Description The fifth edition of this seminal textbook continues to provide those who are studying or are in practice with comprehensive evidence-based coverage of all the main aspects of respiratory and cardiac physiotherapy throughout the whole lifespan – neonates, infants, children, adolescents and adults – with the patient at centre and advocating a problem-based approach. For the new edition, Jennifer Pryor and Ammani Prasad hand the baton of editorship and their lasting legacy over to Eleanor Main and Linda Denehy. With a team of over 60 international expert authors, the new editors have incorporated major changes reflecting current cardiorespiratory physiotherapy education and practice. These changes are heralded by a new title – Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy: Adults and Paediatrics (formerly Physiotherapy for Respiratory and Cardiac Problems: Adults and Paediatrics) – and a significant restructure of the content with a new set of chapters. A new key chapter on anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system lays the foundation which is then followed by a chapter on clinical assessment of adults, infants and children, and acutely ill or deteriorating patients. Additional new content includes a chapter on outcome measurement in practice and a large chapter describing rehabilitation in acute and chronic conditions in special populations including spinal cord injury, oncology, trauma and paediatrics. The chapter on therapeutic interventions is comprehensive and reflective of evidence based practice.


Nearly fourteen years ago forty-six states and the nation's major tobacco manufacturers entered the Master Settlement Agreement, the largest civil settlement in United States history. This Article examines a current controversy under the MSA and why, as a result of that controversy, states may be required to return up to $7 billion in MSA payments to tobacco manufacturers. The Article focuses specifically on how New York's seemingly unrelated policy decision not to collect excise taxes on cigarettes sold on Indian reservations may end up costing the state billions of dollars in MSA payments. After explaining the current controversy and New York's particular situation, the Article extracts pertinent lessons from the states' experience with the MSA. Those lessons might prove useful in avoiding "unintended consequences"—such as the one currently faced by New York—in future landmark settlements, including the recently-announced settlement between forty-nine states and five of the nation's largest mortgage servicing companies. * Associate Professor, Elon University School of Law. ** Law Clerk, Hon. Robert N. Hunter, Jr., North Carolina Court of Appeals. The views expressed in this Article are those of the author and do not reflect those of his employer.


Active fund managers are skilled and, on average, have used their skill to generate about $3.2 million per year. Large cross-sectional differences in skill persist for as long as 10 years. Investors recognize this skill and reward it by investing more capital in funds managed by better managers. These funds earn higher aggregate fees, and a strong positive correlation exists between current compensation and future performance.


The objective of this experiment was to determine whether faba bean could successfully be used in feeds for weaner pigs in the period 10 to 25 kg liveweight. An experiment was conducted using 48 weaner pigs (average weight 10 ± 0.42 kg) to determine the nutritive value of dehulled faba bean meal (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) in comparison with full-fat soy. Two basal feeds were formulated, the first containing no faba bean but with full-fat soy (FFS) as the protein source, while the second contained 300 g faba bean/kg feed (FB). These feeds were blended to produce a series of five feeds (T1 to T5) containing a range of faba bean contents. In addition, a choice feeding treatment was included in the experiment to determine whether pigs showed preferences for or against faba bean. The experimental feeds were: 1) 1.0 FFS; 2) 0.75 FFS + 0.25 FB; 3) 0.5 FFS + 0.5 FB; 4) 0.25 FFS + 0.75FB; 5) 1.0 FB and 6) choice between FFS and FB. Feeds were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1998) nutrient requirements of weaner pigs. Diluting full-fat soya with dehulled faba bean meal had no effect on growth rate (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) or time taken to attain final weight. Male pigs had a numerically higher ADFI (1150 vs. 992 g/d) and ADG (553 vs. 539 g/d) than females, and reached the final liveweight on average 3 d before the females. When given a choice between the two basal feeds, no preference was shown for either feed. It may be concluded that a feed for weaner pigs may contain as much as 300 g dehulled faba bean/kg without causing any deleterious effects on performance as long as the quality of the faba beans is the same as that used in this trial.


The policies relating to the management of migration - control of external borders, asylum and immigration have been, as is well known, sovereign prerogatives for excellence. The long-standing refuse of the EU Member States to provide them to a supranational government is a clear evidence of that. Determined to retain the exclusive control over the migrants, States have continued, to handle the situation. This paper aims to reconstruct the foundations of the external dimension of EU migration policy, in order to highlight its complexity, resulting from the global scope of the problem and by its sensitive nature. If the global reach of migration invites the adoption of a coherent strategy that, gives substantial and structural interdependence between internal and external dimensions, allows to strengthen the Union's credibility on the international stage, the sensitive nature of migration policy confirms 'the opportunity to implement flexible solutions suitable to shape the criterion of added value. Defining the conditions of consistency and flexibility to which the Union's external action can bring the management of migration - a management which will pursue all objectives of the EU's migration policy in accordance with the its principles, such as solidarity and the protection of fundamental rights - is the focus of this paper.


Many early anthropological studies treated pastoralist populations as egalitarian, however there is considerable variation in the resources available to individual households. This thesis considers how resources influence the subsistence system of the pastoral Datoga of Lake Eyasi. The two categories of resources considered are wealth and labour.The labour available to Datoga households does not influence the herding strategies of those households. In turn, the herding strategies do not affect the dynamics of cattle herds. This is because households that are short of labour can arrange for their animals to be herded by members of different households, and there are no discernible costs associated with this.Wealth, defined by livestock holdings, can be measured either as total household wealth, or as wealth per capita. These are conceptually distinct. Among the Datoga, households that are wealthy in terms of total livestock holdings, are also wealthy in terms of wealth per capita, but not proportionally more so. Once households have about five livestock units per capita, any increase in household wealth is used to attract new people to the household, rather than to increase the wealth of existing household members.For many aspects of the production system overall household wealth and wealth per capita have a similar effect, but this is not always the case. In some instances overall household wealth can explain variation between households, whereas wealth per capita cannot. This occurs when the absolute number of animals belonging to a household is important. In terms of provisioning the household and household economics, per capita wealth explains more of the variation between households.Overall the Datoga are struggling to survive. They have been alienated from more fertile areas, and consequently they are poor, and herd productivity is low. This is due to the low reproduction rate of cattle, and the high commercial offtake rate of both cattle and small stock. The high commercial offtake rate is driven by subsistence needs and most income is used to buy grain and veterinary products. However, there is considerable variation between households, and compared to poor households, wealthy households have a comparatively low offtake rate of livestock, in terms of both mortality and sales. Consequently, they are managing to retain their livestock holdings, or in a few cases to increase the size of their herds. However, wealthy households are in the minority, and the majority of households are caught in a declining cycle of poverty, and will eventually be forced to drop out of the pastoral system.


In a turbulent atmosphere, starting with a cos-Gaussian excitation at the source plane, the average intensity profile at the receiver plane is formulated. This average intensity profile is evaluated against the variations of link lengths, turbulence levels, two frequently used free-space optics wavelengths, and beam displacement parameters. We show that a cos-Gaussian beam, following a natural diffraction, is eventually transformed into a cosh-Gaussian beam. Combining our earlier results with the current findings, we conclude that cos-Gaussian and cosh-Gaussian beams act in a reciprocal manner after propagation in turbulence. The rates (paces) of conversion in the two directions are not the same. Although the conversion of cos-Gaussian beams to cosh-Gaussian beams can happen over a wide range of turbulence levels (low to moderate to high), the conversion of cosh-Gaussian beams to cos-Gaussian beams is pronounced under relatively stronger turbulence conditions. Source and propagation parameters that affect this reciprocity have been analyzed.


Rancieite from Friesach, Carinthia, Austria, is described from an oxidation zone of a small (Mn-bearing) siderite deposit. This mineral is associated with "buserite-(Ca)", hollandite, braunite, romanechite, todorokite, cryptomelane, pyrolusite, manganite, nsutite, goethite, lepidocrocite, and calcite. Rancieite rarely forms small purple-silver grey crystals with a bright metallic luster. Single crystals are up to 200 μm in length and ∼0.1 μm in thickness and exhibit well-formed crystal faces in some cases. The foliated habit of these crystals may be due to rapid growth on the plane of fissure. For the first time a relatively large number of X-ray powder diffraction lines (19 lines) of rancieite are described. Structure modeling, by the Rietveld method and with difference-Fourier summations shows, that rancieite is most probably trigonal in structure, in contrast to the monoclinic structure of birnessite. The layers of the (Mn 4+ ,Mn 3+ )O 6 octahedra, arranged parallel to (00.1), are intercalated predominantly by Ca atoms and water molecules, which are in a statistic and disordered arrangement. The powder pattern of this rancieite was indexed on a trigonal cell, space group P 3 [147], with a = 2.845(1) and c = 7.485(1) A, a:c = 1: 2.632, Z = 1. The unit formula can be written as (Ca 0.85 Mn 2+ 0.06 K 0.05 Mg 0.02 Fe 3+ 0.01 Ba 0.01 ) (Mn 4+ 3.60 Mn 3+ 0.40 )O 9 ·∼ 2.8 H 2 O (calculated on the basis of O = 9; water and the valence states of Mn were calculated), or as Ca 0.19 Mn 2+ 0.01 K 0.01 (Mn 4+ 0.80 Mn 3+ 0.09□0.11 )O 2 ·∼ 0.6 H 2 O (calculated on the basis of O = 2).


Eclipsing binary stars with a pulsating component are powerful tools that allow us to probe the stellar interior structure and the evolutionary statuses with a good accuracy. Therefore, in this study, spectroscopic and photometric examinations of an eclipsing binary system V948 Her are presented. The primary component of the system is classified to be a candidate δ Scuti variable in the literature. The fundamental stellar, atmospheric and orbital parameters, and the surface abundance of the star were determined and the pulsation behaviour was investigated in this study. The orbital parameters were derived by the analysis of radial velocity and SuperWASP light curves. The spectral classification was found to be F2V. The initial atmospheric parameters of the primary component were derived by analysis of the spectral energy distribution and hydrogen lines. The final atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances of the primary component were obtained by using the method of spectrum synthesis. As a result, the final atmospheric parameters were determined as T eff = 7100 ± 200 K , log g = 4.3 ± 0.1 cgs and ξ = 2.2 ± 0.2 km s − 1 . The surface abundance was found to be similar to solar. The fundamental stellar parameters of both components were also obtained to be M = 1.722 ± 0.123 , 0.762 ± 0.020 M ⊙ , R = 1.655 ± 0.034 , 0.689 ± 0.016 R ⊙ for primary and secondary components, respectively. The pulsation characteristic of the primary component was examined using SuperWASP data and the pulsation period was found to be ∼0.038 d. The position of the primary pulsating component was also obtained inside the instability strip of δ Sct stars. The primary component of V948 Her was defined to be a δ Sct variable.


The paper seeks to explain how courts in new and vulnerable democracies acquire legiti‐ macy and thus become credible actors able to facilitate or even foster the consolidation of democracy. It analyses the case of the Constitutional Court of Benin (CCB), demonstrating that governmental appointment policies have had an  important  impact on  the court's  le‐ gitimacy. This West African country  is considered  to have been continuously democratic since 1991, and the court was established by consensus during the transition. The findings suggest  that perceptions of  fair  representation on  the bench matter more  for  credibility than professional qualifications and the quality of adjudication. And contrary to the wide‐ spread narrative that African politics is basically shaped by ethnicity, short‐term political affiliations appear  to matter more  than  communalistic  representation. Network  analysis using original social data on the major politicians and all 25 CCB  judges since the court's creation in 1993 provides the evidence for this argument. The paper ultimately argues that the appointment‐policy‐driven delegitimisation of an established and largely credible politi‐ cal arbiter  can put democratic  consolidation at  risk. Ruling elites  therefore play a major role in maintaining or eroding this consolidation.


The gales of climate change blow the future open and closed. In response, we are having to learn to live with a renewed notion of limits and a novel level of uncertainty. One emerging governance response is a turn to scenario planning, which generates narratives about multiple futures refracted out from the present. Like climate change itself, scenario planning, and the broader field of futures studies it is part of, is historically and socially positioned, belying its application as a mere method or tool. This paper discusses the growing turn to scenario planning within government climate change adaptation initiatives in light of parallel shifts in governance (eg, interest in efficiency and wicked problems) and adaptation efforts (eg, framed as risk management or resilience) and their shared roots in the ambiguities of sustainable development. It provides an extended introduction to a theme issue that provides, overall, a nested discussion of the role of scenario planning by government for climate change adaptation, noting how governance, climate change adaptation, and scenario planning all fold together the motifs of openness and closedness. This paper engages with the emerging field of future geographies and critical interest in future orientations to highlight the way society's growing engagement on climate change adaptation exposes, critiques, replicates, and amplifies our existing orientations to the future and time and their politically contested and embedded character. It points to the way the motif of open futures can be both progressive and conservative, as political and economic interests seek to open up some futures while closing down others in the name of the ambivalent goals of adaptation and sustainable development.


In 1898, when American forces wrested the Philippines from Spanish rule, the Filipinos' struggle for independence drew mild reaction from a Southeast Asian neighbor of similar colonial circumstances. At that time, Indonesia, with its limited literacy and nonexistent political landscape, could not fully appreciate the repercussions of the Philippine independence movement. Only decades later did a small part of the Indonesian nationalist movement draw inspiration from its neighbor. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, the political developments in the Philippines was followed closely even before the arrival of Admiral Dewey. Aware of the possible impact of the growing clamor for Philippine independence on Indonesian political parties with nationalist aspirations, the Dutch's greatest fear, however, was American abandonment of a newly-independent Philippines, which would leave the door wide open for Japanese conquest of the region. The Dutch proved to be prophetic in this regard, losing its colony in 1942.


The South African electricity industry has seen a dramatic increase in prices over the past 3 years. This increase has been blanketed across all sectors and is based on a number of factors such as sector, usage and, in the case of domestic pricing, suburb. The cost of electricity in South Africa, particularly to the industrial sector, has been among the lowest in the world. In this paper, we analyse the recent price increases in the South African electricity sector and discuss the price determination mechanism employed by Eskom, South Africa's electricity provider. We also analyse the revenue and sales of Eskom and review the electricity price from an international perspective. The concept of differential pricing and international benchmarking is analysed as a possibility for the South African industrial electricity industry, so that all sectors are not adversely affected by across-the-board increases. Our aim is to raise the question of whether South Africa's electricity prices are in line with international increases and to suggest the possibility of differentiated prices in the local electricity sector.


This work reports on the processes involved in the wear of hydroxyapatite sliding against slip-cast, glass-infiltrated alumina. Synthetic hydroxyapatite was used as a model material representing tooth enamel, while the alumina used was designed for tooth restorations. The wear tests were conducted in distilled water using a pin-on-disk tribometer under contact conditions that mimic the oral environment. To investigate the wear process for this material system, the surfaces of the hydroxyapatite "pin" and the alumina "disk" were examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine wear debris fragments collected from the hydroxyapatite wear scar and, for comparison, the bulk structure of the pin and crushed fragments from an unworn pin. Wear tracks on glass-infiltrated alumina showed only minor damage consisting of removal of glass from intergranular pockets in this material. In contrast, the hydroxyapatite wear surfaces were covered by an adhered debris layer, which obscured the rough, underlying surface. When dried, this adhered layer was found to contain both single-crystal and polycrystalline hydroxyapatite fragments, together with porous amorphous particulates, containing Ca, P, and O as major elements and Al and La as minor constituents. The composition of this amorphous wear product suggests a tribochemical reaction of hydroxyapatite and infiltrated alumina with water. The wear process, therefore, consists of material removal by fracture and deformation of the hydroxyapatite, followed by mixing of the crystalline fragments with the reaction products and the glass-infiltrate to form a uniform debris layer on the hydroxyapatite wear surface. The effects of this surface layer on wear are considered to include moderation of the local contact stresses and control of the immediate environment under which wear occurs. Our wear data, represented in terms of the wear factor, are found to be consistent with published data on the wear of tooth enamel sliding against different types of ceramic restorations.


Contents and Abstracts0Introduction chapter abstractThis chapter charts the continued popularity and influence of Mark Twain in the US and around the world a century after his death, and what prominent Chinese writers such as Lu Xun and Lao She have said about Twain as an American writer, anti-imperialist, and supporter of Chinese rights at home and abroad. Introducing Twain's lifelong connection with the Chinese and posthumous voyage in China, the chapter addresses the significant transition that Twain underwent in his attitudes toward the Chinese as a result of his global travels. While most Chinese scholars and readers tend to neglect Twain's early perception of and prejudice toward the Chinese, the introduction calls to attention the important correlation between the writer's moral journey and the posthumous impact of his work in China, and the necessity to consider this transition while examining the reasons to Twain's lasting popularity there. 1Sam Clemens the Missourian: Early Acquaintances With "Chinamen" chapter abstractThis chapter begins with Clemens's early adventures in the American West in the 1860s. What Clemens witnessed in the frontier would contradict the founding ideals that he once learned as a child in Missouri. The everyday scenario of the American police and Irish oppression of the Chinese in the streets of San Francisco compelled him to reflect upon a country that was founded on democratic ideals but was also ironically plagued by racism. In 1870, Twain married and settled down with Olivia Langdon in New York. His father-in-law, Jervis Langdon, played an important role as an abolitionist in influencing Twain's racial attitude toward slavery. Around the same time, a figure that had an influence on Twain regarding the use of Chinese protagonists in his work was Bret Harte. The two collaborated on the play, "Ah Sin," which unfortunately brought the end of their friendship. 2From the Mississippi to the Big Sea: Voyages Across the Pacific chapter abstractThis chapter examines the impact of two Pacific voyages that Twain undertook on his attitude toward the Chinese. Sent by the Sacramento Union as a correspondent to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) in 1866, Twain supported US annexation of the Islands and the importation of Chinese "coolie" labor to the plantations there. On this trip Twain became friends with Anson Burlingame, the then US Minister to China (1861-1867), who helped to deepen Twain's understanding of and acquaintance with the Chinese. As Twain revisited the Sandwich Islands thirty years later in 1895 as part of his lecture series along the equator, he had become increasingly skeptical of European, and soon after, American colonization by means of economic dominance and missionary involvements in foreign territories. The cultural and ethnic diversity that Twain encountered beyond the American shore complicated the racial assumptions that he grew up with in the slave-holding South. 3Mark Twain the Chinese Boxer: Reflections & Reformation of a Red-Hot Anti-Imperialist chapter abstractThis chapter discusses Twain's anti-imperialist position and involvement with the American Anti-Imperialist League as he returned from Europe in 1900. Twain was infuriated as imperial powers including the US were taking land by force not only from the Chinese, but also from Filipinos, Cubans, and other people of color. What he once perceived as "human vermin" turned out to be nobler than many of the so-called "civilized" people. Admitting to once being a "red-hot imperialist," he returned home declaring himself a Chinese Boxer against European and American imperialism. The author discusses a few important anti-imperialist pieces, such as "To the Person Sitting in Darkness," "To My Missionary Critics," "The United States of Lyncherdom," and "The Fable of the Yellow Terror," and examines the factors that led Clemens to take issue with the Rev. William Ament and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission (ABCFM). 4Lighting Out for the Chinese Territory: Mark Twain's Posthumous Journey Across China chapter abstractThis chapter explores the socio-historical and political background in China into which Twain was first introduced. Brought to Chinese readers by Liang Qichao during his exile in Japan in late Qing China, Twain's work indispensably contributed to the early process of transnationalism in the Chinese literary community across China, Japan, and the US. Huckleberry Finn, in particular, was used to revolutionize literature, language, and society in China as the nation was undergoing a series of westernization reforms and as a political tool during the Cold War era. Nevertheless, the travels of Huck Finn from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong and Taiwan during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) suggests that translating Twain's work in these places functioned in part as a means of distancing themselves from communism and Chinese civilization as it was being constructed in the Mainland at the time. 5Translation, Appropriation & Continuation: Huck Finn's Chinese Adventures in the late 20th Century & Beyond chapter abstractThis chapter examines specific passages from Huck Finn and explores how Chinese translators approach Twain's work in the late 20th century and beyond-how they conveyed appropriate contexts and elucidated elements that were unfamiliar to Chinese readers. Drawing on a few representative works of translation from different periods, the chapter explores some of the challenges that Chinese translators have been confronted with when it comes to translating the language of a fourteen-year-old boy, Pap Finn's racist attitude, and Jim's black vernacular. It looks at how Twain's work was used to portray America in different spatial and historical moments, as well as how American race relations get transposed into other cultural contexts, and whether the critiques of racism embodied in Twain's work get passed on to readers in China. 6Epilogue chapter abstractIn the final chapter of Huckleberry Finn, Huck concluded that he "got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before." While Huck's refusal to be "sivilized" speaks of Twain's own skepticism about white Americans' construction of the term, the epilogue will present a somewhat different picture of what "sivilization" means when Huck Finn is put into different Chinese contexts, i.e. Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet. It concludes with an overview of the history and nature of Chinese culture and the frontier, and how it thereby influences the understanding of Huck Finn in China. It suggests that, however ironic, the brilliance and lasting popularity of Twain's work lies in it being effectively used to suit different political implications in politically-conflicting regions.


ABSTRACT Pervasively dolomitized Tertiary strata on Grand Cayman are dominated by heterogeneous dolostones that are composed of both low-Ca calcium dolomite (LCD 55 mol % CaCO3). Homogeneous dolostones, formed of either LCD or HCD, are rare. Some dolostones contain dolomite crystals that are characterized by oscillatory zones (1-10 µm thick) of LCD and HCD, whereas others have rims of LCD surrounding cores of HCD. In some dolostones, bioclasts formed of LCD are embedded in a matrix of HCD. An 1‰ 18O difference between the LCD and HCD can be attributed to the natural covariance that exists between the 18O and mol % CaCO3 in dolomite. There are no significant differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the LCD and HCD. There is no consistent vertical or lateral pattern to the distribution of LCD and HCD in the Cayman dolostones even in closely spaced sampling sites. Such variability is more consistent with growth of individual dolomite crystals being controlled by processes that operated around the surfaces of individual crystals rather than by large-scale changes in the dolomitizing fluids. This interpretation is consistent with the development of oscillatory zoning, which is attributed to precipitation of different phases or minerals from the same parent fluid because of competition between interface-controlled and diffusion-controlled growth kinetics. Dolomitization of the Tertiary strata on Grand Cayman was probably mediated by seawater or modified seawater. Nevertheless, small-scale intrinsic factors controlled the incorporation of Ca in the dolomite lattice and, accordingly, the geochemical parameters that are intimately linked to the mol % CaCO3. These small-scale intrinsic controls must be factored into any model to explain the formation of Tertiary island dolostones.


ABSTRACT The serine repeat antigen (SERA) proteins of the malaria parasites Plasmodium spp. contain a putative enzyme domain similar to that of papain family cysteine proteases. In Plasmodium falciparum parasites, more than half of the SERA family proteins, including the most abundantly expressed form, SERA5, have a cysteine-to-serine substitution within the putative catalytic triad of the active site. Although SERA5 is required for blood-stage parasite survival, the occurrence of a noncanonical catalytic triad casts doubt on the importance of the enzyme domain in this function. We used phage display to identify a small (14-residue) disulfide-bonded cyclic peptide (SBP1) that targets the enzyme domain of SERA5. Biochemical characterization of the interaction shows that it is dependent on the conformation of both the peptide and protein. Addition of this peptide to parasite cultures compromised development of late-stage parasites compared to that of control parasites or those incubated with equivalent amounts of the carboxymethylated peptide. This effect was similar in two different strains of P. falciparum as well as in a transgenic strain where the gene encoding the related serine-type parasitophorous vacuole protein SERA4 was deleted. In compromised parasites, the SBP1 peptide crosses both the erythrocyte and parasitophorous vacuole membranes and accumulates within the parasitophorous vacuole. In addition, both SBP1 and SERA5 were identified in the parasite cytosol, indicating that the plasma membrane of the parasite was compromised as a result of SBP1 treatment. These data implicate an important role for SERA5 in the regulation of the intraerythrocytic development of late-stage parasites and as a target for drug development.


Abstract This paper examines the presence of asymmetric behavior in exchange rate passthrough (ERPT) to CPI inflation in 12 euro area (EA) countries. Using a class of nonlinear smooth transition models, the author tests for asymmetry with respect to the direction and the magnitude of exchange rate changes. On the one hand, the author finds only 5 out of 12 EA countries showing asymmetric pass-through related to exchange rate appreciations and depreciations. Results are somewhat mixed with no clear evidence about the direction of asymmetry. On the other hand, the author reports strong evidence that ERPT responds asymmetrically to the size of exchange rate changes as a result of presence of menu costs. The degree of ERPT is found to be higher for large exchange rate changes than for small ones in 9 out of 12 EA countries.


I Had Hoped that this second part of the new Journal would not require an editorial but various changed circumstances have conspired to make one necessary. Many Fellows made helpful comments upon the January issue and I take this opportunity of thanking them. Unfortunately, the cessation of normal postal facilities not only cut off the flow of such letters but also delayed the despatch of publications and, to a variable extent, upset temporarily the system of refereeing and processing of papers. This issue of the Journal includes a number of short papers which previously would have found a place in the old Proceedings. It also sees the publication of the first results of the deliberations of the various stratigraphical sub-committees and working groups of the Society. This first Period Correlation Paper, by Cox et al., on the Silurian, initiates the publication of Special Reports. Copies of the Silurian report, in the form of a reprint with cover, may be purchased either from the offices of the Society or from Scottish Academic Press Ltd., price 5op including postage. Finally, for the opening of the Appeal on 26th January, a report was made on publications of the Society during the previous fifteen months. As many Fellows have enquired concerning the position of publications and as it is by no means as black a record as has on occasion been painted, the details are repeated here. The publications received by Fellows in the last fifteen months amount to a total of 2060 printed


In this paper, we study a hybrid amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) scheme for two-way cognitive cooperative radio networks (CCRNs). The proposed scheme applies the AF scheme when the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the relay is below a predefined threshold such that the relay cannot successfully decode the signal. On the other hand, when the SINR at the relay is greater than the predefined threshold, it decodes the signal and then forwards it to the destination, i.e. avoids noise and interference amplification at the relay. An analytical expression of the outage probability of the hybrid AF-DF two-way CCRN is derived based on the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the SINR in AF and DF mode. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the influence of network parameters such as transmit power, interference power constraint of the primary network, fading conditions, and link distances on the outage probability. Finally, the numerical results show that the hybrid strategy is able to improve system performance significantly compared to conventional AF or DF relaying.


This paper presents an automatic system for bone age evaluation according to the clinical method of Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2), based on the integration between two systems: The first processes the finger's bones [epiphysis/metaphysis region of interest (EMROI)], whereas the second one processes the wrist bones [carpal region of interest (CROI)]. The system ensures an accurate bone age assessment for age ranges of 0-10 years for males and 0-7 years for females. For both approaches, novel segmentation techniques are proposed. In detail, for CROI analysis, bone extraction is carried out by integrating anatomical knowledge of the hand and trigonometric concepts, whereas a TW2-stage assignment is achieved by combining the gradient vector flow Snakes and the derivative difference of Gaussian filter. One of the main difficulties for bone age assessment based on carpal bones is that trapezium and trapezoid, which are among the biggest bones in the wrist, are often fused even in very young patients. This problem is overtaken by a very effective algorithm that checks the compactness of the identified bones and separates them by using a curvature function. For EMROI analysis, image-processing techniques and geometrical feature analysis, based on the difference of Gaussian, are proposed. The system is evaluated on a set of 106 X-rays, reaching performances of about 90% success rate in bone stage assignment. The system is very reliable and outperforms other effective methods. Moreover, the mean error rate is about 0.46±0.37 years, which is comparable with clinicians' reliability, for whom the error has been estimated to be 0.33±0.6 years.


The erect wing locus of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein, EWG, that shares extensive homology with the P3A2 DNA binding protein of sea urchin and a recently identified mammalian transcription factor. Loss-of-function erect wing alleles result in embryonic lethality. Viable alleles of erect wing cause severe abnormalities of the indirect flight muscles. We have analyzed the spatial pattern of erect wing expression in the developing indirect flight muscles during postembryonic development. EWG is detected, 10 hours after puparium formation, in myoblasts that will form the indirect flight muscles. The early events of muscle development are normal in ewg mutants. However, a few hours after the onset of erect wing expression in myoblasts, defects are seen in the developing indirect flight muscles which subsequently degenerate. We present results that show that the normal development of the indirect flight muscles requires erect wing expression in the progenitor myoblasts themselves. Finally, we examine the role of target muscles in the arborization of motor axons by studying the developing innervation to the flight muscle in erect wing mutants. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, a role for a regulatory gene expressed in imaginal myoblasts in Drosophila.


Over the last 15 years, many policy languages have been developed for specifying policies and credentials under the trust management paradigm. What has been missing is a formal semantics - in particular, one that would capture the inherently dynamic nature of trust management, where access decisions are based on the local policy in conjunction with varying sets of dynamically submitted credentials. The goal of this paper is to rest trust management on a solid formal foundation. To this end, we present a model theory that is based on Kripke structures for counterfactual logic. The semantics enjoys compositionality and full abstraction with respect to a natural notion of observational equivalence between trust management policies. Furthermore, we present a corresponding Hilbert-style axiomatization that is expressive enough for reasoning about a system's observables on the object level. We describe an implementation of a mechanization of the proof theory, which can be used to prove non-trivial meta-theorems about trust management systems, as well as analyze probing attacks on such systems. Our benchmark results show that this logic-based approach performs significantly better than the only previously available, ad-hoc analysis method for probing attacks.


LooKing For soME new insight into an old problem? The following research paper by Milind Kulkarni et al. addresses the familiar problem of writing parallel applications and uses a fresh approach based on data abstraction to allow some challenging programs to be parallelized. Going back more than 30 years to the foundational work by Owicki and Gries on the semantics of parallel programs, and through decades of work on automatic parallelization of Fortran and C programs, the focus in the research and commercial communities has been on reasoning at the concrete level of read and write operations: if two iterations of a loop access the same variable, and at least one of them performs a write, then the iterations cannot execute in parallel. When combined with a static compile-time approach, the necessarily conservative analysis techniques mean that many loops cannot be parallelized, especially for programs with pointerbased data structures. With a computer industry betting on multicore, the need for solutions to the parallel software problem has reached a new level of criticality. There has been a resurgence of parallelism research, much of it focused on dynamic discovery of parallelism using speculative techniques. The authors build on the idea of dynamic parallelism discovery by combining loop constructs with conflict analysis and a rollback mechanism to support speculative parallelism. The Galois system described in the paper has both ordered and unordered loops, but presents users with a serial semantics in both cases. Galois uses the type system to further control the behavior of such loops. Objects that use a traditional model of speculative parallelism are instances of so-called "catch-and-keep" classes, because the runtime system holds a lock throughout an iteration to ensure that the iterations appear to execute serially. But an interesting class of algorithms allow for correct behavior even in the presence of conflicting accesses. For example, branch and bound search can proceed in any order but must update the value of a variable representing the current bound. The authors add to speculative execution: programmers are allowed to specify that two method invocations on an object commute, meaning they can safely be reordered. In the branch and bound example, if a class is defined for the bound, with only operations to read the bound and update it monotonically by performing a max operation with a newly discovered bound, then the update operations commute with one another. Moreover, methods that have no effect on the abstract value, but "benevolent side effects" on the underlying state will commute at the abstract level despite having conflicting accesses. Classes that have commutativity specifications are called "catch-andrelease" classes, because the implementation holds a lock only during a method invocation to ensure atomicity of the operation, but not throughout the entire iteration. Serialization of the iterations is ensured instead through commutativity of the methods and, if abstract conflicts are discovered, though rollbacks. The commutativity specification combined with unordered loops gives a programming model that is somewhere between explicit parallelism and sequential programming, as the programmer may give many opportunities for reordering operations, but the program still has a serial semantics. The one final concept needed to parallelize some complex irregular applications is the idea that methods with side effects on catch-and-release classes must have inverse methods to "undo" the effects in case an abstract-level conflict is discovered. This allows iterations to execute in parallel, possibly with conflicting reads and writes to variables, as long as the methods involved are known to commute. If an abstract conflict is discovered between two method invocations that are not commutative, the runtime layer will roll back one of the iterations using the inverse of the operations that had been executed. The authors successfully apply these ideas to two complex parallelization problems—an unstructured mesh refinement algorithm and a clustering algorithm used in data mining. Both problems involve irregular control flow and pointer-based data structures, making them intractable for static parallelism approaches or even speculative parallelism based on concrete conflict detection. This paper presents the general ideas using these two compelling examples, and the concepts are both original and thought provoking. Abstraction mechanisms like object orientation are often considered deterrents to performance and parallelization, but in this approach data abstraction provides the specification point for commutativity and therefore a key to parallelization. The authors raise a number of interesting semantic issues in the examples and overall approach, and for those interested in a new perspective on parallel programming, I highly recommend this paper.


Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is a rare disease entity. It is an ominous finding, usually, associated with intraabdominal ischemic necrosis. It frequently requires emergent surgical intervention. Herein, we present a case of a patient who complained of intense abdominal pain, with radiographic findings of HPVG as a result of cocaine-induced vascular insufficiency. After 5 h of nonoperative and conservative management, the HPVG spontaneously resolved. The patient clinically improved and was discharged home in a stable condition.


In this paper, we study the self-coordination problem as demonstrated by the well-known El Farol Bar problem (Arthur, 1994), which later becomes what is known as the Minority Game in the econophysics community. While the El Farol problem or the minority game has been studied for almost two decades, existing studies are most concerned with efficiency only. The equality issue, however, has been largely neglected. In this paper, we build an agent-based model to study both efficiency and equality and ask whether a decentralized society can ever possibly self-coordinate a result with highest efficiency while also maintaining a highest degree of equality. Our agent-based model shows the possibility of achieving this social optimum. The two key determinants to make this happen are social preferences and social networks. Hence, not only does institution (network) matters, but individual characteristics (preferences) also matters. The latter part is open for human-subject experiments for further examination.


Cloud-based services (especially IaaS) are widely used by businesses, including small and medium-sized enterprises. The recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation is going to influence the EU cloud computing market significantly, and SMEs using IaaS to process personal data of their clients face a need to adapt to those changes if they are to remain compliant with the data protection rules. The objective with the paper was to look into the regulation adopted and identify the aspects that significantly influence the relations between a cloud provider and a client, especially if seen from the perspective of SMEs. Further, the paper discusses whether IaaS will be an obvious choice for SMEs seeking to hire computer infrastructure resources for the purpose of processing personal data when the compliance efforts necessary after the General Data Protection Regulation comes into force are taken into account. The findings suggest that forthcoming changes could significantly affect the industry and, in light of the likely increase in transaction costs, that SMEs may want to consider traditional outsourcing services instead. Consequently, the results of the data protection reform would be contradictory to other objectives of the European Commission, especially that of wider adoption of cloud services by SMEs.


N₂ fixation adds bioavailable nitrogen to the global oceans and therewith drives modern-day marine primary productivity. The diazotrophs mainly responsible for the fixation of nitrogen are principally found in the cyanobacterial lineage with unicellular and filamentous non-heterocystous species dominating. There is evidence that diazotrophic cyanobacteria were of similar importance in the past nitrogen cycling, in particular during the formation of organic-rich deposits of the Phanerozoic (e.g. Pleistocene Mediterranean sapropels and Cretaceous black shales). However, the poor preservation potential and the lack of suitable geochemical tracers that are specific for N₂-fixing cyanobacteria have hampered their rigorous identification in the geological record. This thesis describes investigations aimed at a better understanding of the presence and past distribution of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria and their significance in the past nitrogen cycling. For this, a multiplicity of cyanobacterial cultures, including unicellular, filamentous non-heterocystous and heterocystous species, were analyzed for their isotopic and biogeochemical inventory in order to identify geochemical tracers specific for diazotrophic cyanobacteria. Heterocystous species confine the fixation of N₂ to specialized cells, the heterocysts, which are wrapped in a thick cell envelope limiting the diffusion of oxygen into the cell to a level that respiration can maintain an anoxic microenvironment that is needed to perform N₂ fixation. The major structural components of this cell envelope are heterocyst glycolipids (HGs), consisting of a sugar head group glycosidically bound to long-chain diols, triols, keto-ols and keto-diols. It was found that these components were remarkably well preserved in a variety of recent to ancient lacustrine and marine sediments. For example, HGs were identified in core-top sediments of the Baltic Sea, which is well known for its annual blooms of heterocystous cyanobacteria. These components were also detected in microbial mats growing along the coastline of the North Sea barrier island Schiermonnikoog (The Netherlands). They were particularly abundant in Pleistocene sapropels of the eastern Mediterranean Sea suggesting that heterocystous cyanobacteria, likely as epiphytes in symbiosis with planktonic diatoms, played a major role in adding 'new' nitrogen to the stratified surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea and thus sustained the high primary productivity invoked to explain the organic-rich nature of these deposits. The present study showed the general applicability of heterocyst glycolipids as biological marker for N₂-fixing cyanobacteria in miscellaneous present-day environmental settings. It also showed that heterocystous cyanobacteria – in contrast to the modern day – may have had a profound effect on the past marine nitrogen cycling and sustained times of high primary productivity. Heterocyst glycolipids may thus form useful molecular fossils to improve our understanding of the evolution and importance of these N₂-fixing microorganisms in the past nitrogen cycling.


100 Classic Graphic Design Journals surveys a unique collection of the most influential magazines devoted to graphic design, advertising and typography. These journals together span over 100 years of the history of print design and chart the rise of graphic design from a necessary sideline to the printing industry to an autonomous creative profession. Each magazine is generously illustrated with a large selection of spreads and covers. A descriptive text based, where possible, on interviews with editors, designers and publishers is also included for each magazine alongside comprehensively researched bibliographic material. The magazines featured cover a range of industries and eras, from advertising (Publimondial, La Pubblicita Italiana), posters (Das Plakat, Affiche) and typography (Typografische Monatsblatter, Typographica), to Art Nouveau (Bradley, His Book), Modernist design (Neue Grafik, ULM) and Post-Modern and contemporary graphics (Emigre, Its Nice That). These 100 journals offer an invaluable resource to historians and students of graphic design, and a rich seam of visual research and inspiration for graphic designers.


CD28 expression was thoroughly investigated on plasma cells of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma (MM), and human myeloma cell lines. CD28+ plasma cells were detected in 19% of 31 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 41% of 116 MM, and 100% of 13 human myeloma cell lines. CD28+ myeloma cells were detected in 21 of 79 (26%) MM cases at diagnosis, 13 of 22 (59%) at medullary relapse (P < 0.009), and 14 of 15 (93%) at extramedullary relapse (P = 0.05), including 10 of 10 (100%) secondary plasma cell leukemias (P = 0.05). Serial studies in individual patients confirmed the emergence of CD28+ myeloma cells with tumoral expansion and treatment failure. This was significantly correlated with the expression of CD28 ligand, i.e., CD86 (but not CD80), and with an increase in the proliferative activity (labeling index) of myeloma cells in bone marrow. Whereas the expression of CD56 defines a particular subset of myeloma patients, CD28 is the only antigen for which expression correlates with tumor progression. Our data show that an aggressive compartment of CD28+ and CD86+ myeloma cells emerges during the course of MM in vivo, indicating that CD28 could be aberrantly expressed on highly malignant (possibly mutated) myeloma cells. Conversely, a subset of proliferative plasmablasts coexpressing CD28 and CD86 could be the normal counterpart of the clonogenic myeloma stem cell because a subset of CD28+ plasma cells was observed in 6 of 6 cases of reactive plasmocytosis.


This report outlines the industrial control system project of implementing an Allen-Bradley Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) into an alluvial gold mine site. The report will cover the steps taken for the PLC to be integrated into the site based on both the hardware supplied by the client and the control guidelines specified by the client and system owner.

The steps taken to integrate the PLC into three main sections covering the PLC being bench tested to full installation on site, this structure also follows the timeline of the project, first reporting on work completed at the office then moves into a software/hardware test at the warehouse and finally full installation on site.

Note, this report does not detail the code utilised for the inner workings of the live mine site as it is against company policy and intellectual property laws, however it will go in-depth into the communications between the system owner, control engineer and technicians, the procedure taken to get the PLC up to a standard for site installation where all parties write off on the final product and the steps done to troubleshoot and communicate any problems found in any of the stages throughout this project.


Over the past decade, cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) activity in the EU banking sector has remained far below its pre-crisis levels, despite the regulatory reforms implemented after the financial crisis. While the EU equipped itself with the Single Rulebook, convergent supervisory practices, a common crisis management framework and the creation of the Banking Union, ring-fencing and limits to the circulation of funds across borders are still present and the EU still does not reap the full benefits of the Single Market.

The purpose of this paper is to map and analyse the elements of the current EU prudential framework that create obstacles to banking groups operating across borders. The results highlight the existence of a number of potential issues at both regulatory and supervisory levels.

First, policy reviews, cases and survey-based evidence suggest that the current regulatory framework relies on a territorial approach (cross-border waivers for capital and minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL), inefficient intra-group financial support arrangements, a multiplicity of macroprudential tools and the existence of options and national discretions within the Single Rulebook), favours pre-positioning resources with the subsidiaries and entails market fragmentation. Ultimately, this may endanger the comparability of institutions across countries and reduce the incentive to conduct cross-border consolidation.

Second, despite the progress made in achieving convergence of supervisory practices across the EU, a number of approaches are not yet fully consistent, in particular with respect to the link between prudential requirements and restrictions on distributions, and to a more transparent approach when setting risk-by-risk requirements. The absence of common and fully transparent EU practices for prudential assessment of M&A transactions, including the determination of capital requirements, further adds to the complexity.

Finally, it is also suggested that the completion of the Banking Union, by further strengthening the institutional cooperation among Member States and national authorities, has a fundamental role to play in freeing up the potential of enhanced financial integration. There should also be no further delay in the progress made towards the Banking Union's achievement of single jurisdiction status.


Diversity, distribution and host range of mistletoe were assessed in protected and unprotected areas of the Central Nepal Himalayas. This study recorded ten mistletoe species. Occurrence of all ten mistletoe species within the Shivpuri Nagarjun National Park (SNNP) was a clear indication that national parks provide better habitat for mistletoe species richness and thus a better opportunity for biodiversity conservation than in unprotected areas. For these mistletoes, a total of 34 host species of 21 unrelated families were documented. Scurrula genus of the Loranthaceae family had the highest number of species, the highest number of host species, and the widest altitudinal distribution. Variation in climatic factors, edge effect, disperser behaviour, fragmented forests and the availability of suitable host species determine the occurrence of a particular mistletoe species in a particular habitat. Key words: Diversity: distribution: host range: mistletoe: Nepal DOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i2.4797 Banko Janakari Vol.20(2) 2010 pp.14-20


In this workshop we propose to explore new approaches to bring about real environmental change by looking at the success of empowering technologies that enable grassroots activism and bottom up community participation. Ubiquitous computing is transforming from being mostly about professional communication and social interaction to a sensor rich personal measurement platform that can empower individuals and groups to gain an awareness of their surroundings, engage in grassroots activism to promote environmental change, and enable a new social paradigm – citizen science. This workshop brings together fresh ideas and approaches to help elevate individuals to have a powerful voice in society, to act as citizen scientists, and collectively learn and lobby for change worldwide.


Abstract There are many federal, state, and local laws governing the landlord–tenant relationship. Yet scholars know little about their variety and what impact differences among jurisdictions have on renters and rental housing markets. This article examines state-level landlord–tenant policy approaches to determine whether there is significant policy variation and whether states illustrate identifiable policy types. Using cluster and discriminant analysis, this research creates a typology of landlord–tenant policy approaches, finding three distinctive approaches: protectionist, probusiness, and contradictory. This research indicates there is significant variation among state landlord–tenant statutory policies, although states' laws generally reflect one of three philosophies. These results are important for future studies on rental housing because treating all state rental environments the same masks important differences in rental experiences across states. As an illustration, this article finds that renters in protectionist and contradictory states move significantly more than renters in probusiness states do. Furthermore, understanding where renters have more or less legal protection allows policymakers and advocates to focus their efforts on areas where assistance is most needed.


Kenya is one of the poorest countries in Africa. The GNP per capita in Kenya was 250$us and only 5% of the GNP was allocated to health. One can make a direct link between the health expenditure and the general health status of the population in a poor country. Vulnerable population groups such as childbearing women, children, especially the very young, and the aged are more affected by the low level of funding in the health service. Mortality rates amongst childbearing women and the very young in Kenya are partly determined by the structure of the health service, availability of primary care and the accessibility to health care of these vulnerable groups. However, the basic standards of care such as hygiene, good nursing and medical practice, could be maintained in spite of the difficulties referred to. This study focuses on the magnitude, causes and factors affecting maternal death and child death in Nakuru Provincial General Hospital, Kenya Action research methodology was adopted in this study as it was believed that introducing some basic changes in hospital practice could improve care standards in the maternity and paediatric units and could save lives in the longer term. Instituting a more accurate system of recording hospital admission and clinical records could identify causes of deaths. The information could be used to justify further changes and for health planning. Preliminary investigation revealed that the hospital records were poorly kept and that many mistakes and omissions were made. More importantly, causes of deaths were not accurately recorded. A more reliable system was adopted following a 3-month pilot data collection. Examination of the 3-month data revealed that 436 women died during labour per 100 000 births and that 160 in every 1,000 children between ages of 0-5 died. It would appear that these deaths in Nakuru Provincial General Hospital were closely related to poor facilities, low staff morale, poor hospital management, lack of clinical supervision in maternity services. A programme of improvement was implemented in August 2001.Evaluation was carried out 18 months after the action programme. The hospital is cleaner, infection control practice has improved, supervision of junior nursing and medical staff in these units has improved and more importantly patients in these clinical areas are enjoying better care. It is difficult to establish whether a reduction in mortality in these 2 clinical specialities could be achieved as factors such as funding, the health service structure, the establishment of accessible primary care and changes in cultural norms and harmful health practices all play a role in mortality rates. ―Staff in the hospital believe that the action programme has benefited the hospital, but question whether the changes can be sustained.


This paper describes the findings and recommendations of a meta-study examining the actual in-use performance of whole-house mechanical ventilation heat recovery systems (MVHR) installed in 54 low energy dwellings in the UK, as part of a national research programme. The performance of the systems is assessed using monitored data on indoor air quality (temperature, relative humidity, CO2) and energy use, cross-related with actual experiences of operating these systems through resident surveys. Design/research team interviews were also used to ascertain the reasons for selecting MVHR as a ventilation strategy for a housing development. Cross-analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data helps to identify the key features of MVHR systems with respect to quality of design, installation and commissioning procedures.

Overall the study indicates that the rationale behind the use of MVHR systems is borne out – the rates of ventilation as evidenced very generally by CO2 levels are better, and the energy use overall is lower. However the study also highlights the prevalence of sub-optimal systems and the possible implications on both energy efficiency and indoor air quality. This would lead to houses being naturally ventilated, but relying entirely on opening windows where there is no provision for background ventilation. In some spaces where this is not possible (for example due to external factors such as noise or security), or where there is less adaptive behaviour (for example bedrooms overnight), very poor levels of ventilation are experienced.

In general the energy consumption in houses with MVHR systems was lower, but this needs to be contextualised – 77% of the MVHR dwellings with energy data were of Passivhaus construction, which in general have lower consumption within the domestic sample (albeit with MVHR as a key component). In some cases it was found that MVHR systems were selected to achieve compliance with the Code for Sustainable Homes, without much understanding of required air-tightness of the building envelope or the maintenance requirements of these systems. Key recommendations include better understanding of the design issues to ensure good airflow and avoid installation problems associated with ductwork; designing in maintenance requirements including unit location, filter cleaning and replacement; ensuring good communication of the design details with installers and commissioners in conjunction with better quality control onsite; along with improved handover processes and occupant guidance.


The Supreme Court's attempt to create a standard for evaluating whether the Establishment Clause is violated by religious governmental speech, such as the public display of the Ten Commandments or the Pledge of Allegiance, is a total failure. The Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence has been termed "convoluted," "a muddled mess," and "a polite lie." Unwilling to either allow all governmental religious speech or ban it entirely, the Court is in need of a coherent standard for distinguishing the permissible from the unconstitutional. Thus far, no Justice has offered such a standard.A careful reading of the history of the framing period reveals that those responsible for the initial implementation of the First Amendment were able to create a compromise that permitted the use of governmental religious speech in a way that was inclusive of all citizens, regardless of faith. Committed to creating an "American" vision of religious freedom, one that was distinct from the restrictive practices of the individual states, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison created a new template for public religious vocabulary. Through the use of non-sectarian, theologically equivocal language, they found a way to talk simultaneously to the most orthodox segment of the population and atheists, deists, and other members of religious minorities.My Article proposes building on the lessons of the framing period to create a workable Establishment Clause jurisprudence. If we accept that non-sectarian phrases such as "endowed by their Creator" need not divide our nation, we can modify the traditional "endorsement test." A workable test reflecting the Framers' wisdom would only judge governmental speech as unconstitutional if it endorsed religion in such a way "that it sends a message to non-adherents that they are outsiders, not full members of the political community, and an accompanying message to adherents that they are insiders, favored members of the political community." Simple non-sectarian utterances, such as the Supreme Court's invocation "God save the United States and this honorable court," would be permitted, while the courthouse display of the Ten Commandments would be prohibited, and judges and lawyers would finally be able to rely on a usable, understandable Establishment Clause jurisprudence.


Advances in planetary robotics have led to wheeled robots that have beamed back invaluable science data from the surface of the Moon and Mars. However, these large wheeled robots are unable to access rugged environments such as cliffs, canyons and crater walls that contain exposed rock-faces and are geological time-capsules into the early Moon and Mars. We have proposed the SphereX robot with a mass of 3 kg, 30 cm diameter that can hop, roll and fly short distances. A single robot may slip and fall, however, a multirobot system can work cooperatively by being interlinked using spring-tethers and work much like a team of mountaineers to systematically climb a slope. We consider a team of four or more robots that are interlinked with tethers in an "x" configuration. Each robot secures itself to a slope using spiny gripping actuators, and one by one each robot moves upwards by crawling, rolling or hopping up the slope. Apart from climbing, path planning, and navigation is another critical challenge that needs to be solved to make the whole approach feasible. For climbing navigation, a multirobot system needs to have up to date info of its location, together with a macroscopic map of the climbing surface and a detailed map ahead. This system with limited sensor range needs to discern and identify feasible pathways to make the next climbing step much like a human mountaineer. These climbing pathways consist of a series of anchor points for the robot to grip onto next. Identifying one or more feasible pathways is a critical challenge as the terrain ahead needs to be acquired, followed by identification and ranking of anchor points to grip. The climbing task resembles a maze with wrong pathways leading to dead-end. The multirobot systems need to autonomously explore climbing pathways and know when to give up. In this paper, we present a human devised autonomous climbing algorithm and evaluate it using a high-fidelity dynamics simulator. The climbing surfaces contain impassable obstacles and some loosely held rocks that can dislodge. Under these conditions, the robots need to autonomously map, plan and navigate up or down these steep environments. Autonomous mapping and navigation capability is evaluated using simulated lasers, vision sensors. The human devised planning algorithm uses a new algorithm called bounded-leg A∗. Our early simulation results show much promise in these techniques and our future plans include demonstration on real robots in a controlled laboratory environment and outdoors in the canyons of Arizona.


Summary The reproductive cycle of Eurhomalea exalbida (Chemnitz, 1795) in Ushuaia Bay, Beagle Channel, was studied from October 1998 to December 1999. Clams were collected monthly by SCUBA diving at 3–5 m water depth. The degree of sexual maturity was determined histologically (n=338). The sex ratio was 1:1 (Chi-squared p>0.05). First sexual maturity occurred at 39 mm shell height in males and 40 mm in females (i.e., 4 years of age). Five distinct histological stages of sexual maturity could be established in males: (1) early active, (2) late active, (3) ripe, (4) partially spawned with recovery and (5) spent. Females had oocytes ranging from small and immature to large and fully developed in their ovaries throughout the year. Since we could not classify reproductive stages based on a qualitative histological scale of sexual maturity, quantitative measures using an image analyser were used. In males a high percentage of mature individuals were present between January and August. The percentage of early active and partially spawned individuals was highest in November 1998 (70%) and 1999 (60%). In females, the mean number of developed oocytes per unit of gonadal area in a cross section, the mean diameter (minor axis) of oocytes, and the percentage of gonadal area occupied by oocytes were lowest in November, indicating a spawning peak. These results indicate synchronous gonadal development and spawning in males and females. The more intensive spawning activity in November coincides with the higher biomass and production of phytoplankton in spring.


This chapter considers the impact of "the American invasion," a slew of Broadway musicals led by Oklahoma! and Annie Get Your Gun that captivated audiences when they opened in London in 1947. The energy, pace and vitality of American performers shocked British audiences mired in post-war rationing and rehabilitation, and contrasted with the typical material on the British musical stage. This has been a powerful narrative, though one that only tells part of the tale. To understand the transatlantic dynamics that are its context, it is useful to consider how America projected itself around this time, and the way in which the British perceived Americans. With Hollywood images of virile action heroes, and with American GIs stationed on British soil, wartime Brits encountered a new and forceful sexuality that the energy of the Broadway musical evoked. As the staid morals of the pre-war era gave way to the excitement of the new, the British musical responded with the punchy riposte of a new Novello show. In Gay's the Word, Novello laid the foundation for the British to offer just as much vitality as America.


With an increase in web-based products and services, user profiling has created opportunities for both businesses and other organizations to provide a channel for user awareness as well as to achieve high user satisfaction. Apart from traditional collaborative and content-based methods, a number of classification and clustering algorithms have been used for user profiling. Instance Based Learner (IBL) classifier is a comprehensive form of the Nearest Neighbour (NN) algorithm and it is suitable for user profiling as users with similar profiles are likely to share similar personal interests and preferences. In IBL every attribute has an equal effect on the classification regardless of their relevance. In this paper, we proposed a weighted classification method, namely Weighted Instance Based Learner (WIBL), to build and handle user profiles. With WIBL, we introduce Per Category Feature (PCF) method to IBL in order to distinguish the effect of attributes on classification. PCF is an attribute weighting method and it assigns weights to attributes using conditional probabilities. The direct use of this method with IBL is not possible. Hence, two possible solutions were also proposed to address this problem. This study is aimed to test the performance of WIBL for user profiling. To validate the performance of WIBL, a series of computer simulations were carried out. These simulations were conducted using a large user profile database that includes 5000 training and 1000 test instances (users). Here, each user is represented with three sets of profile information; demographic, interest and preference data. The results illustrate that WIBL with PCF methods performs better than IBL on user profiling by reducing the error up to 28% on the selected dataset.


Traditionally Dutch art is seen and presented as a coherent phenomenon-the product of state formation in the late 16th century. Elisabeth de Bievre challenges this view and its assumptions in a radical new account. Arguing that the Dutch Golden Age was far from unified, de Bievre exposes how distinct geographical circumstances and histories shaped each urban development and, in turn, fundamentally informed the art and visual culture of individual cities. In seven chapters, each devoted to a single city, the book follows the growth of Amsterdam, Delft, Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden, The Hague, and Utrecht over the course of five centuries. By embracing the full gamut of art and architecture and by drawing on the records of town histories and the writings of contemporary travelers, de Bievre traces the process by which the visual culture of the Netherlands emerged to become the richest, most complex material expression in Europe, capturing the values of individuals, corporate entities, and whole cities.


Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater and brackish water (e.g. river water) to obtain water suitable for human and animal consumption, irrigation and other industrial uses. This technology has been regarded as an effective way to alleviate freshwater scarcity and ease water stress, which is currently one of the most pervasive problems afflicting people around the world. To date, over 15000 desalination plants have been installed in the world, around 50% of which are reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants. The performance and quality of the RO membrane largely affects the energy consumption of RO desalination processes, which have attracted great interest. This paper reviews recent development of RO membranes with improved properties, including flux and salt rejection, chlorine tolerance and fouling resistance.


Teledermatology is a term to describe the provision of dermatologic medical services through telecommunication technology. In this modality, there is transfer of patient medical information electronically (including history and visual data) obtained in one location to a provider who is in another location (Roman & Jacob, 2015). The construct of the TeleDerm ViewPoint column is such that cases are presented in a standardized teledermatology reader format reflective of an actual teledermatology report. This is a case of purple spots on the fingers and toes.


COVID-19 not only represents a worldwide public health emergency but has become an international economic crisis that could surpass the global financial crisis of 2008–09. Right now, containment and mitigation measures are necessary to limit the spread of the virus and save lives. However, they come at a cost, as shutdowns imply reducing economic activity. These human and economic costs are likely to be larger for developing countries, which generally have lower health care capacity, larger informal sectors, shallower financial markets, less fiscal space, and poorer governance. Policy makers will need to weigh carefully the effectiveness and socioeconomic consequences of containment and mitigation policies, responding to epidemiological evidence on how the virus spreads and trying to avoid unintended consequences. Economic policy in the short term should be focused on providing emergency relief to vulnerable populations and affected businesses. The short-term goal is not to stimulate the economy—which is impossible, given the supply-restricting containment measures, but rather to avoid mass layoffs and bankruptcies. In the medium term, macroeconomic policy should turn to recovery measures, which typically involve monetary and fiscal stimulus. However, in many developing countries, stimulus may be less effective because monetary transmission is weak and fiscal space and fiscal multipliers are often small. A more viable goal for macroeconomic policy in developing countries is avoiding procyclicality, ensuring the continuity of public services for the economy, and supporting the vulnerable. Because COVID-19 is truly a global shock, international coordination is essential, in economic policy,health care and science, and containment and mitigation efforts. Critical times call for well-designed government action and effective public service delivery—preserving, rather than ignoring, the practices for macroeconomic stability and proper governance that serve in good and bad times.


Referring to the term "Christological monotheism", the author of this essay ex¬amines the ancient Jewish understanding of the one and only God. Whereas early Jewish conceptions of intermediary beings do not offend monotheistic belief, he demonstrates that even the earliest Christology transformed the notion of the one and only God entirely. There are nevertheless some indications of an "angelomorphic Christology" in early Christian texts. The author concludes by showing that monotheism and high Christology evoke and interpret each other.


Routing is a general task, yet the implementation of routing protocols requires specific operating system related knowledge. The developer has to deal with particular kernel internals that might have severe side effects. This is especially true for reactive and hybrid protocols where routing and forwarding are heavily intermixed. Furthermore, novel routing protocols require features that are not provided by current operating systems or have to be customized. Thus routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks and wireless mesh networks are often studied in simulation environments. However, simulations have limitations that can result in conclusions that do not hold in real networks. A framework for the implementation of routing protocols in operating systems is required to enable real world oriented research. We introduce the DES Simple and Extensible Routing-Framework for Testbeds (DES-SERT). The framework supports the implementation and evaluation of routing protocols in a testbed environment. A structured protocol implementation is advocated by transmitting data in extensions attached to packets and by its pipeline based architecture. Several steps are elaborated how to derive an implementation from a routing protocol specification.


The purposes of this study are to explore consumers' knowledges, attitudes, and willingness to attend the family physician system. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of 1200 sampled subjects were selected by quota sampling from a population of 16,191,200 people. T-test and chi-square tests were conducted to explore consumers' willingness to attend and their characteristics. A logistic regression analysis was performed to understand factors related to consumers' willingness to attend the family physician system. Among the sampled subjects, 50.3% thought it is "very appropriate" or "appropriate" to implement a family physician system, and 61% "agreed" or "greatly agreed" to the implementation of a gatekeeper system. In addition, 63.3% expressed "willing" or "very willing" to attend a family physician system. The logistic regression analysis found that those who thought it is appropriate to implement a family physician system (OR=6.184, 95% CI=4.686~8.160) and who have monthly incomes between 40,000 and 59,000 (OR=1.520, 95% CI=1.022~2.261) were more likely to willingly attend a family physician system. Those who have at most a junior high school degree (OR=0.345, 95% CI=0.190~0.627) and senior high school degree (OR=0.673, 95% CI=0.473~0.958) were less likely to willingly attend a family physician system. As to the model of family physician system, most respondents preferred that (1) they can choose to visit a single or a group of family physicians if they feel sick; (2) family physicians should provide preventive care, drug, nutritional, and mental consultations, as well as routine medical care; (3) they are free to visit any family physicians even after they have their own family physicians; (4) they are free to select hospital-based or clinic-based physicians as family physicians; (5) they can change their family physicians every year. It is recommended (1) to gather other countries' experiences in the implementation of family physician system; (2) to educate consumers on the framework of Taiwan's family physician system; (3) to integrate consumers' opinions into the model of Taiwan's family physician system.


Summary This article outlines some of the challenges faced in moving away from a health system largely planned and governed by technical personnel to one that involves wider public participation and accountability in planning, implementing and monitoring health services. It considers factors that contribute to motivation for changes in approach, and towards a greater degree of community participation in mechanisms for and the governance of health service delivery. Set within the current environment of real declines in access to health care in Zimbabwe, the liberalisation of health providers and consequent demand for informed consumers, the article explores consumer demand for improved quality services and ways to tackle the need to ensure greater impact in resource use. It explores changing roles within health policy reforms and in relation to processes of decentralisation. It considers health service motivations to widen resource mobilisation strategies, and particularly community contributions to health. The article outlines the perceptions of civic groups, elected and traditional leaders and health service providers in how participation should be restructured in Zimbabwe, noting the general call for greater participation in the planning of resource mobilisation and allocation approaches and of monitoring quality of care. It discusses mechanisms for making such a shift, and the issues to be faced in doing so.


The field of neuroimaging has truly become data rich, and novel analytical methods capable of gleaning meaningful information from large stores of imaging data are in high demand. Those methods that might also be applicable on the level of individual subjects, and thus potentially useful clinically, are of special interest. In the present study, we introduce just such a method, called nonlinear functional mapping (NFM), and demonstrate its application in the analysis of resting state fMRI from a 242-subject subset of the IMAGEN project, a European study of adolescents that includes longitudinal phenotypic, behavioral, genetic, and neuroimaging data. NFM employs a computational technique inspired by biological evolution to discover and mathematically characterize interactions among ROI (regions of interest), without making linear or univariate assumptions. We show that statistics of the resulting interaction relationships comport with recent independent work, constituting a preliminary cross-validation. Furthermore, nonlinear terms are ubiquitous in the models generated by NFM, suggesting that some of the interactions characterized here are not discoverable by standard linear methods of analysis. We discuss one such nonlinear interaction in the context of a direct comparison with a procedure involving pairwise correlation, designed to be an analogous linear version of functional mapping. We find another such interaction that suggests a novel distinction in brain function between drinking and non-drinking adolescents: a tighter coupling of ROI associated with emotion, reward, and interoceptive processes such as thirst, among drinkers. Finally, we outline many improvements and extensions of the methodology to reduce computational expense, complement other analytical tools like graph-theoretic analysis, and allow for voxel level NFM to eliminate the necessity of ROI selection.


This article asserts that although notions of uniformity and certainty have always been part of patent law parlance, since the Federal Circuit's decision in Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., these noble ends have achieved mantra status. In Markman, the Federal Circuit, in the name of uniformity and certainty, characterized claim interpretation as a question of law subject to de novo review, thus positioning itself as the arbiter of claim meaning. If the Federal Circuit is unwilling to exercise greater obeisance toward district court claim interpretations, this article argues that to achieve uniformity and certainty in the context of de novo review the Federal Circuit should entertain interlocutory appeals of Markman hearings. Accordingly, this article proposes that the Supreme Court, pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act, promulgate a rule specifically permitting or requiring the Federal Circuit to hear an interlocutory appeal of a district court claim interpretation decision. The Federal Circuit, which has a special duty to promote uniformity and certainty, cannot have it both ways; that is, the court cannot employ a de novo standard of review on the one hand, and, on the other hand, refuse to entertain interlocutory appeals. Furthermore, acceptance of interlocutory appeals would foster early certainty and promote settlement negotiations. Consistent with this proposal, this article also recommends that district courts, when applicable, apply the doctrine of issue preclusion to their sister courts' claim interpretation decisions. The application of issue preclusion would promote uniformity at the district court level, and coupled with interlocutory review, would promote early certainty.


Diabetes, a metabolic disorder, affects nearly 7% of world population and predicted that it would be the seventh leading cause of death by the year of 2030. The prevalence and morbidity of diabetes are increasing rapidly because of the lifestyle and diet changes occurring with urbanization. Medicinal plants and their derivatives have been proven to be an effective and safe therapy offering various benefits, for example, the moderate reduction in hypoglycaemia, in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. However, the identification of such valuable Indian medicinal plants for diabetes from biomedical literature is not comprehensively explored. In this study, we have investigated Indian medicinal plants for diabetes in the biomedical literature using text data mining technique. We discovered a total of 203 Indian medicinal plants for diabetes in 355 articles out of 15651 articles of text corpus in the dataset. In addition, we analysed the importance of Indian medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes by means of the frequency of 203 plants in 355 articles, which identified 22 antidiabetic Indian medicinal plants that showed ≥ 9 frequencies. Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon, had the highest frequency (≥ 51 frequencies) among 203 Indian plants, indicating that it is the most important Indian medicinal plant for the treatment of diabetes. In addition, we compared the identified 203 plants with previously reported database of anti-diabetic Indian medicinal plants, which showed the identification of 100 new anti-diabetic Indian medicinal plants. The results from this study could provide helpful information for future experimental and clinical studies, and the development of future therapeutic for diabetes.


Both professional anthropology and professional journalism are in free fall. «End» is a keyword in both realms with the relentless corporate assault on investigative journalism and the deep concern for anthropology's relevance in a privatized neoliberal world. Academic anthropology continues to worry about its future while imploring its members to get more urgently involved in public life and yet professional socialization in academic anthropology dramatically inhibits public journalistic action. The article posits that anthropologists must, in spite of this, become media makers and journalists themselves. This call is situated within four overarching movements which theorize important issues surrounding this border crossing praxis: the veteran field of applied anthropology, the sub-discipline of media anthropology, the emerging initiative of public (or engaged) anthropology, and the burgeoning field of public pedagogy. All explore, to different degrees, various problems and possibilities for doing journalism while offering important resources for critical practice.


Dyslexia is probably the most common 'disability' encountered in the law classroom and yet most law lecturers have only a vague understanding of what it means, or of the impact it has on the student's ability to study law. This paper aims to give tutors a better understanding of the condition, and an increased awareness of the legal obligations owed towards students disabled in this way. It gives guidance on how they can recognise a potentially dyslexic student, and how to assist the student to overcome their difficulties, thus ensuring greater equality between the dyslexic and the non-dyslexic students.

The particular difficulties experienced by law students with dyslexia lie in the quantity of reading material they have to cope with, and the difficulty with recall of cases which are often presented in pure text form. The paper suggests ways of enabling such students by presenting materials in alternative forms such as through diagrams, pictures, aurally and via electronic media.

It draws on a wide variety of texts and papers, published statistics, and on the qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with law students who have this 'different learning ability'.


Background Inhaled mannitol provokes bronchoconstriction via mediators released during osmotic degranulation of inflammatory cells, and, hence represents a useful diagnostic test for asthma and model for acute attacks. We hypothesised that the mannitol challenge would trigger changes in exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs), generating both candidate biomarkers and novel insights into their origin. Methods Participants with a clinical diagnosis of asthma, or undergoing investigation for suspected asthma, were recruited. Inhaled mannitol challenges were performed, followed by a sham challenge after 2 weeks in participants with bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR). VOCs were collected before and after challenges and analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results Forty-six patients (mean (SD) age 52 (16) years) completed a mannitol challenge, of which 16 (35%) were positive, and 15 of these completed a sham challenge. Quantities of 16 of 51 identified VOCs changed following mannitol challenge (p<0.05), of which 11 contributed to a multivariate sparse partial least square discriminative analysis model, with a classification error rate of 13.8%. Five of these 16 VOCs also changed (p<0.05) in quantity following the sham challenge, along with four further VOCs. In patients with BHR to mannitol distinct postchallenge VOC signatures were observed compared with post-sham challenge. Conclusion Inhalation of mannitol was associated with changes in breath VOCs, and in people with BHR resulted in a distinct exhaled breath profile when compared with a sham challenge. These differentially expressed VOCs are likely associated with acute airway inflammation and/or bronchoconstriction and merit further investigation as potential biomarkers in asthma.


Abstract Amongst other factors, the current economic climate appears to have contributed to the trend of acquiring and reusing vintage clothing, accessories, and homeware products, particularly with young consumers. The popularity of vintage has also been linked to a change in consumer attitudes towards wearing and utilizing secondhand goods. In addition to a change in attitudes, other factors that contribute to the growth of the vintage trend include a change in values, the inclusion of vintage inspirations used in current designs by fashion designers, and in the trends marketed by the forecasting sector, eco-sustainability, the media, and technology. Also vintage consumers and vintage retailers appear to share the viewpoint of the movement towards vintage fashion that has been assisted by a reaction against mass-produced fast fashion, as consumers strive for more individuality in their styling and garments. Eco-fashion and sustainable fashion ideals have emerged as solutions to the environmental issues that are currently inherent in the industry's manufacturing processes, which have government and pressure group support. This ideal and practice complements the vintage trend phenomenon. This article explores the principal factors and the demographics of vintage consumers in the UK and their consumption habits to better understand the appeal and scope of this growing trend.


Background The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the natural history of HPV infection and anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) is poorly documented. Goal The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anal HPV infection and SIL inpatients under HAART. Study Design Forty-five HIV-infected protease inhibitor-experienced MSM were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Each patient provided anal samples for anal cytology, histology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing. Results The patients had previously received HAART for a median of 32 months. Anal cytology was abnormal in 32 of 45 (71%) patients, including high-grade SIL in 10 patients (22%), low-grade SIL in 19 patients (42%), and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 3 patients (7%). HPV DNA was detected 36/45 men (80%). The prevalence of anal SIL and HPV infection were similar in patients exhibiting a significant increase in CD4+ cell count after HAART initiation compared with those who did not. Conclusion Our results demonstrate a high prevalence of anal SIL, including high-grade SIL, and anal HPV infection in HIV-infected MSM despite immune restoration under HAART.


Abstract This paper obtains numerous U–Pb detrital zircon ages obtained from the Paleozoic–Triassic sandstones of the Parnaíba Basin. The resulting spectra enable us to distinguish three common age populations: Paleoproterozoic, Stenian–Tonian (mainly between 1100 and 900 Ma) and Late Neoproterozoic. Minor contributions are observed from Archean, Paleozoic (mainly Cambrian) and Mesoproterozoic sources. Differences are only highlighted by variances in the relative abundances of each age population within the stratigraphic units. The presence of metamorphic phases, schists clasts and some diagnostic heavy minerals suggest that the Neoproterozoic mobile belts to the east and west of the basin are potential source areas. The erosion of metasedimentary rocks exposed in these provinces could explain the Paleoproterozoic and Stenian–Tonian age populations found in the sandstones. The Late Neoproterozoic ages, in turn, are not relevant in the metasedimentary sequences, requiring that the voluminous granitic magmatism mainly exposed in the Borborema Province had directly participated as a primary source of the detritus. The maintenance of common age spectra leads to two (not exclusive) hypotheses: the long-term denudation of the source areas and/or intrabasinal recycling, which can be considered in future investigations on the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Parnaíba Basin.


We point out the use of a wrong definition for conversion efficiency in the literature and analyze the effects of the waveguide length and pump power on conversion efficiency according to the correct definition. The existence of the locally optimal waveguide length and pump power is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Further analysis shows that the extremum of conversion efficiency can be achieved by global optimization of the waveguide length and pump power simultaneously, which is limited by just the linear propagation loss and the effective carrier lifetime.