Finding high-value locations for in situ data collection is of substantial importance in ocean science, where diverse bio-physical processes interact to create dynamically evolving phenomena. These cover a variable spatial extent, and are sparse and difficult to predict. Autonomous robotic platforms can sustain themselves in harsh conditions with persistent presence, but require deployment at the correct place and time. To that end, we consider the use of remote sensing data for building compact models that can improve skill in predicting sub-mesoscale features and inform onboard sampling. The model enables prediction of regional patterns based on sparse in situ data, a capability that is essential in regions where use of satellite remote sensing in real time is often limited by cloud cover. Our model is based on classification of sea-surface temperature (SST) images, but the technique is general across any remotely sensed parameter. Images having similar magnitude and spatial patterns are grouped into a compact set of conditional means representing the dominant states. The classification is unsupervised and uses a combination of dictionary learning and hierarchical clustering. The method is demonstrated using SST images from Monterey Bay, California. The consistency of the classification result is verified and compared with oceanographic forcing using historical wind measurements. The established model is then shown to work in a real application using measurements from an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV), together with forecast and sampling strategies. Finally an analysis of the model prediction error is presented and compared across different paths and survey duration.


Benthic foraminiferal data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1098 indicate significant changes in deep-water conditions of the Palmer Deep, western Antarctic Peninsula margin, throughout the Holocene (13 ka to present). The earliest Holocene represents a period of transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Cold bottom waters, similar to saline shelf water (SSW), dominated the middle Holocene. The late Holocene in the Palmer Deep has been characterized by alternating dominance of circumpolar deep water (CDW) and saline shelf water. These changes have global oceanographic and climatic implications. We suggest that the middle Holocene bottom-water record, in the absence of circumpolar deep water on the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf, indicates high saline shelf water production and/or weakened circumpolar deep water production during the middle Holocene climatic optimum. The late Holocene benthic foraminiferal record indicates rapidly fluctuating sea-ice conditions and may indicate a teleconnection between the South Pacific and Southern Ocean, thus having implications related to the Southern Oscillation Index.


Analytical design equations are developed to predict the performance and to guide the design of the switched reluctance motor (SRM). The use of these analytical equations to trade-off different SRM attributes is discussed. The various approximations and simplifications used in the development of the analytical design equations are justified using results obtained from a detailed computer model of the SRM and by using experimental results from a high power density SRM designed for an aircraft engine fuel pumping application. Comparisons of predicted and measured machine performance parameters for this 90 kW 25000 RPM machine, such as flux linkage curves, back EMF, electromechanical power converted, and inverter volt-ampere requirements are presented. It is also shown that there exists a fundamental maximum torque density that is attainable with the SRM and an estimate of this maximum torque density limit is given. The power factor for a SRM is defined and the machine parameters that determine its value are presented. This power factor is compared to the similarly defined power factor for an AC machine and found to be smaller.<<ETX>>


The 19th century featured two opposed yet interconnected historical trends: the growth of a multigenerational and deeply rooted Chinese American community; and the development of the cultural prejudices and fears comprised by the Yellow Peril narrative. Those xenophobic fears produced violence, social and political movements, and legal exclusions, culminating in the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and its many follow-up laws and policies, all designed as much to destroy the existing Chinese American community as to restrict future immigration. But out of that period of exclusion and oppression came some of the first Chinese American literary and cultural works published in both Mandarin/Cantonese and English: the personal and collective poems carved into the walls of the Angel Island Immigration Station by detainees; auto-ethnographic memoirs of Chinese American life and community such as Yung Wing's My Life in China and America (1909); and the journalistic, autobiographical, and fictional works of Edith Maude Eaton/Sui Sin Far, the first Chinese American professional creative writer. These works both reflect and transcend the realities of the Exclusion era, helping contemporary audiences understand those histories, connect them to later Chinese American writers, and analyze the exclusionary debates and proposals of the early 21st century.


The confluence of droughts and high world grain prices in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the Sahel produced widespread famine, resulting in extensive and displacement of people. The region is extremely poor in normal times and the drought was simply a crisis superimposed on chronic misery. The area has recovered somewhat since 1974 but has made little real progress. There has been, in particular, little growth of real income among agricultural populations, a steep increase of food imports, a high rate of permanent rural emigration (due partly to poor economic opportunities in agriculture), and chronic inflation


In this work, an optimal and robust controller based on consolidating the PID controller and H-infinity approach with the model reference control is proposed. The proposed controller is intended to accomplish a satisfactory transient response by including the reference model. A Tail-Sitter VTOL UAV system is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. A dynamic model of the system is formulated using Euler method. To optimize the design procedure, the Black Hole Optimization (BHO) method is used as a new Calibration method. The deviation between the reference model output and system output will be minimized to obtain the required specifications. The results indicate that the proposed controller is very powerful in compensating the system parameters variations and in forcing the system output to asymptotically track the output of the reference model.


While there are numerous books describing modern wireless communication systems that contain overviews of radio propagation and radio channel modelling, there are none that contain detailed information on the design, implementation and calibration of radio channel measurement equipment, the planning of experiments and the in depth analysis of measured data.The book would begin with an explanation of the fundamentals of radio wave propagation and progress through a series of topics, including the measurement of radio channel characteristics, radio channel sounders, measurement strategies, data analysis techniques and radio channel modelling. Application of results for the prediction of achievable digital link performance would be discussed with examples pertinent to single carrier, multi-carrier and spread spectrum radio links. This work would address specifics of communications in various different frequency bands for both long range and short range fixed and mobile radio links.


When a developer is building different construction projects simultaneously, cash flow management is very important. If the actual cash flow has been reduced than expected, the developer may need to decide which of the projects need to proceed and which need to be either suspended or terminated. This paper builds a financial model that evaluates the various construction projects based on the status of the project technically and financially to determine the decision path that needs to be undertaken for each project, based on a multivariate approach from the expected cash inflow, priority, likelihood, and time of construction. The model builds a chain of possible outcomes, where a project may be temporarily put on hold for a while and then resumed by cash inflow expected from previous projects.


Almost all people experience trauma in their life. Surviving in the era that has witnessed a lot of trauma, a millennium composed of two world wars and cold wars, has made every human being experience chains of trauma. Traumatic problems affect a person mentally and physically. There is a long history of human associating himself through a way or therapy to find himself out of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). This paper projects the importance of writing that serves as a therapy, with the backdrop of the Tibetan writer Tensin Tsundue. Tibet at present undergoes the tough situations due to the Chinese invasion and Tibetans are mostly away from their homeland and staying as refugees in other countries. Tensin Tsundue is a Tibetan activist and writer, and his works bring out the reality of the Tibetan struggle, where his poems stand as a placard for the readers to identify the lost identity of Tibetans. This paper brings out the importance of writing as a therapy to overcome the traumatic stress, and it analyses how an individual writing brings the impact of collective healing into action.


Last month I found myself standing by myself in Codebase (Edinburgh) on a cold Thursday, around me where several individuals all mirroring my shell shocked expression and thinking the same thing 'what the hell do I know about coding, data science, software engineering ….'. This was day one of the Future Health Product Forge, and the answer for me was not a thing, at the time I thought it was a deal breaker but several hours later my perspective had changed. Product Forge is self-described as the Hackathon with a twist, the twist being that by the end of the event a product, service or technology has been designed or is on its way to becoming a viable product. For me the twist was you didn't need to have high level programming skills or a in depth knowledge of Data Science to help sculpt these projects. At its core the idea is that collaboration across multiple fields is vital for real and long lasting innovation to occur. This may sound cliched but it's true, at around midnight on Thursday the 19th of January over 10 groups were formed from the awkwardness of networking and group introductions, after three caffeine fuelled days, and several sugar highs and lows, at 9pm on Sunday the 22nd each group had created, designed, researched and presented a viable product for NHS services to possibly utilise in the future.


In the last two decades it has been proposed several times that a non-monotonic profile might fit the average lower mantle radial viscosity. Most proposed profiles consist in a more or less broad viscosity hill in the middle of the mantle, at a depth roughly between 1200 km and 2000 km. Also many tomographic models display strong signals of the presence of "fast" material lying at mid mantle depths and a recent spectral analysis of seismic tomography shows a very clear transition for degree up to around 16 at a less than 1500 km depth. Finally latest works, both theoretical and experimental, on the high-to-lowspin transition for periclase, have suggested that the high-spin to low-spin transition of Fe++ might lie at the heart of all these observations. To verify the dynamical compatibility between possible mantle profile and observed tomographic images and compare them with possible mineral physics scenarios, such as the spin transition, we employ here a recently developed Fast Multipole-accelerated Boundary Element Method (FMM-BEM), a numerical approach for solving the viscous momentum equation in a global spherical setting, for simulating the interaction of an individual slab with a mid mantle smooth discontinuity in density and viscosity. We have focused on the complexities induced to the behaviour of average and very large plates O (2000–10,000 km), characteristic of the Farallon, Tethys and Pacific plate subducting during the Cenozoic, demonstrating that the a mid mantle density and/or viscosity discontinuity produces a strong alteration of the sinking velocity and an intricate set of slab morphologies. We also employ the Kula–Farallon plate system subducting at 60 Ma as a paradigmatic case, which reveals the best high resolution tomography models and clearly suggests an interaction with a strong and/or denser layer in the mantle. Our 38 models show that a plate might or might not penetrate into the lowest mantle and might stall in the mid lower mantle for long periods, depending on the radial profiles of density and viscosity, within a realistic range (viscosity 1, 10 or 100 times more viscous of the rest of the mantle, and a change of differential density in the range −2% to 2%), of a transitional layer of 200 km or 500 km. We conclude that a layer with high viscosity or negative density would naturally trigger the observed geodynamic snapshot. We finally propose a scenario in which the long time accumulation of depleted slabs in the mid mantle would give rise to a partially chemically stratified mantle, starting from spin t the less prominent high-


This article describes a case study that examined one procurer's reasoning about and work with usability-related issues as well as the contractor's response to those requirements. The aim of this study was to examine the procurer's power to direct the system development process according to user-centred principles and indeed to point out its responsibility to use that power. The study elucidated the procurer's and the contractor's differing views of usability. The results suggest that the project leaders from the two organisations examined in this study had differing views of usability and that both approached usability more from a business perspective than from a user perspective. Furthermore, we found that the procurer valued user-centred activities less for their results than for the opportunity they gave to come in contact with the user's point of view and then to visualize the requirements concretely. We conclude this article with an analysis of some contradictions within and between the two organisations from a socio-cultural point of view. We suggest some mundane but nevertheless important requirements that procurers should think of when contracting consultants.


This paper proposes a novel method of texture analysis based on mathematical morphology. The pattern spectrum is a mathematical morphological method to describe size distributions of objects contained in an image. Our method is based on the idea of optimizing the shape of structuring elements to fit the shape of elementary particles that form a texture. Since the variance of size distribution described by the pattern spectrum is small if the structuring element for calculating the pattern spectrum fits the particles, the shape of an elementary object is obtained by the structuring element optimized to reduce the variance of size distribution. Experimental results are shown when the structuring element is restricted to binary ones of 5/spl times/5-pixels.


Usually in financial textbooks and courses the theory of portfolio selection is taught in a strictly theoretical way. There is a model (Markowitz) that stipulates that an investor has preferences and that she will choose the best portfolio, given her preference curves and an efficient frontier. On the other hand, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is presented as it is: a genial idea that served to simplify and to make operative the Markowitz setup. Most students and practitioners conclude that those models are just inapplicable theory. This is the most rational behavior one can expect. What can an investor do with the textbook recipes to configure an optimal portfolio? Very little. My purpose with this note is to rescue a simple procedure presented by Black (1972), Merton (1973) and later by Levy and Sarnat (1982), Elton and Gruber (1995) and Benninga (1997). They just propose that the optimal portfolio can be found maximizing the slope of the line that joins the point of risk-free return and the efficient frontier. When this maximum tangent is reached, that line is the capital market line (CML) (it is tangent to the efficient frontier). This is a simple procedure that does not require one to calculate the efficient frontier and is an easy task with Excel Solver. It is just one point of the efficient frontier. An example is presented.


This research paper conducts a review of the development of facilities management as a profession and some of the key moments in that journey. It then considers the situation of New Zealand, which has a number of characteristics such as a small population, relatively few large organisations which might make use of Facilities Management (FM) at a strategic level, and an understanding of FM which is more about operational rather than strategic issues. Through the tool of a 'World-Cafe' methodology during an FM Masterclass at Auckland University of Technology (AUT) with members of FMANZ, New Zealand's FM professional association, key issues in the development of FM professionals in New Zealand are discussed and recommendations made. It is interesting to note that the issues of professional recognition, career pathways and academic qualifications are all issues raised in the literature and also by participants in the World-Cafe session held. This suggests that New Zealand's FM professionals are progressing through the same 'growing pains' as their colleagues in Europe faced in the 1990s. However, it also shows that FM in New Zealand is probably some 15 years behind Europe. The authors recognise that some of the reasons for this may be caused by the above-mentioned New Zealand characteristics. In addition to working on the development and recognition of a domestic FM industry in New Zealand, the authors also suggest that much could be learned from other FM players globally. Opportunities for further research include case studies of successful organisations and the development of an educational framework for New Zealand.


Emerging pathogens, especially those related to infectious diseases require behav-ior change as well as engaging the population in participating in preventive behav-iors. Psychological responses are thus of vital importance to disease prevention. While the stress of a pandemic has been associated to many psychological symp-toms, these symptoms have not been systematically explored in a broader sociopolit-ical context. Psychological responses may be linked to the perceptions of health professionals and may also relate to trust in public institutions. As such, psycho-pathology is not only a consequence of stress associated with pandemics but rather, the result of an interplay of personal and sociopolitical factors. This study showed that members of the general population are experiencing significant symptoms of psychological distress. Regression analyses showed that psychological distress was associated with negative attitudes towards healthcare professionals as well as distrust in public health authorities. This study is relevant because a lack of trust in health officials may impact the degree to which the population adheres to public health guidelines to prevent and manage COVID-19.


Among the several applications of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy-rule based systems (FRBSs) have proven to be extremely successful in a wide range of fields, including, for instance, control, classification, regression, and pattern recognition. In particular, FRBSs have raised attention for their twofold nature, i.e., for their ability to handle linguistic concepts and, at the same time, to perform an accurate modeling of input-output relations.
Hence, several researchers and practitioners have developed
learning algorithms for the automatic identification
of FRBSs from real-world data. Such algorithms include the
hybridizations of FRBSs with other popular soft computing
techniques, i.e., artificial neural networks and evolutionary algorithms. In this framework, context adaptation of fuzzy systems is considered as an emerging paradigm which has been analyzed only in a few works. In a nutshell, context adaptation consists in tuning some of the features of an already existing FRBS, so as to adapt it to a new configuration of the external environment. This task has usually been approached in the literature as scaling fuzzy sets from a universe of discourse to another. The basic idea presented here is to achieve context adaptation by exploiting a set of operators which allow performing a more flexible tuning than scaling-functionbased techniques, while keeping the semantics and the interpretability of the original FRBS unaltered. Nonetheless, this work collects previous approaches and organizes them in a common framework, thus providing a reference study on the topic. In the development of the thesis, we first recall fundamentals of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems. We survey previous work on related subjects and introduce the context adaptation problem in detail. Second, we develop a novel context adaptation approach. To this aim, we introduce a flexible non linear scaling function and four orthogonal fuzzy modifiers which allow adapting an FRBS to any context. Since the modeling capabilities of the operators may negatively affect the semantics of the FRBS, we study two novel indices to properly measure interpretability and prevent such degradation. The proposed learning approach is based on evolutionary algorithms and takes both the flexibility introduced by the operators and the interpretability assessed by the indices into account. We test our context adaptation technique on four different data sets, providing detailed examples and comparisons. Finally, we draw concluding remarks and we discuss future extensions and possible research lines.


Based on the analysis of International Marketing Division in PT. Insera Sena, currently the sales performance of Rodalink Jurong East is still not good, which might be due to its poor store environment. Therefore, this thesis is made to analyze, whether Rodalink Jurong East has poor store environment, and whether good store environment significantly influences customer?s buying intention toward Polygon products. Using quantitative research, this research involves nominal, ordinal, and interval of data that are collected through distributing questionnaires covering 100 respondents with simple random sampling method. As the analytical method, the writers applied GAP Analysis and also Multiple Regression Analysis. From this method, the writers found out that Rodalink Jurong East does have poor store environment management, and also that good store environment significantly influences the customer?s buying intention in Rodalink Jurong East Singapore. After analysis done, it can be concluded that the analysis of International Marketing Division in PT. Insera Sena is right. Rodalink Jurong East has poor store environment and Store Layout is the only one variable that significantly influences the customer?s buying intention. Therefore, the writers propose ?Shop in Shop? concept to improve the store environment in Rodalink Jurong East.


Debussy9s early song settings of Theodore de Banville and Paul Bourget foreground the Romantic topic by which the singing voice revokes lost presence. The closed aesthetic space of music becomes, in these songs, the space of the nocturnal garden in which the souls of lovers merge with the containing landscape. But Debussy9s fascination with the poetry of Paul Verlaine, over a period of twenty-two years from 1882 to 1904, juxtaposes such evocations of intense sensuous presence with songs of alienated absence and ironic distance. The poems Debussy set from Verlaine9s Fetes galantes (1869) provoke both kinds of song, the latter embodied through the shadowy figures of the commedia dell9arte. In the case of two such poems, "En sourdine" and "Clair de lune," Debussy produced two different settings of the same text, ten years apart. The usual account is that these show the composer9s progression from Romantic lyricism to a more sophisticated but withdrawn style, a development paralleled by a biographical story moving from his youthful passion for the dedicatee of the early songs, Marie-Blanche Vasnier, to the breakdown of his first marriage in 1904. But neither the stylistic nor the biographical narrative provides an adequate account of the Verlaine songs, and both miss their exploration of the economy of desire at the heart of the piano song.


Many recent discussions of working-class culture in literary and cultural studies have tended to present an oversimplified view of resistance. In this groundbreaking work, Pamela Fox offers a far more complex theory of working-class identity, particularly as reflected in British novels of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the concept of class shame, she produces a model of working-class subjectivity that understands resistance in a more accurate and useful way—as a complicated kind of refusal, directed at both dominated and dominant culture.

With a focus on certain classics in the working-class literary "canon," such as The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists and Love on the Dole, as well as lesser-known texts by working-class women, Fox uncovers the anxieties that underlie representations of class and consciousness. Shame repeatedly emerges as a powerful counterforce in these works, continually unsettling the surface narrative of protest to reveal an ambivalent relation toward the working-class identities the novels apparently champion.

Class Fictions offers an equally rigorous analysis of cultural studies itself, which has historically sought to defend and value the radical difference of working-class culture. Fox also brings to her analysis a strong feminist perspective that devotes considerable attention to the often overlooked role of gender in working-class fiction. She demonstrates that working-class novels not only expose master narratives of middle-class culture that must be resisted, but that they also reveal to us a need to create counter narratives or formulas of working-class life. In doing so, this book provides a more subtle sense of the role of resistance in working class culture. While of interest to scholars of Victorian and working-class fiction, Pamela Fox's argument has far-reaching implications for the way literary and cultural studies will be defined and practiced.


This paper presents three novel Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) methods for discrete-time partitioned linear systems, i.e. systems decomposed into coupled subsystems with non-overlapping states. The MHE approach is used due to its capability of exploiting physical constraints on states and noise in the estimation process. In the proposed algorithms, each subsystem solves reduced-order MHE problems to estimate its own state and different estimators have different computational complexity, accuracy and transmission requirements among subsystems. In all cases, proper tuning of the design parameters, i.e. the penalties on the states at the beginning of the estimation horizon, guarantees convergence of the estimation error to zero. Numerical simulations demonstrate the viability of the approach.


A chilling account of Hugo Chavez's shadow war on the United States The American government has shrugged off South American politics for nearly forty years. In the meantime, our neighbor to the south has grown into an unprecedented threat. Hugo Chavez, the current president of Venezuela and a self-proclaimed enemy of the United States, commands what even Osama bin Laden only dreams of -- but few Americans see him as a true danger to this country. This book argues that we should. Chavez has the means and the motivation to harm the United States in a way that few other countries can, and he has declared an "asymmetric war" against America. He runs a sovereign nation that is the fourth largest supplier of oil to the United States. He enjoys annual windfall oil profits that equal the net worth of Bill Gates. He has more modern weapons than anyone in Latin America. He has strategic alliances with Iran, North Korea, and other enemies of America, yet he has duped many Americans -- from influential political and cultural leaders to ordinary citizens who benefit from his oil largess through his state-owned oil company -- into believing that he is a friend. Drawing on two decades of experience working at the highest level of Venezuelan and American politics, Schoen and Rowan go behind the scenes to examine Chavez's efforts to subvert both the American economy and his own country's stability. Not only did he help drive the price of oil from ten dollars a barrel to more than a hundred dollars a barrel, he's sponsored and become increasingly involved in civilian massacres, drug running, money laundering, nuclear weapons proliferation, and terrorist training. Schoen and Rowan have both the insight and the access to make a case not yet made in the American media. Over the course of the past decade while living and working in Venezuela as writers and political consultants, they've investigated Ch vez's past, explored his family connections, and gone up against him in a series of elections. Their startling revelations about Ch vez's rise to power and his reach into American politics make this the kind of urgent, newsbreaking narrative that will spark vital debate in the corridors of power."


Grasping behavior is being tested increasingly often in virtual and mirror setups. In displays where the visual percept does not correspond to physical reality (e.g., distorted depth perception under limited cue conditions) an important methodological question is what and how much haptic feedback to provide. While grasping without haptic feedback has been shown to drift, both in position and aperture size (Bingham, Coats, & Mon-Williams, 2007, Neuropsychologia, 45, 288-294), grasping with terminal haptic feedback that does not correspond to the visual information has been shown to bias both reaching distance and maximum grip aperture (MGA) in the direction of the haptic feedback (Mon-Williams & Bingham, 2007, JEP:HPP, 33, 645-656; Coats, Bingham, & Mon-Williams, 2008, Experimental Brain Research, 189, 211-220). An ideal balance would be to find a level of haptic feedback that allows for natural grasping, while not biasing behavior. Because presenting correct haptic feedback on 50% of trials has been shown to produce normal grasping (Bingham et al., 2007), we therefore tested whether providing haptic feedback that differed from visual information by 5mm on 50% of trials would bias MGAs in the direction of the haptic feedback. We found that incorrect feedback on 50% of trials did appear to bias grasping (N=32). We additionally noticed that MGAs decreased over time even when correct haptic feedback was presented 100% of the time. We believe this may have been due to participants' initial uncertainty in the mirror setup, which decreased over time. Our findings underscore the difficulty of providing haptic feedback that does not bias the grasping response. Changes in the grip aperture found in the 100% correct haptic feedback condition also highlight a potential difficulty in defining baseline grasping behavior when using mirror setups. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


A halo effect can lead to significantly biased and distorted judgments in numerous situations and settings in daily life. However, its impact has barely been researched in the sporting environment, although it might help a great deal in understanding how sport fans think and behave. This paper provides an international literature review on the halo effect in different research fields. Built upon this state of the art, an empirical study based on two German soccer clubs, VfB Stuttgart and FC Bayern Munich, analyzes the presence of halo effects explained by social identity theory. The study shows that supporters rate aspects of the respective team, for example the president's competency, more favorable than common sport spectators, and this effect even increases with a higher level of team identification.


Courts sometimes avoid deciding contentious issues. One prominent justification for this practice is that, by employing avoidance strategically, a court can postpone reaching decisions that might threaten its institutional viability. Avoidance creates delay, which can allow for productive dialogue with and among the political branches. That dialogue, in turn, may result in the democratic resolution of — or the evolution of popular societal consensus around — a contested question, relieving the court of its duty. Many scholars and judges assume that, by creating and deferring to this dialogue, a court can safeguard its institutional legitimacy and security.Accepting this assumption arguendo, this Article seeks to evaluate avoidance as it relates to dialogue. It identifies two key factors in the avoidance decision that might affect dialogue with the political branches: first, the timing of avoidance (i.e., when in the life cycle of a case does a high court choose to avoid); and, second, a court's candor about the decision (i.e., to what degree does a court openly acknowledge its choice to avoid). The Article draws on a series of avoidance strategies from apex courts around the world to tease out the relationships among timing, candor, and dialogue. As the first study to analyze avoidance from a comparative perspective, the Article generates a new framework for assessing avoidance by highlighting the impact of timing on the quality of dialogue, the possible unintended consequences of candor, and the critical trade-offs between avoidance and power.


The last quarter of a century has seen a dramatic rise of interest in the spatial constraints on multisensory integration. However, until recently, the majority of this research has investigated integration in the space directly in front of the observer. The space around us, however, extends in three spatial dimensions in the front and to the rear beyond such a limited area. The question to be addressed in this review concerns whether multisensory integration operates according to the same rules throughout the whole of three-dimensional space. The results reviewed here not only show that the space around us seems to be divided into distinct functional regions, but they also suggest that multisensory interactions are modulated by the region of space in which stimuli happen to be presented. We highlight a number of key limitations with previous research in this area, including: (1) The focus on only a very narrow region of two-dimensional space in front of the observer; (2) the use of static stimuli in most research; (3) the study of observers who themselves have been mostly static; and (4) the study of isolated observers. All of these factors may change the way in which the senses interact at any given distance, as can the emotional state/personality of the observer. In summarizing these salient issues, we hope to encourage researchers to consider these factors in their own research in order to gain a better understanding of the spatial constraints on multisensory integration as they affect us in our everyday life.


The Schengen system has been at the centre of sharp controversy throughout 2011 and the early months of 2012 arising from attempts by several member state governments to challenge the right to the free movement of persons and the abolition of internal border checks. The speech delivered by Nicolas Sarkozy early this month (March 2012), as part of the French presidential campaign, in which he threatened to suspend France's participation in Schengen illustrates this phenomenon. This paper examines the European Commission's response to the Schengen controversies, namely the Schengen Goverance Package published in September 2011 and currently under negotiation in Council and the European Parliament. It assesses the scope and added value of the Package's two new legislative proposals (a new Schengen evaluation mechanism and revised rules for restating internal border checks) by looking at the origins and features of the debate surrounding liberty of circulation in the Schengen area. The paper addresses the following questions: first, are these new rules necessary and appropriate to effectively respond to unlawful security derogations and restrictions to liberty of circulation? Second, would their adoption provide an effective response to current and future political tensions and national governments' policies against free movement, such as those evidenced in 2011 and 2012 and for them to expand to other member states? And finally, is the Schengen Governance Package well designed to safeguard the free movement of persons, or is it rather oriented towards further strengthening the security apparatus of Schengen?


Abstract This study explored the influence of habitual caffeine intake on the acute effects of caffeine ingestion on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance. Resistance-trained males were tested following the ingestion of caffeine (3 mg/kg) and placebo (3 mg/kg of dextrose). Participants were classified as low caffeine users (n = 13; habitual caffeine intake: 65 ± 46 mg/day) and as moderate-to-high caffeine users (n = 11; habitual caffeine intake: 235 ± 82 mg/day). Exercise performance was evaluated by measuring: (a) movement velocity, power, and muscular endurance in the bench press; (b) countermovement jump; and, (c) a Wingate test, performed in that order. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect (p < 0.05) for condition in the majority of analyzed exercise outcomes. In all cases, effect sizes for condition favoured caffeine and ranged from 0.14 to 0.97. Mean increases in velocity and power in resistance exercise ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 m/s and 42 to 156 W, respectively. The number of performed repetitions increased by 1.2 and jump height by 0.9 cm. Increases in power in the Wingate test ranged from 31 to 75 W. We did not find significant group × condition interaction effect (p > 0.05) in any of the analyzed exercise outcomes. Additionally, there were no significant correlations (p > 0.05; r ranged from −0.29 to 0.32) between habitual caffeine intake and the absolute change in exercise performance. These results suggest that habitual caffeine intake might not moderate the ergogenic effects of acute caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance.


This PhD uses a queer reading strategy to explore the performative sites of lucha libre (wrestling in Mexico). My research inhabits the space behind the scene, the space between the ring and the audience, and the space of being part of the audience itself. My reading of the luchas takes place through the camera, the interview, printed works, theoretical investigation, and through the work of artists who draw on lucha libre – including myself. As lucha libre itself cannot be narrowed down to one specific medium, my subject matter allows me to utilize an interdisciplinary perspective to examine its various encounters, spaces, subjectivities and gestures. As well as attending live events in the arenas, watching lucha libre on television, exploring its circulation in artistic and filmic productions and its appropriation in advertisements and political discourse, I have carried out an intervention in a regular lucha libre programme by inventing a character, promoting, constructing and staging a match in an arena in the north of Mexico City. My methodology therefore makes use of a whole range of strategies including those borrowed from the discipline of anthropology and from practices of documentary making. Through my writing and my practice, I attempt to query and complicate these disciplinary conventions and my own use of them.

I place particular emphasis in this PhD upon the possibility and use of a queer reading strategy in relation to lucha libre. Drawing on the works of Gloria Anzaldua, Judith Butler, Judith ʻJack' Halberstam, Jose Javier Maristany, and Jose Esteban Munoz, the thesis argues that a queer reading strategy has the potential to complicate ways of seeing gender and sexuality as well as race, ethnicity, class, time and space in this context. I identify the rich queer legacies within lucha libre, film and popular culture, and focus on the multiple and often conflicting readings made possible by adopting queer theory and reading practices. In doing so, the thesis interrogates the different ways in which popular cultures can go beyond accepted notions of what it means to be Mexican, a woman, macho, gay and so on. Throughout this work, I pay

close attention to forms of audience participation, their verbal and gestural acts and how key these are in to the event of the lucha. These verbal and gestural acts, I argue, produce a unique complicity in the arena manifesting a transient trace of queer histories, and suggesting potential utopias.


Abstract: Commons are often portrayed as sprawling natural or intellectual resources whose vastness defies ownership. However, the urban built environment contains many shared spaces – courtyards, hallways, or even the gaps between floors and ceilings – that function as very small commons.  In this essay I turn privatized, Soviet-era apartment blocks inside out to examine the shared spaces within them.  I conclude that rather than merely working as buffers between neatly delineated chunks of 'the private,' small commons serve as the glue that ensures the structural and social cohesion of the building, and the value of individual apartments.  This essay provides a mouse-sized counterpoint to the larger and more expansive commons discussed in literature on enclosure and access.  'Thinking small' forces us to reimagine what a 'common might look like, and focus on how people interact in or with commons, rather than merely take from them.


Introduction: Fracture penis is uncommon and often a result of sexual trauma. Diagnosis remains clinical and early surgical management is advocated. Herein, we share our experience of 20 such cases. Materials and Methods: Twenty fracture penis patients presented between August 2014 and April 2017 were included. Patients' data were retrieved retrospectively using case sheets and followed by outpatient department visits and telephonically. Eighteen patients had penile exploration while two patients were managed conservatively. Erectile and voiding functions were assessed by asking single question to the patient, which was limited to only two options in the form of normal and abnormal. All patients were followed up for a minimum of up to 6 months. Results: The patients were aged between 20 and 60 years (mean 37.7 years). Mean timing of presentation was 28.8 h (range 2 h to 7 days). Mean follow-up was 22.5 months (6–42 months). There were no long-term postoperative complications. Eighteen patients had coital trauma, one unmarried patient had a history of manipulation of erect penis, while one patient had a fall-on erect penis. Three patients had associated urethral injury. All patients had almost the same potency as preoperatively, but for one who had erectile dysfunction for a short period recovered spontaneously on tablet sildenafil. No patient had long-term voiding dysfunction, penile curvature, or sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: History and clinical examination clinch the diagnosis. Considering it as a urological emergency, radiological imaging is not required routinely. Early surgical repair preserves the potency and voiding functions.


We present evidence of five late Holocene earthquake ruptures observed at two paleoseismological trenches in the Laguna Bani sag pond (Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, central Mexico). The trenches exposed two fault branches of the western termination of the Pastores fault, one of the major fault systems within the central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The site was studied by combining geomorphological and structural approaches, volcanic mapping, ground-penetrating radar, and paleoseismological analysis. The study revealed that coseismic surface rupture was noncharacteristic, and that the exposed fault branches had not always moved simultaneously. The fault tip has ruptured at least 5 times within the past 4 k.y., and the rupture events followed and preceded the deposition of an ignimbrite. The close temporal relationship of the seismic rupture with the volcanic activity of the area could be the result of volcanism triggered by faulting and its associated seismicity. The relatively high recurrence of seismic events (1.1–2.6 k.y.) and the noncharacteristic fault behavior observed at this tip of the Pastores fault suggest that the fault might have been active as a primary fault rupturing along segments of variable length or depth, and/or that the fault ruptured eventually as a secondary fault. The secondary ruptures would likely be related to earthquakes produced at major neighboring faults such as the Acambay fault, which moved during the 1912 Acambay earthquake, or the Venta de Bravo fault. A relatively large slip rate estimated for this fault branch (0.23–0.37 mm/yr) leads us to contemplate the possible connection at depth between the Pastores and the Venta de Bravo faults, increasing the maximum expected magnitude for central Mexico.


The trend for cloud computing has initiated a race towards data centres (DC) of an ever-increasing size. The largest DCs now contain many hundreds of thousands of virtual machine (VM) services. Given the finite lifespan of hardware, such large DCs are subject to frequent hardware failure events that can lead to disruption of service. To counter this, multiple redundant copies of task threads may be distributed around a DC to ensure that individual hardware failures do not cause entire jobs to fail. Here, we present results demonstrating the resilience of different job scheduling algorithms in a simulated DC with hardware failure. We use a simple model of jobs distributed across a hardware network to demonstrate the relationship between resilience and additional communication costs of different scheduling methods.


The present study is a long term structural analysis of how broadcasting systems develop and change. The analysis focuses primarily on the establishment and development of public service television in Britain and Norway, and combines two different approaches: broadcasting policy studies and historical analysis. The study has been based mainly on documentary sources: Official publications, comments on broadcasting policy from various groups and interested parties, and material published by the two broadcasting corporations (the BBC and the NRK).
The study has produced results on two levels: Firstly, it has identified a series of similar processes and alliances in the two countries in connection with the establishment and development of broadcasting systems. Secondly, it has produced detailed results regarding the present crisis for public broadcasting in the two countries. The study has demonstrated that while the privileges of the BBC and the NRK have been undermined, they are still expected to fulfil many of their original obligations, obligations which in turn have become more difficult to fulfil.
These developments have presented the corporation with difficult challenges regarding both their financial bases and their social legitimacy. The corporations have both responded these challenges with a dual strategy: On the one hand they have attempted to improve their financial balances and adapt to market-standards, whereas on the other they have strengthened their commitment to some of the areas which they have seen as crucial to their identity as public broadcasters. While these strategies may be successful in the short term, however, they may produce new challenges in the long term.


Created by the Buenos Aires-born artist and mountaineer Helmut Ditsch, these hyper-realistic paintings of mountains and mountain scenes add new meaning to the phrase "a breathtaking work of art". Executed with incredible precision, Ditsch's paintings convey the dizzying heights and serene grandeur of the mountains he has himself climbed. But they are more than photograph-like depictions of alpine scenery in Europe, North, and South America. These paintings draw their energy from Ditsch's ability to infuse his work with his love for mountaineering and his own experience of the summits. "When climbing a mountain and when I paint," he says in a conversation with his friend the famed mountaineer Reinhold Messner, "I feel as if I'm in the same situation. Without any real concern for my own safety I submit myself to nature. In my art I also try to perform a similar feat of strength, test the frontiers of possibility". This trilingual edition features one hundred colour illustrations and two fold-out reproductions.


The complexity of health is a vast, seductive ocean that beckons us—challenging us to explore, navigate, and often battle against waves of ideas—within ourselves and among others.

We thank the three authors for their commentaries on our "Guide and Glossary." We hoped that our article would stimulate discussion about the importance of theory and theory building for population health, but to be honest, we had no idea how the paper would be received. You can imagine, then, our excitement at being asked by the editors to reply to the three interesting commentaries published herein.

As we point out—and Dunn reiterates in his commentary—theory is a topic that regretfully, receives little attention in population health. We have been pleased to see that others share similarly strong opinions regarding the importance of theory. This is evident in all three commentaries. It was also abundantly evident in the review process for our article. We engaged in a lively debate with reviewers—and those exchanges (which were longer than the original manuscript) reinforced our beliefs that population health research could benefit from a more public discussion regarding the role of theory in research.

In this essay, we respond to points raised by the commentators as they pertain both to our "Guide and Glossary" and, more broadly, to facilitating theoretically driven research in population health. However, before addressing particular issues, we want to reiterate the specific aims of our "Guide and Glossary," as each commentary alludes to some misunderstandings about our motivations, arguments, and rationale.

Our article has two basic aims. Firstly, we contend that researchers should use theory explicitly—rather than implicitly. Our focus on the explicit use of theory is guided by our shared belief that clearly communicating one's theoretical approach will more effectively contribute to and advance our shared understanding of population health and …


The Victoria Land Transect Cruise with the Italian research vessel "Italica", carried out in February 2004, was the first large-scale attempt to obtain benthic samples systematically along a latitudinal transect along the Antarctic Ross Sea shelf. Along the transect, samples were taken in five areas (Cape Russell, Terra Nova Bay, Coulman Island, Cape Hallet and Cape Adare) along a depth gradient ranging from 80m to 515m. Sampling was carried out using a Rauschert dredge with a mesh size of 500 µm, as the main emphasis was on smaller peracarid crustaceans. Distribution of higher taxonomic groups based on total abundance was found as follows: crustaceans (71-83%), polychaetes (12-16%), molluscs (3-7%), echinoderms (0-2%). Exceptions were the areas Cape Adare with an increased occurrence of molluscs (38%) and Coulmann Island with a mass occurrence of polychaetes (63%). The crustaceans were dominated by amphipods (32%-66%), isopods (13-30%), tanaids (4-28%), and cumaceans (<1-35%). Especially in the southernmost areas Terra Nova Bay and Cape Russel, an increase in abundance of cumaceans with increasing latitude was found. Within the cumacean fauna of the Ross Sea, the most abundant families were Leuconidae (8%-85%), Nanastacidae (10-92%) and Diastylidae (3-16%). The systematic collection of smaller crustaceans yielded a high amount of species new to the area under investigation, especially for the Peracarida. A more detailed faunal analysis of the crustaceans is presently under way.


The Newport‐Inglewood/Rose Canyon (NIRC) fault zone is an active strike‐slip fault system within the Pacific‐North American plate boundary in Southern California, located in close proximity to populated regions of San Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles counties. Prior to this study, the NIRC fault zone's continuity and geometry were not well constrained. Nested marine seismic reflection data with different vertical resolutions are employed to characterize the offshore fault architecture. Four main fault strands are identified offshore, separated by three main stepovers along strike, all of which are 2 km or less in width. Empirical studies of historical ruptures worldwide show that earthquakes have ruptured through stepovers with this offset. Models of Coulomb stress change along the fault zone are presented to examine the potential extent of future earthquake ruptures on the fault zone, which appear to be dependent on the location of rupture initiation and fault geometry at the stepovers. These modeling results show that the southernmost stepover between the La Jolla and Torrey Pines fault strands may act as an inhibitor to throughgoing rupture due to the stepover width and change in fault geometry across the stepover; however, these results still suggest that rupture along the entire fault zone is possible.


A growing body of information systems studies are examining the organizational impact of IT in terms of IT capabilities. Yet, despite more than a decade since the original conception of IT capabilities which largely builds on the Resource-Based View (RBV) of the firm, the manner in which the notion is conceptualized and measured provides an increasingly limited understanding of how IT investments are leveraged to add value. This study builds on the Dynamic Capabilities View (DCV) of the firm which places emphasis on a firm's ability to react adequately and timely to external changes, and puts forth the notion of IT-enabled dynamic capabilities. IT-enabled dynamic capabilities are defined as a firm's abilities to leverage its IT resources and IT competencies, in combination with other organizational resources and capabilities, in order to address rapidly changing business environments. The purpose of this study is to better define the notion of IT-enabled dynamic capabilities and develop a valid, reliable measurement instrument. In addition to the definition and operationalization of IT-enabled dynamic capabilities, this study explores the relationship of the construct with other measures of IT capabilities as well as the association with competitive performance.


A system using a nonlinear multiswept sine wave is described, which employs multichannel multiswept orthogonal waves, to separate channels and make multiple, simultaneous online/offline CO(2) measurements. An analytic expression and systematic method for determining the orthogonal frequencies for the unswept, linear swept, and nonlinear swept cases is presented. It is shown that one may reduce sidelobes of the autocorrelation function while preserving cross channel orthogonality, for thin cloud rejection.


The taxonomy of the goatfish species of the genus Upeneus from the Western Indian Ocean is reviewed. Sixteen species are recognized: U. davidaromi, U. doriae, U. guttatus, U. indicus sp. nov., U. margarethae sp. nov., U. mascareinsis, U. moluccensis, U. oligospilus, U. pori, U. suahelicus sp. nov., U. sulphureus, U. sundaicus, U. supravittatus sp. nov., U. taeniopterus, U. tragula, and U. vittatus. Upeneus oligospilus, which had been synonymized with U. tragula, is resurrected as a valid species, and U. taeniopterus is shown to be a senior synonym of U. arge. A neotype is designated for U. vittatus, the type species of the genus, and described. Several new occurrences of species in distinct areas of the Western Indian Ocean are documented. Four species complexes are distinguished, based on numbers of dorsal-fin spines, gill rakers and pectoral-fin rays, and caudal-fin colour. These complexes include 25 of the total 26 valid Upeneus species. Based on examination of 24 species from the Indo-Pacific, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, within-group comparisons are made using the best distinguishing characters. Fresh colouration of the head, body and fins is important for species diagnosis. The number and the configuration of bars on the caudal fin are also useful to distinguish several species. Dark bars often persist in preserved fish and can be used to identify both fresh and preserved Upeneus specimens of several species. Morphometric characters are shown to clearly distinguish many species and provide valuable information on differentiation in body shape among populations and life-history stages. Implications for further research priorities on the taxonomy of Upeneus are discussed.


The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) represents the largest source of year‐to‐year global climate variability. While Earth system models suggest a range of possible shifts in ENSO properties under continued greenhouse gas forcing, many centuries of preindustrial climate data are required to detect a potential shift in the properties of recent ENSO extremes. Here we reconstruct the strength of ENSO variations over the last 7,000 years with a new ensemble of fossil coral oxygen isotope records from the Line Islands, located in the central equatorial Pacific. The corals document a significant decrease in ENSO variance of ~20% from 3,000 to 5,000 years ago, coinciding with changes in spring/fall precessional insolation. We find that ENSO variability over the last five decades is ~25% stronger than during the preindustrial. Our results provide empirical support for recent climate model projections showing an intensification of ENSO extremes under greenhouse forcing.


Haplotypes are the units of inheritance in an organism, and many genetic analyses depend on their precise determination. Methods for haplotyping single individuals use the phasing information available in next-generation sequencing reads, by matching overlapping single-nucleotide polymorphisms while penalizing post hoc nucleotide corrections made. Haplotyping diploids is relatively easy, but the complexity of the problem increases drastically for polyploid genomes, which are found in both model organisms and in economically relevant plant and animal species. Although a number of tools are available for haplotyping polyploids, the effects of the genomic makeup and the sequencing strategy followed on the accuracy of these methods have hitherto not been thoroughly evaluated.We developed the simulation pipeline haplosim to evaluate the performance of three haplotype estimation algorithms for polyploids: HapCompass, HapTree and SDhaP, in settings varying in sequencing approach, ploidy levels and genomic diversity, using tetraploid potato as the model. Our results show that sequencing depth is the major determinant of haplotype estimation quality, that 1 kb PacBio circular consensus sequencing reads and Illumina reads with large insert-sizes are competitive and that all methods fail to produce good haplotypes when ploidy levels increase. Comparing the three methods, HapTree produces the most accurate estimates, but also consumes the most resources. There is clearly room for improvement in polyploid haplotyping algorithms.


Long-term data provide a basis for understanding natural variability, reducing uncertainty in model inputs and parameter estimation, and developing new hypotheses. This article evaluates 21 years (1988-2008) of hydrologic data and 17 years (1988-2005) of water quality data from a drained pine plantation in eastern North Carolina. The plantation age was 14 years at the beginning of the investigation (1988) and 34 years at the end (2008). The 21-year average rainfall of 1517 mm was 9% higher than the 50-year (1951-2000) long-term average of 1391 mm observed at the nearest U.S. Weather Bureau station in Morehead City, North Carolina. Annual rainfall varied from 852 mm in the driest year (2001) to 2331 mm in the wettest year (2003) during the study period and was affected by several hurricanes and tropical storms. The runoff coefficient (ROC; drainage outflow expressed as a fraction of rainfall) varied from 0.05 in the driest year to as high as 0.56 in the wettest year (2003), with an average ROC of 0.32. Annual outflow (runoff) on this watershed was primarily subsurface flow to drainage ditches and was strongly correlated with rainfall (R2 = 0.81). Outflows were greater, more continuous, and longer in winter than in other seasons. Outflow in winter was 59% of rainfall on average. March was the only month that never produced zero outflow. The lowest mean outflow occurred in the spring and was significantly different from the other three seasons. Consistent with theory for subsurface drainage, outflow from this poorly drained land is dependent on water table elevation and occurs when the water table is within about 1.1 m of the surface. The water table tended to be close to the surface during the winter and early spring with low ET demands, and during summer with hurricanes and tropical storms producing large outflows, but was drawn down to depths much deeper than the drains during long dry periods in summer and fall. As a result, annual outflow and annual average water table depth were only weakly correlated (R2 = 0.52). There was no relationship (R2 = 0.01) between the annual average water table depth and the annual average evapotranspiration (ET), calculated as the difference between annual rainfall and outflow. The estimated average annual ET of 1005 mm was close to the Penman-Monteith based average annual potential ET (PET) of 1010 mm for a grass reference. Although nitrogen (N) levels in the drainage water were elevated after fertilization of the stand in late 1988, these elevated levels declined substantially by 1995. Average annual concentrations of total N ranged from 0.51 to 2.23 mg L-1 with a long-term average of 1.10 mg L-1. Annual average values for total P ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 mg L-1 with an average of 0.04 mg L-1. The highest average annual concentrations for N and P occurred in 1989 (N) and 1990 (P) following fertilization in spring of 1989. The average annual total N and P loadings were 6.5 ±5.3 kg ha-1 and 0.17 ±0.11 kg ha-1, respectively. Both concentrations and annual loadings were similar to other forested sites in the region. These long-term data should be useful for assessing the effects of land use change and management treatments on the hydrology and water quality of similar lands in the coastal region.


A series of seemingly random disappearances - stretching back to the millennium. A mother determined to find the truth. A retired cop desperate to get his old life back ...It's been some time since Rebus was forced to retire, and now works as a civilian in a cold case unit. So when a long-dead case bursts back to life, he can't resist the opportunity to get his feet under the CID desk once more. But Rebus is as stubborn and anarchic as ever, and he quickly finds himself in deep with pretty much everyone, including DI Siobhan Clarke. All Rebus wants to do is uncover the truth. The big question is: can he be the man he once was and still stay on the right side of the law?


The health of the peri – implant tissues play an important in the long term outcome of dental implants. The absence of keratinized gingiva (KG) may be a risk factor for developing recession or peri –implantitis. However there is still ambiguity in the need for keratinized gingiva around dental implants. The preservation and reconstruction of soft tissue around dental implants is an integral component of dental Implantology. There is no long-term evidence whether augmented soft tissues can be maintained over time and are able to influence the peri-implant bone levels. Among the various soft tissue augmentation techniques Apically positioned flap with vestibuloplasty , Free gingival grafts and Connective tissue grafts are documented as the most predictable methods to increase the width of KG. Autogenous grafts increase the soft tissue thickness and improve aesthetics compared to non-grafted sites. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the need for KG around implants and the techniques to preserve and augment KG. It is difficult to arrive at a definitive conclusion due to scarcity of well designed studies in literature. Reliable evidence is lacking to suggest the ideal soft tissue augmentation/preservation techniques. Long term randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to provide a clearer image.


The events of May 31 through June 1, 1921 had been obscured by a lack of official records and a culture of silence for the better part of a half-century. Thanks to the diligent work of amateur journalists and historians like Mary E. Jones Parrish, and civil servants like Maurice Willows of the American Red Cross, we have a historical record to work with. Writers like Ed Wheeler and Scott Ellsworth pioneered investigation into the riot, conducting Interviews and collating their findings into some of the first works dedicated to the act. Thanks to the efforts of Don Ross and the other members of the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, the prevailing narrative preserved by Parrish and Willows persisted into acceptance as the official story. Historians working during the commission drafted three distinct histories, built upon past work on the subject and serving different purposes: either to humanize the victims and perpetrators of the riot, make the case for reparations, or examine the context surrounding the riot's remembrance in the city.


This study evaluated the application of surface wave methods to aggregate variability and thickness determinations. We compared the results of field assessments of sand and gravel sequences using three surface wave survey approaches. The first was a seismic refraction approach, the second, a continuous surface wave (CSW) survey approach, and the third adopted a multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique to the original refraction field set-up and records. The sand and gravel sequences were highly heterogeneous and the shear wave profiles were not normally dispersive (i.e. did not exhibit a monotonic increase in velocity with depth), which had a significant effect upon the performance of the three field approaches. Both CSW and MASW approaches provided information over a broad spectrum from which velocity–depth profiles were produced, but the upper frequency of operation was limited in both methods because of poorer signal quality at higher frequencies. Shear wave velocity profiles obtained using vertically vibrating sources during CSW surveys were different from profiles obtained using a horizontally polarized source in the refraction survey. This was attributed to different propagation paths and modes of propagation, which were illustrated via additional tomographic inversion of the refraction travel times but could also be attributed to data inversion methods. Probing using an ultra-lightweight cone penetrometer, continuous reflection profiling using ground-penetrating radar, and also an active extraction programme at the field site provided the opportunity to directly observe the subsurface geology and verify field results. Within the sand and gravel sequence, high-velocity layers were associated with matrix-supported coarse gravel lenses, some of which were weakly cemented. Localized high- and low-velocity zones within the underlying bedrock were interpreted as being related to lithostratigraphic heterogeneity and the development of an upper, weathered zone.


Many environmental pollutants, heavy metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among them, are toxic by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress may be defined as a state in an organism when its inherent capacity to handle oxyradicals is surpassed, and it may result in peroxidation of lipids, and damage to proteins and DNA. Thus, genotoxic stress may follow oxidative stress.Little is known about the effects of genotoxic stress in invertebrates, although the occurrence of tumors has been known for quite some time, in bivalve mollusks at least since the 1960s. Less dramatic manifestations of genotoxic stress may include impaired enzyme functions, altered protein turnover, with possible effects on physiological processes. Keys to a better understanding of genotoxic stress are the proteins involved in the regulation of the cell-cycle and DNA repair. Virtually nothing is known about these proteins in mussels. The work presented in the papers I, II, and IV aimed to give a first insight into how the blue mussel responds to genotoxic stress following exposure to the polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), PAHs in petrochemical pollution, copper (Cu) or cadmium (Cd), all substances known to enhance formation of oxyradicals. PAHs may also be genotoxic by formation of DNA adducts. The cell-cycle and DNA repair proteins studied were the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the retinoblastoma protein 110 (Rb110). The first is involved in DNA repair and cell proliferation; the second at the G1 checkpoint of the cell-cycle. We showed that the PCNA is a potential marker of genotoxic response (DNA repair, and/or cell proliferation) to PAHs (papers I and IV) and cadmium (paper II). Furthermore, cadmium may possibly elicit a cell-cycle stop mediated by the Rb110 (the paper II). Based on these cell-cycle and DNA repair proteins, the genotoxic responses in blue mussels seem to be similar to that in vertebrates.Markers of general stress or oxidative stress were used in all studies. The applicability of the general stress marker heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP60) (papers I and IV), the polyglycoprotein (P-gp) (paper I), a marker of exposure to planar organic compounds, and markers of oxidative stress, such as the antioxidant defense enzyme copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) (paper II), and the oxidative protein modifications protein carbonyls and disulfides (papers III and IV) were tested in various situations. In accordance with results by others, my studies have shown that HSPs, which formerly were considered as universal stress markers, are not always applicable, as their expression is affected by factors that are difficult to control (papers I). I found that the P-gp can be used as a marker of B[a]P exposure in Baltic Sea blue mussels (paper I). In paper II, I reported that the Cu/Zn-SOD was up-regulated in response to Cd exposure, a clear indication of oxidative stress that was also manifested as a response in the studied cell-cycle and DNA repair proteins. Protein carbonyls were successfully used in the papers III and IV to indicate oxidative stress. In paper III, I also investigated the potential of diagonal gels as a tool for identification of protein disulfides in protein expression signatures (PESs). The diagonal gels hold a good potential for identification of novel and prime targets of oxidative stress.My work was performed as short-term laboratory studies, in vivo, in blue mussels from the Baltic Sea, and as a one year long field experiment with Icelandic blue mussels in a tidal system. The idea was to use blue mussels that were already physiologically challenged (by osmotic stress, or alternating aerobic and anaerobic metabolism), to see how they responded to additional stress in the form of toxicants capable of inducing oxidative and genotoxic stress. Most of the work on biochemical endpoints in blue mussels published so far was done on blue mussels from fully marine environments, and without consideration to the effect of tide.


Recent studies have shown that many results published in peer-reviewed scientific journals are not reproducible. This raises the following question: why is it so easy to fool myself into believing that a result is reliable when in fact it is not? Using Brownian motion as a toy model, we show how this can happen if ergodicity is assumed where it is unwarranted. A measured value can appear stable when judged over time, although it is not stable across the ensemble: a different result will be obtained each time the experiment is run.


Cervical carcinomas are almost universally associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, and are a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. HPV oncoproteins contribute to cancer initiation and progression and their expression is necessary for the maintenance of the transformed state. The fact that the initiating oncogenic insult, infection with a high-risk HPV and viral oncoprotein expression, is common to almost all cervical cancers offers unique opportunities for prevention, early detection, and therapy. The potential for prevention has been realized by introduction of prophylactic vaccines that are to prevent transmission of specific high-risk HPVs. Given, however, that these vaccines have no therapeutic efficacy and HPV-associated cervical cancers arise years if not decades after the initial infection, it has been estimated that there will be no measurable decline of HPV-associated tumors before 2040. Cervical cancer alone will be diagnosed in more than 375,000 US women between now and 2040. Other HPV-associated anogenital and head and neck cancers are predicted to afflict another 700,000 men and women over this time period. Hence, therapeutic efforts to combat high-risk HPV-associated disease remain of critical importance.


Reform of the welfare sector is an important yet difficult challenge for all countries in transition from socialist central planning to market-oriented democracies. Here a scholar of the economics of socialism and post-socialist transition and a health economist take on this challenge. This 2001 book offers health sector reform recommendations for ten countries of Eastern Europe, drawn consistently from a set of explicit guiding principles. After discussing sector-specific characteristics, lessons of international experience, and the main set of initial conditions, the authors advocate reforms based on organized public financing for basic care, private financing for supplementary care, pluralistic delivery of services, and managed competition. Policymakers need to achieve a balance, both assuring social solidarity through universal access to basic health services and expanding individual choice and responsibility through voluntary supplemental insurance. The authors also consider the problems that undermine effectiveness of market-based competition in the health sector.


The regulatory influence of the rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Ag-B complex) on the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes was investigated. It was shown that the effector cells were specific for the original Ag-B phenotype in rat systems in which the responder and stimulator cell populations were unquestionably MHC identical but expressed different minor alloantigens of viral antigens. However, combined in vivo immunization and restimulation in culture of lymphocytes from rat strains previously thought to be MHC compatible resulted in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes which effectively lyse not only target cells from the specific stimulating strains but also, to varying degrees, target cells from third party strains regardless of their Ag-B haplotypes. Genetic analysis indicates that expression of these cytotoxic T-cell-defined ("CT") antigens, found on both T and B lymphocytes, detectable thus far only with cytotoxic lymphocytes, is controlled by a single locus which segregates in backcross populations with the rat MHC. Discrepancies between the nature of CT antigens of the rat Ag-B and I-region specificities of the mouse H-2 are discussed.


A model analyzing the economics of sheep farming is formulated. The basic idea is simple. Sheep are capital and they are held by farmers as long as their capital value exceeds their slaughter, or meat, value. Farmers are therefore portfolio managers aiming to find the optimal combination of different categories of animals. Yields are compared with the yields from other assets. The model is formulated within a Northern Scandinavian economic and biological setting with a crucial distinction between the outdoors grazing season and the indoors season, and with adult sheep and lambs being different categories. In the first step, the management problem is analyzed with only the meat income of the farmers taken into account. In the next step, income from wool production is considered as well. The analysis provides several results that differ from standard harvesting theory. Copyright 2008 International Association of Agricultural Economists.


Low-productivity, subsistence-smallholder agriculture everywhere faces tremendous new challenges, in addition to decades-old constraints. Smallholders are threatened by being bypassed by the rise and dominance of domestic and global value chains (DVCs, GVCs). They are also being threatened by global warming, which is already rewriting the basic parameters of temperature and precipitation on which their entire activities depend. These global forces are much too powerful for any farming or livestock enterprise, no matter how rich, to adjust to and thrive without assistance. For subsistence smallholders adjustment is particularly hard. By Isabelle Tsakok


As sociologists look into the new century for sources of explanatory leverage, we argue that small group research contains untapped theoretical potential. Small groups have been largely ignored as a topic in their own right; instead they are treated as a black box in which other social phenomena are observed. We propose a reassessment. By opening the black box, sociologists will find that the core issues of the discipline come together in small groups. We draw together the literatures of five domains, across which the findings on small groups are fragmented. These findings show that small groups are the locus of both social control and social change, where networks are formed, culture is created, and status order is made concrete. We refer to these as the controlling, contesting, organizing, representing, and allocating features of small groups. As the cross-roads where agency meets structure, small groups offer the micro foundations for a twenty-first century sociological agenda.


Surface energy balance of a glacier governs the physical processes taking place at the surface-atmosphere interface and connects ice ablation/accumulation to climate variability. To understand the response of Himalayan glaciers to climatic variability, a study was taken to formulate energy balance equation on two of the Indian Himalayan glaciers, one each from Indus and Ganga basins, which have different climatic and physiographic conditions. Study was carried out over Gangotri glacier (Ganga basin) and Chhota Shigri(CS) glacier from Chandra sub-basin (Indus basin). Gangotri glacier is one of the largest glaciers in the central Himalaya located in Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand, India. Chhota Shigri glacier of Chandra sub-basin lies in Lahaul and Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Energy balance components have been computed using inputs derived from satellite data, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) data and field measurements. Different components of energy balance computed are net radiation (includes net shortwave and net longwave radiation), sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. In this study comparison has been made for each of the above energy balance components as well as total energy for the above glaciers for the months of November and December, 2011. It is observed that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 43 % in comparison to Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 77 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 66 % in the month of November 2011. Comparison in the month of December shows that net radiation in Gangotri glacier is higher by approximately 22 % from Chhota Shigri glacier; Sensible heat flux is lesser by 90 %; Latent heat flux is higher by 3 %.Total energy received at the glacier surface and contributes for melting is estimated to be around 32 % higher in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier in November, 2011 and 1.25 % higher in December, 2011. The overall results contribute towards higher melting rate in November and December, 2011 in Gangotri than Chhota Shigri glacier.


With 1429 animal species, the Triassic Cassian Formation in the Dolomites, Southern Alps (Italy), yields the highest species richness reported from any spatially constrained pre‐Quaternary formation known to science. The high preserved diversity is partly attributable to a high primary diversity governed by the tropical setting, increasing alpha diversity, and the breadth of habitats spurring beta diversity. More important is the excellent preservation of fossils and the ease with which they can be extracted from the poorly lithified sediments. We propose the term 'liberation Lagerstätten' to capture this preservational window. In contrast to conservation Lagerstätten, liberation Lagerstätten like the Cassian Formation originate from normal marine conditions but low‐grade diagenesis. Molluscs contribute substantially to species richness, comprising 67% of all invertebrate species in the Cassian Formation. The gastropod dominance (39% of all species) is nearly as great as in Recent tropical settings, contradicting the concept of a substantial Cenozoic rise.


War, occupation, and famine in the aftermath of World War I pushed aside lofty constitutional debates about democracy and civil liberties that had begun in 1906. As Nikki Keddie has argued, the central government in Tehran weakened and tribal chiefs and landlords reasserted their power. Also, inspired by the events in the north and the emergence of the Soviet Union, a variety of autonomous movements emerged in the country. In response, Britain encouraged a coup led by Reza Khan and Seyyed Zia al-Din that could bring about a strong central government, one that was capable of suppressing "leftist or autonomous movement." Constitutional monarchy came to a halt soon after Reza Shah Pahlavi (r.1925-41) established the Pahlavi monarchy in 1925 and expanded his prerogative through military control. By the early 1930s, Reza Shah had subverted the democratic process and dramatically reduced the constitutional authority of the Parliament. Ministers and MPs relinquished many of their constitutionally allocated rights, while the shah gained greater authority.


Quantum codes with low-weight stabilizers known as LDPC codes have been actively studied recently due to their potential applications in fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, all families of quantum LDPC codes known to this date suffer from a poor distance scaling limited by the square-root of the code length. This is in a sharp contrast with the classical case where good families of LDPC codes are known that combine constant encoding rate and linear distance. Here we propose the first family of good quantum codes with low-weight stabilizers. The new codes have a constant encoding rate, linear distance, and stabilizers acting on at most O(√n) qubits, where n is the code length. For comparison, all previously known families of good quantum codes have stabilizers of linear weight. Our proof combines two techniques: randomized constructions of good quantum codes and the homological product operation from algebraic topology. We conjecture that similar methods can produce good stabilizer codes with stabilizer weight O(nα) for any α > 0.


These sympsium remarks are a discussion of themes running through the Constitution, how the FMA, if adopted, might affect those themes, and why we ought to care. I first demonstrate that our Constitution is a thematic document, filled with broad, recognizable, and (mostly) coherent concepts. Separation of powers, representative democracy, federalism, individual liberty, and equality come readily to mind. I then explain that the thematic nature and the inter-coherence of these themes is critical in two ways: to identify those values held to be fundamental in our society, and to assist in the interpretation of the Constitution. The themes in the Constitution give life and meaning to its words and phrases. Next, I show how the FMA would be a rather peculiar amendment to the Constitution because it runs contrary to three existing constitutional themes (federalism, individual liberty, and equality) while furthering no other identifiable theme in the document. I explore what impact the FMA might have on the development of new constitutional themes and what adverse effects the FMA's abridgment of existing themes might have. For example, could the FMA's restriction of state power over marriage, coupled with its emphasis on traditional marriage, lend support for an expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause that would allow Congress to outlaw divorce? Or for a requirement that any candidate for federal office be married? I conclude by suggesting that these questions and risks counsel strongly against adoption of the FMA as proposed.


The effectiveness of ground-based, wireless tactical data networks is often constrained by limitations such as communication range and line-of-sight. SATCOM is not always available because it is relatively expensive and highly contended. Data ferrying is an alternative method of data transfer in which data is uploaded from one network to a manned or unmanned vehicle, then the vehicle is driven or flown to within range of a second network where the data can be downloaded. Data ferrying via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can transport data over very rugged terrain without risking the safety of a human courier. This paper describes an implementation of data ferrying to provide low-cost, effective data communications between remote ground units and Forward Operating Bases in austere environments. It describes a field experiment in which a ground vehicle was used to wirelessly ferry data in a realistic scenario, and points out the lessons learned from that experiment.


Italy and Libya hold a close relationship, and the migrations flow across the Mediterranean only deepens it. In August 2008 both countries signed a Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation. Among other things, it called for deeper cooperation to fight illegal immigration. However, the scenario of potential cooperation changed quite significantly in 2011, in the context of the Arab Spring. In 2011 Libya faced growing waves of denouncements that questioned the longevity of Muammar Gaddafi's regime and its deep sectarianism. This led to an end his 42-yearold government and put the country in a civil war situation. The authoritarian resilience was broken in Libya, so was the rigid control of its borders. Both countries are still looking for a way to deal with Libya's border porosity and Italy's difficulty to deal properly with those who come looking for aid. Bearing in mind the importance of these events, we should ask: how did the Libyan Spring impact The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya of 2008? In February 2017, Italy and Libya signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on cooperation that deals, along with other topics, with illegal immigration. The recently signed MoU signals for some negative impacts from the Libyan Arab Spring and civil war on its relations with Italy as well as for the migration flows across the Mediterranean. The methodology used to guide our analysis consists of a bibliographic and documentary study, using supporting data and statistics available on official sources.


The main focus of downsizing has shifted from the private to the public sector. The cutbacks began in the Department of Defense. Now the goal is a federal civilian workforce reduction of 12 percent by the year 2000. This pioneering study looks at the management of workforce reductions in the public sector both in theory and in practice. Three case studies -- of the Defense Logistics Agency, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Food and Drug Administration -- illustrate the organizational, managerial, and human dimensions of attempting to improve performance with reduced resources. The author draws on extensive interviews with senior executives and middle managers in the three agencies; at the General Accounting Office, the Office of Personnel Management, and the National Performance Review; the Senior Executives Association and the Federal Managers Association; and scholars and researchers. In a larger sense, this work pushes the boundaries of knowledge concerning organizational change and makes a significant contribution to organization theory. It offers important new insights not only for public sector managers but for organization theorists and management specialists whose work on downsizing has been presumed but not shown to be applicable to the public sector.


Access to many of the world's leading user facilities is easier than ever before, with web-based tutorials providing everything from instrumental overviews and example applications to online safety training. Submission of proposals for experiment time at large, heavily subscribed facilities, including synchrotron and neutron sources, has been streamlined with web-based submission. Support, which is commonly the key to successful experiments, is provided by facility staff and experienced users, allowing new users to begin experiments with minimal experience. Increasingly Earth scientists are taking advantage of the wide range of unique instrumentation at user facilities. Here, we explain how you can, too.


Every day 1.8+ billion images are being uploaded to Facebook, Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat, and WhatsApp [6]. The exponential growth of visual media has made quality assessment become increasingly important for various applications, from image acquisition, synthesis, restoration, and enhancement, to image search and retrieval, storage, and recognition. There have been two related but different classes of visual quality assessment techniques: image quality assessment (IQA) and image aesthetics assessment (IAA). As perceptual assessment tasks, subjective IQA and IAA share some common underlying factors that affect user judgments. Moreover, they are similar in methodology (especially NR-IQA in-the-wild and IAA). However, the emphasis for each is different: IQA focuses on low-level defects e.g. processing artefacts, noise, and blur, while IAA puts more emphasis on abstract and higher-level concepts that capture the subjective aesthetics experience, e.g. established photographic rules encompassing lighting, composition, and colors, and personalized factors such as personality, cultural background, age, and emotion. IQA has been studied extensively over the last decades [3, 14, 22]. There are three main types of IQA methods: full-reference (FR), reduced-reference (RR), and no-reference (NR). Among these, NRIQA is the most challenging as it does not depend on reference images or impose strict assumptions on the distortion types and level. NR-IQA techniques can be further divided into those that predict the global image score [1, 2, 10, 17, 26] and patch-based IQA [23, 25], naming a few of the more recent approaches.


Cycling of organic carbon in marine sediments is of fundamental importance for marine ecosystem function, for marine and atmospheric chemistry, for the petroleum and natural gas industry, and for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental studies. While most of this carbon is derived from marine and terrestrial sources, significant
improvements in mapping and remote investigation have revealed that seabed fluid flow, principally in the form of thermogenic or microbial methane, is also of fundamental importance. In this thesis, the cycling of organic carbon at a number of sites in Irish waters was conducted, with a focus on recently mapped seabed seepage features. A spatial study of the distribution of lipid biomarkers in surface sediments and water column plankton in the western Irish Sea revealed zonation in diatom, zooplankton and dinoflagellate biomass and detrital input in line with hydrographic
zonation and seasonal primary production (Chapter 2). Active gas seepage was recorded from carbonate mounds at the Codling Fault Zone, western Irish Sea as well as extensive eroded nodules, largely covered hard ground pavements, patches of anoxic seabed and extensive fossil tube worms and colonising hydroids. Analysis of retrieved samples has confirmed that these hard grounds are methane-derived authogenic carbonates and that anaerobic oxidation of methane is likely a significant process at this site (Chapter 3). The microbial diversity at a large composite but apparently dormant pockmark in the Malin Sea, NW Ireland was found to be dominated by non-seepage associated microbes and suggests a shift in population structure over a pockmarks lifetime. Bacterial species diversity was low and
dominated by Psychrobacter and Sulfitobacter genera, although downcore microdiversity is apparent and could indicate niche specialisation with depth (Chapter
4). A shallow pockmark field in Dunmanus Bay was found to coincide with regions of acoustic gas signatures in the upper 3 m of seabed. This has been confirmed to be gas,
which most likely accumulated below fine-grained impermeable muddy sediment. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that gaseous products, including methane, are produced in situ rather than transported from the subsurface, suggesting that the role of microbial activity in pockmark formation in this setting could be underestimated(Chapter 5).


A substantial literature has evolved focusing on the ownership structure of international strategic alliances (ISAs). Most of the relevant studies are theoretical in nature and concentrate on the conceptual factors that influence the choice between equity and non-equity structures. A smaller number of studies provide some empirical evidence on the importance of some of the conceptual factors. The theoretical literature highlights the potential influence of relational capital and transaction costs as determinants of ISA structure; however, there is little empirical evidence on the relative importance of these potential determinants. Moreover, there is only limited and indirect evidence bearing upon the impact of host country governance attributes on ISA ownership structure. In this study, we provide statistical evidence on the importance of potential determinants of governance mode choice for a sample of ISAs involving Danish firms. Our study documents how the determinants of governance mode choice vary in importance depending upon the "quality" of the governance infrastructure of the host country.


Enzymes as tools in organic synthesis have provided enormous advantages. This thesis deals with the applications of enzymes in the kinetic resolutions of racemic compounds. The stereochemistry of chiral compounds and the kinetics of α/β hydrolase lipases are presented. From a practical point of view, the handling of a large number of parameters that influences the kinetic resolutions, especially enantioselectivity (E-value) are systematically described. A variety of approaches employed for raising the yields to over 50% are additionally discussed. Methods for the preparation of synthetically useful chiral building blocks were developed in this thesis. Thus, resolution of secondary alcohols bearing two vicinal stereocentres are studied. These building blocks can serve as starting materials for the synthesis of various enantiomerically pure compounds for agrochemistry, pharmaceuticals, chemical industry, and particularly for the total synthesis of pheromones. Racemic 3-substitued 2-hydroxybutane derivatives were produced in fairly high diastereomeric purities by a variety of chemical approaches, such as epimerization, metal-catalysed asymmetric addition etc. Kinetic resolution of these racemates was achieved by enzyme-catalysed reactions. Two lipases, Candida antarctica lipase B and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase were found to be useful in acylations as well as hydrolyses. In the biotransformations studied, the presence and nature of the second vicinal stereocentre in the chiral secondary alcohols investigated seemed to be important, e.g. in terms of the efficiencies of sequential kinetic resolutions, and altering the selectivities as well.


The Quechua offerings in the South of Peru are banquets dedicated to the Pachamama and the Apus, and at the same time, are elaborated mathematical systems controlled by sophisticated operations. Using two principal numbers, 3 and 4, the religious specialist is capable of transmitting polysemic messages. Through the number 3, the religious specialist refers to the people, landscapes and mountains, in sum, to «persons» able to interact among themselves. The number 3 appears in the k'intus, composed of coca leaves, also in the prayers said during the process of the offering ritual. On the contrary, the number 4 does not indicate relationships but spatial forms: it is a geometrical operator that is constructed of the ceremonial square napkin (unk'una) and paper in which the offering is completely wrapped to make the offering a miniature world, containing the «four directions of the world.» Using these numbers, the religious specialist can recreate the cosmos, establish covenants with the gods and define new situations favorable to the life of Quechuas.


Françoise Dieterlen-Lièvre is probably the scientist who has most contributed to our basic knowledge of developmental hematopoiesis. She has dedicated her career to answering cutting edge questions on the origin of hematopoietic stem cells in the embryo. Her seminal contributions, widely recognized by the scientific community, have paved the way for generations of developmental hematologists questioning the origins of hematopoietic stem cells. After having demonstrated the intra-embryonic origin of hematopoietic stem cells, established the dual origin of the endothelial network in the embryo and revealed the hematopoietic function of the allantois in birds, she has switched to mammals and contributed to demonstrating that the aorta and allantois/placenta are new sites of hematopoietic production in the mouse embryo. The manifold insights generated by the pivotal work of Françoise Dieterlen-Lièvre have created multiple paradigm shifts which continue to challenge the field of developmental hematopoiesis.