Organizations implement formalized procedures to eliminate the biasing effects of gender and other characteristics on evaluations. Prior work shows managers play a key role, but researchers have been unable to observe the thought processes guiding managers' evaluations. This article takes a first step in examining managers' sensemaking as they interpret and evaluate employee behaviors. Our data include managers' written performance reviews and numeric ratings of employees at a Fortune 500 technology company. Our theoretical model—the Viewing and Valuing Social Cognitive Processing Model—explains how and when gender beliefs frame managers' evaluations, affecting what behaviors managers notice (i.e., view) and rate highly (i.e., value). After conducting a detailed coding of the language in reviews, we assess whether there are gender differences in (1) the language used to describe performance (i.e., viewing differences) and (2) the correlations between that language and numeric ratings (i.e., valuing differences). Our analysis of 88 language attributes reveals where gender frames managers' evaluations and where the process instead operates gender-neutrally. For example, men and women are equally likely to be described as having technical ability, while women are viewed as too aggressive and men as too soft. Furthermore, some behaviors, such as "taking charge," are more valued for men than for women: "taking charge" is associated with the highest performance ratings for men but not for women. Overall, our analysis identifies novel ways that gender biases emerge in a process intended to be meritocratic.


Transborder data flows have become increasingly important in economic, political, and social terms over the 30 years since the adoption, in 1980, of the OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data. A fundamental change in the business and technological environment for data processing is also taking place, driven by developments such as the increased globalisation of the world economy; the growing economic importance of data processing; the ubiquity of data transfers over the Internet; greater direct involvement of individuals in transborder data flows; the changing role of geography; and growing risks to the privacy of individuals. Despite these fundamental changes in the data processing landscape, and the growth in the regulation of transborder data flows in numerous countries, there has been little attempt so far to conduct a systematic inventory of such regulation at a global level; to examine the policies underlying it; and to consider whether those policies need to be re-evaluated. This study is designed to describe the present status of transborder data flow regulation, and to provoke reflection about its aims, operation, and effectiveness, now and in the future.


Fractal multilayer structures based on one-dimensional photonic crystals are constructed to generate multiple defect modes. The proposed fractal photonic crystals can produce as many defect modes as desired by adjusting the number of the defect layers. The interaction effect between the defect states of such fractal structures is avoided. Therefore, the frequency, frequency interval, and number of the defect modes corresponding to different kinds of defects can be tuned separately. With perfect transmission and mode controllability, these structures provide an efficient way to fabricate multichannel filters with specific channels.


Occurrence and fate of micropollutants in surface water are of growing concern. To take adequate actions, it is essential to rely on representative data. Therefore, it is necessary to assess uncertainties related to the different steps of the analytical procedure. In this work, Pierre Gy's theory of sampling is applied to micropollutants concentrations in surface water for three case studies. These cases are: a large river (Rhone River, discharge of 182.5 m3/s), a large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, discharge of 0.5 m3/s) and a small hospital sewage network (CHUV, discharge of 0.006 m3/s). Micropollutants studied are atrazine, benzotriazol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, mecoprop, mepivacaine, paracetamol, pymetrozin and sulfamethoxazol. For dissolved micropollutants the global sampling uncertainty is about 45% for the Rhone River and about 35% for the WWTP and the CHUV. The difference is explained by lower concentration in the river leading to greater analytical uncertainties. Sampling frequency and sampling volume have little effects on these uncertainties. They are rather related to discharge measurement (weighting error), instruments and their use (materialization error) and analytical error. For sorbed micropollutants, uncertainties of 2'000%, 140% and 160 % were calculated for the Rhone River, the WWTP and the CHUV respectively. These uncertainties are related to sampling volumes not large enough. They are easily reduced by increasing these volumes. Discharge is expected to affect uncertainties mainly if it affects micropollutant concentrations. In some cases, measured concentrations are not representative of the true concentration and can lead to misleading conclusions. To improve data reliability, sampling system could be enhanced. Moreover, sampling dissolved and sorbed pollutants separately could be beneficial.


New Zealand is one of the world's largest producers of dairy products and has a climate with high levels of solar radiation; however, the use of solar energy in the dairy processing industry has received limited attention. An examination of historical records found that the annual peak in New Zealand milk production and processing occurs at a time when solar radiation levels are increasing markedly. An F-Chart analysis was used to simulate the performance of large-area arrays of solar collectors and to determine their suitability for heating and cooling in a dairy processing environment. For the study four types of solar collectors were analysed: glazed flat plates, evacuated tubes, evacuated tubes with CPC reflectors and a building-integrated solar collector under development at the University of Waikato (UoW). It was found that of these echnologies, both flat plate and evacuated tubes with CPC reflectors could make useful heating and cooling contributions. Furthermore, the solar fraction was determined mainly by the collector area to storage volume ratio. Finally, it was found that the UoW building-integrated solar collector could make a significant contribution to energy use in dairies and may be an attractive future technology for the industry.


Recent years have brought the private and non-profit sectors closer together in terms of crosssectional collaborations. As businesses have become more involved in communities, initiatives such as employee volunteering (EV)—where employees are encouraged to volunteer by their employers—are becoming more popular and are receiving more scholarly attention. However, the question still remains as to whether the main reasons behind cooperation are related to strategy: does interaction and communication in EV mirror a more idealor strategic approach? As EV programmes (EVPs) bring together actors with different world-views and perspectives, much can be learned from studying their interaction. The present study examined the nature of communication in EV and whether this communication reflects a strategic (based on self-interest) or ideal (corresponding to Habermas's ideal speech situation and stakeholder dialogue) approach. In addition, the study looked at factors that, according to participants, facilitate improved communication and understanding in EV. The findings indicate that communication in EVPs largely reflected the strategic approach. However, the ideal approach is still apparent in some situations and can successfully be used given the right conditions--for example, in situations of long-term collaboration with increased experience when participants invest time, resources and motivation in building relationships. Time and honesty was also important factors. However, a range of barriers made collaboration more difficult. Pursuit of strategic short-term solutions and shortage of resources and time may hinder important dialogue and understanding.


The present paper deals with a new approach for the study of the steady - state and transient behaviour of three-phase transformers. This approach based on magnetic equivalent circuit diagrams, takes into account the nonlinear B-H curve as well as zero-sequence flux. The nonlinear B-H curve is represented by a polynomial representation, based on a set of measurement data. For the numerical simulations, a method considering the currents as state variables has been developed, and extended to ten vector groups. Numerical results compared with test results and with FEM calculations confirm the validity of the present approach.


OBJECT
The WingSpan stent is a new self-expandable neurovascular stent designed for endovascular treatment of intracranial atheromatous lesions. The authors report their experience with the use of this stent for the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

METHODS
Thirty-seven patients with 40 wide-necked intracranial aneurysms were treated using the WingSpan stent. Twenty-two aneurysms (55%) were small and 18 (45%) were large or giant. In all but 4 aneurysms, embolization was completed by packing the aneurysm sac with platinum coils. In 4 dissecting aneurysms that were fusiform or too small and wide necked to be catheterized, the stent was used alone. In these cases, the stent bridged the aneurysm neck to allow for flow redirection and the potential stent-induced endothelization effect.

RESULTS
Follow-up angiograms obtained in 3 of 4 aneurysms, treated with only stent placement, demonstrated aneurysmal thrombosis and parent artery remodeling in 2 patients and moderate decrease in size in 1. Follow-up angiography obtained at 6 months to 1 year in 31 aneurysms after stent-supported coil embolization demonstrated complete occlusion in 23 aneurysms (74.2%) with a progressive thrombosis rate of 66.7% (10 of 15 aneurysms), and a recanalization rate of 16.1%.

CONCLUSIONS
In treating wide-necked intracranial aneurysms, the WingSpan Stent System is very flexible, secure, and effective. Its delivery system is very easy and exact in that it exerts higher outward radial force, thus providing an excellent conformability and a strong scaffold to hold the coils in place. It may offer an effective treatment when used alone in some fusiform or very wide-necked, small dissecting aneurysms in which other surgical or endovascular treatment strategies are not deemed feasible.


The functionalisation of surfaces with organic radicals, such as perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radicals or tris(2,4,6-trichloro-phenyl)methyl (TTM) radicals, is appealing for the development of molecular spintronic devices. Conventionally, organic radicals are chemisorbed to metal substrates by using long alkyl or aromatic spacers resulting in a weak spin–electron coupling between the radical and the substrate. To circumvent this problem, here we have employed a new design strategy for the fabrication of radical self-assembled monolayers (r-SAMs). This newly designed radical–anchor (R–A) molecule, a TTM based radical disulfide (1), can be easily synthesized and it was here characterized by electron spin resonance (ESR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry (SQUID). We have succeeded in fabricating TTM based r-SAMs by using thiolate bonds (Au–S and Ag–S) where the TTM cores are only one-atom distance from the metal surface for the first time. The resultant robust 1/Au and 1/Ag r-SAMs were well characterized, and the electrochemical and the magnetic properties were unambiguously confirmed, proving the persistence of the molecular spin.


Banyumanik Hospital is a strategically located hospital in the middle of populous community. In this area, a hospital should have its best development and growth, especially in inpatient services. In fact, however, there are many problems in medical, nursing, and supportive services that may disturb hospital services. It is assumed that CEO and Governing Body have not yet thinking strategically in inpatient quality services. The aim of this research was to understand about the perception of CEO and Governing Body on strategic thinking of inpatient quality services.
The results indicated that the subjects did not have spesific purposes and core values, have no customer-oriented programs, have not involving the staff and the vision was negative. From the evaluation of medical, nursing, and supportive quality services; it was found that the perception of quality was still lacking. It can be concluded that CEO and Governing Body had not thinking about which activities should be started or stopped. The perception of CEO and Governing Body on strategic thinking of inpatient quality services was not fully accurate yet. It is recommended that CEO and Governing Body should always have a strategic thinking in assessing the activities running in inpatient services.

Sumber Utama : www.mikm.undip.ac.id


A spellbinding portrait of Queen Elizabeth's conjuror - the great philosopher, scientist and magician, Dr John Dee (1527-1608) and a history of Renaissance science that could well be the next 'Longitude'. John Dee was one of the most influential philosophers of the Elizabethan Age. A close confidant of Queen Elizabeth, he helped to introduce mathematics to England, promoted the idea of maths as the basis of science, anticipated the invention of the telescope, charted the New World, and created one of the most magnificent libraries in Europe. At the height of his fame, Dee was poised to become one of the greats of the Renaissance. Yet he died in poverty and obscurity - his crime was to dabble in magic. Based on Dee's secret diaries which record in fine detail his experiments with the occult, Woolley's bestselling book is a rich brew of Elizabethan court intrigue, science, intellectual exploration, discovery and misfortune. And it tells the story of one man's epic but very personal struggle to come to terms with the fundamental dichotomy of the scientific age at the point it arose: the choice between ancient wisdom and modern science as the path to truth.


Infants use exploratory behaviors to learn about the objects around them. Psychologists have theorized that behaviors such as touching, pressing, lifting, and dropping enable infants to form grounded object representations. For example, scratching an object can provide information about its roughness, while lifting it can provide information about its weight. In a sense, the exploratory behavior acts as a "question'' to the object, which is subsequently "answered" by the sensory stimuli produced during the execution of the behavior. In contrast, most object representations used by robots today rely solely on computer vision or laser scan data, gathered through passive observation. Such disembodied approaches to robotic perception may be useful for recognizing an object using a 3D model database, but nevertheless, will fail to infer object properties that cannot be detected using vision alone. To bridge this gap, this dissertation introduces a framework for object perception and exploration in which the robot's representation of objects is grounded in its own sensorimotor experience with them. In this framework, an object is represented by sensorimotor contingencies that span a diverse set of exploratory behaviors and sensory modalities. The results from several large-scale experimental studies show that the behavior-grounded object representation enables a robot to solve a wide variety of tasks including recognition of objects based on the stimuli that they produce, object grouping and sorting, and learning category labels that describe objects and their properties.


This special issue of the International Journal of Educational Policy, Research and Practice provides a look inside an unusual initiative designed to support early childhood care and development (ECD) (1) policy, research, and practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Early Childhood Development Virtual University (ECDVU) brought together early childhood professionals from 10 African countries (2) to address child well-being through ECD capacity building, leadership development, and enhanced networking within and across countries. Over the space of three years (August 2001 through August 2004) the first ECDVU cohort of learners had the opportunity to engage with each other and with African and international ECD specialists to learn together and to address a wide range of ECD challenges at the local, country, and continental levels. The culminating work of this unique cohort is featured in this special issue. Of the 30 students who commenced the program in 2001, 27 completed in 2004--a completion rate of 90%, with less than 7% leaving their country of origin. Each of these 27 participants who completed the full set of courses produced a major project (n=25) or a thesis (n=2) under the supervision of a three- to four-member international faculty committee, including at least one in-country advisor/member. (3) Each student also benefited from a project support team at the ECDVU central office in Victoria, B. C., Canada. These projects typically took from nine to 12 months to complete, and some built on earlier or ongoing areas of interest. Each was designed to bring together individual interests with local or country-level development needs. All the candidates presented and defended their final work in a formal, audio-taped session. The topics addressed include developing ECD policies, designing programs, initiating training activities, collecting and analyzing original data and promoting community development across rural and urban settings. The full texts of all thesis and project write-ups are available at http://www.ecdvu.org/ The proposal to publish a synthesized set of papers from this historical body of work in a special issue of an international journal was driven by several considerations and objectives. First, the relative absence of a well-developed and current ECD literature base in Africa was one of the needs addressed through the ECDVU initiative. The thesis and project requirements of the program and the approach to preparing and guiding the students through the processes of developing, implementing, and writing up their projects were part of a deliberate effort to meet the need for relevant literature to inform ECD policy and practice on the continent. The successful attainment of the program's knowledge production objective makes it imperative that the rich insights emerging from the students' work regarding ECD capacity building be shared widely within Africa and with the rest of the international community. Second, the work provides a unique opportunity to stimulate international dialogue about the central role that indigenously produced and contextually relevant knowledge plays in the advancement of ECD and other programs in the Majority World. (4) Finally, the dissemination of this body of work appropriately positions the ECDVU's pioneering initiative to serve as both a catalyst and a model for the capacity building momentum it is possible to attain through appropriate resource mobilization and focused programming for leadership development. As editors, we believe that the work synthesized in this special issue provides a unique insight into the challenges, advances, disappointments, and successes being experienced by those with a central concern for children's well-being across a wide cross-section of contemporary Anglophone Africa. For a continent that much of the Minority World knows only through troubling headlines highlighting wars, famine, disease, and political instability, this collection presents a different view, one based on the experiences of professionals working daily, in situ, to improve life conditions for children and families. …


ABSTRACT In 1946, a British military court in Singapore tried a Korean national named Cho Un-kuk for war crimes against Allied prisoners of war on the Thailand–Burma Railway during the Second World War. The evidence against Cho was scanty, but he had been part of a group of Korean guards notorious for brutality towards prisoners. In expedited proceedings relying heavily on affidavit material, Cho was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. The trial revealed both Cho's unexpected transnational background as a dentist in pre-war British India and the complex position of Korean guards on the Railway. Often characterized as universally brutal as a result of their own ill-treatment by the Japanese colonial system, the guards responded in many different ways to the pressures and opportunities of service subordinate to the Japanese military. After sentencing, Cho served time in Singapore and Japan. He left prison a broken man in 1955. Like other Koreans who had been in Japanese military employment, he was spurned by other Koreans as a collaborator. Only in 2006, after his death, was he officially recognized as an unwilling conscript into Japanese service. His case illustrates the difficulty of distinguishing victims and perpetrators in the tangled circumstances of the Second World War.


Objectives Although employment is associated with health benefits over unemployment, the psychosocial characteristics of work also influence health. We used longitudinal data to investigate whether the benefits of having a job depend on its psychosocial quality (levels of control, demands and complexity, job insecurity, and unfair pay), and whether poor quality jobs are associated with better mental health than unemployment. Method Analysis of seven waves of data from 7,155 respondents of working age (44,019 observations) from a national household panel survey. Longitudinal regression models evaluated the concurrent and prospective association between employment circumstances (unemployment and employment in jobs varying in psychosocial job quality) and mental health, assessed by the MHI-5. Results Overall, unemployed respondents had poorer mental health than those who were employed. However the mental health of those who were unemployed was comparable or superior to those in jobs of the poorest psychosocial quality. This pattern was evident in prospective models: those in the poorest quality jobs showed greater decline in mental health than those who were unemployed (B = 3.03, p<0.05). The health benefits of becoming employed were dependent on the quality of the job. Moving from unemployment into a high quality job led to improved mental health (mean change score of +3.3), however the transition from unemployment to a poor quality job was more detrimental to mental health than remaining unemployed (−5.6 vs −1.0). Conclusions Work of poor psychosocial quality does not bestow the same mental health benefits as employment in jobs with high psychosocial quality.


In one view, the destruction of old energy technology and its replacement could become the basis for a new round of capitalist growth. In another analysis, the changes necessary to halt global warming cannot be contained within capitalism. It will be argued that the technological changes required are so very major as to imply a drastic reduction in material production and consumption. The consequences of doing nothing are equally drastic. One possible outcome is world revolution, despite the absence of a strong anti-capitalist movement today. Another option is that the capitalist class will agree to a new dispensation and direct much productive capacity to saving the planet. The capitalist class would be behaving more like a redistributive chieftainship; extracting surplus value and redistributing it. Or these problems could be resolved coercively in a technocratic feudalism. A likely outcome is a last days flurry of grand projects and expensive wars, followed by a collapse in food production and population. So whatever is done to resolve the environmental crisis, we are not going to end up with a capitalist society. For environmental activists, putting environmental outcomes first is just as likely to bring down capitalism as a campaign to end capitalist society. Doing nothing at all is very likely to have the same effect.


I INTRODUCTION The study of how the different arms of the state apparatus operate is a fascinating and politically important aspect of a capitalist democracy. One of the key state apparatuses is the judiciary. Law exercises its authority in a number of ways. Whilst it plays a key role in securing the extant social formation it achieves this aim largely in the ideological sphere. Operating as ideological functionaries the judiciary has developed a degree of autonomy from yvested interests that enables it to arbitrate disputes in a society enmeshed in a web of competing financial arrangements. The competitive individualism of capital ensures disunity in its ranks, and this combined with a subordinated working class, provides the elbow room for the judiciary to exercise to a substantial extent a free hand in its dispute settlement procedures. (1) This judicial autonomy is exhibited in myriad ways. For example, judges are conceptual ideologists who engage in the type of creative thinking that is required to solve problems that emerge from economic class conflict. Moreover, in a divided society judges are strategically placed to safely channel the numerous contradictions that bedevil class societies. Operating within the prism of ostensibly depoliticised rules, the judicial apparatus of the state is empowered to mediate relations between rulers and ruled. Following on from this observation, industrial arbitration is a core area where judges can canalise the class issues that emerge from asymmetrical labour contracts into the safe pastures of the courts. Legalism replaces the direct action of strikes or other challenges to the rule of capital. Judges are indispensable agents in facilitating the reproduction of social and power relationships, and they achieve that objective in the context of relative independence from the ruling class. They are not simply mouthpieces of the system. Whilst law is a coercive component of the state machine that serves the power elite it is more than an instrument that simply endorses the selfish requirements of rulers. Judges utilise their partial independence to circumscribe the actions of members of the economic elite threatening the overall stability of the system. In the name of social cohesion judges will assert the rights of unionists who are being confronted by the arbitrary behaviour of employers. State intervention in the judicial sphere is not a one way street. Within the limits set by capitalist relations of production the judiciary will on occasion exercise their power to support and extend the position of workers. The judges are key state actors at the forefront of the battle to perpetuate the age of capital. (2) However, it is important to recognise that they are not one-dimensional figures. They tame the more destructive aspects of the hubris unleashed by property rights. They give pluralist democracy some substance. Their complex and contradictory role can be gauged by investigating the structural forces within Australia during the twentieth-century that shaped the judicial doctrine that ruled in the sphere of statutory labour law. As the epoch of the centrality of the labour power provision of the Constitution in regulating industrial relations in Australia fades from view, it is worth examining the judicial interpretation of the constitutional and legislative texts that governed labour relations in Australia for the bulk of the twentieth-century. Such an analysis sheds light on judicial intervention both retarding or extending workers' rights and how ideological divisions within the judiciary are reflected in legal reasoning. It also illuminates the process of how law acts to allocate political power to the rulers whilst not requiring the complete submission of the ruled. The High Court is the third branch of government and an integral part of the state and since federation it has been responsible for interpreting the Australian Constitution. The Constitution defines the scope of the Commonwealth's power to issue laws regulating the labour market. …


Not much attention has been devoted to the relationship between service culture and service strategy, including services marketing strategy. The assumption that service culture drives service strategy has not been empirically examined. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the strategic role that service culture and service strategy have for business development in a long-term perspective. The empirical basis for our discussion comes from IKEA, the largest retail furniture firm in the world. Our results clearly show the importance of a strong and dynamic service culture for market and business success.


Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for potassium. The Panel decides to set DRVs on the basis of the relationships between potassium intake and blood pressure and stroke. The Panel considers that randomised controlled trials and an observational cohort study carried out in a European adult population provide evidence that a potassium intake of 3,500 mg (90 mmol)/day has beneficial effects on blood pressure in adults. Furthermore, there is consistent evidence from observational cohort studies that potassium intakes below 3,500 mg/day are associated with a higher risk of stroke. Available data cannot be used to determine the average requirement of potassium but can be used as a basis for deriving an adequate intake (AI). A potassium intake of 3,500 mg/day is considered adequate for the adult population and an AI of 3,500 mg/day for adult men and women is proposed. For infants and children, the AIs are extrapolated from the AI for adults by isometric scaling and including a growth factor. An AI of 750 mg (19 mmol)/day is set for infants aged 7–11 months. For children, AIs from 800 mg (20 mmol)/day (1–3 years old) to 3,500 mg/day (15–17 years old) are set. Considering that the daily accretion rate of potassium in fetal and maternal tissues can be met by the adaptive changes which maintain potassium homeostasis during pregnancy, the AI set for adults applies to pregnant women. For lactating women, the amount of potassium needed to compensate for the losses of potassium through breast milk is estimated and an AI of 4,000 mg (102 mmol)/day is proposed. © 2016 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.


A platinum nanocatalyst on Sb doped tin oxide support (Sb–SnO2) was synthesized and characterized as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1 mol dm−3 NaOH solution at 25 °C. Sb (5%) doped tin oxide support was synthesized by a modified hydrazine reduction procedure. The platinum nanocatalyst (20% Pt) on Sb–SnO2 support was synthesized by a borohydride reduction method. The synthesized support and catalyst were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to characterize the chemical status of elements before and after Pt-treatment. XPS spectra of Sn 3d, Pt 4f, Sb 3d and O 1s revealed that the Pt-deposition on Sb–SnO2 support induced the reduction of the Sn(4+) oxidation state to Sn(2+) and Sn(0) states, while Pt remained in the metallic state and Sb was in the (3+) oxidation state. Homogenous Pt nanoparticle distribution over the support, without pronounced particle agglomeration, was confirmed by HRTEM technique. The average Pt particle size was 2.9 nm. The electrochemically active Pt surface area of the catalyst was determined by the integration of the cyclic voltammetry curve in the potential region of underpotential deposition of hydrogen, after double layer charge correction, taking into account the reference value of 210 μC cm−2 for full monolayer coverage. This calculation gave the value of 51 m2 g−1. The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction with Pt/Sb–SnO2 catalyst was studied by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry using a rotating gold disc electrode. Two different Tafel slopes were observed: one close to 60 mV dec−1 in the low current density region, and another at ∼120 mV dec−1 in the higher current densities region, as was already referred in previous reports for the oxygen reduction reaction with polycrystalline Pt, as well as with different Pt based nanocatalysts. The specific activities for oxygen reduction, expressed in terms of kinetic current densities per electrochemically Pt active surface area, as well as per mass of Pt loaded, at the constant potential of practical interest (0.85 V and 0.90 V vs. RHE), were compared to a carbon supported (Vulcan XC-72) catalyst. The Pt/Sb–SnO2 catalyst exhibited similar catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction like carbon supported one. The advantages of the carbon free support application in terms of the durability and stability of the catalysts were proved by accelerated stability tests.


Many computer systems, such as those for open system environments or multimedia services, need an efficient schedulability test for on-line admission control of new jobs. Although various polynomial time schedulability tests have been proposed, they often fail to decide the schedulability of the system precisely when the system is heavily loaded. On the other hand, most precise schedulability tests proposed to date have a high complexity and may not be suitable for on-line tests. In this paper, we present new efficient on-line schedulability tests for both the periodic process model [8] and the multiframe process model [1] in uni-processor environments. The schedulability tests are shown to be more precise and efficient than any existing polynomial-time schedulability tests. Moreover, the tests can be done incrementally as each new task arrives at the system. Our proposed tests can also be used for the multiframe model where a task may have different computation times in different periods. We show the performance of the proposed schedulability tests in several simulation experiments.


An energy model focuses on the sustainability of environmental proposals that use clean biomass technology. In this case, briquette production seeks to generate socio-environmental development in agricultural areas contaminated by the burning of rice husks. However, this agricultural waste product has a large heating capacity and can be used as a raw material for briquette production, replacing conventional contaminant fuels such as firewood and reducing Peru's annual energy consumption by approximately 833,000 kg of CO2 per year, considering the minimization of emissions from the felling of trees and the burning of rice husks. These rice husks are burned and generate pollutant gases, causing respiratory and pulmonary problems. Despite these negative effects, it is an agricultural waste product with great untapped energy potential and constitutes an opportunity to promote socio-environmental development based on economic valorization. The level of deforestation would decrease by approximately 2070 trees per year, 23% of a market population which consumes 10 kg of firewood per day. Unlike similar projects, briquette production sustainability may be achieved when economic, environmental and social aspects are included in energy model development, based on the application of clean technology and efficient management of energy supplies, such as husk supplies and corresponding briquettes.


Leaching, which is described as the extraction of soluble constituents from a solid by means of a solvent, is an important separation technique in the refining of precious metals from their matte. It is, therefore, important to investigate the extraction behavior of metals from the matte, which is the focus of this study. This study reports the influence of concentration of the solvent (ammonia), leaching temperature, leaching time, and pH on the recovery of nickel and copper from the matte. The elemental composition analysis of the matte indicated that it contains 23% copper, 37% nickel and 1.1% ferrous compound. The analysis also showed that the major mineral phases present in the matte were heazlewoodite (Ni3S2), chalcocite (Cu2S), djurleite (Cu1.9S), and nickel alloy. The leaching parameters studied were concentration of ammonia (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 M), leaching time (0–270 min, at 15 min sampling interval), leaching temperatures (50°C, 60°C, and 70°C), and pH (9.3–11.2). The results obtained revealed that the recovery of nickel and copper from the matte was greatly influenced by the concentration of ammonia, leaching time, leaching temperature, and pH. It was established from this study that the highest dissolution of nickel and copper was obtained at 3 M and 2 M ammonia concentration, respectively. The results also revealed that a decrease in the pH of the solution resulted in a decrease in both nickel and copper recovery, with maximum leaching time of 270 min. It was observed that less than 50% of both nickel and copper was leachable due to the presence of metal alloys. The analyses of the results also showed that as the leaching temperature increased from 50°C to 60°C, the amount of nickel and copper that was recovered from the matte significantly increased. However, there was reduction in the amount of nickel and copper recovered from the matte as the temperature was increased from 60°C to 70°C, due to loss of ammonia by evaporation. The shrinking core model was used to explain the behavior of the recovery of these metals at different temperatures, and both metals were found to be favored by diffusion controlled reaction.


Information systems (IS) are used almost everywhere around us and we cannot even conceive of a world without computerised systems. IS support essential functions in most areas and levels of society. These include education, business, leisure, and medical and scientific areas. Moreover, IS add to the competitiveness of companies and support the continuous change that takes place in business and its environment. Literature frequently reports on Information systems that fail or are abandoned in many domains and in many countries. Often IS are seen by users as underperforming, failing to meet expectations and not delivering value to customers. In order to reduce IS failures numerous studies have been conducted resulting in solutions being offered to improve the situation. Post-project reviews are often used to learn from mistakes.
Social sciences regularly use narrative analysis methods to analyse stories to understand the experiences of people in settings such as psychology and education. This study borrows from the social sciences and proposes the use of narrative analysis in investigating IS failure research.
A case history was identified in which IS stakeholders were asked to share their experiences regarding the development and use of the IS. Three narrative analysis approaches were applied in this study to analyse the accounts of the stakeholders taking into account the perspectives of multiple user groups. This was done in order to study the thesis statement: narrative analysis methods can be useful to make sense of Information systems' failures. A multi-perspective framework for analysing IS stakeholders' accounts was constructed, during the study, which could be used by developers to gain insight from the users of previous systems in order to learn from mistakes for subsequent systems. It is shown in this qualitative study, where narrative approaches were followed to gather, analyse and interpret the rich, multi-voiced and incoherent stories of IS stakeholders, that each approach helps to make sense from the accounts of stakeholders in different ways and highlight important elements.
It is shown that narrative analysis methods that were used in this study can produce deeper insights into the experience of involved stakeholders. The insights obtained from applying narrative methods can be used for internal learning within organisations as well as externally within the discipline. It is shown in this study that all voices must be heard; the small stories of stakeholders should also be taken into account when listening to users. Reading between the lines reveals information that cannot be ignored if IS are to be developed to the satisfaction of all stakeholders. Indeed, systems become alive and take on a character of their own when the accounts are analysed on a deeper level and systems can therefore be designed in new ways that enable developers to address a wider set of constraints representing multiple groups of stakeholders.
The contribution of this work is on more than one level. Information systems development practice can be influenced and enriched by gaining deeper insights that address the concerns of the diverse groups of stakeholders. The research methodology field of IS has also been impacted upon by the successful importing of methods from another domain and has thereby also given back to the discipline it has borrowed from. Narrative practice and theory can make use of the new insights gained in a new area of application, namely IS failures. The conclusion of this study is that narrative approaches and storytelling can be useful and applicable when investigating IS failures and improves the understanding of IS development and users' concerns taking into account multiple perspectives of stakeholders.


Augustine's autobiographical Confessions (1909) contains one of the first accounts of a child learning to speak. This account, in turn, is central to Klaus Mollenhauer's Forgotten Connections: On Culture and Upbringing (1983/in press), a book internationally regarded as one of the most important German contributions to philosophy of education and curriculum theory in the 20th century. This book's interpretation of Augustine's description, as well as its divergence from an earlier interpretation by Wittgenstein in his Philosophical Investigations (1953) form the initial focus of this paper, which undertakes close readings of both approaches to Augustine. We argue that Wittgenstein's account, while quite similar to that of Mollenhauer, arrives at an impasse, particularly insofar as training (Abrichtung), education and upbringing is concerned. In his subsequent attempt to "rescue" Augustine from Wittgenstein's critique, Mollenhauer develops three highly original notions that are central to his own understanding of upbringing: presentation, representation and Bildsamkeit. Significantly, the divergence of Mollenhauer's and Wittgenstein's interpretations also throws into sharp relief Mollenhauer's particular, dialogical and pedagogical interpretation of "the call," as it is originally articulated in Augustine.


This evaluation examines the IDB's Country Program with Guatemala for the 2008-2011 period. The assessment shows very positive results in terms of the program's relevance, consistency, and positioning. Delays in loan authorization by Guatemala's legislative branch may have diminished IDB's effectiveness, as the assistance program missed potential inter-related synergies between the program's different components. Despite some delays in project authorization and execution, OVE was able to document positive results from the Mi Familia Progresa program and from projects approved under previous strategies, particularly in basic infrastructure. The global financial crisis starting in 2008 led to the disbursement of policy-based loans (PBLs) without conditionalities being met. As a consequence of these waivers, the effectiveness of these lending programs in supporting the country's development goals could have been affected. To strengthen IDB's effectiveness in Guatemala, OVE suggests to: (i) maintain the strategy design proposed in the pilot initiative implemented during 2008-2012; (ii) maintain the use of investment instruments; (iii) match the portfolio size to the country's current institutional capacity; (iv) increase the focus on helping the Government of Guatemala in overcoming the institutional weaknesses that limit the timely use of resources; and (v) minimize the use of waivers in relation to PBLs.


The Ontong Java Plateau, a large, deep-water carbonate plateau in the western equatorial Pacific, is an ideal location for studying responses of carbonate sedimentation to the effects of changing paleoceanographic conditions. These carbonate responses are often reflected in the physical properties of the sediment, which in turn control the appearance of seismic reflection profiles. Seismic stratigraphy analyses, correlating eight reflector horizons to each drill site, have been conducted in an attempt to map stratigraphic data. Accurate correlation of seismic stratigraphic data to drilling results requires conversion of traveltime to depth in meters. Synthetic seismogram models, using shipboard physical properties data, have been generated in an attempt to provide this correlation. Physical properties, including laboratory-measured and well-log data, were collected from sites drilled during Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 30 and 89, and Ocean Drilling Program Leg 130, on the top and flank of the Ontong Java Plateau. Laboratory-measured density is corrected to in-situ conditions by accounting for porosity rebound resulting from removal of the sediment from its overburden. The correction of laboratory-measured compressional velocity to in situ appears to be largely a function of increases in elastic moduli (especially shear rigidity) with depth of burial, more than a function of changes in temperature, pressure, or density (porosity rebound). Well-log velocity and density data for the ooze intervals were found to be greatly affected by drilling disturbance; hence, they were disregarded and replaced by lab data for these intervals. Velocity and density data were used to produce synthetic seismograms. Correlation of seismic reflection data with synthetic data, and hence with depth below seafloor, at each drill site shows that a single velocity-depth function exists for sediments on the top and flank of the Ontong Java Plateau. A polynomial fit of this function provides an equation for domain conversion: Depth (mbsf) = 44.49 + 0.800(traveltime[ms]) + 3.308 × 10" (traveltime[ms]) Traveltime (ms) = -35.18 + 1.118(depth[mbsf]) 1.969 × KT* (depth[mbsf]) Seismic reflection profiles down the flank of the plateau undergo three significant changes: (1) a drastic thinning of the sediment column with depth, (2) changes in the echo-character of the profile (development of seismic facies), and (3) loss of continuous, coherent reflections. Sediments on the plateau top were largely deposited by pelagic processes, with little significant postdepositional or syndepositional modification. Sediments on the flank of the plateau are also pelagic, but they have been modified by faulting, erosion, and mass movement. These processes result in disrupted and incoherent reflectors, development of seismic facies, and redistribution of sediment on the flank of the plateau. Seismic stratigraphic analyses have shown that the sediment section decreases in thickness by as much as 65% between water depths of 2000 m water depth (at the top of the plateau) and 4000 m (near the base of the plateau). Thinning is attributed to increasing carbonate dissolution with depth. If this assumption is correct, then changes in the relative thicknesses of seismostratigraphic units at each drill site are indicative of changes in the position of the lysocline and the dissolution gradient between the lysocline and the carbonate compensation depth. We think that a shallow lysocline in the early Miocene caused sediment thinning. A deepening of the lysocline in the late-early Miocene caused relative thickening at each site. Within the middle Miocene, a sharp rise in lysoclinal depth occurs, concurrent with a steepening of the dissolution gradient. These events result in sediment thinning at all four sites. The thicker sections in the late Miocene likely correspond to a deepening of the lysocline, and a subsequent rise in the lysocline again hinders accumulation of sediment in the very late Miocene and Pliocene.


Relationships to obtain information concerning some statistical properties of surface slope from statistical properties of the image intensity in remotely sensed images, considering a variable detector line-of-sight angle, are shown. The brightness distribution in sunlight reflected from the ruffled sea surface is related to the joint probability distribution of the two components of surface slope. A 1-D section through the brightness distribution provides values of the joint distribution along a line through the joint distribution. Considering the assumption that all the ocean waves are moving along a single direction and that the observer and the sun are both in the vertical plane containing this direction, a new expression between the variance of the intensity in the image and the variance of the surface slopes is derived considering a non-Gaussian statistics where the skewness and kurtosis moments are taken into account. The relation between correlation functions of the intensities in the image and surface slopes is numerically analyzed; in the non-Gaussian statistics, the skewness moment was considered only. The 1-D case is considered, and the results are graphically presented.


Bromeliaceae is a morphologically distinctive and ecologically diverse family originating in the New World. Three centers of diversity, 58 genera, and about 3,140 bromeliad species are currently recognized. We compiled all of the studies related to the reproductive biology, genetic diversity, and population structure of the Bromeliaceae, and discuss the evolution and conservation of this family. Bromeliads are preferentially pollinated by vertebrates and show marked variation in breeding systems, from predominant inbreeding to predominant outcrossing, as well as constancy in chromosome number (2n = 2x = 50). Autogamous or mixed mating system bromeliads have a high inbreeding coefficient (FIS), while outcrossing species show low FIS. The degree of differentiation among populations (FST)of species ranges from 0.043 to 0.961, which can be influenced by pollen and seed dispersal effects, clonal growth, gene flow rates, and connectivity among populations. The evolutionary history of the Bromeliaceae is poorly known, although some studies have indicated that the family arose in the Guayana Shield roughly 100 Mya. We believe that genetic, cytogenetic, and reproductive data will be essential for diagnosing species status and for assisting conservation programs.


Since the first pilot test of CO2 waterless fracturing in 2014, a complete system, including equipment, operation and liquid, has been formed. Twenty-three field tests proved the functions of CO2 waterless fracturing on reservoir energy storage, artificial fracture network and mixed-phase production increase. The effects lead to great water saving and CO2 storage. A unit volume of CO2 has the equivalent effect with 2.4 unit volumes of water-based fracturing liquid on oil production. The final storage rate of CO2 is 76.46%, 30% higher than that of CO2-EOR technology.


In 2009, Bitcoin created a world-first decentralised alternative currency that has spawned over 1,700 imitations by private parties. In 2018, governments finally joined the race, as Venezuela issued a world-first sovereign digital currency. Major economies like Canada, China, Singapore and the UK are all developing their own versions. These new versions differ significantly from Bitcoin and among themselves, creating the potential to flood the global financial system with a myriad of new digital currencies. Existing taxonomies of currency struggle with the speed of change (frequently due to inadequate understanding of the underlying technology) and, as a result, remain incomplete and filled with confusing and conflicting vocabulary (with terms like 'virtual currencies', 'digital currencies', 'cryptocurrencies' frequently being used to refer to the same thing). This article resolves this problem. First, it analyses existing forms of currency based on their functional characteristics and provides a comprehensive taxonomy. Second, it integrates the likely forms of upcoming sovereign digital currencies into this taxonomy and outlines the corresponding challenges. At the moment, no major economy seems keen to issue a sovereign digital currency, but if one does, others will, for good reasons, respond in kind and the ground will be laid for a sovereign digital currency battle royale.


We report a method to train individuals with central field loss due to macular degeneration to improve the efficiency of visual search. Our method requires participants to make a same/different judgment on two simple silhouettes. One silhouette is presented in an area that falls within the binocular scotoma while they are fixating the center of the screen with their preferred retinal locus (PRL); the other silhouette is presented diametrically opposite within the intact visual field. Over the course of 480 trials (approximately 6 hr), we gradually reduced the amount of time that participants have to make a saccade and judge the similarity of stimuli. This requires that they direct their PRL first toward the stimulus that is initially hidden behind the scotoma. Results from nine participants show that all participants could complete the task faster with training without sacrificing accuracy on the same/different judgment task. Although a majority of participants were able to direct their PRL toward the initially hidden stimulus, the ability to do so varied between participants. Specifically, six of nine participants made faster saccades with training. A smaller set (four of nine) made accurate saccades inside or close to the target area and retained this strategy 2 to 3 months after training. Subjective reports suggest that training increased awareness of the scotoma location for some individuals. However, training did not transfer to a different visual search task. Nevertheless, our study suggests that increasing scotoma awareness and training participants to look toward their scotoma may help them acquire missing information.


INTRODUCTION Globalization and economic openness have contributed to increased international engagement of countries in negotiations in the 21st century. According to Taiwan's Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), that country's major national trading partners include the United States and Iran. In 2008, Taiwan traded with the U.S. $61.8 billion worth of goods and services (representing about 11.6 percent, ranking the U.S. as Taiwan's third largest trading partner) with the United States; and Taiwan's trade with Iran total U.S. $6 billion (representing about 1 percent, and ranking Iran as the 20th largest trading partner. The relationship between Iran and the United States has been tense since the 1980s (Sadjadpour, 2008; ustreas.gov, 2009). Following breaking the diplomatic relationship with Iran in 1980 the U.S. government imposed a trade embargo on Iran in 1987 (Sadjadpour, 2008; treas.gov, 2009; News Journal, 2009). This trade embargo has been continued for the subsequent years and the political relationship has not been normal (Sadjadpour, 2008). However, U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq and its military and security problems in those countries, neighboring to Iran laid the ground for low level talks between the two countries since 2001 (News Journal, 2009; The Independent, 2009). More recently, President Obama has acknowledged U.S. willingness for having dialogue with Iran (The Independent, 2009). As Sadjadpour (2008) states it, "The relevant question is not whether to talk to Iran but how." Understanding the significant role of Islamic culture (Haynes, 2007) on negotiation styles could ease the obstacles in talking to the Iranians. Gulbro and Herbig (1994) indicated that different cultures can generate distinct negotiation styles. This paper examines negotiation styles of people from three distinct cultures, those of Iran, Taiwan and the United States--in terms of the impact on these cultures by the dominant religious traditions in each--Islam, Buddhism and Christianity respectively. Knowledge about the impact of culture and religion on negotiation styles is an advantage for anyone involved in negotiations (Chang, 2003). Cultural negotiation literature is limited, particularly with respect to religious factors in general and to the effect of these factors on Iranian, Taiwanese and U.S. negotiation styles. The research aims to investigate the role of religious culture as a factor in shaping negotiation style of people with different religious beliefs. The negotiation styles of Muslim Iranians, Buddhist Taiwanese and Christian Americans will be examined and compared. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Culture is commonly defined as "a set of shared values and beliefs that characterize national, ethnic, moral and other group behavior "(Faure and Sjostedt, 1993; Craig and Douglas, 2006; Adapa, 2008). Culture also refers to individual cultures revealed through the food, songs, and stories that are exchanged with people outside of that region (Parra, 2001). One further definition of culture is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that a group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore to be taught to new members as the appropriate ways to perceive, think, and feel with relation to those problems (Schein, 1997). Simintiras and Thomas (1998) defined culture as "accepted values and norms that influence the way in which people think, feel, and behave." Barbash and Taylor (1997) indicated that culture includes religion, gender, language, class, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Since sub-cultures, cultures and super-cultures merge and evolve, while being less bounded than before; the idea of culture is more porous and varied than before (Barbash and Taylor, 1997). Lee and Trim (2008) indicated that a shared organizational culture can help with the management of an international partnership arrangement, and senior managers will need to possess knowledge of the national cultural value traits of the people concerned. …


Abstract High-energy-neutron-scattering experiments for elemental zirconium were performed at the electron linear accelerator facility at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The scattering experiments were performed in the energy region from 0.5 to 20 MeV using the time-of-flight technique. The scattering system is composed of an array of eight EJ301 liquid scintillator detectors coupled to photomultiplier tubes. The detector array collects data simultaneously at various angles. The raw signals from each detector were digitized and transferred to a personal computer hard drive for storage. The digitized data were postprocessed, and pulse-shape analysis was performed to determine whether the pulse was the result of a gamma ray or a neutron being detected. The experimental results were compared with Monte Carlo transport calculations that simulated the experiment. This comparison was a way to benchmark several nuclear data libraries used in the Monte Carlo code. Ratios of the calculated data to the experimental data (C/E values) are presented and used to compare the nuclear data libraries. Results show that the experimentally observed scattering cross section is smaller than the one used in the evaluated libraries at energies between 10 and 20 MeV. For all energies and angles, the investigated nuclear data libraries agree with the experimental data to within 9%. Overall, the JEFF-3.1 and JENDL-4.0 libraries provide the best match to the experimental data.


The pit is the necessary bioreactor for brewing process of Chinese strong-flavor liquor. Pit mud in pits contains a large number of microorganisms and is a complex ecosystem. The analysis of bacterial flora in pit mud is of great significance to understand liquor fermentation mechanisms. To overcome taxonomic limitations of short reads in 16S rRNA variable region sequencing, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing of near full-length 16S rRNA gene to analyze microbial compositions of different types of pit mud that produce different qualities of strong-flavor liquor. The results showed that the main species in pit mud were Pseudomonas extremaustralis 14-3, Pseudomonas veronii, Serratia marcescens WW4, and Clostridium leptum in Ruminiclostridium. The microbial diversity of pit mud with different quality was significantly different. From poor to good quality of pit mud (thus the quality of liquor), the relative abundances of Ruminiclostridium and Syntrophomonas in Firmicutes was increased, and the relative abundance of Olsenella in Actinobacteria also increased, but the relative abundances of Pseudomonas and Serratia in Proteobacteria were decreased. The surprising findings of this study include that the diversity of intermediate level quality of N pit mud was the lowest, and the diversity levels of high quality pit mud G and poor quality pit mud B were similar. Correlation analysis showed that there were high positive correlations (r > 0.8) among different microbial groups in the flora. Based on the analysis of the microbial structures of pit mud in different quality, the good quality pit mud has a higher microbial diversity, but how this higher diversity and differential microbial compositions contribute to better quality of liquor fermentation remains obscure.


OBJECTIVE: To examine frail risk (repeated hospital admissions) and the profile of drug use among elderly attending the Integrated Health Service of the University of Southern Santa Catarina State, in the city of Tubarao. METHODS: When the information was collected by the community service agents in 2009, there were 772 elderly registered, and 135 were included in the research sample. The geographical distribution of residences for the elderly was taken into account for the selection of the participants in the survey. Data was collected in household interviews. Descriptive statistics was used to present the results. The Pearson chi-square test (p <0.05) was used to test associated factors. RESULTS: In total, 135 elderly were interviewed, 65.9% of whom had up to three concomitant health problems and 21.5% received multiple medications. Cardiovascular system and nervous system medications were the most commonly used. Of the respondents, 14.3% had used antibiotics in the last month and 17.0% were using medications considered potentially inappropriate. Self-medication was reported by 29.2% of the elderly and 64.4% reported use of medicinal plants. With regard to frailty risk, 88.1% were classified as low. The following were risk factors associated with frailty: polymedication (p <0.001), having more than three concomitant health problems (p <0.001), and having used antibiotics in the last month (p= 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The elderly who live at their own home are at low risk for frailty. Frailty risk is associated with the presence of multiple health problems, polymedication and recent use of antibiotics.


The Quarles Public Safety Exception ("PSE") exempts testimony from Miranda's exclusionary rule and admits un-Mirandized statements made in response to questions intended to secure public safety. Recently, legislators, advocates, and academics have questioned the PSE's ability to accommodate the unique challenges of terrorist interrogations, calling for legislative modification to or the elimination of suspected terrorists' constitutional right to Miranda warnings. Before concluding that such drastic measures are necessary, this Note advocates for a logical, grounded assessment of the judiciary's actual application of the PSE, learning as much as possible from the past case law to gauge exactly how courts utilize the PSE. This analysis examines whether or not the PSE is, in fact, capable of handling the unique challenges of terrorist interrogations. This Note conducts an empirical study of the PSE, systematically categorizing every state and federal court opinion that definitively asserts the appropriate application of the PSE, filtering the opinions through different metrics and variables relevant to terrorist interrogations. Ultimately, this Note concludes that the PSE is a fact-sensitive, capacious device equipped to properly handle the unique nature of terrorist interrogations, due largely to its malleability in the hands of the courts. Part I tracks the doctrinal evolution of confessions law leading up to the PSE. Part II presents the results of an empirical examination of the entire universe of Quarles case law. Part III pinpoints individual opinions that showcase features of the PSE particularly relevant to the debate. The data and analysis show, in conclusion, that Miranda warnings coupled with the PSE empower law enforcement to adequately interrogate suspected terrorists.


Toleration of faults in the interconnection networks is of vital importance in to days huge computer installations. Still, the existing solutions are short of being satisfactory. They require that the system defaults into a routing algorithm that is inferior to the original, either in terms of performance, or in terms of the need for virtual channels, or both. Furthermore, since support for dynamic reconfiguration is not supported in current hardware, existing methods require the system to be halted while reconfiguration takes place in order to avoid deadlocks. In this paper we present a method that efficiently generates a new routing function in the presence of faults. The new routing function only reroutes the traffic that is affected by the fault, so that the performance of the original routing function is preserved to the extent possible. No specific functionality in the switches is required, we only require exactly the same number of virtual channels in the presence of faults as the original routing algorithm did. Finally, the new routing function is compatible with the old one, so that deadlock free dynamic transition between the old and the new routing function is immediately available. This means that our solution can easily be implemented on current InfiniBand platforms, e.g. through the OFED software stack. We demonstrate that the method is workable for meshes, tori and fat-trees, and that it is able to guarantee one-fault tolerance for all of these topologies.


Capturing and characterizing collective human activities in a geographic space have become much easier than ever before in the big era. In the past few decades it has been difficult to acquire the spatiotemporal information of human beings. Thanks to the boom in the use of mobile devices integrated with positioning systems and location-based social media data, we can easily acquire the spatial and temporal information of social media users. Previous studies have successfully used street nodes and geo-tagged social media such as Twitter to predict users' activities. However, whether human activities can be well represented by social media data remains uncertain. On the other hand, buildings or architectures are permanent and reliable representations of human activities collectively through historical footprints. This study aims to use the big data of US building footprints to investigate the reliability of social media users for human activity prediction. We created spatial clusters from 125 million buildings and 1.48 million Twitter points in the US. We further examined and compared the spatial and statistical distribution of clusters at both country and city levels. The result of this study shows that both building and Twitter data spatial clusters show the scaling pattern measured by the scale of spatial clusters, respectively, characterized by the number points inside clusters and the area of clusters. More specifically, at the country level, the statistical distribution of the building spatial clusters fits power law distribution. Inside the four largest cities, the hotspots are power-law-distributed with the power law exponent around 2.0, meaning that they also follow the Zipf's law. The correlations between the number of buildings and the number of tweets are very plausible, with the r square ranging from 0.53 to 0.74. The high correlation and the similarity of two datasets in terms of spatial and statistical distribution suggest that, although social media users are only a proportion of the entire population, the spatial clusters from geographical big data is a good and accurate representation of overall human activities. This study also indicates that using an improved method for spatial clustering is more suitable for big data analysis than the conventional clustering methods based on Euclidean geometry.


In this paper we present a study comparing speech and dialed input voice user interfaces for farmers in Gujarat, India. We ran a controlled, between-subjects experiment with 45 participants. We found that the task completion rates were significantly higher with dialed input, particularly for subjects under age 30 and those with less than an eighth grade education. Additionally, participants using dialed input demonstrated a significantly greater performance improvement from the first to final task, and reported less difficulty providing input to the system.


Joe Celko's Complete Guide to NoSQL provides a complete overview of non-relational technologies so that you can become more nimble to meet the needs of your organization. As data continues to explode and grow more complex, SQL is becoming less useful for querying data and extracting meaning. In this new world of bigger and faster data, you will need to leverage non-relational technologies to get the most out of the information you have. Learn where, when, and why the benefits of NoSQL outweigh those of SQL with Joe Celko's Complete Guide to NoSQL. This book covers three areas that make today's new data different from the data of the past: velocity, volume and variety. When information is changing faster than you can collect and query it, it simply cannot be treated the same as static data. Celko will help you understand velocity, to equip you with the tools to drink from a fire hose. Old storage and access models do not work for big data. Celko will help you understand volume, as well as different ways to store and access data such as petabytes and exabytes. Not all data can fit into a relational model, including genetic data, semantic data, and data generated by social networks. Celko will help you understand variety, as well as the alternative storage, query, and management frameworks needed by certain kinds of data.Gain a complete understanding of the situations in which SQL has more drawbacks than benefits so that you can better determine when to utilize NoSQL technologies for maximum benefit Recognize the pros and cons of columnar, streaming, and graph databases Make the transition to NoSQL with the expert guidance of best-selling SQL expert Joe Celko


Among a number of Samoan plants placed for elucidation
at my disposal by the Rev. S. T. Whitmee,
occurs a whortleberry-bush the
first member of the order of Vacciniere, as yet known
from that group. The Royal Society of Tasmania has
favoured me on former occasions by promulgating notes on
plants not always Tasmanian, and, perhaps, this privilege
will be continued at this and future opportunities to render
known remarkable undescribed plants through the pages of
its publications, while this advantage will be all the more
appreciated, inasmuch as the praiseworthy regularity and
punctuality with which the Tasmanian Society issues its
papers, affords the most favourable vehicle in Australia for
the early record of new observations.


Recently published astacological studies substantially improved available data on distribution of crayfish in various European regions. At the same time, spread of invasive species has been recorded, additional non-indigenous species became established in various countries, and losses of populations of native species due to crayfish plague and other negative factors were observed. We overview recent advances in this knowledge, and provide updated colour maps of the distribution of all crayfish species present in Europe. These maps are originally based on the data from the Atlas of Crayfish in Europe published in 2006 as a result of the CRAYNET project, and were further updated from more recently published reports, grey literature, and especially thanks to contributions and feedback of over 70 specialists from 32 countries. Separate maps are available for all indigenous crayfish species in Europe as well as for three most widespread non-indigenous crayfish species. Additionally, two maps give locations of known findings of crayfish species introduced to Europe after 1980. These newly established alien species have so far restricted distributions; however, the frequency of recent reports suggests that findings of such species resulting from releases of aquarium pets will further increase.


The work presented in this thesis aimed to get more insight into the previously reported
positive effects of mirror visual feedback in children with spastic hemiparetic cerebral
palsy (SHCP) and into visuo-proprioceptive interactions in children and adolescents with
SHCP during goal-directed matching tasks. Individuals with SHCP have unilateral motor
impairments that hamper them in accurate movement performance. In conjunction with the
motor problems, these individuals experience sensory problems. The first study in this
thesis (chapter two) found that mirror visual feedback of the impaired arm in SHCP led to
significantly higher levels of neuromuscular activity than mirror visual feedback of the
less-impaired arm. This indicates that the mirror-effect was not just caused by the illusory
perception of symmetry between two limbs, and confirmed that the beneficial effect is
dependent on mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm. In chapter three and four it
was demonstrated that the ability of children with SCHP to match one (matching) hand
with the position of the other (reference) hand, without visual information, is deteriorated
when compared to typically developing children. However, if visual information of the
static reference arm was available to the participants, the matching accuracy of the
matching hand was significantly higher. Mirror visual feedback of the reference arm,
generated by placing a mirror in between the arms in the sagittal plane, created the illusion
that both hands were already at the endpoint. However, this did not impact upon the
matching accuracy of the matching arm and resulted in similar error scores as regular
feedback of the reference arm. Chapter five showed that moving the less-impaired arm in
synchrony with the impaired arm resulted in higher matching accuracy than moving the
impaired arm alone. Moreover, mirror visual feedback of the less-impaired arm improved
matching accuracy for a subset of the participants. The effects of a short practice of a
bimanual matching task with (mirror) visual feedback of the less-impaired arm on
matching accuracy of the impaired arm was studied in chapter six. The results showed a
higher matching accuracy of the impaired arm after the practice period. However, the role
of the mirror is still inconclusive in this respect. From this it can be concluded that for
individuals with SHCP practice of a matching movement can induce a transfer from visual
to proprioceptive control of movement. Taken together, the work in this thesis showed that
the deficit in position sense of the impaired arm in individuals with SHCP can be modified
by visual feedback of the less-impaired arm. Although the role of mirror visual feedback is
still inconclusive, it seems that motor learning can induce a transfer from visual to
proprioceptive control of movement, which can have implications for therapy.


Effluents from different indoor recirculatory marine grow out systems at the Fisheries Harbour Laboratory of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, were tried as media for culture of Nannochloropsis salina. The experiment was laid out with seven treatments and three replications to arrive at the best medium for growth of Nannochloropsis salina indoors. The treatments tried were commercial grade farm chemicals (0.1g ammonium sulphate + 0.01g super phosphate + 0.01g urea in 1 litre), Walne's medium as well as culture effluents of rotifer (Brachionusplicatilis), clam (Meretrix casta), grouper (Epinephelus tauvina), crab (Scylla tranquebarica) and sea water (control). Nannochloropsis salina inoculum to medium ratio was 1:2. Comparison of the growth among different treatments showed that all media were definitely more productive than seawater. Grouper culture effluent produced highest concentration of Nannochloropsis salina (115 million ml-') followed by Walne's medium (95 million ml-'). The third in performance was rotifer culture effluent which was on par with farm chemicals followed by crab culture effluent which in turn was followed by clam culture effluent. Stationary and declining phase continued till 50th day on which the experiment was terminated. Initial nutrient analyses of media and after 50 days of culture indicated whereever effluents possessed high initial content of NH3-N, more than 95% of it was used up by Nannochloropsis sauna. Grouper culture effluent had lower initial content of NH1-N, out of which 52% was used up by Nannochloropsis salina. In the case of NO3, more than 95% was used by Nannochloropsis salina in all the media tried. Except for Walne's medium, farm chemicals and seawater, more than 90% of NO2 was used by Nannochloropsis salina. Irrespective of the medium used, phosphate utilization was more than 60% in all the cases.


Sango Bay Estate extends over more than 200 sq. miles of the south-east of Buddu County in Masaka District. It is a sparsely populated area of grass savanna and swamp grassland near Lake Victoria. The estate is an old-established one, having had unsuccessful plantations of sisal and palms in the last 60 years, but until 1956 the main use made of the estate was the exploitation of timber resources. There is still saw-milling, but this is no longer the main activity. In 1956 the lease of the estate changed hands, and, in an attempt to increase the return from the land, experimental plots, each of 200 acres had been planted with coffee and sugar-cane by 1960. The coffee failed completely, but the sugar was sufficiently successful to warrant the planting of a further 700 acres in 1962. The acreage was further increased using cuttings from the original cane, and in August, 1965, when there were 4,700 acres altogether, the first cane was crushed. Early prospects of success had encouraged the establishment of a sugar processing factory on the Estate.


This paper reports on a behavioral study that explores the role of culture and gender in the recognition of emotional speech in an under investigated cultural context (a collectivist society: i.e., Iran). Participants were asked to recognize the emotional prosody of a set of validated emotional vocal portrayals (including the five basic emotions). Findings of the experiment were then compared with the results of a similar study performed on members of an individualist culture. Taken together, our results established that both, gender as a biologically rooted social mechanism and cultural factors modulate the recognition of emotional speech. More specifically, our findings supported the view that with regard to vocal emotions, females are more sensitive compared to males. Additionally, it was revealed that members of a collectivist culture show higher sensitivity to vocal emotional cues compared to their individualist counterparts. These findings imply that cultures that center on group harmony (i.e., collectivist cultures), may thus promote higher default levels of emotional sensitivity.


This paper focuses on the causes of increased wage inequality in OECD countries in recent years and its decomposition into the component factors of trade surges in low wage products and technological change that has preoccupied the trade and wages literature. It .argues that the length of production run and degree of fixity of factors is crucial in such analyses. In particular, if the observed wage inequality response to price and technology shocks reflects a short-run response in which factors and output have not adjusted fully across industries, then decomposition analysis of the causes of the observed increases in inequality is substantially altered relative to a long-run factors mobile world. This conclusion applies both when one type of labour has mobility costs and in the Ricardo-Viner case where there is an additional, sectorally immobile factor. Furthermore, only small departures from the fully mobile model can greatly change decompositions. This finding is important because most data used in earlier work are interpreted as reflective of a long-run full mobility response, when this may not be the case. Incorrect conclusions as to how trade surges and technology contribute to wage inequality can be easily drawn, if the data are in fact generated by a short-run adjustment process.


Primary production in the Ross Sea, one of the most productive areas in the Southern Ocean, has previously been shown to be seasonally limited by iron. In two of three bottle incubation experiments conducted in the austral summer, significantly higher chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations were measured upon the addition of iron and B12, relative to iron additions alone. Initial bacterial abundances were significantly lower in the two experiments that showed phytoplankton stimulation upon addition of B12 and iron relative to the experiment that did not show this stimulation. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the bacteria and archaea in the upper water column are an important source of B12 to marine phytoplankton. The addition of iron alone increased the growth of Phaeocystis antarctica relative to diatoms, whereas in an experiment where iron and B12 stimulated total phytoplankton growth, the diatom Pseudonitzschia subcurvata went from comprising approximately 70% of the phytoplankton community to over 90%. Cobalt additions, with and without iron, did not alter Chl a biomass relative to controls and iron additions alone in the Ross Sea. Iron and vitamin B12 plus iron treatments caused reductions in the DMSP (dimethyl sulfoniopropionate) : Chl a ratio relative to the control and B12 treatments, consistent with the notion of an antioxidant function for DMSP. These results demonstrate the importance of a vitamin to phytoplankton growth and community composition in the marine environment.


Suffering and charity have a long history. Both human sorrows and attempted remedies were familiar features of life in earlier eras and religious traditions, however, during the final decades of the twentieth century, natural disasters and civilian casualties of war transformed into "humanitarian crises." In these recurring dramas presented by international media, an extensive network of interstate entities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) supplies assistance to victims. The contemporary aid world is a mosaic of aid sectors, each skewed slightly toward a particular aspect of need and action. The development sector focuses on alleviating poverty, while the human rights sector aims to rectify identifiable wrongs. Humanitarianism directly addresses physical and psychological suffering. The contributors to Forces of Compassion examine this sector through the lens of anthropology, looking at dominant practices, tensions, and beliefs.


**With a foreword by Sebastian Coe ** At the 1908 Summer Olympics, one of the contenders in the marathon was the diminutive Italian Dorando Pietri. After leading the pack at a grueling pace, Pietri staggered into the stadium, turned the wrong direction, and fell five times, after which two officials took him by the arms and brought him across the finish line. The American team lodged a complaint, and as a consequence, Pietri was disqualified and his first place medal went to the American Johnny Hayes. But the glory went to Pietri, who eventually became an international celebrity and received a silvered cup from Queen Alexandria for his efforts. After the race, Hayes and a Scottish sprinter, Wyndham Halswelle, were dragged into a dispute surrounding the race's official outcome, and a fierce war over sporting superiority between the United States and the British Empire resulted. The battle rapidly spilled over into politics and ethics, with allegations of cheating, drug-taking, and unprofessionalism levied by both nations. Bestselling author John Bryant delves into the lives of these three extraordinary men in a tale that stretches from rural Italy to Ellis Island, Broadway and beyond and explores the foundations of the modern sporting and marathon movements.


Demand for smartwatches has taken off in recent years with new models which can run independently from smartphones and provide more useful features, becoming first-class mobile platforms. One can access online banking or even make payments on a smartwatch without a paired phone. This makes smartwatches more attractive and vulnerable to malicious attacks, which to date have been largely overlooked. In this paper, we demonstrate Snoopy, a password extraction and inference system which is able to accurately infer passwords entered on Android/Apple watches within 20 attempts, just by eavesdropping on motion sensors. Snoopy uses a uniform framework to extract the segments of motion data when passwords are entered, and uses novel deep neural networks to infer the actual passwords. We evaluate the proposed Snoopy system in the real-world with data from 362 participants and show that our system offers a ~ 3-fold improvement in the accuracy of inferring passwords compared to the state-of-the-art, without consuming excessive energy or computational resources. We also show that Snoopy is very resilient to user and device heterogeneity: it can be trained on crowd-sourced motion data (e.g. via Amazon Mechanical Turk), and then used to attack passwords from a new user, even if they are wearing a different model. This paper shows that, in the wrong hands, Snoopy can potentially cause serious leaks of sensitive information. By raising awareness, we invite the community and manufacturers to revisit the risks of continuous motion sensing on smart wearable devices.


Abstract In areas of shallow crystalline bedrock lineaments have been commonly targeted for the siting of water boreholes, although the nature of these extensive geological features is not fully understood. The study employing borehole geophysical techniques attempted to examine the hydro-geological conditions around a typical lineament and to help explain the reasons for dry boreholes drilled close to these features. Both vertical and inclined drilling were undertaken in the vicinity of the lineament and the rock characteristics were investigated by both borehole geophysics and core inspection. The study showed a distinct rock quality variation across the lineament which marked the contact between a more massive, friable granite and a weathered granite. Crosshole seismic tomography suggested, in this case, that the lineament represented a displacement fracture with a downthrow of around seven metres. This displacement could account for the considerable disparity in water levels observed across a relatively short distance and confirmed that fracturing controlled the yield of the boreholes.


THERE IS A TROUBLESOME and dangerous malady threatening the operation and vitality of some of our social institutions today. Call it "Creeping Corporatism." It's the idea that somehow the work of our various institutions can be done more effectively if the skills controlled by a professional managerial class are brought to bear upon the work process through a more tightly regimented corporate structure. The process moves from the statement of desired outcomes to the redesigning of production methods to the marketing and consumption of the finished "product." We can see it all over the lot: our elections, professional sports, higher education, health care. Most of us who vote are at least mildly distressed at the way the candidates for public office are "packaged" and presented to us through professionally managed media campaigns. The social scientific methods of data-gathering and survey-taking produce an endless stream of polling results that tell us precisely ([+ or -] 3 points) what we are already thinking and expecting and wanting for the future--and thereby relieve the candidates themselves of any obligation to tell us what they are really thinking. "First, get elected" is the first rule of the political jungle; "hire professional help" the second. Those of us in higher education are struggling to think about what we do in the classroom in a way amenable to the social-scientific methods of "learning outcomes" and assessment rubrics that are being urged upon us by the ever-more assertive accrediting agencies. But it is hard to describe the marvelous and mysterious growth of a young mind, over the course of a semester no less than over the full four years of college experience, in rigorous and mathematically quantifiable terms; hard to think of students as consumers; to regard liberal education as a product or commodity to be marketed like any other, or to think of Deans in their traditional capacity as faculty advocates as "vice-presidents." Free agency in baseball is defended on the hardnosed, real-world terms of economic analysis, but it is hard to cheer for the mercenary shortstop who hires on in late July to help with the pennant run, who makes more money at one turn at bat than most people earn in a year of honest toil, and who will be gone in October only to reappear next year in the uniform of a hated rival. The vague and for the most part inarticulate sense of distress in all of these contexts is symptomatic of an underlying malady that we had better make some effort to understand. Without having to deny the salubrious potential of economic theory and the principles of business management, we may well pause to consider the ancillary harm and the unintended consequences of an over-zealous application of social-scientific methodology to domains in which they are insufficiently attuned to the values which inform our institutions. A test ease, and the subject of the present essay, is the condition of our ethical values in health care at a time when our medical institutions are more and more given over to the ministrations of a professional management regime. What price do we pay, in non-monetary terms, for the greater efficiency of health care delivery? What values may be lost? How do we negotiate the line between managerial efficacy and values-sensitivity? The focus here shall be on the hospital ethics committee and its prospects under the rapidly developing circumstances in the field of health care, but the results could be generalized in any number of different directions. Most hospitals today have an ethics committee. Although the formal accreditation review process for hospitals, conducted under the auspices of the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), does not specifically require the existence or regular meeting of such a committee, an active and well-situated ethics committee goes a long way toward demonstrating compliance with JCAHO regulations, and hence toward securing the many indispensable benefits which flow from accreditation. …


OBJECTIVE: Despite advances in diffuse peritonitis treatment protocols, some cases develop unfavorably. With the advent of vacuum therapy, the use of laparostomy to treat peritonitis has gained traction. Another treatment modality is continuous peritoneal lavage. However, maintaining this technique is difficult and has been associated with controversial results. We propose a new model of continuous peritoneal lavage that takes advantage of the features and benefits of vacuum laparostomy. METHOD: Pigs (Landrace and Large White) under general anesthesia were submitted to laparostomy through which a multiperforated tube was placed along each flank and exteriorized in the left and lower right quadrants. A vacuum dressing was applied, and intermittent negative pressure was maintained. Peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) was then infused through the tubes for 36 hours. The stability of peritoneostomy with intermittent infusion of fluids, the system resistance to obstruction and leakage, water balance, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Fluid disposition in the abdominal cavity was analyzed through CT. RESULTS: Even when negative pressure was not applied, the dressing maintained the integrity of the system, and there were no leaks or blockage of the catheters during the procedure. The aspirated volume by vacuum laparostomy was similar to the infused volume (9073.5±1496.35 mL versus 10165±235.73 mL, p=0.25), and there were no major changes in hemodynamic or biochemical analysis. According to CT images, 60 ml/kg PDS was sufficient to occupy all intra-abdominal spaces. CONCLUSION: Continuous peritoneal lavage with negative pressure proved to be technically possible and may be an option in the treatment of diffuse peritonitis.


Sampling is a popular way of scaling up machine learning algorithms to large datasets. The question often is how many samples are needed. Adaptive stopping algorithms monitor the performance in an online fashion and they can stop early, saving valuable resources. We consider problems where probabilistic guarantees are desired and demonstrate how recently-introduced empirical Bernstein bounds can be used to design stopping rules that are efficient. We provide upper bounds on the sample complexity of the new rules, as well as empirical results on model selection and boosting in the filtering setting.


Mutant DNA polymerases have become an increasingly important tool in biotechnology. The ability to examine the activity and specific properties of enzymes has a crucial role in the characterization of the enzyme. We have developed several systems for characterizing DNA polymerases that combine random mutagenesis with in vivo selection systems. However, in vivo screening systems for specific properties are sometimes unavailable. The ability to quickly screen for polymerase activity has many applications, including the identification of compounds that can inhibit polymerase activity, identifying the properties of newly discovered polymerases, and engineering new biological properties into existing polymerases. These applications can both expand the knowledge of the basic science of polymerases and can further industrial efforts to identify new drugs that specifically target polymerase activity. Here we present a high-throughput in vitro assay to select for active polymerases. We show the applicability of this assay by measuring the level of activity for a set of in vitro synthesized polymerase mutants and by screening for the incorporation of a fluorescent nucleotide analog by DNA polymerases.


This is a letter from the Charles B. Moore Collection. it is written by J. J. Crawford and is addressed to Charles B. Moore and Rev. Jim Biggs. In this letter, Crawford informs Moore and Biggs about the goings-on in Nashville, Tennessee. The news includes: a confirmation on the receipt on Moore's letters, a discussion concerning the reasons why he hasn't written Moore in some time, details on the bitter winter weather and how important it is to have a fire in this weather, a dialogue about Moore's trip to Colorado and how Crawford learned much from the letters Moore sent to him,a brief message to Biggs about Tennessee and how he has not been outside of Nashville to see their "old time folks," news about Crawford's family and the winter activities of the children, a message from Anna to the Moore family, and a few messages sent by Crawford to people he knows who reside in Texas. He closes the letter by noting that he hopes Moore, Biggs, and their families are not home bound due to the bad winter weather, detailing that soon the blue birds will sing. The envelope is included with the letter.


In this paper, we control image collection for a mobile stereo camera that is actively localizing a group of mobile targets. In particular, assuming that at least one pair of stereo images of the targets is available, we propose a novel approach to control the rotation and translation of the stereo camera so that the next observation of the targets will minimize their localization uncertainty. We call this problem the Next-Best-View problem for mobile targets (mNBV). The advantage of using a stereo camera is that, using triangulation, the two simultaneous images taken by the robot during a single observation can yield range and bearing measurements of the targets, as well as their uncertainty. A Kalman filter fuses the full state history and covariance estimates, as more measurements are acquired. Our solution to the mNBV problem determines the relative transformations between camera and targets that will minimize the fused uncertainty of the targets' locations. We determine a motion plan that realizes the mNBV while respecting field of view constraints. In particular, with every new observation, we compute a new mNBV in the frame relative to the camera and subsequently realize this view in global coordinates via a gradient descent algorithm that also respects field of view constraints. Integration of mNBV with motion planning results in a hybrid system, which we illustrate in computer simulations.


As the Syrian refugee crisis continues unabated, Greece remains one of the first ports of sanctuary. While the country is still gripped by one of the worst financial and societal crises of the past 40 years, little attention or funding was available to provide mental health and psychosocial support to migrants or refugees. In 2007, Nikolaos Gkionakis, along with other colleagues, founded the Babel Day Centre to provide mental health care and psychosocial support for migrants and refugees. When the current crisis began, he was perfectly placed as one of the trainers for a project training border security, police, volunteers and aid workers in psychological first aid and self care for carers in Greece. This personal reflection gives context and background to the crisis, discusses the Babel Day Centre, and highlights and details the psychological first aid project, which was supported by both the War Trauma Foundation and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees.