Interactions among the nitrogen (N) fertilization rate, N source, and disease severity can affect mean yield and yield variance in conservation tillage wheat production. A Just-Pope model was used to evaluate the effects of N rate, N source, and disease on the spring N-fertilization decision. Ammonium nitrate (AN) was the utility-maximizing N source, regardless of risk preferences. The net-return-maximizing AN rate was 92 lb N/acre, providing $0.52/acre higher net returns than the best alternative N source (urea). If a farmer could anticipate a higher-than-average Take-All Root Rot infection, the difference in optimal net returns between AN and urea would increase to $35.11/acre.


Given the growing popularity of the Internet as a promotional medium, it is crucial for brand managers to examine the effects of combining the different brand communication sources online. According to social comprehension theory and knowledge from neuroscience, people exposed to a message spontaneously construct a mental simulation. People who are exposed to images or visuals are unlikely to assign verbal labels to their observations, whereas people who read a story may spontaneously form mental pictures of the narrative content. Mental processing of stories requires more extensive elaboration than processing of visuals. In a first study, survey results indicate online news articles about a brand are more likely to be acted upon by users than are advertisements. A second study considers integrating news articles and advertising when promoting new brands on the Internet in order to benefit from a synergistic effect. Previous studies examining a synergistic effect in marketing communications have looked at the increased effectiveness of combining multiple media or different tactics when promoting a brand. Experiment results from the second study indicate that when exposure to advertising combines with exposure to objective news about a new brand, effectiveness increases in terms of both ad and brand attitudes.


Electric spin effects are effects of electric fields on the dynamics/motions of nuclear/electron spins and related phenomena. Since classical brain activities are largely electric, we explore here a model of mind-brain interaction within the framework of spin-mediated consciousness theory in which these effects in the varying high-voltage electric fields inside neural membranes and proteins mediate mind-brain input and output processes. In particulars, we suggest that the input processes in said electric fields are possibly mediated by spin transverse forces and/or Dirac-Hestenes electric dipoles both of which are associated with the nuclear/electronic spin processes. We then suggest that the output processes (proactive spin processes) in said electric fields possibly involve Dirac negative energy extraction processes, shown by Solomon, and also Dirac-Hestenes electric dipole interactions of nuclei/electrons besides non-local processes driven by quantum information. We propose that these output processes modulate the action potentials, thus influencing the brain, by affecting the cross-membrane electric voltages and currents directly and/or indirectly through changing the capacitance, conductance and/or battery in the Hudgkin-Huxley model. These propositions are based on our own experimental findings, further theoretical considerations, and studies reported by others in the fields of spintronics, high-energy physics and alternative energy research.


In the Annual Report of University College London (UCL) for 1946–47 it is stated that 'the Department of History and Philosophy of Science played a leading part in the formation of the British Society for the History of Science' and that four members or former members of the department were serving on its Council, one of them as the founder president. A brief account of the early history of the department may therefore be of interest to members of the Society.


The working relationship between horses and riders is a unique association requiring cooperation between both to achieve the goals of humans in their selected equestrian sport. This dissertation chose the equestrian sports of eventing and dressage to investigate this working relationship between horse and rider, and its stability across training and competition settings. Consideration was given to psychological, physiological and behavioural factors for the human and horse. The research required
the development of a measure to indicate the harmony of the working relationship, which resulted in a rider and observer inventory, and of a physiological indicator of the
relationship which became the correlation between the horse and rider heart rate and was called heart rate synchronisation. To examine reactive behavioural factors of the horse a horse Behaviour Check List was created, and to consider possible psychological factors implicated in this behaviour a Horse Temperament Inventory was developed.
Anxiety was the psychological factor chosen to assess the rider, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 and the Emotion and Mood Components of Anxiety – Questionnaire were used as its different components.

It was hypothesized that there would be significant environmental differences between most factors with the competition environment showing evidence of lower
working relationship scores, higher heart rates, higher rider anxiety, and more reactive horse behaviours. Horse temperament was considered to be a trait and therefore no
differences were predicted. Negative relationships were hypothesized between the working relationship measures and rider anxiety components, horse temperament and
critical horse behaviours. A positive relationship was hypothesized between rider self confidence and the working relationship. Negative relationships were also predicted
between rider anxiety, horse temperament and horse behaviour. No specific predictions were made regarding relationships between rider and horse heart rates and the other factors.

In Study 1 with five eventing teams, results from Cohen's d analyses of differences between means supported some hypotheses. A moderate to large effect size was found for rider's somatic anxiety and heart rate being higher in the competition environment, but no significant effects were found for the rider's cognitive anxiety and levels of self-confidence across environments. However, contrary to hypotheses, working relationship and the heart rate synchronisation factors had higher scores in the
competition environment and showed a small and large effect size respectively. The horse's temperament was also more positive in the competition environment, with the
Horse Temperament Inventory – Rider (HTI-R) revealing a small effect size and the Horse Temperament Inventory – Observer (HTI-O) without the rider a large effect size,
suggesting that it seems to be identifying a psychological state of the horse rather than the hypothesized temperament traits. The hypothesis regarding the horse and rider's heart rate was also accepted as they also increased in the competition environment. The horse's maximum heart rate and minimum heart rate showed a moderate effect size and a large effect size was found in the differences of the horse's mean heart rate. The
rider's maximum heart rate and mean heart rate data also showed a large effect size and the rider's minimum heart rate means showed a moderate effect size. Due to unforeseen
circumstances and the low number of participants, the hypotheses could not be evaluated using inferential statistics. However, the patterns of the findings led to some modifications of methods and the selection of another equestrian sport for Study 2.

The findings from Study 2 with thirty dressage teams indicate the working relationship between horse and rider was stable across environments during a dressage
test. The heart rate synchronisation analysis was able to identify significant relationships between most horse and rider teams during a dressage test in both the training and competition environments. At a group level the correlation between the horse and rider heart rates displayed a significant positive relationship in the training environment, but not in the competition environment. A t-test analysis found stability
of the horse's temperament across environments, suggesting that the Horse Temperament Inventory is measuring temperament traits. Also the rider's somatic anxiety showed a significant increase in the competition environment, which was also reflected in the rider's emotional experience of this anxiety. Unexpectedly the rider's self-confidence was also significantly higher in the competition environment. However, no predicted associations were found between working relationship scores and heart rate synchronisation, or between these measures and horse and rider factors.

The relationship between reactive horse misbehaviours and rider anxiety, and the team's working relationship was analysed. A significant association was found between each of the rider's and judge's ratings of the working relationship and heart rate synchronisation with the horse's misbehaviour scores in the competition
environment. The rider's somatic anxiety also showed a significant association with the horse's misbehaviour in both the training and competition environments. Significant
relationships were also found between horse misbehaviour and performance in both training and competition environments. To extend this investigation further a
discriminant function analysis was conducted to determine if the riders with levels of high and low cognitive and somatic anxiety could be categorised on the basis of horse
temperament. It revealed that riders with high and low levels of somatic anxiety could be categorised on the basis of the horse's temperament score, whereas riders with high and low levels of cognitive anxiety could be classified on the basis of the horse's heart rate means in the competition environment.

Overall, the dissertation has significant methodological, conceptual and practical outcomes. It demonstrates possible self report, observational and physiological
indicators to assess the horse-rider working relationship, and a reliable measure of horse temperament. It also addresses several speculations, assumptions and anecdotal
references in the literature about the interactive association between horse and rider. Findings here point to significant associations between horse and rider psychology and physiology, and patterns of relationships that may indicate some relevance to the
working relationship, and ultimately performance.


The one-pot conversion of xylose into γ-gammavalerolactone in 2-propanol over bifunctional Zr-Al-Beta zeolites, prepared via a post-synthetic route, was optimized in terms of both catalyst synthesis and reaction conditions. In the catalyst preparation, the use of Zr(NO3)4 as zirconium source as well as the tuning of the amount of water used during the impregnation had a strong impact on the activity of the Zr species due to an improved dispersion of Zr species. As for the aluminium to zirconium exchange, an optimal Al/Zr ratio of 0.20 was identified to provide a catalyst with better activity. The modelization of the catalytic system through experimental design methodology allowed to identify the optimal values of the most influential reaction conditions: temperature 190 °C, catalyst loading 15 g L−1, and starting xylose concentration 30.5 g L−1. Under these optimized reaction conditions, Zr-Al-Beta catalyst provides a GVL yield from xylose (ca. 34%) after only 10 h. The catalysts are stable and reusable after thermal regeneration at 550 °C.


This study aims to investigate the concept of proven experience, which is being increasingly used and emphasised in documents relating to the education of student teachers and nurses as well as in the training of these two professions. The study is aimed at academic vocational training (AVT) and is based upon interviews with the tutors of student teachers and nurses during their periods of AVT. The purpose of this study is to understand what constitutes the essence of proven experience, arising from the verbal statements given by AVT tutors in the field. The conclusion of this study is that the concept of proven experience should be considered at three levels: experience, tested experience and proven experience. Furthermore, those who use it without further consideration should understand the complexity of the concept. From a critical perspective it seems that government agencies use a concept that we assume is more characterised by ideological rhetoric than by conceptual preciseness.


A characteristic feature of quantum cascade lasers is their unipolar carrier transport. We exploit this feature and realize nominally symmetric active regions for terahertz quantum cascade lasers, which should yield equal performance with either bias polarity. However, symmetric devices exhibit a strongly bias polarity dependent performance due to growth direction asymmetries, making them an ideal tool to study the related scattering mechanisms. In the case of an InGaAs/GaAsSb heterostructure, the pronounced interface asymmetry leads to a significantly better performance with negative bias polarity and can even lead to unidirectionally working devices, although the nominal band structure is symmetric. The results are a direct experimental proof that interface roughness scattering has a major impact on transport/lasing performance.


This book presents a unifying framework for using priority arguments to prove theorems in computability. Priority arguments provide the most powerful theorem-proving technique in the field, but most of the applications of this technique are ad hoc, masking the unifying principles used in the proofs. The proposed framework presented isolates many of these unifying combinatorial principles and uses them to give shorter and easier-to-follow proofs of computability-theoretic theorems. Standard theorems of priority levels 1, 2, and 3 are chosen to demonstrate the framework's use, with all proofs following the same pattern. The last section features a new example requiring priority at all finite levels. The book will serve as a resource and reference for researchers in logic and computability, helping them to prove theorems in a shorter and more transparent manner.


Single‐species acute toxicity data and (micro)mesocosm data were collated for 16 insecticides. These data were used to investigate the importance of test‐species selection in constructing species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and the ability of estimated hazardous concentrations (HCs) to protect freshwater aquatic ecosystems. A log‐normal model was fitted to a minimum of six data points, and the resulting distribution was used to estimate lower (95% confidence), median (50% confidence), and upper (5% confidence) 5% HC (HC5) values. Species sensitivity distributions for specific taxonomic groups (vertebrates, arthropods, nonarthropod invertebrates), habitats (saltwater, freshwater, lentic, lotic), and geographical regions (Palaearctic, Nearctic, temperate, tropical) were compared. The taxonomic composition of the species assemblage used to construct the SSD does have a significant influence on the assessment of hazard, but the habitat and geographical distribution of the species do not. Moreover, SSDs constructed using species recommended in test guidelines did not differ significantly from those constructed using nonrecommended species. Hazardous concentrations estimated using laboratory‐derived acute toxicity data for freshwater arthropods (i.e., the most sensitive taxonomic group) were compared to the response of freshwater ecosystems exposed to insecticides. The sensitivity distributions of freshwater arthropods were similar for both field and laboratory exposure, and the lower HC5 (95% protection with 95% confidence) estimate was protective of adverse ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. The corresponding median HC5 (95% protection level with 50% confidence) was generally protective of single applications of insecticide but not of continuous or multiple applications. In the latter cases, a safety factor of at least five should be applied to the median HC5.


The collapses of granular materials frequently occur in nature in the form of, for example, rock avalanches, debris avalanches and debris flow. In previous studies of collapses of a granular material, most of the focus has been on the effect of initial geometry and mechanical properties of the granular materials, the run-out distance, and the topography of final deposit. In this study, results of analogue models and scanned natural failed slopes are used to outline the mode of failure of an unstable slope. Model results and field observations are used to argue that a granular mass moves downslope in a wavy pattern resulting in its intensive deformation. In the models, we mainly investigated the internal deformation of collapses of granular slopes in terms of their internal structures and the spatial and temporal distribution of the latter. Model results showed that a displaced mass of the granular slope has the following two features: (1) Initial collapse resulted in a series of normal faults, where hanging-wall blocks were slightly deformed, like the slump-shear structures in nature; (2) With further collapse, a set of secondary structures, such as deformed/folded fault surfaces, faulted folds, displaced inclined folds, and overturned folds formed near the slope surface. The occurrence of these structures reflects the failure process of the granular mass in space and time. In addition, our model results show that the nature of basal friction has a significant influence on the geometry and kinematics of these structures at the slope toe. Model results show also that the mass does not glide downslope along only one surface, but includes several gliding surfaces each of which take part of the sliding. These gliding surfaces become steeper deeper in the sliding mass. Some of these features observed in the models are also detected in the field. Scanned failed slope surfaces show a wavy pattern similar to that in the models, reflecting the presence of normal faults at the head of the slope and folding at the slope toe.


Objective We investigated trends and determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in deceased South African miners. Methods Statutory autopsies are performed on miners for occupational lung disease compensation, irrespective of cause of death. Data were extracted from the PATHAUT (Pathology Automation System) autopsy database. PTB trends were analysed and explanatory variables (year of autopsy, age at death, gold employment duration, silicosis and HIV) were evaluated using binary logistic regression modelling. Analyses were stratified by population group because of racial differences in socioeconomic status, employment patterns and access to facilities for autopsies. The analyses were segmented to represent the pre-HIV (1975–1989), rapid HIV spread (1990–2004) and antiretroviral therapy (2005–2014) periods. Results The proportions of men with PTB at autopsy increased from 4.62% in 1975 to 27.18% in 2014 in black miners, and from 2.07% to 5.19% in white miners, with peaks in 2007 (43.12% and 9.51%, respectively). The magnitude and significance of adjusted ORs of determinants differed by population group and calendar period. PTB was largely associated with silicosis, increasing gold employment duration and year of autopsy (a surrogate for unmeasured confounders, such as unknown HIV status and tuberculosis transmission). Conclusions Changes in PTB time trends and determinants reflect the complex social and political environment in which mining occurs. Silica dust reduction remains a key intervention for tuberculosis reduction, together with tuberculosis and HIV treatment and management. The autopsy data provide reliable information to monitor progress towards the achievement of industry and national targets to reduce tuberculosis.


Research over the last 30 years has demonstrated that individuals will often blame the victim for his or her misfortune. Just World Theory (Lerner, 1980) argues that individuals do so because they are motivated to perceive their world as fair and just. Gender seems to moderate the effect of Belief in a Just World (BJW) on victim blame. Conflicting evidence suggests that this motivation affects women in different ways from men—she either blames the victim more (Janoff-Bulman, 1980) when there is a threat to the just world or less (Foley & Pigot, 2000) regardless of threat. It is less clear whether just world concerns impact recall of actual victim culpability. In this paper, we investigate whether individuals misremember information about victim responsibility for a sexual assault in order to satisfy the goal to believe that the world is just. We hypothesize that individuals whose just world motive has been experimentally heightened will be more likely to misremember details of a sexual assault in a way that confers responsibility on the victim. Results showed that memory mediates victim-blame. Men, when faced with a high threat to their belief in a just world, blamed the victim more than did women and misremembered the victimization of a female to inculcate greater blame.


These proceedings summarize the insights shared by nationally renowned panels of experts and overall themes discussed throughout a substance use disorder conference held at the University of Pennsylvania. The conference included experts from academia and public and private sectors, who came together to discuss the gaps in evidence-based substance use policy and practice, with particular emphasis on the opioid epidemic. The day concluded with an interactive session focused on the exchange of ideas and solutions to curb the opioid epidemic. Those ideas are included in these proceedings


Beginning in 2014, we saw confident predictions of a coming strong divergence in monetary policy among the major economies. To date, there has been less policy divergence in reality than had been predicted. This observation raises the question of whether there may be limits on policy divergence in current circumstances. Such limits might reflect common forces buffeting economies around the world or the powerful transmission of shocks across borders through exchange rate and other financial channels that may have the effect of front-running monetary policy adjustments in the vicinity of the zero lower bound. Put differently, predictions that U.S. monetary policy would chart a notably divergent path have been tempered by powerful crosscurrents from abroad.1


In high-performance computing (HPC), I/O performance prediction offers the potential to improve the efficiency of scientific computing. In particular, accurate prediction can make runtime estimates more precise, guide users toward optimal checkpoint strategies, and better inform facility provisioning and scheduling policies. HPC I/O performance is notoriously difficult to predict and model, however, in large part because of inherent variability and a lack of transparency in the behaviors of constituent storage system components. In this work we seek to advance the state of the art in HPC I/O performance prediction by (1) modeling the mean performance to address high variability, (2) deriving model features from write patterns, system architecture and system configurations, and (3) employing Lasso regression model to improve model accuracy. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by applying it to a crucial subset of common HPC I/O motifs, namely, file-per-process checkpoint write workloads. We conduct experiments on two distinct production HPC platforms — Titan at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility and Cetus at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility — to train and evaluate our models. We find that we can attain ≤ 30% relative error for 92.79% and 99.64% of the samples in our test set on these platforms, respectively.


In the sea urchin embryo, the large micromeres and their progeny function as a critical signaling center and execute a complex morphogenetic program. We have identified a new and essential component of the gene network that controls large micromere specification, the homeodomain protein Alx1. Alx1 is expressed exclusively by cells of the large micromere lineage beginning in the first interphase after the large micromeres are born. Morpholino studies demonstrate that Alx1 is essential at an early stage of specification and controls downstream genes required for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and biomineralization. Expression of Alx1 is cell autonomous and regulated maternally through β-catenin and its downstream effector, Pmar1. Alx1 expression can be activated in other cell lineages at much later stages of development, however, through a regulative pathway of skeletogenesis that is responsive to cell signaling. The Alx1 protein is highly conserved among euechinoid sea urchins and is closely related to the Cart1/Alx3/Alx4 family of vertebrate homeodomain proteins. In vertebrates, these proteins regulate the formation of skeletal elements of the limbs, face and neck. Our findings suggest that the ancestral deuterostome had a population of biomineral-forming mesenchyme cells that expressed an Alx1-like protein.


west Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University Way, N.E., Seattle, Washington 98105. 1974. 6p. Article provides the author's opinions on the professional's role in allocation and management of wilderness, the need for a comprehensive public-land policy to preserve that wilderness, the need for a pure approach to wilderness management, and two hot issues: mandatory wilderness permits and rationing wilderness use.


The bootstrap computer-intensive statistical technique is frequently applied to statistical analyses of phylogenetic trees. The widely used rule that a group is supported significantly if it appears in at least 95% of bootstrap trees is conservative in most situations. This paper describes three ways of using the bootstrap to carry out statistical inference on phylogenies. The first method tests whether there is nonrandom support for a single group or tree. The second method compares the support for two groups or trees. The third method tests whether a single group or tree has better support than the set of all possible alternatives; this may be a replacement for the "95% rule." These tests generally require fewer bootstrap trees to be estimated than do other methods of bootstrapping phylogenies. A simple, sequential statistical method can be used to increase the efficiency further. These methods can be applied to tests of multiple hypotheses about a single phylogeny. Parsimony analyses of 5S rRNA sequences of plants and cluster analyses of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA bands in three pathotypes of the cereal eyespot fungus are used as illustrative examples. The tests can be used to analyze dendrograms in subjects other than taxonomy.


Today's computer systems are under relentless attack from cyber attackers armed with sophisticated vulnerability search and exploit development toolkits. To protect against such threats, we are developing FUZZBUSTER, an automated system that provides adaptive immunity against a wide variety of cyber threats. FUZZBUSTER reacts to observed attacks and proactively searches for never-before-seen vulnerabilities. FUZZBUSTER uses a suite of fuzz testing and vulnerability assessment tools to find or verify the existence of vulnerabilities. Then FUZZBUSTER conducts additional tests to characterize the extent of the vulnerability, identifying ways it can be triggered. After characterizing a vulnerability, FUZZBUSTER synthesizes and applies an adaptation to prevent future exploits. Keywords-self-adaptive immunity, cyber-security, fuzz-testing.


It used to be easy. In the old days ( 8 years ago), activated macrophages were simply defined as cells that secreted inflammatory mediators and killed intracellular pathogens. Things are becoming progressively more complicated in the world of leukocyte biology. Activated macrophages may be a more heterogenous group of cells than originally appreciated, with different physiologies and performing distinct immunological functions. The first hint of this heterogeneity came with the characterization of the "alternatively activated macrophage" [1]. The exposure of macrophages to interleukin (IL)-4 or glucocorticoids induced a population of cells that up-regulated certain phagocytic receptors but failed to produce nitrogen radicals [2] and as a result, were relatively poor at killing intracellular pathogens. Recent studies have shown that these alternatively activated cells produce several components involved in the synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [3], suggesting their primary role may be involved in tissue repair rather than microbial killing. It turns out that the name alternatively activated macrophage may be unfortunate for a few reasons. First, although these cells express some markers of activation, they have not been exposed to the classical, activating stimuli, interferon(IFN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Second, and more importantly, the name implies that this is the only other way to activate a macrophage. Recent studies suggest that this may not be the case. Exposure of macrophages to classical activating signals in the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) immune complexes induced the production of a cell type that was fundamentally different from the classically activated macrophage. These cells generated large amounts of IL-10 and as a result, were potent inhibitors of acute inflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxin [4]. These activated macrophages have been called type 2-activated macrophages [5] because of their ability to induce T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses that were predominated by IL-4 [6], leading to IgG class-switching by B cells. Thus, at this time, there appears to be at least three different populations of activated macrophages with three distinct biological functions. The first and most well described is the classically activated macrophage whose role is as an effector cell in Th1 cellular immune responses. The second type of cell, the alternatively activated macrophage, appears to be involved in immunosuppression and tissue repair. The most recent addition to this list is the type 2-activated macrophage, which is anti-inflammatory and preferentially induces Th2-type humoral-immune responses to antigen. Together, these three populations of cells may form their own regulatory network to prevent a well-intentioned immune response from progressing to immunopathology. THE CLASSICALLY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE


According to the different research platforms of PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) faults diagnosis, experimental diagnostics and mathematical modeling are employed in the characterization and determination of fuel cell performance. The methods based on mathematical modeling are promised on establishing a suitable model, which is capable to reflect the physical properties of actual fuel cell stack as accurate as possible. Further, a scientific and reasonable PEMFC model is also indispensable for the system performance analysis, design, control, and optimization. Generally, PEMFC auxiliary system adopts a lumped parameter model to provide the boundary conditions of stack, such as current demand, gas flow rate, pressure, and temperature. As PEMFC stack needs to be embedded particular faults in a specific time and space position, it necessitates adopting a distributed parameter model in one dimensional (1D), two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D). In this paper, a comparative analysis is carried out between a diagnostic one dimensional dynamic model by MATLAB/SIMULINK and a diagnostic three dimensional distributed parameter model based on FLUENT. Also, the diagnostic results in specific faults are studied.


This note touches a problem of developing generic mathematical software for object-oriented modeling and simulation of complex dynamic systems. More specifically, it focuses on designing the C++ class templates that could communicate with source classes comprising an object model and could process their data. This problem is of great importance for models involving a large number of different classes (types) with complex data processing. The basic idea is the use of mechanism of pointers to member functions that allows design patterns to be effectively incorporated into generic object models. In case of ODE solvers, member pointers provide access to source class member functions that describe the right-hand sides of ODEs, have control over the integration process, and make specialized computations.


The aim of the study is to detect tetracyclines veterinary drug residues in poultry meat. In this study one hundred and sixtybroiler chicken carcasses each of breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver and kidney samples were collected from Kafrelsheikh city during the period from July 2009 to August 2010. Collected samples were examined for Tetracyclines TCs (Oxytetracycline - OTC and Tetracyline -TC) veterinary drug residues using HPLC technique. The extraction of both OTC and TC from chicken samples was carried out with a mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile: 0.01 M oxalic acid dihydrate (5:18:77 v/v/v) in isocratic mode. Detection carried out by UV detector at wavelength 360 nm. The chromatographic separation was achieved using Inertsil ODS-3 column with a flow rate 1 mL/min. As well as oxytetracycline and tetracycline antibiotics showed an average retention time of 3.33 min and 4.15 min, respectively. The recovery studies of OTC drug at different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/g) were 86.97%, 83.39% and 83.90% for breast muscle, liver and kidney samples respectively. While TC drug showed average recovery percentages at the previous concentrations of 77.56%, 74.63% and 72.45% for chicken muscle, liver and kidney samples respectively. Residues of OTC were detected in 28.75% and 75% of breast and thigh muscles respectively, while all (100%) liver and kidney samples had OTC residues. Only 8.69%, 15.83%, 45% and 51.25% of breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver and kidney samples, respectively exceeded the MRL set by FAO/WHO 2010. Residues of TC were detected in 5.0%, 12.5%, 13.1% and 5.0% of breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver and kidney samples respectively. None of the examined liver and kidney samples contained TC quantities above the MRL while 50% each of breast and thigh muscles contained tetracycline residues above the MRL set by FAO/WHO 2010


As electronic communication, media and commerce increasingly permeate every aspect of modern life, real-time personalization of consumer experience through data-mining becomes practical. Effective classification, prediction and change modeling of consumer interests, behaviors and purchasing habits using machine learning and statistical methods drives efficiency, insights and consumer relevance that were never before possible. The internet has brought on a rapid evolution in advertising. Everything about behavior on the internet can be quantified and responses to behavior can occur in real time. This dynamic interaction with the user has created opportunities to better understand the way in which individuals move from awareness of a product to considering a purchase, through to intent and ultimately a sale for the marketer. When a marketer can answer the question 'did those TV ads cause consumers to switch shampoo brands?' they can model behavior change and adjust marketing strategies accordingly. Underpinning this shift in how the world's trillion dollar marketing budget is spent is transactional data on an unprecedented scale, creating new challenges for software that must interpret this stream and make real time decisions tens, even hundreds of thousands of times every second. I will explore advances in modeling media consumption, advertising response and the real-time evaluation of media opportunities through reference to Quantcast, a business launched in September 2006 which today interprets in excess of 10 billion new digital media consumption records every day. We will examine the challenges of applying machine learning to non-search advertising and in doing so explore the creation of business environments - organization, infrastructure, tools, processes (and costs considerations) - in which scientists can quickly develop new petabyte scale algorithmic approaches, migrate them rapidly to real-time production and deliver fully customized experiences for marketers, publishers and consumers alike.


"Only connect! That was the whole of her sermon. Only connect the prose and the passion, and both will be exalted, and human love will be seen at its height. Live in fragments no longer. Only connect, and the beast and the monk, robbed of the isolation that is life to either, will die."—E. M. Forster, Howards End 1


A significant limitation of current cyber security research and techniques is its reactive and applied nature. This leads to a continuous 'cyber cycle' of attackers scanning networks, developing exploits and attacking systems, with defenders detecting attacks, analyzing exploits and patching systems. This reactive nature leaves sensitive systems highly vulnerable to attack due to un-patched systems and undetected exploits. Some current research attempts to address this major limitation by introducing systems that implement moving target defense. However, these ideas are typically based on the intuition that a moving target defense will make it much harder for attackers to find and scan vulnerable systems, and not on theoretical mathematical foundations. The continuing lack of fundamental science and principles for developing more secure systems has drawn increased interest into establishing a 'science of cyber security'. This paper introduces the concept of using cybernetics, an interdisciplinary approach of control theory, systems theory, information theory and game theory applied to regulatory systems, as a foundational approach for developing cyber security principles. It explores potential applications of cybernetics to cyber security from a defensive perspective, while suggesting the potential use for offensive applications. Additionally, this paper introduces the fundamental principles for building non-stationary systems, which is a more general solution than moving target defenses. Lastly, the paper discusses related works concerning the limitations of moving target defense and one implementation based on non-stationary principles.


Successful inclusion in high school is critical for achieving independence as an adult! Even though inclusive education is now the standard for educating students with special needs, inclusion is a still a very new process. Successful inclusion relies on flexibility of parents and educators, and their ability to work together for the sake of the student. Training, collaboration, specialized teaching, long-term planning, and a clear idea of the desired outcome for the student - these are just as important at the high school level as they were in elementary and middle school. This comprehensive guide will help you give your child or student the best possible high school experience. You will learn how to help students navigate the social minefields of friendships and dating, while fostering the executive functioning skills they will need as adults. Expert Sheila Wagner provides the strategies and solutions you'll need before, during, and after high school. The topics include: transitioning from middle school, IEP goals and objectives, accommodations/modifications, course selection, developing friendships, prom night and dating, bullying, graduation requirements, zero-tolerance and discipline standards, driving permits, preparing for college, employment options, transitioning to the adult world, planning for inclusion into the community, and many more!


Trauma, surgery and anaesthesia are known triggers of the stress response and this has been shown in many studies to present as a hyperglycaemic response. These elevated blood glucose levels have, in turn, been linked in many studies to increased mortality and morbidity in hospitalised patients and most certainly in patients undergoing surgical procedures of one type or another. Poor perioperative clinical outcomes are true of both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, except that they occur to varying extents.


This bestselling book has been completely updated and expanded to help teachers use the project approach in child care centers, in preschools, and in kindergarten, 1st grade, and early childhood special education classrooms. For those new to using projects, the book introduces the approach and provides step-by-step guidance for conducting meaningful projects. Experienced teachers will find the teacher interviews, children's work, photographs (including full color), and teacher journal entries used to document the project process in actual classrooms very useful. This popular, easy-to-use resource has been expanded to include these new features: * Explicit instructions and examples for incorporating standards into the topic selection and planning process. * A variety of nature experiences, with examples that show how project work is an excellent way to connect children to the natural world. * An update of the use of technology for both documentation and investigations, including use of the Web as well as and video and digital cameras. * More toddler projects that reflect our increased knowledge from recent mind/brain research about toddler understanding and learning. * A study guide for pre- and in-service teachers.


Titus Lucretius Carus was probably born in the early first century B.C., and died in the year 55. Little is known of his life, although two tantalizing bits of gossip were passed on by St. Jerome: that he was poisoned by a madness-inducing aphrodisiac given him by his wife, and that his great poem On the Nature of Things was posthumously edited by Cicero. For the latter assertion, writes Anthony Esolen in his introduction to the present volume, there is little evidence, and none whatsoever for the former. What does survive is a masterful poetic work that stands as the greatest exposition of Epicurean philosophy. Writing in the waning days of the Roman Republic-as Rome's politics grew individualistic and treacherous, its high-life wanton, its piety introspective and morbid-Lucretius sets forth a rational and materialistic view of the world which offers a retreat into a quiet community of wisdom and friendship. Even to modern readers, the sweep of Lucretius's observations is remarkable. A careful observer of nature, he writes with an innocent curiosity into how things are put together-from the oceans, lands, and stars to a mound of poppy seeds, from the "applause" of a rooster's wings to the human mind and soul. Yet Lucretius is no romantic. Nature is what it is-fascinating,purposeless, beautiful, deadly. Once we understand this, we free ourselves of superstitious fears, becoming as human and as godlike as we can be. The poem, then, is about the universe and how human beings ought to live in it. Epicurean physics and morality converge. Until now, there has been no adequate English verse translation of Lucretius's work. Anthony Esolen fills that gap with a version that reproduces-with remarkable faithfulness-the meaning, pace, and tone of the original Latin. Here is a book that will introduce a new generation of readers to a thinker whose powers of observation and depth of insight remain fresh to the present day. "Esolen has the rare gift of being both a fine poet and a lover of languages. His diction is poetic and natural; he has a fine ear for sound, and the translation benefits greatly from being read aloud-as Latin poetry was meant to be. This translation is clear and forceful. It can, and will, be read."-Kenneth J. Reckford, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill


One hundred twenty-one pregnant Angus cross cows (3 to 9 years of age; avg. wt 636 kg ± 50 kg) grazing native range pastures (Agropyron spicatum, Festuca idahoensis) were used to determine effect of herd size and cow age on individual supplement intake of a hand-fed pelleted protein supplement, variation in supplement intake, individual forage intake, and performance. The study was conducted at the Montana State University Red Bluff Research Ranch near Norris, MT from October 14, 2002 to December 13, 2002. Treatment was herd size, with seventy-six cows assigned to a large herd and forty-five cows assigned to a small herd. Each herd was assigned to one of two native range pastures to achieve equal stocking rates (0.4 AU/ha). Titanium dioxide was added to the supplement at 1% as an external marker to estimate individual supplement intake. Individual fecal samples were collected on d 23, 36, 38, 40, and 61 to obtain five measurements of individual supplement intake. Forage intake was estimated using estimates of fecal output obtained using chromium boluses and in situ 48 h DM digestibility. Forty frames per pasture (0.25 m) were estimated and ten frames per pasture were hand-clipped to determine forage production and quality. Individual forage and supplement intakes were estimated and analyzed using individual animal as the experimental unit. Forage intake was higher (P = 0.05) for cows in the large herd vs. cows in the small herd (19.8 vs. 18.3 kg.cow.d). Herd size did not affect ADG (P = 0.11) between treatments (avg 1.06 kg/d gain); however, ADG was lowest (P 0.05) between herds for supplement intake on d 23, 38, 40, or 61; however, supplement intake on d 36 was higher (P = 0.03) for the large herd vs. the small herd (0.99 vs. 0.82 kg.cow.d, respectively). Average DM supplement intake was 33% lower (P < 0.001) for 3and 4-yr-old cows compared to 8and 9-yr-olds (0.72 vs. 1.07 kg/d, respectively). Supplement DMI CV was not different (P = 0.35) between herds (avg. 21%). Results of this study indicate that cow age may have more influence on individual supplement intake than herd size. Three-year-old cows had the lowest supplement DMI and the lowest ADG compared to all other age groups.


The transcription factor PU.1 is a hematopoietic-specific member of the ets family. Mice carrying a mutation in the PU.1 locus were generated by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant embryos died at a late gestational stage. Mutant embryos produced normal numbers of megakaryocytes and erythroid progenitors, but some showed an impairment of erythroblast maturation. An invariant consequence of the mutation was a multilineage defect in the generation of progenitors for B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. Thus, the developmental programs of lymphoid and myeloid lineages require a common genetic function likely acting at the level of a multipotential progenitor.


This study focuses on investigating the computerized medical record, including textual progress notes, using data and text mining techniques to examine patient fall-related injuries (FRIs) in the Veterans Administration (VA) ambulatory care setting. FRIs are high cost, high volume adverse events in the VA that are difficult to identify from VA administrative databases. Recognizing patterns in progress notes can aid in identifying those records that should have been coded as FRIs in the administrative data. This facilitates understanding the frequency and nature of fall related injuries for implementation of prevention programs at the VA. Latent semantic indexing is used to create structured data from large textual fields found in the medical records. Unsupervised learning (cluster analysis) is used to assess the potential predictive power of the textual descriptions. Two predictive data mining approaches are then used, in combination with supervised text mining, to classify patient records as fall-related injuries.


Background: Gentamicin is an antibiotic that exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against microorganisms. Now a days uses of gentamicin are limited due to it potentially induces nephrotoxicity by selective accumulation of gentamicin in the kidney. Edaravone is a potent anti-oxidant. It strongly scavenges free radicals, protecting the cells against oxidative stress. Due to the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity, we tested the hypothesis of edaravone in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Various parameters including animal body weight, kidney weight, body weight to kidney ratio, serum creatinine level, serum urea level and histopathology were analysed in nephrotoxicity animals (induced with gentamicin 100 mg/kg/body weight i.p .,) with and without edaravone (10 mg/kg/body weight i,p .,). Results: Gentamicin control rats shows that the body weight and kidney weight has been decreased, while kidney weight to body weight ratio, serum creatinine and serum urea were increased significantly while comparing with the normal control rats. Moreover marked renal histopathological abnormalities like glomerulosclerosis, glomerular hypertrophy, tubular cell degeneration and renal arteriolar hyalinization were seen in the gentamicin control rats. Edaravone attenuated the biochemical analyses such as, serum creatinine and serum urea. It also reduced the kidney weight to body weight ratio significantly. Edaravone treated groups showed slightly increase in the body weight and kidney weight but not statistically significant. Renal histopathological abnormalities were reduced in the edaravone treated rats as its compare with gentamicin control rats. Edaravone per se group shows no toxicity to normal rats. Conclusion: Our study suggests that edaravone ameliorated renal structural and functional abnormalities associated with experimental nephrotoxicity. With the biochemical parameters and histopathological studies, we concluded that edaravone reduced the toxicity caused by gentamicin and can be used against nephrotoxicity. Key words: Gentamicin, Edaravone, Nephrotoxicity, Renoprotection


Using a classical physiological model based on nutrient uptake kinetics, we explored the effect of turbulence on resource competition and succession between 2 phytoplankton functional groups on ecological and geological time scales. The 2 groups we considered are silica-precipitating diatoms and carbonate-precipitating coccolithophorids. Using published experimental laboratory data for parameterization, our model results suggest that diatoms dominate under highly turbulent regimes, while coccolithophorids tend to dominate under stable, nutrient-depleted conditions. We attribute the success of diatoms in highly dynamic systems to luxury uptake of nutrients afforded by the evolution of storage vacuoles. In contrast, coccolithophorids are more successful in resource- depleted waters, due to their lower minimum limiting-nutrient requirement (R*). We examine how these differences in nutrient acquisition strategy potentially explain the long-term trends in the fortunes of these 2 taxa on geological time scales. The fossil record indicates that coccolithophorids rose to ecological prominence in the mid-Jurassic and reached an apex in the mid-Cretaceous, but have declined throughout the Cenozoic. In contrast, diatoms have risen rapidly in the late Cenozoic, especially from early-Miocene time to the present. Based on paleoclimate reconstructions, from Mesozoic times, we hypothesize that the relative success of the 2 functional groups reflects, in part, long-term changes in upper ocean turbulence and its influence on the temporal distribution of nutrients.


In developed countries the prevalence of heart failure (HF) is approximately 2% rising to approximately 10% in those greater than 70 years of age. Systolic HF, occurring in more than half of all HF patients, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and, in the USA, constitutes Medicare's biggest expenditure (driven by inpatient care) at an annual cost in excess of US$39.2 billion. The standard of care has been influenced by three decades of randomised trials extolling the benefits of lifestyle modification, pharmacological therapies (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, spironolactone and hydralazine–isosorbide dinitrate), implantable devices and, in a minority of cases, surgery. The success of these therapies is exemplified by the observation that HF mortality has declined by approximately a third from the 1950s to the 1990s. Despite this success, mortality rates for HF are approximately 20% and 40–54% at 1 year and 5 years, respectively.1 The persisting human and financial cost attributable to HF and the disappointing results of trials with drugs modulating promising pathways (eg, endothelin receptor blockers and anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy) mandates the identification of novel pathways and strategies for its treatment.

The putative role for myocardial energetic deficiency in the pathogenesis of HF,2 and the consequent rationale for treating this energy deficiency clinically by metabolic modulation using 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase inhibition (eg, trimetazidine), late sodium current inhibition (eg, ranolazine) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase inhibition (eg, perhexiline) is increasingly recognised.3 In their article published in this issue …


In the September issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health , Dale et al (1) estimated the prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) by pooling the raw individual-level data of six diverse prospective studies in US working populations. Simply adding up the numbers of participants and events (CTS) from different studies is an inappropriate method to analyze individual participant data as it treats the data as if they were from one large study (2). The analysis should calculate a weighted average for each study and account for the clustering of participants within different studies (2, 3).

There was significant between-study heterogeneity. I 2 statistic (4) was 93% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 88–96%] for both prevalence and incidence. The six studies differed in regard to sample size, age, sex, education, occupation, race, ethnicity, employment duration, body mass index, presence of underlying diseases (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and thyroid disease), follow-up length, and method of CTS assessment. The authors neither analyzed the data using an individual participant data meta-analysis (5) nor reported the prevalence and incidence of CTS according to important background characteristics, such as sex, age group, race/ethnicity, education, and occupation. In addition, the prevalence estimates for studies "C" and "E" were miscalculated.

Using a random-effects meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of CTS is 7.09% (95% CI 4.58–10.99%) and the pooled incidence of CTS is 2.94% (95% CI 1.68–5.14%) (figure 1). The point estimates from the aggregated data meta-analyses do not show a major difference with those from simple pooling, but the confidence intervals are wide, indicating major uncertainty.


In this essay, we discuss empirical research on the economic effects of the civil justice system. We discuss research on the effects of three substantive bodies of law- contracts, torts, and property- and research on the effects of the litigation process. We begin with a review of studies of aggregate empirical trends and the important issues involving contracts and torts, both positive and normative. We survey some of the more interesting empirical issues, and we conclude with some suggestions for future work. Because studies involving property law are so divergent, there is no simple description of aggregates that adequately characterizes the subject. In its place, we offer an overview of a number of the most important issues of interest. We describe (selectively) the current state of empirical knowledge, and offer some suggestions for future research. The section on legal process builds on the previous substantive sections. With respect each of the steps, from violation to trial to appeal, we review some of the more important empirical contributions.


Volume 1: Econometric General Equilibrium Modeling presents an econometric approach to general equilibrium modeling of the impact of economic policies. Earlier approaches were based on the "calibration" of general equilibrium models to a single data point. The obvious disadvantage of calibration is that it requires highly restrictive assumptions about technology and preferences, such as fixed input-output coefficients. These assumptions are contradicted by the massive evidence of energy conservation in response to higher world energy prices, beginning in 1973. The econometric approach to general equilibrium modeling successfully freed economic policy analysis from the straitjacket imposed by calibration. As a consequence of changes in energy prices and new environmental policies, a wealth of historical experience has accumulated over the past two decades. Interpreted within the framework of the neoclassical theory of economic growth, this experience provides essential guidelines for future policy formation. Volume 2: Energy, the Environment, and Economic Growth presents a new econometric general equilibrium model of the United States that captures the dynamic mechanisms underlying growth trends and responses to energy and environmental policies. Jorgenson uses the model to analyze the impacts of environmental regulations on US economic growth and tax policies for controlling US emissions of carbon dioxide.


The Supreme Court has taken very different approaches to the question whether individuals have a right to make autonomous medical treatment choices, depending on the context. For example, in cases concerning the right to choose ?partial-birth? abortion and the right to use medical marijuana, the Supreme Court reached radically different results, based on radically different reasoning. More recent developments, including last Term's decision in Gonzales v. Carhart, have only highlighted the doctrinal confusion and the need for a resolution. In light of this pressing need, the goal of this Article is to view all of the constitutional cases touching on medical treatment decisions as one body of doctrine, as no other scholar has done. And indeed, this new perspective reveals that there are in fact two distinct lines of constitutional doctrine touching on the right to make medical treatment decisions: the ?public health? line of cases, which emphasizes the police power of the state over individual rights, and the ?autonomy? line of cases, which emphasizes individual bodily integrity and dignitary interests. Those lines of cases have grown up in parallel, appearing to represent airtight doctrinal categories while in fact addressing the same fundamental question. In addition, courts have applied varying degrees of deference to legislative determinations of medical fact without any logical consistency, perhaps based on largely superficial determinations about what type of case is before it. This Article concludes that a constitutional right to protect one's health should be consistently recognized; that the recognition of this right should not be artificially limited by excessive deference to legislative findings of medical fact; and that this right will have to be carefully balanced against the state's real and legitimate interest in regulating the practice of medicine to protect the public.


In this chapter, we investigate the computational role of the local recurrent network in primary visual cortex. To address this issue, we analyze intracellular recording data of cat V1, which combinemeasuring the tuning of a range of neuronal properties with a precise localization of the recording sites in the orientation preference map. For the analysis, we consider a network model of Hodgkin-Huxley type neurons arranged according to a biologically plausible two-dimensional topographic orientation preference map. We then systematically vary the strength of the recurrent excitation and inhibition relative to the strength of the afferent input. Each parametrization gives rise to a different model instance for which the tuning of model neurons at different locations of the orientation map is compared to the experimentally measured orientation tuning of membrane potential, spike output, excitatory, and inhibitory conductances. A quantitative analysis shows that the data provides strong evidence for a network model in which the afferent input is dominated by strong, balanced contributions of recurrent excitation and inhibition. This recurrent regime is close to a regime of "instability", where strong, self-sustained activity of the network occurs. The firing rate of neurons in the best-fitting network is particularly sensitive to modulation, which could be one of the functional benefits of a network operating in this particular regime.


Drawing on sociology of science foundations, we argue that, in order to survive and prosper, healthy applied disciplines must meet the dual demands of academic and practitioner audiences by demonstrating both focus and diversity in their research. First, we use this concomitant modality to explain why previous studies into the structure of the Information Systems discipline have reported contradictory results, with some finding a focused field while others conclude that the field is diverse. In support of our argument, we then present the results of a longitudinal, author co-citation analysis, looking across the full range of journals in which IS research is published. Our results suggest that the IS field has sustained a focus on research within three subfields over a 20-year period from 1986 to 2005: (1) a thematic miscellany of research on development, implementation, and use of systems in various application domains; (2) IS strategy and business outcomes; and (3) group work and decision support. At the same time, the field has demonstrated considerable diversity within and around these core subfields, with researchers responding flexibly to the rapidly changing field by investigating these areas with new paradigms and in new contexts, and by exploring new topics including inter-business and Internet applications, computer-supported collaborative work, virtual teams, and knowledge management. Finally, we demonstrate that, over the 20-year period from 1986 to 2005, the discipline has shifted from fragmented adhocracy to a polycentric state, which is particularly appropriate to an applied discipline such as IS that must address the dual demands of focus and diversity in a rapidly changing technological context.


Background: Unplanned pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in the world. The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize the findings of various studies regarding prevalence and determinates of unintended pregnancy. Data sources: A range of electronic databases was searched for studies conducted in developing countries and published between 1990 and 2015. English-language publications were searched using relevant keywords, and reference lists were hand searched. Review methods: A systematic review was carried out for all the quantitative studies which met the inclusion criteria. The quality of selected studies was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twenty-two papers were included in the review. Average prevalence of unintended pregnancy was estimated to be 35% ranging from 13% to 82%. The predictors of unintended pregnancy were found to be, socio-demographic factors include women's age, women's education, parity, birth order and interval, previous pregnancy intention, age at the time of marriage, socioeconomic status, marital status, religion, caste, and ethnicity. Conclusion: Main correlates were found to be age, parity, educational and economic status. This means that undertaking outreach in poor countries might be helpful in fulfilling the needs of Family planning for these women. Furthermore, community-based distribution of family planning methods or counseling should be targeted to the illiterate older aged women of reproductive age with poor socioeconomic status.


Sepsis is, in many patients, very difficult to recognise, especially early on and in the elderly and those with multiple comorbidities1. This difficulty leads to delayed treatment in some, and over-treatment in others in whom bacterial infection does not exist. One large study of 2579 patients admitted to critical care for presumed sepsis showed that 13% had a post-hoc infection likelihood of "none" and an additional 30% of only "possible"2. With increasing recognition of the many detrimental yet usually covert effects of antibiotics, such agents can only cause harm when given unnecessarily. There is a pressing need for reliable, early, sensitive, and specific biomarkers to (i) indicate the presence of infection, (ii) to indicate the likelihood that these infected patients will go on to develop organ dysfunction (sepsis), and (iii) to identify which specific treatments (e.g. immunomodulatory) should be administered to which patient in terms of timing, dosing, and duration. Infection diagnostics have traditionally relied upon Gram stain and culture; the yield is low and often several days elapse before an organism is identified, speciated, and its antibiotic resistance pattern determined. Newer molecular diagnostics are arriving at an impressive pace and offer the opportunity for point-of-care testing at the bedside to identify micro-organisms (at least, the commonest pathogens), and some indication of antibiotic sensitivity, within minutes of sampling. Remarkably, bacteria within the lung can also be imaged in real time. As an example of the power of molecular diagnostics, one study involving 529 patients in nine European ICUs demonstrated that from 616 blood culture samples, polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry identified a pathogen in 228 cases (37%) whereas traditional blood cultures were positive in just 68 (11%)3. For sepsis, current biomarkers such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are generally fairly sensitive but are too non-specific to accurately diagnose infection as the cause of inflammation, nor to identify which infected/inflamed patients will proceed to organ failure. Many patients will thus be unnecessarily treated with antibiotics while a smaller number may be inappropriately not treated. It is unlikely that a single biomarker will yield all the necessary information so technologies that can measure multiple markers will probably be more useful. Such devices are being developed, often for point-of-care testing, and include PCR (polymerase chain reaction), lateral flow, microfluidics, and nanotechnology4,5. These promise to deliver results in 30-75 minutes at the bedside with no need for involvement of the main hospital laboratory. The challenge now is to find the best biomarkers. Finally, for treatment selection, it has become clear that sepsis is an umbrella syndrome with many patient subsets within. Inflammatory and hyperinflammatory phenotypes have been described from a combination of clinical and biological markers. At least from retrospective studies, it appears that these subsets respond differently to fluid, PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), oxygen, and corticosteroids. So targeted treatment may become a reality in the not-too-distant future though prospective validation is first needed.


Uraemic patients demonstrate cognitive deficits, particularly in attention and memory and chronic kidney disease
(CKD) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Memory enhancing properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor antagonists (AlIA) have been reported in rats and mice. In humans,
chronic treatment with an AlIA improved cognition in elderly hypertensive patients; ACEls improve cognition in
young, hypertensive patients and acute administration of an AlIA has cognition-enhancing effects in young,
healthy volunteers. The aim of this thesis was to investigate possible differential effects of ACEI and AlIA on
mood and cognition in comparison to other antihypertensives in CKD patients. To rule out the possible effect of
chronic disease on mood and cognition by examining neurocognitive attributes of colon cancer patients in
remission, and finally to investigate the possible contribution of renin angiotensin system (RAS) gene
polymorphisms to neurocognitive improvement associated with drugs targeted at the RAS.


The pardon power, often described as a safety valve on the criminal justice system, is in a state of atrophy. Against a backdrop of "tough-on-crime" rhetoric, a systemic devaluation of rehabilitation efforts, and significant racial disparities in punishment, the disuse of clemency means no possibility of exit for those who have transformed themselves while incarcerated. This Note examines the origins, history, and philosophical underpinnings of clemency in the United States, focusing on the delicate balance between executive discretion and accountability. It then considers the structural and political factors that have contributed to the almost total failure of the clemency process in Massachusetts in recent years. The Note argues for the revitalization of executive clemency as a means of achieving optimal justice in individual criminal cases and system-wide, and it suggests changes to the administration of the clemency process in Massachusetts to achieve that end.


Professional isolation is a recurring issue in the delivery of rural and remote health care. However, collaboration is now more feasible with developments in technology and connectivity. At an international scale, collaboration offers clear opportunities for good ideas and great work to be shared across distances and boundaries that previously precluded this. This article reflects a presentation given to the Rethinking Remote conference in Inverness (Scotland) in May 2016. A number of factors with regard to infrastructure and engagement are considered, along with ways in which the opportunities of collaboration between individuals and large centres can be optimised. Social media and increased connectivity pave the way for easier access to great practice across international sites that share similar challenges.


Pipes have been used for many centuries for transporting fluids. Steel is one of the most
versatile materials for pipe walls, as it is ductile yet has a high tensile strength. Steel
pipes are made in lengths of up to 10m and jointed on site. Several pipes need to be
joined to form a piping system. The type of joint to use on a pipeline will depend on the
type of pipe materials, strength and flexibility requirement, cost, water tightness and the
facilities available on site. Currently used joints for large diameter steel pipes are welded
sleeve (i.e. spigot and socket), mechanical, flanged and butt welded joints. This research is carried out to investigate the capability of the elastomeric ring as a seal
for large diameter steel pipe joint. A pair of spigot and socket pipe with a mean outer
diameter of 668 mm is being used in this project. A socket pipe which has groove for
elastomer location has an inner diameter of 690.2 mm while spigot pipe which has
tapered part having outer diameter of 654 mm at its end. An elastomeric lip seal of dual
hardness which is having 702 mm outer diameter is also being used in this work. The
technique of push-fit method has yet to be introduced as an alternative joining method for
larger steel pipes to quicken and ease the process.
An experimental test rig is designed and fabricated to test the performance of the joint as
in working environment. Two type of tests are conducted - pressure test and leakage test.
The findings indicated that the water pressure inside the pipe is 0.625 MN/m2, lower than
the contact pressure exist at the top and bottom surfaces of elastomer that are 28.541
MN/m2 and 23.758 MN/m2 respectively. The results of pressure test shows that no
leaking occurs along the test including the extension of 10 minutes after full pressure test
has been attained. The leakage test is also success as no water is added/pumped to
maintain the pressure of 4.17 bar for a period of 24 hours.


The Minnesota Integrated Services Projects focus on improving the delivery of employment, health, and social services to families who receive cash assistance and have serious or multiple barriers to employment. Operating in eight sites, the project seeks to provide comprehensive assessments of participants' barriers, improve access to more complete services that address multiple needs, and coordinate services provided by multiple service systems. This is the final report in an evaluation of the project and describes the changes in the economic outcomes and family-related outcomes of ISP participants over a two-year period, provides estimates of the relationship between ISP participation and participants' employment and MFIP outcomes, and provides conclusions and policy recommendations.


The ever growing international trade has limited efforts towards the prevention of introduction, spread and establishment of invasive organisms. Non-native pests can cause severe loss of production and lead to restriction in exchange of genetic materials and seed marketing across regions. Regulating pests' movement through quarantine measures and establishment of regional boards has been identified as a way to deal with introduction and expansion of invasive organisms. This review analyzes the different pest regulations in the West African sub-region with a specific focus on the implementation of quarantine measures in rice as a case study. The various regulations related to seed production, certification and marketing, and quarantine regulations in West Africa were analyzed and their enforcement and performance were assessed through comparison to international standards, especially the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Although a regional regulation on seeds and phytosanitary measures has been elaborated, ECOWAS countries are still enforcing their national phytosanitary legislations, which are nearly the same in all West African countries - they all aim at ensuring plant health by applying preventive and curative measures to prevent the introduction and spread of pests in their territory by controlling the import and export of plant materials and disseminating appropriate pest management techniques to boost agricultural production. Most ECOWAS countries are yet to submit their phytosanitary legislation to IPPC to comply with Article VII.2i of the endorsed convention. In addition, the entry points are not well defined and provided to the IPPC according to the Article VII.2d of the convention. When the quarantine list is available, the organisms regulated for each crop species are not stated, posing a real problem not only for rice genetic resource exchanges for research purposes but also for rice seed trade. Efforts and resources should be devoted by each country to research on pests and regulatory mechanisms in order to define, among others, pest status in the region, and to update regularly the quarantine pests list in the West African region. Key words : Regulatory measures, quarantine pest, rice seed, harmonization, ECOWAS, IPPC


This paper investigates assumed capitalisation rates in 3400 DCF valuations of office properties in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmˆ during the time period 1998-2004. The study investigates determinants of property-level variation in cap rates and how going in and exit cap rates relate to each other. Exit cap rates are stable over time during the studied period but exhibit substantial variation across properties. Part of this cross-sectional variation can be attributed to the location of the property, part of it is due to other characteristics of the property. Exit cap rates are differentiated between properties of the same type on the same market segment, which shows that valuers apply property level fine-tuning when setting exit cap rates. Properties with low market rent and high long-run vacancy assumption typically have high exit cap rates. Properties in peripheral parts of a city typically have higher exit cap rates than properties in central parts. The implicitly assumed going-in cap rate (defined as assumed net operating income year one divided by estimated market value) follows a similar pattern as the exit cap rate but exhibits more temporary, property-specific variation. Going-in cap rates are strongly influenced by temporary deviations of vacancy rates and rents from assumed inormali levels of vacancy and rent. The difference between going-in and exit cap rates is influenced by assumed short-run growth in net operating income in the way stipulated by theory: high assumed short-run growth is associated with going-in cap rates being lower than exit cap rates.


The paper discusses concepts of 'nature' and 'life' as subjected to historical changes. The 21st century seems to be obsessed with 'life' and 'nature', which are reconfigured as objects of simulation practices and of a multitude of technoscientific enterprises as well as of political struggle. The historical influences and epistemological shifts of systems thinking are significant within two distinctive and interwoven fields: On the one hand the discourse of environmentalism with the paradigm of ecological crises, centered around ideas of resource management, sustainability, the general idea of an 'endangered nature' and the interconnectedness of global politics and individual actions. On the other hand the optimistic promises of artificial life, with synthetic biology and digital cyborg technologies as its avantgarde, which are very much driven by the idea of technoscientific mastery to surpass natures 'weakness' and by desires to improve 'life' and to even refashion 'life itself '. On the field of historical ecology, concepts of systems thinking are traced back to the middle of the 19th century, where ecological thought emerged at the intersections of biology and geography. Meandering between vitalistic, holistic, and mechanistic concepts, between living and non-living elements, systems ecology finally substitutes 'nature', which in turn is re-established in its new 'gestalt' as computer simulated world model since the early 1970s. Resurrected as an interrelation of system variables at the level of global simulations 'nature' strikes as a zombie. As a second turning point of the rewriting of the matrix, of life we will discuss the advance of 'games' since the early 1970ies, with the example of 'Game of life' ('Life') as a significant landmark. When 'life' becomes 'Life', it is by computerized modeling in terms of dynamic processes. Computer games can be thought of as instances of the popularization of cybernetic system thinking, functioning as interdiscoursive fragments between the specialized discourse of system theories and the sphere of 'common sense' (Nohr 2008), where the specific "gaming situation" (Eskelinen 2001) foregrounds playful individual action and manipulation of system objects within a set of given rules or the manipulation of system rules itself on the level of the 'code'. We will argue that both, the ecological discourse and the algorithmic model of self-reproduction of 'Life', are historically and systematically related manifestations and mediations of system theory. While they can be regarded as referring to different scales of application (macro-economic reasoning in the case of global ecosystems, modeling of bottom-up-complexity on a micro-level in the case of 'Life') and belonging to distinctive disciplines (economic and ecological research vs. mathematical theory of automata and artificial life studies), they share some common ground in being "algorithmic media" (Marks 2014) that are functional as "rhetorical software" (Doyle 1997) and as "allegorithms" (Galloway 2006) of the new compositions of the technobiological and techno-ecological situation of the 21st century.


Has patient experience or patient experiential knowledge the potential to constitute other means of doing science and technology? Does it represent an alternative to mainstream science? Has it the power to question it, to challenge it, to make it more "democratic"? To try to answer this question, I contrast two sets of configurations: the first one concerns patient groups and I will try to recap what we have learnt from what they do with experience; the second one is centred around activities of private actors as well as researchers or institutions who have decided to give patient experience an important role in research, promoting the notion of "patient centred care", the involvement and the participation of concerned people to research and research drawing on what is called "patients' reported outcomes".
In this presentation, I describe the different ways in which people's experience is enacted, how it is mobilized in knowledge production, and I reflect on the kind of politics it performs, and on the extent to which it could be considered as science by other means.


This is a review of
the evolution of the use prednisone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
(RA). Cortisone was introduced in 1949 and shortly thereafter, the Mayo
investigators found that low divided doses with slow tapering were effective
and caused fewer side effects. In 1959, a British double blind 2 year study of
prednisolone treatment in early RA demonstrated effectiveness and reduced
bony erosions. This experience was lost over time and empiricism and efforts
to reduce side effects dominated practice for the next 35 years. Since 1995, a
number of controlled studies of low single daily doses of prednisone in early
RA have been reported by European investigators. They have shown clinical
improvement, reduced bony erosions, augmentation of the effect of dmards and
few side effects. During the last 25 years, the molecular actions of glucocorticoids
have been elucidated. The time relationship of the dose to the biologic and
clinical effects has been established. As a result of the information on the diurnal
effect of glucocorticoids and the documentation of the effect occurring 5-6
hours after the dose and dissipating by 24 hours, a delayed release preparation
of prednisone has been developed. With the rediscovery of the effectiveness of
low single daily morning dose of prednisone in early RA by controlled studies
and the demonstration of the onset and duration of the clinical effect of low
dose of prednisone, it is now possible to use low doses of prednisone
rationally and effectively in the treatment of RA. It remains to be determined
whether a single morning, single evening or a twice a day low dose is the most
effective and safe. It is doubtful if the new delayed release prednisone is any
more effective than the usual immediate release prednisone if given at the same
time.


Despite recent improvements in computational approaches such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computational linguistics, making a computer understand human-generated unstructured text still remains a difficult problem to solve. To alleviate the challenges, we propose an approach called "Opinion Marks," which enables writers to mark positive and negative aspects of a topic on their own text. In addition, Opinion Marks incorporates an automatic marking suggestion algorithm to offload a user's marking effort. The phrases marked with Opinion Marks can be further used to clarify the sentiments of other text in a similar context. We implemented Opinion Marks at a question answering website http://caniask.net. To test the efficacy of Opinion Marks, we conducted a crowdsourced experiment with 144 participants in a between-subject design under three different conditions: 1) human marking only; 2) machine marking only (automatic marking suggestion); and 3) human-machine collaboration (Opinion Marks). This study revealed that Opinion Marks significantly improves the quality of marked phrases and usability of the system.


The Missile Shield Proposal, with the intended emplacement both of its radar site in the Czech Republic and of its anti-missile interceptors in Poland, emerged from the Bush Administration in the United States, a NATO partner to the West, and was directed at threats emanating from the East. As such, it became for a time a meeting place between American and Czech security goals. A range of political pressures eventually came to bear upon the proposal. External political pressures included Russian anxiety about the real target of the missile shield itself, while internal pressures entailed serious political party and public concerns in the Czech Republic. In spite of those pressures, the executive leadership in both countries approved the plan in mid-2008. However, following the American elections later in 2008, President Obama cancelled the project in the fi rst year of his administration. At the same time, his attention to the urgency of European security led him to endorse a substitute proposal that would offer a similar level of security. Thus, the senior NATO partner to the West continued to maintain a priority on protection of the Czech Republic and other European neighbors against dangers in the East.


Energy awareness is an essential design issue in wireless sensor network. Therefore, attention must be given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. It is desired to design the energy efficient routing protocols to conserve the poser supply of sensor node and prolongs its lifetime. Recently sink mobility has been exploited in numerous schemes to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), but sink mobility bring a new challenges in wireless sensor network; such as sink location maintenance, continuous data delivery, avoiding/reducing detour problem etc. In this paper, in order to reduce energy consumption and minimize the overhead of rerouting frequency, we propose an Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme using Mobile Sinks (EERS-MS) in Wireless Sensor Networks. This scheme uses the grid that is constructed by the sink appearing first in the sensor field or when no valid grid exists. In this scheme source(s) utilizes the sink location information to communicate with sink(s). Data is disseminated to the sink through grid nodes (GN) using greedy geographical forwarding techniques. Analytical and simulation study reveals significant improvement in term of both energy efficiency and routing performance in comparison to existing schemes. Keywords— Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Sink Mobility, Data Dissemination, Energy Efficient.


The increasing emphasis on the relationship between participation in education and social inclusion through employment views non-participating young people negatively by what they are not, exemplified in the label Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET). The UK's strategy to reduce the numbers of NEET young people includes the provision of government training courses resulting in their increased attendance at further education colleges. This study was motivated by a need to understand these young people in order to work with them and to inform my professional practice. By engaging in purposeful conversation with a group of 14 young people, aspects of their lives, their experiences and perceptions of education, and their aspirations for the future are unfolded through the stories they chose to share. A consideration of the impact of forces of globalisation on opportunities for employment along with a recent history of youth training schemes sets the scene here for the analysis and discussion of these stories. Providing a fair account of stories in a way that allows the teller's voice to be heard follows an uncharted course employing methods drawn from ethnographic, phenomenographic and narrative inquiry and resulting in a dissertation that blends theory, research and policy with the stories heard. Hearing such stories and considering their implications for working with these young people had a significant personal impact whilst confirming my conviction that in order to work successfully with such young people it is necessary to go beyond the label of NEET to understand something of their lives. Reflective and reflexive discussion around the methods adopted in this study consequently forms a major part of this dissertation as does explicit attention to the research journey travelled. The analysis of the stories of the young people centres here on notions of wellbeing and flourishing using a capabilities approach as a framework. By mapping themes identified in the conversations recorded in this study onto Martha Nussbaum's list of central capabilities a re-framed version of her capabilities list, contextualised to NEET young lives is presented. It emerges that the perceptions of education and training and aspirations for future employment and wellbeing amongst this particular group do not justify the frequently negative connotations of the NEET label. Individual's expressed anxieties around contemporary youth culture, their attitudes towards schooling and education and their hopes for their lives lead, in the final chapter of this study, to suggestions for ways forward for schools and colleges working with such young people. Here I emphasise the need for teachers to make space to understand the people behind the labels, to see them as individuals who may flourish more successfully if we are able to construct more compassionate institutions that allow young people to do and to be, to develop the capacities to lead the meaningful lives they desire and will have reason to value.


Objective To identify the features and effects of a pathway for emergency assessment and referral of patients with suspected transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in order to avoid admission to hospital. Design Scoping review. Data sources PubMed, CINAHL Web of Science, Scopus. Study selection Reports of primary research on referral of patients with suspected TIA directly to specialist outpatient services. Data extraction We screened studies for eligibility and extracted data from relevant studies. Data were analysed to describe setting, assessment and referral processes, treatment, implementation and outcomes. Results 8 international studies were identified, mostly cohort designs. 4 pathways were used by family doctors and 3 pathways by emergency department physicians. No pathways used by paramedics were found. Referrals were made to specialist clinic either directly or via a 24-hour helpline. Practitioners identified TIA symptoms and risk of further events using a checklist including the ABCD2 tool or clinical assessment. Antiplatelet medication was often given, usually aspirin unless contraindicated. Some patients underwent tests before referral and discharge. 5 studies reported reduced incident of stroke at 90 days, from 6–10% predicted rate to 1.3–2.1% actual rate. Between 44% and 83% of suspected TIA cases in these studies were referred through the pathways. Conclusions Research literature has focused on assessment and referral by family doctors and ED physicians to reduce hospitalisation of patients with TIA. No pathways for paramedical use were reported. We will use results of this scoping review to inform development of a paramedical referral pathway to be tested in a feasibility trial. Trial registration number ISRCTN85516498. Stage: pre-results.


Many flows relevant for climate research, weather forecasting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC), and fire safety are characterized by relatively small velocities compared to the speed of sound. The efficient computation of such low Mach number flows requires computational methods that avoid the Courant-Friedrich-Lewy time step restriction, based on the speed of sound. An essential issue in the context meterological flow modelling, as investigated at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, is the construction of efficient
numerical schemes for such flows that are in conservation form with respect to all physically conserved quantities, i.e., mass, momentum, and energy.
Extending initial developments by Klein et. al [9, 13, 15, 19, 20], a new scheme for such flows is currently under development which accounts for flows in three space dimensions, is fully conservative, with second order accuracy and covers the entire regime 0 M 1.
To transfer this scheme to practical applications, the author has created the programm code MOLOCH. This technical report collects the background theory of the scheme and describes the current state of its implementation. The code
is based on a finite-volume method using a cartesian grid. Currently, the scheme is limited to Zero-Mach number.
The first four chapters describe the mathematical background of the scheme.
After a short presentation of the underlying set of equations, the result of a one-scale asymptotic analysis is discussed to elucidate the main problems in the context of constructing numerical simulation schemes, and to motivate the construction of the method.
Chapter 5 describes the details of the numerical technique and provides additional information regarding the discretization and the implementation of boundary
conditions.
Chapter 6 describes the implementation of gravitational forces, necessary to run the falling droplet test case, which will be described in Chapter 7. An empirical convergence study confirms the predicted second order accuracy of the implemented scheme.
Current work in progress aims at extending the scheme presented here to the meteorologically important class anelastic, instead of incompressible, flow models. The computational code structure as presented here will transfer to these applications without change.


Inclusion in the labour market is one key element of the UK Home Office refugee integration strategy. Refugees in the UK are a diverse group and represent multiple occupations and professions. One particular group of interest is refugee doctors. The British Medical Association (BMA) estimates that there are around 2000 refugee doctors in the UK. This highly skilled professional group represents a potentially valuable human resource to the National Health Service (NHS). Indeed, minimal investment is required to benefit from the considerable medical experience and skills that refugee doctors bring to the UK. Professionally qualified refugees, such as doctors and dentists, nevertheless face a number of obstacles to economic integration. This includes recognition of qualifications, training and employment regulations. For many refugee doctors these hurdles have led to professional disappointment, frustration and humiliation. In recognising and seeking to address such barriers to employment, a number of specific national and local policy initiatives in the UK have been implemented to promote the economic inclusion of refugee doctors.


Our objective in this study was to investigate the interactions between sire breed and supplement on digestibility and to ascertain its accuracy in predicting wool fibre diameter. Forty first-cross Merino weaner sheep
sired by Texel, Coopworth, White Suffolk, East-Friesian and Dorset sires with initial BW range of 22.9 and 31.3 kg (average of 26.8 ± 3.2 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups in a 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design representing 5 sire breeds, 2 supplementary feeds
(canola and lupins), 2 feeding levels (1 and 2% of bodyweight) and 2 sexes (ewes and wethers). The feeding trial lasted for six weeks with an initial 3-week adjustment period and the last 7 days for faecal collection. Factorial ANOVA with orthogonal contrasts in SAS was used for statistical analysis to test for the interactions between sire breed and supplement on digestibility and wool fibre diameter. Our results demonstrated that sire breed × level of feeding interactions significantly influenced digestibility (P<0.01) whereby Coopworth-sired sheep supplemented
at 1% of their body weight recorded the highest ME and N digestibility of 54% and 67% compared to 42% and 62% respectively, in their counterparts fed at 2% of body weight. There was a highly significant (P<0.01) effect of type of supplement x level of feeding interaction on wool fibre diameter at the end of the trial because sheep fed canola supplements at 1% of body weight had finer wool (22.1 microns) than their 2%-fed counterparts (25.4 microns). Regression of wool fibre diameter on digestibility revealed very poor prediction accuracy (R2 =
0.0087-0.169). We concluded that sire breed variation in digestibility is unlikely to be a useful predictor of genetic merit for wool fibre diameter in first cross sheep under the same management.


Background: Reviews of camera surveillance systems have demonstrated ambivalent behaviors among people who die by railway suicide. Yet, only few preventive measures have been evaluated. Aims: We aimed to review incidents of suicidal behavior at a Danish railway station, install preventive measures, and monitor subsequent calls to a telephone helpline and reports of suicidal incidences. Method: Suicide incidents at Valby Station during 2012-2018 were reviewed to identify options for preventive measures. Based on these findings, signs encouraging help-seeking and other measures were implemented. Calls to the Danish helpline for suicide prevention and suicidal events at the station were subsequently monitored. Results: The review revealed locations where measures were meaningful and signs, physical barriers, and motion-sensitive lights were installed. Over the following 14 months, no suicide deaths occurred, and the signs were mentioned in 14 calls to the helpline, some of which were made by callers who were evaluated to be at high risk of suicide. Limitations: No direct link between implemented measures and observed outcomes could be established. Conclusion: Installing measures, including signs, at appropriate locations at railway platforms may encourage people in crisis to seek support.


IRS Notice 2014-21, issued on March 25, 2014, made it clear that the IRS would treat virtual currencies that can be converted into traditional currency as property for federal income tax purposes (Notice 2014-21). This means that gain from the sale and exchange of virtual currency is subject to taxation. Given that many are attracted to virtual currency because of its anonymous nature, tax preparers should expect that individual clients might not volunteer information about virtual currency transactions at tax time. Recent events suggest, however, that the IRS is not sitting back and waiting for taxpayers to fully disclose their virtual currency activities. Failure to report such transactions may result in penalties and, potentially, criminal prosecution.