]. The simulation results depict that the proposed protocol achieves all security requirements, as mentioned in RFC-4017 along with perfect forward secrecy, Denial-of-service (DoS) attack protection, and lightweight computation. The proposed protocol outperforms the existing protocols in terms of computation cost by reducing the computation cost by $\approx 99.9956$%, 99.991%, 27.27%, 22.705% in comparison to EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-Ehash, EAP-SELUA, respectively.


How It Can Spark Creativity and Innovation, Warren Berger, Penguin Group US, 2010, 1101478063, 9781101478066, 352 pages. An illuminating journey through today's fascinating world of design. What can we learn from the ways great designers think-and how can it improve our lives? In CAD Monkeys, Dinosaur Babies, and T-Shaped People Warren Berger, in collaboration with celebrated designer Bruce Mau, revolutionizes our understanding of design and unlocks the secrets of the trade. Looking to the creative problem-solving work of design professionals, Berger reveals that design is a mindset, a way of looking at the world with an eye toward improving it. The practice of design-thinking opens readers to their innate capacity for reimagining the world around them. .


: The number of Muslims in the World is the second largest after Christianity, and in Indonesia, Islam is the majority religion of its population. In choosing a product to consume, Muslims have special considerations and adapt it to the provisions of their religion, or what is called of halal. Even so, not many scientific studies that have explored the role of the halal brand which is very identical with Muslims. This study tried to do the same thing with previous research conducted by Ali A et al. (2018) to seek answers to the halal brand relationship with repurchase intentions from consumers in Indonesia. On the other hand, this research also seeks to see the influence of the Country Image which is the producer of the consumed product. This study was tested on 252 respondents who were consumers of several Ramen Restaurants in Jakarta, Indonesia from March to May 2020. Then, all data obtained were processed using LISREL 8.51. The findings of this study reveal that the state's image is deemed not to have a significant effect either directly or indirectly on repurchase intention. Besides, two other variables, namely halal brand image and halal brand satisfaction also do not have a significant effect on repurchase intention.


Puya raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae) is a monocarpic plant, that can produce about 6 to 12 million seeds, nevertheless is very rare to find seedlings in their natural habitat, indicating difficulties for its establishment. In this work, the conditions for establishment of P. raimondii under laboratory conditions were determined carrying out experiments to determine the better substrate. It was compared the survival and vigour of P. raimondii seedling that were transplanted in peat, moss, peat-soil and moss-soil substrates. The peat substrate showed high survival and was better for establishment of seedlings because it maintains steady and suitable humidity and pH conditions, this allowed that seedlings presents a good vigour. Substrates with very little (case peat-earth) or too much (case moss) humidity retention had a negative effect over vigour and development.


Abstract. We investigate morphological differences in three-dimensional (3-D) images with cellular resolution between nonmelanoma skin cancer and normal skin using Gabor domain optical coherence microscopy. As a result, we show for the first time cellular optical coherence images of 3-D features differentiating cancerous skin from normal skin. In addition, in vivo volumetric images of normal skin from different anatomic locations are shown and compared.


(a) Topics and Objectives. Research Group D-II-1 investigates the metaphysics of space – in contrast to D-II-2 (»Place, Space, and Motion«), which focuses on the role of space in physical theory. The group's work gives special emphasis to knowledge of space and its relationship to knowledge of the physical world generally. A central concern has been the relationship between space and bodies. One question concerns the way in which bodies (on some views) exclude one another from the regions of space they occupy. Is this phenomenon grounded in the physical, causally relevant properties of physical bodies, or rather in the metaphysical relationship between bodies and their locations or spatial extension? Plato's Timaeus, with its pioneering and immensely influential theory of geometric elementary bodies, provides a particularly interesting test case for this question. An additional objective is to clarify Aristotle's understanding of the metaphysics of bodies. There are numerous passages in Aristotle which contain remarks on the topic, but there are also numerous puzzles and difficulties about how to interpret  those passages in a satisfying and coherent way. Moreover, a clearer understanding the metaphysics of bodies will enable a new understanding of various topics within Aristotle's metaphysics. Especially important is the way the unity of sensible substances is related to their topological connectedness. Our third goal is to clarify the relationship between ancient geometrical and physical conceptions of body and of bodily limits by focusing on Sextus Empiricus' parallel treatments in Against the Physicists and Against the Geometers. Alongside these topics concerning space and body, the group is researching the relationship in Aristotle between change, potentiality, and place. Our goal is to clarify the relationship between the ontological status of places and the ontological status of change. This involves a reconsideration of Aristotle's definition of change and his classification of changes. (b) Methods. The group applies interdisciplinary methods – in particular ones drawn from philosophy, classical philology, and the history of science – to a variety of texts. The group engages in the reconstruction and critical interpretation of rational philosophical arguments. But such reconstructions are not the exclusive province of philosophers, and require expertise from classics about language, texts, and contexts, as well as expertise from the history of science about contemporary science, the development of particular scientific concepts, and the historiography of scientific concepts (e.g., how to think about the continuity and discontinuity of the concept of »space« across radically different cultural and intellectual contexts). (c) Status of Discussion. The group's work has led to a highly productive focus, in several projects, on the relationship between space and body. This development has resulted from and led to further exchanges within the group, and connects much of the group's work with a wider trend in ancient philosophy which deals with ancient concepts of body. Keywords: Ontology • Space • Knowledge • Body • Extension • Boundaries • Impenetrability • Continuity • Motion • Potentiality • Colocation • Place • Skepticism


A 3 Point Bend Specimen (3PBS) is modelled for a pre-cracked cushion spring and analyzed for different loading cases. A failure occurring due to fracture in the spring invites for a fracture analysis. An impacting load and a cyclic load are used for analysis. In this thesis work we emphasize our effort on theoretical modelling, analytical analysis and simulation in ABQUS. Stress intensity factor for different loading cases is compared and life cycle of material has been evaluated. The general criterion for how to choose the material is also discussed.


This paper investigates the relationship between women's education and fertility by exploiting a 1985 policy change in Kenya that lengthened primary school by one year. An instrumental variables approach measures the exogenous variation in treatment intensity across birth cohorts. The reform led to an increase in education, a delay in marriage, and reduced fertility beginning at the age of 20. The effect on fertility becomes increasingly negative through age 25. The findings suggest that postponement of marriage, reduction in the marital education gap, and increased early use of modern contraceptives contribute to reduced fertility. These results are consistent with women having greater control over their fertility decision.


How can peace be effectively achieved after conflict? Experts from academia and practice explore in this book examples of post-conflict resolution and its history as well as issues pertaining to different mechanisms to achieve national reconciliation whether via courts, truth and reconciliation commissions and international prosecution.
In the first section of this book, 'beyond the courts' mechanisms are analysed: apologies, truth and reconciliation commissions, and amnesties. The case studies section of the book is based on reports of field missions organised by the British Institute of International and Comparative Law in the following post-conflict States: Cambodia, Sierra Leone, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then, legal issues in international prosecution such as selectivity, and the effect of international prosecution and domestic courts are discussed. Finally, the issue of reparation for victims is explored with specific regard to women and children.

This book forms part of the ATLAS project (Armed Conflicts, Transitional Justice, Peacekeeping: Law as Solution) which is funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission. It has a great appeal to many and is particularly relevant to students, academics and practitioners in the field of international law and human rights law in post-conflict States


We detected a germ-line mutation of the p53 gene in a patient with a malignant ependymoma of the posterior fossa. This mutation, which was found at codon 242, resulted in an amino acid substitution in a highly conserved site of exon 7 of the p53 gene; the same mutation was found in both the germ-line and the tumor tissue. This is the most common region of previously described somatic p53 mutations in tumor specimens and of the germ-line p53 mutations in patients with the Li-Fraumeni cancer syndrome. Evaluation of the patient's family revealed several direct maternal and paternal relatives who had died at a young age from different types of cancer. The association of a germ-line p53 mutation with an intracranial malignancy and a strong family history of cancer suggests that p53 gene mutations predispose a person to malignancy and, like retinoblastoma mutations, may be inherited.


Coal is a soft and brittle material. Drilling rates in the Pittsburgh coalbed using a drag bit exceed 3 ft/min at 2,500-pound thrust. However, maintaining the bit on a horizontal trajectory or parallel to bedding planes to attain lengths of 1,000 feet is difficult. This Bureau of Mines report presents a drill string configuration that can be guided through the coalbed. The angle of the borehole is measured periodically and by proper combinations of bit thrust and rotational speed (r/min), bit trajectory can be lifted or dropped to keep the bit in the coalbed. An example of a hole drilled to 2,126 feet is presented to show levels of thrust and rotational speed used to lift or drop the bit, the seemingly unexplainable events that occur, and the strategy used during drilling. Thrust levels during drilling range from 600 to 2,500 pounds. Hydraulic motors powered by a 30-hp, 440-volt motor provide ample power for drilling horizontal holes 2,000 feet long.


In this paper a novel wearable human computer interface (HCI) for an omnidirectional robot controlling interface with visual feedback will be described. The setup is employing electrooculographyc (EOG) biosignals recorded near the human operator's eyes and are used to control the employed robot through Matlab® and LabVIEW®. The setup contains a Wi-Fi-based control signal issuing sub-part that is transmitting the commands to the robot. The user should be able to control the movements of the robot in the house and also can see where the robot is heading. A total of five low-level navigation commands are transmitted to the robot ("go backward", "go forward", "stop", "turn left" and "turn right") by the developed asynchronous HCI. This indoor navigation vehicle can be used by people with several types of neurodegenerative disease or high-level spinal cord injury caused by accident, which can hinder them to walk or to control a robot or wheelchair by using a computer's keyboard or mouse or joystick. The setup has in its component an industrial National Instrument's (NI) NI-9234 analog to digital converter (ADC), with 24 bit resolution per input channel. Intranet is used by the setup and it consists of two computers: on the first computer is running the LabVIEW® Robotics and MATLAB®; the second part is a laptop, connected through Wi-Fi to an action camera, which is placed on the robot. On the laptop's screen can be seen where the robot is in real-time. This experimental application can be an alternative way to communicate and it can be used in the healthcare, assistive robotics and even rehabilitation domains.


Separation of mono-dispersed CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) using the Ostwald ripening process during aging of the perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) in a colloidal solution is proposed for color-tunable PeQD synthesis. Monodispersed PeNCs with size ranging from 5 to 17 nm with a spherical or square shape have been successfully prepared. Photo-luminescence spectroscopy revealed the quantum confinement effect on the spherical small QDs.


We computed reaction forces and moments acting on a skier during a carved turn. We performed an inverse and a forward dynamic analysis. For a run of an elite skier, marker positions on skier and skis were obtained as functions of time from a video analysis and smoothed by splines. Linear velocities and accelerations were computed by differentiating the splines, angular velocities, and accelerations via rotation matrices. The forces acting at the right ski were measured with two Kistler force plates. For the inverse dynamics, we used an adapted Hanavan model for a skier consisting of upper body, left and right thighs, shanks, and skis. Applied forces considered were weight and ski-snow friction. Drag was neglected. By prescribing a lateral weight distribution from the outer to the inner ski during the turn, reaction forces and moments at the left and right ankle, knee and hip joints were computed from the Newton–Euler equations of motion for constrained rigid multibody systems. The forward dynamics was performed with a three-segment model of a mono-skier consisting of trunk, thigh, and shank. Rotational joints were assumed in knee and hip. The track and the joint angles were prescribed. The inward lean angle was determined by a balance condition that led to nonholonomic constraints. After formulating the equations of motion in descriptor form, the resulting differential-algebraic system was solved with the numerical code RADAU5. Computed and measured reaction forces and moments agreed well within the accuracy of the measurements. The calculated joint loads are consistent with results from the literature. The forward dynamics model can be used to simulate consecutive ski turns. With parameter studies, the effects of slope, tracks, segment properties, ski-snow friction, and velocity of the skier on joint loads and performance of a run can be investigated. Further, injury mechanisms can be analyzed.


Summary Forward-looking measures like the well-known effective marginal tax rate developed by King and Fullerton (1984) rely strongly on standardized assumptions on the effective use of depreciation deductions. This paper derives a method of assessing these assumptions empirically and of quantifying the bias resulting from simplifying assumptions. Using a balanced panel of German firms we calculate the path of depreciation deductions that should be observed if the assumptions on depreciation allowances were correct. These hypothetical deductions are compared to the observable ones in the data. We find that observable deductions slightly exceed the hypothetical ones. Moreover, we find a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the actual use of depreciation deductions across firms. On the basis of these results we calculate an adjusted effective marginal tax rate. It turns out that even small estimation biases in determining the tax deductions have a large impact on the effective tax rates for marginal investment projects. We conclude that forward-looking measures can and should be assessed empirically and that future research should emphasize the heterogenous impact of tax-related disincentives on business investment.


With the technology of silicon photonics gaining maturity there is a tendency to consider it as a generic technology that can serve a diverse range of markets, not only in datacom and telecom, but also in sensors, biosensors and biomedical instruments. The driver is always the same: create compact and low-cost integrated circuits with a functionality and performance at par with otherwise bulky and costly implementations. Examples of this trend include PIC's for sensing bioparticles such as proteins and DNA, PIC's for spectroscopic detection of various molecules (glucose, ammonia, markers for food spoilage etc), PIC's for optical coherence tomography or for laser Doppler vibrometry.


Previous research studies on the best practices for Construction Site Utilization Planning (CSUP) have been generic leaving decisions about the project-type specific delineation methods to the developers of site utilization plans (SUPs). This case study explored how construction industry professionals working in custom multifamily residential sector implement CSUP. The research objectives were twofold: 1) identifying the factors that affect CSUP for custom multifamily residential developments, and 2) determining the best CSUP practices for custom multifamily residential developments. Six industry professionals working for a custom multifamily residential developer were interviewed in this study. The research findings indicated that CSUP for custom multifamily residential projects should begin during early preconstruction phase, an integrated approach for CSUP should be used, and incorporation of hauling routes and typical temporary facilities at medium level of detail was critical. Some of the best CSUP practices included holding regular meetings with all stakeholders to discuss SUP, its associated updates, and enforcement policies. The interviewees suggested the SUP's efficacy should be monitored regularly depending on size and complexity of the project. The study findings are significant as they can help construction industry professionals develop more robust SUPs that are unique to the needs of custom multifamily residential developments.


Abstract Variability within the genus Phrynosoma in the occurrence of ocular-sinus blood-squirting, reportedly a defense used in canid encounters, is reviewed from the literature. Six species have been reported to squirt blood, and seven species remain unreported. Five of the latter species were tested in dog trials; one exhibited blood-squirting (Phrynosoma hernandesi), one exhibited precursor behaviors but failed to squirt blood (Phrynosoma ditmarsi), and three yielded negative results (Phrynosoma mcallii, Phrynosoma modestum, and Phrynosoma platyrhinos). Instances of blood-squirting in response to human encounters were collected and largely support the negative results for the three species P. mcallii, P. modestum, and P. platyrhinos. A phylogeny of blood-squirting and nonblood-squirting species is presented with blood-squirting being plesiomorphic in the genus and the synapomorphic condition of nonsquirting species being restricted to a single clade of P. mcallii-modestum-platyrhinos. The possibility of P. douglasii independently evolving an autapomorphic condition remains unresolved. Dog trials with 40 adult Phrynosoma cornutum were conducted to determine influences of body size and sex on squirt frequency and blood mass expelled, as well as to examine aspects of the potential physiological cost of the defense. In 153 trials, 85% of all lizards squirted in at least one trial, 82% squirted in more than one trial, and two lizards squirted daily over the seven-day trial period. Initial body mass positively correlated with the total number of squirts/individual (r2 = 0.28; P < 0.001) and the number of days a lizard continued squirting (r2 = 0.63; P < 0.01). Number of squirts/individual/day declined over the seven-day trial period (r2 = 0.20; P < 0.05). Cumulative mass loss for individual lizards attributable to blood-squirting averaged 0.7 ± 0.8 g (2.0 ± 2.0% body mass), with a high of 2.8 g (6.8% body mass). In addition, juvenile P. cornutum and P. hernandesi were shown to squirt blood in dog trials, illustrating the early developmental onset of the behavior.


The New York Times Bestseller WIN THE WAR FOR SUCCESS It's not enough anymore to be smart, hard-working, and able to show results; At this level, everybody is smart, hard-working, and able to show results. Now it's a game for grown-ups. What really sets you apart is the relationships you build with people of influence. These people can include your peers, your employees, your organization's directors, reporters, vendors, and regulators-as well as the people directly above you in the organizational hierarchy. In senior management, you no longer answer to just one boss. There is now a hazy matrix of hundreds of bosses both inside and outside the office, any one of whom can stop you cold or give you a tremendous push forward. Executive Warfare offers concrete advice for handling all of them, including YOUR PEERS: They are the most valuable of allies or the most dangerous of enemies THE CEO: Her office is often where the real fairy dust is kept. Make sure you have a good relationship here THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS: They won't judge you fairly if all they see of you is your PowerPoints YOUR DIRECT REPORTS: They are your vital organs, so treat them accordingly. And if you find a blood clot among them-excise that person before he kills you YOUR RIVALS: It's not always wise to shoot at them, but if you do, do not shoot to wound In his bestsellers Brand Warfare and Career Warfare, author David D'Alessandro offered sharp advice for building a brand and building a career. Now Executive Warfare is the advanced class for the truly ambitious. Learn what it takes to rise to the top-and to do the even harder thing, which is survive there.


Background DNA rates in sexual health and HIV clinics have historically been high and this can reduce the ability of the clinic to see patients within the UK national target of two working days. The availability of technology such as SMS texting allows appointment reminders to be readily sent just prior to the appointment. Objectives To measure the impact of the SMS text appointment reminders on the DNA rates in a clinic providing sexual health and HIV appointments. Methods DNA rates were measured for two 2-month periods before (2009) and after (2012) the introduction of routine SMS text reminders being sent to patients who have pre-booked appointments. Texts were sent two working days before the booked appointments. Results Overall, after the introduction of SMS text appointment reminders, the DNA rates fell by 35% from 203/768 (26%) to 119/699 (17%), P < 0.0001. The fall was especially large for male sexual health appointments: 56/200(28%) vs 24/165 (15%), P < 0.004 a fall of 46%. Female sexual health DNA rates also fell: 69/302(23%) vs 43/273(16%), P < 0.02, a fall of 30%, as did DNA rates for HIV clinics: 78/266(29%) vs 52/261(20%), P < 0.001, a fall of 31% Conclusions SMS texts sent to patients two days before a booked appointment reduced the DNA rate by an average of one in three. The decrease was especially large for male patient appointments. Routine text reminders for appointments are an effective way of ensuring that the clinic runs efficiently.


Although the Atlantic bluefin tuna has been studied for more than a century, the assessment of the East stock is characterised by a large amount of uncertainty. In 2000, this situation became so critical that quantitative stock assessment has been postponed. The first part of the present study aims to list the main difficulties that have led to the current situation and tries to discern between subjective and objective uncertainty. The former, which is due to an incomplete knowledge of the system and which has increased in the past few years, is mainly due to a decreasing quality of the catch and effort data, that has followed the establishment of a TAC. The latter source of uncertainty, which results from the underlying variability in stochastic processes, mainly relates, for this species, to spatial and temporal changes in stock size, growth and migration. The second part of this study presents the results of simulation modelling, which could be, in the meantime, an useful tool for short-term management of the East Atlantic and Mediterranean BFT stock.


SenseCams have many potential applications as tools for lifelogging, including the possibility of use as a memory rehabilitation tool. Given that a SenseCam can log hundreds of thousands of images per year, it is critical that these be presented to the viewer in a manner that supports the aims of memory rehabilitation. In this article we report a software browser constructed with the aim of using the characteristics of memory to organise SenseCam images into a form that makes the wealth of information stored on SenseCam more accessible. To enable a large amount of visual information to be easily and quickly assimilated by a user, we apply a series of automatic content analysis techniques to structure the images into "events", suggest their relative importance, and select representative images for each. This minimises effort when browsing and searching. We provide anecdotes on use of such a system and emphasise the need for SenseCam images to be meaningfully sorted using such a browser.


Basically ad hoc mobile devices operate on batteries. Hence, power consumption becomes an Important issue for the researcher. To maximize the lifetime of ad hoc mobile networks, the power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimized. There are several routing algorithms proposed in previous work which satisfies the above two constraint. In this work we will compare the performance of different types of power-related routing algorithms via simulation. Simulation results describe the need of life time of an ad hoc network. Key words- CDMA, CA, SINR, TDMA, FDMA.


George Eliot's Middlemarch exhorts its readers to develop an intelligent sympathy towards others. The novel's depiction of the gravest threat to this ideal--the difficulty of perceiving other people--is embedded in the narrative syntax itself. This article traces a peculiar grammatical pattern through Middlemarch: clauses that shift from a narrating past to a universalizing presence by means of the relative pronoun "which." These clauses integrate reflection into narrative presentation. Much contemporary criticism around the ethical work novels do considers reading as a relation between the reader and either the characters or narrator; I propose that there is also an ethics of syntax operating at the level of the clause. Instead of promoting specific values, this "commentative clause" inscribes a process of making judgments, and aims to educate the reader in methods of taking perspective on other people. In terms of the Middlemarch narrative voice, commentative clauses have little to do with the "all-knowing, all-understanding, and all-forgiving" mother figure invoked by D.A. Miller in his description of Eliot's narrative voice. Rather, they reveal a pattern of sharp conceptual discrimination in Middlemarch that is at odds with the larger trajectory toward sympathy that critics have long understood to shape its plot.


The theory of terrorism as a political disorder is neutral in that it rejects national perspectives. It focuses on the disorder that causes terrorism, but does not distinguish between terrorists and freedom fighters. From this basis, the article argues that an international political disorder that causes terrorism is a dispute within the meaning of Article 33 of the United Nations Charter, which mandates that the parties to any dispute shall, first of all, seek a solution by peaceful means including negotiation.12 Unless the parties to a dispute - the aggrieved group, the suppressive states, and the supportive states - are willing to resolve the political disorder through a negotiated settlement, the problems of terrorism will remain. Finally, the article explores the inefficacy of existing remedies to counter terrorism, and argues that the current trend of non-negotiation between the parties not only undermines Article 33 of the Charter but intensifies the problems of international terrorism.


Until December 13, 2020, the total Covid-19 cases worldwide is 70,476,836 cases and counted 1,599,922 deaths globally since the start of the pandemic The best medicine for Covid-19 has not been found yet, so this review intended to reveal potency of Liriodenine to overcome and help care for those affected Liriodenine (C17H9NO3) along with Quinine and its derivate Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are include in the compound of nitrogen-containing group or alkaloid The main mechanism of its activity of Liriodenine is DNA Topoisomerase I and II inhibitors that have cytotoxic effect on several human cell lines such as A549, NCI-H226, SPC-A-1, NPC-TW01, ECV2 and 7111, KB, HEp- 2, and against gram (+) and (-) bacteria Review results showed that Topoisomerase Inhibitor posses dual activity that works on both DNA and RNA, so does Liriodenine predict may affect to RNA virus include SARS-CoV-2 strain or 2019-nCoV The potency of Liriodenine as new agents for Covid-19 diseases is supported by its other activity antifungal, antiplasmodial (such as Plasmodium falciparum), antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory (Immunomodulatory) activity Plants-containing Liriodenine in the world is abundant, not limited to Annonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Menispermaceae, and Rutaceae So Liriodenine prospective for developing as herbal therapy or single compound for Covid-19 diseases


Written history of great earthquakes in excess of magnitude M8 and recently identified 92 small faults around underlying big three fault systems parallel to the Himalayas show a high seismicity in Nepal. However, since faults are so closed that it is difficult to judge which earthquake belongs to which fault and even some of the faults do not hold earthquakes, the usual method of assigning the earthquakes to the nearest fault developing magnitude-frequency relationship is not applicable. Thus, an attempt has been made here to address the problem considering area sources with different densities at each location based upon historical earthquakes and faults which is real evidence of the seismicity of the region. Separate earthquake densities are calculated based upon historical earthquakes and maximum magnitudes of faults using the kernel estimation method which accounts the significance of both the number of earthquakes and size. Since there is no specific attenuation laws developed for the Himalayan region, five attenuation laws developed for seduction zone are selected and used, giving equal weight to all to minimize the uncertainties. Then, the probabilistic spectra for various return periods are calculated, compared with previous estimates and various aspects discussed.


More than forty years of experience with EU decentralized agencies has made clear that EU agencies are part and parcel of the EU's institutional structure. These agencies can broadly be defined as bodies governed by European public law that are institutionally separate from the EU institutions, that have their own legal personality, that enjoy a certain degree of administrative and financial autonomy and that have clearly specified tasks. Agencification of EU executive governance has thus become a fundamental feature of the EU's institutional structure. Today there are 36 EU decentralised agencies, which assist in the implementation of EU law and policy, provide scientific advice for both legislation and implementation, collect information, provide specific services, adopt binding acts and fulfil central roles in the coordination of national authorities. Agencies are part of a process of functional decentralisation within the EU executive and operate in various policy fields, such as food and air safety, medicines, environment, telecommunications, disease prevention, border control, trademarks and banking, to name just a few.


In the last decade the development of cross-border cooperation in the context of economic integration and internationalization processes becoming increasingly important for Ukraine, which follows the Western vector of integration. Systematic development of cross-border cooperation is not possible without considering all of its components and levels. The article highlights a vision of complicated economic phenomenon – the cross-border cooperation of enterprises, which combines the two important economic categories – cross-border cooperation and entrepreneurship by its self. There considered the fact that cross-border cooperation is an important tool for economic development and competitiveness increase of enterprises, located in border areas.


A New York Review Books Original "[A] giant of modern Chinese literature" "-The New York Times" "With language as sharp as a knife edge, Eileen Chang cut open a huge divide in Chinese culture, between the classical patriarchy and our troubled modernity. She was one of the very few able truly to connect that divide, just as her heroines often disappeared inside it. She is the fallen angel of Chinese literature, and now, with these excellent new translations, English readers can discover why she is so revered by Chinese readers everywhere." "-"Ang Lee Eileen Chang is one of the great writers of twentieth-century China, where she enjoys a passionate following both on the mainland and in Taiwan. At the heart of Chang's achievement is her short fiction--tales of love, longing, and the shifting and endlessly treacherous shoals of family life. Written when Chang was still in her twenties, these extraordinary stories combine an unsettled, probing, utterly contemporary sensibility, keenly alert to sexual politics and psychological ambiguity, with an intense lyricism that echoes the classics of Chinese literature. "Love in a Fallen City," the first collection in English of this dazzling body of work, introduces American readers to the stark and glamorous vision of a modern master.


The hemoglobin is a very important protein that in vertebrates binds reversibly the oxygen and transport it to the tissue through the circulatory sistem. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of structural-functional relationship of the hemoglobin molecule through
structural and funcional characterisation of human hemoglobins natural variants and those present in different animal species. We report the identification and characterisation of two new hemoglobin variant, never described before, that we have named HbF-Monserrato-Sassari [Gγ93(F9) Cys Arg] and Hb Roma [β115(G17)Ala Val], and the hemoblobin systems of two species of fish, Mugil cephalus and Ophisurus serpens. HbF-Monserrato-Sassari [Gγ93(F9) Cys Arg] is an abnormal fetal hemoglobin observed in an apparently normal newborn baby during an hemoglobinopathies survey at birth in North Sardinian population. Sequencing of the γ globin genes revealed the TGT CGT transition at codon 93 in one of the two Gγ genes which causes the Arg for Cys amino acid replacement at position 93. The substitution was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis which confirmed the presence of an additional Gγ chain whose mass value corresponds to the Arg Cys substitution already observed at the DNA level. Since modifications or substitutions at position β93 of HbA are known to affect the arrangement of a salt bridge at the α1β2 sliding contacts that are crucial for subunit cooperativity, the functional properties of the HbF-Monserrato-Sassari variant were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the substitution at the same position of the Gγ chain. The data indicate that substitution Cys Arg causes a significant increase in oxygen affinity and a slight decrease of both Bohr effect and cooperativity, with respect of normal HbF, indicating that Cys γ93 plays a key role for subunit cooperativity in the T R transition of the HbF tetramer. Since studies had shown that nitric oxide, the most important vasodilator agent, in the erytrocytes interacts in part with Cys β93 residues as S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), this variant, because of the loss of Cys γ93 residue, is considered to be potentially compromised in nitric oxide transport. Hb Roma [β115(G17)Ala Val] is an abnormal adult hemoglobin found in a 33- year-hold woman of Central Italian descent. We studied this previously uncharacterised variant because the β115(G17)Ala Val replacement occurs at the α1β1 (or α2β2) interface of the Hb molecule and then provides the opportunity to study how β115(G17)Ala Val substitution could perturb the hemoglobin structure and alter its function. Sequencing of the β-globin gene revealed the GCC GTC transition at codon 115 which causes the substitution of Ala, normally present at position β115, with Val. The substitution was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of the globins and tryptic peptides. The oxygen-binding properties, carried out on the mixture HbA/Hb Roma as the variant tetramer is undistinguishable by usual separation procedures, showed a significant increase in oxygen affinity with respect to normal HbA, both in the absence and
presence of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate. With regard to the two species of fish, Mugil cephalus and Ophisurus serpens, it is known that among the vertebrates, fish display the most extensive presence of multiple Hb components, which show considerable differences in amino acid sequence. These structural differences are often responsible for different functional properties. In the case of Mugil cephalus structural and functional characterisations of its
hemoglobin system showed two major hemoglobins: HbI and HbII, which have the same functional properties, while hemoglobin system of O. serpens showed at least four anodic (isoelectric points, pI 8) components, which have different functional properties: the cathodic Hb may safeguard oxygen uptake under hypoxic and acidotic conditions, the anodic Hbs may be involved in pumping O2 in the swim bladder in order to maintain the neutral buoyancy of the fish. The natural hemoglobin variants are very important to evaluate how an amino acid
replacement could perturb the hemoglobin molecule and alter its function, whereas the comparative analysis between hemoglobins of different species allows to verify how this protein might have changed during evolution in relation with the different physiological and habitat needs.


A benthic chamber (covering 5030 cm2 of seafloor) with real‐time control of sampling and sensor data transmission has been developed for studying benthic fluxes in coastal sediments. Enclosed water is stirred by three submersible centrifugal pumps, which are connected to power circuits that regulate their input voltage, and thus, the current velocity inside the chamber. The complete mixing of the incubated water is achieved within 4 min. The 3‐D velocity field and the distribution of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) inside the chamber were characterized at different pump rates in a laboratory tank with a bottom layer of sediment or a false bottom supporting alabaster dissolution plates. Two different outlet devices from the pumps were tested. For the one finally selected, averaged tangential velocities at 5 cm above the bottom ranged from 2.0 cm s−1 to 4.8 cm s−1, depending on the voltage applied to the pumps, providing averaged DBL thicknesses that ranged from 125 µm to 279 µm. Average tangential velocity and average DBL thickness were found to correlate according to: VH = 615 × [DBL]−1.02 (R2 = 0.97). Successful field chamber measurements were performed in two shallow coastal systems: Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) and Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain).


Deltas of major rivers are among the most productive and environmentally sensitive components of riverine systems in cold regions, and are of great hydrological and ecological importance. Much of their productivity stems from the supply of nutrient-rich sediments that rejuvenate in-channel, perched and riparian habitats. Such sediments, however, can also be a source of organic contaminants, and deltas, because of their natural tendency to accumulate sediments, may become retention zones or sinks of these. The objective of this research was to determine the nature of sediment-related organic contaminant deposition in the Slave River Delta, Canada - a remote area that is now experiencing the effects of rapid upstream development. A special focus was placed on the protracted low-flow period that characterizes the winter period during which there should be a significant deposition of fine-grained sediment - size fractions with an affinity to adsorb organic contaminants. Results of an exploratory field program conducted during the 1997 pre-breakup and pre-freeze-up periods support the concept that the under-ice period is a time of significant fine-grained sediment deposition. Moreover, the contaminant load was found to be higher at the end of the winter flow recession rather than in late autumn following the major summer flow events. Comparisons of the observed contaminant levels measured in the delta are also made with those recorded by others in the upstream river that feeds the Slave Delta and in Great Slave Lake downstream of the delta.


Thiamin (vitamin B1) is made by plants and microorganisms but is an essential micronutrient in the human diet. All organisms require it as a cofactor in its form as thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) for the activity of key enzymes of central metabolism. In humans, deficiency is widespread particularly in populations where polished rice is a major component of the diet. Considerable progress has been made on the elucidation of the biosynthesis pathway within the last few years enabling concrete strategies for biofortification purposes to be devised, with a particular focus here on genetic engineering. Furthermore, the vitamin has been shown to play a role in both abiotic and biotic stress responses. The precursors for de novo biosynthesis of thiamin differ between microorganisms and plants. Bacteria use intermediates derived from purine and isoprenoid biosynthesis, whereas the pathway in yeast involves the use of compounds from the vitamin B3 and B6 groups. Plants on the other hand use a combination of the bacterial and yeast pathways and there is subcellular partitioning of the biosynthesis steps. Specifically, thiamin biosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast of plants through the separate formation of the pyrimidine and thiazole moieties, which are then coupled to form thiamin monophosphate (TMP). Phosphorylation of thiamin to form TPP occurs in the cytosol. Therefore, thiamin (or TMP) must be exported from the chloroplast to the cytosol for the latter step to be executed. The regulation of biosynthesis is mediated through riboswitches, where binding of the product TPP to the pre-mRNA of a biosynthetic gene modulates expression. Here we examine and hypothesize on genetic engineering approaches attempting to increase the thiamin content employing knowledge gained with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We will discuss the regulatory steps that need to be taken into consideration and can be used a prerequisite for devising such strategies in crop plants.


ON AUGUST 15, 1971, the postwar international monetary system established in 1944 at Bretton Woods was brought to an end by the United States' formal termination of an undertaking that had in fact been largely inoperative for some time: its commitment under the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund to maintain the parity of the dollar by converting dollar balances held by foreign official institutions into gold at a fixed price on demand. Roughly a year later, at the September 1972 annual meeting of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, the Secretary of the Treasury put forth a proposal for a reformed international monetary system. In place of a system in which the dollar occupied a unique position, the U.S. proposal envisaged one characterized by far greater symmetry among all currencies. Such symmetry, or legal equality of rights and responsibilities, was also envisioned at Bretton Woods, but in practice the system functioned very differently indeed. A careful survey of recent developments uggests that the quest for symmetry is likely to prove as chimerical today as it did thirty years ago, and that in a viable international monetary system the dollar and the United States are almost certain to continue to play special roles.


We present mechanisms that enable our compiler-target language, C--, to express four of the best known techniques for implementing exceptions, all within a single, uniform framework. We define the mechanisms precisely, using a formal operational semantics. We also show that exceptions need not require special treatment in the optimizer; by introducing extra dataflow edges, we make standard optimization techniques work even on programs that use exceptions. Our approach clarifies the design space of exception-handling techniques, and it allows a single optimizer to handle a variety of implementation techniques. Our ultimate goal is to allow a source-language compiler the freedom to choose its exception-handling policy, while encapsulating the architecture-dependent mechanisms and their optimization in an implementation of C--that can be used by compilers for many source languages.


This paper examines the role of photographic archives from the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62) in the formation of the conflict's legacy in France. It argues that while acts of extreme violence enacted by the French military upon Algerian insurgents were under-represented, these blind spots should not be discarded as unproductive sites for writing histories of visual culture. Instead, they can be seen as indicative of the restrictions placed on photographic production during the war, as well as on its afterlives in national archives and collections. Following the transportation of archives from Algeria to France after the Evian accords in 1962, which ended the 132-years-long colonial rule, access to these documents became restricted. While the majority of archives were made public 50 years after the conflict had ended, some of the most sensitive documents still remain outside of the public's view due to longer delays. These occlusions have structured the conflict's (in)visibility in the French public sphere following the end of the war. By taking the 2012 issue of Maniere de voir-Le Monde Diplomatique, which revisits the conflict through historical imagery and contemporary photography by Bruno Boudjelal, this paper analyses the cultural, social and political processes which control vision itself.


1Class III malocclusion is characterized by anterior posterior dental disharmony, either with or without skeletal discrepancies. Facial esthetics may be compromised to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the magnitude of the discrepancy, and is one of the main factors motivating individuals to seek orthodontic treatment. In adult patients, therapy may be performed by means of dental compensation, in simpler cases, or in more severe situations, by means of association between Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery. The present article is a clinical case report of a patient with a vertical facial pattern, Angle Class III malocclusion, with open bite and important facial asymmetry. The patient was treated in a compensatory manner with extractions, using extra-oral appliances on the mandibular arch with high pull, applying the principles of the Tweed-Merrifield technique. This case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO) as part of the requisites for becoming a BBO Diplomate.


OBJECTIVE
To compare rates of breastfeeding at hospital discharge between facilities that employ and do not employ International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs).

METHODS
This study used a cross-sectional design. Data from 11,525 birth certificates of Philadelphia residents who delivered in 2003 were used. Breastfeeding was assessed using a question included on the Pennsylvania birth record, "Is the infant being breastfed at discharge?" The Philadelphia Department of Public Health's lactation consultants collected information on number of hours worked annually by IBCLCs by facility.

RESULTS
After adjusting for race/ethnicity, education, insurance status, age, marital status, route of delivery, birth weight, and gestational age, delivering in a hospital that employed an IBCLC was associated with a 2.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.98,2.62) times increase in the odds of breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Among women receiving Medicaid, delivering at a hospital that employed IBCLCs was associated with a 4.13 (95% CI =3.22,4.80) times increase in the odds of breastfeeding at hospital discharge.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings presented here identify an association between delivering at a facility that employs IBCLCs and breastfeeding at hospital discharge. As the strength of this association is not negligible, particularly for women on Medicaid, these findings may be used to encourage widespread use of IBCLCs.


There are certain kinds of information which can be conveyed more readily and clearly by pictures than by definitions and explanations alone: an illustration will help the reader to visualize the object denoted by the word and to form an impression of the way in which the objects function in their own technical field or in everyday life. The layout of the illustrations and text will be particularly useful to the learner. Each double page of the dictionary contains a list of the vocabulary of a subject together with the picture illustrating this vocabulary. This arrangement, and the presence of an alphabetical index, allows the book to be used in two ways: either as a key to the vocabulary of a subject, or as an alphabetical dictionary in which the reader is referred to the section, or sections, in which the word is illustrated. This second edition has been revised and updated to reflect the most up-to-date changes in technology, science and medicine, industry, and commerce and to offer even wider coverage of all major fields of reference, including the arts and entertainment, recreation and sport, flora and fauna and typical situations in domestic and everyday life. Over 1500 new items of vocabulary have been added relating to such diverse fields as photography, typesetting, personal computers, telecommunications and transport. The objects are organized thematically enabling the user to grasp the entire vocabulary relevant to a given situation or context.


Nucleophilic attack by the carbanion -:CH2COCH3 at the carbonyl group of di-2-pyridyl ketone, (py)2CO, in the presence of CuII under moderately basic conditions has yielded the cationic mononuclear complex [Cu{(py)2C(CH2COCH3)(OH)}2](NO3)2·2H2O (1·2H2O) in ∼40% yield, where (py)2C(CH2COCH3)(OH) is the ligand bis(2-pyridine-2-yl)butane-1-ol-3-one. The CuII atom of the cation sits on a crystallographically imposed inversion center. The neutral molecule is coordinated to the metal ion as a tridentate fac chelating ligand through the hydroxyl oxygen atom and two 2-pyridyl nitrogen atoms. The pyridyl nitrogens are strongly coordinated to the metal ion, while the hydroxyl oxygen atoms form weak bonds with CuII. The coordination geometry at the CuII center is elongated octahedral. Various interactions build the crystal structure of the complex and Hirshfeld surface analysis was applied to evaluate the magnitude of interactions between the different chemical species in the crystal of 1·2H2O. IR, Raman and UV/VIS data of the solid complex are discussed in terms of the coordination mode of (py)2C(CH2COCH3)(OH), the ionic nature of nitrates and the stereochemistry at copper(ii). The complex was studied in a frozen solution (MeOH-toluene, 1 : 1 v/v) by CW-EPR spectroscopy and advanced EPR methods such as ENDOR and HYSCORE. The results show that the low symmetry of the cation is retained in solution, with the four nitrogen atoms arranged in a square planar configuration and the unpaired electron residing in an orbital pointing towards them. The bonding parameters in the first coordination sphere and the spin density distribution have been fully analyzed based on the ligand hyperfine coupling constants.


The use of haematological techniques to assess fish health is generally accepted. The aim of the current study was to determine selected haematological changes that occur in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). infected with trypanosomes. Blood films were prepared according to standard techniques to confirm trypanosome infections and whole blood was collected, the serum and plasma separated, and prepared for albumin and total protein concentration analysis. Plasma albumin levels were significantly higher in infected wild caught fish than in uninfected wild caught fish and uninfected breeding stock. Serum albumin levels were significantly lower in infected wild caught fish when compared to uninfected breeding stock. The total plasma and serum protein levels were within the normal range for C. gariepinus, that is, 3 g-6 g/100 mL. The total plasma protein levels varied significantly between the three groups. However, the total serum protein levels were only significantly different between uninfected breeding stock and uninfected wild caught fish, as well as uninfected breeding stock and infected wild caught fish. The total protein levels were significantly higher in infected wild caught fish than in the other groups, a possible indication of an infection or inflammatory host response.


Shock is defined as a sudden, unexpected and usually unpleasant event or experience. Hong Kong has suffered from several critical shocks over the last two decades. This paper uses an intervention analysis model to examine the impact of four major shocks, namely the announcement of China's decision to take back Hong Kong from Britain in 1982, the Tiananmen Square Incident of 4 June 1989, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, and the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 on Hong Kong's residential property prices. The main contribution of this study is the use of multiple intervention analysis originated from Box and Tiao (1975) with various dynamic response functions to examine the effects of the four different natures of market events. Using adjusted quarterly data for 1975:1 to 2004:4, the data first are examined for unit roots. The tests reject the presence of seasonal unit roots but confirm the presence of non-seasonal unit roots. The empirical analysis therefore is based on logged first differences of property price index. An ARIMA model is estimated using the pre-intervention data for 1975:1 to 2003:4. This model is re-estimated for 1975:1 to 2003:4 with the intervention terms included.


Cinnamon has been used for centuries as a culinary ingredient, as a traditional medicine, and more recently considered as a complementary agent for controlling symptoms of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and other conditions. Prior to 2008, few studies addressed these proposed benefits of cinnamon in controlled human trials. However, during the past decade, numerous clinical trials investigated the efficacy of cinnamon supplementation in alleviating hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and certain inflammation-associated conditions. There is considerable variability among trials in the form, dose, and duration of cinnamon treatment, as well as in participant characteristics, all of which complicate making a synthesis of the available literature. This report briefly summarizes these studies and considers recommendations for cinnamon and human health based on the current scientific evidence. Nutr Today. 2019;54(1):42Y52


Radicular or nerve root injuries account for a large part of the injuries that are caused by everyday accidents. As Korea moves toward becoming an aging society, we often see degenerative changes in the senior population manifested in lower back and/or spinal problems. Therefore, Spondylodesis is frequently used to heal these changes. Internal spinal fixation systems are essential for the process of Spondylodesis. This study approached the physiological dynamics of spinal fixation systems by using an experimental and computer simulation based on finite element method. The purpose of this study was to derive reliable results by interpreting design variables and fatigue in order to save time and effort in developing a new effective model.


Abstract Objectives: This study explains how behavior genetic analysis using a twin design can help us assess the validity of our measures. Methods: We test multiple indicators of response propensity, a measure used by survey researchers to better understand the similarities and differences between survey respondents and nonrespondents. The response propensity indicators evaluated include response to follow-up surveys and subsequent waves of a panel and the completion of sensitive recontact information sheet to aid subsequent recontact efforts. Results: A classical and the newly proposed method of validation all point to insufficient validity of our response propensity measures. Construct validation using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States exhibited little correlation between indicators. Genetic analysis suggests that the success of subsequent data collection efforts are predominantly driven by additive genetic effects, while nonresponse to inquiries for recontact information is influenced predominantly by familial environmental predictors. Conclusion: Our results indicate that different underlying constructs drive the response propensity indicators suggesting that nonresponse is, at minimum, multidimensional.


Abstract In spite of the publicity generated at times by the politics of the mature Leonard Bernstein, the roots of his entanglement with political causes have been little-explored. As part of a larger collaborative project investigating Bernstein's ties to Boston, this article traces his role in the Harvard Student Union's theatrical productions. These shows were important because they represented some of Bernstein's earliest efforts at writing and directing for the theater. Bernstein worked on two shows sponsored by the Union: the production of Marc Blitzstein's Cradle Will Rock in 1939, during Bernstein's senior year at Harvard, and that of Aristophanes' play Peace in 1941, two years after he graduated. Although the Harvard Student Union was a major progressive political force on campus, Bernstein's relationship with the group appears to have been surprisingly casual. Examination of archival materials surrounding the productions, as well as selected interviews from the larger collaborative Bernstein project of which this article is but one part, reveals Bernstein as a man who was primarily interested in the Harvard Student Union insofar as it was an organization amenable to supporting his musical activities. As the heat of Bernstein's celebrity cools with time, such findings are an important aid in avoiding drawing overly deterministic conclusions about the significance of Bernstein's affiliations while ignoring his own immediate aims, political or otherwise.


PARKİNSON HASTALIĞI; GERÇEKTE İNFLAMATUAR BİR HASTALIK MI? Introduction: Parkinson's disease is the second leading neurodegenerative disease worldwide; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Recently, the neuroinflammation theory, one of the theories explaining the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, has become prominent. We investigated the relationship between Parkinson's disease and inflammatory markers including epicardial adipose tissue thickness, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio. Materials and Method: Seventeen patients with Parkinson's disease and 21 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled. All the patients were evaluated by a neurologist using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Hoehn and Yahr staging scale. A cardiologist measured epicardial adipose tissue thickness using echocardiography. After routine laboratory analyses, neutrophil-lymphocyte and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratios were calculated for each patient. Results: Both epicardial adipose tissue thickness and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio were higher in the patient group than in the control group, but the difference was significant only for the former. Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was significantly correlated with the scores of 2nd and 3rd sections of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, which evaluate activities of daily living and motor functions, respectively, and with the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score. Inflammatory marker evaluation according to the disease stage based on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale revealed a significant difference in epicardial adipose tissue thickness between stage 1 and stage 2 patients. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between disease duration and thrombocyte-lymphocyte ratio. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.


In his paper, Dennis Rose has comprehensively identified the three basic options by which a uniform Act for the registration of personal property securities might be validly enacted – absent an appropriate constitutional amendment. Since the Commonwealth currently lacks the power to enact comprehensive securities legislation, each of the options involves some degree of Commonwealth and State co-operation. In this comment, I wish to highlight the respective advantages and disadvantages of each of those options. In my view, option 1 is clearly the preferable one. In considering that option, the nature of State references of power to the Commonwealth is discussed.


Aerosol observations over the Arctic are important because of the effects of aerosols on Arctic climate, such as their direct and indirect effects on the Earth's radiation balance and on snow albedo. Although information on aerosol properties is available from ground-based measurements, passive remote sensing using satellite measurements would offer the advantage of large spatial coverage with good temporal resolution, even though, due to light limitations, this is only available during the Arctic summer. However, aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval over the Arctic region is a great challenge due to the high reflectance of snow and ice and due to the high solar zenith angle. In this article, we describe a retrieval algorithm using Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) data, a radiometer flying on the European Space Agency (ESA) Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), which offers two views (near nadir and at 55° forward) at seven wavelengths in the visible thermal-infrared (VIS-TIR). The main idea of the Dual-View Multi-Spectral (DVMS) approach is to use the dual view to separate contributions to reflectance measured at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) due to atmospheric aerosol and the underlying surface. The algorithm uses an analytical snow bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model for the estimation of the ratio of snow reflectances in the nadir and forward views, as well as an estimate of the atmospheric contribution to TOA reflectance obtained using the dark pixel method over the adjacent ocean surface, assuming that this value applies over nearby land surfaces in the absence of significant sources across the coastline. An iteration involving all four AATSR wavebands in the visible near-infrared (VIS-NIR) is used to retrieve the relevant information. The method is illustrated for AATSR overpasses over Greenland with clear sky in April 2009. Comparison of the retrieved AOD with AErosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data shows a correlation coefficient of 0.75. The AODs retrieved from AATSR using the DVMS approach and those obtained from AERONET data show similar temporal trends, but the AERONET results are more variable and the highest AOD values are mostly missed by the DVMS approach. Limitations of the DVMS method are discussed. The pure-snow BRDF model needs further correction in order to obtain a better estimation for mixtures of snow and ice.


The backpropagation of error algorithm (BP) is impossible to implement in a real brain. The recent success of deep networks in machine learning and AI, however, has inspired proposals for understanding how the brain might learn across multiple layers, and hence how it might approximate BP. As of yet, none of these proposals have been rigorously evaluated on tasks where BP-guided deep learning has proved critical, or in architectures more structured than simple fully-connected networks. Here we present results on scaling up biologically motivated models of deep learning on datasets which need deep networks with appropriate architectures to achieve good performance. We present results on the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet datasets and explore variants of target-propagation (TP) and feedback alignment (FA) algorithms, and explore performance in both fully- and locally-connected architectures. We also introduce weight-transport-free variants of difference target propagation (DTP) modified to remove backpropagation from the penultimate layer. Many of these algorithms perform well for MNIST, but for CIFAR and ImageNet we find that TP and FA variants perform significantly worse than BP, especially for networks composed of locally connected units, opening questions about whether new architectures and algorithms are required to scale these approaches. Our results and implementation details help establish baselines for biologically motivated deep learning schemes going forward.


The alveolar surface of the lung is a major target for oxidant injury. After injury, repair of the alveolar epithelium is dependent on the ability of epithelial type 2 (T2) cells to proliferate. The regulation of T2 cell proliferation and the effect of reactive oxygen (O2) species on this lung cell proliferation have not been well defined. To investigate this process we focused on the regulation of two late cell cycle genes, histone and thymidine kinase, in T2 cells and fibroblasts exposed in vitro to varying periods of hyperoxia (95% O2). Hyperoxia for 24 to 48 h arrested cell proliferation in a SV40T-immortalized T2 cell line we have developed and in primary and SV40T-immortalized lung fibroblasts. Despite the cessation of proliferation, histone and TK mRNA continued to be expressed at high levels; mRNA half-lives were markedly prolonged but neither protein was translated. Thus proliferation arrest induced by hyperoxia was associated with posttranscriptional control of at least two late cell cycle-related genes. This form of proliferation arrest is also seen when primary and SV40T-T2 cells but not fibroblasts are serum deprived, suggesting that T2 cells in vitro may be uniquely sensitive to alterations in their redox state and that these alterations in turn affect translational control of a subset of proliferation-related genes.


Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a binary cancer radiation therapy that utilizes biochemical tumor cell targeting and provides a mixed field of high and low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) radiation with differing biological effectiveness. This project investigated the radiobiology of normal rat lung in BNCT and measured the relative biological effectiveness factors for the lung. Rat thorax irradiations were carried out with x-rays and neutrons with or without the boron compound boronophenylalanine-fructose (BPA-F). Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations were used to design the rat lung neutron irradiations. Among the neutron beam facilities available for BNCT at the MIT Research Reactor, the thermal neutron beam facility was found to provide a suitable dose distribution for this project. A delimiter was designed and constructed for the rat lung irradiations as a lithiated-polyethylene plate of 1.5 cm thickness with an aperture tapered from 4 to 3 cm in width to expose the lung to the beam and shield adjacent radiosensitive organs. The simulation design was validated with in-phantom measurements using gold foil activation and the dual ion chamber technique. By using a two-field irradiation, a relatively uniform dose distribution could be delivered to the rat lung. The mean lung dose rate was 18.7 cGy/min for neutron beam only irradiation and 37.5 cGy/min with neutrons plus BPA and a blood boron concentration of 18 gg/g. The delimiter designed for rat lung irradiation, and another similar delimiter, along with the animal holding box, all designed in this project, also serve as the apparatus for other small animal irradiations and cell irradiations at the thermal neutron facility at the MIT Research Reactor. An open-flow whole-body plethysmography system with fully automated signal processing programs was developed to non-invasively measure rat breathing rates and lung functional damage after lung irradiation. Noise reduction was carried out against high frequencies beyond the range of rat breathing frequency and large amplitude spikes due to abnormal animal movement. The denoised breathing signals were analyzed using the Fast Fourier Transform with a circular moving block in combination with the bootstrap for noise suppression and to allow estimation of the statistical uncertainty (standard deviation) of frequency measurements. The major frequency of the mean frequency spectrum was determined as the breathing frequency. The mean control breathing rate was 176 ± 13 (7.4%) min' (mean ± SD), and breathing rates 20% (3 SD) above the control average were considered to be abnormally elevated. The mean standard deviation of all measurements (n = 4269) was 2.4%. The dose responses of different irradiation groups with breathing rate elevation as the biological endpoint were evaluated with probit analysis. Two response phases of breathing rate elevation were observed as the early response phase (<100 days) and the late response phase (>100 days). The ED50 values for xrays, neutrons only, and neutrons plus BPA during the early response phase, and neutrons plus BPA during the late response phase, were 11.5 ± 0.4 Gy, 9.2 + 0.5 Gy, 8.7 ± 0.6 Gy and 6.7 ± 0.4 Gy, respectively. The radiobiological weighting factors for the neutron beam (neutrons and photons), thermal neutrons only, %°B dose component during the early response phase, and 10B dose component during the late response phase were 1.24 ± 0.08, 2.2 ± 0.4, 1.4 ± 0.2, and 2.3 + 0.3, respectively. The histological damage to the lung during the late phase was also quantified with a histological scoring system. A set of linear dose response curves with histological damage as the endpoint was constructed. The radiobiological weighting factors for the different dose components were also determined at a degree of lung histological damage corresponding to a median histological score between the baseline (similar to the control) and the maximum. The weighting factors measured, 1.22 ± 0.09 for the thermal neutron beam and 1.9 + 0.2 for the o 1 B dose component, are consistent with the corresponding weighting factors measured using functional damage. The knowledge gained in these radiobiological studies of the normal rat lung indicates that the lung complications experienced by two patients in the Harvard-MIT clinical trial of BNCT for brain tumors do not appear to be related to the BNCT irradiations. This project is also helpful for evaluating the feasibility of BNCT for lung cancer. Thesis supervisor: Jeffrey A. Coderre Associate Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thesis reader: Kathryn D. Held Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School


A time-dependent collision probability method has been developed for the solution of neutron transport and nuclear reactor kinetics problems in one-dimensional slab geometry. The time-dependent collision probabilities permit the solution of time-dependent neutron transport problems involving general source distributions over an indefinite time period and an infinite number of collision generations. The method is based on the analytic integration of the time-dependent integral transport kernel involving purely real cross sections. The neutron time-of-flight and causality considerations lead to a number of complex formulas involving exponential and exponential integral functions. Occasional conflicts between the regular grid in time and space and the causality considerations lead to some formulas that are inexact. It is shown that these inexact formulas are terms of the third order in the time-step length, and thus the method has overall second-order accuracy in time. The method has been used to solve two types of neutron transport problems. The first, a pulsed, planar, fixed-source problem, yielded a flux solution with a root-mean-square relative difference of 0.94% from a benchmark analytic solution. The second problem solved was a pair of multigroup nuclear reactor kinetics problems. While the kinetics results were not conclusive, they suggest that diffusion theory may yield results that underestimate the amplitude and deposited energy of certain reactor transients.


The discovery of the intricate intracellular signaling networks that regulate normal cellular proliferation and survival but can also drive the oncogenic process when aberrantly activated has led to the emergence of targeted agents in oncology. The introduction of such agents has resulted in improved survival and more tolerable treatments, reducing systemic toxicities such as myelosuppression. Nevertheless, it has become evident that these agents are associated with a wide spectrum of dermatologic toxicities that often manifest in cosmetically sensitive areas and may affect the majority of patients. Associated pain and pruritus can negatively impact quality of life, resulting in dose modification or treatment interruptions that interfere with potentially life-prolonging therapy. Extensive efforts throughout the past decade have concentrated on describing the clinicohistopathologic characteristics, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, and investigating potential management strategies. Currently, however, proposed treatment guidelines arise from expert opinions, anecdotal evidence, and few data from clinical trials. This article reviews the spectrum of dermatologic toxicities associated with a variety of targeted agents used alone or in combination with other modalities, delineating their clinical presentation, underlying mechanisms, and management options.


OBJECTIVE
Pencil grasps other than the dynamic tripod may be functional for handwriting. This study examined the impact of grasp on handwriting speed and legibility.

METHOD
We videotaped 120 typically developing fourth-grade students while they performed a writing task. We categorized the grasps they used and evaluated their writing for speed and legibility using a handwriting assessment. Using linear regression analysis, we examined the relationship between grasp and handwriting.

RESULTS
We documented six categories of pencil grasp: four mature grasp patterns, one immature grasp pattern, and one alternating grasp pattern. Multiple linear regression results revealed no significant effect for mature grasp on either legibility or speed.

CONCLUSION
Pencil grasp patterns did not influence handwriting speed or legibility in this sample of typically developing children. This finding adds to the mounting body of evidence that alternative grasps may be acceptable for fast and legible handwriting.


This article approaches 'neutrality' as an essentially contested concept and traces its meaning and purpose over centuries-long historical timelines and situated political, societal and security contexts. It distinguishes neutrality from other concepts such as 'neutralization' 'non-belligerency', 'non-alignment', 'military non-alignment', 'military neutrality' and 'non-allied'. The article explains the politics of defining neutrality in the current European political and legal landscape and in the context of shifting definitions and practices of war, peace, security and state sovereignty. This episteme-based analysis focuses on changes to neutrality in accordance with the rise and fall of particular empires and international actors over time, and changes to its status linked to the development and reification of particular meta-theoretically-based subfields of International Relations and Political Science, setting the background to this special issue of Cooperation and Conflict. A renewed emphasis on the normative aspects of neutrality (i.e. the role of domestic values, politics, preferences, history and mass publics in foreign policy formulation) is achieved by employing a range of perspectives, characterized by increased pluralism in levels of analysis and theoretical approaches. Through this pluralism, authors engage with (1) the strategic and normative drivers underpinning the norm of neutrality, (2) the potential for neutrals to serve as norm entrepreneurs in the field of peace promotion, (3) the tenuous legal status of elites' quasi-neutral foreign policy constructions underpinned by tensions between discourses and practices and (4) the discursive strategies underpinning the move from neutral states' traditional forms of neutrality to what is termed 'post-neutrality' in the current politico-legal context.


Geoffrey Parker writes: 'I started to study the military history of seventeenth-century Europe forty-five years ago, and yet I have never come across a source like the Diary written by Patrick Gordon, a Scottish Catholic who in 1651, at the age of sixteen, fled his native land to become a "soldier of fortune."' Parker continues: 'Dmitry Fedosov of the Russian Academy of Sciences is producing a scholarly edition of Gordon's entire surviving text in both the original and in Russian.... Fedosov includes an excellent apparatus criticus,identifying places, persons, and foreign terms; he provides a detailed index.' The high standard set in the earlier volumes is continued in the fourth. Considering the years 1684-1689, the diary describes all manner of military activities, in particular two campaigns against the Ottoman Turks culminating in the capture of their fortress at Azov. In addition, Gordon gives an evocative account of a visit to Britain, meetings with King James VII and II in London followed by a reunion with friends and family back home in Aberdeenshire. He also tells us of many contacts with the future Peter the Great before and during the young tsar's seizure of power from his half-sister the Regent Sophia.


We examine the market and firm-level effects of the effective insider trading prohibition recently initiated in South Africa – the Trading Act of 1999. We find that the law has increased the awareness and abhorrence of insider dealing as both criminal and illegal. Further, we find that the average publicly traded firm in South Africa experienced significant improvements in equity value efficiency and corporate governance post the initiation of the law (2000-2004). Importantly, we find that upon controlling for other determinants of cost of capital, effective prohibition of insider dealings still explains reduction in the cost of equity by about 6% per annum. In fact, the mere initiation of the law does not reduce cost of equity instead the reduction in cost of equity occurs due to enforcement. These findings suggest that similar emerging markets in Africa and other regions of the world can benefit from enacting such capital market governance laws.


SIR,-The paper on colonoscopy and barium enema (16 January, p 167), with its correspondence chorus (20 February, p 571), is the third in as many years following a set pattern. 2 A small group of enthusiasts compare their own performance in a current project with the everyday work of their colleagues, who are unwitting contributors. When taxed there are standard responses: "We made no effort to ensure equality of expertise between radiologist and colonoscopist because we were interested in the 'real world' rather than the rigid and unreal confines of a clinical trial"3; "[it is] essential to compare colonoscopy with the routine method and reporting..."14; together with your authors' recent reply (20 February, p 572). Are there not three good reasons for asking editors about their responsibility in publishing work where unwitting contributors provide half the material? Firstly, there is science. If these are not clinical trials in the proper commonly understood sense of what value are the conclusions beyond the merely local? Secondly, there is the principle of informed consent for the subjects of experiments. Why are professional colleagues excluded? Thirdly, there is courtesy. Is medical hijack, like fraud (6 February, p 376), another hazard for editors? ALAN H FREEMAN THOMAS SHERWOOD Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ


Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy provides a lens through which to explore critical questions relating to contemporary religion in public life, and the institutionalisation of Islam in particular. Providing a rich description of the personnel, practice, and politics of contemporary Muslim chaplaincy, the authors consider the extent to which Muslim chaplaincy might be distinctive in Britain relative to the work of Muslim chaplains in the USA and other countries. This book will make a major contribution to international debate about the place of religion in public life and institutions.
This book derives from research that has depended on exclusive access to a wide range of public institutions and personnel who largely work 'behind closed doors'. By making public the work of these chaplains and critically examining the impact of their work within and beyond their institutions, this book offers a groundbreaking study in the field of contemporary religion that will stimulate discussion for many years to come about Islam and Muslims in Western societies.


Background The Silver Chain Group, one of Australia's largest primary health care providers, recognised that it is in a unique position to offer Advanced Care Planning (ACP) to large numbers of clients in their own home. Aim The project aim was to develop a process and tools for the introduction of ACP within the community for people with chronic disease. Methods Clients with chronic disease and receiving community nursing services were invited to participate. Specific tools and processes were developed. Registered Nurses (RNs) provided clients with information and referral to the project nurse. Clients were visited at home to facilitate ACP conversation, liaising with GPs, and assist with completion of documentation where required. Data including demographics and outcomes of interviews with clients and staff were collected and analysed. Results Thirty-three clients were visited and engaged in advanced care planning; 12 completed advanced health directives. Seventeen clients engaged in end of life conversations with the RN and did not require further intervention. Interviews with clients demonstrated satisfaction with the outcome. Staff highlighted concerns with delivering the information relating to personal discomfort and professional capability. Tools and processes for community ACP were developed with recommendations for sustainable implementation. Discussion The evaluation highlighted client and staff recommendations which include staff education and change management processes required to align culture and meet client needs. Conclusion This project has been effective in highlighting the role of ACP within a large national primary health care organisation, and understanding the requirements of sustainable and systemic implementation.


Virtualized resources do not need to be limited to those available in
traditional data centers, where the infrastructure is stable, static,
typically homogeneous and managed by a single admin entity.
Computational capabilities are becoming more and more ubiquitous, with
terminal devices getting extremely powerful, as well as other types of
devices that are close to the end users at the edge (e.g., vehicular
onboard devices for infotainment, micro data centers deployed at the
edge, etc.). It is envisioned that these devices would be able to
offer storage, computing and networking resources to nearby network
infrastructure, devices and things (the fog paradigm). These resources
can be used to host functions, for example to offload/complement other
resources available at traditional data centers, but also to reduce
the end-to-end latency or to provide access to specialized information
(e.g., context available at the edge) or hardware. This document
describes mechanisms allowing dynamic discovery of virtualization
resources and orchestrators in IPv6-based networks. In the current
version, mechanisms based on piggybacking options on IPv6 neighbor
discovery are explored. New IPv6 neighbor discovery options are
defined. Additional mechanisms will be explored in future releases of
this document.


This book gets behind much generality implicit in the term 'globalisation'. It does so by focussing upon one particular sector, so-called white goods. Such goods - mainly represented here by refridgeration and cooking appliances - are a taken-for-granted part of many people's lives and the study of this sector permits close examination of world-wide similarities and differences in a concrete context. The book is based on original investigations of industry development and the nature of work in the white goods sector in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Brazil, Turkey, South Africa and the UK. As such, it provides a rich source of information on the conditions under which these commodities are produced in different countries. It makes a unique contribution, among other things, to the understanding of the impact of social structure on production relations; the nature of factory regimes; the role of the state in employee relations; the variable nature of trade unions; the diffusion of management methods and what these entail for workers; and more generally on the meaning of work.


AbstractThis is the first systematic comparison of the costs of salaried and freelance medical writers working in Europe. In the absence of official figures for the total costs of employment, we make reasoned assumptions, using mean base figures for salaried and freelance medical writers from published surveys conducted in Europe by the professional organisation for medical writers in Europe, EMWA. In this cost comparison, annual freelancer earnings amount to €98 175 and the annual cost of a salaried writer to €102 098.


The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) and the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (SGA) have adopted different approaches toward the calculation of damages. Under the SGA, the 'market price' rule is preferred over the rule governing 'making a substitute transaction'. Where there is a market price for the contract goods, a higher or lower price at which the buyer has made a cover purchase for the similar goods is generally irrelevant to the assessment of damages. Conversely, under the CESL, the 'market price' rule for calculation of damages is subsidiary, even if the 'market price' rule would have been more advantageous for the buyer. This paper will compare these different mechanisms for calculating damages within the context of international sales of manufactured goods. This comparison is based on a novel normative framework. This normative framework consists of four criteria: 1) legal certainty, an essential requirement of international sales transactions; 2) performance interest, reflecting the specific needs of a buyer entering a commercial transaction; 3) efficiency, concerning whether the remedy can minimize transaction costs facing the disputants; and 4) satisfying the norms of relational theory, as international sales of manufactured goods requires a continuing relationship between the parties in different stages of contract. This comparison aims to identify which legal regime has adopted the more appropriate approach in accordance with the normative framework. Finally, proposals for improving the rules of monetary damages under the CESL, which seems to have some defects, are suggested.


In this thesis we discuss the realization of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operating at temperatures below 20 mK. This is accomplished by attaching the STM to a dilution refrigerator. We can apply high magnetic fields up to 14 T perpendicular and 0.5 T parallel to the sample surface. A full ultra high vacuum (UHV) preparation chamber is attached to the cryostat allowing in situ preparation of the samples to investigate. This setup allows us to investigate low temperature phase transitions in solids and offers the possibility for ultimate energy resolution tunneling spectroscopy measurements on the atomic scale. The concept of realizing the mK-STM is given. A main point of concern was the design of the STM unit. The choice of materials should be well adapted for the use at very low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. A special concern are thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivity. In addition, we analyzed the variation of the tip sample distance for a given external excitation for our STM design and two variations of the Besoke-STM by using a one dimensional mass spring model. This gives us the possibility to extract an optimization criterion for our design to limit the response of the tip sample distance to vibrations that are transmitted to the STM. The external damping mechanism, which ensures a low mutual vibration level of the STM as well as the grounding concept for the electronics is explained. To characterize the STM at operating temperatures of 1.5 K, 800 mK and 15 mK we measured topography images of Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces. This allows us to extract the stability between tip and sample. A statistical analysis of the noise in the tunneling current without activated feedback loop yields a stability of 2.7±0.1 pm in a frequency range f ≈ 0.03 – 25 Hz at 800 mK. To verify if tip and sample are cooled efficiently, we measured the temperature at their positions with additional thermometers. We achieved 17 mK at the tip and 20 mK at the sample position, respectively. The energy resolution of the STM setup was verified by taking tunneling spectra between a superconductor and a normal conducting metal. These spectra could be fitted using the BCS theory of superconductivity. From those ts we can extract the upper limit of the effective temperature of the electrons which is Teff = 87 ± 3 mK for our best measurement. This corresponds to an energy resolution of 3.5 kbTeff = 26 ± 1 µeV. Further, the tunneling conductance between two superconductors was investigated. A sub-gap structure, which can be related to Andreev reflections in asymmetric tunneling junction was observed. In addition, at zero bias voltage a peak due to the Josephson effect can be measured. Side peaks with intensities that scale with this zero bias conductance peak appear most probably due to the interaction of Cooper pairs with the electromagnetical environment in which the junction is placed. Investigating the dependence of the conductance between a superconducting tip and a normal conducting sample on externally applied magnetic fields leads to the appearance of shoulders in the coherence peaks. These shoulders shift linearly with the external magnetic field. Such an effect has been measured for planar tunnel junctions and can be explained with the lifting of the spin degeneracy of the quasi-particle density of states in a superconductor. It was observed for the first time by Meservey, Tedrow and Fulde. The fact, that we are now able to prepare STM tips showing the Meservey-Tedrow-Fulde effect enables us to measure the absolute spin polarization at EF with atomic resolution.