Using far-ultraviolet (FUV) and near-ultraviolet (NUV) photometry from guest investigator programmes on the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) satellite, optical photometry from the MDM Observatory and optical integral-field spectroscopy from SAURON, we explore the UV–line-strength relations of the 48 nearby early-type galaxies in the SAURON sample. Identical apertures are used for all quantities, avoiding aperture mismatch. We show that galaxies with purely old stellar populations show well-defined correlations of the integrated FUV −V and FUV − NUV colours with the integrated Mg b and Hβ absorption line-strength indices, strongest for FUV − NUV. Correlations with the NUV −V colour, Fe5015 index and stellar velocity dispersion σ are much weaker. These correlations put stringent constraints on the origin of the UV-upturn phenomenon in early-type galaxies and highlight its dependence on age and metallicity. In particular, despite recent debate, we recover the negative correlation between FUV −V colour and Mg line strength originally publicized by Burstein et al., which we refer to as the 'Burstein relation', suggesting a positive dependence of the UV upturn on metallicity. We argue that the scatter in the correlations is real and present mild evidence that a strong UV excess is preferentially present in slow-rotating galaxies. We also demonstrate that most outliers in the correlations are galaxies with current or recent star formation, some at very low levels. We believe that this sensitivity to weak star formation, afforded by the deep and varied data available for the SAURON sample, explains why our results are occasionally at odds with other recent but shallower surveys. This is supported by the analysis of a large, carefully crafted sample of more distant early-type galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), more easily comparable with current and future large surveys.


This study examines the risk consequences of participation in inter-organisational information systems (IOS). The research aims to identify the risk mitigation and risk absorption impacts of IOS participation and evaluate the extent to which these impacts affect participation decisions. Prior research has called for a greater understanding of risks associated with IS. This paper presents a synthesis of the research on IS risk and illustrates that, to date, this call has been addressed primarily by one-dimensional studies. The paper highlights the changing context of inter-firm trade illustrating its increased reliance on networked collaboration. What remains uncertain is the nature and consequences of risk within this context. The paper presents a framework that will form the basis of the proposed research into the risk mitigation and risk absorption consequences of IOS participation.


One of the great promises of robot learning systems is that they will be able to learn from their mistakes and continuously adapt to ever-changing environments. Despite this potential, most of the robot learning systems today are deployed as a fixed policy and they are not being adapted after their deployment. Can we efficiently adapt previously learned behaviors to new environments, objects and percepts in the real world? In this paper, we present a method and empirical evidence towards a robot learning framework that facilitates continuous adaption. In particular, we demonstrate how to adapt vision-based robotic manipulation policies to new variations by fine-tuning via off-policy reinforcement learning, including changes in background, object shape and appearance, lighting conditions, and robot morphology. Further, this adaptation uses less than 0.2% of the data necessary to learn the task from scratch. We find that our approach of adapting pre-trained policies leads to substantial performance gains over the course of fine-tuning, and that pre-training via RL is essential: training from scratch or adapting from supervised ImageNet features are both unsuccessful with such small amounts of data. We also find that these positive results hold in a limited continual learning setting, in which we repeatedly fine-tune a single lineage of policies using data from a succession of new tasks. Our empirical conclusions are consistently supported by experiments on simulated manipulation tasks, and by 52 unique fine-tuning experiments on a real robotic grasping system pre-trained on 580,000 grasps.


The article is focused on the sources of the idea of a united Europe, which are also relevant to Lithuania, both theoretically and practically. Practically, Lithuanian so ciety supports the idea of a united Europe enthusiastically and is deeply interested in its success and stability. Theoretically, Lithuanian culture developed and flourished in the context of European civilization, first Christian and later modern. In recent studies, it is usual to emphasise "Europeanisation" of Lithuania and the parallels be tween the multiethnic medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania and contemporary Europe, united in diversity and openness. The fact that our "Europeanisation" un folded at the same time as Christendom was discovering its new modern European identity is left on the margins.


In this paper, we propose an easy-to-use yet comprehensive model for a system of cointegrated commodity prices. While retaining the exponential affine structure of previous approaches, our model allows for an arbitrary number of cointegration relationships. We show that the cointegration component allows capturing well-known features of commodity prices, i.e., upward sloping (contango) and downward sloping (backwardation) term-structures, smaller volatilities for longer maturities and an upward sloping correlation term structure. The model is calibrated to futures price data of ten commodities. The results provide compelling evidence of cointegration in the data. Implications for the prices of futures and options written on common commodity spreads (e.g., spark spread and crack spread) are thoroughly investigated.


Disinfection efficiency of urban waste water treatment depends on treated water characteristics and receiving medium. The amount of chlorine dioxide (2 to 5 mg/l) needed for a given effluent is relatively low due to its high effectiveness against many microorganisms.

No typical by-products, such as hypobromites, trihalomethanes, chloramines, are obtained with chlorine dioxide.

In a case study, bacterial analyses show that the treatment respects the limit of 2000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml of treated water and contributes to maintain the beach water quality of Deauville and Trouville in France.


This study examines the impacts of tourism in a small mountain village in the Nepal Himalayas. During the 1980s, especially, there was a strong global increase in tourism to "remote" places. This increase consequently led to a concomitant increase in writings on tourism and its effects on local places. In this thesis, I aim to engage critically in these theories, adapting some of them to my specific case study. In particular, writings with background in globalization theories are central. My analysis was both descriptive and theoretical. Through analysis of the farming system, I saw that the consequences of tourism are seldom one-sided and not necessarily ruining local culture. Quite the opposite, my analysis indicates that the income from tourism is essential to uphold the farming system and the settlement in Manang, at least in the form we have seen until now. New theories on tourism and local change have emphasized the goal of local cultural control, and have concluded that in light of a globalized world there might exist new ways of organizing global resistance based on local embeddedness; my findings, although supporting the possibility of such a locally based resistance, challenges this optimistic reasoning. Through discussing the findings in my analysis of the farming system combined with a study of the arranging of a local festival I argue that a place always experience a wide array of different influences. A broader understanding of place and the place-culture nexus is therefore necessary.


The purpose of this thesis was to determine the relationships between young adults executive functioning and media multitasking. This was addressed through the systematic exploration of executive functioning utilising behavioural performance tasks, informed by Diamond's (2013) executive function framework that details three functions; inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility, in relation to media multitasking. In fulfilling this aim, an initial investigation was conducted which assessed self-reported frequency of media multitasking (utilising the Media Multitasking Index by Ophir, Nass & Wagner, 2009, including the full continuum of scores) in relation to performance on executive function tasks assessing inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. No association between aspects of young adults executive functioning and self-reported frequency of media multitasking was found. Following this, the thesis continued with the systematic exploration of inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility in relation to media multitasking, progressing with the inclusion of a novel assessment of media multitasking ability. Within this second study, media multitasking was explored using objective measures, with participants completing a media multitasking situation. This type of media multitasking assessment has not previously been used in conjunction with performance on a full battery of executive function tasks. The study demonstrated an association between young adults' cognitive flexibility and their ability to media multitask, in terms of recall of information from a media multitasking situation. It also reflected real world implications of media multitasking in terms of including a novel manipulation of media multitasking within a single device or between multiple devices. Lastly, the final empirical study explored the proximal effects of media multitasking on executive functioning in young adults, for which none were found. In addition to the main aim, a concern of the thesis was to explore the relationship between trait mood and media multitasking. In this regard, self-reported media multitasking was associated with trait anxiety, with higher levels of anxiety associated with more frequent media multitasking in young adults. Other aspects of mood were also assessed throughout the two latter empirical studies, which highlighted a possible fatiguing effect of media engagement (inclusive of media multitasking) on mood. This thesis found no evidence that young adults' self-reported frequency of media multitasking is associated with their executive functioning. However, there is evidence of the involvement of cognitive flexibility in young adults' ability to media multitask, when assessing the recall of information from a session of media multitasking. Furthermore, media multitasking between multiple devices is no more detrimental than media multitasking within a single device in terms of the recall of information from a media multitasking situation. Additionally, media engagement (inclusive of media multitasking) does not proximally affect executive function performance although it may fatigue mood.


Representation theorems relate seemingly complex objects to concrete, more tractable ones. In this paper, we take advantage of the abstraction power of category theory and provide a datatypegeneric representation theorem. More precisely, we prove a representation theorem for a wide class of second-order functionals which are polymorphic over a class of functors. Types polymorphic over a class of functors are easily representable in languages such as Haskell, but are difficult to analyse and reason about. The concrete representation provided by the theorem is easier to analyse, but it might not be as convenient to implement. Therefore, depending on the task at hand, the change of representation may prove valuable in one direction or the other. We showcase the usefulness of the representation theorem with a range of examples. Concretely, we show how the representation theorem can be used to prove that traversable functors are finitary containers, how coalgebras of a parameterised store comonad relate to very well-behaved lenses, and how algebraic effects might be implemented in a functional language.


This article, which was prepared for an ABA Antitrust Section Panel, discusses the role of ideology and politics in antitrust enforcement and the impact of elections in the last twenty year on enforcement and policy at the federal antitrust agencies. The article explains the differences in antitrust ideologies and their impact on policy preferences. The article then uses a database of civil non-merger complaints by the DOJ and FTC over the last three Presidential administrations to analyze changes in the number, type and other characteristics of antitrust enforcement. It also discusses change in vertical merger enforcement and other antirust policies such as amicus briefs, reports and guidelines. The article concludes that elections do matter and that the impact of elections on the DOJ and FTC has differed significantly.


Abstract. At CNR-IMAA, an aerosol lidar system has operated since May 2000 in the framework of EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network), the first lidar network for tropospheric aerosol study on a continental scale. High quality multi-wavelength measurements make this system a reference point for the validation of data products provided by CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations), the first satellite-borne lidar specifically designed for aerosol and cloud study. Since 14 June 2006, dedicated measurements have been performed at CNR-IMAA in coincidence with CALIPSO overpasses. For the first time, results on 1-year comparisons between ground-based multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements and corresponding CALIPSO lidar Level 1 profiles are presented. A methodology for the comparison is presented and discussed in detail. Night-time cases are considered to take advantage from Raman capability of the ground based lidar. Cases with the detection of cirrus clouds in CALIPSO data are separately analysed for taking into account multiple scattering effects. For cirrus cloud cases, few cases are available to draw any conclusions. For clear sky conditions, the comparison shows good performances of the CALIPSO on-board lidar: the mean relative difference between the ground-based and CALIPSO Level 1 measurements is always within its standard deviation at all altitudes, with a mean difference in the 3–8 km altitude range of (−2±12)%. At altitude ranges corresponding to the typical PBL height observed at CNR-IMAA, a mean difference of (−24±20)% is observed in CALIPSO data, probably due to the difference in the aerosol content at the location of PEARL and CALIPSO ground-track location. Finally, the mean differences are on average lower at all altitude ranges for the closest overpasses (at about 40 km) respect to the 80-km overpasses.


This paper describes a small study carried out using a hygrothermal simulation tool to investigate the sensitivity of wall performance results to uncertainty in the amount of rain impinging on the wall. Design standards for hygrothermal analysis of proposed designs include methods for selecting appropriate moisture reference years and specify the amount of water that is assumed to intrude into the wall. Weather data used as input for modeling purposes is generally assumed to be reliable, but recent work has shown that there may be considerable uncertainty in the rainfall data. A small study was carried out to investigate the effect of uncertainty of rainfall data on the hygrothermal performance of a typical residential building envelope. Most hygrothermal models require fully populated hourly datasets, which include rain data. Many locations, however, do not have this kind of data although many have qualitative rain data. Ten locations with rain gage data were chosen as typical of most regions of Canada, except for the far north. Different methods in estimating rainfall were considered as well as variations on the amount of rain data were subsequently made. Several performance criteria, including total moisture content and a mold index, were compared. Although the choice of which method for deriving quantities of water from qualitative codes does cause differences in the hygrothermal response and consequently the performance criteria, these differences appear to be manageable. It is suggested that practitioners should show their awareness of the probable level of uncertainty by stating error bands for their predictions of performance. It should be emphasized that the sources of uncertainty dealt with in this small study are not the only ones, but that they do focus on water entry through leakage paths. The natures of the leakage paths likely introduce greater uncertainty, and should also be borne in mind.


LeBron James, Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, and all of the best basketball players in the world began their careers in the same way: by focusing on the fundamentals. With Basketball Essentials there has never been a better way to learn to play!
 In Basketball Essentials, you learn by doing. Sequential instruction and detailed photographs will guide you to perform the techniques and tactics of the game:
 Shooting
 Passing
 Dribbling
 Defending
 Rebounding
 In addition to the basics, you'll be challenged to expand your repertoire of skills and use those newly acquired tactics for competitive advantage. More than 100 of the best practice drills will develop your game and improve your performance. You'll gain an understanding of the game, offensive and defensive strategies, and proven plays.
 Basketball Essentials is the best way to learn the basics in less time. It's the only guide that teaches the skills and the love of the game.


Holmes saw the dissent as a mechanism to advance and preserve arguments and as a pageant for wordplay. Dissents, for Holmes, occupied an interstitial space between law and non-law. The thought and theory of pragmatism allowed him to recreate the dissent as a stage for performative text, a place where signs and syntax could mimic the environment of the particular time and place and in so doing become, or strive to become, law. Holmes's dissents were sites of aesthetic adaptation. The language of his dissents was acrobatic. It acted and reacted and called attention to itself. The more provocative and aesthetic the language, the more likely it was for future judges and commentators to return to that dissent to reconsider Holmes's argument — the more likely, that is, that non-law might become law. In this sense, language for Holmes was not just a vehicle for law but also law itself. This paper argues that Holmes's dissents both reflect and revise pragmatist philosophy and that the proliferation of dissents has to do with American pragmatism. Focusing on Lochner v. New York (1905), Abrams v. United States (1919), and Bartels v. Iowa (1923), this paper shows that Holmes's dissents represent an aesthetic adaptation of pragmatism that allows Holmes's writing to become memorable not just for the ideas it articulates, but also for the way in which it articulates those ideas.


To satisfy the demands for fast-response peak regulation in power grids, the development of multistage compressed air energy storage (MCAES) system has accelerated in recent years. However, because of system imperfections, such as redundant structures, excessive numbers of energy conversion stages, and lower total utilization rate, it is necessary to identify and mitigate the weaknesses of the system. Consequently, this study conducts the thermodynamic analysis of MCAES. First, the efficiency losses in the working processes of the MCAES are considered, and a system node is added based on existing modular models, making the model more robust. Second, the effects of process parameters on system performance metrics, including power generation efficiency and residual heat, are studied. Finally, the weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) is used to analyze the sensitivity of various equipment and process parameters to system efficiency under different structures. Through the weight comparison, the weak points are located, which provides detailed theoretical guidance for the structural design and equipment parameter selection of MCAES.


Deep neural networks have been shown to be very powerful modeling tools for many supervised learning tasks involving complex input patterns. However, they can also easily overfit to training set biases and label noises. In addition to various regularizers, example reweighting algorithms are popular solutions to these problems, but they require careful tuning of additional hyperparameters, such as example mining schedules and regularization hyperparameters. In contrast to past reweighting methods, which typically consist of functions of the cost value of each example, in this work we propose a novel meta-learning algorithm that learns to assign weights to training examples based on their gradient directions. To determine the example weights, our method performs a meta gradient descent step on the current mini-batch example weights (which are initialized from zero) to minimize the loss on a clean unbiased validation set. Our proposed method can be easily implemented on any type of deep network, does not require any additional hyperparameter tuning, and achieves impressive performance on class imbalance and corrupted label problems where only a small amount of clean validation data is available.


Max Adams is a TV writer & presenter who has travelled the world to research the story of Admiral Collingwood, Nelson's great friend -- and at one point, rival in love. From the day he went to sea as a 13-year-old boy to his death (at sea) aged 62, Collingwood kept a diary. His diaries, letters and recently discovered log books enable us to hear his story in his own words -- and he was a wonderful writer, descriptive, comic and full of insight. Collingwood fought in almost every major sea battle of the era and rose from humble midshipman to Admiral. He became Britain's 'minister at sea' for five years, effectively running the Mediterranean war effort. His grasp of military, economic and diplomatic affairs was remarkable given his complete lack of conventional education. His service began with the American War of Independence and ended when victory over Napoleon's navy was assured. He wrote the victory despatch the night after Trafalgar. The story of his life is that story of the navy throughout the glory years of the Age of Sail -- the world of fictional admirals Jack Aubrey, Horatio Hornblower and Richard Bolitho.


This master thesis is divided into two parts, one pedagogical and one engineering. The purpose of the pedagogical part of this master thesis was to investigate how students learn during projects. At the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, three larger student projects occurred where the students themselves developed a probe that was launched into the atmosphere. The supervisors of the projects wanted to find out how the students learn during the project. The thesis includes in-depth interviews with current and former university students. In order to compare and gain new perspectives on learning,the study also included interviews with high school students to identify their corresponding experiences of learning in their final projects in Swedish upper secondary school. The result from this study shows that the students learn through participating inactivities, collaboration and communication. Giving the students responsibility, a mutual goal and an important assignment makes them collaborate and learn from experience through reflection.The purpose of the engineering part of this master thesis was to investigate samples that were collected during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study in the summer of 2008. The samples were studied by using a scanning electron microscope. The results of the thesis are consistent with former studies on samples collected in Arctic. The images from the microscope showed microgels and how the gels assembled into larger particles, particles which can play a crucial role in the formation of clouds.


Despite growing global interest in the use of algorithmic behavioural screens, big data and machine learning to detect bid rigging in procurement markets, the UK's Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) was under no obligation to undertake a project in this area, much less to publish a bid-rigging algorithmic screening tool and make it generally available. Yet, in 2017 and under self-imposed pressure, the CMA released 'Screening for Cartels' (SfC) as 'a tool to help procurers screen their tender data for signs of illegal bid-rigging activity' and has since been trying to raise its profile internationally. There is thus a possibility that the SfC tool is not only used by UK public buyers, but also disseminated and replicated in other jurisdictions seeking to implement 'tried and tested' solutions to screen for cartels. This paper argues that such a legal transplant would be undesirable.

In order to substantiate this main claim, and after critically assessing the tool, the paper tracks the origins of the indicators included in the SfC tool to show that its functionality is rather limited as compared with alternative models that were put to the CMA. The paper engages with the SfC tool's creation process to show how it is the result of poor policy-making based on the material dismissal of the recommendations of the consultants involved in its development, and that this has resulted in the mere illusion that big data and algorithmic screens are being used to detect bid rigging in the UK. The paper also shows that, as a result of the 'distributed model' used by the CMA, the algorithms underlying the SfC tool cannot improved through training, the publication of the SfC tool lowers the likelihood of some types of 'easy to spot cases' by signalling areas of 'cartel sophistication' that can bypass its tests and that, on the whole, the tool is simply not fit for purpose. This situation is detrimental to the public interest because reliance in a defective screening tool can create a false perception of competition for public contracts, and because it leads to immobilism that delays (or prevents) a much-needed engagement with the extant difficulties in developing a suitable algorithmic screen based on proper big data analytics. The paper concludes that competition or procurement authorities willing to adopt the SfC tool would be buying fool's gold and that the CMA was wrong to cheat at solitaire to expedite the deployment of a faulty tool.


The concept of 'Scandinavian culture' is not new: the implicit understanding is that all Nordic states have similar cultural values (Smith et al. 2003). Nevertheless, disturbing cultural differences may still surface even when representatives from similar cultures work together. The purpose of this paper is therefore to understand the intercultural landscape of the Nordic region today and to appreciate the unique cultural values of each nation. The hallmark of Norwegian cultural practices within a Nordic context is seen to be higher gender egalitarianism. The most pronounced Danish cultural trait within a Nordic framework is low power distance. The Finnish culture on the other hand is seen to be the most hierarchical and formal culture in the Nordic region, whereas the Swedish culture is said to mirror values such as 'socially concerned individualism'. Indeed, a subtle equilibrium seems to pervade the Swedish way of behaving – a balance between individualism and social concern.


Quantum dots have potential in biomedical applications, but concerns persist about their safety. Most toxicology data is derived from in vitro studies and may not reflect in vivo responses. Here, an initial systematic animal toxicity study of CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats is presented. Biodistribution, animal survival, animal mass, hematology, clinical biochemistry, and organ histology are characterized at different concentrations (2.5-15.0 nmol) over short-term (<7 days) and long-term (>80 days) periods. The results show that the quantum dot formulations do not cause appreciable toxicity even after their breakdown in vivo over time. To generalize the toxicity of quantum dots in vivo, further investigations are still required. Some of these investigations include the evaluation of quantum dot composition (e.g., PbS versus CdS), surface chemistry (e.g., functionalization with amines versus carboxylic acids), size (e.g., 2 versus 6 nm), and shape (e.g., spheres versus rods), as well as the effect of contaminants and their byproducts on biodistribution behavior and toxicity. Combining the results from all of these studies will eventually lead to a conclusion regarding the issue of quantum dot toxicity.


Abstract This paper reviews the physics of extremely high current propagation in dense materials. We consider explicitly the problem of the generation of high-current, high-particle energy propagation arising from laser ionization in otherwise neutral targets. The paper concentrates upon the recent experimental results of measurements of the distribution of the laser-generated fast electrons, both in space as well as in energy. The emphasis is primarily to put into physical context the growing number of experimental observations under widely varying conditions. Little or no effort is made to summarize the theoretical or modeling work because of manuscript size limitations; however, when possible, experimental observations are tied to relevant attempts to model the observed behavior. The fundamental conclusion is that fast electron propagation, at a current density and kinetic energy relevant to fast ignition, is far from a solved problem and that target design for fast ignition will have to play a significant role to overcome some of the emerging physical obstacles.


The d ~ e l feeding cycle of Sagitta enflata, the dominant chaetognath in the Indian Ocean, was investigated, using gut content analyses, between the monsoon periods on 2 occasions, October 1995 and May 1996. Zooplankton samples were collected every second hour during a 24 h period close to a dnfting buoy in the middle of the Zanzibar Channel. S. enflata made up 64 % (October) and 77 % (May) of all chaetognaths in this study. S enflata and all chaetognaths contributed as much as 30 and 33%,, respectively, of the total 90 pm net zooplankton wet weight in October (May samples could not be weighed due to occurrence of phytoplankton). S. enflata fed most actively at night. Small copepods with a mandible width <O.Of mm (prosome length < l mm) were its predominant prey. Feeding rate and mean number of small copepods found in S. enflata were 3 times higher in October than in May. In contrast, the estimated daily predation impact on the standing stock of small copepods (by number) was around 1 % for both periods. Thls may be a negligible predation effect consi.dering the short life-span of tropical copepods. It is suggested that predation effects are related to temperature, since a sirmlar predation impact may be important in cold polar waters where copepod life-spans are much longer. Daily cannibalistic predation impact (by number) was estimated to be between 1 and 4 % (October) and between 2 and 9% (May) using assumed maximum and minimum digestion times of 8 and 2 h. Cannibalism, therefore, may be an ~rnportant source of mortality in S. enflata populations.


In 2007 the residents of the town of Sannieshof in North West Province declared a dispute with the Tswaing Local Municipality on the grounds that the state of local service delivery left much to be desired. The ratepayers then formed the Sannieshof Inwoners Belastingbetalers Unie (SIBU) which literally took over the functions of local government of the town, functioning as a local government within a local government. This article provides a historical narrative of the conflict between SIBU and Tswaing Local Municipality, a dispute which was taken as far as the provincial High Court. Then follows an outline of conditions in Sannieshof and the townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba. Attention is given to the perceptions of local residents on the prevalent conditions, specifically in respect of water supply and sanitation service delivery. In the third section there are some theoretical perspectives on political culture, socialisation and happiness. A debate is provided on how these phenomena manifest under existing conditions in Sannieshof, and more particularly, in its adjacent townships of Agisanang and Phelindaba.


While anthropomorphism in human-robot interaction is often discussed, it still appears to lack formal grounds. We recently proposed a first model of the dynamics of anthropomorphism that reflects the evolution of anthropomorphism in the human-robot interaction over time. The model also accounts for non-monotonic effects like the so-called novelty effect. This contribution proposes to build upon this model to investigate the cognitive correlates induced by a sustained human-robot interaction and we present here our initial ideas. We propose to distinguish three cognitive phases: pre-cognitive, familiarity-based, and adapted anthropomorphism, and we outline how these phases relate to the phenomenological evolution of anthropomorphism over time.


COGSCI2013, the 35th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society and the first to take place in Germany, was held from the 31st of July to the 3rd of August. Cognitive scientists with varied backgrounds gathered in Berlin to report and discuss on expanding lines of research, spanning multiple fields but striving in one direction: to understand cognition with all its properties and peculiarities. A rich program featuring keynotes, symposia, workshops and tutorials, along regular oral and poster sessions, offered the attendees a vivid and exciting overview of where the discipline is going while serving as a fertile forum of interdisciplinary discussion and exchange. This report attempts to point out why this should matter to artificial intelligence as a whole.


Context Microadenocarcinoma (MA) of the pancreas is a rare kind of neoplasm. The term microadenocarcinoma was first proposed for a subtype of pancreatic carcinoma by Cubilla and Fitzgerald in 1975 based largely on the morphological features: small crowded microglandular structures, forming a cribriform pattern, sometimes solid sheets. The status of microadenocarcinoma as an independent tumor entity is still a matter of controversy. We present a case of microglandular carcinoma of the pancreatic head. Case report A 77-year-old man was observed in our department for dyspepsia and important loss of weight. He underwent an abdominal ultrasound which showed a pancreatic head mass of 5.0x5.5 cm. CA 19-9 was 46,300 U/L (reference range: 0-37 U/L). The patient underwent also a CT scan and MRI which confirmed the pancreatic head mass. A 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed a pathological uptake of the tracer in an area of 5 cm, corresponding to the pancreatic head, with a maximum SUV of 3.0. The patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a Traverso-Longmire reconstruction. The postoperative course was uneventful. Histology revealed a microglandular carcinoma of the pancreatic head with ductal and acinar differentiation. The tumor size was 6.5x5.0 cm, the MIB1 was 70%. The immunohistochemical study showed positive staining of the neoplastic cells with CAM 5.2 antibodies and negative staining with a battery of neuroendocrine-related markers. The patient underwent chemotherapy with gemcitabine. He died of progression of disease 55 months after surgery. Conclusion MA is a rare pancreatic neoplasia. The main importance of recognizing this rare variant of pancreatic carcinoma lies in avoiding misdiagnosis with other primary and metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Immunohistochemical studies will be of value in such cases for differential diagnosis.


The use of synthetic colloids (SCs), particularly hydroxyethyl starch (HES), in people has changed in recent years following new evidence raising concerns about their efficacy and safety. Although fluid therapy guidelines for small animals are often extrapolated from human medicine, little information exists on current practice in veterinary medicine. The objective of the present study was to investigate current fluid selection, use of plasma volume expanders including SCs, and recent changes in their use in small animal practice. An Internet-based survey was conducted, inviting veterinarians to report their practices in fluid resuscitation and colloid osmotic pressure support, their choice of SC, and perceived adverse effects and contraindications associated with SC use. There were 1,134 respondents from 42 countries, including 46% general practitioners and 38% diplomates. Isotonic crystalloids, HES, and hypertonic saline were chosen by most respondents for fluid resuscitation, and HES by 75% of respondents for colloid osmotic support. Dextran and gelatin were used by some European respondents. Human serum albumin was used more than canine albumin but 45% of respondents, particularly those from Australia and New Zealand, used no albumin product. The majority (70%) of respondents changed their practice regarding SCs in recent years (mostly by limiting their use), largely due to safety concerns. However, only 27% of respondents worked in an institution that had a general policy on SC use. Impaired renal function, coagulopathy, and hypertension were most often considered contraindications; impaired coagulation tests and increased respiratory rate were the most frequently perceived adverse effects. The use of HES remains widespread practice in small animals, regardless of geographic location. Nevertheless, awareness of safety issues and restrictions on the use of SCs imposed in human medicine seems to have prompted a decrease in use of SCs by veterinarians. Given the paucity of evidence regarding efficacy and safety, and differences in cohorts between human and veterinary critical care patients, studies are needed to establish evidence-based guidelines specific for dogs and cats.


The authors have been developing a mechano-electric artificial myocardial assist system (artificial myocardium) which is capable of supporting natural contractile functions from the outside of the ventricle without blood contacting surface. In this study, a nano-tech covalent type shape memory alloy fibre (Biometal, Toki Corp, Japan) was employed and the parallel-link structured myocardial assist device was developed. And basic characteristics of the system were examined in a mechanical circulatory system as well as in animal experiments using goats. The contractile functions were evaluated with the mock circulatory system that simulated systemic circulation with a silicone left ventricular model and an aortic afterload. Hemodynamic performance was also examined in goats. Prior to the measurement, the artificial myocardial assist device was installed into the goat's thoracic cavity and attached onto the ventricular wall. As a result, the system could be installed successfully without severe complications related to the heating, and the aortic flow rate was increased by 15% and the systolic left ventricular pressure was elevated by 7% under the cardiac output condition of 3L/min in a goat. And those values were elevated by the improvement of the design which was capable of the natural morphological myocardial tissue streamlines. Therefore it was indicated that the effective assistance might be achieved by the contraction by the newly-designed artificial myocardial assist system using Biometal. Moreover it was suggested that the assistance gain might be obtained by the optimised configuration design along with the natural anatomical myocardial stream line.


Does the federal minimum wage in Germany introduced in 2015 improve the income situation of low income households and reduce in-work poverty? Previous literature on its distributional impact was either focused on earnings and hourly wages (e.g. Caliendo et al., 2017), or is based on ex-ante simulations (e.g. Muller and Steiner, 2013). This paper provides systematic descriptive ex-post evidence on the distributional implications of the German minimum wage on wages and disposable household incomes as well as some underlying mechanisms. We analyze various measures of hourly wage and disposable household income distributions, both, for the group of affected individuals and the entire population. Most approaches identify individuals affected by the minimum wage based on pre-reform wages ignoring large job fluctuations and measurement error at the bottom of the wage distribution. In contrast, we define the group of affected by people's relative position in the wage distribution in each respective year. Full compliance scenarios are simulated at the actual and markedly higher minimum wage levels to interpret observational outcomes and gauge the redistributive potential of the minimum wage. We find evidence for wage increases at the bottom of the wage distribution. Effects on wage inequality are limited because of non-compliance, difficulties in hourly wage measurement in certain types employment, and unequal wage growth across the distribution. Confirming previous simulation evidence the minimum wage proves to be an ineffective tool for the redistribution of disposable household incomes. Overall inequality has even increased slightly as incomes of poor households grew below average. Affected households are not found primarily at the bottom, but rather in the middle of the income distribution. Working hours of individuals and earnings of other members in households affected by the minimum wage decreased. Benefit withdrawal is of minor importance as welfare transfers and top-up benefits were only marginally reduced by the minimum wage.


In an attempt to broaden participation in STEM, a new type of high school is emerging, high schools which include a focus on engineering, have few or no academic admission criteria, and actively involve students of all levels of ability, known as Inclusive STEM High Schools (ISHSs). One aspect of successful ISHSs includes the intentional and explicit integration of engineering learning opportunities into coursework. The purpose of this paper is to report results of a systematic cross-case analysis exploring the extent of engineering learning opportunities in five exemplar ISHSs. The results are framed by the Engineering in K-12 Education report from which seven different topics were derived to appropriately represent the field of engineering in schools: design, identifying constraints, modeling and analysis, engineering habits of mind, systems thinking, modeling, identifying constraints, communication, and optimization,. The cross-case analysis was conducted by aggregating the information gathered through surveys, interviews, focus groups, classroom observations, and document analysis, noting similarities and differences across schools and mechanisms for the course foci. It was found in the participating ISHSs that engineering is not merely an elective; all students must take at least one engineering course to graduate, although the states in which the schools are located did not require engineering for a diploma. The most prominent topics from the recommended list found at the schools were design, engineering habits of mind, and communication, while the least prominent were modeling, analysis, and identifying constraints. Based on the results of this study, the engineering education community is encouraged to continue making engineering concepts and skills accessible to K-12 educators, who may not have prior formal training in the field of engineering or engineering education.


Modern life styles even among people in rural areas have created an increased demand for dental cosmetology. Dental fluorosis due to its cosmetic effect gains more public health importance today. In the scenario of increasing awareness of environmental health hazards, among people, the research into the biology of fluorosis conducted in the endemic area could be helpful to prove with evidence that fluoride in drinking water causes health hazards like dental and skeletal fluorosis, and also non skeletal manifestation of the disease 1,2,3 . The problem has reached alarming proportions affecting at least 17 States in India. 4 . Of the fourteen Revenue Districts in Kerala, two districts, Alappuzha and Palakkad are endemic for fluorosis. A study was conducted in Alappuzha district and in Kollam, a nearby district, a non endemic area for the fluorosis, to assess and compare the various effects of fluoride in drinking water, on dental and skeletal systems of school children. The present study was conducted among 706 children of 9-12 year age group and sub samples of water collected from these areas for fluoride estimation. Results:The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the endemic region 66.4% where as it was nil in the non endemic region. The results also indicated that the level of fluorosis could be graded in respect of children of as : 14.8% grade I; 41.1% grade II; 10.3 % grade III and 0.2% grade IV. Dental fluorosis. There was a statistically significant (p=0.000) association between fluoride level in the water and dental fluorosis. It was found that nearly one third of the children clinically examined for the study had non specific symptoms of skeletal fluorosis in Alapuzha district. This association was found to be statistically significant ( 2 = 7.99, P value=.0.018). The prevalence of nonspecific symptoms like, backache 3.8%; neck pain 16% and history of skeletal fracture 12.1% was observed among the children in Alappuzha district, where as all these symptoms were observed only among 1% of children of Kollam district,non endemic area. The prevalence of dental fluorosis and non specific symptoms of skeletal fluorosis was high among the school children in the district endemic fluorosis.


In developing countries, land management, government intervention in peri-urban land, and the striking decline of agricultural land have all affected farmers' livelihoods and the capacity of locally supplied food for ever-growing cities. A growing body of literature has focused on the exploration of these issues in rural areas, which are believed to be the backbone of the national agriculture economy, and in peri-urban areas of large cities, which have experienced extreme changes during recent decades. But the issues are also relevant to peri-urban mid-sized cities where urbanization is in a different phase compared to the above areas. This study examines the main changes underway in the agrarian transition of periurban areas of Vinh city, a mid-sized city in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam. Vinh was chosen given its unique position in transforming from a mid-sized to a large city. This study explores the dynamics of agricultural production, and the role of the Vinh government in mediating urbanization and its impacts on farmers' livelihoods. In order to attain the objectives, interviews with local leaders, and a survey with farmers were conducted, and a GIS database was also developed. The findings regarding agricultural production in the case study demonstrate that this mid-sized city, in the early phase of development, manifests itself as a duplicate of larger cities, escalating the threat of food accessibility from local sources. Duplication is in the sense that the peri-urban population in Vinh still depends largely on agriculture with a shift to commercial agriculture with higher value products despite the shrinkage of agricultural land. Agricultural production primarily uses manual family labor, and traditional products are substantially subsistent. Compared to larger cities, post-production activities (including processing, packaging, marketing, and delivery) and the organization of the agrofood supply chain in Vinh are underdeveloped due to minimum support from local and outside agencies. The case study confirms that as general trend in developing countries, Vietnam's land policies favor the expropriation of agricultural land for industrialization and modernization. The findings also demonstrate the heterogeneity of land administration in Vietnam, structured from the 'bottom-up' mechanism, through which Vinh's local authorities have the prerogative to not issue land use right certificates of agricultural land despite the national policy. This has occurred in order to control land markets to satisfy the city's goal of transforming to an independent municipality. The situation is perpetuated by the absence of agricultural land legislations in a peri-urban context while contemporary legislation has been developed to address the rural areas because of their importance in the national agriculture economy. This is an issue for land management in Vietnam as well as in other developing countries. Finally, the findings on land expropriation in the peri-urban areas of Vinh city also confirm that direct government intervention through land expropriation in developing countries, with low compensation and lack of alternative vocational training, undermines farmers' livelihoods and threatens the local food supply.


Over the last two decades official and media discourses have paid increasing attention to the proceeds of 'organized crime'. However, although there is a relatively sound understanding of finance-related issues in the drug markets, not much is known about other illegal markets. Drawing on a diverse set of original empirical data, including interviews with active criminal entrepreneurs involved in the trade, this article provides an account of the financial management of the illicit tobacco business in the United Kingdom. The study has two main objectives. First, to increase knowledge on the financial management of 'organized crime' by using the illegal tobacco trade in the United Kingdom as a case study and second, to further knowledge of the trade's social organization. The findings suggest a critical departure from the discourses on 'organized crime' and crime money.


In this article, an information-processing perspective is used to explore the impact of response categories on the answers respondents provide in Web surveys. Response categories have a significant effect on response formulation in questions that are difficult to process, whereas in easier questions (where responses are based on direct recall) the response scales have a smaller effect. In general, people with less cognitive sophistication are more affected by contextual cues. The Need for Cognition and the Need to Evaluate indexes for motivation account for a significant part of the variance in survey responding. Interactions of ability to process information and motivation combine in regulating responses for questions that are more difficult to process. The results hint at a substantial role of satisficing in Web surveys.


A theoretical examination of the general behavior that should be expected to be displayed by the magnitude of the dynamic resistance of a conventional illuminated photovoltaic device within the power-generating quadrant of its I-V characteristics, when measured in quasi-static conditions from the short-circuit point to the open-circuit point, at various incident illumination intensities. The analysis is based on assuming that the photovoltaic device in question may be adequately described by a simple conventional d-c lumped-element single-diode equivalent circuit solar cell model, which includes significant constant series and shunt resistive losses, but lacks any other secondary effects. Using explicit analytic expressions for the dynamic resistance, we elucidate how its magnitude changes as a function of the terminal variables, the incident illumination intensity and the model's equivalent circuit elements' parameters.


This thesis describes an architecture for policy-based quality of service (QoS) for fixed broadband wireless systems. An implementation of the proposed architecture for the Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) wireless network in Blacksburg, Virginia is described in detail. The focus of the research work was to enable simpler management of the LMDS system and to design and enable network QoS. The thesis examines various means to provide QoS in the network. It highlights issues related to enabling QoS in the VT-LMDS network, like prioritized access, resource management, service differentiation, and lack of predictability in network performance. Quality of service assumes a definition based on the context and application of interest. This research focuses on enabling service differentiation and intelligent resource management based on network conditions and link utilization. A software application that serves as a model of the described architecture was developed using the C++ programming language. The tool uses the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) for the network management operations. The design, implementation issues and the advantages and shortcomings of the tool are outlined and a short primer on the use of the tool is provided. Finally, possibilities for future work in this area especially towards enabling the tool to work with other vendor-specific LMDS systems and non-LMDS fixed broadband wireless systems are examined and the issues in implementing one such system are described.


The Karntnertortheater was for many years the centre of opera in Vienna. In 1869 it met with competition in the form of the newly built Court Opera on the Ring and finally had to be closed down. From 1810 the Karntnertortheater presented only opera and ballet, after having for many years also been a venue for straight theatre. Increasingly, its patrons came not only from the aristocracy but also from the rising Viennese bourgeoisie. It mounted performances of operas by internationally famous composers with first-rank singers: in 1814, for instance, Ludwig van Beethoven conducted the premiere of his final version of Fidelio . In 1821 the theatre witnessed the first public performance of Franz Schubert's song 'Der Erlkonig'. After the theatre had been closed during the Revolution of 1848, Emperor Franz Joseph gave assurances that it would operate as a court theatre and put it under court administration in 1849. Until that point, though far from being a sure-fire profit-maker, it had been leased out. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Karntnertortheater hosted many wildly successful premieres conducted by well-known composers of the day. In the summer, a season of three months was reserved for the Italians, not only Verdi but also Gioachino Rossini. In the 1858/59 season the theatre saw the first performance in Vienna of a work by Richard Wagner, who was himself to be moved to tears by a performance of Lohengrin at the theatre in 1861. The Viennese loved their Karntnertortheater so much that it still continued to operate for almost a year after the opening of the nearby Court Opera on the Ring in 1869. Not until 17 April 1870 did it see its last performance – Rossini's William Tell – following which it was demolished.


The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (gadd) genes are co-ordinately activated by a variety of genotoxic agents and/or growth-cessation signals. The regulation of gadd153 mRNA was investigated in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) cultured in a nutrient- and serum-deprived medium. The addition of glutamine alone to LLC-PK1 cells cultured in Earl's balanced salt solution (EBSS) is sufficient to suppress gadd153 mRNA expression, and the removal of only glutamine from Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) is also sufficient to induce gadd153 mRNA expression. Consistent with these findings, the inhibition of glutamine utilization with acivicin and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) in cells grown in a glutamine-containing medium effectively induces gadd153 expression. Glutamine can be used as an energy source in cultured mammalian cells. However, it is unlikely that deficits in cellular energy stores (ATP) are coupled to gadd153 mRNA expression, because concentrations of ATP, UTP and GTP are all elevated in EBSS-exposed cells, and the addition of alpha-oxoglutarate to cells grown in EBSS has no effect on gadd153 mRNA expression. In contrast, concentrations of CTP decline substantially in EBSS and glutamine-deprived DMEM-cultured cells. Glutamine also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of protein and DNA. The addition of glutamine to cells grown in EBSS partly restores CTP concentrations. The addition of pyrimidine ribonucleosides (cytidine and uridine) to LLC-PK1 cells also restores CTP concentrations, in a manner commensurate with their relative abilities to overcome gadd153 expression. Finally, glutamine does not completely suppress DNA damage-induced gadd153 expression, suggesting that multiple signalling pathways lead to the expression of gadd153 mRNA under conditions of nutrient deprivation and DNA damage.


In establishing a cohort of U.S. nurses, an assessment of response bias was made comparing respondents and non-respondents with regard to age, education, state of residence, employment status, field of employment, and major specialty. Overall, the 122,328 respondents (69.7 per cent) and 43,222 non-respondents were quite similar. Together with the reasonable response rate in a homogeneous population, this suggests that estimation of exposure-disease associations is unlikely to be affected by major bias due to non-response.


We present an empirical study addressing the question whether, and to which extent, lexicographic writing aids improve text revision results. German university students were asked to optimise two German texts using (1) no aids at all, (2) highlighted problems, or (3) highlighted problems accompanied by lexicographic resources that could be used to solve the specific problems. We found that participants from the third group corrected the largest number of problems and introduced the fewest semantic distortions during revision. Also, they reached the highest overall score and were most efficient (as measured in points per time). The second group with highlighted problems lies between the two other groups in almost every measure we analysed. We discuss these findings in the scope of intelligent writing environments, the effectiveness of writing aids in practical usage situations and teaching dictionary skills.


We present here the first high resolution melt (HRM) assay to quantitatively analyze differences in murine DNA methylation levels utilizing CpG methylation of Long Interspersed Elements-1 (LINE1 or L1). By calculating the integral difference in melt temperature between samples and a methylated control, and biasing PCR primers for unmethylated CpGs, the assay demonstrates enhanced sensitivity to detect changes in methylation in a cell line treated with low doses of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza). The L1 assay was confirmed to be a good marker of changes in DNA methylation of L1 elements at multiple regions across the genome when compared with total 5-methyl-cytosine content, measured by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The assay design was also used to detect changes in methylation at other murine repeat elements (B1 and Intracisternal-A-particle Long-terminal Repeat elements). Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that L1 methylation changes were non-uniform across the CpGs within the L1-HRM target region, demonstrating that the L1 assay can detect small changes in CpG methylation among a large pool of heterogeneously methylated DNA templates. Application of the assay to various tissues from Balb/c and CBA mice, including previously unreported peripheral blood (PB), revealed a tissue hierarchy (from hypermethylated to hypomethylated) of PB > kidney > liver > prostate > spleen. CBA mice demonstrated overall greater methylation than Balb/c mice, and male mice demonstrated higher tissue methylation compared with female mice in both strains. Changes in DNA methylation have been reported to be an early and fundamental event in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including cancer. Mouse studies designed to identify modulators of DNA methylation, the critical doses, relevant time points and the tissues affected are limited by the low throughput nature and exorbitant cost of many DNA methylation assays. The L1 assay provides a high throughput, inexpensive and sensitive screening tool for identifying and characterizing DNA methylation changes to L1 elements at multiple regions across the genome.


Spatial variation in absolute climatic conditions (means, maxima or minima) is widely acknowledged to play a fundamental role in controlling species diversity patterns. In contrast, while evidence is accumulating that variability around mean climatic conditions may also influence species coexistence and persistence, the importance of spatial variation in temporal climatic variability for species diversity is still largely unknown. We used a unique dataset capturing fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in temperature variability across 2490 plots in southeast Australia to examine the comparative strength of absolute temperature and temperature variability in explaining spatial variation in plant diversity. Across all plots combined and in three of five forest types, temperature variability emerged as the better predictor of diversity. In all but one forest type, diversity also exhibited either a significant unimodal or positive linear correlation with temperature variability. This relationship is consistent with theory that predicts diversity will initially increase along a climate variability gradient due to temporal niche partitioning, but at an intermediary point, may decline as the risk of stochastic extinction exceeds competitive stabilization. These findings provide critical empirical evidence of a linkage between spatial variation in temporal climate variability and plant species diversity, and in light of changing climate variability regimes, highlight the need for ecologists to expand their purview beyond absolutes and averages.


This article serves as an introduction to the themed special issue on "Complex Systems in Neurobiology." The study of complexity in neurobiology has been sensitive to the stochastic processes that dominate the micro-level architecture of neurobiological systems and the deterministic processes that govern the macroscopic behavior of these systems. A large body of research has traversed these scales of interest, seeking to determine how noise at one spatial or temporal scale influences the activity of the system at another scale. In introducing this special issue, we pay special attention to the history of inquiry in complex systems and why scientists have tended to favor linear, causally driven, reductionist approaches in Neurobiology. We follow this with an elaboration of how an alternative approach might be formulated. To illustrate our position on how the sciences of complexity and the study of noise can inform neurobiology, we use three systematic examples from the study of human motor control and learning: 1) phase transitions in bimanual coordination; 2) balance, intermittency, and discontinuous control; and 3) sensorimotor synchronization and timing. Using these examples and showing that noise is adaptively utilized by the nervous system, we make the case for the studying complexity with a perspective of understanding the macroscopic stability in biological systems by focusing on component processes at extended spatial and temporal scales. This special issue continues this theme with contributions in topics as diverse as neural network models, physical biology, motor learning, and statistical physics.


The court of Henry VIII is rife with intrigue, rivalries and romance - and none are better placed to understand this than the women at its heart. Katherine Parr, widowed for the second time aged thirty-one, is obliged to return to court but, suspicious of the aging king and those who surround him, she does so with reluctance. Nevertheless, when she finds herself caught up in a passionate affair with the dashing and seductive Thomas Seymour, she believes she might finally be able to marry for love. But her presence at court has attracted the attentions of another ...Captivated by her honesty and intelligence, Henry Tudor has his own plans for Katherine and no one is in the position to refuse a proposal from the king. So with her charismatic lover dispatched to the continent, Katherine must accept the hand of the ailing egotistical monarch and become Henry's sixth wife - and yet she has still not quite given up on love.


Studies on identified skeletal collections yield discordant results about the association between osseous changes and activity. These dissonances can be ascribed to several factors: the variability of the osseous changes selected for observation, the inconsistency of their interpretative criteria and the inhomogeneous classification of occupation, here used as synonym of profession, within each study. The need to standardize the concept of occupation in its biomechanical and socio-cultural expression is currently addressed by the authors, as members of a working group created after the workshop "Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM): limitations and achievements in the reconstruction of past activity patterns" (Coimbra University, 2009). Within this framework, the authors reviewed the literature dedicated to entheseal changes and functional adaptation of long bones, focusing their research on studies based on European identified skeletal collections and on the criteria used in each study to classify occupations. The aim of this research was to (a) assess agreements and disagreements between authors with regard to the criteria used to categorize occupation, and (b) highlight the steps needed to build a classification system permitting future comparisons between collections of different chronological and geographical contexts. Data from the literature were exported to a table including the assessment criteria used to classify the occupation for each profession and the assignment of specific occupations to occupational categories. Overall, our results revealed two main issues: an ambiguous historical interpretation of occupation, and a marked influence of the researcher's perspective on the criteria used to classify occupations. Therefore, although the table allows basic comparisons between collections, further research is needed in order to obtain shared classifications based on each profession's specifics.


Increasing attention is paid to problems concerning water resources planning. It is essential that the hydrological information required is available to the planner in a form that facilitates combination with other types of information.

This paper describes the development of a system for calculation and presentation of regional and comprehensive hydrological information. Main components of the system are the interpolation routines, a water balance model adapted to the space and time scale and a data base for supporting information. Examples of presentations are given.


Today several organizations around the world are encouraging and promoting standards for environmentally efficient buildings. Interest in these "green" buildings have increased immensely, but just like financial metrics do not provide a total view of the effectiveness and efficiency of the workspace, the environmental focus tends to be one dimensional. Work in today's office environment is first and foremost a social activity. In order to fully understand how to support effectiveness and efficiency in the office workspace we must understand how financial, social and environmental issues are interdependent. Building on their user-centered research and understanding of social networks and their commitment to the environment, Steelcase, a global office manufacturer, has developed an approach to engaging their clients in understanding their workspace in an integrated economic, social and environmental framework. A review of the state-of-the-art research and knowledge of the workspace and its effects was performed. The significant contributing factors were identified and their relation to a set of sustainability impact categories were determined and if possible quantified. The workspace is an asset that can be employed to support an organization's strategic objectives by acting as social interfaces that affect behaviors and culture. In order to allow sustainability to be 'sustained' in companies it has to be integrated in the organization's context and aligned with its strategic direction. Characteristic business drivers in companies were mapped and then linked with the appropriate sustainability impact categories. This approach to connecting the workspace with sustainability allows companies to assess their own performance in each of the sustainability dimensions relative to their own business context. This is expected to engage and empower companies to take action and make informed sustainable decisions in the design of their workspace.


Runtime migration has been widely adopted to achieve several tasks such as load balancing, performance optimization, and fault-tolerance. However, existing migration techniques do not work for event detectors in distributed publish/subscribe systems that are used to analyze sensor data. Since low-latency time-constraints are no longer valid they reorder streams incorrectly and cause erroneous event detector states. This paper presents a safe runtime migration of stateful event detectors that respects low-latency time-constraints and seamlessly orders input events correctly on the migrated host. Event streams are only forwarded until timing delays are properly calibrated, the migrated event detector immediately stops processing after its state is transferred, and the processing overhead is negligible. On a Realtime Locating System (RTLS) we show that we can efficiently migrate event detectors at runtime between servers where other techniques would fail.


We synthesized fluorescent ferritin nanoparticles (FFNPs) through bacterial expression of the hybrid gene consisting of human ferritin heavy chain (hFTN-H), spacer (glycine-rich peptide), and enhanced green (or red) fluorescent protein [eGFP (or DsRed)] genes. The self-assembly activity of hFTN-H that leads to the formation of nanoparticles (12 nm in diameter), the conformational flexibility of the C-terminus of hFTN-H, and the glycine-rich spacer enabled eGFPs (or DsReds) to be well displayed on the surface of each ferritin nanoparticle, resulting in the construction of green (or red) FFNPs [gFFNPs (or rFFNPs)]. As compared to eGFP (or DsRed) alone, it is notable that the developed FFNPs showed significantly amplified fluorescence intensity and also enhanced stability. DNA aptamers were chemically conjugated to gFFNP via each eGFP's cysteine residue that was newly introduced through site-directed mutagenesis (Ser175Cys). The DNA-aptamer-conjugated gFFNPs were used as a fluorescent reporter probe in the aptamer-based "sandwich" assay of a cancer marker [i.e., platelet-derived growth factor B-chain homodimer (PDGF-BB)] in phosphate-buffered saline buffer or diluted human serum. This is a simple two-step assay without any additional steps for signal amplification, showing that compared to the same aptamer-based assays using eGFP alone or Cy3, the detection signals, affinity of the reporter probe to the cancer marker, and assay sensitivity were significantly enhanced; i.e., the limit of detection was lowered to the 100 fM level. Although the PDGF-BB assay is reported here as a proof-of-concept, the developed FFNPs can be applied in general to any aptamer-based sandwich assays.


We introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes's arrows with close relations both to Moggi's metalanguage for monads and to Paterson's arrow notation. Arrows are classically defined by extending lambda calculus with three constructs satisfying nine (somewhat idiosyncratic) laws; in contrast, the arrow calculus adds four constructs satisfying five laws (which fit two well-known patterns). The five laws were previously known to be sound; we show that they are also complete, and hence that the five laws may replace the nine.


Looming large in the manifold problems of the Davis government after the clash of arms at Sumter was the creation of an army to defend the South. Involved in this problem was the extremely important task of expanding forces. No dearth of excellent officer material existed for some of the most able West Point graduates in the Union army had resigned and were eager to serve their section. The major problem was the question of relative rank to be assigned in the new chain of command.


This paper describes the effect of biocides and of the anionic homopolymeric inhibitors on the precipitation behavior of calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ).The efficiency of inhibitors in the presence and absence of biocides was calculated using the half-life (t 1/2 ) approach, where 50% of the concentration has been precipitated. Conductometric and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis have been performed for the calcium fluoride scale minerals using three polymeric inhibitors and three biocides, which are commonly used in industrial processes. The main aim of the study was to investigate the role of anionic homopolymerspoly(acrylic acid) PAA, and of the oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides such as; sodium hypochlorite, gluteraldehyde, tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane). It was found that addition of low concentration (1-10 mg/L) of the polymers (K-752, K-732 and K-702) have great inhibitory effect on the precipitation of calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ). Their inhibition efficiency was in the order, K-752 > K-732 > K-702. The observed behaviour can be attributed to the effect of molecular weight of the polymer. The polymer having higher molecular weight shows weaker inhibiting ability. However, the oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides have no appreciable effect on their performance and hence on the overall inhibition process. KEY WORDS : Calcium fluoride, Precipitation, Inhibition, Homopolymeric inhibitors, Biocides Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2017 , 31(1), 115-126. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v31i1.10


The thesis is premised on the fact that India"s National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) employs the typology of female sex work in outreach and other components of the HIV programme in order to identify high-risk female sex workers (FSWs). However, the current typology – distinguishing between FSWs based on their main place of solicitation – may not adequately reflect the variation in HIV risk.
Using data from integrated biological and behavioural assessment surveys among FSWs from three south Indian states, I propose a method for devising evidence-based typologies of sex work which prioritizes place of solicitation and explores other factors potentially helpful for targeted interventions by indicating which FSWs are at high risk. For Karnataka state, the analysis suggests that the typology should distinguish between women based on the main place of solicitation and the main place of sex; this typology identifies street to lodge and brothel to brothel FSWs as being at highest risk for HIV. The strongest HIV/STI risk factor among FSWs from Andhra Pradesh is marital status, while among Tamil Nadu FSWs it is marital status and alcohol consumption respectively. Of the three states, Karnataka typology has the highest outreach applicability, as the main place of sex is linked to a geographical location.
In addition, a qualitative study was conducted in Belgaum district, Karnataka to understand what it is about the mode of operation in different sex work settings that may help explain why some FSW categories are at higher risk for HIV compared to others. The qualitative data identified a number of factors which might help explain why brothel to brothel, lodge to lodge, street to lodge, dhaba to dhaba and highway to highway FSWs are likely at highest HIV risk, with different vulnerability factors applying to different modes.


Clindamycin (Cd) is one of the important alternative antibiotics in the therapy of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Without the double-disk test, all the Staphylococcus aureus isolates with inducible Cd would have been misclassified as Cd susceptible, resulting in an underes timated Cd resistance rate. We report a Cd clinical failure where resistance developed on therapy in D-test-positive MRSA strains. The D-test identifies inducible resistance that might presage mutational Cd resistance which can be either constitutive or inducible. The present study was aimed to know the prevalence and phenotypic characterization of induced Cd resistance in MRSA isolates from hospital patients of various medical wards, surgical wards, diabetic care centres and intensive care units (ICU) of different corporate hospitals of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, South India. The specimens were collected from various body fluids and swabs of patients;- blood (n=29), urine (n=50), pus(n=45), nasal swabs (n=40), respiratory tract swabs (n=40), eye swabs (n=50), ear swabs (n=89), and skin infection swabs (n=80). These samples were tested for the presence of MRSA and screening was done by Oxacillin discs. Out of the 153 coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 82 were MRSA. Erythromycin (Ery) resistance was observed in 23 isolates which expressed Cd inhibitory activity and one isolate was resistant to both Cd and Ery. The present study showed high level of multidrug resistance among MRSA and high incidence of Ery induced Cd resistance is also observed. Hence, it is advisable to include inducible Cd resistance testing as a part of routine antibiotic susceptibility as it may be missed in routine antibiotic testing to avoid treatment failure.


In recent decades various interpretations have been proposed to explain the evolution of fissure-ridge-type travertine deposits. In this paper, we discuss the relationships between fissure-ridges and brittle structures affecting their substratum, through a detailed analysis of an inactive fissure-ridge (near Çukurbağ) located in the Pamukkale geothermal area (western Turkey). The Çukurbağ fissure-ridge can be taken as a model as it offers an opportunity to examine its internal structure on the walls of a Roman quarry; in addition, this ridge has been studied by several researchers who have discussed the processes promoting the fissure-ridge evolution. The Çukurbağ fissure-ridge is composed of irregularly alternating travertine laminated facies (bedded travertine) crosscut into rather large lithons by subvertical crystalline veins (banded travertine). The relationships between bedded and banded travertine indicate that the banded veins are diachronous and migrated through time, suggesting a progressive fault zone enlargement in the footwall. Such a fault zone was characterized by polycyclic activity, with normal to transtensional kinematics, and was active during the latest Quaternary. We demonstrate that formation of banded veins is coeval with bedded travertine deposition and strictly depends on fault activity, therefore highlighting the fundamental role of travertine fissure-ridges in reconstructing palaeotectonic activity in a region.


Tax reform can contribute to improved governance and poverty reduction both directly and indirectly: by redistributing income, and by helping establish stronger fiscal social contracts in poorer countries. Middle Income Countries can play an especially important role in this process. First, they are especially likely to suffer very high levels of income and wealth inequality and very unjust tax systems. Second, recent experience shows that Middle Income Countries have a greater capacity than Low Income Countries to design tax reforms that are appropriate to local circumstances and likely to command local political support. Because of a series of recent and current changes in the fiscal environment and in tax policies, taxpayers in many Middle Income Countries are likely to become politically more engaged in the near future. Issues of taxation and public spending will become more prominent in public policy debates and election campaigns. This represents an opportunity to promote constructive tax reform – directly in Middle Income Countries, and indirectly in the many Low Income Countries over which some Middle Income Countries are beginning to exert increasing development policy influence. Aid donors and international financial institutions have made substantial useful contributions to tax policy reform in the South in recent decades. They could continue to have a positive influence, especially if they remain engaged with Middle Income Countries and become more willing to allow and encourage the opening up of tax and fiscal policy issues to broad democratic debate. iv Acknowledgements


We present observations of transverse oscillations in slender Ca ii H fibrils (SCFs) in the lower solar chromosphere. We use a 1 hr long time series of high- (spatial and temporal-) resolution seeing-free observations in a 1.1 Å wide passband covering the line core of Ca ii H 3969 Å from the second flight of the Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory. The entire field of view, spanning the polarity inversion line of an active region close to the solar disk center, is covered with bright, thin, and very dynamic fine structures. Our analysis reveals the prevalence of transverse waves in SCFs with median amplitudes and periods on the order of 2.4 ± 0.8 km s−1 and 83 ± 29 s, respectively (with standard deviations given as uncertainties). We find that the transverse waves often propagate along (parts of) the SCFs with median phase speeds of 9 ± 14 km s−1. While the propagation is only in one direction along the axis in some of the SCFs, propagating waves in both directions, as well as standing waves are also observed. The transverse oscillations are likely Alfvénic and are thought to be representative of magnetohydrodynamic kink waves. The wave propagation suggests that the rapid high-frequency transverse waves, often produced in the lower photosphere, can penetrate into the chromosphere with an estimated energy flux of ≈15 kW m−2. Characteristics of these waves differ from those reported for other fibrillar structures, which, however, were observed mainly in the upper solar chromosphere.


The topological characteristics of the mouth cavity of the carnivorous fish Rita rita were explored by means of scanning electron microscopy. The mouth cavity lining of R. rita may be distinguished into the roof and the floor. Papilliform teeth present on the premaxillae and the anterior regions of the dentaries are associated with seizing, grasping and holding of prey. The molariform teeth on the palatine regions and the dentaries are used for crushing and grinding of food items. The taste buds in the mouth cavity are of three types (types I, II, and III). The different types of taste buds are elevated from the epithelium at different levels, which may be useful for ensuring full utilization of the gustatory ability of the fish, detection and analysing of taste substances, as well as for assessing the quality and palatability of food, during its retention in the mouth cavity. A firm consistency or rigidity of the free surface of the epithelial cells may be attributed to compactly arranged microridges. These structures protect against physical abrasions potentially caused during food manoeuvring and swallowing. Furthermore, protection of the epithelium from abrasion is enhanced with mucous cell secretions, which lubricate ingested food items. Observations of the surface architecture of the mouth cavity ofR. rita are discussed within the context of feeding and habitat preferences as well as ecomorphological adaptation of the species.


Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with more than one million fatalities each year. During the post-war period, the rate of completed suicides has risen dramatically, especially among young men and Aboriginal peoples living in the Western world. While this has naturally led to growing concern amongst health care practitioners and policy experts, relatively little is known about the history of attempted and completed suicide. Histories of Suicide is the first book to examine the history of suicide in diverse national contexts, including Japan, Scotland, Australia, Soviet Russia, Peru, United States, France, South Africa, and Canada, to reveal the different social, political, economic, and cultural factors that inform our understanding of suicide. This interdisciplinary collection of essays assembles historians, health economists, anthropologists, and sociologists, who examine the history of suicide from a variety of approaches to provide crucial insight into how suicide differs across nations, cultures, and time periods. Focusing on developments from the eighteenth century to the present, the contributors examine vitally important topics such as the medicalization of suicide, representations of mental illness, psychiatric disputes, and the frequency of suicide amongst soldiers. An illuminating volume of studies, Histories of Suicide is a fascinating examination of the phenomenon of self-destruction throughout different historical periods and nations.


The NREGS is an ambitious public works program intended to provide a basic safety net to the rural poor in India. Institutionalised in 2005, it is currently the largest public works program in the world. Despite its scale and the political importance attached to the program, its success in targeting and its impact on participating households has not been well studied. This paper attempts to study two aspects of the program's functioning using data from the Young Lives longitudinal Study conducted in Andhra Pradesh. Firstly it looks at the targeting of the program and the characteristics of those who self select into it. We find that poorer and lower caste households are more likely to register as are those affected by drought. We also find that having more than 5 influential relatives increases the probability of registration by 10.3 percentage points. We next attempt to estimate the impact of program participation on the children in participating households, looking specifically at anthropometric scores as indicators of health outcomes, and the incidence of child labour. While there seems to be a positive correlation between program participation and health outcomes, this does not remain robust across specifications. On the other hand we find that program registration reduces the probability of a boy entering child labour by 13.4% points and program take up reduces it for girls by 8.19% points. We find that the targeting efficiency of the program seems to be largely effective and it seems to offer a viable security net for households with variable employment opportunities. It also seems to have an important effect on children, further strengthening the program's significance.


The t(14;18) translocation is a common genetic aberration that can be seen as an early step in pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma (FL). The significance of low level circulating t(14;18)‐positive cells in healthy individuals as clonal lymphoma precursors or indicators of risk is still unclear. We determined the age dependent prevalence and frequency of BCL2/IgH rearrangements in 715 healthy individuals ranging from newborns to octo‐ and nonagenarians. These results were compared with number of circulating t(14;18)‐positive cells in 108 FL patients at initial presentation. The overall prevalence of BCL2/IgH junctions in this large sample was 46% (327/715). However, there was a striking dependence upon age. Specifically, among individuals up to 10 years old, none had detectable circulating t(14;18)‐positive cells. In the age groups representing 10–50 years old, we found a steady elevation in the prevalence of BCL2/IgH junctions up to a prevalence of 66%. Further increases of the prevalence in individuals older than 50 years were not seen. The mean frequency of BCL2/IgH junctions in healthy individuals ≥40 years (18–26 × 10−6) was significantly higher than in younger subjects (7–9 × 10−6). Four percent (31/715) of individuals carried more than one t(14;18)‐positive cell per 25,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). In comparison, 108 stage III/IV FL patients had a median number of circulating t(14;18)‐positive malignant FL cells of about 9200/1 million PBMNCs (range 7–1,000,000). These findings will further improve the understanding of the relevance of t(14;18)‐positive cells in healthy individuals as a risk marker toward the development into lymphoma precursors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Private law provides diverse remedies for right violations: compensatory and punitive, monetary and non-monetary, self-help and court-awarded. The literature has discussed these (and other) classifications of remedies, yet it overlooked the important distinction between direct and indirect remedies. Some remedies directly order right-infringers to realize the desired outcome, while others bring it about indirectly, by inducing them to self-comply. This classification cuts across the traditional ones.This Article fills the gap in the literature by introducing the novel category of indirect remedies. It identifies how indirect remedies are used in current legal rules — with examples from property, contract, torts, intellectual property and family law — and underscores several advantages of the indirect form of relief. The normative discussion demonstrates that indirect remedies may be superior to direct ones in encouraging cooperative and considerate behavior, reducing interference with personal autonomy, fulfilling the educative role of the law, preserving the parties' relationship, decreasing expressive harms, and mitigating litigation costs and wealth effects. In light of these benefits, the Article sets guidelines for crafting additional indirect remedies in new contexts.


The existence and variability of human-made rock cairns in subalpine and alpine settings of Southeast Alaska is increasingly well documented. Whete these features were constructed prehistorically and prorohistorically is a fundamental component to assessing the socioecological role of these modifications to a landscape that is, for the most patt, devoid of other physical manifestations of past human activities. Based on information compiled from investigations in the northern portion of Baranof • Island and vicinity, we explore the physical and social environmental conditions that may underlie decisions to create the cairns, some of which are estimated to have been built approximately 500 to 1500 years before present (YBP). Exploratory spatial analyses of the Iocational attributes of these rock features is pursued with the goal of assessing possible Tlingit activities in this subalpine and alpine environment while embracing the evolvement of social significance attached to this setting.


Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the killing of an antibody-coated target cell by a cytotoxic effector cell through a nonphagocytic process, characterised by the release of the content of cytotoxic granules or by the expression of cell death-inducing molecules. ADCC is triggered through interaction of target-bound antibodies (belonging to IgG or IgA or IgE classes) with certain Fc receptors (FcRs), glycoproteins present on the effector cell surface that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins (Ig). Effector cells that mediate ADCC include natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and dendritic cells. ADCC is a rapid effector mechanism whose efficacy is dependent on a number of parameters (density and stability of the antigen on the surface of the target cell; antibody affinity and FcR-binding affinity). ADCC involving human IgG1, the most used IgG subclass for therapeutic antibodies, is highly dependent on the glycosylation profile of its Fc portion and on the polymorphism of Fcγ receptors.

Key Concepts:

Antibodies bound to target cells (virus-infected or tumour cells) and Fc receptors expressed by cytotoxic cells are the major actors of ADCC.

IgG and IgA can trigger ADCC by binding specifically to FcγR and FcαR, respectively.

ADCC mechanisms that lead to target cell death vary depending on effector cells that are recruited by antibodies.

FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa polymorphism impact ADCC efficacy by IgG1 antibodies.

Engineering FcIgG either by introducing point mutations or by modifying the glycosylation profile allows to optimise IgG1 antibodies for enhanced ADCC.

Bispecific antibodies that bind activating molecules expressed by cytotoxic cells and tumour cells can mimic classical ADCC.

Keywords:

ADCC;
cytotoxic granules;
effector cells;
Fc receptors (FcR);
granzyme;
ITAM;
ITIM;
perforin


Background: Team-based learning (TBL) is a method for fostering critical thinking skills in high functioning teams. This study examined optometry stu dent attitudes about TBL. Methods: Students (N=91) completed a 15-item, five-point, Likert-scale survey regarding their attitudes about two consecutive four-month TBL courses. Four peer evaluation items were added to the second survey. Mann Whitney U tests (p=0.05) compared course differences. Results: Term response rates were 95% and 98%. First-term student satisfaction across four categories was: team experience (4.29), quality of learning (3.75), clinical reasoning ability (3.96) and professional development (3.78). There were significant second-term satisfaction increases with 8 of the 15 statements and no significant decreases. Peer evaluation satisfaction was 3.58. Discussion: Optometry student satisfaction with TBL was favorable and improved with additional experience.


Wireless personal communication networks (PCNs) consist of a fixed wireless network
with nodes providing wireless coverage area and a large number of mobile terminals
(MTs). These terminals are free to travel within the PCN coverage area without service
interruption. Each terminal periodically reports its location to the network by a process
called location update. When a call arrives for a particular mobile terminal, the network
will determine the exact location of the destination terminal by a process called terminal
paging. There are many schemes proposed which aim at reducing signaling costs and all
these schemes were based on different assumptions and network parameters. Our
objective is to study the updating and paging process of the MTs under different
dynamic location management schemes, and to develop an adaptive scheme that caters
for the ever-changing network parameters. In this thesis, a dynamic paging scheme is proposed and presented based on the semi-real time velocity information of an
individual mobile user. This allows for more accurate prediction of the user location
when a call arrives and therefore, reducing the cost of paging. The scheme is based on a
basic scheme that was proposed in the open literature. Our new scheme results show that
the newly proposed adaptive movement threshold and the adaptive velocity time unit
schemes provide significant costs savings, compared to a benchmark system and the
basic scheme, under different cell radius sizes and MT velocities broadly classified as
high and low mobility systems.


When the consumer culture grew out of America's mass market economy beginning in the 1920's, advertisements have played a pivotal role in reflecting both the needs of industry to sell products and why consumers covet particular products. With the birth of this consumer culture came the entrance of women into the public sphere. Yet instead of joining men who held powerful positions in businesses, women became the primary consumers in the new economy with the job of buying up the mass influx of goods industries churned out and, thought to make up over eighty-percent of consumers, the main target of marketers. 1920's, 1930's and 1940's Ivory Soap advertisements produced by Procter and Gamble, one successful industry during the first decades of the new consumer culture, tracked the social realities that American women faced as society changed with the fluxing economy. The ads reflected how industry needed women to perform different roles when the luxury economy was introduced in the 1920's, the Great Depression marred the American landscape in the 1930's, and World War Two drafted men overseas and women to their husband's vacant jobs. Although industries needed women to play an ever-increasing part in the public realm of business, the Ivory ads also revealed that American society, including male-dominated industries and the masses of female consumers, still believed that women should pursue the traditional feminine ideal of a white domestic housewife who finds fulfillment solely by tending to her looks, husband, and children. While these Ivory Soap advertisements have long since been out of print, the effects of the expectations that these ads illuminated continue to linger in American society to this day.


The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.