It has previously been observed that low spatial frequencies (≤ 1.0 cycles deg−1) tend to dominate high spatial frequencies (≥ 5.0 cycles deg−1) in several types of visual-information-processing tasks. This earlier work employed reaction times as the primary performance measure and the present experiments address the possibility of low-frequency dominance by evaluating visually guided performance of a completely different response system: the control of slow-pursuit eye movements. Slow-pursuit gains (eye velocity/stimulus velocity) were obtained while observers attempted to track the motion of a sine-wave grating. The drifting gratings were presented on three types of background: a uniform background, a background consisting of a stationary grating, or a flickering background. Low-frequency dominance was evident over a wide range of velocities, in that a stationary high-frequency component produced little disruption in the pursuit of a drifting low spatial frequency, but a stationary low frequency interfered substantially with the tracking of a moving high spatial frequency. Pursuit was unaffected by temporal modulation of the background, suggesting that these effects are due to the spatial characteristics of the stationary grating. Similar asymmetries were observed with respect to the stability of fixation: active fixation was less stable in the presence of a drifting low frequency than in the presence of a drifting high frequency.


There are too many English translations in existence, but the church need not limit herself to just one. Five or six translations would all be appropriate for the church to use, either for worship or individual use. This article examines four preliminary issues: the New Testament text-critical issues underlying various translations, the various translation philosophies, the literary characteristics of good English, and gender inclusivity in translation. Then follows an examination of various translations, with an eye towards churchly and individual use.


Today's malome, although often approached at times of matrimonial discord, plays no role and has no presence during civil divorce settlement negotiations where property and/or custody of children is relevant. This is left to the legal representatives of the couple - usually on the courthouse steps. Traditionally divorce is not known to the Batswana people and in rare cases where the wife has returned to her original group, property interests and matters affecting children such as guardianship and custody, were clear cut and not subject to negotiation. Nevertheless in modern times where mediation is possible and where one of the spouses has a recognised malome, it is felt that he could play a useful role. Similarly, when reform of social benefits is considered the malome who has become the custodian of his sister's child should be taken into account.


Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) emissions were measured in July 2010 from on-road motor vehicles driving through a highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. A soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was used to measure the chemical composition of PM emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles at high time resolution. Organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (BC) concentrations were measured during various time periods that had different levels of diesel influence, as well as directly in the exhaust plumes of individual heavy-duty (HD) diesel trucks. BC emission factor distributions for HD trucks were more skewed than OA distributions (N = 293), with the highest 10% of trucks accounting for 56 and 42% of total measured BC and OA emissions, respectively. OA mass spectra measured for HD truck exhaust plumes show cycloalkanes are predominate in exhaust OA emissions relative to saturated alkanes (i.e., normal and iso-paraffins), suggesting that lubricating oil rather than fuel is the dominant source of primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions in diesel vehicle exhaust. This finding is supported by the detection of trace elements such as zinc and phosphorus in the exhaust plumes of individual trucks. Trace elements were emitted relative to total OA at levels that are consistent with typical weight fractions of commonly used additives present in lubricating oil. A comparison of measured OA and BC mass spectra across various sampling periods revealed a high degree of similarity in OA and BC emitted by gasoline and diesel engines. This finding indicates a large fraction of OA in gasoline exhaust is lubricant-derived as well. The similarity in OA and BC mass spectra for gasoline and diesel engine exhaust is likely to confound ambient source apportionment efforts to determine contributions to air pollution from these two important sources.


This paper asks whether statutory social insurance programs, which provide contributory tax-based income support to people with disabilities, are compatible with the disability rights movement's ideas. Central to the movement that led to the Americans with Disabilities Act is the insight that physical or mental conditions do not disable; barriers created by the environment or by social attitudes keep persons with physical or mental differences from participating in society as equals. The conflict between the civil rights approach and insurance seems apparent. A person takes out insurance to deal with tragedy, such as premature death, or damage, such as accidental harm to an automobile or home. Social insurance, for example, the United States Social Security old-age and disability programs, consists of government-run insurance to cover risks of advanced age and disability for which the private market has not provided affordable coverage. But the civil rights approach to disability posits that disability is not a risk, not tragedy, and not a damage or defect. Instead it is a maladaptation of society to human variation. This paper argues that a justification remains for social insurance under the civil rights approach to disability, and further suggests that expansion of social insurance for disability is both compatible with disability rights principles and supported by wise public policy.


Theories contradict each other by predicting either facilitative or detrimental effects of sad mood on cognitive outcomes. For instance, affect-as-information models hold that sad mood encourages detailed and analytical processing styles, thereby improving cognitive abilities; and resource allocation models predict that sad mood harms cognitive abilities due to sad thoughts that tax limited resources such as attention and working memory. The present study explores these questions by exploring sad mood and one type of cognitive ability—response inhibition (RI). The few studies examining the link between RI and sad mood are mixed in outcome. Understanding whether and how sad mood affects RI will help determine the veracity of theories that predict different cognitive performance outcomes during sad mood, contribute to understanding psychological problems that involve deficits in RI, and inform our ability to measure cognitive constructs such as RI accurately. Further, the strength of a person's ability to regulate their own emotions affects the degree to which emotional states affect their behavior. Thus if sad mood affects RI, emotion regulation may moderate the strength of this effect. This study examines how sad mood and emotion regulation affected RI in a sample of 273 undergraduate psychology students. About half of participants went through a neutral induction where they wrote about a typical day, and the others went through a sad mood induction where they wrote about a sad event they experienced. Emotion regulation was measured with a questionnaire, and an RI composite score of three computerized tasks (Stroop color-word, Stop Signal Task, and Go/No-go) was calculated using Principal Components Analysis. The first hypothesis predicted that sad mood would either increase or decrease RI. The second hypothesis predicted an interaction: that poor emotion regulation would increase this association in the direction of the main effect (or in either direction if there is no mood main effect). These a priori hypotheses were not supported, but results from post hoc analyses showed that though self-ratings of sad mood did not affect RI, writing about sad events (the experimental condition) seems to worsen RI—perhaps due to participants being distracted by sad thoughts. This result is consistent with cognitive load theories and literature suggesting that cognitive loads, rumination, and mind-wandering are detrimental to cognitive functioning. Further, it extends these findings from well-established areas such as working memory to the less-established area of response inhibition.


BACKGROUND
KARTAGENER SYNDROME (KS) IS A RARE CONGENITAL DISEASE CHARACTERISED BY A CLINICAL TRIAD OF SYMPTOMS: situs inversus, chronic rhinosinusitis, and bronchiectasis. Although congenital ciliary defect is recognised as the main cause of this syndrome, it remains difficult to treat the associated airway infection.

CASE REPORT
A 17-year-old female patient presented with repeated refractory airway infection. She also had bronchiectasis and situs inversus. Electron microscopic evaluation of her nasal mucosa revealed ciliary defect and confirmed the diagnosis of KS. She underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) followed by long-term postoperative debridement of the sinonasal cavity. This treatment reduced chronic rhinosinusitis and protected against subsequent airway infection in a 7-year follow-up.

CONCLUSION
FESS is effective for relieving both chronic rhinosinusitis and lung infection of KS in the long term.


Energy efficiency of electrical appliances is highly debated topic at present.This topic is transferred especially in industries where are the effects of savings much more significant due to higher energy consumption.In the case of machine tools is at present energy efficiency also a hot topic,basedon the Kyoto Protocol and the European Commission Regulation of energy appliances eco-design.Machine tool manufacturers already responses to this situation by using more efficient components (motors, pumps,etc...).This article focuses especially on determining the energy profile of the machine tool at the moment where the machine is not manufactured.It is used a method allows to simulate the energy profile of the machine tool. This is verified by measurement on the test device. Realized measurement was done under different loads of clamping table and under different feed rates. Average percentual error was achieved below ten percent limit.


The genera Bostryx and Scutalus (Orthalicidae: Bulimulinae) are endemics from South America. They are mainly distributed on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes. The goal of the present work was to assess their evolutionary position among the stylommatophoran gastropods based on the 16S rRNA mitochondrial marker. Four sequences were obtained, and along with 28 sequences of other Stylommatophora retrieved from the GenBank, were aligned with ClustalX. The phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out using the methods of Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference. The multiple sequence alignment had 371 sites, with indels. The two genera of the family Orthalicidae for the first time included in a molecular phylogeny (Bostryx and Scutalus), formed a monophyletic group along with another member of the superfamily Orthalicoidea (Placostylus), result that is comparable with that obtained with nuclear markers. Their evolutionary relationship with other land snails is also discussed.


This book should be seen mainly as a contribution to the long-standing tradition of English descriptive linguistics. It gives a complete account of the nature and frequency of possible noun phrase (NP) structures in contemporary British English, including the ones that deviate from the prototypical description we find in handbooks of English. The book focuses on those NPs which are characterized by the fact that one or more of the constituents is not in its prototypical position, but has moved. The detailed description of variant NPs is obtained through the careful combination of corpus data and experimental data. The book addresses the question how corpus data can be combined with intuitive data and offers a practical approach to the task: the multi-method approach. In this approach, corpus data are combined with intuitive data obtained from native speakers in an elicitation experiment.


Some general problems concerning the stochastic approach are discussed in relation to parametrically excited stochastic dynamic systems described by partial differential equations. Such problems arise in hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and astro, plasma, and radio physics and share the feature that the statistical characteristics of their solutions (moments, correlation and spectral functions, and so on) increasing exponentially with time, whereas some solution implementations lead to the formation of random structures with probability one as a result of clustering. The goal of this paper is to use the ideas of stochastic topography to find conditions under which such structures arise.


While the law is designed to provide just punishments for individuals who engage in criminal activity, the current absence of a general attempt provision in the federal criminal code frustrates this purpose. Criminal law should both have a deterrent effect on people who are contemplating a criminal act and treat individuals justly who have already perpetrated one. Prosecuting individuals who attempt crimes advances both of these goals. Under the current federal criminal law, however, only some attempted crimes can be prosecuted. Unlike most state criminal law systems, the federal one has no general provision that enables the prosecution of individuals who have taken actions that, if successful, would have resulted in crimes. Rather, some federal criminal laws have their own attempt provisions while others (often inadvertently) do not. This Article proposes as a solution adopting into the federal criminal code a provision from the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) that would make it a crime to attempt any other crime in the federal criminal code. Implementing the language about attempt from the UCMJ and military law precedent would not only allow for the introduction of one clear definition of "attempt" that courts could apply across the board but would also delineate the role of three key defenses in attempt prosecutions. First, it would clarify the distinction between mere preparation to commit a crime and an attempt to do so. Second, it would eliminate the confusing and inconsistent defense of legal impossibility. Third, it would provide a model for when abandoning a criminal endeavor should serve as a defense, which would be when an individual ceases the endeavor of his own volition and before any harm has occurred. Finally, this Article analyzes the proper level of punishment that should be imposed once a person is found guilty of an attempted offense.


Increase in human population has led to increased demand for food production. Thus, it is essential to adopt sustainable agricultural development. Organic farming is generally seen as a sustainable agriculture practice with lower environmental impact however, the low yield is unable to meet the food demand. High production conventional agriculture is often associated with significant environmental impact. This has raised the debate on sustainability issues of organic and conventional production. This study investigates two organic (OF) and two conventional vegetable farms (CF) to assess the sustainability and efficiency of each farm with material and substance flow analysis (MFA and SFA) using STAN 2.5 software. Based on STAN model, the annual C balance were around 6,315 ± 2,529, 9,912 ± 1,816, -304 ± 12,988 and 10,802 ± 4,929 kg C ha-1 y-1 in CF1, CF2, OF1 and OF2, respectively. The C balance of CF1, CF2 and OF2 are classified as ―sink‖ while OF1 stock change is classified as ―source‖. The C flow highlights that major C input was from photosynthesis that contributed about 3,803 ± 2,123, 358 ± 40, 1,193 ± 506, 3,944 ± 3,107 kg C ha-1 y-1 of C flux in CF1, CF2, OF1 and OF2, respectively. The N balance of all the study farms were categorized as N ―sink‖ given the N balances of 1,589 ± 116, 1,605 ± 8, 2,608 ± 18, and 912 ± 220 kg N ha−1 year−1 in CF1, CF2, OF1, and OF2, respectively. The primary N input at OF1 and OF2 was compost, which accounts for 81% (2,201 kg N ha−1 year−1) and 60% (815 kg N ha−1 year−1) of the total N input. Chemical fertilizer used at CF1 and CF2 were about 1,334 and 941 kg N ha−1 y−1 while chicken manure contributed 343 and 572 kg N ha−1 y−1, respectively. This study concludes farm level management plays an important role in achieving sustainable agriculture. The study demonstrates MFA and SFA with STAN software allow a comprehensive assessment of agri-indicators from different views and aspects.


It was envisaged that globalisation of the world economy in terms of trade
and investment would become more evident with rapid advancements in
transport, communication and information technologies. As the
twenty-first century approaches, the world would undergoing enormous
change, a process of great upheaval and great possibility. In just a few
short years, we have witnessed the dawn of post-industrial society, the
advent of the information age, the rush to computerisation and therefore
intensity competition.
The increasing trend towards regionalism in trade and economical
relationships would make it more imperative for small open economies
like Malaysia to adapt effectively and speedily to the consequent
challenges to maintain their comparative position. International
competitiveness would be a moving target. However, it has the
underpinning objective of maximising and increasing productivity as well
as efficiency.
Business environment has grown dramatically more intense including in
Malaysia, and competition has become more global and more energised.
And technology races on. No longer could business safely ignore their
customer's wants and needs. No longer could personal relationships be
granted. No longer could so much human creativity go so scandalously
untapped.


Following peripheral nerve injury, moderate daily exercise conducted on a level treadmill results in enhanced axon regeneration and modest improvements in functional recovery. If the exercise is conducted on an upwardly inclined treadmill, even more motor axons regenerate successfully and reinnervate muscle targets. Whether this increased motor axon regeneration also results in greater improvement in functional recovery from sciatic nerve injury was studied. Axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation were studied in Lewis rats over an 11 wk postinjury period using stimulus evoked electromyographic (EMG) responses in the soleus muscle of awake animals. Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation were enhanced in slope-trained rats. Direct muscle (M) responses reappeared faster in slope-trained animals than in other groups and ultimately were larger than untreated animals. The amplitude of monosynaptic H reflexes recorded from slope-trained rats remained significantly smaller than all other groups of animals for the duration of the study. The restoration of the amplitude and pattern of locomotor EMG activity in soleus and tibialis anterior and of hindblimb kinematics was studied during treadmill walking on different slopes. Slope-trained rats did not recover the ability to modulate the intensity of locomotor EMG activity with slope. Patterned EMG activity in flexor and extensor muscles was not noted in slope-trained rats. Neither hindblimb length nor limb orientation during level, upslope, or downslope walking was restored in slope-trained rats. Slope training enhanced motor axon regeneration but did not improve functional recovery following sciatic nerve transection and repair.


We demonstrate en face swept source optical coherence tomography (ss-OCT) without requiring a Fourier transformation step. The electronic optical coherence tomography (OCT) interference signal from a k-space linear Fourier domain mode-locked laser is mixed with an adjustable local oscillator, yielding the analytic reflectance signal from one image depth for each frequency sweep of the laser. Furthermore, a method for arbitrarily shaping the spectral intensity profile of the laser is presented, without requiring the step of numerical apodization. In combination, these two techniques enable sampling of the in-phase and quadrature signal with a slow analog-to-digital converter and allow for real-time display of en face projections even for highest axial scan rates. Image data generated with this technique is compared to en face images extracted from a three-dimensional OCT data set. This technique can allow for real-time visualization of arbitrarily oriented en face planes for the purpose of alignment, registration, or operator-guided survey scans while simultaneously maintaining the full capability of high-speed volumetric ss-OCT functionality.


The transport phenomena dominates geophysical fluid motions on all scales making the numerical solution of the transport problem fundamentally important for the overall accuracy of any fluid solver. In this thesis, we describe a new high-order, computationally efficient method for numerically solving the transport equation on the sphere. This method combines radial basis functions (RBFs) and a partition of unity method (PUM). The method is mesh-free, allowing near optimal discretization of the surface of the sphere, and is free of any coordinate singularities. The basic idea of the method is to start with a set of nodes that are quasi-uniformly distributed on the sphere. Next, the surface of the sphere is partitioned into overlapping spherical caps so that each cap contains roughly the same number of nodes. All spatial derivatives of the PDE are approximated locally within the caps using RBFs. The approximations from each cap are then aggregated into one global approximation of the spatial derivatives using an appropriate weight function in the PUM. Finally, we use a method-of-lines approach to advance the system in time. We analyze the computational complexity of this method as compared to global methods based on RBFs and present results for several well-known test cases that probe the suitability of numerical methods for modeling transport in spherical geometries. We conclude with possible future directions of the work.


In District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment guarantees a personal, individual right to keep and bear arms. But the Court left lower courts and legislatures adrift on the fundamental question of scope. While the Court stated in dicta that some regulation may survive constitutional scrutiny, it left the precise contours of the right, and even the method by which to determine those contours, for "future evaluation." This Article offers a provocative proposal for tackling the issue of Second Amendment scope, one tucked in many dresser drawers across the nation: Treat the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense the same as the right to own and view adult obscenity under the First Amendment — a robust right in the home, subject to near-plenary restriction by elected government everywhere else. This Article's proposal to treat guns like smut is sure to stir controversy. But it is grounded in solid methods of constitutional analysis. The Court in Heller sent unmistakable signals that the First and Second Amendments are cousins and may be subject to similar limitations. As Justice Scalia noted, the First Amendment excludes from its protection certain categories of speech: "obscenity, libel, and disclosure of state secrets." The Second Amendment may be "no different," and almost certainly excludes from its protection certain categories of "bearing" and certain categories of "arms." Moreover, the "home-bound" approach to the Second Amendment rationalizes the disparate norms that animate the Court's privacy jurisprudence. It situates the Second Amendment within tradition and doctrine that accord constitutional weight to a spatial and conceptual distinction between the home and the public sphere. Finally, this proposal has the benefit of simplicity: The Court has already marked boundaries for an individual right to adult obscenity in the home. Those boundaries are surprisingly applicable to the individual right to bear arms, and far easier to administer. While this proposal will not resolve all issues of Second Amendment scope, its prudential and practical merits deserve serious consideration as part of post-Heller discourse on the Second Amendment.


The present paper examines the convexity of the yield surface in the directional distortional hardening models by Feigenbaum and Dafalias. In these models anisotropy develops through kinematic and directional distortional hardening, supplemented by the classical isotropic hardening, and the associative flow rule is used. However, the issue of convexity, which naturally arises due to the distortion of the yield surface, was not fully addressed. The present paper derives the necessary and sufficient conditions to ensure convexity of the yield surface for the simpler Feigenbaum and Dafalias models, but it is not as straightforward to derive corresponding conditions for convexity of the Feigenbaum and Dafalias model version which contains an evolving fourth-order tensor. In this case convexity will be addressed first in general and then at the limit state for which simple restrictions on the material constants to ensure convexity are derived. Numerical examples will show that some of the yield surfaces simulated in the original Feigenbaum and Dafalias publication will not stay convex if loaded beyond what was done in these publications. Therefore the material constants for these cases are recalibrated based on the derived relations for satisfaction of the convexity requirement, and the fitting of the yield surfaces is repeated with the new set of constants and compared with the previous case.


We present a neural encoder-decoder model to convert images into presentational markup based on a scalable coarse-to-fine attention mechanism. Our method is evaluated in the context of image-to-LaTeX generation, and we introduce a new dataset of real-world rendered mathematical expressions paired with LaTeX markup. We show that unlike neural OCR techniques using CTC-based models, attention-based approaches can tackle this non-standard OCR task. Our approach outperforms classical mathematical OCR systems by a large margin on in-domain rendered data, and, with pretraining, also performs well on out-of-domain handwritten data. To reduce the inference complexity associated with the attention-based approaches, we introduce a new coarse-to-fine attention layer that selects a support region before applying attention.


Title of Thesis: METHYLSELENINIC ACID SENSITIZES NOTCH 3ACTIVATED OVCA429 OVARIAN CANCER CELLS TO CARBOPLATIN Tiffany J Tzeng, Master of Science, 2012 Thesis directed by: Assistant Professor Wen-Hsing Cheng Department of Nutrition and Food Science Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of gynecologic cancers and is usually diagnosed at advanced stage due to invalidated screening test. Although carboplatin has been used for treating ovarian cancer for years, high-grade serous ovarian cancer expressing a constitutively active form of the intracellular domain of Notch 3 develops resistance to this platinum-containing drug. Thus, finding a novel treatment or therapeutic targets are necessary. Here we test the hypothesis that the combinational treatment of methylseleninic acid (MSeA) and carboplatin, two chemicals displaying overlapping effect on DNA damage response, may target Notch 3 for improved efficacy on ovarian cancer treatment. The OVCA429/NICD3 cells expressing an activated form of Notch 3 were resistant to carboplatin, but co-treatment with MSeA synergistically sensitized the cell to an extent similar of that in OVCA429/pCEG control cells. The synergistic effect can be suppressed by the presence of a hydrogen peroxide scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and kinase inhibitors of ATM and DNA-PKcs. In summary, MSeA and carboplatin synergistically sensitize OVCA429/NICD3 cells in a pathway involves oxidative stress, ATM and DNA-PKcs, suggesting a new strategy to improve the efficacy of carboplatin treatment for high-grade ovarian


Recent analysis of trade policies under imperfectly competitive market conditions as well as in situations where trade in high-technology products is important have raised doubts whether economists should continue their traditional opposition to trade taxes and subsidies. This paper evaluates the new theoretical arguments for interventionist trade policies by comparing them with the traditional arguments for and against free trade, investigating the empirical evidence supporting the conditions assumed in the new models, appraising the realism of the behavior assumptions of these models and the sensitivity of their conclusions to changes in these assumptions, and considering the political economy implications of these conclusions. The general conclusion is that there are serious practical difficulties with the interventionist arguments of the 'new' trade theorists, as they themselves recognize, just as there are with such traditional arguments for trade intervention as the terms-of-trade case for protection. However, the new industrial organization approach to trade theory has already provided valuable insights into trade behavior in international markets and promises to provide many more as more realistic behavior models are developed.


Background Because survival benefits of treatment with radiotherapy are questionable and such treatment can cause substantial damage to the brain over time, the optimum management strategy for low-grade gliomas remains controversial. We aimed to identify the specific effects of radiotherapy on objective and self-reported cognitive function, and on cognitive deterioration over time, in patients with low-grade gliomas treated with early radiotherapy. Methods 195 patients with low-grade glioma (of whom 104 had received radiotherapy 1–22 years previously) were compared with 100 low-grade haematological patients and 195 healthy controls. Our analyses aimed to differentiate between the effects of the tumour (eg, disease duration, lateralisation) and treatment effects (neurosurgery, radiotherapy, antiepileptic drugs) on cognitive function and on relative risk of cognitive disability. Findings Low-grade glioma patients had lower ability in all cognitive domains than did low-grade haematological patients, and did even less well by comparison with healthy controls. Use of radiotherapy was associated with poorer cognitive function; however, cognitive disability in the memory domain was found only in radiotherapy patients who received fraction doses exceeding 2 Gy. Antiepileptic drug use was strongly associated with disability in attentional and executive function. Interpretation Our findings suggest that the tumour itself has the most deleterious effect on cognitive function and that radiotherapy mainly results in additional long-term cognitive disability when high fraction doses are used. Additionally, the effects of other medical factors, especially antiepileptic drug use, on cognitive function in glioma patients deserve attention.


Integrate, automate, and regulate your business processes with the best of Packt's SOA books and ebooks Get to grips with SOA integration in this comprehensive guide which draws on the value of eight separate Packt SOA books! Learn about SOA integration through both step-by-step tutorial and cookbook chapters A mash-up book from a range of expert SOA professionals, and a total of eight Packt titles - professional expertise distilled in a true sense. In Detail Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) remains a buzzword in the business and IT community, largely because the ability to react quickly is of utmost importance. SOA can be the key solution to this. The challenge lies in the tricky task of integrating all the applications in a business through a Service Oriented Architecture, and "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" will help you do just that with content from a total of eight separate Packt books. "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" will help you learn SOA integration from scratch. It will help you demystify the concept of SOA integration, understand basic integration technologies and best practices, and get started with SOA Governance. "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" draws from eight separate titles from Packt's existing collection of excellent SOA books: BPEL cookbook SOA Approach to Integration Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint Building SOA-Based Composite Applications Using NetBeans IDE 6 Oracle SOA Suite Developer's Guide WS-BPEL 2.0 for SOA Composite Applications with Oracle SOA Suite 11g Oracle Modernization Solutions SOA Governance The chapters in "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" help you to learn from the best SOA integration content in no less than eight separate Packt books. The book begins with a refresher of SOA and the various types of integration available, and then delves deeper into integration best practices with XML, binding components and web services from Packt books like "Oracle SOA Suite Developer's Guide " and "BPEL Cookbook". Along the way you'll also learn from a number of real world scenarios. By the end of "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" you will be equipped with knowledge from a wide variety of Packt books and will have learnt from a range of practical approaches to really get to grips with SOA integration. Chapter listings with corresponding titles: Preface - Dismantling SOA Hype: A Real-World Perspective (BPEL cookbook) Chapter 1 - Basic Principles: Types of integration (Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint) Chapter 2 - Integration Architecture, Principles, and Patterns (SOA Approach to Integration) Chapter 3 - Base Technologies: Basic technologies needed for SOA integration (Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint) Chapter 4 - Best Practices for Using XML for Integration (SOA Approach to Integration) Chapter 5 - Extending Enterprise Application Integration (BPEL cookbook) Chapter 6 - Service-Oriented ERP Integration (BPEL cookbook) Chapter 7 - Service Engines (Building SOA-Based Composite Applications Using NetBeans IDE 6) Chapter 8 - Binding Components (Building SOA-Based Composite Applications Using NetBeans IDE 6) Chapter 9 - SOA and Web Services Approach for Integration (SOA Approach to Integration) Chapter 10 - Service- and Process-Oriented Approach to Integration Using Web Services (SOA Approach to Integration) Chapter 11 - Loosely-coupling Services (Oracle SOA Suite Developer's Guide) Chapter 12 - Integrating BPEL with BPMN using BPM Suite (WS-BPEL 2.0 for SOA Composite Applications with Oracle SOA Suite 11g) Chapter 13 - SOA Integration--Functional View, Implementation, and Architecture (Oracle Modernization Solutions) Chapter 14 - SOA Integration--Scenario in Detail (Oracle Modernization Solutions) Appendix: Bonus chapter - Establishing SOA Governance at Your Organization (SOA Governance) What you will learn from this book Quickly get up and running with basic SOA concepts before delving into integration principle Dive into the basic technologies for SOA integration Get to grips with existing application landscapes for integration Take advantage of a range of best practices for using XML for integration Automate business processes by organizing underlying services Assemble services to build composite services and long-running business processes using BPEL Build highly scalable and performance-oriented processes using Oracle's modernization techniques Utilize a bonus Packt chapter to establish SOA Governance at your organization Learn from content with various styles and approaches and gain value from a range of existing content Approach "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" takes less of a discussion, and a more value approach to helping you to learn all you can about SOA integration. A medley of eight Packt books; each chapter has its own unique style so that you can learn from not only content written in a step-by-step tutorial style, but also from handbook and cookbook chapters. Who this book is written for If you are a SOA architect or consultant who wants to extend your knowledge of SOA integration with the help of a wide variety of Packt books, particularly covering Oracle tools and products, then "Do more with SOA Integration: Best of Packt" is for you. You should have a good grasp of Service Oriented Architecture, but not necessarily of integration principles. Knowledge of vendor-specific tools would be an advantage but is not essential.


The world has changed a lot in the past years. The rapid advances in technology and the changing of the communication channels have changed the way people work and, for many, where do they work from. The Internet and mobile technology, the two most dynamic technological forces in modern information and communications technology (ICT) are converging into one ubiquitous mobile Internet service, which will change our way of both doing business and dealing with our daily routine activities. As the use of ICT expands globally, there is need for further research into cultural aspects and implications of ICT. The acceptance of Information Technology (IT) has become a fundamental part of the research plan for most organizations (Igbaria 1993). In IT research, numerous theories are used to understand users' adoption of new technologies. Various models were developed including the Technology Acceptance Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and recently, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Each of these models has sought to identify the factors which influence a citizen's intention or actual use of information technology. Drawing on the UTAUT model and Flow Theory, this research composes a new hybrid theoretical framework to identify the factors affecting the acceptance and use of Mobile Internet -as an ICT application- in a consumer context. The proposed model incorporates eight constructs: Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Facilitating Conditions, Social Influences, Perceived Value, Perceived Playfulness, Attention Focus, and Behavioral intention. Data collected online from 238 respondents in Saudi Arabia were tested against the research model, using the structural equation modeling approach. The proposed model was mostly supported by the empirical data. The findings of this study provide several crucial implications for ICT and, in particular, mobile Internet service practitioners and researchers


The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) provokes three pathologic processes: unchecked inflammation, interstitial/alveolar protein accumulation, and destruction of pulmonary epithelial cells. The highly conserved heat shock protein HSP-70 can limit all three responses but is not appropriately expressed in the lungs after cecal ligation and double puncture (2CLP), a clinically relevant model of ARDS. We hypothesize that restoring expression of HSP-70 using adenovirus-mediated gene therapy will limit pulmonary pathology following 2CLP. We administered a vector containing the porcine HSP-70 cDNA driven by a CMV promoter (AdHSP) into the lungs of rats subjected to 2CLP or sham operation. Administration of AdHSP after either sham operation or 2CLP increased HSP-70 protein expression in lung tissue, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot hybridization. Administration of AdHSP significantly attenuated interstitial and alveolar edema and protein exudation and dramatically decreased neutrophil accumulation, relative to a control adenovirus. CLP-associated mortality at 48 hours was reduced by half. Modulation of HSP-70 production reduces pathologic changes and may improve outcome in experimental ARDS.


Abstract. The new data sources give the possibility to answer analytically the questions that arise from mobility manager. The process of transforming raw data into knowledge is very complex, and it is necessary to provide metaphors of visualizations that are understandable to decision makers. Here, we propose an analytical platform that extracts information on the mobility of individuals from mobile phone by applying Data Mining methodologies. The main results highlighted here are both technical and methodological. First, communicating information through visual analytics techniques facilitates understanding of information to those who have no specific technical or domain knowledge. Secondly, the API system guarantees the ability to export aggregates according to the granularity required, enabling other actors to produce new services based on the extracted models. For the future, we expect to extend the platform by inserting other layers. For example, a layer for measuring the sustainability index of a territory, such as the ability of public transport to attract private mobility or the index that measures how many private vehicle trips can be converted into electrical mobility.


Aphanomyces invadans (Saprolegniaceae) is a peronosporomycete fungus associated with the serious fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), also known as mycotic granulomatosis. In this study, interspecific relationships were examined between A. invadans isolates and other aquatic animal pathogenic Saprolegniaceae, and saprophytic Saprolegniaceae from EUS-affected areas. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequences of ribosomal DNA confirmed that A. invadans is distinct from all other species studied. A sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1, unique to A. invadans, was used to design primers for a PCR-based diagnostic test. Intraspecific relationships were also examined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA using 20 isolates of A. invadans from six countries. The isolates showed a high degree of genetic homogeneity using 14 random ten-mer primers. This provides evidence that the fungus has spread across Asia in one relatively rapid episode, which is consistent with reports of outbreaks of EUS. Physiological distinctions between A. invadans and other Aphanomyces species based on a data set of 16 growth parameters showed remarkable taxonomic congruence with the molecular phylogeny.


This project is an empirical analysis of trademarks that have received rejections based on their "scandalous" nature. It is the first of its kind.The Lanham Act bars registration for trademarks that are "scandalous" and "immoral." While much has been written on the morality provisions in the Lanham Act, this piece is the first scholarly project that engages an empirical analysis of the Section 2(a) rejections based on scandalousness; it contains a look behind the scenes at how the morality provisions are applied throughout the trademark registration process. This study analyzes which marks are being rejected, what evidence is being used to reject them, and who the applicants are. Our data pays particularly close attention to the evidence used to determine whether a mark is scandalous. We also consider whether this bar is effective at removing these marks from the consumer marketplace.


Russian business students (n--447) were surveyed in the fall of 2002 to determine their attitudes towards business ethics. The results were then divided into several demographic groups: gender, tobacco user, stockholder, year in school, and whether the student had taken a course in business ethics. Significant differences in the demographic subgroups were discovered. ********** Russia is an emerging former socialist economy, only having private businesses in the economy since the 1980s (Apressyan, 1997; Enderle, 1997; Deshpande, George, and Joseph, 2000). Ethical problems are commonplace, as the contradictory and confusing economic regulations in the emerging capitalistic economy struggle to become established (Hisrich, Bucar, and Oztark, 2003; Apressyan, 1997). For Russian business managers, there is little guidance on ethical issues. Business ethics as a discipline is just getting started, with no journals, and few studies (Ahmed, Chung, and Eichenseher, 2003: Apressyan, 1997). There is a shortage of ethics cases and ethical theory for Russian business students (Enderle, 1997). It is dangerous to assume Russian business owners will simply follow Western notions of business ethics without any guidance (Deshpande, George, and Joseph, 2000). Survey of Recent Literature There has been very little research on Russian students' attitudes towards western business concepts (Ahmed, Chung, and Eichenseher, 2003; Enderle, 1997). In one of the few studies of Russian business students, Ahmed, Chung, and Eichenseher, (2003) found a negative relationship between years of education and ethical attitudes. Recent work in the United States shows a link between unethical views during college and unethical behavior in the workforce (Nonis and Swift, 2001a; Knotts, Lopez and Mesak, 2000; Sanders, 2002; Silver and Valentine, 2000, Nonis and Swift, 2001b, Johns and Strand, 2000; Rawwas and Isakson, 2000). While these findings are preliminary, they point to the importance of this line of research. The attitudes students have now translate into behaviors they will have in the business world. Today's college students will be the next generation of business employees, owners, managers, and regulators. Reiss and Mitra (1998, p. 1581) explained, "In order to study the attitudes and behaviors of future organizational leaders one can look to current university business students." If correct, the future of Russia's views on business ethics depends on the attitudes of the current students. The few studies on business ethics within Russia use samples of current Russian business managers rather than students. In a recent study using a variety of business scenarios, Russian business managers demonstrated very low ethical values in comparison with Turkey, Slovenia, and the United States (Hisrich, Bucar, and Oztark, 2003). Also working with Russian business managers, Deshpande, Joseph, and Maximov (2000) found that there were strong differences in the ethical views of male and female managers in Russia, with female managers having a much stronger ethical orientation. Similar findings were made by several recent surveys of Russian managers and business workers (Stewart, Sprinthall, and Kern, 2002; Zarkada-Fraser and Fraser, 2001; Welsh, Luthans, and Sommer, 1993) and from more in depth interviews as well (Neimanis, 1997). Method A sample of business students were taken from classes at Ulyanovsk State University in the fall semester of 2002. Students were asked to complete a questionnaire during class time. The University has an enrollment of over 10,000 students and over 1000 faculty. The University offers over fifty degree programs for undergraduates and graduates. As a result of the classes used to draw students, all survey respondents were business majors. A complete description of demographic information is as follows: Results Students were asked their views on a series of seven questions of business ethics in general, and the effects of recent ethical scandals in American businesses. …


Title of Document: Activation, Multiple-Bond Cleavage, and Fixation of Small Molecules Employing Group 6 Cyclopentadienyl, Amidinate (CpAm) Complexes Brendan L. Yonke, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed By: Professor Lawrence R. Sita Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742 Small molecules (e.g. N2, CO2, N2O) represent potential cheap and abundant chemical feedstocks. Despite the use of small molecules in various biosynthetic pathways, relatively few synthetic processes for the commercial utilization of small molecules exist. To investigate potential catalytic and stoichiometric methods for the activation, multiple-bond cleavage, and fixation of small molecules, Group 6 cyclopentadienyl, amidinate (CpAm) dinitrogen and multiple metal-ligand bonded complexes were investigated. Provided the weak activation of N2 in Group 6 dinitrogen complexes, these complexes were found to serve as M(II, d 4 ) and M(IV, d 2 ) synthons for the respective formation of Group 6 bis(carbonyl), bis(isocyanide), as well as mononuclear oxo and imido complexes. Moreover, a general route to Group 6 CpAm imido complexes of variable substitution was demonstrated upon the reaction of Group 6 CpAm dichloride complexes 48 and 49, respectively, with lithium amides, for steric amidinate deprotonation followed amido-imido tautomerization. Utilizing the synthesized mononuclear oxo and imido complexes various catalytic atom transfer reactions were demonstrated with their mechanistic details elucidated. These catalytic processes include the first ever oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions involving early transition metals including the synthesis of isocyanates from N2O and isocyanides, light-mediated degenerate OATs between CO2 and CO, and light-mediated non-degenerate OATs involving N2O and CO. Likewise, thermal-mediated nitrogen atom transfer (NAT) reactions were shown for the synthesis of isocyanates from organic azides (N3R) and CO. Key to this observed reactivity was the ability of multiply bonded metal ligands to undergo reaction with adjacent Lewis acidic ligands with this reactivity having been found to likewise facilitate interligand silyl group transfer in π-loaded Group 6 CpAm oxo trimethylsilyl imido complexes. Despite direct utilization of the small molecules N2O and CO2 in OAT reactions, NAT reactions were found to require the use of organic azides. Therefore, in an effort to directly utilize N2 in NAT reactions, a novel photolytic N-N cleavage process was devised for the Group 6 dinitrogen complexes 52 and 53. This novel photolytic N-N cleavage represents the first time a ligand set has been shown to facility distinctly different N-N cleavage mechanisms for N2 bound to different metals.


Complex systems are by necessity hierarchically organized. Decomposition into subsystems allows for intellectual control, as well as enabling different subsystems to be created by distinct teams. This decomposition affects both requirements and architecture. The architecture describes the structure and this affects how requirements ``flow down'' to each subsystem. Moreover, discoveries in the design process may affect the requirements. Demonstrating that a complex system satisfies its requirements when the subsystems are composed is a challenging problem.
 In this paper, we present a medical device case example where we apply an iterative approach to architecture and verification based on software architectural models. We represent the hierarchical composition of the system in the Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL), and use an extension to the AADL language to describe the requirements at different levels of abstraction for compositional verification. The component-level behavior for the model is described in Simulink/Stateflow. We assemble proofs of system level properties by using the Simulink Design Verifier to establish component-level properties and an open-source plug-in for the OSATE AADL environment to perform the compositional verification of the architecture. This combination of verification tools allows us to iteratively explore design and verification of detailed behavioral models, and to scale formal analysis to large software systems.


Aging can be associated with decreasing muscle strength, and related factors are comorbidities, sex, physical activity, and possibly genetic factors. Among genetic factors the renin-angiotensin system is of interest, but data on the Peruvian population is lacking. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association of grip strength and angiotensin convertase enzyme (ACE) polymorphism in Peruvian older people. A cross-sectional study in a convenience sample of 104 participants over 60 years in Lima, Perú, with analysis of the ACE polymorphism, was performed. We studied 104 participants, 46 men (44,2%) and 58 women (55,8%), with a mean age and standard deviation (SD) of 73,7 (7,4) years, range between 60-90 years. The frequency of D/D, I/D and I/I genotypes was 12,7; 43,7 and 43,7% respectively. The genotype distribution of ACE polymorphism agreed with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0,746). The mean (SD) of grip strength in the D/D, I/D and I/I polymorphisms were 24,8 (7,2); 22,8 (7,2) and 23,4 (7,6) kg respectively; no significant difference was observed (p=0,41) between genetic groups. In this small convenience sample of older Peruvians, no association was found between grip strength and ACE genotype.


"Any schoolboy could see that man as a force must be measured by motion from a fixed point. Psychology helped here by suggesting a unit -the point of history when man held the highest idea of himself as a unit in a unified universe. Eight or ten years of study had led Adams to think he might use the century 1150-1250, expressed in Amiens Cathedral and the Works of Thomas Aquinas, as the unit from which he might measure motion down to his own time, without assuming anything as true or untrue, except relation. The movement might be studied at once in philosophy and mechanics. Setting himself to the task, he began a volume which he mentally knew as 'Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres: a Study of Thirteenth-Century Unity.' From that point he proposed to fix a position for himself, which he could label: 'The Education of Henry Adams: a Study of Twentieth-Century Multiplicity.' With the help of these two points of relation, he hoped to project his lines forward and backward indefinitely, subject to correction from any one who should know better."


Background: Effective communication between residents with dementia and care providers in long-term care homes (LTCHs) is essential to resident-centered care. Purpose: To determine the effects of a communication intervention on residents' quality of life (QOL) and care, as well as care providers' perceived knowledge, mood, and burden. Method: The intervention included (1) individualized communication plans, (2) a dementia care workshop, and (3) a care provider support system. Pre- and postintervention scores were compared to evaluate the effects of the intervention. A total of 12 residents and 20 care providers in an LTCH participated in the feasibility study. Results: The rate of care providers' adherence to the communication plans was 91%. Postintervention, residents experienced a significant increase in overall QOL. Care providers had significant improvement in mood and perceived reduced burden. Conclusion: The results suggest that the communication intervention demonstrates preliminary evidence of positive effects on residents' QOL and care providers' mood and burden.


The Anti-Social Behaviour Order (ASBO) is one of the best known measures used to tackle anti-social behaviour. In keeping with the popular conception, the order is frequently used against young people. Of all ASBOs issued in England and Wales up to the end of 2005, roughly 40% were imposed on under-18s. This paper begins with a brief outline of the three principles at the heart of the celebrated Scottish children's hearings system. With reference to these principles, and to the provisions which govern the use of the order against 12–15 year olds north of the border, the paper then discusses five areas of concern about the use of ASBOs against young people in England and Wales: the readiness to resort to ASBOs; the forum for ASBO applications; the terms of ASBOs; publicising the details of ASBOs; and custodial net-widening. The paper ends by suggesting reforms to the ASBO regime in England and Wales insofar as it is used against young people.


Choice 1997 Outstanding Academic BookWhy have some traditional cold warriors opposed involvement in Iraq and the former Yugoslavia, while many vocal critics of the Vietnam war supported the use of U.S. forces in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans? What do these debates tell us about American attitudes toward the use of military force to achieve foreign policy goals? The authors examine the ethical and moral underpinnings of U.S. international relations by exploring the attitudes of decision makers and foreign policy elites toward war. Their unique contribution is to bring together the various doctrines in the literature and to characterize them using behavioral methodologies, in an attempt to bring normative questions back into the mainstream of political science.


Of the thirty miles of Lake Michigan shoreline within the city limits of Chicago, twenty-four miles is public park land. The crown jewels of its park system, the lakefront parks bewitch natives and visitors alike with their brisk winds, shady trees, sandy beaches, and rolling waves. Like most good things, the protection of the lakefront parks didn't come easy, and this book chronicles the hard-fought and never-ending battles Chicago citizens have waged to keep them "forever open, clear, and free." Illustrated with historic and contemporary photographs, Wille's book tells how Chicago's lakefront has survived a century of development. The story serves as a warning to anyone who thinks the struggle for the lakefront is over, or who takes for granted the beauty of its public beaches and parks. "A thoroughly fascinating and well-documented narrative which draws the reader into the sights, smells and sounds of Chicago's story. . . . Everyone who cares about the development of land and its conservation will benefit from reading Miss Wille's book."-Daniel J. Shannon, "Architectural Forum" "Not only good reading, it is also a splendid example of how to equip concerned citizens for their necessary participation in the politics of planning and a more livable environment."-"Library Journal"


INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological studies have shown the association between risk of developing cervical cancer and the persistence of high-risk papillomavirus types in addition to some co-factors. However, little is known about co-factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially in developing countries. This study aims to determine HPV status and associated risk factors in women with normal cytology living in the north-central area of Morocco.

METHODOLOGY
From February 2007 to December 2008, a total of 925 women consulting in the gynaecological department of Fez University Hospital were asked about sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive and sexual health. Cervical samples were collected for cytological examination and HPV DNA detection. Data collected from 751 women with normal cytology were used in this study to assess the correlation between HPV infection and potential risk factors.

RESULTS
High prevalence of HPV infection was detected (42.5%). The highest infection rate was observed in women aged > 45 years and in those with history of abortion (OR:3.76; 95%CI[1.77-7.98]) fibroma, polyp or cysts (OR:1.68; 95%CI[1.07-2.65]). No significant association was detected with other reproductive health and risk factors including oral contraception.

CONCLUSION
In spite of the insignificant association of HPV infection with age, health authorities should seriously consider and implement strategies to increase and maintain a cervical cancer screening programme in women aged 45 and above. More attention must be given to women with gynaecological history (abortion, fibroma, polyp or cysts) since these events may be predictors of HPV infection. Investigations on partner sexual behaviour and some specific hygienic habits, especially public Turkish bath use, are needed to clarify the HPV incidence in this region.


Conventional approaches to ecology often lack the necessary integration to make a compelling case for the critical importance of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. This linear approach does not prepare one for understanding and applying ecology in the context of the modern world. A different, rather unconventional approach is needed for understanding ecology and environmental biology, one that asks the question that is rarely asked — What is the significance of biodiversity to human wellbeing? That is what this book asks.


The East Asian region has experienced astonishing economic growth and integration over the past few decades. It is generally believed that a high degree of integration in the region would greatly shape the economic structure of each individual economy and has direct implications for the effectiveness of domestic stabilisation policy and policy coordination. This paper empirically examines the feasibility of forming a monetary union in East Asia by assessing the real output co-movements among these economies. As suggested by the optimum currency area (OCA) theory that losing monetary independence would be the major cost for adopting a common currency, it would be less costly for the economies to form a monetary union if the business cycles are synchronised across countries. The cointegration test and the Vahid and Engle (1993) test for common business cycles are conducted to examine their long-run relationship and short-run interactions in real outputs, respectively. Our study found that some pair countries in the region share both the long-run and short-run synchronous movements of the real outputs. In particular, the short-run common business cycles are found in some pairs of ASEAN economies consisting of Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia, and in the Northeast Asian region consisting of Hong Kong, Korea and Mainland China, as well as between Japan and Taiwan. These findings have important implications for the economies in terms of adjustment costs when considering the adoption of a monetary union.


Australia's economic development since the time of European settlement has been predicated on capital investment from overseas. A relatively small, young population inhabiting a vast continent rich in resources and opportunity would not have prospered without external capital to build mines, factories, ports, roads and infrastructure. Direct investment also brings new technology, access to new markets, and new ways of doing business. Policies that prevent foreign investors bidding for Australian assets also prevent Australians from realising the full international value of their assets.


Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins and RNAs has emerged as the driving force underlying the formation of membrane-less organelles. Such biomolecular condensates have various biological functions and have been linked to disease. One of the best studied proteins undergoing LLPS is Fused in Sarcoma (FUS), a predominantly nuclear RNA-binding protein. Mutations in FUS have been causally linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), an adult-onset motor neuron disease, and LLPS followed by aggregation of cytoplasmic FUS has been proposed to be a crucial disease mechanism. In spite of this, it is currently unclear how LLPS impacts the behaviour of FUS in cells, e.g. its interactome. In order to study the consequences of LLPS on FUS and its interaction partners, we developed a method that allows for the purification of phase separated FUS-containing droplets from cell lysates. We observe substantial alterations in the interactome of FUS, depending on its biophysical state. While non-phase separated FUS interacts mainly with its well-known interaction partners involved in pre-mRNA processing, phase-separated FUS predominantly binds to proteins involved in chromatin remodelling and DNA damage repair. Interestingly, factors with function in mitochondria are strongly enriched with phase-separated FUS, providing a potential explanation for early changes in mitochondrial gene expression observed in mouse models of ALS-FUS. In summary, we present a methodology that allows to investigate the interactome of phase-separating proteins and provide evidence that LLPS strongly shapes the FUS interactome with important implications for function and disease.


Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer having a worldwide prevalence. Continuous research is going on for detecting breast cancer in its early stage as the possibility of cure is very high in the early stage. The two main objectives of this work were: firstly, to compare the performance of k-means and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithms; and  secondly, to make an attempt to carefully consider and examine, from multiple points of view, the combination of different computational measures for k-means and FCM algorithms for a potential to achieve better clustering accuracy. K-means and FCM algorithms have been considered to understand the impact of clustering on the breast cancer data. The execution of k-means algorithm is based on centroid, distance, split method, threshold, epoch, BCW attribute, and number of iterations; while FCM is executed on the basis of fuzziness value and termination condition. The breast cancer Wisconsin (BCW) dataset was used for the experimentation. The combination of variance and same centroid offers better outcome in terms of k-means algorithm. The highest and lowest classification accuracies are (94.7%, 77.1 %) and (94.4%, 88.5%) for foggy and random centroid, respectively. The overall average positive prediction accuracy obtained by this approach is approximately 92%. In case of FCM, the highest and lowest classification accuracies are (97.2%, 91.1 %), (97.2%, 90.9%), (97.8%, 90.4%), and (97.1%, 90.2%) for different combination of fuzziness and termination criteria. The average highest and lowest classification accuracies are (95.7%, 94.7 %), (95.9%, 93.6%), (95.3%, 94.2%), and (95.6%, 93.7%) for the same combination in the case of FCM. K-means algorithm was more prominent and consistent in terms of computation time as FCM required more time to carry out several fuzzy calculations and iterations. The findings of this work provide an incisive and extensive understanding of the computational parameters used with k-means and c-means algorithms. The computational results indicate that FCM algorithm was found to be prominent and consistent than k-means algorithm when executed with different iterations, fuzziness values, and termination criteria. It is more potentially capable in classifying BCW dataset as the classification accuracy is more important than time.


textabstractThis paper frames the discussion of social protection, social policy and vulnerability within a political economy and macro structural consideration of the developmental challenges faced in the context of contemporary rapid population growth. The case is made that the prospects of an additional two billion people by mid-century need to be urgently pre-empted by implementing employment and equity-focused development strategies now, within which the scaling up of social protection needs to play a pivotal role. This case is made in three steps. First, many of the common discourses and debates about the impoverishing consequences of rapid population growth are critically reviewed in order to lay out a political economy understanding of vulnerability in the context of population growth and to offer a more subtle distinction between processes of human development on one hand, and processes of capitalist economic development. Second, the relationship between population transitions and labour force transitions is sketched out, noting that the latter are primarily driven by the former even in contexts where off-farm and/or urban (formal and/or decent) employment generation remains austere. Third, given the very common contemporary reality of employment-austere growth in the Global South, there is a crucial need for strong redistributive mechanisms and institutions within contemporary development policy, within which the scaling up of social protection systems towards more universalistic forms of social policy can play a key role. This case corroborates with past experiences of successful late industrialisation, albeit these past lessons arguably hold with even greater precedence today, particularly considering the complementary role that well functioning social policy systems also play in reducing population growth through non-coercive and right-respecting means.


We consider the model of fiber-laser cavities near the zero-dispersion point, based on the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with the cubic-quintic nonlinearity and third-order dispersion (TOD) term. It is known that this model supports stable dissipative solitons. We demonstrate that the same model gives rise to several specific families of robust bound states of solitons. There are both stationary and dynamical bound states, with constant or oscillating separation between the bound solitons. Stationary states are multistable, corresponding to different values of the separation. Following the increase of the TOD coefficient, the stationary bound state with the smallest separation gives rise to the oscillatory one through the Hopf bifurcation. Further growth of TOD leads to a bifurcation transforming the oscillatory bound state into a chaotically oscillating one. Families of multistable three- and four-soliton complexes are found too, the ones with the smallest separation between the solitons again ending by the transition to oscillatory states through the Hopf bifurcation.


A new online signature-verification method using temporal shift estimation is presented. Local temporal shifts existing in signatures are estimated by the differences of the phase outputs of Gabor filter applied to signature signals. In the proposed signature-verification algorithm, an input signature signal undergoes preprocessing procedures including smoothing, size normalization and skew correction, and then its feature profile is extracted from the signature signal. A Gabor filter with the predetermined center frequency /spl omega/ is applied on a feature profile, and a phase profile is computed from the phase output. The feature profile and the phase profile are length normalized and quantized so that a signature code of fixed size is generated. The temporal shifts existing between two signatures are computed by using the differences between the phase profiles. The information about the temporal shifts is used as offsets for comparing the two feature profiles. Therefore, two kinds of dissimilarities are proposed. Temporal dissimilarity is a measure reflecting the amount of total temporal disturbance between the two signatures. The difference between the two signature profiles is computed at each corresponding point pair and is accumulated into temporally arranged feature profile dissimilarity. The decision boundary is represented as a straight line in the dissimilarity space whose two axes are the two dissimilarity measures. The slope and the position of the decision boundary are computed using the distribution of the dissimilarities among the sample signatures involved in the enrollment procedure. The experimental results show that through the compact and fixed size of signature data representation and relatively simple comparison methods, the proposed method can compare signatures 400 times faster than the conventional DP matching based signature-verification method.


Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) extracts a heavy societal toll. The value of medical advances that delay onset of AD could be significant. Using data from nationally representative samples from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2008) and Aging Demographics and Memory Study (2001–2009), we estimate the prevalence and incidence of AD and the formal and informal health care costs associated with it. We use microsimulation to project future prevalence and costs of AD under different treatment scenarios. We find from 2010 to 2050, the number of individuals ages 70+ with AD increases 153%, from 3.6 to 9.1 million, and annual costs increase from $307 billion ($181B formal, $126B informal costs) to $1.5 trillion. 2010 annual per person costs were $71,303 and double by 2050. Medicare and Medicaid are paying 75% of formal costs. Medical advances that delay onset of AD for 5 years result in 41% lower prevalence and 40% lower cost of AD in 2050. For one cohort of older individuals, who would go on to acquire AD, a 5-year delay leads to 2.7 additional life years (about 5 AD-free), slightly higher formal care costs due to longer life but lower informal care costs for a total value of $511,208 per person. We find Medical advances delaying onset of AD generate significant economic and longevity benefits. The findings inform clinicians, policymakers, businesses and the public about the value of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of AD.


Deep learning-based object pose estimators are often unreliable and overconfident especially when the input image is outside the training domain, for instance, with sim2real transfer. Efficient and robust uncertainty quantification (UQ) in pose estimators is critically needed in many robotic tasks. In this work, we propose a simple, efficient, and plug-and-play UQ method for 6-DoF object pose estimation. We ensemble 2–3 pre-trained models with different neural network architectures and/or training data sources, and compute their average pair-wise disagreement against one another to obtain the uncertainty quantification. We propose four disagreement metrics, including a learned metric, and show that the average distance (ADD) is the best learning-free metric and it is only slightly worse than the learned metric, which requires labeled target data. Our method has several advantages compared to the prior art: 1) our method does not require any modification of the training process or the model inputs; and 2) it needs only one forward pass for each model. We evaluate the proposed UQ method on three tasks where our uncertainty quantification yields much stronger correlations with pose estimation errors than the baselines. Moreover, in a real robot grasping task, our method increases the grasping success rate from 35% to 90%. Video and code are available at https://sites.google.com/view/fastuq.


This masters thesis is written on the topic of barrier management, and specifically the human and organizational aspects in this field. The main objective of the thesis is to clarify the use of terms related to human and organizational aspects of barrier management. The thesis is re- stricted to major accident risks in the offshore oil and gas industry. There have in the later years been an increasing focus on the operational and organizational aspects of risk reduction. In addition to this focus, the Petroleum Safety Authority in Norway have stated that barriers are one of their most important areas of focus. There are however a large number of different definition sets and classification schemes for barriers and risk reduc- ing measures, both within the oil and gas industry, and in other industries. These definitions and classifications integrate to a varying extent human and organizational aspects of the risk reducing measures. There is also difficulties incorporating the human and organizational contributions into accident scenario modeling, both because of the lack of data on these aspects and the lack of modeling methods that are adaptable for the oil and gas industry. Some of the main differentiation between the definitions that are described in the thesis is the differentiation between what aspects that are a part of the barrier, and what aspects that influences the barrier. Here there are some definitions that operates with a wide scope of what constitutes a barrier, where human actions, rules, regulations, procedures and plans can be con- sidered barrier elements, while other definitions strictly limits the scope of barriers to only con- sider technical and physical elements as barriers. There is also differences in the way the barrier definitions are broken down into sub-definitions. Some of the most common elements are bar- rier elements, barrier systems, barrier functions, and of course barrier. Some definition sets also include influencing factors. Though correlation exists between the different barrier definitions, there are some significant differences, especially on the operational and organizational aspects. Some modeling methods, that incorporates or focuses on human and organizational aspects have been described and discussed. The main focus is on Human Reliability Analysis methods. This is a set of methods that have been developed and used in the nuclear power industry to model human actions. These models differentiates between human actions, performance shaping, or influencing, factors, and uses probabilities to model human error or failure. These modeling methods have not previously been used, to any great extent in the oil and gas indus- try, because of the challenges of adapting the data and models to the operations performed on an oil rig, from the operations on nuclear power plants. The other modeling methods that have been described and discussed are the use of Bayesian Belief Networks, the Functional Resonance Modeling Method and the System-Theoretic Accident Model and Process methodology. All of these have pros and cons for application for barrier models in the offshore oil and gas industry. Some of the definitions that was found and discussed in the literature survey, are applied to different major accident related scenarios, to examine the differences between these closer, in case scenarios. The cases that are used, are in different parts of an accident scenario. The first case is an maintenance operation, where the different steps in the operation are described. The second case is in relation to a drilling operation. Here the different elements in kick-detection is described. The last case is a hydro carbon leak scenario, where different safety measures are described. For these three cases, four different definitions, or classifications of barriers were applied. The comparison showed that most of the differences between the definitions were related to operational and organizational aspects of the procedures and measures. The findings in the thesis points towards that to focus on the function of the barriers are the best way of incorporating operational and organizational aspects of barrier management into modeling. This is opposed to a hardware focused barrier definition. A set of barrier definitions that is based on this function-oriented view is proposed. Also a framework to identify barriers, based on the new set of barrier definition is proposed. The proposed definitions are applied to the same cases as the definitions found in the literature survey, and the barrier identification framework is exemplified through the application on a hydro carbon leak scenario. The findings and the proposed definition are discussed, and some areas that are in need of future work are proposed.


We report a two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for fabrication of hierarchical polymer-coated carbon nanotube (CNT) microstructures having tunable mechanical properties and accessible chemical functionality. Diverse geometries of vertically aligned CNTs were grown from lithographically patterned catalyst films, and the CNT microstructures were chemically functionalized via poly[4-trifluoroacetyl-p-xylylene-co-p-xylylene] made by chemical vapor deposition polymerization. The polymer coating conformally coated the individual CNTs and CNT bundles within the CNT "forest". The chemical structure of the polymer films was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Simple control of the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite structures can be achieved by adjusting the deposition times during CVD polymerization. Increasing the polymer film thickness from 10 nm to 27 nm resulted in a change of the Young's modulus from 65 to 80 MPa. These values are substantially higher than the 36 MPa measured for the as-grown CNTs without polymer coating. The effect of the polymer coating in reinforcing the connectivity among CNTs within the structures has been understood using an analytical model. Finally, chemical functionality of the CNT composite structures after CVD polymerization was verified by a 4-fold fluorescence enhancement after binding of a dye to the coated CNT microstructures. This technique can be adapted to a wide variety of reactive coatings and facilitates attachment of chemical groups and functional nanostructures on the surfaces of the CNTs; therefore, this material could serve as a tunable platform for coupling mechanical and chemical responses in materials for environmental and biological sensing.


Bioresorbable collagen nerve guides filled with either magnetically aligned type I collagen gel or control collagen gel were implanted into 4- or 6-mm surgical gaps created in the sciatic nerve of mice and explanted 30 and 60 days postoperation (dpo) for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. The hypothesis was that contact guidance of regenerating axons and/or invading nonneuronal cells to the longitudinally aligned collagen fibrils would improve nerve regeneration. The criterion for regeneration was observation of regenerating myelinated fibers distal to the nerve guide. Consistent with previous studies showing poor regeneration in 6-mm gaps at 60 dpo with entubulation repair, only one of six mice exhibited regeneration with control collagen gel. In contrast, four of four mice exhibited regeneration with magnetically aligned collagen gel, including the appearance of nerve fascicle formation. The numbers of myelinated fibers were less than the uninjured nerve in all groups, however, which may have been due to rapid resorption of the nerve guides. An attempt to increase the stability of the collagen gel, and thereby the directional information presented by the aligned collagen fibrils, by crosslinking the collagen with ribose before implantation proved detrimental for regeneration.


Abstract:This article makes a case of the basic distinction between Islam and Islamism and presents three central arguments: 1. through religious reforms and a rethinking of the Islamic doctrine, the cultural system of Islam can be put in harmony with democracy, 2. this (first) argument does not apply to Islamism (political Islam) for the simple reason that its end is an Islamic system of government. These two arguments lead to the third, namely that democracy is not simply a voting procedure, but also and above all a political culture of pluralism, individual human rights and civil society, all based on secular values. Unlike jihadist Islamists, institutional Islamists approve democracy, however, only in terms of balloting, not as a political culture of pluralism. Those Islamists who truly consent to democracy abandon the idea of a shari'a-based rule of God (the Hakimiyyat) and then are no longer Islamists, but democrats.


South-east Italy is a region of distinct archaeological importance in which
environmental factors have clearly played a major role in settlement site selection and
economic development throughout the Holocene. Little is known, however, of how the
environment has changed during this period. This research focuses on the Adriatic
coastal margin of Salento between San Cataldo and Otranto, an important area of
prehistoric and historic settlement. The research principally determines how and at
what rate the environment of the study-area has changed during the Holocene as a
result of the interaction between natural processes and human influence. For the first
time, detailed scientific analysis is provided on Holocene environmental change in
south-east Italy.
Specifically, the impact of natural processes and human influence on vegetation
patterns are investigated, together with the impact of Holocene relative sea-level rise on
this low-lying, semi-arid coastal zone. The research aims are tackled by
geomorphological and palynological investigations of the sedimentary record within the
study-area in order to derive evidence for past environmental conditions. Analyses of
the sediments, macrofossils, incorporated pollen and non-pollen microfossils including
dinoflagellate cysts, diatoms and algal cysts within lacustrine, freshwater marsh and
marine lagoon environments are integrated to maximise the palaeoenvironmental
information obtained. These analyses are interpreted together with archaeological data
to reconstruct spatial differences in Holocene environmental change in the study-area.
Holocene sedimentary sequences are determined and a record of vegetation change
since the mid-Holocene in the study-area is interpreted from palynological analyses. In
contrast to most studies of Holocene vegetation history in Italy, the sharp decline in
woodland vegetation in the middle to late Holocene, is primarily attributed to human
activities rather than climatic change. Palynological and archaeological evidence point
to continuing relative sea-level rise in the past two millennia, an important factor in the
development of coastal marsh in the study-area.


The EU's common security and defence policy (CSDP) was launched in the 1990s as a quest for "autonomy." Fifteen years of efforts failed to deliver that objective. The coherence of the EU member states in their security dealings with the US was always vulnerable to the potentially incompatible objectives of the UK and France. But as EU leaders post-Brexit re-launch the CSDP, as the 2016 European Global Strategy rediscovers the virtues of "strategic autonomy," and as the world juggles with a US president who appears to question the basis of the Atlantic Alliance, it is time to radically re-think the relations between the EU and NATO. This paper argues that, in the longer term, it is through the strengthening of the EU-NATO relationship that EU strategic autonomy will become possible, and that a consolidation of the transatlantic bond will emerge.


This paper presents a comprehensive three-dimensional, time-dependent model for simulating the adsorption kinetics and the redistribution of surfactants at the surface and in the bulk of a weld pool. A physicochemical approach that was included in this paper allows the surfactant concentration at the surface and in the bulk to depart from its thermodynamical equilibrium. The Langmuir equilibrium adsorption ratio was based on the k(seg) coefficient of Sahoo (1988, "Surface-Tension of Binary Metal-Surface-Active Solute Systems Under Conditions Relevant to Welding Metallurgy," Metall. Trans. B, 19B, pp. 483-491) and was finally used for calculating fluid flow and heat transfer in gas tungsten arc welding of a super duplex stainless steel, SAF 2507. In this study, the authors applied the multicomponent surfactant mass transfer model to investigate the effect of the influence of sulfur and oxygen redistribution in welding of a super duplex stainless steel.


ABSTRACT Sequencing-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping assays require subjective interpretation (editing) of sequence data from multiple primers to form consensus sequences and identify antiretroviral drug resistance mutations. We assessed interlaboratory variations in editing and their impact on the recognition of resistance mutations. Six samples were analyzed in a central laboratory by using a research-use-only HIV-1 genotyping system previously produced by Applied Biosystems. The electronic files of individual primer sequences from the samples were sent to 10 laboratories to compare sequence editing strategies. Each sequence data set included sequences from seven primers spanning protease codons 1 to 99 and reverse transcriptase codons 1 to 320. Each laboratory generated a consensus sequence for each sample and completed a questionnaire about editing strategy. The amount of editing performed, the concordance of consensus sequences among the laboratories, and the identification of resistance mutations were evaluated. Sequence agreement was high among the laboratories despite wide variations in editing strategies. All laboratories identified 66 (88%) of 75 resistance mutations in the samples. Nonconcordant identifications were made for 9 (12%) of the 75 mutations, all of which required editing for identification. These results indicate a need for standardized editing guidelines in genotyping assays. Proficiency in editing should be assessed in training and included in quality control programs for HIV-1 genotyping.


Diabetes is a disease in which the ability of the body to produce or respond to the hormone, insulin is impaired. There is an increase in the incidence of people affected by diabetes worldwide. Earlier people from developed countries were mostly affected by it but now it is also affecting the people from low and middle income countries. Improper eating habits and sedentary lifestyle is one of the leading reasons for this increase. Diabetes can have major health impacts and can cause premature deaths. As diabetes cannot be cured completely, professionals should come up with different ways in order to delay the onset of the disease or to manage it so that even a diabetes affected individual can lead a healthy life. This review article deals with the type of macronutrients that should be consumed to manage diabetes and also highlights the benefits of Mediterranean diet. The beneficiary effects of Medical Nutrition Therapy and Diabetes Self-Management Training has been discussed. As nutrition complexities cannot be individualized, it is essential to consult a dietician before starting any dietary interventions. This shows that implementation of a healthy diet along with modification of lifestyle can help in managing diabetes.


This article presents FUSE, an approach for modeling and implementing embedded software components which starts from a main-stream programming language and brings some of the key concepts of Statecharts as first-class elements within this language. Our approach provides a unified programming environment which not only preserves some of the advantages of Statecharts' formal foundation but also directly supports features of object-orientation and strong typing. By specifying Statecharts directly in FUSE we eliminate the out-of-synch between the model and the generated code and we allow the tuning and debugging to be done within the same programming model. This article describes the main language constructs of FUSE and presents its semantics by translation into the Java programming language. We conclude by discussing extensions to the base language which enable the efficient static checking of program properties.


Background: Left ventricular wall motion is depressed in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, whether or not the depressed left ventricular wall motion is caused by impairment of sarcomere dynamics remains to be fully clarified. Methods and Results: We analyzed the mechanical properties of single sarcomere dynamics during sarcomeric auto-oscillations (calcium spontaneous oscillatory contractions [Ca-SPOC]) that occurred at partial activation under the isometric condition in myofibrils from donor hearts and from patients with severe DCM (New York Heart Association classification III-IV). Ca-SPOC reproducibly occurred in the presence of 1 &mgr;mol/L free Ca2+ in both nonfailing and DCM myofibrils, and sarcomeres exhibited a saw-tooth waveform along single myofibrils composed of quick lengthening and slow shortening. The period of Ca-SPOC was longer in DCM myofibrils than in nonfailing myofibrils, in association with prolonged shortening time. Lengthening time was similar in both groups. Then, we performed Tn (troponin) exchange in myofibrils with a DCM-causing homozygous mutation (K36Q) in cTnI (cardiac TnI). On exchange with the Tn complex from healthy porcine ventricles, period, shortening time, and shortening velocity in cTnI-K36Q myofibrils became similar to those in Tn-reconstituted nonfailing myofibrils. Protein kinase A abbreviated period in both Tn-reconstituted nonfailing and cTnI-K36Q myofibrils, demonstrating acceleration of cross-bridge kinetics. Conclusions: Sarcomere dynamics was found to be depressed under loaded conditions in DCM myofibrils because of impairment of thick-thin filament sliding. Thus, microscopic analysis of Ca-SPOC in human cardiac myofibrils is beneficial to systematically unveil the kinetic properties of single sarcomeres in various types of heart disease.


A two-step optimization method is proposed to design a compact single-surface far-field illumination system, satisfying the requirements of illuminance uniformity and light control efficiency with h/D less than 3:1. In the first step, the conventional tailored edge-ray design (TED) method is employed to generate prescribed illumination distribution for the rotationally symmetric optical system, and an optimization process is added to reach a balance between illuminance uniformity and light control efficiency. Based on the improved TED method, we can construct an initial optical system more accurate than that obtained by point source assumption. In the second step, an iterative feedback modification process is employed to optimize the initial optical system, so that the degradation of performance due to insufficient control of skew rays is mitigated. Because the initial optical system constructed in the first step is accurate enough, the second-step feedback modification can converge to a satisfactory result within several iterations. As an example, a free-form rotationally symmetric lens with the height of h = 25 mm is designed for a discoidal LED source with the diameter of D = 10 mm. Both high illuminance uniformity of 0.75 and high light control efficiency of 0.86 are obtained simultaneously. The method can be further used to achieve more complex non-uniform illumination distributions. The design of an optical system with h/D = 2.5:1 and a circular linear illumination distribution is demonstrated.


Benefits provided by higher order bidirectional Raman pumping schemes in 10-Gb/s unrepeated wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission systems are experimentally quantified in terms of BER performances at 10 Gb/s. By keeping under control double-Rayleigh-scattering-noise-induced transmission penalties, which can degrade system performance at very high ON-OFF Raman gain, as well as nonlinear propagation effects such as Brillouin scattering, self- and cross-phase modulations, four-wave-mixing, and Raman-induced crosstalks, we show a total unrepeated system reach enhancement up to 3.5 dB with respect to first-order bidirectional pumping. As confirmed by theory, the maximum reach enhancement is mainly limited by pump-to-signal relative intensity noise transfer induced by higher order copumping.


Abstract The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Belgium, for the pesticide active substance clothianidin are reported. The context of the peer review was that requested by the European Commission following the submission and evaluation of confirmatory ecotoxicological data concerning the risk assessment for bees. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of clothianidin as an insecticide on winter cereals, beet potato, maize/sweet maize, sorghum and forestry nursery. The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented. Missing information identified as being required to allow for a complete risk assessment is listed. Concerns are identified. © 2016 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.


We report here on the design, fabrication and characterization of 48-channel parallel optical transceivers demonstrating terabit/sec data transfer rate. The 0.48 Tb/s transmit plus 0.48 Tb/s receive throughput was achieved using a second-generation single-chip holey CMOS transceiver IC. In addition to 24 receiver (RX) and 24 laser diode driver circuits, the 5.2 mm × 5.8 mm single CMOS chip incorporates 48 through-substrate optical vias (holes), one for each transmitter (TX) and RX channel. A complete holey Optochip is formed following direct flip-chip attachment of 24-channel 850-nm VCSEL and PD arrays. The 48 optical vias enable optical access to the 24 VCSELs and 24 PDs. The holey Optochip concept provides a dense chip-scale package which is fully compatible with industry-standard top emitting/detecting 850-nm VCSELs/PDs providing optimized high-speed performance through close integration of the optoelectronic (OE) devices with their drive electronics. Furthermore, the optical vias and OE devices are arranged in a 4 × 12 array on 250 μm × 250 μ m pitch to facilitate direct fiber-coupling to a standard 4 × 12 multi-mode fiber array. The Optochips are packaged into complete modules by flip-chip soldering to high-density, high-speed organic carriers. A pluggable connector soldered to the bottom of the carrier provides all module electrical I/O. The 18 mm × 18 mm overall module area is dictated by the 0.8 mm-pitch ball grid array (BGA) of the organic carrier and connector. Fully functional holey Optomodules with 24 TX and 24 RX channels operate up to 20 Gb/s/ch achieving efficiencies (including both TX and RX) of 7.3 pJ/bit. The terabit/sec data rate (480 Gb/s TX + 480 Gb/s RX) is highest reported for single-chip CMOS transceiver modules.