Examination of the opaque minerals in an intrusive sheet of analcite dolerite shows that they consist partly of a cubic solid solution, referred to for brevity as 'magnetite', and partly of a rhombohedral solid solution referred to as 'ilmenite'. Systematic variation of the properties of the 'magnetites' indicates an increase in titanium dontent towards the more slowly cooled central part of the sheet. 'Ilmenite' usually occurs as oriented intergrowths in 'magnetite' crystals and contains 10-20% ferric oxide in solid solution. Less commonly, 'ilmenite' also occurs as a discrete phase believed to have crystallised before the formation of the 'magnetite'-'ilmenite' intergrowths, and this seems not to contain ferric oxide in solid solution. 'Magnetite' -'ilmenite' relationships are considered in terms of an Fe(_3)O9_4)-FeTiO(_3) phase diagram constructed from the experimental data of previous workers. The content of opaque minerals decreases regularly from 9% in the marginal rocks to less than 1% at the centre of the intrusion. The intensity of natural remanent magnetization decreases systematically away from the margins of the sheet and is clearly dependent on the content of 'magnetite' in the intrusion. The intrusion is reversely magnetized and has a mean direction of magnetization that confirms its age as Tertiary in agreement with geological data. However, there is considerable variation in the palaeomagnetic directions within the sheet due to the multiple natures of the intrusive processes. This is especially clear in the inclinations. The contact relations of the intrusion suggest that the reverse magnetization is a primary feature although the possibility of self-reversal cannot be ruled out entirely. Constructional details are given of instruments designed for the accurate automatic measurement of the Curie temperature of a minute ferromagnetic sample, and for the determination of the saturation magnetization of such samples at room temperature.


This study presents a depth–duration–frequency (DDF) model, which is applied to the annual maxima of sub-hourly rainfall totals of selected stations in England and Wales. The proposed DDF model follows from the standard assumption that the block maxima are generalised extreme value (GEV) distributed. The model structure is based on empirical features of the observed data and the assumption that, for each site, the distribution of the rainfall maxima of all durations can be characterised by common lower bound and skewness parameters. Some basic relationships between the location and scale parameters of the GEV distributions are enforced to ensure that frequency estimates for different durations are consistent. The derived DDF curves give a good fit to the observed data. The rainfall depths estimated by the proposed model are then compared with the standard DDF models used in the United Kingdom. The proposed model performs well for the shorter return periods for which reliable estimates of the rainfall frequency can be obtained from the observed data, while the standard methods show more variable results. Although the standard methods used no or little sub-hourly data in their calibration, they give fairly reliable estimates for the estimated rainfall depths overall.


Introduction: Approximately 24% of the world's populations, mostly school-age children, are infected with soil-transmitted helminthes; with the majority in tropical and subtropical areas. The Philippine islands are endemic to soil-transmitted helminth with approximately 25 million Filipinos at risk of acquiring the infection. Despite the deworming program of the Department of Health (DOH), re-infection is very common. This study investigated the effect of integrated sanitation and hygiene program among the second grade students of a coastal town in the Philippines.
Methods: Utilizing quasi-experimental study, two group pretest and posttest design, 70 participants from the elementary school of a coastal town in the Philippines were chosen randomly to join the study.
Results: Overall result showed that experimental group maintained a zero re-infection during the first and second months after the intervention; while the control had one case of re-infection. Moreover, result showed significant difference during pretest and posttest on knowledge (p = <0.05) and self-efficacy (p = <0.05) but not significant on practice (p = 0.77). Analyzing the two groups, significant difference was noted between the experimental and control group on knowledge (p = <0.05) and self-efficacy (p = <0.05), with the experimental group faring better after one and two months post intervention; but no significant difference was noted on practice, one and two months post intervention (p = 0.56, 0.43). The odds of the experimental group acquiring helminthiasis was 68% lower than the control group but is not considered significant (OR = 0.32; p = 0.49).
Discussion: The program was successful in reducing the re-infection of helminthiasis and is recommended that continuous health education on hygiene and sanitation must be considered in the home and school.


Enzymatic and chemical deinking not only significantly influence the optical and mechanical properties of deinked paper, but also influence the pulp properties and wastewater effluent generated. Both enzymatic and chemical deinking of mixed office wastepaper (MOW) and old newspaper (ONP) showed improvement in brightness (1.4-4.7 units), tensile index (1-14%), burst index (1.2-3.8%), freeness (1.9-2.9%), and residual ink removal (31.1-51.2%) but caused loss in opacity (0.1-2.6%) and tear index (0.1-9.6%). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis indicated that effluent produced from enzymatic deinking were about 33.9% and 33.8% lower compared to chemical deinking of ONP and MOW, respectively. Meanwhile, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) obtained from enzymatic deinking of MOW and ONP were 47.1% and 39.3% lower compared to the chemical deinking process, respectively. The results obtained in this work demonstrated that the quality of the pulp and paper obtained from enzymatic deinking process was better than that from the chemical deinking process. This suggests that enzymatic deinking has high potential as an alternative to the chemical method.


Water lilies, ponds, a Japanese footbridge and blankets of glorious flowers: nothing evokes Claude Monet's Impressionist paintings quite like images from his garden at Giverny, about 50 miles northwest of Paris. Living there for nearly forty-three years, Monet (1840-1926) discovered a profound source of artistic renewal in his garden, a motif he would paint for the rest of his life. Monet's passions for horticulture and colour drove him to plan his gardens like a veritable work of art. He designed a garden with elegant paths, graced with arching metal trellises and bordered with Japanese apricot and cherry blossom trees. He then set out flowerbeds with literally thousands of bulbs and flowers, including daffodils, irises, narcissuses, poppies, peonies and tulips. In 1893, Monet purchased a plot of land from his next-door neighbour. By diverting a nearby stream, he created a pond there, which he planted with water lilies and dubbed the water garden (le jardin d'eau). His finishing touch for the pond was an exquisite Japanese bridge painted bright green and festooned with lilac vines. In 1897, he began painting his water lilies series, the hallmark of his work, now displayed at the Musee de l'Orangerie in Paris. Monet's colourful house also reflected his unique aesthetic and was the center of his artistic life for decades. He had his dining room painted a dazzling yellow and his kitchen tiled with cheerful blue tile from nearby Rouen. Painter friends and famous people came to dine, stroll in his gardens, and admire his work. Echoes of his friends, colleagues, and family still can be heard in these rooms today, which are also captured brilliantly in the book. In The Gardens of Claude Monet, Dominique Lobstein's insightful writing and Jean-Pierre Gilson's lush four-season photos bring critical moments in Monet's life alive for us, so that Monet's personal experiences and creative universe take a definite and vivid form.


Selective harvesting of manure can benefit cattle producers by creating a product of value. A tool that identifies locations of manure accumulation has been developed using a subsurface sensor (Dualem-1S, Milton, ON) and software designed for salt mapping (ESAP, Riverside, CA). The combination allowed the development of models to estimate higher heating value (HHV) of feedlot manure across a feedlot pen. Soil sample data from cattle feedlots in Texas and Nebraska were analyzed for volatile solids (VSs) then combined with the Dualem-1S apparent soil conductivity (ECa) data to produce models having correlations between associated ECa values and VS (𝑟2=0.869, VS). A corresponding model is under development to estimate the moisture content of the collectable solids. The combined models allow real-time spatial estimates of HHV within a feedlot pen. These methods will allow direct harvesting of VS for use as a recoverable energy source through direct combustion or cocombustion.


The British sporting landscape significantly altered during the nineteenth century as industrialisation affected the leisure patterns of the previously rural communities that were now residents of the urban city. As both space and time available for sport reduced, traditional pastimes continued to survive amid the numerous public houses that had emerged within, and in, the outskirts of Britain's major industrial centres. Land attached to, and surrounding, the more rural taverns was procured for sporting purposes, with specially built stadia developed and publicans becoming gatekeepers to these working-class pursuits. Pedestrianism, the forerunner to modern athletics, became a lucrative commercial enterprise, having been successfully integrated into the urban sporting model through public house endorsement. The sporting publicans, especially within the city, used entrepreneurial vision to transform these activities into popular athletic "shows" with these professional athletes demonstrating feats of endurance, speed and strength, all under the regulation of the sporting proprietor. In Manchester, areas such as Newton Heath developed their own communities for pedestrianism and, through entrepreneurial innovation and investment, the Oldham Road became a hotspot for athletic competition throughout much of the nineteenth century. Within these communities, there was a reliance on the individual to cultivate and maintain athletic interest through their endorsement and promotion of, and their continued investment in, sporting entertainment. The relationship between entrepreneurial sportsmen and public houses has long been noted and there are abundant examples of individuals who combined their sporting activities with the role of licensee, but these are usually limited in scope and are overtly descriptive narratives that do little beyond documenting the individual achievements of their subjects. The traditional biographical method, whereby individual profiles are constructed through the uncovering of historical detail, is normally employed within the sport history discipline but this requires re-evaluation if a more complete picture of sport is to be established. Further biographical methods, such as collective biography and prosopography, whereby individuals are collectively studied through more measured techniques, should be applied to give further analysis of the impact of individuals within a specific sporting environment. This study uses all three approaches, biography, prosopography and collective biography, to give a more nuanced narrative that uncovers the changing nature of pedestrianism within nineteenth-century Manchester. Each chapter utilises a different biographical approach to explore a unique aspect of Manchester pedestrianism and gives further recognition to the previously anonymous population that helped to create a diverse hub for athletic entertainment. Although several themes permeate all three narratives, each method has its own outcomes, which provide alternative interpretations and perspectives on Manchester's sporting history. Whilst pedestrianism is used as an exemplar, the study intends to highlight the importance of the individual, as opposed to national organisations, in telling the story of nineteenth-century sport.


Isolated coronary arteries from dogs were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate isolation and exposed to normal, high, and low concentrations of magnesium in the medium. Sudden withdrawal of magnesium from the medium increased whereas high concentrations of magnesium decreased the basal tension of the arteries. The absence of magnesium in the medium significantly potentiated the contractile responses of both small and large coronary arteries to norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, angiotensin, and potassium. These data support the hypothesis that magnesium deficiency, associated with sudden death ischemic heart disease, produces coronary arterial spasm.


Most current-generation Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes are equipped with multiple sensors of various types, and therefore support for multi-tasking and multiple concurrent applications is becoming increasingly common. This trend has been fostering the design of WSNs allowing several concurrent users to deploy applications with dissimilar requirements. In this paper, we extend the advantages of a holistic programming scheme by designing a novel compiler-assisted scheduling approach (called REIS) able to identify and eliminate redundancies across applications. To achieve this useful high-level optimization, we model each user application as a linear sequence of executable instructions. We show how well-known string-matching algorithms such as the Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) and the Shortest Common Super-sequence (SCS) can be used to produce an optimal merged monolithic sequence of the deployed applications that takes into account embedded scheduling information. We show that our approach can help in achieving about 60% average energy savings in processor usage compared to the normal execution of concurrent applications.


Hundreds of individual participate in the outdoor recreation activity of hiking the entire length of the Appalachian Trail each year. Research had been conducted on various aspects of hiking, but limited research is available on the post thru-hike experience. Research on place attachment and culture shock served as a basis for this study to uncover how individuals readjust to life after hiking on the AT. Ten telephone interviews were conducted during the winter of 2011 with hikers from 2009 or 2010. Themes emerged from the data to show similar outcomes. Results indicated that thru-hikers have difficulty with the readjustment process, experience personal life changes, miss aspects of the AT and have motivation towards other long term goals. This study shows that hikers feel a strong connection to the trail, thus more efforts should be taken to protect such an important place to many individuals.


In this contribution we present eleven species of Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) collected dur- ing the Antarktis VII/4 (Epos leg. 3) expedition. Six of them belong to the family Trigonostomidae (Typhloplanoida). Five of these are new to science: Trigonostomum messoplanoides n. sp., Proxenetes trispinosus n. sp., Messoplana globulifera n. sp., M. minuta n. sp. and M. spiralis n. sp. All the species can be recognised from congeneric species by the shapes of their stylets. Ceratopera axi (Riedl, 1954) Den Hartog, 1964 also was found and is discussed briefly. The other five species belong to the family Polycystididae (Eukalyptorhynchia). Three of them are new to science and belong to the genus Austrorhynchus Karling, 1952: A. magnificoides n. sp., A. antarcticus n. sp. and A. biserratus n. sp. They differ from other Austrorhynchus species in having a triangular shape of the accessory organ of the male system. Particular differences in shape of the stylet and accessory organ clearly distinguish each of the new species. Unlike the other two species, A. antarcticus lacks a hook on the stylet. The genus Austrorhynchus is briefly discussed. The collected material of Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Porrocystis assimilis (Levinsen, 1879) Karling, 1952 is also briefly discussed.


The ability to attach to epithelial cells, efface the microvillus surface, and disrupt the underlying cytoskeleton is characteristic of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Recently, eae, a gene necessary for this phenomenon, was described (A. E. Jerse, J. Yu, B. D. Tall, and J. B. Kaper, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7839-7843, 1990). We report the use of a novel suicide vector containing the pir-dependent R6K replicon and the sacB gene of Bacillus subtilis to construct an eae deletion mutant of EPEC. This system enables positive selection for the loss of vector sequences. The resulting mutant, CVD206, is indistinguishable from the wild-type strain except for the loss of a 94-kDa outer membrane protein and attaching and effacing ability. Both the 94-kDa outer membrane protein and attaching and effacing ability are restored upon reintroduction of the eae gene on a plasmid. These results confirm the role of the eae gene in the attaching and effacing activity of EPEC and establish the utility of a new system for the construction of deletion mutations.


For smart home researchers, it is essential to test activity recognition algorithms with various sets of sensory data. However, diverse sensory datasets are not always available due to several constraints, including limited budgets. Consequently, smart home simulators have recently grown in importance. However, there is still a need for realistic synthetic sensory data. This paper presents a simulator, 'Persim 3D', which relies on automatic scenario generation to create realistic sensory data. Persim 3D provides a 3D graphical user interface to help users' spatial perception, sensors that operate in real-time, similar to actual sensors, and a virtual character that lives in a virtual environment. These features allow users to generate longitudinal simulation data and eventually contribute to activity recognition research.


Learning-based methods have shown promising performance for accelerating motion planning, but mostly in the setting of static environments. For the more challenging problem of planning in dynamic environments, such as multi-arm assembly tasks and human-robot interaction, motion planners need to consider the trajectories of the dynamic obstacles and reason about temporal-spatial interactions in very large state spaces. We propose a GNN-based approach that uses temporal encoding and imitation learning with data aggregation for learning both the embeddings and the edge prioritization policies. Experiments show that the proposed methods can significantly accelerate online planning over state-of-the-art complete dynamic planning algorithms. The learned models can often reduce costly collision checking operations by more than 1000x, and thus accelerating planning by up to 95%, while achieving high success rates on hard instances as well.


Estrogens are essential for fertility and also have important effects on regulation of adiposity and the euglycemic state. We report here that lipin1, a candidate gene for lipodystrophy and obesity that is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase critical in regulation of cellular levels of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol and a key regulator of lipid utilization, is rapidly and robustly down-regulated in the uterus by estradiol via the estrogen receptor. Lipin1 is expressed predominantly in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelium, and during the estrous cycle, lipin1 is lowest when blood levels of estrogen are highest. Lipin1 is expressed throughout all cells in the liver of ovariectomized female mice, and a sustained down-regulation is observed at the mRNA, protein and immunohistochemical levels after estrogen administration. Because the coupling of proper energy use and availability is central to reproduction, we also investigated expression of lipin1 in the uterus and liver of several mouse models of diabetes. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which have high blood levels of estrogen and impaired fertility, were severely deficient in lipin1 in the uterus and liver, which, interestingly, could be restored by insulin treatment. By contrast, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice, which do not develop diabetes, showed normal levels of lipin1. Our findings of lipin1 regulation by estrogen in two key target organs suggest a new role for this lipid-regulating phosphatase not only in central metabolic regulation but also in uterine function and reproductive biology. Estrogen regulation of lipin1 may provide a mechanistic link between estrogens, lipid metabolism, and lipid signaling.


Study faster, learn better--and get top grades with Schaum's Outlines Millions of students trust Schaum's Outlines to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. Use Schaum's Outlines to: Brush up before tests Find answers fast Study quickly and more effectively Get the big picture without spending hours poring over lengthy textbooks Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time--and get your best test scores! This Schaum's Outline gives you: A concise guide to the standard college course influid dynamics 480 problems with answers or worked-out solutions Practice problems in multiple-choice format like thoseon the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam


This thesis explores the nature of creativity in the poetic vision of Percy Bysshe Shelley. "Poetic vision" is chosen for its complex connotations, which include creative imaginings, dreams and intimations of futurity. I examine questions that Shelley raises concerning perception, existence and the fabric of reality. To develop a conceptual framework that has an ontological basis, I draw on the theories of two twentieth-century non-dualist thinkers: David Bohm, who combines science, philosophy and art, and the existential thought of Martin Heidegger. I also investigate ways in which literary expression and life become interwoven and suggest that this reciprocity is explicable through a dynamically creative vision of existence. In Chapter One Shelley's reflections on the creative capacity of poetic visions to influence states of being, and his holistic apprehension of existence in On Life, provide the thesis with a conceptual paradigm which is in contradistinction to the Cartesian schism between mind and matter. A Defence of Poetry is contrasted with Peacock's The Four Ages of Poetry to show that the contention between the two writers' visions springs from questions relating to being. Shelley's declaration that the poetic impulse is central to life is examined in the light of Heidegger's notion of the poetic as disclosing being and Bohm's quantum concepts of creativity. In Chapter Two Alastor is interpreted as a poem which raises questions about existence and I provide a counter-approach to critical positions of scepticism. Heidegger's concepts of "Being- in-the-world" and "Being-towards-death" provide the basis for an existential analysis of die Poet's impassioned quest. A comparison between the Poet's dream of his feminine counterpart and Shelley's own vision of his ideal beloved reveals connections between artistic vision and human experience. In Chapter Three on Laon and Cythna. poetic vision is shown to operate from a metaphysical basis of thought, passion, and the human will to enact a radical transformation in consciousness. The poem's investigation of freedom is linked to Heidegger's concept of being absorbed in the "they." Chapter Four continues my extended reading of Laon and Cythna. Shelley's notion of creativity collapses the demarcations between imaginative vision and the physical world. Here his view of reality is contrasted with the psychological investigations of Jean Piaget. The poem's vision of human empowerment is compared with Peacock's fatahsm in Ahrimanes. Chapter Five investigates challenges to Shelley's optimism. Julian and Maddalo is the major poem interpreted in a chapter v*ere the keynote is the contention between theories about the nature of reality and their validity to human life. Shelley's anxiety about communicating visions of despair is analyzed with regard to the Maniac's tragic predicament. Chapter Six interprets Prometheus Unbound as a dramatic engagement with the spiritual, imaginative, emotional and sensuous planes of being. Existence is seen to be poised on a mobile nexus of thought and emotions. Asia has a dynamic role and, through consideration of her journey with Panthea to Demogorgon, I examine Shelley's complex negotiation between free will and determinism. Spinoza's monism is discussed in relation to "Love's Philosophy. In Chapter Seven on Hellas, "Thought", "Passion", "Will", "Reason" and the "Imagination" are shown to have creative powers which determine futurity. Questions about the structure of reality are explored in the drama's dynamic interchange between the magician-like Ahasuerus and the Turkish tyrant Mahmud. Dreams are given significance as avenues of perception to realms beyond conscious experience and in relation to unfolding the future. Finally, in Chapter Eight Shelley's ideas about poetic creativity are explored through his poems to 'Jane Williams. Whilst composing these lyrics Shelley used the figure of Rousseau, in the Triumph of Life, to suggest a reciprocity between art and life. I examine the similarities between Rousseau's fictional creation of Julie in La Nouvelle Helose and his subsequent love for Sophie d'Houdetot. Shelley's lyrics to Jane Williams communicate desire at different levels of conscious awareness, from trance-like mesmerism to overt invitation.


Although the Soviet Union has the most abundant energy reserves of any country, energy policy has been the single most disruptive factor in its industry since the mid-1970s. This major case study treats the paradox of the energy crisis as an essential part of larger economic problems of the Soviet Union and as a key issue in determining the fate of the Gorbachev reforms.Originally published in 1989.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


We developed the high resolution SPECT for the human brain. The SPECT has two kinds of detectors. One middle-size detector views whole a head. The other small detector which has extremely resolution (~1mm) views localized region. These detectors are rotated simultaneously. The large detector consists of Nal(Tl) scintillator (15cmx20cm), 15 flat panel type multi-anode PMTs (H8500 Hamamatsu). The performance evaluation, spatial and energy resolution, has performed. The obtained spatial resolutions of X-direction and Y-direction are 2.4mm and 2.1mm(FWHM), respectively, and 10%@140keV (FWHM) of the energy resolution was obtained. On the other hand, the small detector for the regional field of view is under the development. We will use the LaBr3(Ce) as the scintillator which has large amount of scintillation lights lather than that of Nal(Tl). The performance of LaBr3(Ce) has estimated by the Monte Carlo simulation of scintillation lights after the comparing the result of the experiments of the middle-size detector with that of the simulation. In this simulation, many optical properties of materials are considered. Using this simulation, the influence of the scintillator thickness on the spatial resolution has investigated. Also, main contribution is given to spatial resolution has been investigated by changing some optical properties such as the amount of emission lights, the refractive index of optical coupling grease and the index of reflector in this simulations. The small detector will be used with a pin-hole collimator, therefore gamma-rays obliquely enter the detector. The spatial resolutions of oblique and parallel incident are also compared.


There are several advantages of using metabolic labeling in
quantitative proteomics. The early pooling of samples compared to post-labeling methods eliminates errors from different sample processing, protein extraction and enzymatic digestion. Metabolic labeling is also highly efficient and relatively inexpensive compared to commercial labeling reagents. However, methods for multiplexed
quantitation in the MS-domain (or 'non-isobaric' methods), suffer from signal dilution at higher degrees of multiplexing, as the MS/MS signal for peptide identification is lower given the same amount of peptide loaded onto the column or injected into the mass spectrometer. This may partly be overcome by mixing the samples at non-uniform ratios, for instance by increasing the fraction of unlabeled proteins. We have developed an algorithm for arbitrary degrees of nonisobaric multiplexing for relative protein abundance measurements. We have used metabolic labeling with different levels of 15N, but the algorithm is in principle applicable to any isotope or combination of isotopes. Ion trap mass spectrometers are fast and suitable for LC-MS/MS and peptide identification. However, they cannot resolve overlapping isotopic envelopes from different peptides, which makes them less suitable for MS-based quantitation. Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry is less suitable for LC-MS/MS, but provides the resolving power required to resolve overlapping isotopic envelopes. We therefore combined ion trap LC-MS/MS for
peptide identification with FTICR LC-MS for quantitation using chromatographic alignment. We applied the method in a heat shock study in a plant model system (A. thaliana) and compared the results with gene expression data from similar experiments in literature.


We present a method for specifying and verifying networks of non-deterministic processes that communicate by asynchronous message-passing. The method handles safety and deadlock properties. Networks are specified in an operational manner by transition systems. We say that the specification A implements another specification B if every safety and deadlock property true of A also is true of B. We establish a proof rule for verifying that A implements B in this sense. The proof rule is based on simulation between the states of A and B, and is shown to be complete under the assumption that B is deterministic. We illustrate the method by applying it to the alternating bit protocol.


Over these years, rapid development of bandwidth consuming applications has
pushed the existing network infrastructure to the limit particularly in the access layer.
There has been many development of high speed protocols to meet the demands but the
existing physical medium, which consists of copper-based network, do not have the
capabilities to support these protocols. Thus, the problem still exist and as time goes by,
more and more demand and the use of high bandwidth applications have really clogged
the access line. This problem is referred to as the access network bottleneck problem.
In addressing the access network bottleneck problem, Fiber-To-The-Home
(FTTH) technology has been introduced in the local loop, taking advantage of optical
fibers huge bandwidth. However, there is still one obstacle, which has been generally
overlooked, which is, providing protection to the access line. The fiber optics access
mainly consists of a single fiber running upstream and a single fiber running
downstream. If a protection path were to be created, the network provider would have to lay another 2 fibers on the network. This would increase deployment costs and also costs
for the subscribers. Thus, a new way of providing fault tolerance to the system has to be
introduced, by taking costs consideration and also efficiency in deploying the solution.
In this thesis, a novel scheme for providing fault tolerance to the FTTH system is
introduced. Also, various classes of traffic are defined. All these classes of traffics can
logically represent different applications based on their Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements. These traffics are run on the switched FTTH access network model . The
survival of the network is studied by terminating the supporting OLT unit one after
another and observing the packet delay, packet loss ratio, the buffer occupancy and also
the throughput of the switch. Results show that for different traffic classes, the number
of supportable ONUs can exceed the standard value of the FSAN recommendations,
which are 32 units per OLT. For example, for a two OLT access network, the maximum
recommended supportable ONU units are 64 units whereas in the proposed system, up to
a maximum of 128 ONU units can be supported under normal conditions; where there
are no OLT failures or fiber breaks.


We report on searches for neutrino sources at energies above 200 GeV in the Northern sky of the Galactic plane, using the data collected by the South Pole neutrino telescope, IceCube, and AMANDA. The Galactic region considered in this work includes the local arm toward the Cygnus region and our closest approach to the Perseus Arm. The searches are based on the data collected between 2007 and 2009. During this time AMANDA was an integrated part of IceCube, which was still under construction and operated with 22 strings (2007–2008) and 40 strings (2008–2009) of optical modules deployed in the ice. By combining the advantages of the larger IceCube detector with the lower energy threshold of the more compact AMANDA detector, we obtain an improved sensitivity at energies below ∼10 TeV with respect to previous searches. The analyses presented here are a scan for point sources within the Galactic plane, a search optimized for multiple and extended sources in the Cygnus region, which might be below the sensitivity of the point source scan, and studies of seven pre-selected neutrino source candidates. For one of them, Cygnus X-3, a time-dependent search for neutrino emission in coincidence with observed radio and X-ray flares has been performed. No evidence of a signal is found, and upper limits are reported for each of the searches. We investigate neutrino spectra proportional to E−2 and E−3 in order to cover the entire range of possible neutrino spectra. The steeply falling E−3 neutrino spectrum can also be used to approximate neutrino energy spectra with energy cutoffs below 50 TeV since these result in a similar energy distribution of events in the detector. For the region of the Galactic plane visible in the Northern sky, the 90% confidence level muon neutrino flux upper limits are in the range E3dN/dE ∼ 5.4–19.5 × 10−11 TeV2 cm−2 s−1 for point-like neutrino sources in the energy region [180.0 GeV–20.5 TeV]. These represent the most stringent upper limits for soft-spectra neutrino sources within the Galaxy reported to date.


INTRODUCTION: High workload, long working hours and inadequate sleep patterns can have deleterious effects on an individual's performance. Fatigue is often linked with compromised cognitive and motor function. Our information processing system becomes overloaded and unable to monitor and suppress irrelevant information. Subsequent changes in oculomotor parameters and cortical processing times may therefore provide useful biomarkers to assess one's state of fatigue. We propose a new non-invasive method to quantify fatigue by measuring Eye Movement And Intrinsic Latencies (EMAIL) without the use of any eye-tracking equipment.

METHODS: The test is easy to perform and employs a Landolt C flanked by ring distractors. The test is presented at an eccentricity of 8°, randomly on either side of fixation point within ±5° elevation. The measurement variable is the time of presentation, δT. The subject's task is to saccade to the peripheral target, register the orientation of the gap and respond by pressing one of four buttons. The EMAIL test measures the presentation time, δT, the subject needs to detect the peripheral target, generate an appropriate eye-movement and register the orientation of the gap.

RESULTS: The EMAIL test was used to measure the stimulus presentation times needed to achieve 73% correct responses (using a one up, two down staircase). These times were subject specific and ranged from 165 to 200ms in the absence of fatigue. We investigated how, δT, is affected by exposure to other visually demanding tasks and levels of controlled fatigue. Measured integrated oculomotor responses such as latencies and visual processing times were found to increase significantly following demanding visual tasks by as much as 20ms, but only when fatigued. Preliminary findings using the EMAIL test also show that this technique can be used to investigate the effect of stimulants such as caffeine and depressants, such as alcohol.

CONCLUSIONS: The EMAIL test provides a simple method to measure oculomotor parameters and to investigate how these are affected by fatigue. This method can be incorporated in the overall safety management system that is often needed in a number of work areas that involve visually-demanding and safety-critical tasks. The measured parameters provide information about an individual's level of alertness and may also be of relevance in other industries in order to evaluate drugs developed to control fatigue.


Several legume seed proteins that are potentially allergenic, poorly digested by farm animals, and/or have undesirable functional properties, have been described. One of these is the albumin protein in pea (Pisum sativum) called PA2. A naturally occurring mutant line that lacks PA2 has been exploited in studies to determine the biological function of this nonstorage protein in seed development. The mutant, which has a small seed, a tall plant phenotype, and lacks most of the PA2-encoding genes, has been crossed with a standard cultivar, 'Birte,' which contains PA2 to give rise to a recombinant inbred (RI) population. An F3 line carrying the mutation and having a short plant phenotype has been used to generate backcross (BC) lines with 'Birte.' Despite having a lower albumin content, seeds from the mutant parent and RI lines lacking PA2 have an equivalent or higher seed nitrogen content. Metabolite profiling of seeds revealed major differences in amino acid composition and polyamine content in the two parent lines. This was investigated further in BC lines, where the effects of differences in seed size and plant height between the two parents were eliminated. Here, differences in polyamine synthesis were maintained as was a difference in total seed protein between the BC line lacking PA2 and 'Birte.' Analysis of enzyme activities in the pathways of polyamine synthesis revealed that the differences in spermidine content were attributable to changes in the overall activities of spermidine synthase and arginine decarboxylase. Although the genes encoding spermidine synthase and PA2 both localized to the pea linkage group I, the two loci were shown not to be closely linked and to have recombined in the BC lines. A distinct locus on linkage group III contains a gene that is related to PA2 but expressed predominantly in flowers. The results provide evidence for a role of PA2 in regulating polyamine metabolism, which has important functions in development, metabolism, and stress responses in plants.


1. The production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) from tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) was assessed in renal tubules prepared from vitamin D-deficient chicks. 2. Cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP enhanced the production of 1,25-DHCC. 3. Bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH) and its synthetic analogue either had no effect or inhibited the production of 1,25-DHCC when calcium was present in the extracellular medium, but enhanced the conversion when calcium was absent. BPTH increased adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic AMP content of the renal tubule cells. 4. Synthetic salmon calcitonin enhanced the production of 1,25-DHCC, whereas human calcitonin had no effect at the concentrations tested. Salmon calcitonin did not increase chick renal adenylate cyclase activity or cyclic AMP levels. 5. A short period of incubation in media containing strontium gluconate (5 mmol/l) significantly increased production of 1,25-DHCC, whereas no effect was seen after more prolonged exposure to strontium. Calcium depletion decreased production of 1,25-DHCC, but when some calcium was present, variation in extracellular concentration of calcium did not affect conversion. Variation in extracellular phosphate concentration did not affect conversion. 6. A small quantity of 1,25-DHCC added to the medium inhibited the conversion of 25-HCC into 1,25-DHCC. 7. The production of 1,25-DHCC is subject to complex control, and intracellular concentrations of calcium, cyclic AMP and 1,25-DHCC may all be important regulatory influences.


Abstract : This thesis has two parts, the first more practical, and the second more theoretical. The first part considers informed prefetching and caching in which an application provides information about its upcoming I/O accesses to the operating system, allowing the system to prefetch data and to make informed cache replacement decisions. I compare existing algorithms for this problem using trace-driven simulation, and use the results to develop a new algorithm that performs better than previous approaches, again under trace-driven simulation. The second part considers weighted caching, a theoretical problem from the domain of on-line algorithms. I present an algorithm with competitive ratio O(log(2) k) on (k + 1)-point spaces, the first poly-logarithmic ratio for this problem. I also give an almost-tight lower bound of omega(log k) for any weighted caching problem on at least k + 1 points. I then show a connection between this problem and a new on-line k-server model in which the servers may rearrange themselves without cost during "free-time" between requests, and describe a series of results in the free-time model.


For an increase in safety against crack initiation and growth in metallic structures of airplanes different concepts were developed in the past. In the focus of this work are profiles made of continuously reinforced extruded aluminum. The production and the used die set of these profiles is presented as well as problems occurring in terms of geometrical inaccuracies of the embedded high strength wires. In addition, this paper attends to the problem of lateral seam weld formation. The interface between the AA-2099 as well as AA-6056 aluminum alloy and the high strength wires Nivaflex and Nanoflex were characterized by metallurgic investigations and push-out tests. As a result it can be stated that a sufficient geometrical accuracy could be achieved and a high interface strength can be accomplished even if a slight gap is still present in the interface layer between matrix and reinforcing element.


The mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone has been investigated almost exclu-sively with respect to cardiovascular function, as the main effects of aldosterone are related to water-electrolyte balance and the control of the blood pressure. This overview is focused on less traditional and long-time neglected effects of aldosterone on the brain and behavior. Preclinical studies by our research group brought evidence on causal relationships between aldosterone and anxiety as well as aldosterone and depression-like behavior. Aldosterone was found to be anxiogenic and depressogenic in a rat model. Preclinical studies also indicate that aldosterone may be an early marker of depression onset. Aldosterone is known to be an important component of the stress response, and we have shown that its role is particularly important during early postnatal period in pups. Studies in patients with major depressive disorder revealed that an unfavorable therapy outcome is predicted by a higher salivary aldosterone/cortisol ratio. Our clinical studies showed that salivary aldosterone concentrations reflect the severity, duration of the depressive episode, and treatment outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Moreover, the patients with depression fail to exert known daily rhythmicity of aldosterone release.


Common amino acid patterns characterise protein families. The results of automated searches for such patterns are used to qualify protein structure and function and to explore evolutionary relationships. Considering the increasing number of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein sequences generated by high-throughput technologies, pattern search is commonly undertaken in the identification of new protein function or the elucidation of biological processes. A wide array of pattern matching methods has been implemented. They aim at identifying the constraints governing the occurrence of amino acids in protein regions. These constraints are expressed as probabilities or as templates or both to set the basis of automated search.

Key Concepts:

Protein families are structured on the basis of common sequence patterns.

Patterns constrain the nature and the position of amino acids.

Patterns are matched to templates called signatures or profiles.

Computing significant scores in addition to building realistic predictive models are the basic requirements for accurate identification by pattern matching.

Keywords:

motif;
pattern;
fingerprint;
signature;
profile;
domain;
protein family;
pattern matching


This thesis provides a phenomenological exploration of the lived experience of mountaineering in New Zealand. Based on fieldwork completed in the Southern Alps and Mount Ruapehu, it offers an analysis into how mountaineers construct the mountain environment through their climbing, while also being shaped in turn by the vital mountain. At the heart of this thesis is the movement of mountaineering. I argue that the experience of mountaineering cannot be divorced from our embodied sensory perception. Through climbing, mountaineers build a depth of embodied, living knowledge, making sense of technical information and strengthening their judgement to help them climb and manage the risks. That knowledge transforms the mountains for experienced mountaineers. Furthermore, I argue that the vibrant and potentially deadly fluxes of the mountains form their agency and thus the vitality that my participants sense. To climb in the mountains is therefore to enter into a reciprocal relationship with the vital mountain environment. The mountaineers ultimately become a reflection of the mountains in which they climb. This thesis comprises of a written thesis and immersive podcast recording, which has been attached.


The Decorah structure, recently discovered in northeastern Iowa, now appears as an almost entirely subsurface, deeply eroded circular basin 5.6 km in diameter and ~200 m deep, that truncates a near-horizontal series of Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician platform sediments. Initial analysis of geological and well-drilling data indicated characteristics suggestive of meteorite impact: a circular outline, a shallow basin shape, discordance with the surrounding geology, and a filling of anomalous sediments: (1) the organic-rich Winneshiek Shale, which hosts a distinctive fossil Lagerstätte, (2) an underlying breccia composed of fragments from the surrounding lithologies, and (3) a poorly known series of sediments that includes shale and possible breccia. Quartz grains in drill samples of the breccia unit contain abundant distinctive shock-deformation features in ~1% of the individual quartz grains, chiefly planar fractures (cleavage) and planar deformation features (PDFs). These features provide convincing evidence that the Decorah structure originated by meteorite impact, and current models of meteorite crater formation indicate that it formed as a complex impact crater originally ~6 km in diameter. The subsurface characteristics of the lower portion of the structure are not well known; in particular, there is no evidence for the existence of a central uplift, a feature generally observed in impact structures of comparable size. The current estimated age of the Decorah structure (460–483 Ma) suggests that it may be associated with a group of Middle Ordovician impact craters (a terrestrial "impact spike") triggered by collisions in the asteroid belt at ca. 470 Ma.


This thesis focuses on the valuation of real options when there is flexibility given by the choice between two risky outputs. We develop models to value these rainbow options and to determine optimal operating and investment policies. These models are studied in the context of commodity applications because output flexibility is particularly relevant in volatile commodity markets. We provide insights into the behaviour and sensitivities of option values and operating policies and discuss implications for decision-making.In the early stages of real options theory, research centred on basic options with closed-form solutions, modelling single uncertainty in most cases. The challenge is now to incorporate more complexities in the models in order to further bridge the gap between theoretical models and reality, thereby promoting the widespread application of real options theory in corporate finance.The new option models developed in this thesis are organised in three self-contained research papers to address specific research problems. The first research paper studies an asset with flexibility to continuously choose the best of two risky commodity outputs by switching between them. We develop quasi-analytical and numerical lattice solutions for this real option model, taking into account operating and switching costs. An empirical application to a flexible fertilizer plant shows that the value of flexibility between the two outputs, ammonia and urea, exceeds the required additional investment cost (given the parameter values) despite the high correlation between the commodities. Implications are derived for investors and policy makers. The real asset value is mainly driven by non-stationary commodity prices in combination with constant operating costs. In the second research paper, we study an asset with flexibility to continuously choose the best of two co-integrated commodities. The uncertainty in two commodity prices is reduced to only one source of uncertainty by modelling the spread, which is mean-reverting in the case of co-integration. Our quasi-analytical solution distinguishes between different risk and discount factors which are shown to be particularly relevant in the context of mean-reversion. In an empirical application, a polyethylene plant is valued and it is found that the value of flexibility is reduced by strong mean-reversion in the spread between the commodities. Hence, operating flexibility is higher when the commodities are less co-integrated. In the third research paper, we develop real option models to value European sequential rainbow options, first on the best of two correlated stochastic assets and then on the spread between two stochastic co-integrated assets. We present finite difference and Monte Carlo simulation results for both, and additionally a closed-form solution for the latter. Interestingly, the sequential option value is negatively correlated with the volatility of one of the two assets in the special case when the volatility of that asset is low and the option is in-the-money. Also, the sequential option on the mean-reverting spread does not necessarily increase in value with a longer time to maturity.


Faults are commonly the largest fractures in a fracture network, forming the backbone of the permeability system in low-permeability rocks. Faults in outcrops of the Austin Chalk — an important oil and gas reservoir in south Texas, Louisiana, and westernmost Mississippi — exemplify deformation and fluid histories of subseismic-scale faults in mechanically layered chalk-dominated strata. Exposures of near-horizontal Austin Chalk in southwest Texas contain northwest- and southeast-dipping normal faults with exposed heights of meters to tens of meters and displacements of centimeters to decimeters. Local fault dips are steep to vertical through chalk and limestone beds and moderate through marl, mud rock, and clay-rich ash beds, producing refracted fault profiles. Failure surface characteristics indicate various failure modes, including tensile, hybrid, shear, and (locally) compactive shear behavior depending on the host lithology. Dilational zones associated with steep fault segments host calcite veins. Crack–seal textures in fault zone veins record repeated reactivation of refracted fault profiles. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope geochemistry analyses of fault veins indicate formation at depths of 1.4 to 2.9 km (4593 to 9514 ft) and possibly of 4.2 km (13,780 ft). Fluids include locally sourced saline waters and externally sourced waters and oil in rocks that did not reach oil maturation conditions. Inclusions of 30° API to greater than 50° API oil are found in veins 30 km (19 mi) updip from the Eagle Ford Formation oil zone. These results illustrate the migration of oil and other fluids within subseismic-scale Austin Chalk faults and fundamental control of lithology on fault zone architecture.


Abstract The 21.9 ka Okareka and 17.6 ka Rerewhakaaitu rhyolite eruption episodes began the construction of Tarawera Volcano in the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone. Examination of the proximal and medial stratigraphy of these moderate‐size (c. 5 km3 magma) but poorly exposed pyroclastic deposits has increased understanding of their eruption and dispersal processes. The Okareka Tephra consists of at least nine units (A‐I), with unit A basaltic scoria at the base, overlain by the rhyolitic units B‐I. Unit C is the largest individual plinian fall deposit (c. 0.4 km3), dispersed from an eruption column that reached c. 19 km height in the presence of strong crosswinds. The other pyroclastic units record a variety of phreatomagmatic, sub‐plinian, and small ignimbrite eruptions, which were followed by extrusion of voluminous lava flows. The Rerewhakaaitu Tephra consists of 15 rhyolitic fall units A‐N. An initial short plinian phase dispersed lapillifall unit A, mostly to ENE, from columns c. 15 km in height. Units B‐D have high ash contents, indicating phreatomagmatic eruptions with varying magma/water ratios, and were widely dispersed, with lobes to the northeast and southeast. Units E‐J were deposited from 20–25 km high plinian eruption columns into strong crosswinds that dispersed tephra to the southeast. The E‐J package contains the largest tephra volume of the episode (1.18 km3) and is thought to dominate the deposits widely dispersed in Pacific Ocean sediments to the east of New Zealand. Rerewhakaaitu pyroclastic deposits are interbedded with, and underlie, voluminous lavas.


As a fundamental communicative service, email is playing an important role in both individual and corporate communications, which also makes it one of the most frequently attack vectors. An email's authenticity is based on an authentication chain involving multiple protocols, roles and services, the inconsistency among which creates security threats. Thus, it depends on the weakest link of the chain, as any failed part can break the whole chain-based defense. This paper systematically analyzes the transmission of an email and identifies a series of new attacks capable of bypassing SPF, DKIM, DMARC and user-interface protections. In particular, by conducting a "cocktail" joint attack, more realistic emails can be forged to penetrate the celebrated email services, such as Gmail and Outlook. We conduct a large-scale experiment on 30 popular email services and 23 email clients, and find that all of them are vulnerable to certain types of new attacks. We have duly reported the identified vulnerabilities to the related email service providers, and received positive responses from 11 of them, including Gmail, Yahoo, iCloud and Alibaba. Furthermore, we propose key mitigating measures to defend against the new attacks. Therefore, this work is of great value for identifying email spoofing attacks and improving the email ecosystem's overall security.


Simões, GC, Moreira, SR, Kushinick, MR and Simões, HG, and Campbell CSG. Postresistance exercise blood pressure reduction is influenced by exercise intensity in type-2 diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. J Strength Cond Res 24(5): 1277-1284, 2010-This study analyzed the postexercise blood pressure (BP) after resistance exercise (RE) on middle-aged type-2 diabetic (T2DM, n = 10, 46.6 ± 13.1 years) and nondiabetic subjects (NDM, n = 10, 52.0 ± 13.2 years). Participants performed (a) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength test; (b) 3 laps in an RE circuit of 6 exercises (16 repetitions at 43% 1RM); (c) 3 laps in an RE circuit (30 repetitions at 23% 1RM); and (d) a control session. The blood lactate concentration ([lac]) (YSI 2700S) and BP (Microlife BP3AC1-1) were measured pre-exercise, after exercise, and at each 15 minutes during the 120 minutes of recovery. Analysis of variance with Bonferroni as a post hoc evidenced that the 43% 1RM session elicited the highest [lac] response for both NDM (7.8 ± 1.8 vs. 6.4 ± 1.8 mmol·L−1; p < 0.05) and T2DM (7.0 ± 1.4 vs. 5.6 ± 1.6 mmol·L−1; p < 0.05). Also, the 43% 1RM session promoted a significant postexercise hypotension (PEH) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), whereas the 23% 1RM did not. The highest BP reductions for T2DM and NDM after 43% 1RM were, respectively, 9.5 ± 11.1and 11.0 ± 7.1 mmHg for SBP and 6.4 ± 7.8 and 7.7 ± 7.9 mmHg for the MAP (p ≤ 0.05). The PEH of SBP lasted longer (120 minutes) for NDM than for T2DM (90 minutes). The PEH may be associated with [lac] elevation, and the lower hypotensive effect presented by T2DM may be related to endothelial dysfunction usually observed in diabetic individuals. In conclusion, the RE of higher intensity, performed in ∼25-minute duration, was more efficient at promoting PEH which, in turn, suggests its use on BP control for middle-aged T2DM and NDM subjects with characteristics similar to those of our participants.


Psychology considers self-control failure, i.e., the inability to resist certain behaviors and impulses when seeking to achieve future goals as a major human pathology. The finance literature models and applies self-control failure to explain time-inconsistent behavior such as under-saving and non-participation decisions as a result of present bias due to hyperbolic discounting. However, literature does not investigate whether and to what extent self-control failure affects investment behavior among those who have positive savings and stockholdings. We fill this gap by identifying smoking as the most socially accepted example of present-biased preferences and link it to trading records. We compare trading behavior in the investment portfolio between 3,553 smokers and 10,091 nonsmokers over six years and show that the proportion and demographic characteristics of smokers are consistent with German survey data and federal statistics. Smoking as a proxy for self-control failure is associated with a higher number of trades per month, higher trading volume, and higher portfolio turnover and not explained by other biases such as overconfidence, social contagion, sensation seeking, or attention grabbing. But we find that self-control failure exacerbates these other biases. We show that self-control failure is costly because it increases the gap between the gross and net returns of smokers relative to nonsmokers.


We present in this paper an overview of the Hidden Dynamic Model (HDM) paradigm, exemplifying parametric construction of structure-based speech models that can be used for recognition purposes. We explore a general class of the HDM that uses recursive, autoregression functions to represent the hidden speech dynamics, and uses neural networks to represent the functional relationship between the hidden and observed speech vectors. This type of state-space formulation of the HDM is reviewed in terms of model construction, a parameter estimation technique, and a decoding method. We also present some typical experimental results on the use of this type of HDMs for phonetic recognition and for automatic vocal tract resonance tracking. We further provide analyses on the computational complexity (for decoding) and the parameter size of the HDM in comparison with the HMM. Finally, we discuss several key issues related to future exploration of the HDM paradigm.


Background: Patellofemoral pain is a common disorder whose aetiology is complex often being described as multifactorial, increased load of the patellofemoral joint is often attributed to foot function. Foot orthoses are commonly prescribed for this condition; however the mechanisms by which they work are poorly understood. Previous studies using single segment foot models have hypothesised that it may be control of the midfoot which hold the key to understanding orthotic control. Over the last decade biomechanical analyses has advanced so it has become possible to divide the foot into segments, however no previous studies have investigated the use of orthoses on different segments of the foot when shod.
The overall aim of this study was to investigate the differences seen in the kinematics and kinetics of the lower limb between a patellofemoral pain group and a group of normals when using a standardised orthosis prescription during walking and descending a step.
Method: Initially fifteen healthy subjects had foot orthoses moulded to their feet, they were asked to walk at a self-selected pace and complete a 20cm step down; comparisons were made between sandals and shoes, plus two different orthoses. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using 10 Oqus cameras and 4 AMTI force platforms. The shoe data from the 15 healthy subjects was re-analysed and used as a control group to compare against 15 subjects diagnosed with patellofemoral pain. The foot was modelled using the calibrated anatomical systems technique (CAST) fixing the marker set directly on the feet and shoes of normal subjects which permitted comparisons of excursions between the shoes and sandals and the effects of the orthoses.
Results 1: Similar changes in the pattern of movement were seen between the shoe and the sandals conditions with and without the orthoses; the shoes reduced the excursions recorded except the transverse plane of the rearfoot. At the knee maximum extension was increased and maximum flexion at toe off was reduced by the orthoses.
Initial Conclusions: Expectedly the shoes reduced the range of motion over the sandal condition in most planes; however the similar effects seen with the orthoses in both types of footwear suggesting it was acceptable to use shoes in the later study.
Results 2: Significant differences were seen between the healthy subjects and the patellofemoral pain subjects at the foot and the knee. Both orthoses produced statistically significant results at the foot. In addition there was a significant reduction in the knee coronal plane moment range during the forward continuum phase of step down; this was attributed to a change in the ground reaction force as there were no changes reported in the kinematics of the knee.
Conclusions: The method of placement of the markers was able to detect small changes within the foot segments. This study identified potentially important differences between the patellofemoral pain subjects and the normals in both the knee and foot segments. However due to the lack of pain during the walking and step down trials it could not be determined if the changes were due to pain avoidance mechanisms or if they were causative factors. Many of the changes produced by the orthoses tended to be local to the foot, except for the knee coronal plane moment range during the forward continuum phase of step down. To the authors knowledge this work is unique in its investigation of the motion of foot segments while shod and confirmed the clinically held belief it is essential to consider footwear when prescribing orthoses to patients. The use of foot mechanics could be of interest to further research and may help to define sub-populations within this condition.


Large grain data flow (LGDF) programming is natural and convenient for describing digital signal processing (DSP) systems, but its runtime overhead is costly in real time or cost-sensitive applications. In some situations, designers are not willing to squander computing resources for the sake of programmer convenience. This is particularly true when the target machine is a programmable DSP chip. However, the runtime overhead inherent in most LGDF implementations is not required for most signal processing systems because such systems are mostly synchronous (in the DSP sense). Synchronous data flow (SDF) differs from traditional data flow in that the amount of data produced and consumed by a data flow node is specified a priori for each input and output. This is equivalent to specifying the relative sample rates in signal processing system. This means that the scheduling of SDF nodes need not be done at runtime, but can be done at compile time (statically), so the runtime overhead evaporates. The sample rates can all be different, which is not true of most current data-driven digital signal processing programming methodologies. Synchronous data flow is closely related to computation graphs, a special case of Petri nets. This self-contained paper develops the theory necessary to statically schedule SDF programs on single or multiple processors. A class of static (compile time) scheduling algorithms is proven valid, and specific algorithms are given for scheduling SDF systems onto single or multiple processors.


Cetacean morbilliviruses (CeMV) are viruses that can cause mass mortalities among various odontocete species. In this study levels of "herd" immunity in cetaceans from the U.S. coast are described from the distribution and prevalence of antibodies against morbilliviruses. Neutralizing antibody titers against dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV), phocine distemper (PDV), and canine distemper viruses (CDV) were measured. Positive samples had higher titers against the CeMV than against the other morbilliviruses tested, indicating that although PDV or CDV can be used to investigate exposure their use may result in a higher false negative rate. The results suggest that morbillivirus did not persist in coastal populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) after the major outbreaks that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Bottlenose dolphins from Beaufort, North Carolina; St. Joseph Bay, Florida; and Cape May, New Jersey had anti-DMV seroprevalences ranging from between 15% and 33% but those from Charleston, South Carolina and Sarasota Bay, Florida, sampled in recent years were largely negative. These latter groups are therefore now vulnerable to infection and could experience high mortality if exposed to CeMV. Sero-surveys of this kind are therefore vital for assessing the risk of new and recurring viral outbreaks in coastal cetaceans.


The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) is a new instrument designed to measure various facets of student attitudes and beliefs about learning physics. This instrument extends previous work by probing additional facets of student attitudes and beliefs. It has been written to be suitably worded for students in a variety of different courses. This paper introduces the CLASS and its design and validation studies, which include analyzing results from over 2400 students, interviews and factor analyses. Methodology used to determine categories and how to analyze the robustness of categories for probing various facets of student learning are also described. This paper serves as the foundation for the results and conclusions from the analysis of our survey data.


SUMMARY Against the backdrop of the competing demands of agricultural productivity and biodiversity conservation, understanding land-use changes is critical. We studied the past, current and future landscape–dynamic scenarios for coffee and rice-coupled crops at a village scale in the Western Ghats (southern India) by integrating three levels of organization (patch, farm and soils). The village structures and dynamics from 1950 to 2010 were modelled with the Dynamic Patch Landscape (DYPAL) modelling platform and analysed with Comparison Map Profile (CMP) spatial analysis in order to assess environmental trends. Our model, combined with mathematical formalizations and multiscale analyses, was also used to project future land-use sustainability. Our findings highlight significant environmental issues affecting the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, which is also subject to increasing and differential demands for other crops that are dependent on farm production systems. Intensive coffee cultivation, with conversion of the forest cover into Grevillea robusta monoculture and ongoing paddy abandonment, have had a strong impact on the region's landscape (+30% G. robusta) and biodiversity (from –3% to –13% in the already-reduced forest cover).


Over half of prescribed medications are not taken as prescribed, resulting in health and economic consequences. Using constructivist grounded theory, 15 interviews were conducted to develop a theory on understanding the medication adherence choices of individuals, who were between the ages of 40 to 55, were diagnosed with a chronic condition, and taking three or more medications. The results indicate that participants are engaging in self-management strategies, with massive variance in adherence behaviours. Medications are sacrificed for personal and financial reasons, resonating with feelings of fear for the person's current situation and future. Individuals are struggling with who they have become to who they once were, which becomes related to their medications. Finally, individuals are citing the impact of their physician; citing barriers to communication and Canada's health care system. Participants' experiences provided an understanding of the meanings individuals associate with their medications and how this impacts their decision-making.


The paper provides an overview of the types of economic costs, benefits, and risks involved with agricultural biotechnology at the farm level, at the market level, and for the farm and food system as a whole. Both advantages and disadvantages of agricultural biotechnology are discussed. Among the drivers of the U.S. domestic and international consumer demand for transgenic crop products discussed in the paper are environmental and food safety concerns. A comparison is made between a science-based' regulatory framework and a policy based on the precautionary principle. The authors argue that open dialogue is needed for achieving improved public nderstanding of agricultural biotechnology, and that analyses need to go beyond discussing the scientific merits of biotechnology, to include social scientists, as well as the public at large.


Cultural China is a unique annual publication for up-to-date, informed, and accessible commentary about Chinese and Sinophone languages, cultural practices, politics and production, and their critical analysis. It builds on the University of Westminster's Contemporary China Centre Blog, providing additional reflective introductory pieces to contextualise each of the eight chapters. The articles in this Review speak to the turbulent year that was 2020 as it unfolded across Cultural China. Thematically, they range from celebrity culture, fashion and beauty, to religion and spirituality, via language politics, heritage, and music. Pieces on representations of China in Britain and the Westminster Chinese Visual Arts Project reflect our particular location and home. Many of the articles in this book focus on the People's Republic of China, but they also draw attention to the multiple Chinese and Sinophone cultural practices that exist within, across, and beyond national borders. The Review is distinctive in its cultural studies-based approach and contributes a much-needed critical perspective from the Humanities to the study of Cultural China. It aims to promote interdisciplinary dialogue and debate about the social, cultural, political, and historical dynamics that inform life in Cultural China today, offering academics, activists, practitioners, and politicians a key reference with which to situate current events in and relating to Cultural China in a wider context.


Abstract. Emissions originating from ship traffic in European sea areas were modelled using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), which uses Automatic Identification System data to describe ship traffic activity. We have estimated the emissions from ship traffic in the whole of Europe in 2011. We report the emission totals, the seasonal variation, the geographical distribution of emissions, and their disaggregation between various ship types and flag states. The total ship emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and PM2.5 in Europe for year 2011 were estimated to be 121, 3.0, 1.2, 0.2, and 0.2 million tons, respectively. The emissions of CO2 from the Baltic Sea were evaluated to be more than a half (55 %) of the emissions of the North Sea shipping; the combined contribution of these two sea regions was almost as high (88 %) as the total emissions from ships in the Mediterranean. As expected, the shipping emissions of SOx were significantly lower in the SOx Emission Control Areas, compared with the corresponding values in the Mediterranean. Shipping in the Mediterranean Sea is responsible for 40 and 49 % of the European ship emitted CO2 and SOx emissions, respectively. In particular, this study reported significantly smaller emissions of NOx, SOx, and CO for shipping in the Mediterranean than the EMEP inventory; however, the reported PM2.5 emissions were in a fairly good agreement with the corresponding values reported by EMEP. The vessels registered to all EU member states are responsible for 55 % of the total CO2 emitted by ships in the study area. The vessels under the flags of convenience were responsible for 25 % of the total CO2 emissions.


Acknowledging regional differences in the development of Local Food Systems across the United States, Southern Experiment Station Directors and Extension Directors decided to commission the development of an effective collaboration plan between southern Land Grant University (LGU) faculty in the area of Local Food Systems (LFS). The United States southern region's unique characteristics, such as the historically large concentration of underserved and small farms (Goodwin 2013), could impose unique challenges and opportunities for the development of LFS, and therefore a regional approach to addressing this region's unique needs may be appropriate. With the support of the Southern Risk Management Education Center (SRMEC), the SRMEC Local Food Systems Work Group was created in 2013. During the first two years, this group identified research and extension priorities for LFS in the south. The ultimate goal of this group is to establish LFS programing that can help the southern LGU system more effectively address key factors supporting the successful development of LFS in this region. This group identified ten research and extension priorities for LFS in the south, also represented graphically in Figure 1, from the perspective of agricultural economics and risk management: 1) market and supply chain logistics; 2) financial and risk management for LFS; 3) economic, social, and environmental outcomes; 4) consumer demand; 5) food safety; 6) financial and risk management for enterprises; 7) food security; 8) food access; 9) food system policies; and 10) general knowledge associated with LFS. A complete discussion of identified priorities one to five was published in an invited issue of Choices entitled "Developing Local Food Systems in the South†(Goodwin 2013). In this issue, the SRMEC LFS Work Group specifically discussed the role of the LGU system in supporting each of the priorities identified. For example, this group highlights the important role the southern LGU system plays in the development of LFS-focused education and capacity building programs to support LFS development (Woods et al. 2013). Additionally, this group acknowledges the importance of creating a network of researchers and extension professionals providing objective feedback on research areas that could guide the allocation of resources for the development of LFS such as the evaluation of social, economic, and environmental outcomes associated with LFS (Lamie et al. 2013). Future plans of the SRMEC LFS Work Group include expanding the discussion of priorities six to ten, as well as the identification and implementation of research and extension outreach collaboration opportunities.


We read with great interest the manuscript entitled: "Oxygen-Ozone Therapy is at a Cross-Road" Rev. Esp. Ozono. 1(1):74-86.1  First, we noted that some of the criteria considered by the authors do not appear to fit with reality. In the section: A few of the present methodologies are of doubtful value and may be dangerous or ineffective it is mentioned that the reason why Cubans do not use major autoemotherapy is because: "[…] every day they have to treat thousands of patients, it appears impossible to perform M-O3-AHT for lack of time and money". Authors should know that the Cuban health system is well recognized by international authorities. For instance: according to the World Health Organization, Cuba provides a doctor for every 170 residents, and has the first highest doctor-to-patient ratio in the world. Even under the difficult economic situation, the reason to use or ban a medical procedure in Cuba is not based on time or money, but on clinical effectiveness and low rate of side effects. Cuba is the only nation which has a specialized center for ozone research. This center provides the preclinical and clinical evidence to support the medical application of this therapy.


National Law School of India University set up by Dr. Madhava Menon in eighties, transformed the legal education in the country. Very soon, five-year integrated law course became the preferred option amongst students and National Law Universities (NLUs) now numbering eighteen, sprouted across the country. These autonomous law institutes are unique in their character and are different from traditional universities. One such characteristic is their low student intake, giving them an air of exclusivity. Former Prime Minister went to the extent of describing them as "Islands of excellence in vast ocean of institutionalised mediocrity". NLS by all popular parameters, is considered to be the premier law institute of the country. This feeling of belonging to an elite institution and an aura of exclusivity, prompted this study to assess student demographics to be undertaken. NLS Diversity Census 2015 covered 97.9% of the student body, tabulating data relating to socio-economic background and performance & participation at NLS. Using this data as the basis, supplemented with several rounds of interviews and specialised surveys - this report has been compiled, which looks at the correlations between background factors and performance at NLS.The Report is divided into two parts. The first part looks at and tries to answer the question of accessibility, ie, who is likely to get admitted into NLS? The second half analyses and tries to assess influence of one's background upon performance and participation within NLS, and impact on one's future plans. Evaluating the existing support systems and structures-how they are currently and also how they once were, the Report concludes by making suggestions on how to make National Law School even more democratic institution where all can excel, equitably.


Avocados are an important horticultural crop in South Africa, especially in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. The distance to traditional export markets, phytosanitary restrictions to lucrative markets such as China, the USA and Japan and increased competition in the European market have challenged the South African avocado industry. The industry has responded with improved logistics and shipping, a co-ordinated market access program and a global system to co-ordinate exports of avocados to the European market. To remain competitive on the global market, further improvements and innovations are required to improve the efficiency of postharvest operations. These improvements and innovations should be guided by a greater understanding of postharvest physiology. Avocados are a relatively new export crop, so there is still much to be learnt about avocado postharvest physiology and the optimisation of postharvest management. In this regard, reduced temperature storage (1°C) and modified humidity packaging (MHP) were investigated for their effect on fruit physiology and quality, the effect of a waterand ABAinfusion on ripening was examined and the effect of a cold chain break on fruit physiology and quality determined; near-infrared spectroscopy was also examined for its potential for its use in the avocado industry. As an initial study, the relationships between individual sugars, protein and oil were studied to understand the changes in avocado fruit during ripening. It was found that mannoheptulose and perseitol were the predominant sugars at harvest, but declined to very low levels during the first 10 days postharvest. The concentrations of glucose and fructose increased, while sucrose declined slightly during ripening. The concentration of protein increased sigmoidally during ripening, reflecting the increase in the ripening enzymes, particularly cellulase and polygalacturonase. The oil content fluctuated slightly during ripening. It is suggested that mannoheptulose and perseitol are important carbon and energy sources during ripening. Glucose concentration was also found to increase earlier in fast ripening fruit compared to slow ripening fruit, which is related to increased cellulase activity and may be related to the ABA functioning. Thereafter, storage and ripening trials in two consecutive seasons showed that 1°C storage and the use of MHP for 28 days reduced mass loss, water loss, ethylene production, respiration, softening and heptose consumption, without appreciably affecting fungal rots, physiological disorders or external chilling injury, compared to fruit stored at 5.5°C and regular atmosphere respectively. Also, the storage of fruit in MHP delayed the rise in the activity of cellulase during ripening, compared to fruit not stored in MHP, but there was no significant difference in the peak activity of cellulase, polygalacturonase or pectin methylesterase. In a separate experiment, fruit ripening was significantly affected by the infusion of ABA in an aqueous solution. Water slightly reduced the variation in ripening while ABA reduced the time to ripening and the variation; it is suggested that water stress and ABA are intrinsically involved in the ripening processes and may act as a ripening trigger. The water concentration in fruit was measured non-destructively using reflectance NIR; this model was used to determine the maturity of fruit and the loss of water during cold storage. In the cold chain break experiment, it was found that although fruit recovered after a cold chain break, in terms of ethylene production and respiration, there was a loss in quality because of severe shrivelling as a result of increased water loss. Fruit that were stored at 1°C were generally of a better quality at ripeness, if the cold chain was broken, compared to fruit stored at 5.5°C. In a follow-up experiment, it was found that significant changes occurred in avocado physiology over a 6h period. The respiration rate of fruit significantly increased after 4h at room temperature and mannoheptulose declined by 32% in control fruit and by 16% in ethephon-treated fruit after 6h. This demonstrates the potential for quality loss in a short amount of time. Furthermore, a model of avocado ripening is proposed, outlining the role of water, ABA, ethylene, respiration, ripening enzymes and individual sugars. This study has contributed to the understanding of avocado postharvest physiology and should aid in better management of avocados for improved fruit quality and consumer satisfaction.


A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL OF JOHNSON CITY AND WASHINGTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE, SCHOOL SYSTEMS In THE EVENT OF MERGER by Elizabeth Sue Hoilman The problem of this study was to Identify existing factors affecting professional personnel of Johnson City and Washington County, Tennessee, public school systems and to project the effect merger would have on these factors. Subproblems consisted of identification of the criteria for maximum professional personnel performance, present approaches for meeting the needs of professional personnel in event of merger, and the factors Involved in successful and unsuccessful merger attempts to deter mine what effects merger had on professional personnel. Professional personnel employment conditions would be altered after merger of the two systems. Projections could be made of these conditions. The information presented to the Metro-Joint Committee would be helpful in its study. The background research was limited to a review of the literature related to the subject. The study focused on the Johnson City and Washington County, Tennessee, school systems but presented data from other Tennessee systems where merger had been considered. The study employed the descriptive method of research. Items Identified as having to be adequately supplied for maximum professional personnel performance were salary and fringe benefits, instructional materials and equipment, physical facilities, extraclasB activity duty, planning time, research, in-service, negotiations, paraprofessional help, additional 100 percent funded personnel, and admin istrative positions. In the successful mergers of Nashville-Davldson County and Clarksvllle-Montgornery County the advantages of merger were noted as being: better use of qualified personnel at higher pay on the salary scale; more efficient management in purchases, warehousing, and inventory control; improved curriculum and up-dated curriculum guides; new facilities and higher level of maintenance; removal of'duplicated functions; improvement of supervisory practices; maximum utilization of classroom facilities; elimination of disruption of county schools by ill iv annexation; increased effectiveness of in-service programs; additional aides, clerical help, and locally funded support personnel; greater effectiveness in methods of obtaining state and federal funds; growth of cohesiveness and unity of city and county areas; extension of pro grams for exceptional children; equalization of educational opportuni ties; reduction of waste, inertia, and petty politics; and extension of experimentation and research. Johnson City spent approximately one-third more per pupil than the county system. All expenditureb of the city system exceeded those for the county system. County personnel would benefit from the merger. Inequality existed in Washington County and Johnson City school systems for both students and professional personnel in all areas. The city provided higher salaries, additional instructional materials, more 100 percent locally funded personnel, additional Title 1 aides, and adequate physical facilities above the county system. Annexation was not the solution for the school systems' problems. Inequality existed among the county schools in the amount of extraclass activities required of the professional personnel, planning time provided, and facilities supplied. It was impossible to predict actual cost of equalizing educational opportunities offered in the event of merger. The benefits were Impossible to compute in dollar amounts.


Quantum dots are a powerful fluorophore family with desirable attributes for fluorescence imaging. They have been used in several animal models with direct clinical relevance, including sentinel lymph node mapping, tracing vasculature and lymphatics, and targeting specific lesions for diagnosis and removal. (1-12) Despite significant interest for use in translational applications, little is known about the persistence and long-term fate of quantum dots in vivo. We have observed fluorescence of quantum dots injected into Balb/c and nude mice for up to two-years post injection using both whole-body and microscopic fluorescence techniques. Two-photon spectral microscopy was used to verify the existence of quantum dots within two-year tissues, but also revealed a range of significantly blue-shifted emission peaks with increased bandwidths. Systemically administered quantum dots persist and retain fluorescence for up to two-years in vivo, but with significantly blue-shifted emission.


This thesis explores Hermann Hesse's relation with temporality, as both a spiritual
and historical category, and examines his pendulation between time and the timeless
as an expression of his all-pervading dialectics. The topic is approached through a
preliminary discussion of Hesse's dialectical framework (Chapter 1), followed by the
examination of five interrelated themes which have time, or the timeless, as a
common denominator. Music is the point of departure of the investigation (Chapters
2 and 3), which leads into a discussion on the temporality of memory and
metamorphosis (Chapter 4), before focusing on eternity (Chapter 5) and its links with
Hesse's 'Humor' and narrative irony (Chapter 6).
Concentrating primarily on Hesse's prose fiction, this study rests on the
assumption, discussed in the first chapter, that his novels and short stories are
characterised by a pronounced biographical imprint. The traditionally literary
background and approach of this dissertation are complemented with different
perspectives from other fields such as neuroscience (memory), linguistics (humour),
musicology and music theory. In discussing the various strands, attention has been
drawn to underlying temporal patterns that highlight an evolution in Hesse's
thought or artistry.
This work, which seeks to extend knowledge in an area of research where only
few scholars (e.g. Shaw, Karalaschwili, Moritz) have engaged directly or primarily
with the question of temporality in Hesse, underlines the coalescence of the spatial
and the temporal, the visual and the auditory in Hesse's poetics and aesthetics, and
concludes that time and the timeless interlock, as a consequence of Hesse's dialectical
framework, and as experienced by his characters in exceptional moments of
revelation.


The risk premium and the probability premium are used to determine appropriate coefficients of absolute risk aversion under CARA utility. A defensible range of risk aversion coefficients is defined by the coefficients that correspond to risk premiums falling between 1 and 99% of the amount at risk or to probability premiums falling between .005 and .49 for a lottery that pays or loses a given sum. The consequences of ignoring risk premiums when selecting risk-aversion coefficients for representative decision makers are illustrated by calculation of the implied risk premium associated with the levels of absolute risk aversion assumed in six selected studies.


Unrecognised vulval dystrophy in young girls may wrongly suggest childhood sexual abuse

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in young girls can present as haemorrhagic areas on the vulva. Failure to consider this diagnosis and to treat the condition appropriately may lead to a misdiagnosis of child sexual abuse, resulting in a lengthy and distressing investigation for all concerned, particularly the parents. There was extensive publicity surrounding these issues in the United Kingdom after events in Cleveland in 1987. We present three patients with lichen sclerosis et atrophicus. In each case, investigations into child sexual abuse had been instigated before an appropriate referral and correct diagnosis were made.

### Case 1

A 6 year old girl was admitted to hospital as an emergency under the care of the paediatricians. There was a history of a suspected accidental fall, after which the girl's mother noticed blood staining on her daughter's underwear The girl lived with her mother and her mother's partner and visited her natural father once a week.

The local social services department had already been involved about six months previously because of a history of suspected, unexplained perineal trauma. At that time, after a visit to her father, the girl had complained of soreness around the vulva, and a brown discharge had been noticed on her underwear. The girl's mother had described continuing vaginal ulceration which did not heal completely. The symptoms had persisted despite antibiotic treatment, acyclovir for suspected genital herpes simplex infection (which prompted further investigation because of the association with child sexual abuse), and reassurance. …


In the so-called Big Data paradigm descriptive analytics are widely conceived as techniques and models aimed at discovering knowledge within unlabeled datasets (e.g. patterns, similarities, etc) of utmost help for subsequent predictive and prescriptive methods. One of these techniques is clustering, which hinges on different multi-dimensional measures of similarity between unsupervised data instances so as to blindly collect them in groups of clusters. Among the myriad of clustering approaches reported in the literature this manuscript focuses on those relying on bio-inspired meta-heuristics, which have been lately shown to outperform traditional clustering schemes in terms of convergence, adaptability and parallelization. Specifically this work presents a new clustering approach based on the processing fundamentals of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm, i.e. stigmergy via pheromone trails and progressive construction of solutions through a graph. The novelty of the proposed scheme beyond previous research on ACO-based clustering lies on a significantly pruned graph that not only minimizes the representation redundancy of the problem at hand, but also allows for an embedded estimation of the number of clusters within the data. However, this approach imposes a modified ant behavior so as to account for the optimality of entire paths rather than that of single steps within the graph. Simulation results over conventional datasets will evince the promising performance of our approach and motivate further research aimed at its applicability to real scenarios.


Grinding process is a derived form of cutting processes, in which the cutting tool is relatively small and has not well defined geometric shape as well as oriented with extremely high rake angle to workpiece.
Considering single grit cutting process occurred in grinding, it can be associated with the orthogonal cutting process in some aspects. In metal cutting process, chip formation is a phenomenon needed to investigate in detail to explore the machining characteristic of materials. In this work, chip formation
process has been performed in Abaqus/Explicit. Two different Mises plasticity model (with Johson-Cook and isotropic hardening) are applied in conjunction with the suitable damage laws. Therefore, continuous chip formation is simulated. Stress and force variation has been analyzed. A few different simulations have been performed as to find the suitable model and technique considering remeshing, material
constitutive model, elasticity and plasticity, damage initiation criterion, contact properties.


This study used microsimulation to analyze traffic performance on various idealized hierarchical urban street networks. Each network consisted of local streets and arterial streets, which represented the micro- and macro-structure of an urban network, respectively. Arterials were differentiated from local streets through additional green time at intersections and additional travel lanes. An idealized peak period was simulated for completely uniform demand patterns. Observed relationships between average network flow and density—known as the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD)—were used to compare the performance of arterial structures. Specifically, the size and shape of hysteresis loops that emerged in the MFD were used, since the networks were found to have more uniform congestion patterns during the onset of congestion than during congestion recovery. The presence of arterials was found to affect significantly the spatial distribution of congestion on the network. Arterials that passed through the congested center of the network and arterials that divided the network resulted in increased congestion inhomogeneity and larger hysteresis loops in the MFD. Arterials placed near the periphery of the network helped to attract vehicles to less-used areas of the network and reduce congestion in the center, which reduced congestion inhomogeneity. Furthermore, limited opportunities to access the arterials also contributed to dense pockets of congestion on nearby streets. For the network and demand conditions studied here, arterial ring roads appeared to distribute congestion more evenly and have had better network performance than arterial grids.