This
thesis considers the social context of Southern Aegean lithic technology
during the fourth - third millennia B.C., focusing on the socio-political significance
accorded the production and consumption of obsidian blades from the later Neolithic -
Early Bronze Age.
In Section One (Chapters One-Five) past work on Aegean obsidian is examined
critically. Through drawing on data generated by recent surveys and excavations in the
southern mainland, the Cyclades and Crete, it is argued that from the later Neolithic -
EBII, the working of obsidian shifted from a community-wide basis to being located
within a restricted number of settlements. These latter sites, due to their size and
associated material culture, are suggested regional centres, acting as loci for skilled
knappers and the dissemination of their products. This ability to influence or directly
control such individuals is claimed to have played a role in the development of social
inequality.
The central part of the thesis, Section Two (Chapters Six-Nine) discusses the
appearance of fine obsidian blades within the EBI Cycladic burial record, arguing that
this new mode of consumption provides a context where one can see the
reconceptualisation and political appropriation of lithic technology. The regular
association of obsidian blades with materials associated with body modification and
personal display suggest their use in depilation and scarification: the physical
manifestation of an individual's political identity. This role, however, has to be seen as
largely symbolic, as microwear analysis shows that these blades were generally interred
unused and in such fresh state to suggest that most were produced specifically for burial.
Finally, it is considered that the pan-Southern Aegean adoption of this funerary
habit, from the late EBI onwards, was largely the result of social processes, namely the long-distance voyaging that formed such an important factor in forging and articulating
ideology and cosmology in the Early Cycladic world. The appearance of this burial
practice beyond the Cyclades is investigated in the context of contemporary socialrelations
and a number of other variables that may have affected the act's meaning in
regions such as the Mesara of Southern Crete.
Section Three (Chapters Ten-Twelve) deals with those sites where notably
higher concentrations of 'Cycladica' have led to suggestions that something above and
beyond trade and exchange was responsible for creating the archaeological record: that
of physical movement and colonisation. Through my studies it has been recognised that
a number of subtly different techniques were employed to produce the fine pressureflaked
blades from both domestic and mortuary contexts, some of which have quite
specific temporal and spatial distributions. The chipped stone from the three cemeteries
central to this controversy: Aghia Photia, Archanes and Manika, were analysed in the
context of their relationship to contemporary lithic technology in the Cyclades. Detailed,
holistic, contextual analyses have produced remarkably positive results, implying the
presence of an immigrant population at the former site, whilst the material from the
latter two communities can be largely explained through the adoption and manipulation
of exotic social practices. As with every aspect of this thesis' work, these results are
then discussed in the light of broader southern Aegean political issues.


The treatment of allergies often involves pharmacological therapy and recommendations by healthcare workers that the allergen should be avoided. Allergen-specific immunotherapy has emerged as an alternative to effectively decrease the immunoglobulin (Ig) E:IgG4 ratio. Two routes of administration are described, namely subcutaneous immunotherapy, which has always been considered to be the gold standard of treatment, and sublingual immunotherapy, which has recently been shown to have fewer systemic side-effects and improved compliance by patients.


Background

To evaluate the associations of impaction patterns of mandibular third molars (M3Ms) with pathologies caused by them.
Methods

In this study, 262 patients with 432 impacted M3Ms were included. The pathologies include pericoronitis, mandibular second molar (M2M) caries, and M2M distal periodontal pathology. The impaction patterns of M3Ms and the pathologies were examined, and the M2Ms outcomes after the surgeries were evaluated. χ2 test was used to analyze the data and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results

Pericoronitis was the major symptom in all patients, whereas the propensities of M2M distal caries and periodontal pathologies increased in older patients. Soft tissue impacted and vertically angulated teeth were more associated with the pericoronitis (p < 0.05); Mesio-angular impacted teeth in less deep positions had greater risks of M2Ms distal caries (p < 0.05); Mesio-angular and horizontal impacted teeth in relative deep positions were more likely to cause M2Ms distal periodontal pathologies (p < 0.05).
Conclusions

Extractions of soft tissue impacted teeth in vertical angulations should be considered. While removals of mesially and horizontally angulated or bony impacted teeth could be delayed.


This discussion examines the growing relationship between cinematic texts and the theme-park industry. Primarily focused on the post-classical period in Hollywood and its relationship to theme-park environments, this thesis analyses the evolution of the movie-based attraction from a passive retelling into an immersive and inclusive experience. The post-classical cinematic style, usually identified with the contemporary blockbuster movie, has its origins in the sensory experience of early cinema. I draw similarities between the two eras, emphasising the distinctiveness of a modern "cinema of attractions" that develops as films and theme-park rides become more closely intertwined. I elaborate the concepts of "immersion" and "inclusion" to describe and explain this process, identifying these as the distinguishing features of the evolving relationship between movies and theme-park attractions. Film-based attractions such as Back to the Future (1985), Star Wars (1977-2015) and Avatar (2009) exemplify how immersive and inclusive techniques are developed out of post-classical film aesthetics in order to enhance the affective experience of customers. Similarly, attraction-to-film adaptations, such as Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean franchise (2003-present), combine immersion and inclusion with strategies of narrativization, incorporating film and attraction into a unified and self-referring storytelling world.


The incompatible trace element‐enriched Stannern‐trend eucrites have long been recognized as requiring a distinct petrogenesis from the Main Group‐Nuevo Laredo (MGNL) eucrites. Barrat et al. ( ) proposed that Stannern‐trend eucrites formed via assimilation of crustal partial melts by a MGNL‐trend magma. Previous experimental studies of low‐degree partial melting of eucrites did not produce sufficiently large melt pools for both major and trace element analyses. Low‐degree partial melts produced near the solidus are potentially the best analog to the assimilated crustal melts. We partially melted the unbrecciated, unequilibrated MGNL‐trend eucrite NWA 8562 in a 1 atm gas‐mixing furnace, at IW‐0.5, and at temperatures between 1050 and 1200 °C. We found that low‐degree partial melts formed at 1050 °C are incompatible trace element enriched, although the experimental melts did not reach equilibrium at all temperatures. Using our experimental melt compositions and binary mixing modeling, the FeO/MgO trend of the resultant magmas coincides with the range of known Stannern‐trend eucrites when a primary magma is contaminated by crustal partial melts. When experimental major element compositions for eucritic crustal partial melts are combined with trace element concentrations determined by previous modeling (Barrat et al. ), the Stannern‐trend can be replicated with respect to both major, minor, and trace element concentrations.


Nearly all mammals possess internal clocks that synchronize with the day-night cycles of their environments. These circadian clocks help temporally segregate competing or incompatible physiological processes to anticipated appropriate times of the day. As the mammalian clock system is principally regulated by transcription factors, numerous previous studies have sought to characterize gene-transcript oscillations as a primary means of gaining insight into what pathways are controlled by the clock. However, most studies have only examined one or two specific tissue types at a time, often with suboptimal sampling resolution. Little work has been done to analyze clock control at the organism level. Furthermore, despite the apparent importance of circadian rhythms in nearly all major physiological processes, actionable medical knowledge has been difficult to extract. This lack of translational insight is not due to a simple lack of data, but rather to gaps in assembling a big picture from scattered data and to deficiencies in analytical methods. The goal of this dissertation was to overcome these shortcomings by forging a comprehensive atlas of the mammalian circadian transcriptome. High-throughput techniques were used to identify circadian transcript rhythms at a high sampling resolution in twelve different organs. This work brought to light critical systemic roles of the mammalian circadian clock at the organism level, while providing a blueprint for future advancements in chronotherapy. Findings from this work have actionable implications for the dosing of many important drugs. An algorithm for analyzing gene-phase set enrichment was also developed to address insufficiencies in existing methods. Applying this algorithm to earlier data uncovered insights into the relative timing of circadian genes that were missed when using existing methods. Further mining of data from other labs revealed unexpected findings that challenge current paradigms in the field. Taken in sum, the work presented in this dissertation is an evaluation into how our internal clocks schedule the myriad aspects of our physiology on a daily basis, with striking ramifications for clinical medicine. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Genomics & Computational Biology First Advisor John B. Hogenesch


The use of diagrams in contemporary architecture appears as the result of a will to elaborate new systems of analysis and design. The diagram finds its place between idea and design, and it is a guarantee against returning to the imagery of closed classical aesthetics. In diagramatic architecture, the information about everyday human life is taken as the basic structure, which is then transformed into form. Diagrams are closely related to the capacities and discoveries of vision and representation. The diagrams from Dutch architecture were reborn from the Habraken proposal for "shared design", where diagrams in which geometric patterns are added are used, with a free arrangement of interchangeable elements like those used by MVRDV . In the sixties, Christopher Alexander developed diagrams through patterns which took into account the experiences of people. His methodological construction is a synthesis of English psychologism. Peter Eisenman has made use of the diagrams method from a formal point of view, without any relationship to functionality and context, advocating conception through transformation. For Kazuyo Sejima, diagrams are useful for relating activities with spaces, departing from Modernist floor schemes and opting to identify each space with its structure. Diagrams will only be able to evolve if they are able to integrate the vitality and experience of human activities, as well as the diversity of contemporary knowledge.


In this study, we characterized the influence of genotype and bud position on seasonal changes in freezing tolerance (FT, LT50) and soluble sugars, especially raffinose, and the affect of artificial deacclimation in buds of three field-grown cultivars over two years. Generally, basal buds were more freeze tolerant, and the cold-hardy cultivars Couderc 3309 (3309C; Vitis riparia x V. rupestris) and Concord (CD; V. labruscana) had the lowest LT50 compared to the cold-sensitive Cabernet franc (CF; V. vinifera). Among all sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose had strong correlation with LT50, but distinctive responses associated with bud position and cultivar were related to raffinose. Basal buds accumulated the most raffinose, and raffinose concentrations were two- to three-fold higher in the cold-hardy CD and 3309C than those in the cold-sensitive CF. Furthermore, CD and 3309C started accumulating raffinose with decreasing photoperiod prior to exposure to cold temperature, resulting in an early increase of FT. These results suggest that raffinose accumulation might be an early step in the process of cold acclimation that coincides with early development of FT. We concluded that bud raffinose concentration might be a useful detection tool and a metabolic marker during the early stages of cold acclimation to distinguish various Vitis genotypes with contrasting FT.


In the evaluation of a petroleum reserve, it is necessary to determine accurately certain petrophysical properties such as porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. These properties are affected by the relevant mechanical properties. Such mechanical properties affect also the drilling programs and the development plans for a reservoir. It is more convenient to use homogenous rock samples with nearly constant initial permeability, obtaining such cores is very difficult. In this paper a simulated natural and homogeneous compacted sandstone rock with known mechanical and petrophysical properties were used. The mechanical properties include grain size, cementing material concentration, and compaction (confining) pressure. The effect of these properties on the petrophysical properties of Rock such as permeability and porosity were also known. For the same simulated natural sandstone rocks, Sound wave velocity was measured using an ultra sound tool. Good relationships have been developed between sound wave velocity and other rock properties; porosity, permeability, cementing condition at different confining pressures. The sandstone cores have been grouped according grain size to five groups ranged between 45 and 300 µm mixed with different concentrations of cementing material. The mixture was compacted at three different compaction pressure ranges from 11000 to 23000 psi. These varying lithification factors gave these sandstone rocks a wide range of petrophysical and mechanical properties. The results of this study were presented as graphs of simulated lithification factors, porosity, and permeability versus sound wave velocity.


This thesis investigates black holes in string theory through string amplitudes and through gauge-gravity duality. The research presented in this thesis supports the claim that string theory is capable of a consistent quantum-mechanical description of black holes and develops techniques which may prove useful in testing this claim in new scenarios. The thesis comprises two parts. Part I describes novel disk amplitudes which derive the supergravity elds sourced by a D-brane with a travelling wave, and Part II describes free particle structures arising in a matrix model which is related through gauge-gravity duality to asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes. The disk amplitudes calculated in Part I provide a direct connection between the microscopic worldsheet description of a D-brane with a travelling wave and its macroscopic supergravity description. A D-brane carrying a travelling wave can be mapped via string dualities to the two-charge D1-D5 black hole and this research opens up the possibility to use these techniques to study the three-charge D1-D5-P black hole. Part II of the thesis identi es free particle descriptions of non-holomorphic operators in a complex matrix model derived from dimensional reduction of N = 4 Super-Yang-Mills theory. This research generalizes the free particle description in the half-BPS sector of this theory which was realized in supergravity and enabled studies of the microscopics of singular geometries. The free particle descriptions have been derived at zero gauge coupling; if these or similar structures are also present at strong coupling this research could be used to study the microscopics of non-extremal asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes.


Sustainable development is a growing area of interest in organisations. Particularly those that have large energy demands for processing, use dwindling raw materials or produce a great deal of waste through production. Knowing those processes that can contribute to making an organisation more sustainable provides a great advantage both in terms of project implementation success and in measurable Triple Bottom Line returns. In previous research we identified that many of the Information Technology processes used to assist organisations in developing sustainable practices were more clearly suited as Knowledge Management processes (Van Der Meer and Sinnappan, 2008), however less empirical study has been done to categorise them meaningfully. In this study we have taken these Knowledge Management processes and categorised them according to the sustainable development practice where we identify they can be of service based on Waage et al (2003). Through this we are hoping to develop a framework for organisations to determine what Knowledge Management processes are needed to achieve the particular sustainable development. We may also be able to judge what steps an organisation needs to take to develop further sustainable practices in other areas. Development of a framework for knowledge management tools in sustainable development would assist industries in determining the best processes for these sustainable projects. This framework also contributes to the body of knowledge on sustainable development and Information Technology.


Ontogenetic changes in dry weight, elemental composition (CHN) and activities of digestive enzymes (total protease, amylase) were studied through the moulting cycles of all larval stages (zoea I-II, megalopa; ZI, ZII, M) of the spider crab Maja brachydactyla Balss 1922 reared in the laboratory. All analyses were performed in single larvae to evaluate individual variability. Digestive enzyme activities were analysed by fluorometry. Changes in dry weight were only in premoult M statistically significant, whereas no differences were observed among Z and postmoult M (Fig. 1). No clear pattern was observed in the elemental composition (CHN in % of DW). An increase in enzyme activities throughout development was observed, although no statistically significant differences were found. Amylase (Fig. 2) and total protease activities were different among M moulting stages, being highest at premoult and lowest at intermoult. It seems that high individual variability (high standard errors) masked ontogenical changes in digestive enzyme activities, since previous data obtained from larval pools using spectophotometry analyses indicated that total protease and amylase activities were significantly higher between ZI and M. Despite lacking significance, the present study shows that different moulting stages presented different physiological conditions, and therefore, nutritional requirements may undergo marked changes during larval moult cycles. Hence, moulting stages must be taken into account in future studies to evaluate the nutritional condition of crustacean larvae.


—Vandermonde-subspace frequency division multi-plexing (VFDM) is an overlay spectrum sharing technique for cognitive radio. VFDM makes use of a precoder based on a Vandermonde structure to transmit information over a secondary system, while keeping an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based primary system interference-free. To do so, VFDM exploits frequency selectivity and the use of cyclic prefixes by the primary system. Herein, a global view of VFDM is presented, including also practical aspects such as linear receivers and the impact of channel estimation. We show that VFDM provides a spectral efficiency increase of up to 1 bps/Hz over cognitive radio systems based on unused band detection. We also present some key design parameters for its future implementation and a feasible channel estimation protocol. Finally we show that, even when some of the theoretical assumptions are relaxed, VFDM provides non-negligible rates while protecting the primary system.


Neurocritical Care is a peer reviewed scientific publication whose major goal is to disseminate new knowledge on all aspects of acute neurological care. It is directed towards neurosurgeons, neuro-intensivists, neurologists, anesthesiologists, emergency physicians, and critical care nurses treating patients with urgent neurologic disorders. These are conditions that may potentially evolve rapidly and could need immediate medical or surgical intervention. Neurocritical Care provides a comprehensive overview of current developments in intensive care neurology, neurosurgery and neuroanesthesia and includes information about new therapeutic avenues and technological innovations. Neurocritical Care is the official journal of the Neurocritical Care Society.


Abstract
 The objective of this study was to determine the spatial patterns and associations of the South American fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann); Diptera: Tephritidae) and its parasitoids in organic orchards of common guava and pineapple guava. The field study was conducted from Feb to Mar 2010 in 2 organically-managed orchards, one of common guava (Psidium guajava L.) (Myrtaceae) and the other of pineapple guava [Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret] (Myrtaceae), in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state, Brazil. Fruits were sampled from all trees at 2 sampling occasions, spaced 15 days apart, just before fruits were in the final maturation period. On each tree, 10 fruits were randomly collected from the entire canopy and held in the laboratory until the flies had pupated. Heterogeneity of insect count data was analyzed by fitting theoretical distributions to the data and calculating dispersion indices. The spatial arrangement was evaluated with SADIE. Local spatial associations were measured using a SADIE association index (I t a). In a common guava orchard the emerged individuals were A. fraterculus, and its parasitoid, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Par) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with a parasitism rate of 8.3%. The same 2 species occurred in a pineapple guava orchard, where the parasitism rate was 25.5%. The variances of the data for both the A. fraterculus and D. areolatus were greater than the corresponding means for most cases, hence the significance of both the dispersion index (I) and the values of k of the negative binomial suggested an aggregated distribution pattern. On the other hand, the clustering indices (v i. and v j ) and I t a suggested a random spatial pattern of A. fraterculus and the parasitoid for most situations (orchards and sampling times). Spatial association indices revealed significant associations for 5 of the 12 pair-wise comparisons, 3 in the common guava orchard and 2 in the pineapple guava orchard.


The problem of organizing information for multidocument summarization so that the generated summary is coherent has received relatively little attention. While sentence ordering for single document summarization can be determined from the ordering of sentences in the input article, this is not the case for multidocument summarization where summary sentences may be drawn from different input articles. In this paper, we propose a methodology for studying the properties of ordering information in the news genre and describe experiments done on a corpus of multiple acceptable orderings we developed for the task. Based on these experiments, we implemented a strategy for ordering information that combines constraints from chronological order of events and topical relatedness. Evaluation of our augmented algorithm shows a significant improvement of the ordering over two baseline strategies.


Although coexistence of blaNDM-5 and mcr-1 in Escherichia coli has been reported, little is known about the fitness and virulence of such strains. Three carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (GZ1, GZ2, and GZ3) successively isolated from one patient in 2015 were investigated for microbiological fitness and virulence. GZ1 and GZ2 were also resistant to colistin. To verify the association between plasmids and fitness, growth kinetics of the transconjugants were performed. We also analyzed genomic sequences of GZ2 and GZ3 using PacBio sequencing. GZ1 and GZ2 (ST10) co-harbored blaNDM-5 and mcr-1, while GZ3 (ST4981) carried only blaNDM-5. GZ3 demonstrated significantly more rapid growth (P < 0.001) and overgrew GZ2 with a competitive index of 1.0157 (4 h) and 2.5207 (24 h). Increased resistance to serum killing and mice mortality was also identified in GZ3. While GZ2 had four plasmids (IncI2, IncX3, IncHI2, IncFII), GZ3 possessed one plasmid (IncFII). The genetic contexts of blaNDM-5 in GZ2 and GZ3 were identical but inserted into different backbones, IncX3 (102,512 bp) and IncFII (91,451 bp), respectively. The growth was not statistically different between the transconjugants with mcr-1 or blaNDM-5 plasmid and recipient (P = 0.6238). Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that 28 virulence genes were specific to GZ3, potentially contributing to increased virulence of GZ3. Decreased fitness and virulence in a mcr-1 and blaNDM-5 co-harboring ST10 E. coli was found alongside a ST4981 strain with only blaNDM-5. Acquisition of mcr-1 or blaNDM-5 plasmid did not lead to considerable fitness costs, indicating the potential for dissemination of mcr-1 and blaNDM-5 in Enterobacteriaceae.


Online gambling, unlike other offline addiction forms, provides unprecedented opportunities for monitoring users' behaviour in real-time, along with the ability to adapt persuasive interactions and messages that would match the gamblers usage and personal context. Online gambling industry usually offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that are mainly intended to allow third-party applications to interact with their services and enhance user's experience. In this article, we claim that such API's can also be utilised to retrieve gamblers' online data, such as browsing and betting history and other available offers, and use it to build more proactive and intelligent responsible gambling systems. We report on our experience in this field and make the argument that the available data for persuasive marketing and usability should, under certain usage conditions, also be made available for responsible online gambling services. We discuss the psychological foundations of our proposed approach and the risks and challenges typically identified when building such a software-assisted intervention, persuasion and emotion regulation technology. We also explain the potential impact of corporate social responsibility and data protection prospects. Furthermore, we explore the required principles that should be followed by the gambling industry for enabling responsible online gambling. We finally propose a conceptual architecture to show our vision and explain how it can be implemented. In the broader context, the article is intended to provide insights on building behavioural awareness and regulation information systems related to problematic digital media usage.


Soil water influences infiltration and runoff and consequently water quality. In situ measurements of soil water are critical for understanding hydrologic and water quality processes. Many advances have recently been made in soil water measurement techniques. In particular, instruments for estimating volumetric water content from measurements of soil electrical properties have become common. While the instruments have been shown to be good indicators of relative changes in soil water, questions remain regarding their ability to yield quantitative estimates. Most of these techniques rely on a limited set of calibration equations obtained through laboratory analysis of homogeneous soil materials (i.e., sand, silt, and clay). The accuracy of two capacitance‐based soil water probes was assessed for a range of Coastal Plain soils. The probes measure capacitive and conductive soil properties and relate these to water content through calibration. Calibration curves for three different Coastal Plain soils were developed. Laboratory tests indicate that the probes yield estimates of volumetric water content within ±0.05 cm3 cm−3 of the observed values for these soils. Greater variability was observed in comparisons with field observations. Results indicate that improved equations can be developed through soil‐specific laboratory calibration. The capacitance probes should prove to be useful tools for estimating volumetric water content in these soils. Additional work is required to quantify probe differences and the effects of soil conductivity on the measurements.


Si1-xGex is a good candidate as a substitute material for Si in a low-power and high-speed semiconductor device technologies. Optical devices, such as heterojunction bipolar transistors, are already in industrial production. The samples are grown on Si(001) with both n- and p-type impurities and with different Ge concentrations. The linear optical response of Si1-xGex is investigated theoretically using a full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method with respect to composition x. The calculated real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function ε(ω) = ε1(ω) + iε2(ω) were found to be in good agreement with recent spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements performed by Bahng et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, 777 (2001). We also perform absorption measurements for different type of samples showing the variation of energy gaps as a function of Ge concentrations.


The Delsarte-Goethals frame (DGF) has been proposed for deterministic compressive sensing of sparse and compressible signals. Results in compressive sensing theory show that the DGF enables successful recovery of an overwhelming majority of sufficiently sparse signals. However, these results do not give a characterization of the sparse vectors for which the recovery procedure fails. In this paper, we present a formal analysis of the DGF that highlights the presence of clustered sparse vectors within its null space. This in turn implies that sparse recovery performance is diminished for sparse vectors that have their nonzero entries clustered together. Such clustered structure is present in compressive imaging applications, where commonly-used raster scannings of 2-D discrete wavelet transform representations yield clustered sparse representations for natural images. Prior work leverages this structure by proposing specially tailored sparse recovery algorithms that partition the recovery of the input vector into known clustered and unclustered portions. Alternatively, we propose new randomized and deterministic raster scannings for clustered coefficient vectors that improve recovery performance. Experimental results verify the aforementioned analysis and confirm the predicted improvements for both noiseless and noisy measurement regimes.


Palaeomagnetic and structural investigations in the Rif arc of Morocco indicate that there have been large rotations associated with a pattern of outwardly directed thrusting. Rock magnetic experiments in conjunction with thermal and alternating field demagnetization demonstrate that eight sites in Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones along the Internal/External boundary have a stable remanent magnetization. This is, in most cases, rotated anticlockwise by as much as 100° from the expected Mesozoic declination but in the Tetuan area there are large clockwise rotations. Kinematic indicators from fault surfaces indicate the following. (1) In the eastern Rif there has been predominantly south-directed thrusting, partly overprinted by extensional and sinistral strike-slip faults. (2) At the eastern end of the N 70°E striking Jebha Fault zone there is a pattern of dominant sinistral NE-trending and subsidiary dextral SE-trending strike-slip faults, overprinted by normal faults while at the western end deformation consists largely of south directed thrusting. (3) In the northern section of the chain, where the structural trends are dominantly N-S, thrusting is directed W to NW. It is suggested that the data are best explained by differential motion and rotation of thrust sheets during outwardly directed thrusting around the arc.


BACKGROUND
The transition to dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) was complicated by an initial safety signal in May 2018 suggesting that exposure to dolutegravir at conception was possibly associated with infant neural tube defects. On the basis of additional evidence, in July 2019, the World Health Organization recommended dolutegravir for all adults and adolescents living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE
To describe dolutegravir uptake and disparities by sex and age group in LMICs.

DESIGN
Observational cohort study.

SETTING
87 sites that began using dolutegravir in 11 LMICs in the Asia-Pacific; Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet); and sub-Saharan African regions of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) consortium.

PATIENTS
134 672 patients aged 16 years or older who received HIV care from January 2017 through March 2020.

MEASUREMENTS
Sex, age group, and dolutegravir uptake (that is, newly initiating ART with dolutegravir or switching to dolutegravir from another regimen).

RESULTS
Differences in dolutegravir uptake among females of reproductive age (16 to 49 years) emerged after the safety signal. By the end of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of dolutegravir uptake among females 16 to 49 years old was 29.4% (95% CI, 29.0% to 29.7%) compared with 57.7% (CI, 57.2% to 58.3%) among males 16 to 49 years old. This disparity was greater in countries that began implementing dolutegravir before the safety signal and initially had highly restrictive policies versus countries with a later rollout. Dolutegravir uptake was similar among females and males aged 50 years or older.

LIMITATION
Follow-up was limited to 6 to 8 months after international guidelines recommended expanding access to dolutegravir.

CONCLUSION
Substantial disparities in dolutegravir uptake affecting females of reproductive age through early 2020 are documented. Although this disparity was anticipated because of country-level restrictions on access, the results highlight its extent and initial persistence.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
National Institutes of Health.


ABSTRACT Zoologist Péron and artist Lesueur, both members of the scientific staff of the Baudin expedition to the Southern Lands (September 1800-March 1804), collected during their voyage 36 different species of asteroids. This is what wrote Lamarck in a report made in June 1804. This number was clearly reduced by Lamarck himself who, in his 1816 publication, listed only 15 species from the South Seas in the Paris Museum collection. However, the different asteroids collected during the expedition were drawn by Lesueur (water colours and pencil drawings) who thus realised a real pictorial register. Lesueur's drawings are housed in the Le Havre Museum. Due to their realism and precision, the drawings make it easy to identify the species. Confrontation of Lamarck's report (1804) and publication (1816) with Lesueur's drawings (done between 1802 and 1804) gives a new, more precise idea of the importance of the collection of South Seas asteroids brought back to France and allows to reliably count the number of new species that it contained. Also, this makes it possible to complete the often too brief descriptions of some Lamarckian species and to clarify their status. Eleven taxonomic changes are thus proposed here: Asterias calcar var. quinqueangula is synonymized with Parvulastra exigua (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias calcitrapa var. 1 with Bollonaster pectinatus (Sladen, 1883), Asterias calcitrapa var. 2 with Astropecten vappa Müller & Troschel, 1843, Asterias nodosa var. 3 with Protoreaster lincki (Blainville, 1830), Asterias pentagonula with Tosia australis Gray, 1840, Asterias pleyadella with Protoreaster sp., Asterias punctata with Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816), Asterias rosacea var. lobis senis with Anseropoda sp., Asteriscus setaceus with Paranepanthia grandis (H. L. Clark, 1928), Astrogonium lamarckii Müller & Troschel, 1842 with Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 1816) and Asterias cuspidata is moved to the genus Mediaster Stimpson, 1857 as Mediaster cuspidatus (Lamarck, 1816) n. comb.


In an electrochemical cell, crystalline silicon and lithium react at room temperature, forming an amorphous phase of lithiated silicon. The reaction front—the phase boundary between the crystalline silicon and the lithiated silicon—is atomically sharp. Evidence has accumulated recently that the velocity of the reaction front is limited by the rate of the reaction at the front, rather than by the diffusion of lithium through the amorphous phase. This paper presents a model of concurrent reaction and plasticity. We identify the driving force for the movement of the reaction front, and accommodate the reaction-induced volumetric expansion by plastic deformation of the lithiated silicon. The model is illustrated by an analytical solution of the co-evolving reaction and plasticity in a spherical particle. We derive the conditions under which the lithiation-induced stress stalls the reaction. We show that fracture is averted if the particle is small and the yield strength of lithiated silicon is low. Furthermore, we show that the model accounts for recently observed lithiated silicon of anisotropic morphologies.


A factorial experiment was conducted within split-split plot design with three replicates. Four genotypes seeds (Regalona, Q-37, KVL-SR2, and Q21) were planted in the sub plots while six water treatments distributed in the main plots. They were ordinary river irrigation (S0), stress at emergence (S1), branching (S2), at ear formation (S3), at flowering (S4), and at maturity (S5). Irrigation water was applied in the normal irrigation when 50-60% of the available water was depleted and one irrigation was omitted from the water stress treatments. Reference and actual evapotranspiration, pan evaporation, yield, crop coefficient, and water use efficiency were calculated. Mean irrigation requirement for the four genotypes based on irrigation scheduling was 230.8 mm, decreased by 14 and 17% under stress conditions of the drought tolerant stages. Grain yield ranged between 3.1 and 5 Mg ha -1 for water stress treatments compared to 5.6 and 4.2 mg. ha -1 for normal irrigation treatments. Genotype Q21 gave the highest yield and differed significantly from others. Field water use efficiency ranged between 1.6 to 1.1 kg m -3 and crop water use efficiency 1.38 to 2.22 kg m -3 . KVL-SR2 and Q21 showed the highest efficiency (1.87 kg m -3 ). Results indicated that the stage of ear formation and flowering are the most tolerant to water stress. On the other hand, the branching, and maturity were critical stages with high reduction in yield under stress


The interaction of qubits via microwave frequency photons enables long-distance qubit-qubit coupling and facilitates the realization of a large-scale quantum processor. However, qubits based on electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots have proven challenging to couple to microwave photons. In this theoretical work we show that a sizable coupling for a single electron spin is possible via spin-charge hybridization using a magnetic field gradient in a silicon double quantum dot. Based on parameters already shown in recent experiments, we predict optimal working points to achieve a coherent spin-photon coupling, an essential ingredient for the generation of long-range entanglement. Furthermore, we employ input-output theory to identify observable signatures of spin-photon coupling in the cavity output field, which may provide guidance to the experimental search for strong coupling in such spin-photon systems and opens the way to cavity-based readout of the spin qubit.


The ongoing economic crisis has profoundly changed the industry of the asset management, by putting risk management at the heart of most investment processes. This new risk-based investment style does not rely on returns forecasts and is therefore assumed to be more robust. In 2011, it has particularly encountered a great success with the achievement of minimum variance, ERC and risk parity strategies in portfolios of several large institutional investors. These portfolio constructions are special cases of a more general class of allocation models, known as the risk budgeting approach. In a risk budgeting portfolio, the risk contribution from each component is equal to the budget of risk defined by the portfolio manager. Unfortunately, even if risk budgeting techniques are widely used by market practitioners, they are few results about the behavior of such portfolios in the academic literature. In this paper, we derive the theoretical properties of the risk budgeting portfolio and show that its volatility is located between those of minimum variance and weight budgeting portfolios. We also discuss the existence, uniqueness and optimality of such a portfolio. In a second part of the paper, we propose several applications of risk budgeting techniques for risk-based allocation, like risk parity funds and strategic asset allocation, and equity and bond alternative indexations.


This comprehensive survey work on Egyptian Medicine by one of its foremost scholars deals with literary all aspects of this fascinating subject. All periods from the beginnings of pharaonic Egypt until the Greek-Roman times are taken into account. All sources that reveal knowledge on the subject are taken into account. Included are innumerable aspects of (Egyptian) medicine, such as magic, Egyptian physiological manuals, diseases, veterinary medicine, relations between doctors and patients, etc. With an excursus on Coptic medicin.


For many years dealing with the complexity of nanoscale materials, the polydispersivity of individual samples, and the persistent imperfection of individual nanostructures has been secondary to our search for novel properties and promising applications. For our science to translate into technology, however, we will inevitably need to deal with the issue of structural diversity and integrate this feature into the next generation of more realistic structure/property predictions. This is challenging in the field of nanoscience where atomic level precision is typically inaccessible (experimentally), but properties can depend on structural variations at the atomic scale. Fortunately there exists a range of reliable statistical methods that are entirely applicable to nanoscale materials; ideal for navigating and analysing enormous amount of information required to accurately describe realistic samples. Combined with advances in automation and information technology the field of data science can assist us in dealing with our big data, characterising our uncertainties, and more rapidly identifying useful structure/property relationships. Taking greater advantage of data-driven methods involves thinking differently about our research, but applied appropriately these methods can accelerate the discovery of nanomaterials that are optimised to make the transition from science to technology.


The efficacy of drugs for neuropathic pain has been established in randomized controlled trials that have excluded patients with comorbid conditions and those taking complex medications. However, patients with neuropathic pain frequently present with complex histories, making direct application of this evidence problematic. Treatment of neuropathic pain needs to be individualized according to the cause of the pain, concomitant diseases, medications, and other individual factors. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), gabapentinoids, selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, and topical lidocaine are the first-line choices; if needed, combination therapy may be used. When a new drug is added, screening for potential drug interactions is recommended. The TCAs have anticholinergic adverse effects and may cause orthostatic hypotension. They should be avoided or used cautiously in patients with cardiac conduction disturbances or arrhythmias. Patients who lack cytochrome P450 2D6 isoenzyme activity are prone to adverse effects of TCAs and venlafaxine and have a weaker analgesic response to tramadol. A combination of several serotoninergic drugs may lead to serotonin syndrome. Risk of gastrointestinal tract bleeding is increased in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine, especially when combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Dose adjustment may be needed in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Depending on the drug, the dose is reduced or the dosage interval lengthened. Slow titration and careful follow-up are needed. No drug is absolutely safe during pregnancy and lactation. Particular care must be exercised during the first trimester when drug dose should be as low as possible. Individual weighing of benefits and risks should guide therapeutic decisions.


Three wars have dominated world events in recent years: The conflict which erupted between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland/Malvinas Islands; the multinational conflict in Lebanon involving Irsaeli, Syrian, and FLO forces in Lebanon; and the savage struggles between ground and air units of the Iranian and Iraqi forces. The scale and intensity of these wars, their potential for global conflict, make them crucial for an understanding among citizens in general, and defense and political analysts in particular. The authors and contributors to this most unusual volume come to several common conclusions: professionalism is a crucial factor in military effectiveness, but not necessarily dependent on modes of recruitment; high technology is crucial, but only in relation to the quality and training of the personnel; public support is necessary to sustain military morale in democratic and authoritarian regimes alike. These are only some of the incisive findings registered and explored in "The Regionalization of Warfare." The volume a'ssembles experts not only on these three major regional and interregional conflicts, but on current U.S. defense policies; Soviet strategic interests in Middle East and Persian Gulf conflicts; and a series of papers on lessons learned and unlearned as a result of these "small wars" of the early 1980s. For those interested in military history, global strategy, and regional rivalries, this -collection of finely written, sophisticated papers will prove to be of intense concern.


P versus NP is considered as one of the most important open problems in computer science. This consists in knowing the answer of the following question: Is P equal to NP? This question was first mentioned in a letter written by John Nash to the National Security Agency in 1955. However, a precise statement of the P versus NP problem was introduced independently in 1971 by Stephen Cook and Leonid Levin. Since that date, all efforts to find a proof for this problem have failed. Another major complexity class is NP-complete. To attack the P versus NP question the concept of NP-completeness has been very useful. We prove there is an NP-complete problem that can be solved in polynomial time for the average case.


This paper presents the first comprehensive study of the Wordiekammen carbonate platform on the Nordfjorden High, Central Spitsbergen. The Wor- diekammen succession is divided into four depositional sequences bounded by subaerial exposure surfaces and consists of 12–84 m-thick wedge-shaped sequences being thickest in the distal area and thinner on the crest of the High. The uppermost Finlayfjellet Beds (Tyrrellfjellet sequence 2) represents in contrast a uniform sequence. The Wordiekammen Formation is composed of 11 depositional carbonate facies and three overprint facies which are grouped into 10 facies associations. Each association represents a predictable pattern of facies, 0.5–22 m thick, which is repeated many times producing a distinct cyclicity in the succession. The Wordiekammen Formation is composed of 50 depositional cycles, 21 cycles in the Kapitol Member and 29 cycles in the Tyrrellfjellet Member. Analysis of the well-dated Tyrrellfjellet Member indicates that the succession was controlled by mixed 100 kyr and 400 kyr cyclicity signals which are believed to be a reflection of eustatic sea-level fluctuation and tectonic instability. Allocyclic control on the deposition dominated the majority of the Wordiekammen succession, and an abrupt change in depositional style in the uppermost Finlayfjellet Beds is believed to reflect the break-down of the Gondwanaland ice sheets and the end of glacio-eustaic control. Four key lithological intervals and unconformities have been correlated across the Billefjorden Fault Zone to the time-equivalent succession in Bünsow Land. Based on the correlation, it is considered that the distal part of the Nordfjorden High towards the west and the carbonate platform on Bünsow Land reflected a similar geological setting while the up-dip and crestal part of the Nordfjorden High was a positive feature that divided the two carbonate platforms during sea-level lows. Finally, it is believed that the Nordfjorden High remained a homoclinal carbonate ramp up to at least Late Asselian times.


The paper presents a development of monitoring system for a prototype wind turbine system. The proposed monitoring system is developed under Labview environment. The system can connect to the wind turbine online via internet. The system will collect the monitored values and install values into memory. Simultaneously, the system can show the values in Real-Time. The operator can observe the wind turbine by the monitoring system and can take an action on time if the wind turbine is not working properly. The results of the monitoring system indicate that the monitoring system is be able to working properly, the data can be used to investigate the wind turbine for system analysis. This is very important for wind turbine in order to supply energy to consumer stably.


The Organization Identifier Working Group has defined recommendations and principles for an open, independent organization identifier registry, including using open data to seed the registry, independent governance structure, a start-up phase inside a non-profit host organization providing technical development, operations and other support, and capabilities for organizations to manage their own record. This RFI is intended to solicit comment and interest from the broader research community in developing for, and approach to being a host organization, providing resources to the Registry, and/or providing source data. In addition, we welcome advice, suggestions, and feedback on creating a sustainable business model for each phase of the Registry's development. Responses are requested by 15 November 2017.


Activation of the phospholipase D (PLD) pathway is a widespread response when cells are activated by agonists that bind receptors on the cell surface. A 16-kD cytosolic component can reconstitute guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-mediated activation of phospholipase D in HL60 cells depleted of their cytosol by permeabilization. This factor was purified and identified as two small GTP-binding proteins, ARF1 and ARF3. Recombinant ARF1 substituted for purified ARF proteins in the reconstitution assay. These results indicate that phospholipase D is a downstream effector of ARF1 and ARF3. The well-established role of ARF in vesicular traffic would suggest that alterations in lipid content by PLD are an important determinant in vesicular dynamics.


This paper examines the historical status of tense-aspect suffixes in the Kathmandu Valley and Eastern branches of Newar. By comparing across branches and triangulating with Classical Newar, the paper demonstrates that the innovative past anterior and present tense markers in Eastern Newar were derived from nominalizers. The future tense marker -i , which is found in both branches of the family, also had nominalizing functions, as did the precursors of every suffix now used in finite contexts in Kathmandu Newar. This suggests that the current finite morphology in the Kathmandu Valley varieties was entirely derived from nominalizers as the original system of verb agreement was lost. The mechanism for this process would have been non-embedded nominalization, a common syntactic pattern of Tibeto-Burman.


A gigantic ∼12 km 3 landslide detached from the west wall of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, USA), and slid 15 km east across the lake. The splash, or tsunami, from this landslide eroded Tioga-age moraines dated as 21 ka. Lake-bottom short piston cores recovered sediment as old as 12 ka that did not reach landslide deposits, thereby constraining the landslide age as 21–12 ka. Movement of the landslide splashed copious water onto the countryside and lowered the lake level ∼10 m. The sheets of water that washed back into the lake dumped their sediment load at the lowered shoreline, producing deltas that merged into delta terraces. During rapid growth, these unstable delta terraces collapsed, disaggregated, and fed turbidity currents that generated 15 subaqueous sediment wave channel systems that ring the lake and descend to the lake floor at 500 m depth. Sheets of water commonly more than 2 km wide at the shoreline fed these systems. Channels of the systems contain sediment waves (giant ripple marks) with maximum wavelengths of 400 m. The lower depositional aprons of the system are surfaced by sediment waves with maximum wavelengths of 300 m. A remarkably similar, though smaller, contemporary sediment wave channel system operates at the mouth of the Squamish River in British Columbia. The system is generated by turbidity currents that are fed by repeated growth and collapse of the active river delta. The Tahoe splash-induced backwash was briefly equivalent to more than 15 Squamish Rivers in full flood and would have decimated life in low-lying areas of the Tahoe region.


This study is primarily concerned with the diverse processes of constitution
and deconstitution of subjectivity at work in the writing
of Edgar Allan Poe. The analysis is largely confined to the short
fiction, although some reference is made to Poe's other work; twentyone
tales are examined, in greater or lesser detail, with the aid of
various theoretical perspectives - sociological, structuralist and,
above all, psychoanalytic.

The aim is to present a new reading of Poe's texts which rejects
traditional "unity"-based interpretations. The thesis privileges the
psychological dimension, but in textual, not biographical terms; it
stresses the tales' often undervalued element of modernity as well as
their receptiveness to emergent processes and discourses.

The psychological dimensions analysed include: the explicit presentation
of mental splitting ('William Wilson') and institutionalised
madness ('The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether'); the signification
of alienation ('The Man of the Crowd') and self-destruction
('The Imp of the Perverse', 'The Black Cat', 'The Tell-Tale Heart')
as constitutive of the subject at a determinate historical moment;
the simultaneous construction and subversion of mythical signifiers
of an illusory "full" subject, both metonyms (the detective, the
mesmerist) and metaphors (the artwork, the interior); the symbolic
emergence from repression of active female desire, perceived as
threatening in the male unconscious ('The Oval Portrait', 'Ligeia');
and the disintegration of the subject under the pressure of its own
repressions ('The Fall of the House of Usher').

Particular stress is laid throughout on the textual undermining of
the dividing-lines between "normal" and "abnormal", "sane" and "insane",
"respectable" and "criminal". It is concluded that Poe's work constitutes
a map of the vicissitudes and contradictions of subjectivity
in patriarchal culture; from the study of these texts, the "I" emerges
as formed out of a massive repression, and as therefore constantly
liable to fragmentation and rupture.


Guided Internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) for panic disorder has been shown to be efficacious in several randomized controlled trials. However, the effectiveness of the treatment when delivered within routine psychiatric care has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of ICBT for panic disorder within the context of routine psychiatric care.


Abstract The distribution and stratigraphic position of porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits in andesitic arcs of the western Pacific and eastern Europe suggest that porphyry copper and epithermal vein deposits of adularia–sericite type develop successively under different stress regimes in an evolving arc, rather than being genetically related as commonly supposed. Absence of coeval high-level stocks in the root zones of many adularia-sericite deposits suggests that circulation of the dominantly meteoric hydrothermal fluids is not driven by shallow intrusions. The location of several world-class deposits on basement geanticlines, and on more localized antiforms of which at least one has been interpreted as a metamorphic core complex, implies that elevation of the arc, emplacement of magmatic sills at depth and adularia–sericite type gold mineralization are genetically related to subduction-induced crustal extension. Ascent of deep hydrothermal fluids, predominantly meteoric but with a metamorphic or magmatic component, may be controlled by regional low-angle structures at depth, analogous to those inferred for some mesothermal gold deposits. Mineralization at shallow (epithermal) depths in high-angle structures largely reflects the high geothermal gradient and mixing of deep fluid with cool meteoric water in or at the base of the permeable volcanic cover. Andesitic magmatism may resume following porphyry copper mineralization, adularia–sericite epithermal gold mineralization, or continued extension to form a 'back arc' spreading system, depending on the relative plate motion.


Over the past several decades, federal policy has made states and communities increasingly more responsible for providing long-term care for older adults. The Community Partnerships for Older Adults, a national program of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, saw this as an opportunity to explore new, sustainable ways to meet current and future needs for community-based long-term care. This initiative focuses on collaborative organizational partnerships, a distinctive philosophy of teaching and learning through the exchange of experience between communities, and program learning focusing on known factors promoting organizational sustainability Using principles that emphasize the development of social capital and collective efficacy, the authors present a case study of the early experiences of this initiative to address the challenges inherent in meeting the growing supportive service needs of older adults. The implications of this multisite community intervention for social work education and practice in aging are discussed.


Anticipated synchronization (AS) is a counterintuitive behavior that has been observed in several systems. When AS occurs in a sender-receiver configuration, the latter can predict the future dynamics of the former for certain parameter values. In particular, in neuroscience AS was proposed to explain the apparent discrepancy between information flow and time lag in the cortical activity recorded in monkeys. Despite its success, a clear understanding of the mechanisms yielding AS in neuronal circuits is still missing. Here we use the well-known phase-response-curve (PRC) approach to study the prototypical sender-receiver-interneuron neuronal motif. Our aim is to better understand how the transitions between delayed to anticipated synchronization and anticipated synchronization to phase-drift regimes occur. We construct a map based on the PRC method to predict the phase-locking regimes and their stability. We find that a PRC function of two variables, accounting simultaneously for the inputs from sender and interneuron into the receiver, is essential to reproduce the numerical results obtained using a Hodgkin-Huxley model for the neurons. On the contrary, the typical approximation that considers a sum of two independent single-variable PRCs fails for intermediate to high values of the inhibitory coupling strength of the interneuron. In particular, it loses the delayed-synchronization to anticipated-synchronization transition.


This paper examines the concept of moral responsibility as it applies to the actions of corporations. I argue that it is both conceptually and morally appropriate to hold corporations morally responsible for some of their actions, and I attempt to show that arguments to the contrary are unsound. Although I hold that corporations may legitimately be held morally responsible I also argue that one can expect capitalist corporations to follow moral principles only to a rather limited extent.


We investigate the coupling of two single point-defect microcavities formed in a two-dimensional photonic-crystal slab. The mode structure is probed using photoluminescence spectroscopy of self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs/AlGaAs membrane-based, photonic-crystal microcavities. As a baseline, we start from single defect cavities: We observe defect states originating from both the ground and the first-excited slab waveguide mode, depending on the photonic-crystal lattice period. This is explained using three-dimensional, plane-wave-expansion calculations. In the case of coupling between two such single defects, a splitting of the mode energies into binding and antibinding states controlled by the coupling strength is observed. These photonic-defect–molecule states are identified by a comparison of their expected far-field distributions with polarization-dependent measurements.


The total number of dependent employees in Germany has increased by more than four million since the financial crisis. Part of this growth took place in the low-wage sector. Analyses based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel, which in 2017 for the first time include detailed information on secondary employment, show that there were around nine million low-wage employment contracts in Germany that year, around one quarter of all contracts. Women, young adults and employees in Eastern Germany are particularly likely to receive low wages. The legal minimum wage introduced in 2015 is below the low-wage threshold, and thus did not decrease the proportion of low-wage employees, although wages at the bottom-end of the distribution did markedly increase. Wage mobility has hardly changed since the mid-1990s: almost two thirds of employees in the lowest wage category were still there three years later. In order to curtail the low-wage sector, a better and broader qualification of workers, as well as a more proactive wage policy are called for. A reform of the mini-job rules would also be helpful.


The objective of this paper is to numerically evaluate the spatially filtered flow theory of Beckie et al. [this issue]. We perform two suites of tests to evaluate the theory. In the first suite of tests we examine the accuracy of the spatially filtered Darcy's law approximations. To do this, we use exact filtered conductivities and head gradients in the spatially filtered Darcy's laws to calculate the approximate filtered flux and then compare the approximate flux field to the exact flux field. We determine the exact fields by numerically filtering the primitive fields. In the second suite of tests we solve the model equations to determine the approximate flux solution. We present a simple numerical-perturbation strategy to solve the model equations. The first suite of tests shows that over a range of filter widths the error in the resolved-scale flux computed from the second-order approximate spatially filtered Darcy's law is up to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the zeroth-order approximation. The second suite of tests, which more closely correspond to the way the theory would be applied in practice, show that the model accuracy and convergence properties are degraded by error from the numerical-perturbation strategy.


A failure of the second and third orders from a concave grating to focus in the same curve is described. The fourth and fifth orders show no anomaly. No logical explanation seems possible at present but it is pointed out that the effect may be common though undetected.


Objective—The association between insulin resistance (IR) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) has been uncertain after adjustment for metabolic syndrome components. We aimed to evaluate whether IR is associated with CAC prevalence or progression independently of metabolic syndrome components. Approach and Results—We conducted a population-based study in a random sample of Japanese men aged 40 to 79 years and determined IR using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The associations of HOMA-IR and other diabetic parameters per 1-SD increase with CAC prevalence and progression were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. Of 1006 total participants at baseline (mean age, 64±10 years), CAC prevalence was observed in 646 (64.2%), and of 789 participants at follow-up (mean duration, 4.9±1.3 years), CAC progression was observed in 365 (46.3%). After adjustment for covariates including metabolic syndrome components, higher HOMA-IR was independently associated with CAC prevalence (adjusted odds ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.10–1.63; P=0.003) and progression (odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.60; P=0.004). In participants without diabetes mellitus, positive associations were similarly observed (prevalence: odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.60; P=0.022; and progression: odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.55; P=0.042), whereas glucose and hemoglobin A1c were not associated with CAC prevalence and progression. Conclusions—Higher IR was associated with CAC prevalence and progression independently of metabolic syndrome components in Japanese men and also in those without diabetes mellitus. Among diabetic measures, IR and fasting insulin, but not glucose and hemoglobin A1c, predicted CAC progression in men without diabetes mellitus.


Sometimes people harbor certain negative attitudes about a group and go on to commit crimes involving persons whom they perceive to be group members. For example, individuals have been beaten to death because of their sexual orientation, lynched because of the color of their skin, or shot because of their religious affiliation. When someone is targeted because she or he is a member of a group for which the perpetrator feels hatred, we often identify this as a "hate crime." Much domestic violence also has its source in negative attitudes, in this case attitudes about the subordinate place of women relative to men in society and the appropriateness of using violence to keep them there. (1) Some people believe that when a crime against an individual is motivated by a negative attitude about a particular group, for example, gay men, the crime is aggravated. In other words, if a vicious beating is also a gay-bashing, the crime is more serious than an equally vicious beating that is directed against a particular individual for reasons not having to do with prejudice. Proponents of this view might support enacting legislation that deals specifically with hate crimes. I accept that crimes motivated by harmful negative attitudes about some group have an extra component that is lacking in similar crimes not so motivated. This component stems from attitudes arising from misconceptions that are potentially harmful to members of that group. I do not, however, endorse the view that hate crimes and their relatives, such as crimes of domestic violence, are for that reason worse than similar crimes otherwise motivated. Nevertheless, I shall argue that this extra component means that, in addition to the usual punishments for these crimes, we have reason to insist on counseling as a part of a just response to those who are convicted of them. The aim of such counseling would be the revision of these negative attitudes. Counseling is particularly appropriate when the attitudes that contribute to the criminal acts are mainstream. For example, homophobia is not restricted to gaybashers. Nor are racist attitudes restricted to perpetrators of racist crimes. Nor is the view that women are subordinate to men restricted to those who beat their female partners. Certainly, anti-semitism was by no means restricted to Nazi sympathizers. My argument for the appropriateness of counseling as part of a just response to convictions in the case of crimes motivated by negative attitudes of these kinds rests on a claim about moral responsibility. Specifically, I argue that incorporating counseling acknowledges two levels of moral responsibility: moral responsibility at the level of the individual perpetrator and moral responsibility at the level of the community. We have good moral reason to take a more integrated approach that includes counseling and involves not only law enforcement and penal institutions but also community-based social services. This does not rule out the possibility of incarceration. Nevertheless this approach urges that we move beyond the idea that a jail or prison term is by itself sufficient to address a conviction for criminal behavior supported by negative attitudes of the kind involved in hate crimes and domestic violence. I expect some opposition to the suggestion that a criminal conviction might warrant anything beyond those punitive consequences with which it is traditionally associated. In particular, opponents may worry that the criminal nature of these acts is compromised when we include social services in the response. Not only are they being treated differently from other assaults, but the "treatment" associations of counseling might suggest diminished agency, thus undermining the claim that perpetrators are responsible. This would cast into doubt the appropriateness of regarding these wrongdoers as criminals at all. Taking these worries seriously, I address them both. I show that the integrated approach makes sense once we understand the kinds of changes that need to be in place if we are to address the social aspect of these crimes. …


Abstract. The mixing layer is an important meteorological factor that affects air pollution. In this study, the atmospheric mixing layer height (MLH) was observed in Beijing from July 2009 to December 2012 using a ceilometer. By comparison with radiosonde data, we found that the ceilometer underestimates the MLH under conditions of neutral stratification caused by strong winds, whereas it overestimates the MLH when sand-dust is crossing. Using meteorological, PM2.5, and PM10 observational data, we screened the observed MLH automatically; the ceilometer observations were fairly consistent with the radiosondes, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. Further analysis indicated that the MLH is low in autumn and winter and high in spring and summer in Beijing. There is a significant correlation between the sensible heat flux and MLH, and the diurnal cycle of the MLH in summer is also affected by the circulation of mountainous plain winds. Using visibility as an index to classify the degree of air pollution, we found that the variation in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is insignificant when visibility decreases from 10 to 5 km, but the reduction of shear term in TKE is near 70 %. When visibility decreases from 5 to 1 km, the variation of the shear term in TKE is insignificant, but the decrease in the sensible heat and buoyancy term in TKE is approximately 60 %. Although the correlation between the daily variation of the MLH and visibility is very poor, the correlation between them is significantly enhanced when the relative humidity increases beyond 80 %. This indicates that humidity-related physicochemical processes is the primary source of atmospheric particles under heavy pollution and that the dissipation of atmospheric particles mainly depends on the MLH. The presented results of the atmospheric mixing layer provide useful empirical information for improving meteorological and atmospheric chemistry models and the forecasting and warning of air pollution.


A multistate outbreak of hepatitis A virus (HAV) among European travellers returning from Egypt occurred between November 2012 and April 2013. A total of 14 European Union (EU)-European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries reported 107 cases. Twenty-one cases from six countries were affected by strains of sub-genotype IB harbouring identical RNA sequences, suggesting a common source outbreak. An international outbreak investigation team interviewed a number of cases with a trawling questionnaire to generate hypotheses on potential exposures. Some of these exposures were further tested in a case-control study based on a more specific questionnaire. Both trawling and case-control questionnaires aimed to collect cases' vaccination details as well as epidemiological information. Most cases participating in either questionnaire (35/43) had been staying in all-inclusive hotels located along the Red Sea. The case-control study found cases associated with exposure to strawberries or mango (multivariable analysis p value: 0.04). None of the 43 cases interviewed in any of the two questionnaires had been vaccinated. The most common reasons for non-vaccination was unawareness that HAV vaccination was recommended (23/43, 53%) and perceiving low infection risk in all-inclusive luxury resorts (19/43, 44%). Vaccination had not been recommended to five of the six cases who sought travel medical advice before travelling. Public health authorities should strongly reinforce measures to remind travellers, travel agencies and healthcare providers of the importance of vaccination before visiting HAV-endemic areas, including Egypt. .


One of the oldest social science theories applied to the study of communication, the gatekeeping approach emphasizes the movement of bits of information through channels, with an emphasis on decision points (gates) and decision-makers (gatekeepers). Forces on both sides of a gate can either help or hinder the information's passage through a channel. The gatekeeping process shapes and produces various images of reality, not only because some bits of information are selected and others rejected, but because communication agents put information together in different ways. In addition, the timing and repetition of information can affect the prominence of events or topics and can influence the probability of future information diffusion.
 Gatekeeping was originally modeled as a series of linear processes within the mass media, but in the late 20th century the flow of information through the mass and social media began to interact. Information is now understood to flow among journalists, among social media users, and among agents of both types of media. All such communication agents are gatekeepers. In addition, we can study these networked interconnections as one level of analysis, with the supra-gatekeepers (such as Facebook or Twitter) adding their own gatekeeping processes over and beyond those of their own clients of the mass media.
 In addition to looking at various pairwise relationships between gatekeepers, gatekeeping theory should go beyond to instead consider the entire web of gatekeepers as a whole or system. A system is composed of elements (gatekeepers), interactions (relationships among them), and a goal or function. Multiple functions have been proposed by 20th-century scholars (such as socialization, entertainment, or surveillance) for the mass media, but scholars should now consider the function(s) of the gatekeeping system (mass and social media, as well as supra-gatekeepers) as a whole. Although each type of medium can be analyzed as its own system, such analysis would not facilitate new thinking about the various ways in which these partial systems affect one another and how the whole system functions beyond the simple addition of its parts.


Ytterbium-doped yttrium oxysulfide (Yb:Y2O2S) has been synthesized by solid-state reaction with sulfide flux. Diffuse reflection and emission spectra have been measured in order to determine the crystal field splitting of Yb3+ ion in the YOS lattice. According to the crystal-field levels probed in the spectra, the crystal field splitting of 2^F_7/2 manifold of Yb3+ ion in YOS is 709 cm^(-1), which is large enough for the quasi-three-level laser operation of Yb3+ ion. Emission peak position, width, full-width at half maximum (FWHM), and normalized intensity of Yb:YOS are fitted from its emission spectrum. For comparison, relevant data of 5.4 at.-% Yb:YAG is also provided.


Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) is being increasingly applied to optical fiber systems [1]. Thus, SDM is gradually becoming a fundamental part of modern telecommunications aiming to provide higher transmission rates that are both error-free and inexpensive. So far, engineers considered packing and operating the many different laser as the biggest problem, but as it seems, the crosstalking phenomenon between the various in-fiber propagating modes creates a great barrier, which needs sophisticated methods to overcome, such as MIMO techniques, which are well known in the wireless field. In this paper, we analyze real data from multimode optical fibers and find that crosstalk seems to be significant. If this is the case, the reception can be problematic without MIMO techniques.


BACKGROUND
Aberrant serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation and its immunomodulatory effect are rarely addressed in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

METHODS
Serum IgG-Fc glycosylation profiles in 76 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis and 115 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) before and after 48 weeks of anti-HBV nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment were analyzed using high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and were compared to profiles in 108 healthy controls.

RESULTS
The level of aberrant serum IgG-Fc glycosylation ,: particularly galactose deficiency, was higher in patients with CHB and those with cirrhosis (P < .001 for both) than in healthy controls. IgG galactose deficiency was correlated with the severity of liver necroinflammation and fibrosis in CHB. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the IgG-Fc glycoform with fucosylation and fully galactosylation was an independent factor for a total Knodell necroinflammation score of ≥ 7 (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, .56-.97) and an Ishak fibrosis score of ≥ 3 (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, .49-.97). Administration of antiviral therapy for 48 weeks reversed aberrant IgG-Fc glycosylation in patients with CHB from week 12 onward but did not reverse glycosylation in patients with cirrhosis. Attenuated IgG opsonization in patients with CHB, which was correlated with aberrant Fc-glycosylation, was reversed after treatment as well.

CONCLUSIONS
Aberrant serum IgG-Fc glycosylation in CHB, which is highly associated with histological liver damage, affects IgG opsonizing activity and can be reversed by antiviral therapy.


Age estimation from clavicular ossification has been studied by many researchers based on the pattern and degree of the epiphyseal union through the use of dry bone specimens, radiographs, CT and MRI. These studies found clavicular ossifica tion as a useful age indicator up to the third decade of life. The study aimed to document any population specific influence on age est imation using fusion processes of the clavicular epiphysis between the South African and Kenyan population groups. To achieve this obje ctive a study of one thousand six hundred and five (n=1605) digital radiographs of South African and Kenyan population groups, aged bet ween 14-30 years, were evaluated. The ossification process of the medial clavicular epiphysis was scored against Schmeling's staging system. Growth variations between the two cohorts were carried out using student t-test analysis to assess for any significant differen ces betw en the means and standard deviations of the cohorts. A log linear regression test was also applied to test bilateral asymmetry in the ossification status for the medial epiphysis. The results of the paired linear model indicated a wide gap between chronological age (CA) and estimated age (EA) in patients under 20 years. The regression tests observed no significant difference between the EA of the South Africa n and Kenyan populations. The current study yielded no significant differences in the ossification process of the medial clavicle amo ngst the Black South African and Kenyan populations when using Schmeling's staging system.


We develop a novel hybrid heart model in Simulink that is suitable for quantitative verification of implantable cardiac pacemakers. The heart model is formulated at the level of cardiac cells, can be adapted to patient data, and incorporates stochasticity. It is inspired by the timed and hybrid automata network models of Jiang et al and Ye et al, where probabilistic behaviour is not considered. In contrast to our earlier work, we work directly with action potential signals that the pacemaker sensor inputs from a specific cell, rather than ECG signals. We validate the model by demonstrating that its composition with a pacemaker model can be used to check safety properties by means of approximate probabilistic verification.


Congenital deafness is one of the most common childhood disorders and every year many children are born with permanent hearing loss. The present study was carried out to understand the experience of mothers with deaf children. This study was conducted with a qualitative approach. The participants were 35 mothers of children with congenital deafness who were selected by purposive sampling. The data was collected through semi-structured indepth interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis introduced by Braun and Clarke. Data analysis revealed 3 themes and 9 sub-themes including social stigma (prying eyes, pity aversion, feeling of discrimination, taunt from people), internalized stigma (feeling of inferiority, feeling of shame and embarrassment), and reaction to stigma (turning to concealment, cautious disclosure, and marginalization). Shame and stigma were the major experiences of Iranian mothers of deaf children that shadowed their lives. These experiences lead mainly to ineffective coping mechanisms such as avoidance of using hearing aids and concealment of the child's hearing loss. In addition, to cope with perceived stigma, mothers isolate and marginalize themselves and pursue secrecy strategies. Therefore, our findings are important for health professionals who are working with families having children with hearing loss. They need to aware of the problems faced by the families and should advocate necessary support.


This paper presents a novel support vector machine classifier designed for subpixel image classification (pixel/spectral unmixing). The proposed classifier generalizes the properties of SVMs to the identification and modeling of the abundances of classes in mixed pixels by using fuzzy logic. This results in the definition of a fuzzy-input fuzzy-output support vector machine (F2SVM) classifier that can: 1) process fuzzy information given as input to the classification algorithm for modeling the subpixel information in the learning phase of the classifier and 2) provide a fuzzy modeling of the classification results, allowing a relation many-to-one between classes and pixels. The presented binary F2SVM can address multicategory problems according to two strategies: the fuzzy one-against-all (FOAA) and the fuzzy one-against-one (FOAO) strategies. These strategies generalize to the fuzzy case techniques based upon ensembles of binary classifiers used for addressing multicategory problems in crisp classification problems. The effectiveness of the proposed F2SVM classifier is tested on three problems related to image classification in presence of mixed pixels having different characteristics. Experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed subpixel classification method.


Traditionally the history of the development of the Frisian language is divided into he following periods: Pre-Old Frisian before ca 1275, Old Frisian ca 1275–1550, Middle Frisian ca 1550–1800, Modern Frisian ca 1800 – present. Several aspects of this periodization have been discussed in the literature, in particular the discongruity between the labels Old/Middle Frisian and the corresponding labels for related Germanic languages. We note that the bulk of the arguments for the traditional periodization of Frisian is based on non-linguistic evidence. This is true in particular for the Old Frisian period. This leads to the central question of this paper: is the traditional notion of Old Frisian linguistically spoken really 'Old Germanic', or may be rather 'Middle Germanic', or something in between? We approach this question by looking at linguistic criteria that have been used in the literature for distinguishing between 'old' and 'middle' stages of closely related Germanic languages. These criteria involve mainly changes in unstressed syllables and inflection. Applying these criteria to Frisian, we conclude there is ample evidence to replace the term 'Old Frisian' with 'Middle Frisian'.


The purpose of the project has been to evaluate and possibly improve the degree of industrialization and productivity when constructing bridges in full scale. Earlier theoretical studies have indicated that, if prefabricated reinforcement, self compacting concrete (SCC) and permanent formwork are used the degree of industrialization can be increased markedly. To be able to realize this, Lean Construction principles prove to be important utensils during the planning and design phase as well as during the construction of a full scale project. Throughout the design and planning of this first full scale bridge project, intensive contacts between designer, contractor, client and material suppliers were established. The design team concluded that the production time at site could be reduced with up to 20 % and the number of workers could be reduced by virtually 50 % during almost half the project. This was realized by planning with Last Planner ideas, and designing the project properly using modern construction tools and materials. The design team also concluded that if the concrete class increased some of the very dense shear force reinforcement could be left out. The evaluated outcome of the demonstration project, i.e. potential productivity improvements, structural quality improvements, immediate feasible waste and cost reductions and the positive impact on the working environment, shows that the predicted benefits made were fulfilled.


ABSTRACT Detection of galactomannan antigen (GMA) in serum is the standard assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in high-risk patients with hematological disorders. Detection of Aspergillus DNA in serum has been proposed, but its sensitivity is lower than that of GMA when small serum volumes (SSV) are used. In this study, we investigated whether extraction of DNA from large serum volumes (LSV) improves diagnostic yield. In a 13-month prospective study, we compared the performances of twice-weekly screening of serum for GMA by an enzyme immunoassay and weekly screening for Aspergillus fumigatus DNA by a real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay of 1.0 ml (LSV) or 100 μl (SSV) of serum. We included 124 patients (138 treatment episodes), with 17 episodes of EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer)/MSG (Mycoses Study Group)-documented IA. In all, 1,870 samples were screened for GMA. The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) of GMA for IA were 88.2%, 95.8%, 75%, and 98.3%, respectively. We screened 938 samples for Aspergillus DNA by using LSV; 404 of these samples were also tested with SSV. The Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV of RT-PCR were 100%, 96.7%, 81%, and 100%, respectively, with LSV and 76.5%, 96.7%, 81.3%, and 95.6%, respectively, with SSV. DNA detection gave a positive result when performed on LSV in two cases of IA where the GMA assay result remained negative. Furthermore, in four IA cases, DNA was detected earlier than GMA. The use of LSV for extraction improved the performance of the RT-PCR, which appears highly sensitive and specific for the early diagnosis of IA in high-risk patients with hematological disorders.


Abstract Introduction: Influenza rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have been developed to supply scientists with more sensitive and specific techniques. Newly developed digital reader-based techniques require test evaluations before their clinical application. Methods: Two types of digital influenza RDTs using a digital readout system and one conventional RDT were compared using 314 nasopharyngeal swabs of influenza. The swabs originated from symptomatic individuals suspected of influenza infection, and the presence of influenza was confirmed with influenza real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and influenza subtyping. Methods were the Sofia® Influenza A + B Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA), which uses a portable fluorescence analyser, the BD Veritor™ System Flu A + B, which uses a colorimetric immunochromatographic method with a reflectance-based measurement digital device, and the SD Bioline assay, which is based on a traditional immunochromatographic method. Results: The Sofia® Influenza A + B system, the BD Veritor™ System Flu A + B and the SD Bioline assay showed sensitivities in relative real-time PCR results of 74.2, 73.0 and 53.9%, respectively, for influenza A, and 82.5, 72.8 and 71.0%, respectively, for influenza B. All three RDTs showed 100% specificities for influenza A and influenza B. The Sofia® Influenza A + B Fluorescence Immunoassay showed sensitive and specific results for the detection of influenza B in contrast to the BD Veritor™ System Flu A + B. The two digital RDTs showed higher sensitivity and specificity than the conventional RDT in the detection of the influenza H3 subtype. Conclusions: Digital-based readout systems for the detection of the influenza virus can be applied for more sensitive diagnosis in clinical settings than conventional RDTs.


Most existing feature selection methods are insufficient for analytic purposes as soon as high dimensional data or redundant sensor signals are dealt with since features can be selected due to spurious effects or correlations rather than causal effects. To support the finding of causal features in biomedical experiments, we hereby present FRI, an open source Python library that can be used to identify all-relevant variables in linear classification and (ordinal) regression problems. Using the recently proposed feature relevance interval method, FRI is able to provide the base for further general experimentation or in specific can facilitate the search for alternative biomarkers. It can be used in an interactive context, by providing model manipulation and visualization methods, or in a batch process as a filter method.


The aviation and space domains have safety guidelines and recommended practices for Design Organisations (DOs) and Operators alike. In terms of Aerospace DOs there are certification criteria to meet and to demonstrate compliance there are Advisory Circulars or Acceptable Means of Compliance to follow. Additionally there are guidelines such as Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Military Standards (MIL-STD 882 series) and System Safety Handbooks to follow in order to identify and manage failure conditions. In terms of Operators there are FAA guidelines and a useful ARP that details many tools and techniques in understanding Operator Safety Risks. However there is currently no methodology for linking the DO and Operator safety efforts. In the space domain NASA have provided safety standards and guidelines to follow and also within Europe there are European Co-operation of Space Standardization (ECSS) to follow. Within the emerging Commercial Human Spaceflight Industry, the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation has provided hazard analysis guidelines. However all of these space domain safety documents are based on the existing aerospace methodology and once again, there is no link between the DO and Operator's safety effort.

This paper addresses the problematic issue and presents a coherent methodology of joining up the System Safety effort of the DOs to the Operator Safety Risk Management such that a 'Total System' approach is adopted. Part of the rationale is that the correct mitigation (control) can be applied within the correct place in the accident sequence. Also this contiguous approach ensures that the Operator is fully aware of the safety risks (at the accident level) and therefore has an appreciation of the Total System Risk.

The authors of this paper contend that it is better practice to have a fully integrated safety model as opposed to disparate requirements or guidelines. Our methodology is firstly to review 'best practice' approaches from the aviation and space industries, and then to integrate these approaches into a contiguous safety model for the commercial human spaceflight industry.


spread of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) frequently involves the colorectum and the stomach [1]. However, involvement of the small intestine has not yet been sufficiently studied. This is a first report of MCL in which involvement of the entire small intestine was studied by double− balloon endoscopy (DBE). A 62−year−old man with a positive fecal occult blood test underwent total colo− noscopy. Colonoscopic pictures showed numerous small polypoid lesions throughout the colorectum. Polypoid le− sions were conspicuous in the cecum, ileocecal valve (l" Fig. 1 a), and rectum (l" Fig. 1 b). Biopsy specimens taken from polypoid lesions revealed diffuse proliferation of small to medium−sized cleaved lymphocytes which were positive for CD5, CD20, and cyclin−D1. We made a diagnosis of MCL presenting as multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP). Esopha− gogastroduodenoscopy showed antral gastritis and duodenitis, and biopsy spe− cimens taken from the affected sites re− vealed MCL. DBE was undertaken in order to investigate the extent of the MCL. DBE from the anal approach showed flat, dish− like lesions (l" Fig. 2 a), multiple small polypoid lesions (l" Fig. 2 b), and giant folds (l" Fig. 2 c) in the ileum. Biopsy spe− cimens taken from the ileal lesions also revealed MCL (l" Fig. 2 d). There were no remarkable lesions in the jejunum when examined using the oral approach. Ab− dominal CT study showed multiple lymph node swellings and hepatosplenomegaly. Biopsy specimens taken from bone mar− row revealed MCL. Systemic chemother− apy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubi− cin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP), and rituximab was started and partial re− sponse was demonstrated after eight cy− cles. The patient was alive without dis− ease progression 20 months later. The endoscopic characteristics of gastro− intestinal tract involvement in MLP have been described in the colorectum and gastritis in the stomach [1]. In the present case we demonstrate various endoscopic features of small−intestinal involvement in MCL, such as flat, dish−like lesions, multiple small polypoid lesions, and giant folds. DBE was useful for diagnosing the extent of MCL involvement of the small intestine.


Analysis of network traffic is becoming increasingly important, not just for determining network characteristics and anticipating requirements, but also for security analysis. Several tool sets have been developed to perform analysis of flow-level network traffic, however none have had security as the primary goal of the analysis, nor has performance been a key consideration.In this paper we present a suite of tools for network traffic collection and analysis based on Cisco NetFlow. The two primary design considerations were performance and the ability to build richer models of traffic for security analysis. Thus the data structures and code have been optimized for use on very large networks with a large number of flows. Data filter rates are approximately 80 million records in less than 1.5 minutes on a Sun 4800.


ABSTRACT This paper analyses the phenomenon of a group of Portuguese citizens and Portuguese-descendants who went to fight alongside the Islamic State (IS) organisation and other extremist groups in Syria and Iraq. The article provides a new contribution to radicalisation by using a new dataset and an understudied case study: Portugal. It hosts a small Muslim community, which has not found itself under the spotlight of being a major concern, as regards the terrorist threat. Is it possible to find common underlying motivations driving young men and women to volunteer for jihad? Do young Muslims face different constraints that explain their involvement in militant activity, particularly being more vulnerable to factors such as socioeconomic marginalisation? Does socialisation in peer-to-peer ideological networks, and small-group recruitment within pre-existing radical milieus play a decisive role? By identifying biographical factors that stand out in two radicalisation theories – social network analysis, and the relative deprivation hypothesis –, it is possible to elicit what factors hold when applied specifically to the Portuguese case. The data provide support to socioeconomic explanations and group-level factors as the main mechanisms that lead converts to involvement in extremism and terrorism.