ABSTRACT When faced with multiple inputs and outputs , traditional quantile regression of Y conditional on X = x for measuring economic efficiency in the output (input) direction is thwarted by the absence of a natural ordering of Euclidean space for dimensions q (p) greater than one. Daouia and Simar (2007) used nonstandard conditional quantiles to address this problem, conditioning on Y ≥ y (X ≤ x) in the output (input) orientation, but the resulting quantiles depend on the a priori chosen direction. This article uses a dimensionless transformation of the (p + q)-dimensional production process to develop an alternative formulation of distance from a realization of (X, Y) to the efficient support boundary, motivating a new, unconditional quantile frontier lying inside the joint support of (X, Y), but near the full, efficient frontier. The interpretation is analogous to univariate quantiles and corrects some of the disappointing properties of the conditional quantile-based approach. By contrast with the latter, our approach determines a unique partial-quantile frontier independent of the chosen orientation (input, output, hyperbolic, or directional distance). We prove that both the resulting efficiency score and its estimator share desirable monotonicity properties. Simple arguments from extreme-value theory are used to derive the asymptotic distributional properties of the corresponding empirical efficiency scores (both full and partial). The usefulness of the quantile-type estimator is shown from an infinitesimal and global robustness theory viewpoints via a comparison with the previous conditional quantile-based approach. A diagnostic tool is developed to find the appropriate quantile-order; in the literature to date, this trimming order has been fixed a priori. The methodology is used to analyze the performance of U.S. credit unions, where outliers are likely to affect traditional approaches.


After steadily declining over the previous 15 years, youth smoking began to rise precipitously in 1992, and by 1997 had risen by roughly one-third from its 1991 trough. We know very little about what caused this time trend and what public policy can do to reverse it. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of prices and other public policies on youth smoking in the 1990s, drawing on three separate data sets. I find that the most important policy determinant of youth smoking, particularly among older teens, is prices. Prices are a significant and sizeable determinant of smoking by older teens in all tree data sets, although the estimated price elasticity varies significantly. On the other hand, price does not appear to be an important determinant of smoking by younger teens. There is little consistent evidence of robust effect of other public policies targeted to reducing youth smoking, although there is some suggestion that restrictions on youth purchase of cigarettes reduce the quantity of cigarettes reduce the quantity of cigarettes smoked. And I find that black youth and those with less educated parents are much more responsive to cigarette price than are white teens and those with more educated parents, suggesting a strong correlation between price sensitivity and socioeconomic status.


Previous studies have demonstrated hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent biotransformation of organic nitrates. We assessed whether this biotransformation resulted in the formation of an activator of guanylyl cyclase using the 100,000 x g supernatant of rat aorta as a source of crude enzyme. Incubation of aortic supernatant with rat hepatic microsomes and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) resulted in concentration-dependent increases in guanylyl cyclase activity provided that the incubations were performed anaerobically and that reduced nicotinamide adenine phosphate was added. Cysteine-dependent activation of guanylyl cyclase by GTN was greater under anaerobic compared to aerobic conditions. Guanylyl cyclase activation by GTN was increased using hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated but not beta-naphthoflavone (BNF)-treated rats and was decreased when microsomes from cimetidine-treated rats were used. The hepatic microsome-dependent activation of guanylyl cyclase by GTN was inhibited by in vitro treatment of microsomes with carbon monoxide, SKF 525A, metyrapone and cimetidine, but not by ranitidine. The sensitivity of isolated rat aorta to the relaxant effects of GTN was increased under low oxygen conditions or when aortae were obtained from phenobarbital- or beta-naphthoflavone-treated rats. Treatment of rats with cimetidine did not affect GTN-induced relaxation. The vascular biotransformation of GTN was increased greater than 3-fold when performed anaerobically, and this increase was prevented by pretreatment of the tissues with carbon monoxide. Together, these data provide strong evidence for the involvement of hepatic cytochromes P-450 in the formation from GTN of an activator of guanylyl cyclase (presumably NO or some closely related compound), and suggest that at least a portion of the vascular biotransformation of GTN is mediated by hemoproteins.


Daphne Sheldrick's best-selling love story of romance, life and elephants, An "African Love Story: Love, Life and Elephants" is an incredible story from Africa's greatest living conservationist. A typical day for Daphne involves rescuing baby elephants from poachers; finding homes for orphan elephants, all the while campaigning the ever-present threat of poaching for the ivory trade. An "African Love Story" is the incredible memoir of her life. It tells two stories - one is the extraordinary love story which blossomed when Daphne fell head over heels with Tsavo Game Park and its famous warden, David Sheldrick. The second is the love story of how Daphne and David, who devoted their lives to saving elephant orphans, at first losing every infant under the age of two until Daphne at last managed to devise the first-ever milk formula which would keep them alive. "Compulsively readable". ("Mail on Sunday"). "An enchanting memoir." ("Telegraph"). Daphne Sheldrick has spent her entire life in Kenya. For over 25 years, she and her husband, David, the famous founder of the the giant Tsavo National Park, raised and rehabilitated back into the wild orphans of misfortune from many different wild species. These included elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, zebra, eland, kudu, impala, warthogs and many other smaller animals. In 2006 she was made Dame Commander of the British Empire by the Queen.


Background: The benefits of day surgery are supported internationally by the provision of standards. However, standards from one health jurisdiction are not readily transferable to others as national health strategy, policy and funding are influencing factors. Objective: To determine, through consensus from experts in day surgery, a list of best practice statements for day surgery in Ireland. Methods: A three round e-Delphi technique. Professionals in surgery, anaesthesia, nursing and management involved in day surgery across all hospitals in Ireland were invited to participate as the expert panel. In round 1 a list of proposals for best practice were obtained from panel members. In round 2 experts were asked to rank each statement according to their importance on a nine point scale (1 = not important, 9 = high importance) using an online questionnaire. Consensus was set at 70%, meaning the items that 70% of people deemed to be important were carried over to round 3. A repeat online questionnaire was conducted with the remaining statements in round 3. Results: Round 1 provided 261 statements. These were grouped and reduced to 62 statements for ranking. Following the iterative process over the subsequent two rounds a final list of 40 statements were developed and grouped into six thematic areas. Conclusion: By using an e-Delphi process of gaining consensus among experts working in day surgical services, a list of best practice statements were developed.


Fault tolerance is fundamental to the further development of mobile agent applications. In the context of mobile agents, fault tolerance prevents a partial or complete loss of the agent, i.e. ensures that the agent arrives at its destination. Simple approaches such as checkpointing are prone to blocking. Replication can in principle improve solutions based on checkpointing. However existing solutions in this context either assume a perfect failure detection mechanism (which is not realistic in an environment such as the Internet), or rely on complex solutions based on leader election and distributed transactions, where only a subset of solutions prevents blocking. The paper proposes a novel approach to fault tolerant mobile agent execution, which is based on modeling agent execution as a sequence of agreement problems. Each agreement problem is one instance of the well understood consensus problem. Our solution does not require a perfect failure detection mechanism, while preventing blocking and ensuring that the agent is executed exactly once.


Many capital defendants are foreign nationals; their representation both presents special challenges and offers special opportunities. In accordance with the ABA's Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases reprinted in 31 Hofstra L. Rev. 913 (2003) and the Supplementary Guidelines that are the subject of this issue, competent counsel must handle both effectively. Our article provides a detailed primer for accomplishing this. A foreign country may acknowledge a person as a national on a basis that is not intuitively obvious to American counsel. If so, the person may be entitled to rights under both bilateral and multilateral treaties. In any event, conducting a mitigation investigation abroad will surely pose unique logistical difficulties, ones which the agencies responsible for defense funding will have to acknowledge. But it may benefit from the unique resources that foreign governments will provide if - but only if - counsel discharge the established duty of identifying and exploiting those resources. Having done so, counsel need to integrate the results of the investigation into a narrative that enables decisionmakers to comprehend the impact of the client's foreign background on the course of his life.


1. The History of Youth Culture in Japan In order to understand youth culture in Japan, it is necessary to examine its history in comparison with youth in the United States and the United Kingdom. This article analyzes the main generational groupings to have grown up under conditions of affluence and discusses their readiness to take part in an increasingly global culture. There is hope that they can reconcile the best qualities of traditional Japanese culture, with its emphasis on the group, with the individualism and voluntarism demanded by information-based societies. 1.1: Modernization and Youth Culture in Western Europe Modernization, which consists of urbanization, industrialization, and the development of an information-based society, began in British society in the last half of the 18th century. It subsequently spread to the European continent and the United States. In the decades following World War II, the world was dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union. In the 1980s, however, the balance of power in the world drastically changed, giving way to multidimensional centers, e.g., the United States, the European Community, and Japan. Accordingly, late modernization swept away the Western-style model and today requires reconsideration as a multidimensional model. Despite differences in degree, almost all nations were caught up in the wave of modernization. Consequently, they share similar economic institutions, political systems, and cultural values. Direct comparisons among them were difficult before modern times. Comparisons were perhaps possible in the case of neighboring regions or those having close relationships. According to J.R. Gillis (1981), the history of youth culture in Western Europe can be divided into five periods: 1. Young people before industrialization (before the 18th century); 2. The early period of industrialization (end of the 18th century to the 1860s); 3. The birth of adolescence (from the 1870s to 1899); 4. Adaptation and deviation (1900s to the 1940s); and 5. Mutual penetration, coexistence, and formalization (from the 1950s to the present). Youth in the sociological sense of a life-cycle period came into the world in the modern period. The concept was supported primarily by the middle class, whose values emphasized that a man behaves in a manly way and a woman does so in a womanly fashion. Although middle-class values were adaptive and conservative, they ironically fostered deviance from the norm. The middle-class value of adaptation came to dominate all classes. At the same time, many forms of resistance occurred against them in the 1960s, especially experiments involving lifestyles. The lifestyle experiments that emerged in the culture of the younger generation during the 1960s continue into the present. Yet the younger generation has experienced the huge wave of consumer culture along with economic dependence on their parents. Thus, consumer culture engulfed the youth generations and deeply influenced them. The diaclonic consistency of youth culture in Western society may be an artifact of class culture. That is, when a Japanese researcher looks at Western youth, a strict class culture nonetheless remains. To be sure, the wall between classes has become thin - especially after the 1960s, but the culture of the working class remains distinct from that of the middle classes. Moreover, the difference seems to have a deep impact on the nature of the youth culture in the West. 1.2: Youth Culture in Japan Naturally, youth culture in Western Europe differs from that in Japan. It was established early in Western Europe and late in Japan. Support for youth culture from the Japanese middle class was weaker than that offered by their Western counterparts. Moreover, in Japan the influence of the military and farming cultures (which still have a considerable influence on youth culture today) was great. …


Suppressive myeloid cells including
myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM),
are a significant barrier to cancer immunotherapy. These cells enhance tumor
growth and metastasis and promote immune escape by suppressing the anti-tumor T
cell response. One of the key mechanisms of suppression is the production of
nitric oxide (NO) via iNOS which leads to the modification and inactivation of
various proteins involved in T cell effector function. Previous efforts to
control suppressive myeloid cells have included direct elimination, blockade of
accumulation or function at the tumor site, and conversion to an anti-tumor
phenotype. Unfortunately, though several strategies have been tested in
preclinical models and in clinical trials, there are currently no approved and
effective therapies that are selective for these cells. The discovery of new
drugs for these cells is hampered by the limited availability of primary cells
for screening. The studies herein describe efforts to develop effective
immunotherapies that target suppressive myeloid cells more specifically. Using
a specific receptor, FRβ, combined with photodynamic therapy we were able to
deplete MDSC and TAM from solid tumors. This strategy limits the cytotoxic
effects to the target cells within the tumor site. We also pursued a strategy
of targeting accumulation and/or suppressive function via testing of GCL.2, a
compound expected to reduce the accumulation of MDSC at the tumor site.
Finally, we targeted the NO production pathway using synthetic small molecules.
Importantly, we did not target iNOS directly but utilized a computer-based
model that analyzed the interactions of compounds with a large set of
putatively overexpressed targets in suppressive MDSC. Experimental data was
integrated into the model to refine additional selections. With this approach,
we were able to identify several hit compounds and verified the
immunomodulatory activity of one compound in vivo. These studies
demonstrate that targeting the suppressive phenotype is a viable approach to
cancer immunotherapy, and we have also validated a novel approach to drug
discovery for suppressive myeloid cells.


This thesis describes studies that are designed to investigates the hypothesis that mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (O2 and H2O2) cause oxidative stress during PCB exposure and this increased production of ROS contributes to the biological effects of PCBs on cell proliferation in human breast and prostate epithelial cells. Exponentially growing non-malignant human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) and non-malignant human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) were treated with selected PCBs and their metabolites (PCB3, 77, 153, Aroclor and 4ClBQ). Results showed that PCBs and their metabolites could significantly inhibit MCF-10A and RWPE-1 cell growth as well as inducing clonogenic cell killing. These PCBs were also found to increase steady-state levels of mitochondrial O2 and H2O2. Furthermore, the same PCBs were also found to induce alterations in SOD activities in MCF-10A and RWPE-1 cells. Finally, treatment with either N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), or the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated CuZnSOD and PEG-catalase added 1 hour after PCBs, significantly protected MCF-10A and RWPE-1 cells from PCB-induced toxicity even when added following PCB exposure.. Similar experiments were also accomplished using airborne PCBs treated RWPE1 cells. 4-OH-PCB11, a metabolite of airborne PCB 11 is shown to lead to steady-state increases in superoxide and hydroperoxides in exponentially growing RWPE-1 human nonmalignant prostate epithelial cells. This increased level of ROS was accompanied by the inhibition of cell growth and clonogenic cell killing. Furthermore treatment of cells with antioxidants one hour following exposure to 4-OH-PCB11 was able to significantly diminish the toxicity in human prostate epithelial cells. These results strongly supported the hypothesis that exposure to PCBs or their metabolites can induce the cytotoxicity and alterations in cellular proliferation as well as causing oxidative stress in exponentially


Diurnal variations in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are common seasonal phenomena in many eutrophic estuaries, yet few studies have investigated the concurrent effects of low pH and low DO on marine organisms inhabiting these coastal systems. Here, we assess the effects of diurnal variations in pH and DO on the early-life history of two bivalve species native to Northeast US estuaries, the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) and hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). In one set of experiments, larval- and juvenile-life stage bivalves were exposed to ambient conditions (pHT ~ 7.9), two continuously-low pH levels (pHT ~ 7.3 and 7.6), and diurnal fluctuations between the ambient and low conditions yielding mean pH levels equal to the intermediate pH levels. In a second set of experiments, larval bivalves were exposed to ambient conditions (pHT ~7.9, DO ~ 7 mg L-1), two levels of low pH and DO (pHT ~ 7.2, DO ~1 mg L-1; pHT ~7.4, DO ~ 4 mg L-1) and diurnal fluctuations of both pH and DO between the ambient and low pH/DO levels that resulted in mean pH and DO levels equal to the intermediate pH and DO levels. Diurnal acidification treatments with ambient DO levels yielded survival rates for both species at both life stages that were consistent with the survival of individuals exposed to the same mean level of chronic pH with juveniles being more resistant to acidification than larvae. In contrast, when both pH and DO varied diurnally, the survival rates of larval bivalves were significantly lower than the survival of individuals chronically exposed to the same mean levels of pH and DO, an indication that bivalves were physiologically more vulnerable to concurrent fluctuations of both parameters compared to acidification alone. While both species displayed sensitivities to diurnal fluctuations in pH and DO, scallops were relatively more susceptible than hard clams. Since many shallow eutrophic estuaries presently experience diurnal cycles of both pH and DO when early-life stages of bivalves are present in estuaries, the populations of the bivalves studied are likely impacted by these conditions which are likely to intensify with climate change.


"This very sophisticated book is distinguished by taking the figure of the tragic mulatta seriously as an embodiment of central concerns about race and nation in the antebellum United States."-Michael Bennett, Long Island University, Brooklyn Since its inception, the United States has been intensely preoccupied with interracialism. The concept is embedded everywhere in our social and political fabric, including our sense of national identity. And yet, in both its quantitative and symbolic forms, interracialism remains an extremely elusive phenomenon, causing policy makers and census boards to wrangle over how to delineate it and, on an emblematic level, stirring intense emotions from fear to fascination. In The "Tragic Mulatta" Revisited, Eve Allegra Raimon focuses on the mixed-race female slave in literature, arguing that this figure became a symbolic vehicle for explorations of race and nation-both of which were in crisis in the mid-nineteenth century. At this time, judicial, statutory, social, and scientific debates about the meaning of racial difference (and intermixture) coincided with disputes over frontier expansion, which were never merely about land acquisition but also literally about the "complexion" of that frontier. Embodying both northern and southern ideologies, the "amalgamated" mulatta, the author argues, can be viewed as quintessentially American, a precursor to contemporary motifs of "hybrid" and "mestizo" identities. Where others have focused on the gendered and racially abject position of the "tragic mulatta," Raimon reconsiders texts by such central antislavery writers as Lydia Maria Child, William Wells Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Wilson to suggest that the figure is more usefully examined as a way of understanding the volatile and shifting interface of race and national identity in the antebellum period. Eve Allegra Raimon is an associate professor of arts and humanities at the University of Southern Maine, Lewiston-Auburn College.


The study investigated availability and food sources in urban areas using elements of the NOVA food classification system, adopted by the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, in a Brazilian municipality. In addition, the study also aimed to identify inequalities in the geographical distribution of food retailers that commercialize healthy and/or unhealthy foods. This cross-sectional study was performed in the municipality of Jundiai in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Data from within-store audit and geographic data were used to characterizing the nutrition community environment. The mean was calculated for food items available in each of the four NOVA groups for each audited food retailer. The mean of food items available in each of the four NOVA groups for each audited food retail were calculated. The density and proportion of different types of food retailers were georeferenced. The supermarkets, medium market stores, and grocery stores presented the highest availability of unprocessed foods as well as ultra-processed foods. Establishments that sold primarily unprocessed foods and included a fruits and vegetables section at the entrance of the store had a greater availability of healthy foods, but their density in the territory was low compared to establishments that prioritized the sale of ultra-processed foods and sold ultra-processed foods in the checkout area. Especially in middle- and low-income areas, the concentration of food retailers with priority sale of ultra-processed products is reaches 22 times higher than the sale of unprocessed or minimally processed foods. The study supported the identification of regions where it was necessary to improve access to equipment that marketed unprocessed foods as a priority.


Multiple Target Tracking in Realistic Environments Using Recursive-RANSAC in a Data Fusion Framework Jeffrey Dyke Millard Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science Reliable track continuity is an important characteristic of multiple target tracking (MTT) algorithms. In the specific case of visually tracking multiple ground targets from an aerial platform, challenges arise due to realistic operating environments such as video compression artifacts, unmodeled camera vibration, and general imperfections in the target detection algorithm. Some popular visual detection techniques include Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT)-based motion detection, difference imaging, and object feature matching. Each of these algorithmic detectors has fundamental limitations in regard to providing consistent measurements. In this thesis we present a scalable detection framework that simultaneously leverages multiple measurement sources. We present the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm in a data fusion architecture that accommodates multiple measurement sources. Robust track continuity and real-time performance are demonstrated with post-processed flight data and a hardware demonstration in which the aircraft performs automated target following. Applications involving autonomous tracking of ground targets occasionally encounter situations where semantic information about targets would improve performance. This thesis also presents an autonomous target labeling framework that leverages cloud-based image classification services to classify targets that are tracked by the R-RANSAC MTT algorithm. The communication is managed by a Python robot operating system (ROS) node that accounts for latency and filters the results over time. This thesis articulates the feasibility of this approach and suggests hardware improvements that would yield reliable results. Finally, this thesis presents a framework for image-based target recognition to address the problem of tracking targets that become occluded for extended periods of time. This is done by collecting descriptors of targets tracked by R-RANSAC. Before new tracks are assigned an ID, an attempt to match visual information with historical tracks is triggered. The concept is demonstrated in a simulation environment with a single target, using template-based target descriptors. This contribution provides a framework for improving track reliability when faced with target occlusions.


Purpose
Reduced retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness has been demonstrated in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in cross-sectional studies. This prospective study defines longitudinal alterations to the RNFL thickness in individuals with type 1 diabetes without (DPN-ve) and with (DPN+ve) DPN and in relation to risk factors for nerve damage.

Methods
A cohort of 105 individuals with type 1 diabetes (20% DPN+ve) with predominantly mild or no retinopathy and no previous retinal photocoagulation underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline, 2 years, and 4 years. SD-OCT scans were acquired at 3.45-mm diameter around the optic nerve head and the overall RNFL and RNFL in the nasal, superior, temporal, and inferior quadrants were quantified. By including serial quantified RNFL parameters, linear mixed models were applied to assess the change in RNFL thickness over time and to explore the associations with other clinical variables.

Results
There was a significant decline in the overall RNFL thickness (-0.7 μm/y, P = 0.02) and RNFL in the superior quadrant (-1.9 μm/y, P < 0.01) in the DPN+ve group compared with DPN-ve group. The overall RNFL thickness and RNFL in the superior and nasal quadrants were inversely associated with age (β = -0.29, -0.41, and -0.29, respectively; P ≤ 0.02). Sex, retinopathy, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile, blood pressure, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, and body mass index did not show any significant effects (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Individuals with DPN showed a progressive RNFL thinning overall and in the superior quadrant, which was more pronounced in older individuals. There may be common pathways for retinal and peripheral neurodegeneration that are independent of conventional DPN risk factors.


Summary Background Purpose of study was evaluation of regional metabolic disorders using 1H MRS in patients with MCI, as a predictor of clinical conversion to dementia based on clinical follow-up. Material/Methods The study group consisted of 31 subjects with diagnosis of MCI based on criteria the Mayo Clinic Group. 1H MRS was performed with a single-voxel method using PRESS sequence. The volume of interest (VOI) was located in the hippocampal formation and posterior part of the cingulated gyrus. Results Patients had annual clinical control at least twice. At the beginning, 9 had amnestic MCI and the others had multidomain MCI. During follow-up (median 3 yrs) 8 subjects had stable disease (SD), 13 had disease progression (DP) and 10 develop Alzheimer disease (AD). Baseline metabolic ratios (1H MRS) between 3 groups indicated significant difference (P<0.05) in left frontal lobe in mI/H20 ratio, between patients with SD (0.27) and DP. In comparing the groups with DP and AD, a significant difference in NAA/Cr (1.77 vs. 1.43) was found. A significant difference within left temporal external lobes was found between SD and DP in NAA/H2O ratio (0.55 vs. 0.51). An additional significant difference within medial temporal lobe was found between DP and AD in Glx/H2O ratio (0.44 vs. 0.34) on the right side. Conclusions 1H MRS seems to be sensitive method allows prediction of which patients are liable to progress from MCI to AD. Combined with other biomarkers of disease staging, it is an important approach in the preclinical AD diagnosis, as well as the assessment of dementia progression.


The purpose of this article is to propose a draft for an analytical frame for analyzing
regional integration consisting of federalism theory and neo-functionalism. It starts out
discussing the concept of regional integration setting up a stagiest model for categorizing it.
Then follows an analysis of federalism theory and neo-functionalism. One argument of this
article is to understand federalism theory as a regional integration theory. Another is to
look at federalism theory as complementary to neo-functionalism when trying to explain
regional integration. Federalism theory, in an extended Riker-McKayian way, is able to
explain the cases of 'big bang' integration (USA, Australia, Canada), but not an 'organic'
integration process. Neo-functionalism, on the other hand, is not able to explain this
relatively fast form of integration, but it is – in its new version - able to analyze and explain
the 'organic' or slow integration processes like those happening in Europe, and other
places in the world. Thus the two should be seen as complementary and they are, jointly, a
frame catching most processes of regional integration.


Amsterdam faces the challenge of accommodating 50,000 to 90,000 new homes in the next five to ten years. That is equivalent to 10% of the city's current total housing stock. The new homes have to be built within the existing urban fabric. This will entail high densities and the construction of new 'un-Dutch' typologies with high-rise residential buildings. Densification is currently accelerating in many Western cities and high-rise living environments are gaining ground as today's typology. Yet these new typologies come with potentially serious risks to the liveability of cities in general and those new environments in particular (Asgarzadeh et al. 2012; Lindal and Hartig 2013; Gifford 2007). Urban designers and (landscape) architects are challenged to prevent and soften the negative impact that is often associated with extremely densified environments. This entails mitigating contradictive demands: to create high-density capacity andshape streetscapes that relate to a human scale. Designers might resort to the large body of applied design solutions and theories, yet these tend to be derived from more traditional urban fabrics of low-density developments (for example: e.g. Sennett 2018; Haas 2008; Jacobs 1993; Banerjee and Southworth 1990; Alexander et.al. 1977; Jacobs 1961). Therefore, the question of the research project Sensing Streetscape is if the classical design solutions are without any alterations, applicable in these new high density settings and able to create streetscapes with a human scale. A combination of emerging technologies and principles from both worlds; neuroscience and architecture offer the opportunity to investigate this question in-depth as a relation between the designed and the visually perceived streetscape.


Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) inversions for estimating natural carbon fluxes typically do not allow for adjustment of fossil fuel CO2 emissions, despite significant uncertainties in emission inventories and inadequacies in the specification of international bunker emissions in inversions. Also, most inversions place CO2 release from fossil fuel combustion and biospheric sources entirely at the surface. However, a non-negligible portion of the emissions actually occurs in the form of reduced carbon species, which are eventually oxidized to CO2 downwind. Omission of this 'chemical pump' can result in a significant redistribution of the inferred total carbon fluxes among regions. We assess the impacts of different prescriptions of fossil fuel emissions and accounting for the chemical pump on flux estimation, with a novel aspect of conducting both satellite CO2 observation-based and surface in situ-based inversions. We apply 3-D carbon monoxide (CO) loss rates archived from a state-of-the-art GEOS chemistry and climate model simulation in a forward transport model run to simulate the distribution of CO2 originating from oxidation of carbon species. We also subtract amounts from the prior surface CO2 fluxes that are actually emitted in the form of fossil and biospheric CO, methane, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We find that the posterior large-scale fluxes are generally insensitive to the finer-scale spatial differences between the ODIAC and CDIAC fossil fuel CO2 gridded datasets and assumptions about international bunker emissions. However, accounting for 3-D chemical CO2 production and the surface correction shifts the global carbon sink, e.g. from land to ocean and from the tropics to the north, with a magnitude and even direction that depend on assumptions about the surface correction. A GOSAT satellite-based inversion is more sensitive to the chemical pump than one using in situ observations, exhibiting substantial flux impacts of 0.28, 0.53, and −0.47 Pg C yr−1 over tropical land, global land, and oceans, due to differences in the horizontal and vertical sampling of the two observation types. Overall, the biases from neglecting the chemical pump appear to be minor relative to the flux estimate uncertainties and the differences between the in situ and GOSAT inversions, but their relative importance will grow in the future as observational coverage further increases and satellite retrieval biases decrease.


Abstract. Phytoplankton and bacterial pigment compositions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in two freshwater reservoirs (Tillari Dam and Selaulim Dam), which are located at the foothills of the Western Ghats in India. These reservoirs experience anoxia in the hypolimnion during summer. Water samples were collected from both reservoirs during anoxic periods while one of them (Tillari Reservoir) was also sampled in winter, when convective mixing results in well-oxygenated conditions throughout the water column. During the period of anoxia (summer), bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) e isomers and isorenieratene, characteristic of brown sulfur bacteria, were dominant in the anoxic (sulfidic) layer of the Tillari Reservoir under low light intensities. The winter observations showed the dominance of small cells of Chlorophyll b-containing green algae and cyanobacteria, with minor presence of fucoxanthin-containing diatoms and peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. Using total BChl e concentration observed in June, the standing stock of brown sulfur bacteria carbon in the anoxic compartment of Tillari Reservoir was estimated to be 2.27 gC m−2, which is much higher than the similar estimate for carbon derived from oxygenic photosynthesis (0.82 gC m−2. The Selaulim Reservoir also displayed similar characteristics with the presence of BChl e isomers and isorenieratene in the anoxic hypolimnion during summer. Although sulfidic conditions prevailed in the water column below the thermocline, the occurrence of photo-autotrophic bacteria was restricted only to mid-depths (maximal concentration of BChl e isomers was detected at 0.2% of the surface incident light). This shows that the vertical distribution of photo-autotrophic sulfur bacteria is primarily controlled by light penetration in the water column where the presence of H2S provides a suitable biogeochemical environment for them to flourish.


Following previous research by the author, this chapter shows how semantic proximity (or proxemy) may result from meaning divergence in one lexical item (polysemy) or from meaning convergence of different lexical items (parasemy). Polysemous variations are explained by the interplay of several parameters: domains of instantiation, synaesthesic fields, and universal visualized cognitive schemas. In parasemy, a referential domain is conceived and uttered through several optional solutions, i.e., polysemiosis, within one and the same language as well as crosslinguistically (e.g., correspondences between proverbs in spite of distinct cultural environments). The paper shows how taxemic paradigms are expressed by roots, stems, classifiers, determiners, a compromise between the necessary multiplicity of lexical items and memory limitations.


The occurrence of wilt disease, successively in plants of hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and cotton, was observed in a plot of latosolic B (Terra Roxa) soil at the "Theodureto de Camargo" Experiment Station at Campinas, where no Fusarium wilt has been recorded before. Both species presented internal symptoms consisting in darkened vessels. Fungi of the genus Fusarium were isolated from these plants. Plant selection for wilt resistance was made in the above mentioned area where a Fusarium - susceptible variety (IAG 51/1104) of cotton had been planted. The progenies when tested in soils infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum Atk.) Snyder & Hansen revealed fair resistance to wilt. IAG 51/1104 comes from a cross between the varieties Delfos and Delta Pineland-10, both wilt susceptible under field conditions of the State of Sao Paulo. It is likely that the wilt resistance of some of its progeny might have originated by recombination. It is also pointed out that the wilting agent (F. oxysporum f. vasinfectum) might occur in the "Theodureto de Camargo", Experiment Station and be responsible for the wilt in hyacinth bean and cotton plants.


The genomic sequences of various hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotypes are, however, quite highly conserved in the 5' untranslated region, making it the most suitable genomic region for designing assays for detection and quantification of the virus in various clinical and other specimens. HAV infection induces the development of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. Immunization with HAV vaccines is associated with the development of IgG antibodies against the viral structural proteins. Humans are the only source of HAV. After excretion in human feces, the virus can contaminate food items though several possible routes. The detection of HAV in food material and environmental specimens is therefore based on specific methods such as reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detecting small quantities of viral nucleic acids; these methods involve amplification of viral genomic sequences, making them highly sensitive. Adequate heating and proper handling of foods may be expected to reduce the risk of food-borne transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, although direct evidence supporting the efficacy of these measures is lacking. Attempts at identifying novel viruses responsible for parenterally transmitted hepatitis led to the identification of genetic material of several putative viruses, such as hepatitis G virus/GB virus and TT virus. HAV and HEV are common causes of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis. Both these viruses have RNA genomes, are excreted in feces of the infected persons, and are transmitted by the fecal-oral route.


E-Lab is a system developed at Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering for solving and auto-grading programming problems from introduction to programming courses. The main goal is to simplify and improve the organization and the process of solving programming problems from large group of students in dedicated computer labs using centralized server. All the work from the students is done in a web browser using a web-based code editor and everything is stored, compiled and executed on the server. The system keeps records of all problem attempts from identified students which are used as attendance records. All the problems and solutions are under version control system (Git). The platform supports different types of problems in several programming languages (C, C++, Java) and it's designed to be easily extended.


The emergence of digital currencies such as Bitcoin and the underlying blockchain and distribution ledger technology have attracted significant attention. These developments have raised the possibility of considerable impacts on the financial system and perhaps the wider economy. This paper addresses the question of whether a central bank should issue digital currency that could be used by the general public. It begins by discussing the possible motivations for a central bank to issue a digital currency. The paper then sets out a benchmark central bank digital currency (CBDC) with features that are similar to cash. The implications of such a digital currency are explored, focusing on central bank seigniorage, monetary policy, the banking system and financial stability, and payments. Finally, a CBDC that differs from the benchmark digital currency in a significant way is considered.


This paper presents the work to maintain several copies of the digital musical instrument (DMI) called the T-Stick in the hopes of extending their useful lifetime. The T-Sticks were originally conceived in 2006 and 20 copies have been built over the last 12 years. While they all preserve the original design concept, their evolution resulted in variations in choice of microcontrollers, and sensors. We worked with eight copies of the second and fourth generation T-Sticks to overcome issues related to the aging of components, changes in external software, lack of documentation, and in general, the problem of technical maintenance.


Abstract Many English noun pairs suggest an almost limitless array of semantic interpretation. A fruit bowl might be described as a bowl for fruit, a bowl that contains fruit, a bowl for holding fruit, or even (perhaps in a modern sculpture class), a bowl made out of fruit. These interpretations vary in syntax, semantic denotation, plausibility, and level of semantic detail. For example, a headache pill is usually a pill for preventing headaches, but might, perhaps in the context of a list of side effects, be a pill that can cause headaches (Levi, J. N. 1978. The Syntax and Semantics of Complex Nominals. New York: Academic Press.). In addition to lexical ambiguity, both relational ambiguity and relational vagueness make automatic semantic interpretation of these combinations difficult. While humans parse these possibilities with ease, computational systems are only recently gaining the ability to deal with the complexity of lexical expressions of semantic relations. In this paper, we describe techniques for paraphrasing the semantic relations that can hold between nouns in a noun compound, using a semi-supervised probabilistic method to rank candidate paraphrases of semantic relations, and describing a new method for selecting plausible relational paraphrases at arbitrary levels of semantic specification. These methods are motivated by the observation that existing semantic relation classification schemes often exhibit a highly skewed class distribution, and that lexical paraphrases of semantic relations vary widely in semantic precision.


Recent global recession has motivated this predominantly historical and exploratory research of thoughts and perceptions. A continuous planning of governmental correction of any market failure, such as various types of externalities and information asymmetry, has been strongly recommended by the pioneers of free enterprise systems. Capitalism—in which private ownership of means of production, physical capital, human capital, financial capital, brand-name capital, social capital, land, and mineral deposits are all protected by law without implementation of a series of certain evolving ethical standards and principles—may not continue to be the same efficient system as implied to be by the cost-benefit balancing forces of free markets. Two survey instruments on perceptions of ethics (with 110 participants) and religion (with 117 different participants), influenced by observations of various events of the recent years, were given to Business and Economics students at the PhD, Master's, and undergraduate levels to assess the perceptions of some educated and/or being-educated people about the market economic system, ethics, and religion. Ethical foundations and values are of highest concern to participants of the conducted survey.


A coupling and splitting device comprising a width taper and a spatial-modulated subwavelength grating waveguide (SSGW) is proposed. The width taper is a waveguide with increasing width and the SSGW is a waveguide grating whose width and thickness are constant but the filling factor increases along the light propagation. Thus, the effective index of the subwavelength grating increases according to the effective medium theory. Light of orthogonal polarizations from a single-mode fiber can be coupled efficiently with the two parallel tapers. Furthermore, the coupled lights of orthogonal polarizations in the two tapers can be further split with connecting bent waveguides. Fabrication of the device is fully compatible with current complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology.


This essay suggests that conservation debates occasioned by the democratization of the nineteenth-century museum had an important impact on William Makepeace Thackeray's reimagination of the historical novel. Both the museum and the historical novel had traditionally made it their mission to present the past to an ever-widening public, and thus necessarily to preserve it. But in the middle of the nineteenth century, the museum and the novel also shared the experience of seeming to endanger precisely what they sought to protect, and as they tried to choose how aggressive to be in their conservingmeasures, they had to deliberate about the costs and benefits of going after the full reconstruction (the novel) or restoration (the museum) of what once had been. The first part of this essay shows how people fretted about the relation of conservation, destruction, and national identity at the museum, in The Times and in special Parliamentary sessions alike; the second part of the essay traces how Thackeray drew on the resulting debates in novels including The Newcomes (1853-55) and The History of Henry Esmond (1852), as he looked for a way to revivify the historical novel after it had gone out of fashion. He invoked broken statues and badly restored pictures as he navigated his own worries that he might be doing history all wrong, and damaging its shape in the process.


A new cooling system for a fleet of scientific instruments in the form of miniature wireless robots designed for interactions at the nanometer-scale is assessed to determine its limitations. Unlike other approaches, the use of a cooling chamber allows us to remove an embedded cooling system and maintain the overall size of each robot to a minimum, hence increasing the density of instruments per surface area and resulting in enhanced performance of the platform. The goal of this paper is to assess the capacity of this cooling system; not only to remove heat but also to reduce temperature fluctuations and difference in temperature levels among the robots to maintain each robot within an operational temperature range of 0-70degC. One hundred dummy robots were therefore placed in a custom-built cooling chamber which uses forced air convection. The temperature levels of the dummy robots were recorded with power dissipations from 0 to 15 W/robot and a maximum air flow rate of 0.5 m/s. It was determined that the maximum range in difference in temperature levels among the dummy robots increases by ~20degC per additional 5 W/robot of power dissipation with an initial difference of ~40degC at 5 W/robot. An estimated total power dissipation of 10 W/robot was determined to be a safe limit in order to maintain the operating temperature range of the robots between 0-70degC. For power dissipation over 10 W/robot, additional compensation methods are required. Although this study is concerned with the cooling of a fleet of miniature robots, the results and solutions proposed here could potentially be applied to other distributed systems where cooling is necessary. More specifically, for the cases where cooling of individual units is not practical nor possible due to higher costs and/or technical constraints, to name but a few reasons, this paper proposes a global convection cooling approach of all units performed within a chamber. The experimental data can be used to assess the viability of this approach to other situations and help identifying potential issues prior to the implementation. Furthermore, the experimental data can be used to provide additional information on issues and challenges facing the optimal distribution of such units constrained to operate within relatively tight operating temperature ranges, and the limits of such approach including potential issues related to temperature fluctuations caused by local turbulences.


A central assumption behind psychiatric diagnoses is that a disease has an objective existence in the world, whether discovered or not, and exists independently of the gaze of psychiatrists or anyone else. In other words, neolithic people had post-traumatic stress disorder as have people in all epochs since. However, the story of post-traumatic stress disorder is a telling example of the role of society and politics in the process of invention rather than discovery.

The diagnosis is a legacy of the American war in Vietnam and is a product of the post-war fortunes of the conscripted men who served there. They came home to find that they were being blamed for the war. Epithets like "babykiller" and "psychopath" were thrown at them by some who had watched on television the US military's atrocities against defenceless peasants. This reception was a primary factor in the well publicised difficulties—such as antisocial behaviour—that some military personnel had in readjusting to their peacetime roles. Those who were seen by psychiatrists were diagnosed as having an anxiety state, depression, substance misuse, personality disorder, or schizophrenia; these diagnoses were later supplanted by post-traumatic stress disorder.

Early proponents of the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder were part of the antiwar movement in the United States; they were angry that military psychiatry was being used to serve the interests of the military rather than those of the soldier-patients. The proponents lobbied hard for veterans to receive specialised medical care under the new diagnosis, which became the successor to the older diagnoses of battle fatigue and war neurosis. The new diagnosis was meant to shift the focus of attention from the details of a soldier's background and psyche to the fundamentally traumatogenic nature of war. This was a powerful and essentially political transformation: Vietnam veterans were to be seen …


A new ray-based approach for converting multicomponent normal moveout uncorrected offset domain prestack seismic data into angles is presented. From any two-way zero-offset time sample and a given angle of incidence, the exact ray and a few neighboring rays that contribute to the given angle of incidence are traced through the medium to their corresponding source and receiver locations to compute their raypath lengths, traveltimes, and offsets. A polynomial then is fitted locally between these computed offsets and their corresponding traveltimes. Next the traveltimes for the actual offsets on data that lie within these traced rays are computed from this local polynomial fit, and their corresponding time samples are partially stacked and moved to their two-way zero-offset times. Repetition of this procedure for all zero-offset time samples and for all desired angles produces an angle gather. The procedure allows computation of both primary (P-P) and mode-converted (P-SV) angle gathers. Also, by calculating the exact raypath length, an accurate geometric spreading compensation can be computed and applied to these gathers. By using the methodology for a horizontally stratified transversely isotopic medium with a vertical symmetry axis (a VTI medium), it is possible to extract a much more accurate angle-domain response from the ray-based method than is possible from a traditional NMO-based method. Accuracy out to large angles for both primary and mode-converted reflection suggests that this ray-based transform potentially could be used in a multicomponent prestack waveform inversion scheme.


for New Material: A Novella and Accompanying Exegesis i © «GreetingLine» Masters of Creative Arts, Research – School of Creative Writing and Journalism, Faculty of Creative Arts, Dr Shady Cosgrove, 2007 Creative Work – New Material Abstract The novella New Material explores the intersections between fictional space, cyber space and mythic space, through three characters' narratives: Jo, his cousin Mei and Lee Wei Hong. Set in Singapore in 2007, the novella is narrated by each of these characters, whose voices interrupt and layer one another's stories. Jo is a teen hacker and computer expert who lives fully immersed in a networked world. Mei has come from Australia to stay with Jo's family, fleeing her parents' divorce. She is an avid reader and uses fictional space as an escape route from her troubled family. Thirdly, the older Lee Wei Hong, an offset printer, whose narration takes the form of a statement to the police. It is seeing himself as his online avatar through his cousin's eyes that Jo begins transformation and when Mei insists they need to experience a rainstorm Jo comes into contact with physical reality in a way he has been avoiding. Mei's journey through Singapore leads her to explore her roots and she and Jo come to know one another better through talking about their shared grandmother's spiritual heritage. However, Jo's double-dealing with gamers online leads him to be assaulted in a back alley. Strangely, the alley is full of paper. The night of the hungry ghosts sees Jo and Mei immersed in the novel they salvaged. The narrative entangles the two of them, as they become part of the story. Lee Wei Hong's confession is the lead-up to his 'crime'. During the course of his day he reads and falls in love with a book, the physical book that he has been working on. When he discovers that his work will not be available to the public, but that the novel will only be available online he is moved to act. In a state of passion he takes the printed pages of the review copy his company has, and throws them off the tenth storey of the National Library. This is his criminal act. These are the pages that Jo and Mei have found, read and also been inspired to act upon. Through his hacking Jo has unearthed a series of emails that read well as fiction. He and Mei decide to send them on to the author to influence his next book. Abstract for New Material: A Novella and Accompanying Exegesis ii © «GreetingLine» Masters of Creative Arts, Research – School of Creative Writing and Journalism, Faculty of Creative Arts, Dr Shady Cosgrove, 2007for New Material: A Novella and Accompanying Exegesis ii © «GreetingLine» Masters of Creative Arts, Research – School of Creative Writing and Journalism, Faculty of Creative Arts, Dr Shady Cosgrove, 2007 Exegesis – How to Log into the Book: Cyborgs and Fiction Abstract The exegesis situates the novella New Material in the surrounding landscape of literary fiction writing and theoretical posthumanism in two ways. First, it discusses the novel within the framework of two other novels, Peter Carey's My Life as a Fake and Jeanette Winterson's The PowerBook, both of which deal in very different ways with the cyborg within fiction, as both constructed character and constructed author. Secondly, the exegesis draws on the work of theorists and researchers Elizabeth Grosz' Space, Time, Perversion the Politics of Bodies, Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist Feminisim in the Late Twentieth Century", N Katherine Hayles' How We Became Post-Human: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics and Sherry Turkle's Life on Screen; Identity and the Age of the Internet. These four writers' works are used as metaphorical global positioning systems to discuss the novella New Material, and map the territories where its concerns overlap with those of the Carey and Winterson novels.


Nowadays, wireless device users engage in various forms of wireless applications and services. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system technology, which involves multiple uses of antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver side of wireless channel, can be used to improve the wireless channel capacity without any need for extra spectrum in the rich scattering environment. The MIMO technology is regarded as a fundamental component for this new emerging wireless communication Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. However, as a result of short distance between the antennas in the small mobile terminals, the total antenna efficiency gets reduced and the mutual coupling that exists between the MIMO antenna elements also becomes very high which lead to high Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). This Master's thesis aims to study the impact of antenna type on the ECC for a two antenna system in a typical mobile terminal sized device (ground plane) by using different configurations of antenna placement. The mobile antennas are to operate in LTE band 3 (from 1.710 GHz to 1.880 GHz) and LTE band 20 (from 0.791GHz to GHz 0.862 GHz). This thesis has been addressed by first introducing the fundamental theory of antennas. It is followed with description of effect on ground plane due to different mobile antenna structures and as a last part on the basics of LTE and LTE-Advanced components, focusing on the concept of multiple antennas design on mobile terminal. In this thesis, three types of antenna structures have been considered: Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA), monopole and loop antennas. The designs and simulations of the antenna structures have been performed using CST Microwave studio software. The two antenna systems showed better performance when one antenna is located at the bottom of the ground plane with feed at the corner and the second antenna is placed perpendicularly at the top with feed positioned on the same side of the ground plane as the bottom antenna. ECC values of less than 0.2 in LTE band 3 and less than 0.49 in LTE band 20 were obtained. The study shows that good efficiency and low ECC (low mutual coupling) can be achieved from the placement of the MIMO antennas on the ground plane. In consideration to future work, the results in this thesis can serve as helpful information in multi-antenna designs for mobile terminals.


Abstract Background: Brief Motivational Interviewing (BMI) is an approach to motivating behaviour change in general health care settings. The relevance and applicability of BMI has not been fully assessed in low- or middle-income country settings. This study explored the application of BMI by general practitioners (GPs) in a public sector primary care setting in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: How BMI should be adapted and applied was explored by means of a cooperative inquiry group of GPs. This participatory action research involved four action-reflection cycles over a five-month period during which GPs were trained to use BMI skills in their practice and to document and reflect on their experience. Results: GPs found the emphasis on self-evaluation, personal choice and control particularly useful. Skills in open questioning, exchanging information carefully, assessing ambivalence and readiness to change were also helpful. They had mixed experiences with skills for agenda setting and reducing resistance. The use of specific scaling questions and decision balance sheets were not useful. Conclusions: BMI has great potential, as the skills learnt were mostly useful and the process had benefits for the participants. If the full potential of BMI is to be realised, the content will need to be adapted to local clinical conditions. BMI needs to be taught using a participatory educational style and its implementation must be accompanied by support from colleagues and management. Future research on this issue should evaluate the process of implementing BMI skills in different primary care settings and sustaining any positive changes that may occur.


DataONE, funded from 2009-2019 by the U.S. National Science Foundation, is an early example of a large-scale project that built both a cyberinfrastructure and culture of data discovery, sharing, and reuse. DataONE used a Working Group model, where a diverse group of participants collaborated on targeted research and development activities to achieve broader project goals. This article summarizes the work carried out by two of DataONE's working groups: Usability & Assessment (2009-2019) and Sociocultural Issues (2009-2014). The activities of these working groups provide a unique longitudinal look at how scientists, librarians, and other key stakeholders engaged in convergence research to identify and analyze practices around research data management through the development of boundary objects, an iterative assessment program, and reflection. Members of the working groups disseminated their findings widely in papers, presentations, and datasets, reaching international audiences through publications in 25 different journals and presentations to over 5,000 people at interdisciplinary venues. The working groups helped inform the DataONE cyberinfrastructure and influenced the evolving data management landscape. By studying working groups over time, the paper also presents lessons learned about the working group model for global large-scale projects that bring together participants from multiple disciplines and communities in convergence research.


The solution for the forward displacement analysis(FDA) of the general 6-6 Stewart mechanism(i.e., the connection points of the moving and fixed platforms are not restricted to lying in a plane) has been extensively studied, but the efficiency of the solution remains to be effectively addressed. To this end, an algebraic elimination method is proposed for the FDA of the general 6-6 Stewart mechanism. The kinematic constraint equations are built using conformal geometric algebra(CGA). The kinematic constraint equations are transformed by a substitution of variables into seven equations with seven unknown variables. According to the characteristic of anti-symmetric matrices, the aforementioned seven equations can be further transformed into seven equations with four unknown variables by a substitution of variables using the Gröbner basis. Its elimination weight is increased through changing the degree of one variable, and sixteen equations with four unknown variables can be obtained using the Gröbner basis. A 40th-degree univariate polynomial equation is derived by constructing a relatively small-sized 9´9 Sylvester resultant matrix. Finally, two numerical examples are employed to verify the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the efficiency of solution and reduce the computational burden because of the small-sized resultant matrix.


Applying mechanical perturbations at the working electrode during the electrodeposi- tion process is a novel strategy for materials synthesis that has been used for Cu(In,Ga) Se 2 (CIGS) thin film synthesis. A mechanical perturbations strategy was applied during one-step electrodeposition, and the results are compared with the traditional one-step electrodeposition where no mechanical perturbations were applied. In both cases, a potentiostatic mode was employed, where DC potential is applied to the working electrode with respect to the reference electrode; the potential is regulated by the current at an auxiliary electrode. The CIGS films obtained from both strategies were analyzed as electrodeposited and after being annealed in a selenium atmosphere. The annealed film morphology obtained with the potentiostatic mode plus periodical mechanical perturbations was denser and more compact than the film without mechanical perturbations. Using contour lines, the morphology evolution and mass transport distribution on the working electrode during the electrodeposition process are explained.


Abstract Four patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, unresponsive to routine conservative care, underwent treatment with myofascial release manipulation and selfstretching. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of the cross-sectional area of the carpal tunnel and electrodiagnosis were performed before and after treatment. The patients improved clinically. The nerve conduction studies showed concomitant reduction in distal latencies or increase in motor response amplitudes. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of the carpal canal significantly increased after treatment. This study demonstrates that the carpal canal is a distensible structure with the potential to yield to a relatively simple, aggressive, nonsurgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome.


Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a demand chain design framework for Chinese small and medium enterprises in the oatmeal industry, to help them blaze a new trail in China's oatmeal market. Design/methodology/approach: The approach using in the demand chain design is extended Quality Function Development (QFD), which provides a communication tool so that designers can find a way to integrate customers' needs into design chain. Findings: This paper illustrates an investigation of oatmeal consumed in China, and the result shows 9 factors influencing consumer's purchasing decisions mostly. Then use these factors to design the demand chain, and the most important processes and tasks for the enterprises are come out from the fist and the second House of Quality (HOQ), which are the main part of the design. Finally, a demand chain design is completed. Research limitations/implications: It is an application of a demand chain design framework in real Chinese oatmeal market, but the data sample is limited. Consumption surveys should have more data sources with more detailed consumer groups. And the design model needs more real-life examples to verify Practical implications: Since oatmeal products industry develops rapidly in China, oatmeal market is becoming a vast bright market. And due to the low customer satisfaction of Chinese oatmeal market, it is crucial that companies can find a way to design their demand chain, so they can completely meet the needs. Originality/value: A demand chain design framework is presented with being specific to Chinese oatmeal market. It shows a real-life example of demand chain design, and provides the domestic oatmeal companies with an approach to compete in the market.


In this thesis, the neuroblast lineages which give rise to the adult-specific interneurons of two Drosophila brain regions, the tritocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion, were described, and an analysis of the expression and function of the developmental control genes of the Hox family in these regions was performed. In the first study (chapter 2), the Hox gene and tritocerebral maker labial was used together with clonal genetic labeling to identify the 4 postembryonic neuroblast lineages of the tritocerebrum. Subsequently, clonal mutation was used to show that expression of labial is required for timely-precise apoptosis of 2 neuroblasts, which otherwise give rise to outgrowing ectopic lineages in the tritocerebrum. In the second study (Chapter 3), the postembryonic subesophageal ganglion was investigated. First, markers for cell adhesion molecules and synapses were used to characterize the neuronanatomical structures of the subesophageal ganglion in respect to thoracic neuromeres. In this analysis, a small number of secondary axon tracts were found. Second, genetic labeling was used to identify the clonal basis for this reduction and a number of only 14 subesophageal neuroblast lineages were identified in the late larval subesophageal ganglion. Third, the subesophageal neuroblasts were traced through development, and a severe reduction in neuroblast number was found in this region to take place between middle embryonic and late larval stages. Fourth, the Hox genes Deformed, Sex combs reduced and Antennapedia were shown to be expressed in discrete domains in the subesophageal ganglion, and most of the subesophageal lineages in the late larva were found to be positive for one of these Hox proteins. Fifth, clonal genetic knockout was used to show that the Dfd, Scr and Antp genes are required for three lineage-specific functions in the subesophageal ganglion: proper axonal targeting of 2 lineages, correct cell number in 2 lineages and termination of 5 neuroblasts via programmed cell death. In chapter 4, the expression and function of Hox genes in the Drosophila nervous system was reviewed in the context of genetic interactions and evolutionary conservation. In summary, postembryonic generation of adult-specific neurons in the tritocerebral and subesophageal brain regions of Drosophila was shown to be mediated by a small number of neuroblast lineages and to involve three lineage-specific functions of Hox proteins.


While numerous analyses of contemporary horror narratives/films provide almost an excess in interpretations and readings, one specific issue – the concept of space – remains widely unaddressed. By limiting itself to the understanding of various cases at hand through the prism of characters and other active participants in the narrative, the mainstream theoretical approaches typically underestimate and overlook the spatial paradigm as an element that constructively and actively contributes to both the creation of a horror storyline, as well as the articulation of a social and/or cultural critique. What the article proposes is a reading of two films – James Wan's Insidious (2010) and Scott Derrickson's Sinister (2012) through the application of Michel Foucault's notion of heterotopias. As proposed by the analysis, the spatial paradigm within the examined cases is premised on the simultaneous coexistence and superposition of heterotopian spaces over regular ones. Such coexistence facilitates the creation of particular contexts within which domestic anxieties and dysfunctions start to articulate themselves into a proper critical discourse.


The future began somewhere. The impulse behind this issue of The Fibreculture Journal was a crisis of imagination with regards to how the future might look and behave. Our starting point was the notion of postmillennial tension – the idea that in the decades following the year 2000 we find ourselves living in an era that was meant to be the future, but where many of our futuristic hopes and fantasies remain unfulfilled. Worse, our historical visions of hyper-technological futures seem to have propelled us into a perilous position where humankind may not have any kind of future at all. In the space between ever-hopeful techno-futurism and the realities of a world forever changed by the pursuit of the resources required to fuel it, we asked if the age-old concept of utopia still has the strength to generate galvanising visions of the future.


Data sequences generated by on-line sensors can become arbitrarily large and must, therefore, be pared down to fit into available memory. For situations where only the most recent data is of interest, this problem can be solved with optimal efficiency by a simple circular buffer: it fills each memory location with useful data, and requires just one write to memory per update. The algorithm presented here provides essentially the same efficiency, but while maintaining a continuously updated, fixed-size, compressed representation of the entire data sequence. Each value in these compressed sequences represents a statistic (an average, maximum, random sample, etc.) computed over a contiguous chunk of the original sequence. Compressing circular buffers gain their efficiency by using an alternative indexing sequence, based on well-known principles of elementary number theory, to ensure that each newly written value gets stored in the unoccupied location created when the two oldest sequential over-sampled values are compressed into one. The associated Java implementation supports a variety of aggregating statistics and is used to compare the algorithm's performance with a more obvious approach (doubling).


The ancient civilization of Japan, with its Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, is also closely associated with all that is new and modern. Looking outward, Japan sees what it has become since Hiroshima: the world's second-largest economy, a source of fury and wonder, a power without arms. Looking inward, Japan sees old ways shaken and new ones developing at a hectic pace. Japan in the Twenty-first Century offers compelling insights into the current realities of the country and investigates the crucial political, economic, demographic, and environmental challenges that face the nation. A combination of text, maps, and photographs provides an essential understanding of Japan's geography, cultural heritage, demography, economic and political development, and of many other important issues. Pradyumna P. Karan explores the obstacles and opportunities that will shape Japan and affect the world community in the coming years. He highlights strategies and policies that will facilitate economic and political change and stimulate the development of effective institutions for long-term, sustainable prosperity and economic vitality. Unique field reports drawn from direct observations of events and places in Japan illuminate Japanese traditions and sensibilities. The first full-length English-language textbook on Japan's geography, culture, politics, and economy to appear in nearly four decades, Japan in the Twenty-first Century will be a vital resource for researchers, academics, general readers, and students of Japan. Pradyumna P. Karan, professor of geography and Japan studies at the University of Kentucky, is the author or editor of numerous books on Asian geography and culture, including The Japanese City and Japan in the Bluegrass.


Landscape is a crucial component of world heritage and, in the last few years, landscape projects have played a vital role in the development of sustainable scenarios. As reported in the European Landscape Convention, landscape means an area, as perceived by people, of which the character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. Therefore, in landscape planning and assessment, the community is necessarily involved. In order to improve the effectiveness of a project for landscape enhancement, this study suggests strategies for an integrated project, taking into account the numerous, heterogeneous variables involved. A landscape project, therefore, is a complex project that requires structured valuation stages, open to the community dimension. The qualitative, intergenerational, and inclusive characteristics of landscapes suggest that the limits of traditional economic analysis should be exceeded by adopting new assessment methods. With this aim in mind, this paper proposes social evaluation approaches, which operate by combining deliberative processes with total economic and multidimensional approaches. In this paper, we present: (1) a brief overview of the main features and issues concerning landscape projects; (2) strategies for integrated projects in landscape enhancement; and (3) social approaches in landscape assessment that account for complexity and social inclusion.


People who live near wind turbines complain of symptoms that include some combination of the following: difficulty sleeping, fatigue, depression, irritability, aggressiveness, cognitive dysfunction, chest pain/pressure, headaches, joint pain, skin irritations, nausea, dizziness, tinnitus, and stress. These symptoms have been attributed to the pressure (sound) waves that wind turbines generate in the form of noise and infrasound. However, wind turbines also generate electromagnetic waves in the form of poor power quality (dirty electricity) and ground current, and these can adversely affect those who are electrically hypersensitive. Indeed, the symptoms mentioned above are consistent with electrohypersensitivity. Sensitivity to both sound and electromagnetic waves differs among individuals and may explain why not everyone in the same home experiences similar effects. Ways to mitigate the adverse health effects of wind turbines are presented.


This forum serves as an opportunity to discuss the vectors of identity that inform the self-branded entrepreneurial subject analyzed by Neff. It provokes a series of questions. We are prompted to ask how the discourse and practice of entrepreneurship shape the entrepreneurial self, the branded self, and the outsourced self. Perhaps most importantly, we are invited to wonder how workers are led in flexible capitalism to believe that their paid work can serve as a source of happiness and an outlet for their passions.


The development of alternative indicators (altmetrics) can be traced back to a discussion a few years ago where the central question was: does the focus on classical bibliometric indicators still adequately reflect the scientific and social significance of scientific work in the Internet age? In the course of this discussion, the term "altmetrics" was introduced as a collective term for all those indicators that contain previously unnoticed informa- tion from the Internet—especially concerning social media. Altmetrics shed light on the reception of scientific publications in news websites as well as in scientific blogs, policy papers, and other web-based content. This chapter deals with the current state of the art of altmetrics, focusing on the present discussion about the informative value of altmet- rics. Furthermore, we investigate to what extent altmetrics can be used in scientific evalu -ations. We conclude our chapter with an outlook on the potential prospects for success of altmetrics in different fields of application.


Economic supply networks can be viewed as complex systems composed of multiple, independent, interacting agents. Agents (companies) form relationships with one another by trading goods for other goods, services, or money. This paper presents a model for supply networks composed of a fixed number of discrete tiers of companies. Each company has mutable parameters (product quality, information integrity, profit sharing) that determine specific aspects of the company' s behavior. After describing the model we apply it to investigate the global behavior of multi‐tiered supply networks. In particular we are interested in how information integrity and product quality change under various circumstances, and how these parameters influence and are influenced by the global structure of a supply network. Preliminary experiments concentrated on finding parameter values that encouraged stability and found complex relationships among available revenue, profit sharing by individual companies, and initial wealth of new companies. Further investigations have revealed a few subtle trends, but they have emphasized the difficulty in finding more precise, yet globally applicable, data analysis techniques.


A topological index of a graph is a parameter related to the graph; it does not depend on labeling or pictorial representation of the graph. Graph operations plays a vital role to analyze the structure and properties of a large graph which is derived from the smaller graphs. The Zagreb indices are the important topological indices found to have the applications in Quantitative Structure Property Relationship(QSPR) and Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship(QSAR) studies as well. There are various study of different versions of Zagreb indices. One of the most important Zagreb indices is the reformulated Zagreb index which is used in QSPR study. In this paper, we obtain the first reformulated Zagreb indices of some derived graphs such as double graph, extended double graph, thorn graph, subdivision vertex corona graph, subdivision graph and triangle parallel graph. In addition, we compute the first reformulated Zagreb indices of two important transformation graphs such as the generalized transformation graph and generalized Mycielskian graph.


We provide the first capacity approaching coding schemes that robustly simulate any interactive protocol over an adversarial channel that corrupts any fraction of the transmitted symbols. Our coding schemes achieve a communication rate of 1 - O(∈√loglog1/∈) can be improved to 1 - O(√∈) for random, oblivious, and over any adversarial channel. This computationally bounded channels, or if parties have shared randomness unknown to the channel. Surprisingly, these rates exceed the 1 - Ω( H(ϵ)) = 1 - Ω(ϵ√log1/ϵ) interactive channel capacity bound which [Kol and Raz; STOC'13] recently proved for random errors. We conjecture 1- Θ(ϵ log log 1/ϵ) and 1- Θ(√ϵ) to be the optimal rates for their respective settings and therefore to capture the interactive channel capacity for random and adversarial errors. In addition to being very communication efficient, our randomized coding schemes have multiple other advantages. They are computationally efficient, extremely natural, and significantly simpler than prior (non-capacity approaching) schemes. In particular, our protocols do not employ any coding but allow the original protocol to be performed as-is, interspersed only by short exchanges of hash values. When hash values do not match, the parties backtrack. Our approach is, as we feel, by far the simplest and most natural explanation for why and how robust interactive communication in a noisy environment is possible.


Catherine B. Asher Delhi's Qutb Complex: The Minar, Mosque and Mehrauli Mumbai: Marg Foundation, 2017, 160 pp., 130 illus. $70, ISBN 9789383243198

In Delhi's Qutb Complex: The Minar, Mosque and Mehrauli , Catherine B. Asher presents a longue duree history of one of Delhi's most iconic monuments: the Qutb Minar and its adjoining mosque. This beautifully produced and amply illustrated book also devotes much-needed attention to the many smaller structures that surround the UNESCO-protected site of the Qutb complex in the rapidly developing neighborhood of Mehrauli in South Delhi. Writing for a broad audience, Asher brings together a vast amount of academic literature, covering topics from the origins of the Qutb complex in the late twelfth century to its expansion in the thirteenth century to its subsequent revitalization in the early modern and colonial periods. Mindful of the contemporary controversies surrounding the Qutb complex—particularly the view taken by Hindutva nationalists who point to Hindu elements in the mosque as proof that Islam was established in Delhi through a violent subjugation of indigenous Hindus—she offers a nuanced view of reuse as political strategy rather than religious antagonism in medieval northern India. Nonacademic readers will undoubtedly profit from this thoughtful account of one of Delhi's most historic neighborhoods. Lessons abound too for architectural and urban historians who work on controversial sites and disputed pasts—Asher demonstrates how they can make their scholarship available to a wide audience without compromising rigor or critical analysis.

While the book offers many new insights, three themes that run throughout are particularly noteworthy. The first is the Qutb complex as the crossroads of aesthetic vocabularies and craftsmanship, extending from modern-day Iran to the eastern and southern tip of the Indian Mughal Empire and also incorporating Victorian fashions of architecture and landscape. This analysis does much to complicate the long-standing, if not entirely accurate, perspective that the Qutb complex originated in a violent clash between invading Muslim …


The recreational fishery in Australia is an important part of the country's economy and culture. However, broad spatial and temporal monitoring schemes that are currently used to estimate effort and catch of the recreational fishing sector are insufficient for sustainable management. Often species-specific information is unavailable due to identification problems, as well as area and time specific fisheries (pulse fisheries) which are not identified. This dissertation aims to evaluate current monitoring and management schemes for the fishing industry by (1) developing a profile of a community experiencing seasonal fluctuations in fishing effort, (2) identifying the harvest and life history characteristics of a primary target species, the barred javelin (Pomadasys kaakan) as they apply to the commercial and recreational fishing sectors, and (3) use this information in a Biological Reference Point model to predict the productivity of P. kaakan and assess the effectiveness of recent management changes.

Currently, communities which experience fluctuations in fishing effort due to the seasonal movements of anglers are unrecorded. Lucinda, a community in northeast Queensland, experiences fluctuations of tourist visitation which coincides with changes in fishing catch and effort within the local region. The demographic characteristics and motivations of the tourists visiting Lucinda, as well as a harvest description of the recreational sector, are described in this dissertation. This will demonstrate the importance of identifying communities affected by fishing pressures and the possible impact anglers are having on coastal ecosystems.

A biological description of catch characteristics for the commercial and recreational sector is also required for key species. Updated life history characteristics, including growth parameters and reproductive behaviours, are necessary for use in management plans which keep the collective industry sustainable. For this dissertation, key life history characteristics were defined for Pomadasys kaakan. These data were used in the Spawning Potential Ratio model, with catch characteristics for each sector, to evaluate historical and current minimum size limit laws, as well as the gear selectivity influences of both fishing sectors.

Demographic and motivational profile data was collected using on-site, access point surveys at the main boat ramp in Lucinda and face-to-face surveys of tourists in the local caravan park – Wanderer's Holiday Village. This data were also used to create a harvest description for recreational anglers in Lucinda. Biological samples of P. kaakan were collected from fishery dependent sources, including recreational and commercial fishers. These samples were used to define age and growth parameters, as well as reproductive characteristics.

A definable, seasonal recreational fishery was identified in Lucinda with a 500% increase in fishing effort during the winter months. This fishery was driven by the movement of grey nomads, i.e. senior citizens who travel for prolonged lengths of time in a specific area. The social motivation of travel linked to fishing indicates declines in fishery stock and changes in management may have no effect on return visits to Lucinda and continued participation in fishing. In addition, a high level of targeting behavior was focused on Pomadasys spp. This exemplifies the need for regionally specific monitoring and management plans which sustain the industry and the community.

A comparison of the harvest of P. kaakan for the commercial and recreational sector indicated a higher impact by the recreational sector for this species. The recreational sector has higher harvest rates, targets fish over a broad length range and has a high female sex bias. However, the combined impacts of the commercial and recreational sector, as indicated by the SPR model, had the largest impact on the future productivity of the species. The high female bias in the harvest of P. kaakan in Lucinda also suggests sexual segregation may occur in the Hinchinbrook Channel. This may make the population more susceptible to overexploitation.

As a result of these findings, management may need alternative methods to achieve sustainability goals. Controls on total effort, not individual angler impacts, need to be implemented for effective management. In addition, continued monitoring coupled with a dynamic approach to regulating changes in effort is needed to maintain the status of regional populations. Further research regarding post-release mortality and identification of spawning aggregations are suggested in this dissertation to further assist management with development of future plans.


While digital technologies are spreading rapidly, mismatches in desired digital skills between education and industry pose an ongoing challenge for the future of work. Some segments of the population are ill-prepared to fill jobs that will require at least a basic set of digital skills. With rapid technological advancement, traditional and emerging learning deficits can put them at greater socio-economic risk by exacerbating inequalities and unemployment. This brief provides recommendations to bridge the digital skills divide and foster the employability of those vulnerable populations, which can lead ultimately to larger macroeconomic outcomes such as poverty reduction, income growth, and economic empowerment.


The institutional approach of economics of convention (in short, EC) has been established in France over the last three decades and since then received growing international recognition. From its beginnings, EC has introduced a pragmatic as well as a historical perspective on economic coordination and economic institutions. Also, EC has included law in its analysis from the start. EC conceives law not as an external constraint, but as internal to action and coordination open to interpretive and situational adoption by competent actors. Consequently, for the socio-historical analysis of law, EC analyzes the meaning of law from the standpoint of actors which rely in their coordination on conventions. This HSR Special Issue demonstrates that the approach of EC in the socio-historical analysis of law can be a real transdisciplinary alternative to approaches such as "Law & Economics" or economic neo-institutionalism.


Today's Western European countries have the world's most extensive government social welfare systems, beginning with Germany as the forerunner. Prior to the eventual 20th century German welfare state, Germany was not devoid of distributing aid to combat the effects of poverty. Religious and public benevolent institutions, several centuries earlier, managed local poverty, resulting in an interesting relationship between the German citizens and these charities. The willingness of these institutions to address the poverty issue opened the door for the 20th century German welfare state to emerge. This study examines the evolution of the attitudes towards poverty in nineteenth century Germany. Utilizing a longitudinal approach, this work demonstrates that perceptions people held toward poverty in turn shaped welfare policy. This work seeks to connect the changes in the perceptions towards poverty in the nineteenth century with the development of the welfare state in the twentieth century. Through a combination of the shifting political, social, and economic climate, the issue of poverty was at the forefront of the German mind from the 1830s to World War I. As the enormity of the problem of poverty developed so did the state's acceptance of civic responsibility of caring for the poor, yet also in conjunction with private and religious charities. The state's acceptance of the obligation to care for the poor allowed for the development of new management techniques with the tradition of private relief in mind. The reasoning behind and the various stages of the transformation of the perceptions towards poverty from the 1830s to World War I is the overarching goal of this work. ©2013 by Rebekah O. McMillan All Rights Reserved


In recent years, environmental issues have raised the demand to protect the environment against the pollution caused by the uncontrolled spillage of lubricating oils. One solution is using Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants (EALs), however, these oils are more expensive than the common mineral oils. The consumers require to test the oil performance using test machines but testing in real machines is costly and time-consuming. Small test machines like ball-on-disc have been previously used for friction mapping and ranking gear oils. In this paper, the friction maps are measured from 0.65 GPa to 1.25 GPa, and temperature maps are devised to experimentally simulate the gear contact along the line of action. Results illustrate that EALs can provide up to 60 % better frictional efficiency that leads to 20 oC cooler oil temperature in high-pressure contacts operating under elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime.


Seoul has materialized a unique built form on its urban terrain through aggressively constructing apartment complexes, a large-scale, single-parcel private territory, over the last half-a-century. The historical formation of apartment complexes differs significantly based on elements such as the development policies in each period, development mechanisms, the degree of public control, and the extent of private engagement. The research will examine the consequences of the entire 'apartment complexes' in Seoul and their morphological characteristics, particularly affected by development methods over time. The analysis is composed of (1) basic historical overview on planning policies and development methods that principally encouraged the apartment complex construction in the context of Seoul's urban expansion since the 1970s and (2) morphological attribute of Seoul's entire apartment complexes (2,172). The formal characteristics of apartment complexes are analysed in term of such morphological elements as plot (apartment complex as single parcel), building, street and density among others. The morphological characteristic in relation to development method provides insights related to genesis aspects of apartment complex emergence regarding its morphological characteristics. By focusing on morphological aspect, the study intends to examine the spatial manifestation of massive apartment complex building that has formed and transformed Seoul over the modernization years


Is the United States "the land of equal opportunity" or is the playing field tilted in favor of those whose parents are wealthy, well educated, and white? If family background is important in getting ahead, why? And if the processes that transmit economic status from parent to child are unfair, could public policy address the problem? Unequal Chances provides new answers to these questions by leading economists, sociologists, biologists, behavioral geneticists, and philosophers. New estimates show that intergenerational inequality in the United States is far greater than was previously thought. Moreover, while the inheritance of wealth and the better schooling typically enjoyed by the children of the well-to-do contribute to this process, these two standard explanations fail to explain the extent of intergenerational status transmission. The genetic inheritance of IQ is even less important. Instead, parent-offspring similarities in personality and behavior may play an important role. Race contributes to the process, and the intergenerational mobility patterns of African Americans and European Americans differ substantially. Following the editors' introduction are chapters by Greg Duncan, Ariel Kalil, Susan E. Mayer, Robin Tepper, and Monique R. Payne; Bhashkar Mazumder; David J. Harding, Christopher Jencks, Leonard M. Lopoo, and Susan E. Mayer; Anders Bjorklund, Markus Jantti, and Gary Solon; Tom Hertz; John C. Loehlin; Melissa Osborne Groves; Marcus W. Feldman, Shuzhuo Li, Nan Li, Shripad Tuljapurkar, and Xiaoyi Jin; and Adam Swift.


The dung beetle tribe Canthonini has a Gondwanaland distribution. Two new taxa of this ancient tribe are descriptionbed from the tropical regions of southeastern Africa. One of these taxa is the monotypic genus Canthodimorpha gen. n., comprising C. lawrencei sp. n., which is descnbed from northeastern coastal Mozambique. The other taxon is a species of Gyronotus van Lansberge, G. mulanjensis sp. n., which is descriptionbed from southern Malawi. A key is provided to separate G. mulanjensis from the other five known species of Gyronotus. All of these flightless species are probably forest specialists. As forests are restricted and highly threatened habitats in eastern Africa, these beetles merit at least vulnerable status.