City planning initiatives and redesign of urban structures often become mired in debate and delay. Despite the fact that cities are considered to be dynamic and flexible spaces -- never finished but always under construction -- it is very difficult to change existing urban structures; they become fixed, obdurate, securely anchored in their own histories as well as in the histories of their surroundings. In Unbuilding Cities, Anique Hommels looks at the tension between the malleability of urban space and its obduracy, focusing on sites and structures that have been subjected to "unbuilding" -- redesign or reconfiguration. She brings the concepts of science and technology studies (STS) to bear on the study of cities. Viewing the city as a large sociotechnological artifact, she demonstrates the usefulness of STS tools that were developed to analyze other technological artifacts and explores in detail the role of obduracy in sociotechnical change. Her analysis distinguishes three concepts of obduracy: interactionist, in which actors with diverging views are constrained by fixed ways of thinking and interacting; relational, in which change is difficult because of technology's embeddedness in sociotechnical networks; and enduring, in which persistent traditions influence the development of technology over time. Hommels examines the tensions between obduracy and change in three urban redesign projects in the Netherlands: a renovated city center that fell into drabness and disrepair; a highway system that runs through a densely populated urban area; and a high-rise housing project, designed according to modernist precepts and built for middle-class families, that became a haven for unemployment and crime. Unbuilding Cities contributes to a productive fusion of STS and urban studies.


This article examines idiomatic expressions as sources of both regularity and irregularity in language. Some morphological, lexical, syntactical, and semantical characteristics of idioms are discussed. It is shown how a lexical licensing mechanism, which is formulated within a formal grammar framework, can deal with the data. After that, this proposal is extended to the phenomenon of negative polarity.


Wood pellet storage safety is an important aspect for implementing woody biomass as a renewable energy source. When wood pellets are stored indoors in large quantities (tons) in poorly ventilated spaces in buildings, such as in basements, off-gassing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can significantly affect indoor air quality. To determine the emission rates and potential impact of VOC emissions, a series of laboratory and field measurements were conducted using softwood, hardwood, and blended wood pellets manufactured in New York. Evacuated canisters were used to collect air samples from the headspace of drums containing pellets and then in basements and pellet storage areas of homes and small businesses. Multiple peaks were identified during GC/MS and GC/FID analysis, and four primary VOCs were characterized and quantified: methanol, pentane, pentanal, and hexanal. Laboratory results show that total VOCs (TVOCs) concentrations for softwood (SW) were statistically (p < 0.02) higher than blended or hardwood (HW) (SW: 412 ± 25; blended: 203 ± 4; HW: 99 ± 8, ppb). The emission rate from HW was the fastest, followed by blended and SW, respectively. Emissions rates were found to range from 10-1 to 10-5 units, depending upon environmental factors. Field measurements resulted in airborne concentrations ranging from 67 ± 8 to 5000 ± 3000 ppb of TVOCs and 12 to 1500 ppb of aldehydes, with higher concentrations found in a basement with a large fabric bag storage unit after fresh pellet delivery and lower concentrations for aged pellets. These results suggest that large fabric bag storage units resulted in a substantial release of VOCs into the building air. Occupants of the buildings tested discussed concerns about odor and sensory irritation when new pellets were delivered. The sensory response was likely due to the aldehydes.


A Markovian technique is described to calculate the exact performance of the Viterbi algorithm used as either a channel decoder or a source encoder for a convolutional code. The probability of information bit error and the expected Hamming distortion are computed for codes of various rates and constraint lengths. The concept of tie-breaking rules is introduced and its influence on decoder performance is examined. Computer simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the results. Finally, we discuss the issue of when a coded system outperforms an uncoded system in light of the new results. >


This paper describes the configuration design and subsystems integration resolution for lunar Campsite vehicles and the crew vehicles (CVs) which support them. Briefly stated, this concept allows early return to the Moon while minimizing hardware development. Once in place, the Campsite can be revisited for extended periods. Configuration and operations issues are addressed, explanations of the parametric subsystem analysis are provided, as well as descriptions of the hardware concept and performance data. Within an assumed set of launch and mission constraints, a common vehicle stage design for both the Campsite and the CV landers was the chief design driver. Accommodation of a heatshielded, ballistic crew transportation/return vehicle, scars for later system growth and upgrades, landing the crew in close proximity to the Campsite, and appropriate kinds of robotic systems were all secondary design drivers. Physical integration of the crew module and airlock, structural system, thermal radiators, power production and storage systems, external life support consumables, and payloads are covered. The vehicle performance data were derived using a Boeing lunar transportation sizing code to optimize vehicle stage sizes and commonality. Configuration trades were conducted and detailed sketches were produced.


PYY receptors were characterized and their loci determined in canine small intestine. The density of 125I-labeled peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) binding was highest in myenteric (MY) and submucosal (SUB) plexus fractions enriched in synaptosomes. Two binding sites [high affinity (H) and low affinity (L)] were found in the submucosal synaptosome-enriched membrane: dissociation constant (Kd)H = 7.6 pM, maximal binding capacity (Bmax)H = 28 fmol/mg; KdL = 0.18 nM, BmaxL = 120 fmol/mg protein. The binding of 125I-PYY reached a maximum within 30 min; dissociation was incomplete in the presence of unlabeled PYY. The rate of dissociation was enhanced after exposure of synaptosomes to guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate). Binding of 125I-PYY was completely inhibited by neuropeptide Y (NPY)-(13-36) (in SUB and MY) and by [Leu31,Pro34]NPY (in MY) but only partially by [Leu31,Pro34]NPY in SUB, suggesting the presence of Y2 receptor in SUB and the presence of Y1 and Y2 receptors in MY. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the PYY receptor complex revealed a radioactive band at 70 kDa. The PYY receptors in the canine small intestinal myenteric and submucosal plexus correspond in location to that of PYY in synaptosomes and are coupled with G proteins. Different subtypes are present in different loci.


Conferences and training events have, for many years, been perceived as a primary tool for improving professional knowledge and networking, resulting in improved competence and performance in practice. With the increasing economic and environmental costs associated with long-distance travel, many organisations have implemented environmental policies to limit meetings that involve travel and professionals are required to be more restrained with the number and range of professional development opportunities they engage in. Online professional learning conferences or events have the potential to combine the e-learning models developed for online tertiary education with the needs of participants prevented from attending conferences as a result of time or travel restrictions.

Web conferencing software enables synchronous, internet-based collaboration and communication and is therefore ideally suited to enabling the interaction between facilitators and participants that is so valued in traditional face-to-face training or conference proceedings. The increasing use of social media platforms and the availability of interactive spaces has also increased opportunities for dispersed participants to collaborate, share and network long after completion of the event.
This study was aimed at identifying participant perceptions towards social networking and trends in the use of online and social networking tools provided for use during an online conference, such as Twitter and Facebook.

Three primary sources of data were collected during a recent online conference to achieve these aims. The conference was delivered through the web conferencing system, Blackboard Collaborate, and ran non-stop for 48 hours, with consecutive handovers between partners in Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada. The non-stop nature of the event aimed to mirror a 24-hour digital society and the 21st century learner who wants to be engaged with other learners around the world at all the times.

The first data source was the recordings from the online conference technology, 'Blackboard Analytics', which included such information as drop-out rates and active participation in live sessions, such as whether or not the participant used the chat function. The second data source was the actual content of the online chat boxes during each session and the frequency and content of any discussions posted via the conference social media environments. Content analysis was used to assess the themes and types of discussions generated in these environments. The final data source was a summative online survey that requested information about participation trends and use of social media during the conference and in general. The data from these three resources, as well as recommendations for encouraging collaboration during online conferences, are presented visually using an info-graphic presentation style.


LEARNING WITH AND BECAUSE OF EACH OTHER: A HIGH SCHOOL ART PORTFOLIO CLASS AS A COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE Gregory R. Frederick, B.A., M.A. Marquette University, 2010 This educational criticism of a senior high school art portfolio class asks: In what ways does the community of practice developed within a successful studio art program at a high school contribute to an understanding of its success? Interviews, documents, photographs, and classroom observations gathered over one year inform this qualitative study. Participants include three Portfolio co-teachers, twenty Portfolio students, and two younger art students. Analysis focuses on the interplay of structure and participation that shapes learning among the participants, both as a group and individually. Five themes emerge as valuable ways of understanding the community of practice: team teaching, students working in the hallways, the class as a community or family, students serving as teachers and mentors for each other, and the relative freedom of choice students have to work in ways that resonate with who they are, who they are becoming, and what engages their attention. Findings suggest: mutual engagement in the joint enterprise of creating and evaluating the bodies of artwork produced within a capstone portfolio class sustains and renews a vibrant community of practice; newcomers and old timers have open and easy access to each other; quasi-studio spaces along the hallways contribute to the ease with which students serve as teachers and mentors for each other; discussion, deliberation, and consensus building contribute to a cognitive culture that provides models of what adult artists do; teachers serve as art experts, counselors, and brokers between the portfolio class's community of practice and other communities of practice to which they and their students belong or hope to belong; and teachers develop simultaneously caring and demanding relationships with students. A high school studio art program grounded in expressionism and focused on voice need not have to choose between self-expression and demanding aesthetic standards, or among practices proposed within the constraints of any of the models of art education to have surfaced over the last several decades. Instead, elements of multiple vantage points emerge through the interplay of structure and participation to sustain a community of practice that supports students as they try to give visual form to their particular voices.


KorKutal, I. and E. Bahar, 2013. Influence of different soil tillage and leaf removal treatments on yield, cluster and berry characteristics in cv. Syrah (Vitis vinifera l.). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 647-658 The research was conducted 2011 vegetation period (40° 56' 7.46'' N; 27° 27' 7.11'' E) in Tekirdag, Turkey. The effects of 3 different soil tillage treatments and 3 leaf removal treatments on leaf water potential (Ψleaf), yield, cluster and berry characteristics of cv. Syrah were investigated in this study. The vineyard orientated E-W direction, vine spacing was 2.6 to 1m and the vines were pruned as bilateral cordon on a Modified Open Lyre Training System. Leaf removal treatments were performed at veraison. Different soil tillage applications affected cluster length and berry fresh and dry mass. The leaf removal treatments affected only total leaf area per vine (m2.vine-1). The results confirm that main leaf removal and lateral shoot leaf removal treatments there was no significant difference found in non leaf removal treatment according to exposable leaf area. In this trellising system, under these soil and climatic conditions, it could be advised conservative soil tillage alternatively to conventional soil tillage as to be more economical. Furthermore, leaf removal treatments under different climatic conditions physiologically should be researched more about the leaf water potential, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance in canopy because of their different effects.


Large VC-dimension classifiers can learn difficult tasks, but are usually impractical because they generalize well only if they are trained with huge quantities of data. In this paper we show that even high-order polynomial classifiers in high dimensional spaces can be trained with a small amount of training data and yet generalize better than classifiers with a smaller VC-dimension. This is achieved with a maximum margin algorithm (the Generalized Portrait). The technique is applicable to a wide variety of classifiers, including Perceptrons, polynomial classifiers (sigma-pi unit networks) and Radial Basis Functions. The effective number of parameters is adjusted automatically by the training algorithm to match the complexity of the problem. It is shown to equal the number of those training patterns which are closest patterns to the decision boundary (supporting patterns). Bounds on the generalization error and the speed of convergence of the algorithm are given. Experimental results on handwritten digit recognition demonstrate good generalization compared to other algorithms.


Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have recently shown promising potential as effective energy harvesters using human motion energy. However, the efficiency of polymer-based flexible TENG must be enhanced for various applications. In this work, we propose a flexible TENG with a fluorocarbon plasma-etched polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–carbon nanotube (CNT). The fluorocarbon plasma etching causes not only a chemical modification, but also a physical effect on the morphology of the PDMS–CNT surface to enhance the TENG output performance. The added CNT enhances the mechanical properties, such as durability, of a thin film. The etched PDMS structure and the revealed CNTs increase the charge density on the surface. We confirm the effect of different CNT concentrations doped in PDMS and various etching times. We propose a TENG with 4 wt% CNT, which has been subjected to fluorocarbon etching for 60 s. The TENG exhibits an output voltage of 77.8 V, which is 248.7% and 106.5% higher than that of pure PDMS and un-etched PDMS–CNT, respectively. The 20 mm × 30 mm TENG delivers an output power of 1.98 mW (3.29 W m−2) at a matching resistance of 3 MΩ. The TENG exhibits good stability and superior electrical performance, making it capable of driving both the instantaneous operation of 70 LEDs and the charging of a 0.33 μF capacitor to 6.6 V. Furthermore, this TENG can be used as a self-powered physical activity sensor that measures the amount of human activity through the amount of charge in the capacitor.


Risk management is being increasingly promoted as an appropriate method for addressing wildland fire management challenges. However, a lack of a common understanding of risk concepts and terminology is hindering effective application. In response, this General Technical Report provides a set of clear, consistent, understandable, and usable definitions for terms associated with wildland fire risk management. The material presented herein is not brand-new or innovative per se, but rather synthesizes the extant science so that readers can readily make a crosswalk to the professional literature. The broad objectives of this effort are to provide context and information to support application of risk terminology across all levels of risk management, and to facilitate clear exchange of data, information, and ideas among fire management officers, staff, and scientists.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Many patients with epilepsy experience 'clusters' or flurries of seizures, also termed acute repetitive seizures (ARS). Seizure clustering has a significant impact on health and quality of life. This review summarizes recent advances in the definition and neurophysiologic understanding of clustering, the epidemiology and risk factors for clustering and both inpatient and outpatient clinical implications. New treatments for seizure clustering/ARS are perhaps the area of greatest recent progress.

RECENT FINDINGS
Efforts have focused on creating a uniform definition of a seizure cluster. In neurophysiologic studies of refractory epilepsy, seizures within a cluster appear to be self-triggering. Clinical progress has been achieved towards a more precise prevalence of clustering, and consensus guidelines for epilepsy monitoring unit safety. The greatest recent advances are in the study of nonintravenous route of benzodiazepines as rescue medications for seizure clusters/ARS. Rectal benzodiazepines have been very effective but barriers to use exist. New data on buccal, intramuscular and intranasal preparations are anticipated to lead to a greater number of approved treatments. Progesterone may be effective for women who experience catamenial clusters.

SUMMARY
Seizure clustering is common, particularly in the setting of medically refractory epilepsy. Clustering worsens health and quality of life, and the field requires greater focus on clarifying of definition and clinical implications. Progress towards the development of nonintravenous routes of benzodiazepines has the potential to improve care in this area.


The evolution of the Web over the past few years has fostered the growth of a handful of new technologies (e.g. Blogs, Wiki's, Web Services). Recently web mashups have emerged as the newest Web technology and have gained lots of momentum and attention from both academic and industry communities. Current mashup literature focuses on a wide array of issues, which can be partially explained by how new the topic is. However, to date, mashup literature lacks an articulation of the different subtopics of web mashup research. This study presents a broad review of mashup literature to help frame the 1subtopics in mashup research.


Solidarity purchasing groups (SPGs) are common Alternative Food Networks in many towns in Italy. They are set up by groups of citizens who cooperate in order to buy food and other commonly used goods collectively and directly from producers, at a price that is fair to both parties. Within the group, the choice of the products and the farmers usually follow some guidelines related to the respect for the environment and the solidarity between the members of the group and the producers. Though still a small niche, SPGs are quite numerous and represent an interesting alternative to traditional setting of the food chain. The main motivation of members for participating in SPGs is arguably not a monetary one, i.e., it is not lower prices. Ethical motivations and environmental concerns are typically proposed among the goals of the groups. Nevertheless, the budget constraint is always operating, and it is of interest to measure how much the ethical and environmental motivations are able to overcome the budget constraint. This is tantamount to measure the value members attach to their participation to the SPG. Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate the value the group members attach to their participation. A stated preferences methodology was employed on a first sample of members of SPGs in Torino (Italy) and other neighbouring towns to estimate the value consumers buying in such groups attach to this particular channel, in comparison to the conventional supermarkets. Preliminary results show that SPG members do state a preference for buying with their organization rather than at a supermarket's even when the prospected prices are substantially higher for the purchase through the SPG.


This dissertation presents the results of a detailed physical and hydrogeophysical study of two soil-filled sinkholes mantled by ancient New River fluvial terrace deposits. Research was performed at the Virginia Tech Kentland Experimental Farms in Whitethorne, Virginia, USA between fall 2003 and spring 2007, and focused on characterizing infiltration, deep drainage, and recharge through soil-filled sinkholes. Using hydrogeophysical methods, the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture was modeled and potential recharge was quantified in two soil-filled sinkholes. Access-tube time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to derive one-dimensional (1-D) soil moisture profiles. During access-tube installation, 470 soil samples were obtained from depths between 0.3 and to 9.0 m and characterized both physically and chemically. Using these data, a TDR calibration method was developed. Physio-chemical, TDR moisture, and 1-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were used to derive a numerically optimized form of Archie's Law which was used to convert ERT measurements into volumetric soil moisture. These results led to development of 2-D ERT-derived distributions of soil moisture in three transects across the two sinkholes in two terraces. Potential recharge was quantified using timeseries ERT data with comparison to modeled cumulative potential evapotranspiration (PET) and cumulative precipitation between May 17 and October 9, 2006. The patterns of ERT-derived potential recharge values compared well with those expected from PET and precipitation data. Over the monitoring period from late spring to early fall during this study, results showed that a period of intense rain followed by a 31-day period of consistent rain, in which the rate of precipitation was equal to or exceeded PET, were the only periods in which significant amounts of potential recharge occurred (from 19 to 31% of cumulative precipitation during the study). Spatial distributions of ERT-derived moisture clearly revealed that significant amounts of infiltration occurred on sinkhole flanks and bottoms. Runoff during periods of intense rain flowed to the topographically lowest point in the sinkholes where it infiltrated and resulted in localized zones of enhanced infiltration and potential recharge to the water table.


Karst is ubiquitous on the peninsula of Qatar, including depressions, sinkholes, and caves. Aerial reconnaissance indicates that the widespread depressions, sinkholes, and caves reveal NE-SW and NW-SE orientations, similar to the joint and fracture systems. Faulting and fractures play a major role in the development of karst, where fluids find pathways through limestone and dissolve the host rock. The resulting fissures may grow larger as more surface water is funneled through to form cavities or karst. Sinkholes may also form, when cavern roofs collapse, and it is this last characteristic that is of concern to rapidly growing metropolitan areas, that expand in heretofore unexplored regions. Qatar has seen a recent boom in construction, including the planning and development of complete new sub-sections of metropolitan areas. Before planning and construction can commence, the development areas need to be investigated to determine their suitability for the planned project. Of particular concern to construction projects are ubiquitous karst features that are prone to collapse, particularly when surface loading is increased due to construction. In this study, we present a spectral-based analysis to seismically detect the presence of karst-like subsurface void in Doha, Qatar. Seismic waves are well suited for karst detection and characterization. Voids represent high-contrast seismic objects that exhibit strong responses due to incident seismic waves. However, the complex geometry of karst, including shape and size, makes their imaging nontrivial. While karst detection can be reduced to the simple problem of detecting an anomaly, karst characterization can be complicated by the 3D nature of the problem of unknown scale, where irregular surfaces can generate diffracted waves of different kind. In our current project we use an innovative approach to detect and characterize subsurface voids by spectral seismic analysis. We devised an iterative approach to progress from symmetrically shaped subsurface voids with known geometry to more complex geometries and finally to realistic karst features. In the current paper, we present results from a seismic imaging experiment of a vertical water-collection shaft located on the campus of Qatar University. The experiment consisted of four seismic lines, including two geophone and two source lines, oriented in a rectangular geometry surrounding the water-collection shat. The seismic source was a 10 kg sledge hammer, while the geophones consisted of three-component 10 Hz sensors. Seismic source and geophone spacing was 0.5 m, while each line was 15.5 long. The water collection shaft had a diameter of 2.7 m and an approximate depth of 4 m. Seismic waves scattering off the shaft were visible in ambient noise records and in unprocessed data generated by the seismic source. We will present the results of our novel approach using spectral analysis of scattered seismic wave to determine the location and to estimate the volume and dimensions of the water-collection shaft.


Screens made of stainless steel X5 Cr-Ni-Mo 18 10 (Material No. 1.4401), which were exposed to cooling water from the mouth of a river, became unserviceable after a few months because of the breaking out of parts of the bars. The multiple fracturing of the screen bars in the brackish water of the mouth of the river was attributed to stress corrosion and pitting. The steel used, which contained molybdenum, would have withstood the severe corrosive conditions in the heat-treated condition, i.e. quenched after high temperature anneal. However, the stresses caused by deformation and welding, as well as the intensification of corrosive conditions brought about by design, i.e. creation of corrosion currents in the poorly aerated gaps (Evans elements), made this impossible.


The diesters of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid), commonly known as phthalates, are a group of man-made chemicals with a wide spectrum of industrial applications (fig 1, table 1). High molecular weight phthalates (for example, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [DEHP], di-isononyl phthalate [DiNP], di-n-octyl phthalate [DnOP]), are primarily used as plasticizers in the manufacture of flexible vinyl which, in turn, is used in consumer products, flooring and wall coverings, food contact applications, and medical devices.1–3 Manufacturers use low molecular weight phthalates (for example, diethyl phthalate [DEP] and dibutyl phthalate [DBP]) in personal-care products (for example, perfumes, lotions, cosmetics), as solvents and plasticizers for cellulose acetate, and in making lacquers, varnishes, and coatings, including those used to provide timed releases in some pharmaceuticals.3–5

View this table:

 Table 1
 Potential sources of exposure and health effects of selected phthalates

 Figure 1
 Generic chemical structure of phthalates diesters and phthalate monoester metabolites. R is an alkyl and/or aryl group: CH3 (dimethyl phthalate), CH2CH3 (diethyl phthalate), CH2CH2CH2CH3 (dibutyl phthalate), CH2CH(CH2CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3 (di[2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), CH2CH2CH2CH3 and CH2C6H5 (butylbenzyl phthalate).

In this paper, we review the uses and metabolism of phthalates, and the studies on health effects of phthalates in human populations published between 1973 and June 2005. The references included in this review were searched using the Web of Science database which provides interactive citation and literature searching of the Institute for Scientific Information's Science Citation Index Expanded. The database contains data from more than 5000 scientific journals and covers the period from 1980 to present. We also searched the bibliography cited in the selected references for additional relevant citations.

Because phthalates are widely used in …


Mostly biosourced non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPU) were prepared from mono- and disaccharides, namely glucose and sucrose, reacted with dimethyl carbonate and hexamethylene diamine. The main aim of this research was to show that NIPU can be prepared from mono- and disaccharides, this just being an initial exploratory work and its sole main aim. The oligomers obtained were detected by MALDI-ToF, CP-MAS 13C NMR, and FTIR spectrometries. The glucose-derived NIPU were shown to harden at a markedly lower temperature than the sucrose-derived ones and to be easier to handle and spread. The NIPU obtained were applied as wood and steel surface coatings and tested by the sessile drop test (on wood) and cross-cut test (on steel) with encouraging results. The glucose NIPU gave good surface coating results already at 103 °C, while the sucrose NIPU yielded good results only at a markedly higher temperature of hardening. The NIPU saccharide resins were also tested as thermosetting wood joint adhesives with the glucose NIPU yielding very encouraging results.


The conversion of glycerol into value added chemicals have emerged in recent years as a result of glycerol unique structure, properties, bioavailability, and renewability. Glycerol is produced in large amounts during trans-esterification of fatty acids into biodiesel, and as such represents a useful by-product. In this paper, the liquid phase oxidation of glycerol has been studied over gold nanoparticles supported on TiO 2, and synthesized by using deposition-precipitation method. The catalysts are characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, and activity towards CO oxidation. Active catalysts comprise particle size distributions (2-5 nm diameters) for gold nanoparticles. The results indicate that the Au/TiO2 catalyst showed the best performances both for activity and selectivity toward glyceric acid. We have also studied the effect of reaction conditions such as, amount of catalyst and concentration of base in the catalytic activity.


Currently less than half of the US adults meet physical activity (PA) recommendations, yet many more are sedentary in their occupations. Sedentary workers may therefore be at elevated risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, the objective of the study is to examine the relationship of CHD risk with occupational PA (OCPA) and leisure time PA (LTPA) among working-women. The 10-year CHD risk and relative risk scores were calculated for 642 working-women. Self-report questionnaire determined levels of OCPA and LTPA. Biometric data were directly collected on all women. No direct relationship for OCPA and 'high risk' of CHD was determined. Insufficient LTPA was significantly associated with greater prevalence of 'high risk' of CHD. No dose response relationship was determined with PA and CHD risk. The odds of being 'high risk' were significantly greater for sedentary workers with insufficient LTPA compared to sufficient LTPA. The odds for being 'high risk' were similar among moderately active or heavy working women completing insufficient LTPA compared to women doing sufficient LTPA. For women with sedentary occupations, a sufficient amount of LTPA is essential to reduce CHD risk. Women in moderate to heavy working occupations may be acquiring adequate amounts of PA to minimize CHD risk.


After Godel's results the limitations of the three principal "foundational schools" became more and more evident, while the "working scientists" continued their activity caring more for the acquisition of "results" than for logical rigor. This "pragmatic turn" was perceivable also in philosophy of science due to an influence of pragmatism that replaced the previous influence of logical empiricism and analytic philosophy.


I examined the growth of surviving nestlings in broods of the cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae, which has complex patterns of brood reduction. Laughing kookaburras usually lay three eggs that hatch asynchronously. Brood reduction occurs in nearly half of all broods and always affects the youngest nestling. In most cases, the youngest nestling is killed within a few days of hatching by aggressive attacks from its older siblings. In a smaller proportion of nests, the youngest nestling dies from starvation, rather than physical attack, much later in the nestling period when nestling growth rates and adult feeding rates peak (about 20 days post-hatching). These mechanistically and temporally distinct episodes of brood reduction were associated with very different patterns of growth in the senior nestlings. Seniors that killed their youngest sibling reached higher asymptotic weights than seniors that did not commit siblicide. In contrast, if the youngest nestling was not killed by its older siblings, but later starved to death, the surviving seniors were skeletally smaller and had retarded feather development compared to seniors from other broods. These differences in nestling growth may have longer-term fitness consequences, because kookaburra fledging weight is positively associated with both juvenile survival and successful recruitment into the breeding population. Therefore, although parents of broods without mortality produce the highest number of fledglings and also the highest number of independent juveniles, if parents are unable to raise a full brood, early siblicide may represent the best brood reduction option. Early siblicide is at least associated with high quality young that have enhanced survival and recruitment prospects. In contrast, the poor growth of seniors in broods where the youngest nestling starved suggests that parents overestimated the size of the brood they could provision.


RIFE WITH OVERTONES of Dostoyevsky, "The Glass Cell, first published forty years ago, combines a quintessential Highsmith mystery with a penetrating critique of the psychological devastation wrought by the prison system. Falsely convicted of fraud, the easy-going but nauve Philip Carter is sentenced to six lonely, drug-ravaged years in prison. Upon his release, Carter is a more suspicious and violent man. For those around him, earning back his trust can mean the difference between life and death. "The Glass Cell's bleak and compelling portrait of daily prison life--and the consequences for those who live it--is, sadly, as relevant today as it was when the book was first published in 1964.


In this paper we examine the implications of the statistical large sample theory for the computational complexity of Bayesian and quasi-Bayesian estimation carried out using Metropolis random walks. Our analysis is motivated by the Laplace-Bernstein-Von Mises central limit theorem, which states that in large samples the posterior or quasi-posterior approaches a normal density. Using this observation, we establish polynomial bounds on the computational complexity of general Metropolis random walks methods in large samples. Our analysis covers cases, where the underlying log-likelihood or extremum criterion function is possibly nonconcave, discontinuous, and of increasing dimension. However, the central limit theorem restricts the deviations from continuity and log-concavity of the log-likelihood or extremum criterion function in a very specific manner.


We study the discovery of gene regulatory modules based on transcription factor (TF) binding data and expression data from gene knockouts. We invoke the natural assumption that regulatory modules predominantly operate independently, which makes it possible to apply a new method for extracting them: the Independent Variable Group Analysis. We demonstrate that i) the independence assumption helps in discovering the regulatory modules from TF data, and ii) the independent gene modules discovered from TF-data can be found also in expression data from gene knockouts. This demonstrates that the regulatory effects by transcription factors are observable in knockout experiments. It additionally suggests that the difficult interpretation of the knockout experiments could be eased by taking into account the independent


Semantic Annotation is a basic technology for intelligent content and is beneficial in a wide range of content-oriented intelligent applications. In this paper we present our work in ontology-based semantic annotation, which is embedded in a scenario of a knowledge portal application. Starting with seemingly good and bad manual semantic annotation, we describe our experiences made within the KA2-initiative. The experiences gave us the starting point for developing an ergonomic and knowledge base-supported annotation tool. Furthermore, the annotation tool described are currently extended with mechanisms for semi-automatic information-extraction based annotation. Supporting the evolving nature of semantic content we additionally describe our idea of evolving ontologies supporting semantic annotation.


Northern temperate lakes often have high water color because of high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Altered light, temperature, and oxygen profiles in these brown‐water lakes should reduce the foraging abilities of planktivorous fish and reduce predation on zooplankton and invertebrate predators such as Chaoborus. Additionally, reduced diurnal vertical migration should limit exposure to cold temperatures and increase zooplankton growth rates. We hypothesized that, with increasing water color, Chaoborus would become more important, and this change would be followed by a shift in the zooplankton assemblage toward larger species. To test this hypothesis, we carried out a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial enclosure study to examine the effects of high and low color and the presence and absence of both fish and Chaoborus on zooplankton assemblages. We also analyzed the zooplankton community structure of two lakes with similar morphometry and fish composition but very different water color. Both studies showed that, in highly colored water, Chaoborus was more abundant and the zooplankton community shifted from small species, such as Bosmina and small copepods, to large species, such as Daphnia and Holopedium. Concurrently, the food web structure changed from top‐down control to intraguild predation. Because not only the physical habitat differs between clear‐ and brown‐water lakes, but also the predation regimes and food web structure, we conclude that brown‐water lakes are a distinct lake type.


Homi Bhabha's writing on postcolonial agency foregrounds discursive subjection, yet retrieves subaltern subterfuge. It reconstructs a critical politics despite and because of hegemonic and orientalist representational systems. And it demonstrates the (im)possibility of a stable subject, but still manages to assert creative and performative agency. The article endeavours to analyse these feats and paradoxes, relying both on Bhabha's work and on some of the criticisms and controversies surrounding it.


In this study, the effect of water temperature on pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila in freshwater Crayfish Astacus leptodactylus were investigated. In our study, The treatments Crayfish have exposed to A hydrophila with concentration of 3×10 6 CFUml -1 in high water temperature (25 ˚ C) and normal water temperature(10-15 ċ ). The untreated control groups in high water temperature (25 ˚ C) and normal water temperature (10-15 ˚ C) were disinfected by oxytetracyclin at concentration of 100 ppm for 24 hours. The haemolymph samples were withdrawn for measuring of THC and TPP. For histopathological studie, the Crayfish samples were fixed in Davidson fixative. The results showed that the value of THC in control group1 in comparing with control group2 and two other treatments at 48h after experiment time were significant (p<0.05). Also the difference of THC value between control group 2 with treatment group2 at 144h after experiment time was significant (p<0.05). The finding of TPP value showed that there was significant difference between control group1 and treatment4 in last time after experiment time (336h) (p<0.05). In infected Crayfish to bacteria with high temperature, red and black spots and also wound were observed. The result of histopathology in heptopancreas, gill, heart and digestive tract showed hemocyte aggregation, necrotized tissue, dead cells within pyknosis and karyorrehexis of nucleus and vaculation of hepatopancreas. In treatment group1 and control group1 no pathological changes of heart were observed. In digestive tract no changes were appeared in treatment1 and two others control group, but aggregation of hemocyte with pyknosis of nuclei was revealed in concentration of 3×10 6 CFUml -1 with high temperature.


In the face of declining state support, many universities have introduced differential pricing by undergraduate program as an alternative to across-the-board tuition increases. This practice aligns price more closely with instructional costs and students' ability to pay post-graduation. Exploiting the staggered adoption of these policies across universities, this paper finds that differential pricing does alter the allocation of students to majors, though heterogeneity across fields may suggest a greater supply response in particularly oversubscribed fields such as nursing. There is some evidence that student groups already underrepresented in certain fields are particularly affected by the new pricing policies. Price does appear to be a policy lever through which state governments can alter the field composition of the workforce they are training with the public higher education system.


The objective of this study was to assess the relationships between Sense of Coherence and Burnout (i.e. Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalisation and Personal Accomplishment) and to investigate job-related stressors and support resources in a sample of privately employed eThekwini paramedics. A survey design was used and a convenience sample (N=56) was taken from one emergency care organisation. Biographical variables and qualitative information regarding stressors and support systems were obtained and two inventories, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire, were administered. Results showed a predominance of informal support systems and individual case-related stressors. There were relationships between Sense of Coherence and Burnout and a significant difference in Personal Accomplishment in the 36-40 age group was found. Regression results indicated that Depersonalisation and Sense of Coherence predicted Emotional Exhaustion and Emotional Exhaustion demonstrated a main effect on Depersonalisation. Sense of Coherence was the only variable that predicted Personal Accomplishment in the current sample of paramedies.


This project examined the lifestyle, health habits and risk factors of young adults at Qatar University. It explored the clustering and differences in dietary habits, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) amongst male and female students, both Qatari and non-Qatari. Seven hundred thirty two students aged 18–25 years completed a self-reported questionnaire and an objective measure of BMI. Males and females had a high prevalence of being overweight and obesity and low levels of PA, according to well-established international standards. Three clusters were identified based on the students' lifestyle and dietary habits. Cluster 1 (high risk factors) included those who engaged the least in healthy dietary practices and consumed the most unhealthy foods, participated in less PA and had the highest BMI. Cluster 2 (moderate risk factors) included those with considerably more habits falling into the moderate category, engagement in the most PA, the least TV and computer viewing time and had the lowest BMI. Cluster 3 (low risk factors) included those who engaged the most with the four healthy dietary practices, the least with the four unhealthy dietary practices and participated in moderate PA per week. This project provides valuable data that could be used by policy makers to address issues concerning student's health.


There is a category of applications where cantilevered servomechanisms mounted on
mobile platforms have to maintain very precise position in inertial space. These systems
often referred to as stabilised or line of sight systems have to maintain precise
orientation in inertial space in presence of linear and angular external disturbances.
Stabilised systems, in general, are designed as balanced systems such that the pivot or
centre of rotation coincides with the centre of gravity of the equipment. The research
presented in this thesis investigates a general case of stabilising an out-of-balance
mechanism; a balanced mechanism is a special case of these systems. The motivation
for the research is to remove the requirement for balanced mechanisms enabling
engineers to design more effective systems, both in terms of performance and costs, for
future needs... cont'd.


The American influence on the legal education in Israel has been significantly increased during the last three decades. Many faculty members gained their post-graduate education in American law schools. This phenomenon emerged out of both economic and cultural considerations. The result is an importation of research and teaching practices as well as the importation of theories and values. This process has significant influence on the Israeli legal system. The legal scholarship turns to be more universal and less local. English turns to be the main language of the legal academic discourse. The focus of the academic legal research is gradually concentrating on American contents and American materials. These phenomena have negative influences on the interaction of academy and legal practitioners in Israel. Moreover, theories that emerged in an American environment are percolated from the academic world to policy makers and judges. These policies have been applied as a solution for local and unique Israeli problems. The unique characteristics of the Israeli situation are neglected. Three examples to the latter are brought from the field of judicial cases concerning land policy. The first is the influence of the Brown v. Board of Education precedent on Israel policy with regard to allocation of land resources to minorities in a Jewish state. The second is the influence of American theories concerning indigenous people and distributive justice on the privatization of agricultural land in Israel. The third is the influence of American theories of distributive justice and social responsibility on the attitude of the Israeli legal world to land expropriations. These three examples show that the influence of the American education may go beyond the legal sphere and have a significant influence on basic political interior problems of foreign nations. Thus, the Israeli case may be a prism of a modern way of colonialism – a legal colonialism. This kind of superpower influence on small friendly nations is not exercised by military or economic pressure, but by an export of academic education. It may be noticed in Obama's insight that "American values are America's great export to the world."


In this paper, we provide an insight into the life world and social experiences of young Turkish migrants who are categorised by German society as "social problem cases". Based on natural conversational data, we describe the communicative repertoire of one migrant adolescent and that of his friends. Our aims are (a) to isolate those linguistic features that convey the impression of "foreignness", and stand out among other German speakers' features, and (b) to analyse the variability in our informants' discursive practices – i.e. code- or style-switching, as it is commonly referred to in the literature – in order to show how variation serves as a communicative resource. Our findings show that these adolescents' remarkable linguistic proficiency and communicative competence contrast markedly to their low educational and professional status.


A festival of installed film and video works, film screenings, live performance, writing and discussion, What If… was co-curated by Lucy Cash, Becky Edmunds, Claudia Kappenberg, Chirstinn Whyte and Gill Clarke and brings into focus cross-disciplinary practice that reflects an expanded field of choreographic thinking. What If… opened with two discussions at Lighthouse in Brighton, to offer insight into the moving-image practice of the participating artists and the curatorial ideas behind What If… This wss followed by five days of screenings, talks and performances at Siobhan Davies Studios in London hosted by Independent Dance.


If a picture is worth a thousand words, then it's a good bet that at least half of those words relate to the picture's copyright status. Art historians, artists, and anyone who wants to use the images of others will find themselves awash in byzantine legal terms, constantly evolving copyright law, varying interpretations by museums and estates, and despair over the complexity of the whole situation. Here, on a white - not a high - horse, Susan M. Bielstein offers her decades of experience as an editor working with illustrated books. In doing so, she unsnarls the threads of permissions that have ensnared scholars, critics, and artists for years. Organized as a series of "takes" that range from short sidebars to extended discussions, "Permissions, A Survival Guide" explores intellectual property law as it pertains to visual imagery. How can you determine whether an artwork is copyrighted? How do you procure a high-quality reproduction of an image? What does "fair use" really mean? Is it ever legitimate to use the work of an artist without permission? Bielstein discusses the many uncertainties that plague writers who work with images in this highly visual age, and she does so based on her years navigating precisely these issues. As an editor who has hired a photographer to shoot an incredibly obscure work in the Italian mountains (a plan that backfired hilariously), who has tried to reason with artists' estates in languages she doesn't speak, and who has spent her time in the archival trenches, she offers a snappy and humane guide to this difficult terrain. Filled with anecdotes, asides, and real courage, "Permissions, A Survival Guide" is a unique handbook that anyone working in the visual arts will find invaluable, if not indispensable.


Integral projection models (IPMs) use information on how an individual's state influences its vital rates – survival, growth and reproduction – to make population projections. IPMs are constructed from regression models predicting vital rates from state variables (e.g. size or age) and covariates (e.g. environment). By combining regressions of vital rates, an IPM provides mechanistic insight into emergent ecological patterns such as population dynamics, species geographic distributions or life‐history strategies. Here, we review important resources for building IPMs and provide a comprehensive guide, with extensive R code, for their construction. IPMs can be applied to any stage‐structured population; here, we illustrate IPMs for a series of plant life histories of increasing complexity and biological realism, highlighting the utility of various regression methods for capturing biological patterns. We also present case studies illustrating how IPMs can be used to predict species' geographic distributions and life‐history strategies. IPMs can represent a wide range of life histories at any desired level of biological detail. Much of the strength of IPMs lies in the strength of regression models. Many subtleties arise when scaling from vital rate regressions to population‐level patterns, so we provide a set of diagnostics and guidelines to ensure that models are biologically plausible. Moreover, IPMs can exploit a large existing suite of analytical tools developed for matrix projection models.


Abstract Alluvial clay soil samples from six boreholes advanced to depths of 400–450 cm (top of limestone bedrock) from the Chattanooga Coke Plant (CCP) site were examined micromorphologically and geochemically in order to determine if pedogenic siderite (FeCO3) was present and whether siderite occurrence was related to organic contaminant distribution. Samples from shallow depths were generally more heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than those at greater depth. The upper 1 m in most boreholes consisted of mixtures of anthropogenically remolded clay soil fill containing coal clinker, cinder grains, and limestone gravel; most layers of coarse fill were impregnated with creosote and coal tar. Most undisturbed soil (below 1 m depth) consisted of highly structured clays exhibiting fine subangular blocky ped structures, as well as redox-related features. Pedogenic siderite was abundant in the upper 2 m of most cores and in demonstrably historical (< 100 years old) soil matrices. Two morphologies were identified: (1) sphaerosiderite crystal spherulites ranging from 10 to 200 μm in diameter, and (2) coccoid siderite comprising grape-like "clusters" of crystals 5–20 μm in diameter. The siderite, formed in both macropores and within fine-grained clay matrices, indicates development of localized anaerobic, low-Eh conditions, possibly due to microbial degradation of organic contaminants. Stable-isotope compositions of the siderite have δ13C values spanning over 25‰ (+7 to −18‰ VPDB) indicating fractionation of DIC by multiple microbial metabolic pathways, but with relatively constant δ18O values (−4.8 ± 0.66‰ VPDB) defining a meteoric sphaerosiderite line (MSL). Calculated isotope equilibrium water δ18O values from pedogenic siderites at the CCP site are from 1 to 5 per mil lighter than the groundwater δ18O values that we estimate for the site. If confirmed by field studies in progress, this observation might call for a reevaluation of low-temperature siderite-water 18O fractionations. Investigations at the CCP site thus provide valuable information on the geochemical conditions under which siderite can form in modern soils, and thus insight on controls on siderite formation in ancient soils.


I. RELIGION,, CHURCH, AND STATE IN UKRAINE ON THE EVE OF THE FALL OF COMMUNISM A. Communist Religious Policy Up to the beginning of Gorbachev's reforms in Ukraine,1 there were over six thousand officially functioning religious communities (one-third of the religious organizations in the Soviet Union). This number included four thousand Orthodox parishes (65% of the religious communities in Ukraine), more than eleven hundred communities of Evangelical Christian-Baptists, about one hundred communities of Roman Catholics, and eighty communities of the Church of Reformation of Trans-i Hungarians and others. The "Regulations Concerning the Religious Organizations in the Ukrainian SSR" defined the legal basis for the activity of religious organizations in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.2 This law, which mainly reproduced the Stalinist legislation of 1929, was issued in 1976. In addition, a great number of special instructions existed that led to an even more severe attitude towards churches. The violation of the minimal set of rights granted to believers was an ordinary phenomenon. The number of official church institutions in no way reflected the real religious needs of the Ukrainian population. The authorities artificially restrained the increase of church institutions; the Communist party and state organizations concentrated their efforts on reducing IMAGE FORMULA5 the religious activity of the population, setting up harsh and comprehensive control over the church, and limiting the church's functions to only ritual practice.3 Most religious communities in Ukraine worked unofficially.4 In fact, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church existed underground, where despite difficult conditions it managed to preserve its bishops, monks, clerics, and continuity of tradition.5 The communities of Jehovah's Witnesses and Reformed Baptists,6 and a significant part of the Pentecostal Christians, survived in a similar manner.7 The structures, parallel to the official ones, occurred in Catholicism, Judaism, and many of the Protestant denominations.8 Moreover, at times during the past twenty years, the populations of many cities and villages (mainly in western Ukraine) have petitioned for permission to open Orthodox temples. In 1985, these petitions came from 173 Ukrainian towns; however, none of the petitions were granted. At the same time, the Soviet state implemented an extensive anti-- religious propaganda campaign as a part of the political indoctrination of the people. A solid infrastructure contributed to the effectiveness of this effort. The farther from Moscow and the closer to the provinces, the more intensive the propaganda was.9 Disagreements about the limitations on churches may have existed between: (a) the pragmatically disposed, foreign economic departments, including the KGB's cultural apparatus and (b) the propagandist services and local party organizations. Yet, these disagreements were usually solved in IMAGE FORMULA7favor of the group that stood for uncompromising limitations of religious activity and, especially, for manifestation of national and religious distinctiveness.10 B. Religiosity in Ukraine Before the Great Transformation The achievements of the Ukrainian Communist administration in its efforts to substitute some secular ersatz-religion for religiousness were much more humble than was officially declared.11 Unfortunately, no reliable data is available to characterize the religious identification of the Ukrainian population in the 1970s and 1980s. Several factors render the sociological research from that period unreliable. These factors are: (a) a lack of trustworthy data accumulated by Soviet sociologists of religion; (b) peculiarities of the Marxist-Leninist view of religion, as described sometimes in empirical material; (c) the self-isolation of Soviet society and inclination of many faithful in the Soviet Union, particularly highly-educated persons who held social positions, to anonymously withhold their viewpoint, which presumably meant religiousness was higher than reported in this area; (d) subordination of religious studies to sociological methods with the aim of overcoming religion; and (e) outspoken "understatements" in the interpretation of the existing data. …


Background: Cross contamination of dental appliances in the dental clinics and laboratories may potentially be a health hazard to the dental team and the patient. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial contamination of acrylic complete denture as received from dental laboratory before delivery to the patient, and then to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine and Kin denture cleaner tablet. Materials and methods: 45 newly made upper complete dentures undergone biaacterial examination for contamination before delivered to the patient. Samples were examined in two stages, first after finishing and polishing; when collected from the laboratory and before inserting to the patient mouth, second; after the samples were immersed in 2 different disinfectant materials, 2% chlorhexidine mouth wash and Kin denture cleaner tablet. After initial stage, the dentures were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 immersed in Kin denture cleaner tablet for 10 minutes, group 2 immersed in 2% chlorhexidine mouth wash for 10 minutes and group 3 immersed for 20 minutes in 2% chlorhexidine. Data were analyzed with a computer-run statistical program (IBM SPSS Version 23). Results: High score of bacterial contamination was found initially in the sample collected from dental laboratory. Significant reduction in the colonies number was noticed after immersing the dentures in 2% Chlorhexidine and Kin denture cleaner tablets for10 minutes. There was nearly no contamination found with samples immersed in 2% chlorhexidine for 20 minutes. Conclusion: Dental laboratory is a main source of microbial contamination. Immersion of the dental prosthesis in disinfectant materials is essential before inserting into the patient mouth. 2%chlorhexidine mouth wash was more effective as disinfection material as compared to Kin denture cleaner tablet.


Abstract: Based largely on hitherto unpublished archival sources, this article focuses on the early life and career of Luther Halsey Gulick II (1865-1918). Gulick was among America's most influential educators in the Progressive Era. He is best known today for cofounding the Camp Fire Girls (CFG) with his wife Charlotte. But before his involvement with CFG he taught physical education for the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) at Springfield College, Massachusetts, in the 1890s. As a professor at Springfield, Gulick achieved a great deal, and this article examines his many accomplishments, including his invention of the YMCA Triangle (the organization's official emblem) and his role in the invention of both basketball and volleyball. The article also analyzes Gulick's unconventional childhood, when he travelled around the world with his parents. They were Congregational missionaries who fervently hoped Luther would embrace their brand of ascetic Christianity. He preferred a religion that was more corporeal, however. This led to him becoming a leader of the "muscular Christianity" movement. Muscular Christians espoused a combination of religion and sports, although, in the end, Gulick ended up emphasizing sports over religion. Historian Clifford Putney has extensively researched the Gulick family and is the author of Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 1797-1883 (2010). Few American reformers achieved more in the Progressive Era than Luther Halsey Gulick II ( 1 865 - 1 9 1 8). Described by a contemporary admirer as "one of the outstanding and significant personalities of our time," Gulick was an enthusiastic educator, promoting everything from playgrounds to folk dancing. He is especially well known for his association with the Camp Fire Girls, which he and his wife Charlotte cofounded in 1912. But before he became involved with organized camping for girls, he taught young men at Springfield College, which in its early years trained staff to work for the Young Men's Christian Association in America.1 Gulick's association with the YMCA impressed C. Howard Hopkins, the organization's principal historian. He called Gulick "the most unique genius to touch the first half-century of the American Y.M.C.A." and described the 1890s as "the Gulick era." During that period, Gulick convinced the Association to accept athletics as a central part of its mission. The YMCA formerly viewed athletics as inferior to its original purpose of converting young men to Christianity. But Gulick argued that the gyms that the Association had built to lure young men into its Christian reading rooms ought to be held in honor, because exercising in gyms promised to make people better Christians.2 To show a link between Christianity and athletics, Gulick argued that physical fortitude enabled Christians to do their duty. If they were weak, they were ineffectual. But if they were strong, they could uplift the world and Gulick urged them to do so. He also argued that Christians should not be anti-corporeal. Rather than denigrating the body and celebrating the spirit in the manner of many Christians from the Victorian period, in Gulick's opinion every Christian of the Progressive Era needed to acknowledge that he or she was a union of body, mind, and spirit. "Each of the three is absolutely essential," Gulick argued. He designed the YMCA's inverted triangle to symbolize his "body-mind-spirit" ideal. He also persuaded his employers, Springfield College and the YMCA, to adopt the triangle and it remains their emblem today.1 Gulick was hardly alone in thinking that Christianity should be more corporeal. Many figures of his generation thought so, too. They were part of the "muscular Christianity" movement, which flourished among American Protestants in the Progressive Era. Muscular Christianity was affiliated with the Social Gospel (the idea being that strength was needed to clean up the slums) and Gulick was among its primary leaders. …


The project, funded by the Teaching Enhancement Forum at the University of Leicester, aimed to develop medical students' information literacy by embedding it directly into their course at the point of need using Web 2.0 tools rather than providing generic training. Students would then build their own personal learning environments which they would take with them throughout their degree course and eventually into their medical careers.  The project ran over nine months and was intended to kick-start a change of practice in how the library delivers its information literacy training. The Library is still at the initial stages of discovering how it can use Web 2.0, many of the benefits of Web 2.0 come from an accumulation of resources and development of networks over time. The long-term goal of information literacy is to enable students to find and assess research materials independently. The structure of the modules only had short-term projects and goals for the students. This meant that realistically the library had to shift the original focus of the project towards using Web 2.0 tools to tailor library and Internet resources for the students and by doing so raising their awareness of these resources.  The resources developed were popular with the students and the course tutor reported an improvement in the range of their reading. However, there was no perceptible change in the way the students worked nor did they use the Web 2.0 communication tools provided to enhance their learning. For the Library's information skills training to be effective and to go beyond just providing search tools, information literacy and the Web 2.0 technologies need to be written into the course itself rather than as an adjunct.


We consider random paths on a square lattice which take a left or a right turn at every vertex. The possible turns are taken with equal probability, except at a vertex which has been visited before. In such case the vertex is left via the unused edge. When the initial edge is reached the path is considered completed. We also consider families of such paths which together cover every edge of the lattice once and visit every vertex twice. Because these paths may touch but not intersect each other and themselves, we call them osculating walks. The ensemble of such families is also known as the dense $O(n=1)$ model. We consider in particular such paths in a cylindrical geometry, with the cylindrical axis parallel with one of the lattice directions. We formulate a conjecture for the probability that a face of the lattice is surrounded by m distinct osculating paths. For even system sizes we give a conjecture for the probability that a path winds round the cylinder. For odd system sizes we conjecture the probability that a point is visited by a path spanning the infinite length of the cylinder. Finally we conjecture an expression for the asymptotics of a binomial determinant


This paper examines the nature and paradoxes of the relationship between urbanization and gender-based violence, especially violence against women. It highlights how such violence varies according to geographic scale as well as a range of other causal and contextual processes in cities of the global South. The discussion highlights that while the underlying causes of gender-based violence rooted in patriarchal relations are ubiquitous across place, certain "triggers" or "risks" can lead to variations between urban and rural areas. However, it also argues that the existing data on gender-based violence makes it extremely difficult to make any accurate comparison between cities and the countryside and therefore it is more helpful to focus on the relationships between urbanization and gender-based violence. On the one hand, cities provide women with greater opportunities to cope with violence more effectively in relation to tolerance, access to economic resources and institutional support. Yet on the other hand, social relations can be more fragmented, which can lead to greater incidence of violence as can the pressures of urban living, such as poverty, engagement in certain types of occupation, poor quality living conditions and the physical configuration of urban areas. Ultimately, cities themselves do not generate gender-based violence, and opportunities for reducing it can be enhanced in urban areas.


A spectrum of traffic engineering and modern transportation planning problems requires the knowledge of the underlying trip pattern, commonly represented by dynamic Origin- Destination (OD) trip tables. In view of the fact that direct survey of trip pattern is technically problematic and economically infeasible, there have been a great number of methods proposed in the literature for updating the existing OD tables from traffic counts and/or other data sources. Unfortunately, there remain several common theoretical and practical aspects which impact the estimation accuracy and limit the use of these methods from most real-world applications. This dissertation itemizes and examines these critical issues. Then, the dissertation presents the developments, evaluations, and applications of two new frameworks intended to be used with the current and near-future data, respectively. The first framework offers a systematic and practical procedure for preparing dynamic demand inputs for microscopic traffic simulation under planning applications with an estimation module based solely on traffic counts. Under this framework, the traditional planning model is augmented with a filter traffic simulation step, which captures important spatial-temporal characteristics of route and traffic patterns within a large surrounding network, to improve the flow estimates entering and leaving the final microscopic simulation network. A new bounded dynamic OD estimation model and a solution algorithm for solving a large problem are also proposed. The second framework utilizes additional information from small probe samples collected over multiple days. There are two steps under this framework. The first step includes a suite of empirical and hierarchical Bayesian models used in estimating time dependent travel time distributions, destination fractions, and route fractions from probe data. These models provide multi-level posterior parameters and tend to moderate extreme estimates toward the overall mean with the magnitude depending on their precision, thus overcoming several problems due to non-uniform (over time and space) small sampling rates. The second step involves a construction of initial OD tables, an estimation of route-link fractions via a Monte Carlo simulation, and an updating procedure using a new dynamic OD estimation formulation which can also take into account the stochastic properties of the assignment matrix.


The availability of anonymized individual tax return data can contribute to a deeper understanding of the drivers behind the high levels of inequality and unemployment in South Africa. In the recent past, researchers have examined either payroll or personal income tax data. This paper explains the methodology behind the creation of an anonymized individual panel combining these data to produce a more complete overview of formal employment in South Africa. This paper provides a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the panel, notes some of the pitfalls in the data, and offers some ideas for research to highlight some of the potential.


Recent attacks on Bitcoin's peer-to-peer (P2P) network demonstrated that its transaction-flooding protocols, which are used to ensure network consistency, may enable user deanonymization---the linkage of a user's IP address with her pseudonym in the Bitcoin network. In 2015, the Bitcoin community responded to these attacks by changing the network's flooding mechanism to a different protocol, known as diffusion. However, it is unclear if diffusion actually improves the system's anonymity. In this paper, we model the Bitcoin networking stack and analyze its anonymity properties, both pre- and post-2015. The core problem is one of epidemic source inference over graphs, where the observational model and spreading mechanisms are informed by Bitcoin's implementation; notably, these models have not been studied in the epidemic source detection literature before. We identify and analyze near-optimal source estimators. This analysis suggests that Bitcoin's networking protocols (both pre- and post-2015) offer poor anonymity properties on networks with a regular-tree topology. We confirm this claim in simulation on a 2015 snapshot of the real Bitcoin P2P network topology.


Fungal sinus disease represents a spectrum of five different clinico-pathological entities, each linked by a common process of sinonasal inflammation secondary to fungi. Fungal sinus infection can be classified as invasive or non-invasive. The diagnosis is usually made by a combination of CT, histology and mycology features. Each type of fungal sinus infection has an individual clinical presentation, prognosis and options for treatment. Invasive infection typically occurs in an immunocompromised host and is characterised by histological destruction of tissue. Mortality rates remain high, and early detection and treatment are vital. Non-invasive fungal infections are classically more indolent and patients are usually treated for extended periods as chronic sinusitis before the condition is recognised.


Trust the best-selling Official Cert Guide series from Cisco Press to help you learn, prepare, and practice for exam success. They are built with the objective of providing assessment, review, and practice to help ensure you are fully prepared for your certification exam. CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-105 Official Cert Guide presents you with an organized test-preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. Do I Know This Already? quizzes open each chapter and enable you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Exam topic lists make referencing easy. Chapter-ending Exam Preparation Tasks help you drill on key concepts you must know thoroughly. The CCENT ICND1 100-105 Network Simulator is a single-user software package. It helps users develop and enhance hands-on configuration and troubleshooting skills without the investment in expensive lab hardware. This state of the art simulation software allows users to practice their networking skills with 250 structured labs designed to reinforce CCENT exam topics, including router and switch navigation and administration, LAN switching, IP addressing, routing, WANs, VLANs and trunking, IP routing protocols, scaling IP, and troubleshooting.


Critical thinking is a fundamental skill that all citizens should have. Unfortunately, while beliefs in unfounded claims are pervasive, teaching critical skill is a strenuous task. Digital mobile interaction could potentially support face-to-face teaching to foster critical thinking skills. In this paper, we present a preliminary version of the BaloneyMeter, a mobile app that provides support for teaching critical thinking skills. We report on a case study in a class of 150 students and present an open research question that we plan to address in subsequent work.


This is a short document outlining how food hubs can help revitalise local economies. The Guidance Note is aimed at hub operators, local food entrepreneurs, third sector workers, policy makers and funders who are interested in strengthening the infrastructure of local food systems. It summarises our recommendations on what food hubs can do, how they can do it, and what works and what doesn't when it comes to setting them up and keeping them going.

The Guidance Note draws on the Discussion Paper 'Food Hubs in the UK: Where are we and what next?', published by the FRC in August 2019. The Discussion Paper, written by Paola Guzman and Christian Reynolds, was based on stakeholder workshops organised in collaboration with the civil society network Sustainable Food Cities; a review of academic literature on food hubs in the US -were they have been extensively studied – and findings from food hub user and operator surveys in the US and the UK.


Electro-luminescent optical cells form the first layer in the unique sound of an optical compressor and are the main element in achieving gain reduction. This research was carried out in order to identify key low-level parameters within the optical cell assembly that relate to the colouration added to the musical signal. Variations of an optical cells were built, each with a modification to the identified parameter (electro-luminescent panel, light dependent resistor, exposure area, etc.). Objective analysis was performed, and multiple tests were carried out to determine the performance characteristics of each modified cell. Various stimuli were utilised which included broadband pink noise, band-limited pink noise (63 Hz band and 1 kHz band) and sine wave bursts. Further to the individual cell testing, audio measurements and analysis of the resultant signal utilising the cells within an audio compressor were undertaken.

Key findings of the report conclude that the optical cells do exhibit a 'memory effect' determined by the amount of compression applied. They also have a two-staged attack characteristic that is independent from the audio stimuli and a different timing response based on the combination of the two elements inside the optical cell (the Light Dependent Resistor and the Electro-Luminescent panel). Further to this, it was determined that the attack/release characteristics of the optical compressor and the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) levels of the compressed audio stimuli changed as a direct result of the optical cell's modified parameters. Moreover, it was proved that some electro-luminescent panels do exhibit a colour-shift phenomenon and a frequency-dependent brightness that affect the cell's compression characteristics with different audio stimuli. Further to the findings, additional attack and release characteristics are proposed based on parameter modifications.


Now that the specification is finalised, the Alliance for Open Media has set high expectations for AV1. The prospect of a royalty free alternative to HEVC has many industry supporters, particularly those addressing streaming applications for a standard that is optimised for OTT delivery. Fundamental to AV1's success will be the transfer of the tool set to efficient software implementations that can deliver the expected performance over existing compression standards within the constraints of future server provision. Efficient implementations of AV1 will require a careful balance between utilising bespoke processor features, to offload demanding processor intensive functions, and the desire to have a platform agnostic compression standard that can be applied across a wide range of infrastructure. As with all complex compression schemes, realising an efficient implementation of AV1 is crucial if it is to succeed against rival standards. The royalty free aspect of AV1 is significant, and when combined with the changes in viewer consumption habits and the increased processor resources available subtly changes the success criteria compared with the introduction of predecessor standards. INTRODUCTION AV1 is an industry driven initiative by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM) with the aim of producing an interoperable and open video CODEC suitable for internet delivery of Over The Top (OTT) services. With video currently accounting for around 73% of global internet traffic, rising to 82% by 2021(1) and the network issues associated with IP delivery infrastructure, it's clear there is an ongoing need for further video compression standards optimised for internet applications if services are to scale. From a system-based perspective, AV1 benefits from being based upon VP9, which was developed for streaming applications. This is key to adopting a container-based approach to rationalise workflows. The emphasis on video infrastructure has fundamentally shifted from direct to home to a hybrid model where live, OTT and catch-up services need to be provided for new infrastructure commissions. AV1 has been drafted supporting the key streaming parameters essential for OTT, thereby reflecting the complex hybrid nature of IP based content delivery. Consequently, the AV1 standard aims to deliver a compression standard that can be intergrated into solutions that allow for the needs of OTT systems deployed in the cloud, while retaining the necessary legacy compatibility with existing live and file based infrastructure. The suitability of AV1 to meet the performance expectations and application needs of internet streaming, especially in comparison with competing compression standards like HEVC, is the main focus of this paper. AV1 CURRENT STATUS AV1 has reached its final stage of specification, as of June 25th, 2018. Conceived in September 2015 by the Alliance for Open Media, AV1 aims to be a royalty free alternative to existing standards like HEVC. Key contributors include content producers (Amazon and Netflix), web browser developers (Apple, Google, Microsoft and Mozilla) as well server hardware manufacturers (AMD, ARM, Intel and NVIDIA).


In this paper, we propose a novel method to estimate a goal of surround vehicles to perform a lane change at a merging section. Recently, autonomous driving and advance driver-assistance systems are attracting great attention as a solution to substitute human drivers and to decrease accident rates. For example, a warning system to alert a lane change performed by surrounding vehicles to the front space of the host vehicle can be considered. If it is possible to forecast the intention of the interrupting vehicle in advance, the host driver can easily respond to the lane change with sufficient reaction time. This paper assumes a mandatory situation where two lanes are merged. The proposed method assesses the interaction between the lane-changing vehicle and the host vehicle on the mainstream lane. Then, the lane-change goal is estimated based on the interaction under the assumption that the lane-changing driver decides to minimize the collision risk. The proposed method applies the dynamic potential field method, which changes the distribution according to the relative speed and distance between two subject vehicles, to assess the interaction. The performance of goal estimation is evaluated using real traffic data, and it is demonstrated that the estimation can be successfully performed by the proposed method.


Lung cancers are heterogeneous tumors often characterized by mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ) genomic aberrations were first identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2007 (1). We now know that a substantial fraction (approximately 5%) of all NSCLCs harbor rearrangements between ALK and fusion partners (such as EML4 , TFG , KIF5B , KLC1 among others).


Exhibition catalogue produced to accompany the landmark exhibition at the Whitechapel Gallery: Where Three Dreams Cross.

Co-published with Fotomuseum Winterthur and Steild, this publication gives an inside view of how modern India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have been shaped through the lens of their photographers. Like the exhibition, the catalogue is arranged over five themes with works selected from the last 150 years. 'The Portrait' shows the evolution of self-representation; 'The Family' explores close bonds and relationships through early hand-painted and contemporary portraits; 'The Body Politic' charts political moments, movements and campaigns; 'The Performance' focuses on the golden age of Bollywood, circus performers and artistic practices that engage with masquerade; while 'The Street' looks at the built environment, social documentary and street photography.

Over 70 photographers including Pushpamala N., Rashid Rana, Dayanita Singh, Raghubir Singh, Umrao Singh Sher-Gil, Rashid Talukder, Ayesha Vellani and Munem Wasif are represented in the catalogue, with works drawn from important collections of historic photography, including the influential Alkazi Collection, Delhi and the Drik Archive, Dhaka. They join many previously unseen images from private family archives, galleries, individuals and works by leading contemporary artists.

ISBN: 978-0-85488-179-6, softback, 288 pages, colour illustrations. Co-published by the Whitechapel Gallery, Fotomuseum Winterthur, and Steidl, 2010.


For several years, state governments in collaboration with the National Science Foundation (NSF) have focused on systemic reform in mathematics and science education. These initiatives may focus on three levels of the system--the state, individual school districts, and multiple schools (Kahle, 1997). Regardless of which level is the focus, the challenge for reform--seeking improved and intellectually authentic science education for all students--is enormous. Systemic reform initiatives generally aim at creating policies that may result in new and improved practice for teachers and learners (Cohen, 1995). Teacher professional development has been a primary focus because teachers translate policy into practice. In his analytical review of several large-scale systemic reform initiatives in science and mathematics education, Knapp (1997) urges researchers to explore the contexts and processes intervening between reform initiatives and actual practice in school mathematics and science classrooms. He concludes, To grasp what such reforms may accomplish involves an ongoing dialogue between diverse and powerful ideas about policy-to-practice connections and emerging evidence from instances of systemic reform (p. 227). Studies of educational policy indicate that researchers give much attention to the development and implementation of policies, but they often ignore the evolution of policy (Jennings, 1996; Odden 1991). It is important to study classroom practice and other factors that may mediate between the goals of reform and student learning so that those functions can inform and guide policies to help teachers become effective agents of reform. Because the academic area may influence the dynamics of reform, it is also necessary to examine the policy-to-practice connections in light of the culture of a discipline (Grossman & Stodolsky, 1994). For decades, researchers in science education have demonstrated the importance of inquiry-based instruction for effective learning and urged a shift from the transmission mode of instruction. Researchers have urged teachers to involve students in constructing ideas from observations and in incorporating personal experiences into instruction as well as encouraging interactions with their peers and teachers. Ohio's Statewide Systemic Initiative (SSI) focused on middle school teachers (Grades 5 through 9) who attended 6-week summer institutes to learn science content through open-ended and guided inquiry. Inquiry instruction in the summer institutes was modeled after the work of physicists who have successfully used inquiry to teach basic physics concepts to pre- and inservice teachers (Arons, 1990; McDermott, 1996). A major goal of the SSI reform effort was to change science teaching from didactic to inquiry-based instruction. The instruction and assessment envisioned by Ohio's systemic initiative were consistent with the tenets of the two national science education groups (American Association of Advancement of Science, 1993; National Research Council, 1996). All lessons were designed to help teachers develop an under standing of scientific concepts through the basic reasoning processes that scientists use. Thus, questions such as How do we know ...? Why do we accept or believe ...? What is the evidence for ...? (Arons, 1990, p. 314) guided the inquiries that teacher participants conducted as they carried out in-depth studies of various systems and their interactions (McDermott, 1996). Teachers also designed projects in life science by inquiry institute courses. Current research on pedagogy, pedagogical content knowledge, cooperative learning groups, and equity was embedded in the institutes and their six follow-up seminars during the next academic year. In summary, teachers learned to engage students actively, to focus on and support student inquiry, and to foster a collaborative and equitable learning environment. The basic tenets of Ohio's science and mathematics education reform are * Students actively engage in constructing meaning from what they do; * Teachers guide the construction of meaning through appropriate questions; * Teachers design or select lessons that are connected and represent the central ideas of a discipline and the relationships among ideas, instead of choosing discrete exercises; * Students work cooperatively in groups and learn to develop ideas through discussion with their peers and the teacher; and, * Teachers incorporate various assessment measures that examine student learning from various perspectives at different points in each lesson instead of using only end-of-the-unit, paper and pencil tests. …


We report that a sharp resonance is observed in an asymmetric dielectric waveguide grating structure. This resonance can be characterized by a circulating displacement current in the sub-wavelength unit cell that is associated with a magnetic-dipole mode. It is shown that such a sharp resonance comes from the interaction between two non-degenerate waveguide modes, and can be explained by use of a radiant two-resonator model based on coupled-mode theory. Our analytical model agrees well with the numerical results, and can be used to exploit additional intriguing physical characteristics in the system.


Abstract In this paper we undertake a quantitative analysis of the dynamic process by which ice underneath a dry porous debris layer melts. We show that the incorporation of debris-layer airflow into a theoretical model of glacial melting can capture the empirically observed features of the so-called Østrem curve (a plot of the melt rate as a function of debris depth). Specifically, we show that the turning point in the Østrem curve can be caused by two distinct mechanisms: the increase in the proportion of ice that is debris-covered and/or a reduction in the evaporative heat flux as the debris layer thickens. This second effect causes an increased melt rate because the reduction in (latent) energy used for evaporation increases the amount of energy available for melting. Our model provides an explicit prediction for the melt rate and the temperature distribution within the debris layer, and provides insight into the relative importance of the two effects responsible for the maximum in the Østrem curve. We use the data of Nicholson and Benn (2006) to show that our model is consistent with existing empirical measurements.


To achieve loss-reduction objectives and to enhance community and societal resilience in the event of earthquakes and other disasters, researchers and practitioners must take into account the broader societal environment in which loss-reduction solutions are applied. For that purpose, researchers at the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) have developed two conceptual frameworks that clarify the linkages that need to be made between earthquake research and the application of loss-reduction solutions: an open-systems approach as a strategy for organization a large-scale coordinated research agenda applied to a significant public problem, and market-based metaphors to introduce a new way of conceptualizing the loss-reduction process. This paper presents these proposed conceptual frameworks, which have been used by MCEER to formulate its own research agenda, for consideration as potentially helpful tools for researchers and for the management of large multidisciplinary research endeavors in earthquake engineering, as well as for discussion and possible enhancements by others within the research community.


In Reinterpreting Criminal Complicity and Inchoate Participation Offences, Dennis J. Baker argues that the mental element in complicity is one of intention, that recklessness alone is not sufficient. This is demonstrated by showing that the ancient and modern authorities on complicity required intention. The book argues the 'causal participation' element in complicity means that the conduct element can only be established when there is intentional encouragement on the part of the accessory. As the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861, like most of the statutory provisions found in the United States, deems that both perpetrator and accessory are perpetrators for the purpose of punishment and crime labelling, limiting the mental element in complicity to intentional participation is, the author argues, the only way to reconcile these provisions with the requirements of proportionate punishment and fair labelling. As some forms of reckless encouragement and assistance will not be criminalised if the mental element in complicity is intention only, the author suggests that the solution is to amend section 45 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 to criminalise reckless participation. In addition, the author argues that standard complicity and joint enterprise complicity have the same mental and conduct elements and thus joint enterprise complicity is not a distinct form of complicity.


The stream mayfly Cloeon triangulifer is well suited as a bioassay organism because it has a relatively short egg and larval stage and can be readily cultured under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the species is widely distributed and reproduces as parthenogenetic clones. Nineteen distinct clones have been isolated from natural populations with Nei's genetic distance between clones ranging from 0.004 to 0.183. Clonal reproduction gives research scientists the option of including or excluding genetic variation from the experimental design. The present study involved exposing individuals from a single clone to initial technical chlordane levels ranging between 4.3 and 56.3 μg/L. No effect of chlordane was observed for the egg stage; eggs required 9 d to hatch at 20°C, and >95% of the eggs hatched in all controls and treatments. Egg hatch success was also tested at higher concentrations (89.0 and 158.3 μg/L), with no effect being observed. In contrast, larval survivorship decreased significantly from about 80% for control groups to 18.0 and 15.4 μg/L. Sublethal effects on larvae exposed to 4.3 μg/L of chlordane included significantly longer developmental time (37 vs. 34.8 d) and larger adult size (1.5 vs. 1.1 mg) relative to controls. Body burdens of chlordane in adult tissue for individuals reared in the 4.3-μg/L treatment ranged from 51 to 140 ppb. Chlordane-related compounds found in adult mayfly tissue were cis-nonachlor (6%), trans-nonachlor (45%), cis-chlordane (4%), trans-chlordane (5%), oxychlordane (21%), and heptachlor epoxide (18%).


Summary Go in Practice guides you through 70 real-world techniques in key areas like package management, microservice communication, and more. Following a cookbook-style Problem/Solution/Discussion format, this practical handbook builds on the foundational concepts of the Go language and introduces specific strategies you can use in your day-to-day applications. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology Go may be the perfect systems language. Built with simplicity, concurrency, and modern applications in mind, Go provides the core tool set for rapidly building web, cloud, and systems applications. If you know a language like Java or C#, it's easy to get started with Go; the trick is finding the practical dirt-under-the-fingernails techniques that you need to build production-ready code. About the Book Go in Practice guides you through dozens of real-world techniques in key areas. Following a cookbook-style Problem/Solution/Discussion format, this practical handbook builds on the foundational concepts of the Go language and introduces specific strategies you can use in your day-to-day applications. You'll learn techniques for building web services, using Go in the cloud, testing and debugging, routing, network applications, and much more. After finishing this book, you will be ready to build sophisticated cloud-native Go applications. What's Inside Dozens of specific, practical Golang techniquesUsing Go for devops and cloudops Writing RESTful web services and microservicesPractical web dev techniques About the Reader Written for experienced developers who have already started exploring Go and want to use it effectively in a production setting. About the Authors Matt Farina is a software architect at Deis. Matt Butcher is a Principal Engineer in the Advanced Technology Group at Hewlett Packard Enterprise. They are both authors, speakers, and regular open source contributors.