Lithium coatings in the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) led to flat temperature profiles. The flat temperature profiles were observed along with a hot, low density edge, implying a broad, collisionless scrape-off layer (SOL). Additionally, in vacuo X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements established that lithium coatings evaporatively deposited onto high-Z plasma facing components (PFCs) became oxidized while retaining the ability to achieve good plasma performance long after lithium was applied to the PFCs. Longstanding theory predicted flat temperature profiles with low recycling walls, which was presumed to be due to hydrogen binding with elemental lithium to form lithium hydride. The presence of oxidized lithium, however, raised questions regarding the exact mechanism of hydrogen retention in LTX. To investigate these questions, the upgraded facility LTX-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> includes a new sample exposure probe (SEP) for more detailed in vacuo analysis of PFC samples. The SEP is equipped with a vacuum suitcase capable of transporting samples representative of the LTX-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> outer midplane PFCs to a stand-alone XPS system while maintaining pressures lower than the LTX-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> base vacuum to limit the contamination between sample exposure and analysis. The low-energy resolution XPS system used in past experiments could only enable the determination of elemental percentages on the PFC sample surfaces. Because the new XPS system has higher energy resolution, it is more direct to assign chemical compounds to the measured binding energies. This capability has been confirmed by comparing XPS data from PFC test samples with measurements using a commercial high-resolution XPS system. Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) were used to quantify the thickness of the deposited lithium on the LTX-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> PFCs. This article describes the application of the SEP to characterize the PFC surfaces using XPS and their relationship to plasma conditions.


The feasibility of electric field x-ray solution scattering with biological macromolecules was investigated. Electric field pulses (1.25 to 5.5 kilovolts per centimeter) were used to orient tobacco mosaic virus in solution (4.5 milligrams per milliliter). The x-ray scattering is characteristic of isolated oriented particles. The molecular orientation and its field-free decay were monitored with a time resolution of 2 milliseconds by means of synchrotron radiation and a multiwire proportional area detector. The method should also be applicable to synthetic polymers and inorganic colloids.


Smoking and drinking account for more than 520,000 deaths annually in the United States, and have been a frequent target of public policy aimed at improving health outcomes. They are also two of the four major risk factors for the world's deadliest killer: non-communicable diseases. However, our understanding of how smoking and drinking are related to other risk factors for these diseases, such as obesity, is limited. The purpose of this dissertation is to address this lack of understanding. Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and state-level excise taxes on packs of cigarettes and gallons of beer, I estimate the impact of these taxes on Body Mass Index, a measure of body fat used to diagnose obesity, along with their impact on hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, and arthritis, all obesity-related health conditions. The results indicate that higher taxes on cigarettes and alcohol leads to lower weights, a lower risk of diabetes, and in the case of cigarette taxes, a lower risk of obesity. Higher cigarette taxes lower the rates of hypertension, but higher alcohol taxes have the opposite effect, which is consistent with the j-shaped relationship found in the medical literature. These effects should be considered when changes to these tax rates are considered.


3D stacked architectures reduce communication delay in multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs) and allowing more functionality per unit area. However, vertical integration of layers exacerbates the reliability and thermal problems, and cooling is a limiting factor in multi-tier systems. Liquid cooling is a highly efficient solution to overcome the accelerated thermal problems in 3D architectures. However, liquid cooling brings new challenges in modeling and run-time management. This paper proposes a design-time/run-time thermal management policy for 3D MPSoCs with inter-tier liquid cooling. First, we perform a design-time analysis to estimate the thermal impact of liquid cooling and dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) on 3D MPSoCs. Based on this analysis, we define a set of management rules for run-time thermal management. We utilize these rules to control and adjust the liquid flow rate in order to match the cooling demand for preventing energy wastage of over-cooling, while maintaining a stable thermal profile in the 3D MPSoCs. Experimental results on multi-tier 3D MPSoCs show that proposed design-time/run-time management policy prevents the system to exceed the given threshold temperature while reducing cooling energy by 50% on average and system-level energy by 18% on average in comparison to using a static worst-case flow rate setting.


Background: The reported incidence, severity and nature of injuries sustained in tennis vary considerably between studies. While some of these variations can be explained by differences in sample populations and conditions, the main reasons are related to differences in definitions and methodologies employed in the studies. Objective: This statement aims to review existing consensus statements for injury surveillance in other sports in order to establish definitions, methods and reporting procedures that are applicable to the specific requirements of tennis. Design: The International Tennis Federation facilitated a meeting of 11 experts from seven countries representing a range of tennis stakeholders. Using a mixed methods consensus approach, key issues related to definitions, methodology and implementation were discussed and voted on by the group during a structured 1-day meeting. Following this meeting, two members of the group collaborated to produce a draft statement, based on the group discussions and voting outcomes. Three revisions were prepared and circulated for comment before the final consensus statement was produced. Results: A definition of medical conditions (injuries and illnesses) that should be recorded in tennis epidemiological studies and criteria for recording the severity and nature of these conditions are proposed. Suggestions are made for recording players' baseline information together with recommendations on how medical conditions sustained during match play and training should be reported. Conclusions: The definitions and methodology proposed for recording injuries and illnesses sustained during tennis activities will lead to more consistent and comparable data being collected. The surveillance procedures presented here may also be applicable to other racket sports.


A manual for Windows 7 desktop technicians and administrators It is estimated that 90 percent of the worlds computers run Windows. Desktop technicians and administrators need this comprehensive manual to guide them through their daily work with Windows 7. While this Sybex guide is packed with information youll need to know for the MCITP certification exam, it is equally valuable in real-world situations you will encounter on the job. Covers troubleshooting, hardware and software applications, large-scale desktop environment management, and planning and configuring the desktop infrastructure using Windows 7 Provides plenty of relevant information for those seeking MCITP certification, including full coverage of the exam objectives for both Desktop Support Technician and Desktop Administrator exams Includes a CD with valuable study tools for the MCITP exams including video walkthroughs, flashcards, and two practice exams. Windows 7 Desktop Support and Administration provides knowledge that will be needed on certification exams and remains a valuable reference for support and administrative personnel on the job. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.


The molecular basis of skeletal muscle lineage determination was investigated by analyzing DNA control elements that regulate the myogenic determination gene myoD. A distal enhancer was identified that positively regulates expression of the human myoD gene. The myoD enhancer and promoter were active in myogenic and several nonmyogenic cell lines. In transgenic mouse embryos, however, the myoD enhancer and promoter together directed expression of a lacZ transgene specifically to the skeletal muscle lineage. These data suggest that during development myoD is regulated by mechanisms that restrict accessibility of myoD control elements to positive trans-acting factors.


CO lines of different strengths near 4.7 microns have been used to observe Evershed flow of molecular gas in the penumbra of a large sunspot near to the solar limb. An adaptive optics system and IR camera on the main spectrograph of the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope produced a sequence of diffraction-limited spectral-spatial images to 0.8 arc-second resolution as the telescope was scanned across this sunspot. Dopplergrams constructed from this sequence for several of these CO lines have been used to outline the characteristics of this molecular flow as a function of depth within the penumbra.

Particularly noteworthy in these Dopplergrams is the change in pattern of high-speed outflow, from a radial direction deep in the penumbra from weak-line images, matching the structure in the continuum penumbral image, to a spiral pattern more closely resembling the appearance of penumbral structure at chromospheric heights. Typical weak-line flow speeds were a few km/s, significantly lower than those measured recently by Penn et al.,(2003) for weak CH lines at shorter wavelengths, which are postulated to originate in dark fibrils deeper in the penumbra. Strong CO-line images show lower flow speeds. Small regions of narrow inverse Evershed flow channels appear in these latter images near to the outer penumbral boundary. For all lines, the speed of the Evershed flow reaches a maximum just before this boundary and all flow appears to cease at or just beyond it.

Future Evershed flow investigations will include observations of other potentially useful spectral features within this spectral range such as weak OH lines, in addition to several atomic FeI and SiI lines whose high Zeeman sensitivity make them suitable for simultaneous penumbral magnetic field mapping.


Humans have an uncanny ability to learn new concepts with very few examples. Cognitive theories have suggested that this is done by utilizing prior experience of related tasks. We propose to emulate this process in machines, by transforming new problems into old ones. These transformations are called metaphors. Obviously, the learner is not given a metaphor, but must acquire one through a learning process. We show that learning metaphors yield better results than existing transfer learning methods. Moreover, we argue that metaphors give a qualitative assessment of task relatedness.


Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is defined as a raised mean pulmonary artery pressure (of at least 25 mmHg at rest) caused by persistent obstruction of pulmonary arteries after pulmonary embolism that has not resolved despite at least 3 months of therapeutic anticoagulation.
Non-resolving acute pulmonary embolism is the most common cause of CTEPH, and can occur after one or multiple episodes. CTEPH might occasionally develop owing to in-situ pulmonary artery thrombosis, which could be associated with inflammation of the vessel walls. The estimated prevalence of CTEPH two years after acute pulmonary embolism is 0.1-4.0%. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is the treatment of choice, offering immediate hemodynamic benefits and providing a potential cure for many patients. However, PEA is not possible for about 50% of patients (inoperable CTEPH), due to either distal pulmonary vascular obstruction that is surgically inaccessible or significant comorbidities thought to be associated with unacceptably high risk. Furthermore, in CTEPH patients with disease amenable to surgery, approximately 10% to 15% of patients have residual pulmonary hypertenion (PH, mean pulmonary arterial pressure [mPAP] > 25 mmHg) after PEA (persistent/recurrent post-operative PH). In these situations, medical treatment might be useful.
Recently, clinical worsening (CW) has been used as a composite endpoint in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) trials, as described by McLaughlin. It is a combination of mortality and different morbidity parameters described after the initiation of specific PH therapy. The definition most frequently used is a combination of all-cause mortality, non-elective hospital stay for PH to initiate intravenous prostanoid or lung transplantation, and disease progression defined as a reduction from baseline in six-minutes walking distance (6-MWD) by 15%.

This thesis concerns the outcome of patients with operable and inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
Chapter 2 concerns the incidence of clinical worsening in patients with inoperable CTEPH in a single center population and in chapter 3 we describe the occurrence of clinical worsening in patients with CTEPH who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA). Chapter 4 and chapter 5 provide us the important role of cardiovascular imaging modalities like echocardiography and computed tomography in the pre-operative prediction of outcome after PEA. Finally, in chapter 7 the upstream pulmonary artery resistance measured by the pulmonary artery occlusion technique is evaluated as a predictor of outcome after PEA.


Strategies for behavioral management have been traditionally derived from an individualistic, psychological orientation. As such, behavioral management is about correcting and preventing disruption caused by the "difficult" students and about reinforcing positive comportment of the "good" ones. However, increased classroom diversity and inclusive and multicultural education reform efforts, in the United States and in most Western societies, warrant attention to the ways preservice teachers develop beliefs and attitudes toward behavior management that (re)produce systemic inequities along lines of race, disability, and intersecting identities. Early-21st-century legislation requiring free and equitable education in the least restrictive environment mandates that school professionals serve the needs of all students, especially those located at the interstices of multiple differences in inclusive settings. These combined commitments create tensions in teacher education, demanding that educators rethink relationships with students so that they are not simply recreating the trends of mass incarceration within schools. Disability Critical Race Theory (DisCrit) shifts the questions that are asked from "How can we fix students who disobey rules?" to "How can preservice teacher education and existing behavioral management courses be transformed so that they are not steeped in color evasion and silent on interlocking systems of oppression?"
 DisCrit provides an opportunity to (re)organize classrooms, moving away from "fixing" the individual—be it the student or the teacher—and shifting toward justice. As such, it is important to pay attention not only to the characteristics, dispositions, attitudes, and students' and teachers' behaviors but also to the structural features of the situation in which they operate. By cultivating relationships rooted in solidarity, in which teachers understand the ways students are systemically oppressed, how those oppressions are (re)produced in classrooms, and what they can do to resist those oppressions in terms of pedagogy, curriculum, and relationship, repositions students and families are regarded as valuable members. Consequently, DisCrit has the potential to prepare future teachers to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interactions and active engagement in learning focused on creating solidarity in the classroom instead of managing. This results in curriculum, pedagogy, and relationships that are rooted in expansive notions of justice. DisCrit can help preservice teachers in addressing issues of diversity in the curriculum and in contemplating how discipline may be used as a tool of punishment, and of exclusion, or as a tool for learning. Ultimately, DisCrit as an intersectional and interdisciplinary framework can enrich existing preservice teachers' beliefs about relationships in the classroom and connect these relationships to larger projects of dismantling inequities faced by multiply marginalized students.


. The article concentrates on the possibilities of bringing into dialogue two different theoretical frameworks for conceptualising social reality and power: those proposed by Ernesto Laclau, one of the leading current theorists of hegemony, and Juri Lotman, a path breaking cultural theorist. We argue that these two models contain several concepts that despite their different verbal expressions play exactly the same functional role in both theories. In this article, however, we put special emphasis on the problem of naming for both theorists. We propose to see naming as one of the central translating strategies in the politico-hegemonic discourse. Our main thesis is that through substituting some central categories of Laclau's theory with those of Lotman's, it is possible to develop a model of hegemony that is a better tool for empirical study of power relations in given social formations than the model proposed by Laclau, who in his later works tends more and more to ground it in psychoanalytic ontology.


There's a lack of research on the relationship between families' attitudes toward insurance and their financial behavior. The Italian insurance market appears weak with regard to non life and non motor insurance: Italy ranks only 18th in Europe in terms of the ratio between non life and non motor premiums and GDP. The propensity to subscribe to an insurance contract appears largely to depend on geographical area, qualification and job activity. Regardless of their wealth, families subscribing to a non life and non motor insurance policy show a significantly lower propensity for financial liquidity. This relationship suggests an opportunity: selling insurance products to high liquidity families offers financial industry the possibility to sell them new financial assets too. There is a final benefit for Italian families, whose high liquidity indicates risk adversity while their propensity not to buy insurance exposes them to great real risks: buying more insurance products they will be less exposed to real risks and have a better return on their financial investments.


ABSTRACT Convincing teachers to implement pedagogical innovations is notoriously hard. This research project investigated the shift in pedagogical approach among a small group of faculty as they replaced traditional lecture-based methods with problem-based learning projects. Interviews were conducted with eight drivers of this change, around the question: What was it like to be part of a learning group focused on tangible change toward student-centred learning? Objectives were to understand how pedagogical change happened in an electrical engineering programme at a post-secondary institution in Ireland; analyse data using two different research methods; describe the processes, results, and findings, determining: To what extents do the research methods of grounded theory and phenomenology fit our data and yield relevant and useful findings? Results of this multiple-methods approach indicate enjoyment, camaraderie, and grassroots ownership were essential to driving transformation. With this specific dataset, grounded theory produced valuable findings (including a graphic model of change). Phenomenological methodologies seeking to understanding raw, pre-reflective experience were not as effective, because interviews occurred two years after the events and thus interview comments were inherently reflective. This report should be of particular use to teachers and administrators strategising change and engineering education researchers assessing the applicability of various methods.


Introduction The California Coast Ranges, from the region around Santa Rosa north of San Francisco Bay to the San Fernando Valley near Los Angeles, and between the San Joaquin Valley and the coast, offer an unusual and interesting type of physiography. The region may extend south into the peninsular ranges as well as north of Santa Rosa, but the author knows of no other ranges of this type in this country. The material for these notes was obtained in studies connected with the work of the Seismological Society of America in locating the active faults of the Coast Ranges. One summer, 1922, was spent in general reconnaissance work covering a good part of the region between Santa Rosa and San Luis Obispo. The autumn of the previous year, 1921, was spent in a detailed study of the southern Santa Cruz Range and the summer of 1923 in a similar study . . .


Optics and photonics technologies are ubiquitous: they are responsible for the displays on smart phones and computing devices, optical fiber that carries the information in the internet, advanced precision manufacturing, enhanced defense capabilities, and a plethora of medical diagnostics tools. The opportunities arising from optics and photonics offer the potential for even greater societal impact in the next few decades, including solar power generation and new efficient lighting that could transform the nation's energy landscape and new optical capabilities that will be essential to support the continued exponential growth of the Internet. As described in the National Research Council report Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation, it is critical for the United States to take advantage of these emerging optical technologies for creating new industries and generating job growth. The report assesses the current state of optical science and engineering in the United States and abroad--including market trends, workforce needs, and the impact of photonics on the national economy. It identifies the technological opportunities that have arisen from recent advances in, and applications of, optical science and engineering. The report also calls for improved management of U.S. public and private research and development resources, emphasizing the need for public policy that encourages adoption of a portfolio approach to investing in the wide and diverse opportunities now available within photonics. Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation is a useful overview not only for policymakers, such as decision-makers at relevant Federal agencies on the current state of optics and photonics research and applications but also for individuals seeking a broad understanding of the fields of optics and photonics in many arenas.


In Kenya cases of bullying in schools are shocking and the vice has persisted for decades. It is shocking because this has led to students dropping out of schools due to stigmatization and in some cases physical injury to the extent that some have been mai Organization Kenya is highly widespread in schools. The survey a collaborative surveillance project with United States Centres for Disease Co bullying. These are countries with prevalence rates of between 43% and 74% among adolescents aged 13-17 years reporting being the target of bullying at least once in two months. Boys were fo more victims than girls. In Australia bullying prevalence lies between 15 and 20% while in the USA between 15 and 30%. Victims of bullying are normally insecure, anxious, suffer low esteem and rarely defend themselves. Most of them are socially i to their parents who are in turn over protective. But at the same time they rarely tell their parents, teachers or other adults about their bullying incidence, instead preferring to confide in their closest friends. Parents play an important role in influencing student discipline. Studies in some parts of the world have shown that some students from single parent families tend are undisciplined. It is envisaged that single parents have little time for their habits that are prone to indiscipline. Hence when they join school, they display antisocial behaviour that encourages bullying. In Kakamega East Sub County, between 2006 and 2011, many cases of indiscipline we study was to establish influence of single parenting on student involvement in bullying in secondary schools in Kenya. A conceptual framework showing influence of single par discipline was used to guide the study. The study established that single parenting had influence on student involvement in bullying. However the influence was marginal this means that children of single parent did not influence much bull were both perpetrators and victims of bullying. The study recommended that school administrators should involve single parents in dealing with cases of bullying among other vices.


Benjamin Hoadly (1676-1761), successively Bishop of Bangor (1716), Hereford (1721), Salisbury (1723) and Winchester (1734), was a Latitudinarian divine and one of the foremost Whig propagandists of his generation. Contemporary Nonjuring, High Church and Tory opponents maintained that he was an ambitious, unprincipled opportunist who employed the secular reason of Deists and atheists to foster anarchy in the Church and rebellion in the state. So far, historians have only discussed Hoadly in a number of articles, parts of theses or in a few pages in long histories of the period. Moreover, the work which has been carried out has tended to focus on his political or his religious ideas and has in general reinforced the view presented by contemporary opponents. The purpose of this present study is to give the first comprehensive understanding of Hoadly's religious and political views. Hoadly was a polemicist rather than an abstract philosopher, and a study of six debates during the period 1700-1737 has displayed the dynamics of his thought, as well as casting light on the temper of the age. The findings challenge the traditional interpretation of Hoadly and reveal that the Bishop was not an unprincipled opportunist, but a committed Protestant and a staunch Whig. The work has also found that his intellectual debt to the Christian religion and the early Protestant reformers has been ignored or underestimated. This thesis argues that in religious and political debates, Hoadly continually appealed to what he considered to be the principles and practices of early Christianity and the Reformation. Furthermore, it contends that the Bishop did not aim to destroy but to reform, by challenging superstition and opposing persecution in Church and state, as well as championing individual religious and political liberties.


Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a devastating disease with a high mortality. Its microbiology is changing with increasing incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infection, which often does not present with the typical signs that are incorporated into diagnostic criteria. With expanding indications for the implantation of cardiac devices, such as cardiac resynchronisation pacemakers and defibrillators, the incidence of device-related endocarditis is also increasing rapidly. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provides evidence-based guidelines regarding prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management of IE, the most recent of which were published in 2009. The aim of this review is to identify topical areas of controversy, where new research developments have shed some light since the last publication of these guidelines. The review focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis, investigating potential IE in S. aureus bacteraemia, and management of cardiac device-related IE. It is notable that not 1 in over 80 recommendations in the latest ESC guidelines is backed by data that are level of evidence A. Whilst it is clearly unethical to perform trials in this area of medicine against placebo, treatment algorithms and approaches to management can readily be compared with each other in a randomised way, and data using this approach are emerging. Increasing the quantity and quality of evidence when it comes to IE remains a significant challenge.


Although gender and non-gender scholars have studied men, such an academic exercise requires a critical and focused study of masculine subjects in particular social contexts, which is what this book attempts to do. This empirically rich collection of essays, the seventh of the CODESRIA Gender Series, deals with critical examinations of various shades and ramifications of Africa's masculinities and what these portend for the peoples of Africa and for gender relations in the continent. So much has changed in terms of notions and expressions of masculinities in Africa since ancient times, but many aspects of contemporary masculinities were fashioned during and since the colonial period. The papers in this volume were initially discussed at the 2005 month-long CODESRIA Gender Institute in Dakar. The contributors are gender scholars drawn from various disciplines in the wide fields of the humanities and the social sciences with research interests in the critical study of men and masculinities in Africa. The CODESRIA Gender Series aims at keeping alive and nourishing the African social science knowledge base with insightful research and debates that challenge conventional wisdom, structures and ideologies that are narrowly informed by caricatures of gender realities. The series strives to showcase the best in African gender research and provide a platform for emerging new talents to flower.


A dictionary of Chimurenga War names by Charles Pfukwa is one of my prize possessions. Dr Charles Pfukwa is a Chimurenga War polymath whose encyclopaedic knowledge of the liberation struggle is unquestionable. He is an associate professor of linguistics, an internationally renowned author and a dominant figure in Zimbabwean print media, being Chief Editor of The Patriot, which has a uniquely large readership among Zimbabweans because of its policy of sharpening people's national consciousness. The dictionary will no doubt generate much interest among all who conceive of national and cultural identity in linguistic terms, regardless of their age. Writers across the African continent have debated the extent to which they should be, in Nadine Gordimer's phraseology, "more than writers" (1989), as well as their commitment and responsibility to examine topical issues. To many readers, the dictionary offers a therapeutic, leisure-time activity and an essentially optimistic perspective of humanity's potential to transform the debilitating effects of colonialism.
Some names provided political jokes in the view of the Bakhtinian theory of carnivals and the carnivalesque, where texts that glorify, mock, parody, scatologise, crown or decrown are represented through names. This carnivalesque form of politics provides a cycle that portrays "hidden dialogue between the oppressed and their marginalized discourse, and the regime and its dominant autocratic discourse" (Badarneh, 2011:305). These names provided subversive humour and a rebellious political tone that mocked the Rhodesian administration, thereby effecting both social and political changes during the colonial era. Chimurenga names celebrated Zimbabwe's liberation even before the attainment of independence. This created a different socio-political framework, which challenged the Rhodesian administration, leading to the carnival element that Bakhtin calls "internally persuasive discourse" (Badarneh 2011: 305), in terms of which official Rhodesian discourse was ridiculed at Pungwe meetings through grotesque realism.
The book has managed to show how Chimurenga names contain an element of dialogism, in terms of which freedom fighters interacted with others, not only by way of language, but also by using words that were "ideologically saturated" to represent the Zimbabwean socio-political ethos and contextual meanings (Craig, 1995:19). Chimurenga names, as texts or utterances, are therefore dialogic.


Recent allegations from participants of the FIA Formula One World Championship (F1) suggest that the promoter of F1 (possibly together with the sports association) violates European competition law in two ways. First, it alleged-ly abuses its market power by deducting an inappropriate high share from the rev-enues of the collective sale of media rights in order to boost the profits of its pri-vate equity parent company (vertical allocation of media revenue). Second, it alleg-edly forms a cartel with selected top teams at the detriment of smaller teams by providing both unjustified extra payments to these teams and enforcing a heavily biased horizontal allocation of media revenues, benefitting the cartel teams. Pro-fessional sports championships typically receive common revenue, for instance, from trademark rights and marketing, but often also from the sale of broadcasting and other media rights. This common revenue needs to be allocated in two ways: (i) vertical allocation between the sports authority and the participants, and (ii) hor-izontal allocation among the participants. Different professional sports champion-ships employ vastly differing schemes for both types of allocation. In this paper, we present an empirical assessment whether the current antitrust allegations against F1 may be valid. We employ concentration measures from empirical economics, like the Hirshman-Herfindahl-Index (HHI), the concentration ratio and the standard de-viation in order to assess different allocation schemes from different commercial sports. With the help of these indices we show that the allocation scheme em-ployed in F1 considerably differs from such used in other professional sports championships. We find the empirical picture to be consistent with an anticompetitive interpretation of F1 media revenue structures and policies. We conclude that there is merit in starting an in-depth antitrust investigation of Formula One motor racing, which would also represent an opportunity for the European Commission to cor-rect earlier mistakes.


Objective: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of use of alternative therapy (AT) by patients with PD and to determine whether use of AT correlates with demographic, social, or disease-specific characteristics. Methods: The authors administered a structured questionnaire, by interview, regarding the use of AT to 201 patients with PD. Demographic, social, and disease-specific characteristics were recorded for all patients. Results: Eighty-one patients (40%) used at least one AT. Vitamins and herbs, massage, and acupuncture were most common. Users of AT were younger (p = 0.0021) and had a younger age at onset of PD (p = 0.0011) than nonusers of AT. There was no correlation with sex or race. Patients who used AT had a higher income (p = 0.038) and education level (p = 0.006) than did nonusers of AT. There was no association between the use of AT and the Hoehn and Yahr score, duration of PD, duration of treatment with levodopa, surgery for PD, and presence of fluctuations. Conclusions: The use of AT is common in patients with PD. The age at onset of PD is the most potent predictor of AT use. There is no association between the use of AT and the severity of PD. The widespread and largely unexamined use of AT for PD requires more attention. This should be directed at testing their safety and efficacy and improving physician and patient knowledge about the potential benefits, costs, limitations, and risks of AT.


A patient's job is to tell the physician what hurts, and the physician's job is to fix it. But how does the physician know what is wrong? What becomes of the patient's story when the patient becomes a case? Addressing readers on both sides of the patient-physician encounter, Kathryn Hunter looks at medicine as an art that relies heavily on telling and interpreting a story--the patient's story of illness and its symptoms.


AIM
To identify the medicine and search for new medicine resource at the molecular level, the ITS of "Zang Yin Chen"--Swertia mussotti and its adulterant species were sequenced.

METHODS
The double-stranded DNA was amplified using PCR systems 9,600 kits and sequenced on an ABI 377 automated sequencer from both directions.

RESULTS
The ITS sequences of S. mussotti in different populations showed no variation. It has the unique ITS sequence and shows distinct difference from its adulterant species. In the phylogenetic tree based on the ITS data of S. mussotti and all vicarious species constructed by Paup, S. franchetiana and S. mussotti clustered together with high bootstrap support.

CONCLUSION
ITS sequences can be used for the molecular authentication between the S. mussotti and its adulterant species. S. franchetiana can be regarded as a new medicine resource of "Zhang Yin Chen".


There is a growing research interest in reliable content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques specialized for biomedical image retrieval. Applicable feature representation and similarity algorithms have to balance conflicting goals of efficient and effective retrieval while allowing queries on important and often subtle biomedical features. In a collection of digitized X-rays of the spine, such as that from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) maintained by the National Library of Medicine, a typical user may be interested in only a small region of the vertebral boundary pertinent to the pathology: for this experiment, the Anterior Osteophyte (AO). A previous experiment in pathology-based retrieval using partial shape matching (PSM) on a subset from the above collection; about 89% normal vertebrae were correctly retrieved. In contrast only 45% of moderate and severe cases were correctly retrieved, and on the average only 46% of the pathology classes were correctly determined. Further analysis revealed that mere shape matching is insufficient for semantically correct retrieval of pathological cases. This paper describes an automatic 9 point localization algorithm that incorporates reasoning about boundary semantics equivalent to that applied by the content-expert as a step in our enhancements to PSM, and results from initial experiments.


The Israeli–Arab conflict is focused on a struggle over land resources, but it also deeply involves issues related to competing narratives and arguments about who is right or wrong. News media play a crucial role in this often disruptive and violent arena. This study examines how news framing affects support for compromise proposals in this conflict. Jewish Israeli respondents received a news report containing a proposal appealing for peace based on compromise, presented by Arab leaders and framed as either a threat or a promise. Interestingly, respondents indicated greater support for the compromise proposal framed as a threat. In line with our expectations, the perceived trustworthiness of the proposal mediated the effect of the news framing on respondents' support.


A smart contract is software designed to do the job of a legal contract: ensuring the performance of parties who might not otherwise trust one another to do so. By running a smart contract on blockchain, users can lock themselves into future performances without relying on a third-party enforcer or platform host, thereby realizing a "fully trustless" exchange. This new technology has wide range of potential applications, and contracts are likely to become an increasingly common part of the economy. Some have argued that smart contracts represent a new type of legal contract, analogizing the software's code to a contractual writing. Others have suggested that smart contracts might in some transactions replace legal contracts. But the relationship between smart contracts and legal contracts is more complex than either claim acknowledges. Although using a smart contract can figure into the formation of a legal contract, it is a mistake to analogize a smart contract's code to a contractual writing. Unlike writings, code should rarely figure into to the interpretation of a legal contract; and when it does, its interpretation is different in kind. And though some have tried to use incorporation, integration or TINALEA clauses to substitute smart contracts for traditional contractual protections, it is not clear that courts would or should always enforce such provisions. And even if they do, governance by code rather than law comes at a significant cost to the parties. Smart contracts work better when they supplement, rather than supplant, legal contracts. This article analyzes the many ways a smart contract might interact with the law of contracts by taking seriously the comparison, common in the literature, of smart contracts to vending machines. A series of thought experiments is used to explore when and how the mechanisms inside a machine, analog or digital, can affect the terms of a legal contract between its users. The resulting detailed doctrinal analysis provides support for a broader thesis about the relationship between technology, law and society. Smart contracts, though useful tools, instantiate an anemic form of human sociability as compared to the complex, even trusting, relationships for which contract law


In recent year, the combination of III-V semiconductor devices with Si manufacturing techniques to develop optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) has been widely studied. Flip-chip bonding has been used widely because superior electrical performance, proper reliability, efficient heat conduction and self-alignment are the advantages of this technology. Because optoelectronic devices are quite sensitive to temperature and stress-induced degradation, the bonding medium should be chosen to have high thermal conductivity and stress-relief. The indium (In) based alloy solders are generally recognized to provide lower melting point, longer fatigue life, and higher thermal conductivity. In this study, we have successfully developed a fluxless bonding process to manufacture In-Au microjoint between laser diode and silicon substrate. During the soldering, the solder reacts with the bonding pad metal to form the intermetallic compound at the interface. Such an intermetallic compound is crucial to the quality of solder joint. We utilized SEM, EDX, and XRD to observe and identify the intermetallic compounds. These results indicate that AuIn/sub 2/ is the main intermetallic phase and plays an important role on the quality of joints. Moreover the reliability of solder joint is strongly depended on the initial microstructure. The optimum bonding temperature is found to be about 200/spl deg/C by the microstructure of the solder joint by SEM and optoelectronic characteristics (I-V and L-I) of the laser diodes. Shear force test has also been performed according to MIL-STD-883C. The results reveal the fact that all well-boned devices meet the shear force requirement. To verify the thermal stability, the bonded samples were tested by thermal shock test. The bonded specimens endure 500 cycles of thermal shock between liquid nitrogen temperature and a hot plate (80/spl deg/C). To evaluate the long-term reliability, the bonded laser diodes were subjected to an accelerated aging test at 90/spl deg/C for 500 h. These devices show no abrupt degradation from I-V and L-I plots and their mechanical strength is nearly unchanged as before. This shows that indium could achieve the requirements of thermal stability. The flip-chip bonding technique by using indium solder shows good feasibility for the integration of laser diodes on silicon substrates.


Corporations and organizations are making huge investments to create World Wide Web sites. But most are making the leap into cyberspace with little or no knowledge of what impact their sites will have. Are their investments worth it? Human Ecology professor William Trochim is trying to find out. Web sites are the hula hoop of the 90s for today s businesses and organizations. Almost everybody has one, and those who don't desperately want one. But are they worth it? "A lot of them may be wasting their time and money," says policy analysis and management professor William Trochim. "I don't think we have a lot of evidence yet about how Web sites affect what people do and what the return might be for investing in the technology. People do it because they feel they have to do it." Trochim is an expert in program evaluation and social science research methodology. He uses the tools of his trade to evaluate the effectiveness of research methods, policy, and other projects that involve complex planning. "The idea is to identify the outcomes and effects people are interested in," he says. "We also want to identify outcomes they may not have foreseen." Trochim has turned his critical eye to cyberspace. He's in the early stages of figuring out how he can apply the evaluation tools he's honed over the years to the analysis of Web sites. He has plenty of candidates to look at. It's virtually impossible today to find a corporation that hasn't created a Web site. Many are quite extensive, with dozens and even hundreds of pages. Some companies have hired large staffs to design and maintain their sites, many of which are updated daily. Others pay freelancers an average of $800 a page to do the work. Either way, these companies are making sizable investments to have a presence in cyberspace. Once they have their sites up and running, the first question is whether people are visiting them. That answer is easily obtained. Software programs that count "hits," the number of times a site has a visitor, are common features of many Web sites these days. They appear much like the odometer on a car, and a visitor to a site can tell exactly how many other people have previously visited the site. But Trochim says there's a much more important question to be answered. What, if any, are the effects of a site on the behavior of its visitors? That answer is much harder to determine. "There's a big difference between evaluating how a Web site is used and evaluating the effects it has on other factors that aren't directly measurable over the Web," he says. "For example, in a classroom context we can evaluate how students use the Web. We can see when they use it, see what pages they're hitting, and count hit rates. But I don't just want to know what sites the students are visiting. I want to know how their use of the Web relates to how they perform, how it affects their grades, and whether or not they attend class." That sort of information can be even more important to businesses, he adds. They want to know how use of the Web affects their employees' performance on the job. In their case, dollars, not grades, are on the line. "So the big question is not what people are doing on the Web, it's how do you link that data to external measurements. It's a big challenge, but that's where the payoffs are going to be. So far we have very little experience doing this." As a first step in Web site evaluation, Trochim is engaging in a bit of critical self-analysis. By his own admission a closet computer hacker, he jumped on the Web bandwagon early on, creating an extensive site, "Bill Trochim's Center for Social Research Methods." It describes his own research and includes many of his papers, links users to other resources, and provides an electronic forum where people can exchange ideas and even organize projects. Part of the site is a two-year-old Course Center, which houses teaching sites for the three courses he conducts in research design and program evaluation and planning. …


Agricultural and social protection policies must be understood in the context of political agendas, market development and trends in rural livelihoods. This Briefing Paper reviews interactions between agricultural and social protection policies in Malawi – classified as social protection from, independent of, for, through and with agriculture – and their impacts on livelihoods and welfare. Specific attention is given to the evolution of input subsidy policies (i.e. 'fertiliser politics').


This paper describes the results of an export coefficient modeling approach to predict total phosphorus (TP) loading in the Frome catchment, Dorset, UK from point and diffuse sources on a seasonal (monthly) basis in 1998 and on an annual basis for 1990-1998. The model predicted an annual TP load of 25 605 kg yr(-1), compared with an observed (measured) value of 23400 kg yr(-1). Monthly loads calculated using the export coefficient model agreed well with monthly observed values except in months of variable discharge, when observed values were low, probably due to infrequent, and therefore unrepresentative, sampling. Comparison between filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) and TP concentrations observed in the period 1990-1997 showed that trends in FRP could be estimated from trends in TP. A sensitivity analysis (varying individual export coefficients by +/-10%) showed that sewage treatment works (STWs) (3.5%), tilled land (2.7%), meadow-verge-seminatural (1.0%), and mown and grazed turf (0.6%) had the most significant effect (percent difference from base contribution) on model prediction. The model was also used to estimate the effect of phosphorus stripping at STWs in order to comply with a pending change in the European Union wastewater directive. Theoretical reduction of TP from the largest STW in the catchment gave a predicted reduction in TP loading of 2174 kg yr(-1). This illustrates the value of this seasonal export coefficient model as a practical management tool.


The Paris-born, Venezuelan artist Marisol (b. 1930) burst onto the 1960s New York art scene with large figural sculptures in a wild amalgam of mixed media. Often satirical, Marisol's art is inspired by sources as diverse as Pre-Columbian art, folk art, Cubism, and Surrealism. For the past several decades, however, Marisol has shunned the spotlight and her artwork has been overlooked as a result. Accompanying the first retrospective of Marisol's work in more than a decade, this long-awaited and beautifully illustrated volume offers a much-needed corrective, reestablishing her role as a major figure in postwar American art. Essays by leading scholars of Latin American and 20th-century art explore all facets of her work including her influences, the theme of family, American politics and pop culture, Native American rights and poverty, her role as a female artist, and her relationship to Latin America and Latin American art.


ABSTRACT Informed by the evolutionary literature on economic geography, this paper develops a conceptual framework for analysing the complexity between foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewal of industries. Present contributions tend to explain the impact of FDI on regional industry evolution as a static, output-oriented phenomenon, that is, informed by an instrumental rationale in which the dynamism of FDI and regional industry development is linked to polarization of stagnation/decline vs. growth/development. Opposing this, we argue for an epistemological shift in approach to the reciprocity between FDI and renewal of industries as dynamism between material outcomes and discursive processes. To accomplish this, we build on key concepts and understandings from evolutionary economic geography; review the regional effects of FDI literature and build a framework sensitive to contextual dimensions of FDI. We focus on multinational companies' practices and material outcomes in terms of regional spillovers and the discursive processes in terms of FDI narratives. This framework is exemplified by data from the salmon farming industry and the subsea industry in Hordaland and the oil and gas industry and the mining industry in Finnmark.


Studies on semen cryopreservation in Brazilian freshwater fish have been growing in number of publications and investigated species. Despite this apparent increase in research, standardization of cryoprotocols is still missing, making it clear that the grounds on the quality of cryopreserved semen has not yet reached a level that guarantee satisfactory results for its replication. This chapter aims to make a critical and reflective analysis on the ways cryopreservation of freshwater fish semen has been conducted in Brazil. The difficulties in standardizing protocols, broodstock, and selection of genetically superior animals; the barriers in transferring technology from laboratory benches to the field and make feasible the use of cryopreserved semen on a commercial scale; the formation of germplasm banks and the responsible use of cryopreserved material are also discussed. We have no intention to point out the successes and mistakes that may have been committed in pursuing development of cryopreservation protocols, but a reflection on the future directions considering what should be pondered on this subject with objectivity and scientific consolidation.


Cuvier's beaked whales Ziphius cavirostris are distributed world-wide and are recognized as vulnerable to anthropogenic noise. They are the most common cetacean to strand in temporal and spatial proximity to navy sonars. Cuvier's beaked whales are known for their extreme diving capabilities, but diet information, fundamental to understanding foraging at depth, is limited from most regions. We report on 11 441 prey items from stomach contents of 16 stranded or bycaught specimens collected between 1976 and 2016 across the North Pacific. Overall diet was composed of cephalopods, fish, and crustaceans, but was dominated by cephalopods. Thirty-seven cephalopod species representing 16 families contributed 98.0% by number and 87.7% by mass. The families Gonatidae (26.4% by number; 40.4% by mass), Octopoteuthidae (27.0% by number; 20.2% by mass) and Cranchiidae (27.2% by number; 10.7% by mass) were dominant. The majority of prey items (7997) were from an adult male stranded in California (USA) which contained 20 species from 10 families of cephalopods and fishes. Regional variation was suggested by a higher incidence of crustaceans from whales in the western Pacific, and fishes in the eastern Pacific. Our results combined with data in the literature reveal that world-wide, the most important cephalopod families in the diet are Cranchiidae, Gonatidae, Histioteuthidae, Octopoteuthidae, Ommastrephidae, Onychoteuthidae, Pholidoteuthidae, and Mastigoteuthidae, with Cranchiidae comprising important prey in all locations. While Gonatidae, Octopoteuthidae, and Cranchiidae are the dominant prey in the North Pacific, Histioteuthidae and Cranchiidae are most important in the North Atlantic. Knowledge of diet composition can be used to understand how whales utilize their habitat, in the calculation of nutritional requirements, and may also help to define the locations of important foraging grounds.


The soil moisture characteristic (SMC) is a fundamental soil property for simulating soil water dynamics but is difficult and time‐consuming to measure. When the soil is frozen, the soil water potential and liquid water content are strongly dependent on temperature. The relation between soil freezing temperatures and liquid water content, termed the soil freezing characteristic (SFC), is related to the SMC. With the widespread use of time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure liquid water in frozen soil, simultaneous measurement of soil temperature and liquid water content under frozen conditions enables in situ estimation of the SMC curve through its similarity to the SFC. We investigated the applicability of deducing the SMC curve from in situ measurements of the SFC for simulation of both frozen and unfrozen soil water dynamics. Results suggest that SMC parameters deduced from the SFC may be used for model simulations without a significant loss of accuracy, as compared with model simulations based on pressure plate analyses.


Popularizing National Pasts is the first truly cross-national and comparative study of popular national histories, their representations, the meanings given to them and their uses, which expands outside the confines of Western Europe and the US. It draws a picture of popular histories which is European in the full sense of this term. One of its fortes is the inclusion of Eastern Europe. The cross-national angle of Popularizing National Pasts is apparent in the scope of its comparative project, as well as that of the longue duree it covers. Apart from essays on Britain, France, and Germany, the collection includes studies of popular histories in Scandinavia, Eastern and Southern Europe, notably Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Armenia, Russia and the Ukraine, as well as considering the US and Argentina. Cross-national comparison is also a central concern of the thirteen case studies in the volume, which are, each, devoted to comparing between two, or more, national historical cultures. Thus temporality –both continuities and breaks- in popular notions of the past, its interpretations and consumption, is examined in the long continuum. The volume makes available to English readers, probably for the first time, the cutting edge of Eastern European scholarship on popular histories, nationalism and culture.


ABSTRACT Recent research has shown hyperspectral imaging to be a powerful tool to distinguish carbonate phases with slight compositional differences on quarry cliff faces. The traditional remote sensing set-up uses an optimal short distance between the hyperspectral camera mounted on a tripod and a quarry wall characterized by a planar, mostly unweathered surface. Here we present results of a modified workflow geared to the application of ground-based hyperspectral imaging of rough and weathered cliff faces in order to map large scale dolomite bodies from a distance of up to several kilometres. The goal of the study was to determine unique spectral properties of fracture-controlled dolomite bodies in order to be able to distinguish them from a dolomitic host rock. In addition, the impact of weathering on carbonate phases and thus, the modification of the spectral signature between altered and unaltered carbonates is assessed. The spectral analysis is complemented by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) measurements of the spectrally measured powders. Furthermore, we examined the detection limits and characterisation potential of dolomite bodies from hyperspectral images captured at varying distances from cliff faces in the study area. Hyperspectral images of 10 natural cliffs distributed across the Central Oman Mountains were obtained with a Push broom scanner system. The high resolution of 5.45 nm (288 bands in total) enabled the visualization of small-scale changes in the near infrared continuous spectrum of all present lithofacies types. The determination of dolomite bodies of varying sizes (metre to hundreds of metres) on natural cliffs was achieved with the hyperspectral mapping approach and mapping results have been tested with the position of visually defined dolomite bodies on field panoramas. Spectra of natural cliffs contain a strong absorption peak indicative for iron which is absent in spectra of unweathered sample powders. However, ICP-AES analysis of powders revealed relatively low contents of iron of 12,392 ppm. The strong peaks in field images are interpreted as linked to intensive weathering associated with the precepitation of goethite, hematite, specularite and manganese as well as intensive dedolomitization. Dedolomitization is indicated by calcitic spectra derived from the dolomite bodies. The spectral difference of laboratory and field spectra interferes significantly the application of laboratory spectra of powdered samples for the identification of dolomite bodies in the field. Furthermore, the process of late dedolomitization puts an additional challenge on the determination of dolomite bodies. Due to these strong spectral variations between laboratory and field spectra, we recommend that the mapping approaches should not solely rely on spectral algorithms but also consider normal light field panoramas and representative outcrop analysis. We also note that the quality of resolution is too low for the determination of small-scale variations of diagenetic phases at distances larger than 4 km. However, when the limitations mentioned are taken into account, hyperspectral imaging proves to be a powerful tool that helps in the determination of the distribution of diagenetic phases, even in challenging conditions.


Objectives: To assess the effects of Omeprazole at a fixed dose on sexual function (by self reporting questionnaire) and serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2) in newly diagnosed male patients with peptic ulcer disease, in comparison to healthy controls. Patients and Methods: Patients were received and interviewed in Ibn- Sina Hospital, out-patient clinic, medical section and were selected  according to certain criteria. From 60 male patients selected only 43 completed the follow-up study. Initially sexual function were assessed using a self-reporting questionnaire and a blood samples were taken with assay of serum testosterone, prolactin, FSH, LH and E2 using Minividus technique. Patients than put on Omeprazole therapy 20mg twice daily for 45 days with Clarithromycin 500mg twice daily and Metronidazole 500mg twice daily for the initial 10 days. By the end of the suggested period of follow-up, sexual function were assessed by self-reporting questionnaire and other blood samples were taken with assay of serum testosterone, prolactin, FSH, LH and E2 using the same analytical technique. Included in this study also forty apparently healthy age, matched male volunteers as a control group . Blood samples were also withdrawn from them and assay of serum testosterone prolactin, FSH, LH and E2 were done , with assessment of sexual function using the same self reporting questionnaire. For both groups ( the patients and controls), body mass index were calculated using special equation. Results:There was insignificant differences in the parameters of sexual function between patients with peptic ulcer disease in the pre-therapy stages and the controls, so as in the serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, FSH, LH and E2. After therapy there was a significant differences in the mean serum level of testosterone from the pre-therapy stage and the controls, with insignificant differences in the sexual function parameters and serum levels of prolactin, FSH, LH and E2.Conclusion: Long term Omeprazole therapy might cause a reduction in the level of testosterone hormone with insignificant effects on other sexual hormonal levels (prolactin, FSH, LH and E2) within significanteffect on sexual function, in male patients with peptic ulcer disease.


Stem rust is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. The recent emergence of wheat stem rust race Ug99 (TTKS based on the North American stem rust race nomenclature system) and related strains threaten global wheat production because they overcome widely used genes that had been effective for many years. Host resistance is likely to be more durable when several stem rust resistance genes are pyramided in a single wheat variety; however, little is known about the resistance genotypes of widely used wheat germplasm. In this study, a diverse collection of wheat germplasm was haplotyped for stem rust resistance genes Sr2 , Sr22 , Sr24 , Sr25 , Sr26 , Sr36 , Sr40 , and 1A.1R using linked microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence tagged site (STS) markers . Haplotype analysis indicated that 83 out of 115 current wheat breeding lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) likely carry Sr2 . Among those, five out of 94 CIMMYT spring lines tested had both Sr2 and Sr25 haplotypes. Five out of 22 Agriculture Research Service (ARS) lines likely have Sr2 and a few have Sr24 , Sr36 , and 1A.1R . Two out of 43 Chinese accessions have Sr2 . No line was found to have the Sr26 and Sr40 haplotypes in this panel of accessions. DArT genotyping was used to identify new markers associated with the major stem resistance genes. Four DArT markers were significantly associated with Sr2 and one with Sr25 . Principal component analysis grouped wheat lines from similar origins. Almost all CIMMYT spring wheats were clustered together as a large group and separated from the winter wheats. The results provide useful information for stem rust resistance breeding and pyramiding.


Morro manazanita (Arctostaphylos morroensis) is a distinctive shrub restricted to a small area along the coast of California, USA. This endangered species faces two opposing fire-related extinction risks: (1) adults are killed by fire, and (2) recruitment opportunities only occur with fire. These strongly limit the capacity of this, as well as other obligate-seeding species, to recover from a population decline, which may result if there is an inadequate amount of time between fires for replenishment of sufficient seed populations. Using a prescribed burn, we tested whether the size of the seed bank that had accumulated in a 40-yr-old stand would prove adequate for maintaining A. morroensis population sizes through fire. Prior to the burn, we found ~11,000 seeds/m 2 in the soil, mostly in the top 5 cm. However, the number of viable seeds was substantially lower (334 seeds/m 2 ), and less than one-third of these survived the experimental fire (99 seeds/m 2 ). Germination occurred only in the first two wet seasons after the fire, and may have been adequate to replace the number of A. morroensis present before the burn. However, most seedlings did not survive their initial summer drought. After three years, the new population of A. morroensis was less than half the size of the parent population. Further mortality is expected because the remaining seedlings are highly clumped. We conclude that A. morroensis may require considerably longer than 40 years to establish an adequate seed bank to compensate for mortality and prevent population decrease or local extinction. This prolonged risk is perhaps explained by specialization of this species to a historic regime of relatively infrequent fire. There are many obligate-seeding species in fire-prone shrublands that may not be resilient to a regime of fire more frequent than that with which they evolved.


Last decades have witnessed a number of studies devoted to multi-view learning algorithms, however, few efforts have been made to handle online multi-view learning scenarios. In this paper, we propose an online Bayesian multi-view learning algorithm to learn predictive subspace with max-margin principle. Specifically, we first define the latent margin loss for classification in the subspace, and then cast the learning problem into a variational Bayesian framework by exploiting the pseudo-likelihood and data augmentation idea. With the variational approximate posterior inferred from the past samples, we can naturally combine historical knowledge with new arrival data, in a Bayesian Passive-Aggressive style. Experiments on various classification tasks show that our model have superior performance.


Today, few firms could survive for very long without their computer systems. IT has permeated every corner of firms. Firms have reached the current state in their use of IT because IT has provided myriad opportunities for firms to improve performance and, firms have availed themselves of these opportunities. Some have argued, however, that the opportunities for firms to improve their performance through new uses of IT have been declining. Are the opportunities to use IT to improve firm performance diminishing? We sought to answer this question. In this study, we develop a theory and explain the logic behind our empirical analysis; an analysis that employs a different type of event study. Using the volatility of firms' stock prices to news signaling a change in economic conditions, we compare the stock price behavior of firms in the IT industry to firms in the utility and transportation and freight industries. Our analysis of the IT industry as a whole indicates that the opportunities for firms to use IT to improve their performance are not diminishing. However, there are sectors within the IT industry that no longer provide value-enhancing opportunities for firms. We also find that IT products that provided opportunities for firms to create value at one point in time, later become necessities for staying in business. Our results support the key assumption in our work.


This case report describes the multidisciplinary treatment of a 14 year old girl whose Class I malocclusion treatment was complicated by her deaf and dumbness. The need to provide aesthetic as well a functional dental occlusion for special child continues to be a challenge for the Orthodontist despite proper preoperative evaluation and good rapport building with the patient. We would like to emphasize on preoperative Rapport building and use of simple sign language for conduct of dental treatment safely and effectively. On intra-oral examination it showed bi-maxillary protrusion on account of Angle's Class I malocclusion with maxillary and mandibular anterior spacing and proclination. There was Elli's Class I fracture with 11 and 21, short clinical crowns with increased incisal and gingival display during smile was seen. Complete oral rehabilitation was done on the dental chair, keeping appointments short by using four-handed dentistry. The patient is currently on a semi-annual periodic recall since one and a half years and continues to show satisfactory oral health.


Universities are increasingly being encouraged to take a leading role in entrepreneurial creation, whilst the entrepreneurship literature recognises the importance of economic development policy. Recent research has focused on evaluating roles and interactions of government policy, Higher Education Institutions' (HEIs), entrepreneurship, and the creation of innovation. This is an important area for research because HEIs have an important ties in both knowledge creation and its dissemination in the economy. This contributes to the public knowledge stock and knowledge spillover's: important economic drivers of regional development and growth (Guellec & Potterie, 2004, Acs et al 2004).The optimum mechanisms of these stakeholders are currently not well understood, necessitating an exploratory approach to research.

The paper's aims are to enhance the understanding of the role government policy plays in influencing HEIs' entrepreneurial behaviours and direct innovation creation and dissemination in the Australian biotechnology industry. This involves (i) evaluation of the role of HEIs in high potential nascent firm development in the biotechnology industry and government influence on this role (ii) identifying behaviours within HEI-created nascent firms and iii) examination of potential commercialisation mechanisms and conceptual changes required to clearly articulate value creation and spillovers.

The study uses a framework developed by Pickernell et al (2006), with a particular focus on role and impacts of government policy interactions with university policy concerning the allocation and use of government resources. This framework builds on the 'Triple Helix' model of Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (1998), which incorporates the role of key stakeholders (industry, government and HEIs in particular) in innovation generation, diffusion and commercialisation. This, however, emphasises the need for multi-disciplinary and interactive knowledge production between the stakeholdders. This paper utilises this broad framework to identify and evaluate the specific roles of HEIs and government in high potential nascent firm creation, behaviour, and spillovers. It also allows highlighting areas for further research, particularly direct HEI start up and commercialisation processes and company behaviour.

Methodology/Key Propositions A range of HEI's commercialisation decisions , including the process of creating entrepreneurial small firms (clusters, spinoffs, licensing), the actors/individuals and teams, the decision to commit resources (finance, assistance) and the complex nature of relationships between Govt and HEI's, lead to entrepreneurial formations, behaviours, and outcomes. The biotechnology industry has received greater focus and funding in Government policy within the last decade. Increased access to this funding influences entrepreneurial behaviours and further policy development in HEI's which warrants further examination, particularly given the limited research conducted in Australia. Orsenigo, Pammolli, & Riccaboni (2001) argue that the majority of research in biotechnology development and industry occurred in the United States, leaving a gap in the literature for the Australian context. This may not provide an accurate reflection of current Australian conditions, owing to differences in government policy e.g. Doyle Bayle Act, environment and practice (Orsenigo et al., 2001). Further, size, structure and access to resources, including finance and tax incentives on research and development differ between the US and Australia (Marsh 2002). In the context of university technology transfer and commercialisation, there has also been little research on possible contingency effects of particular institutional structures or processes (Powers & McDougall, 2005).

There is also a paucity of literature in the research and development cycle in new firm creation, where no sales have been conducted, but value has been recognised and is seeking to be developed (Lockett, Siegel, Wright, & Ensley, 2005). Moreover, limited research has occurred in the commercialisation of R & D in universities and the risks posed by HEI technology transfer policies and practices in Australia (Griffith, Redding, & Simpson, 2004). Lowe (2006) also suggests further empirical evidence is needed on HEI commercialisation and firm developments.. Despite the recent phenomenon of the entrepreneurial university, and the increased focus on commercialisation (Griffith et al., 2004; Siegel et al., 2001), there is therefore more research needed in the management aspects of university commercialisation both in the US and elsewhere (Prabhu, 1999).

In order to utilises the broad framework identified in Pickernell et al (2006) to the research areas highlighted in the Principal Topic section, a two-stage qualitative approach was utilised, to allow the complexity of the issues to be explored.: In stage one scoping interviews were conducted with various industry stakeholders including members of Federal and State Government, university members and industry partners. The second stage used the comparative case study approach (in-depth interview techniques) of 3 Queensland biotech firms who were selected for their different stages in commercialisation processes. These firms were linked to university and government funding in different ways and dealt with policy and opportunities differently. This occurred within a greater project evaluating asymmetric behaviours and entrepreneurial orientation of Queensland Biotechnology firms. The research focused on the role and importance of HEIs and government policy in this innovation-focused sector.

Results and Implications The key contribution of the paper is providing insight of the roles and behaviours of key stakeholders in area of innovation and economic development, in particular HEI's. Preliminary analysis of the result indicate opportunistic behaviours in the development of HEI shell companies to access Government funding, reducing funding effectiveness in industry development and innovation. This creates opportunities for further research into the interactions between policymakers, HEI and practitioners in policy development and research, highlighting key areas where changes to policy may be required, and the need for further research to better inform such policy changes.


Abstract. Socio-hydrology is the science of human influence on hydrology and the influence of the water cycle on human social systems. This newly emerging discipline inherently involves a historic perspective, often focusing on timescales of several centuries. While data on human history is typically available for this time frame, gathering information on the hydrological situation during such a period can prove difficult: measured hydrological data for such long periods are rare, while models and secondary data sets from geomorphology, pedology or archaeology are typically not accurate enough over such a short time. In the first part of this study, the use of historic maps in hydrology is reviewed. Major breakthroughs were the acceptance of historic map content as valid data, the use of preserved features for investigating situations earlier than the map, and the onset of digital georeferencing and data integration. Historic maps can be primary quantitative sources of hydro-geomorphological information, they can provide a context for point-based measurements over larger areas, and they can deliver time series for a better understanding of change scenarios. In the second part, a case study is presented: water level fluctuations of Lake Balaton were reconstructed from maps, levelling logs and other documents. An 18th century map system of the whole 5700 km2 catchment was georeferenced, integrated with two 19th century map systems, and wetlands, forests and open water digitized. Changes in wetland area were compared with lake water level changes in a 220 yr time series. Historic maps show that the water level of the lake was closer to present-day levels than expected, and that wetland loss pre-dates drainage of the lake. The present and future role of historic maps is discussed. Historic hydrological data has to be treated with caution: while it is possible to learn form the past, the assumption that future changes will be like past changes does not always hold. Nevertheless, old maps are relatively accessible data sets and the knowledge base for using them is rapidly growing, and it can be expected that long-term time series will be established by integrating georeferenced map systems over large areas. In the Appendix, a step-by-step guide to using historic maps in hydrology is given, starting from finding a map, through georeferencing and processing the map to publication of the results.


This paper has two purposes. It first considers the impact on world food prices of the changes in restrictions on trade in staple foods during the 2008 world food price crisis. Those changes -- reductions in import protection or increases in export restraints -- were meant to partially insulate domestic markets from the spike in international prices. The authors find that this insulation added substantially to the spike in international prices for rice, wheat, maize, and oilseeds. As a result, although domestic prices rose less than they would have without insulation in some developing countries, in many other countries they rose more than they would have in the absence of such insulation. The paper's second purpose it to estimate the combined impact of such insulating behavior on poverty in various developing countries and globally. The analysis finds that the actual poverty-reducing impact of insulation is much less than its apparent impact, and that its net effect was to increase global poverty in 2008 by 8 million people, although this increase was not significantly different from zero. Since there are domestic policy instruments, such as conditional cash transfers, that could now provide social protection for the poor far more efficiently and equitably than variations in border restrictions, the authors suggest it is time to seek a multilateral agreement to desist from changing restrictions on trade when international food prices spike.


The right to enjoying the highest attainable standard of health is incorporated in many international and regional human rights instruments. This right contains both freedoms and entitlements, including the freedom to control one's own health and body and the right to an accessible system of health care, goods and services. Both aspects of the right to health – freedoms and entitlements – have important cultural dimensions. The UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has for instance stated that the right to health implies that health facilities, goods and services must be culturally appropriate, in other words respectful of the culture of individuals and communities. At the same time, it should be noted that culture and health may have a problematic relationship. Cultural patterns, attitudes or stereotypes may severely limit the health freedoms of people or may prevent certain people from accessing health care. Furthermore, there are some cultural or traditional practices that are condoned but that are very harmful to people's health. It seems that international human rights law demands respect for the cultural dimensions of the right to health, while at the same time requiring protection of the right to health against negative aspects of cultures. How does this work out in practice? What does the concept of "culturally appropriate" health goods and services mean at the national level? Who decides on what is or is not culturally appropriate? How have international supervisory bodies elaborated on the freedoms and entitlements of the right to health and the obligations for States Parties to the treaties in relation to the cultural dimensions of the right to health? This article analyses several treaty provisions and the interpretation of these provisions by the treaty monitoring bodies. Apart from several UN treaties, several regional treaties in Africa are dealt with, notably the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The article concludes that various cultural dimensions of the right to health are recognised and elaborated upon in recommendations by treaty monitoring bodies both at UN and African level. These bodies have endorsed the idea that health facilities, goods and services must be respectful of the culture of individuals, peoples and communities. At the same time, the right to health should be protected against the negative impact that cultural values, patterns or practices may have, such as on access to health goods and services and on the health of people as such. The latter issue has received most attention at the UN as well as at African level, and there appears to be a clear consensus on several practices that are considered harmful. It is also realised, however, that the identification of a certain practice as harmful by an international body, even if agreed to by the State Party, is not sufficient to eradicate it. Cultural communities are crucial in promoting social and behavioural changes that may be needed to eradicate harmful practices. It is therefore important to involve the cultural communities concerned in the drafting, implementation and evaluation of health laws and policies. This could be more emphasised by the monitoring bodies. The involvement of the cultural community is also crucial to respecting and promoting the more positive cultural dimensions of the right to health. By consulting the cultural communities and individuals concerned, States can implement the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health in a culturally sensitive, appropriate and responsible way.


Transient chlorine concentration profiles were measured in biofilms during disinfection by use of a microelectrode developed for this investigation. The electrode had a tip diameter of ca. 10 microm and was sensitive to chlorine in the micromolar range. The biofilms contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chlorine concentrations measured in biofilms were typically only 20% or less of the concentration in the bulk liquid. Complete equilibration with the bulk liquid did not occur during the incubation time of 1 to 2 h. The penetration depth of chlorine into the biofilm and rate of penetration varied depending on the measurement location, reflecting heterogeneity in the distribution of biomass and in local hydrodynamics. The shape of the chlorine profiles, the long equilibration times, and the dependence on the bulk chlorine concentration showed that the penetration was a function of simultaneous reaction and diffusion of chlorine in the biofilm matrix. Frozen cross sections of biofilms, stained with a redox dye and a DNA stain, showed that the area of chlorine penetration overlapped with nonrespiring zones near the biofilm-bulk fluid interface. These data indicate that the limited penetration of chlorine into the biofilm matrix is likely to be an important factor influencing the reduced efficacy of this biocide against biofilms as compared with its action against planktonic cells.


This qualitative study explores the dynamics of religious cognitions, behaviors, and emotions in emerging adult discourse in a sample of Romanian youth of heterogeneous socioeconomic, denominational (Orthodox Christian, Roman Catholic, Neo-protestant), and educational background. Also, from a parent-child dyad perspective, we investigate the role of family religious socialization when children have reached emerging adulthood. Findings bring forward personal conceptualizations of religiosity and specific strategies of religious exploration the youth employ. In addition, family religious socialization is portrayed through the lens of the autonomy-support parents provide their offspring from childhood to emerging adulthood. Emerging adults tend to integrate childhood family religious socialization into the context of their lifelong religious development and also report more present-day parental influence than their parents.


Small scale turbulence in a magnetically confined fusion plasma drives energy
and particle transport which determine the confinement. The plasma in a tokamak
experiment has a toroidal rotation which may be driven externally, but can also
arise spontaneously from turbulent momentum transport. This thesis investigates
the interaction between turbulence and rotation via nonlinear numerical simulations,
which use the gyrokinetic description in the frame that corotates with the plasma.
A local gyrokinetic code is extended to include both the centrifugal force, and the
stabilising effect of sheared equilibrium flow.
Sheared flow perpendicular to the magnetic field suppresses the turbulence,
and also breaks a symmetry of the local model. The resulting asymmetry creates
a turbulent residual stress which can counteract diffusive momentum transport and
contribute to spontaneous rotation. The competition between symmetry breaking
and turbulence suppression results in a maximum in the nondiffusive momentum flux
at intermediate shearing rates. Whilst this component of the momentum transport
is driven by the sheared flow, it is also found to be suppressed by the shearing more
strongly than the thermal transport. The direction of the residual stress reverses
for negative magnetic shear, but also persists at zero magnetic shear.
The parallel component of the centrifugal force traps particles on the outboard
side of the plasma, which destabilises trapped particle driven modes. The
perpendicular component of the centrifugal force appears as a centrifugal drift which
modifies the phase relation between density and electric field perturbations, and is
stabilising for both electron and ion driven instabilities. For ion temperature gradient
dominated turbulence, an increased fraction of slow trapped electrons enhances
the convective particle pinch, suggesting increased density peaking for strongly rotating
plasmas. Heavy impurities feel the centrifugal force more strongly, therefore
the effects of rotation are significant for impurities even when the bulk ion Mach
number is low. For ion driven modes, rotation results in a strong impurity convection
inward, whilst a more moderate convection outward is found for electron driven
modes.


Some amount of differential settlement occurs even in the most uniform soil deposit, but it is extremely difficult to estimate because of the natural heterogeneity of the soil. The compression response of the soil and its variability must be characterised in order to estimate the probability of the differential settlement exceeding a certain threshold value. The work presented in this paper introduces a probabilistic framework to address this issue in a rigorous manner, while preserving the format of a typical geotechnical settlement analysis. In order to avoid dealing with different approaches for each category of soil, a simplified unified compression model is used to characterise the nonlinear compression behavior of soils of varying gradation through a single constitutive law. The Bayesian updating rule is used to incorporate information from three different laboratory datasets in the computation of the statistics (estimates of the means and covariance matrix) of the compression model parameters, as well as of the uncertainty inherent in the model.


Reconfigurable computing devices offer substantial improvements in functional density and yield versus traditional microprocessors, yet remain out of general-purpose use due in part to their difficulty of programming and lack of cross-device compatibility. In [CASPI00] a stream-based compute model called SCORE (Stream Computations Organized for Reconfigurable Execution) was introduced with a goal to provide a programming model for easily exploiting the computational density of reconfigurable devices. SCORE virtualizes reconfigurable resources (compute, storage, and communication) by dividing a computation up into fixed-size "pages" and time-multiplexing the virtual pages on available physical hardware. Consequently, SCORE applications can scale up or down automatically to efficiently run on a wide range of hardware. In this project we implemented project implements a dynamic runtime scheduler for SCORE that virtualizes the reconfigurable computation fabric and automatically manages the execution of SCORE applications in hardware. Initial performance scaling experiments show that a dynamic scheduler is able to automatically scale applications on reduced hardware and exploit hardware under-utilization to achieve reasonable area-time curves. In this paper, we present the basic scheduler details and runtime system flow along with key implementation highlights, such as scheduling heuristics, memory management, and deadlock detection.


Blockchain technology has rapidly gained popularity in industry. This paper attempts to assist academia to answer four questions. First, should community colleges begin offering education to nurture blockchain-literate students for the job market? Second, what are the appropriate topical areas to cover? Third, should it be an individual course? And forth, should it be a technical or management course? This paper starts with identifying the knowledge domains of blockchain technology and the topical areas each domain has, and continues with placing them in appropriate academic territories (Computer Sciences vs. Business) and subjects (programming, management, marketing, and laws), and then develops an evaluation model to determine the appropriate topical area for community colleges to teach. The evaluation is based on seven factors: maturity of technology, impacts on management, real-world applications, subject classification, knowledge prerequisites, textbook readiness, and recommended pedagogies. The evaluation results point to an interesting direction that offering an introductory course is an ideal option to guide students through the learning journey of what blockchain is and how it applies to business. Such an introductory course does not need to engage students in the discussions of mathematics and sciences that make blockchain technologies possible. While it is inevitable to brief technical topics to help students build a solid knowledge foundation of blockchain technologies, community colleges should avoid offering students a course centered on the discussion of developing blockchain applications. Keywords—Blockchain, pedagogies, blockchain technologies, blockchain course, blockchain pedagogies.


Architectural modifications of plant root systems enable plants to survive adverse conditions. Lateral roots, for example, help anchor the plant in the soil and facilitate the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. Auxin is a plant hormone essential to root development, including the elongation and differentiation of root cells, gravitropism, root hair formation, and lateral root (LR) formation. Ishimaru et al. (pp. 1704–1716) report that jasmonic acid (JA) functions as an inhibitor of lateral root formation. Treatment of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with either (−)-JA or (+)-JA reduced primary root length and LR number. It was recently reported that some jasmonates have bioactivities distinct from the typical JA pathway that utilizes the CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 JA receptor-dependent pathway. Thus, it is interesting that the effects of JAs on lateral root formation are also seen in a coi1 mutant. Treatment of seedlings with (–)-JA or (+)-JA suppressed auxin-inducible genes related to LR formation, diminished accumulation of an auxin reporter gene, and inhibited auxindependent degradation of DII-VENUS, a direct reporter of auxin levels. A structural mimic of (–)-JA and (+)-coronafacic acid also inhibited LR formation and stabilized the DII-VENUS protein. These results reveal that JA and (+)coronafacic acid are selective counterauxins, a finding that could lead to new approaches for studying the mechanisms of LR formation.


A study of a wide range of thermomechanical processing parameters for the manufacture of fuel clad tubing revealed that the corrosion resistance in 673 and 698 K steam varied little within the variations expected to occurin current commercial processing. Long exposure to 673 K steam was used as the test most likely to relate to in-reactor performance with the time to departure from the usual multiple rate transition behavior believed to be the significant measure of performance. The parametric study commenced with the beta heat treatment before extrusion where time at temperature and cooling rate were varied. No changes were made in the extrusion process, but several combinations of anneals during the cold reduction sequences were applied to produce a set of 23 variants. Corrosion tests on the extruded and tube reduced tube hollows without an anneal showed an adverse effect on corrosion resistance of the very high quench rates on the outer surface of the billet. Data from the test series made it possible to estimate that a cooling rate of about 20 to 40 K/s produced a minimum in the weight gain in a 673 K corrosion test. The adverse effect of the high cooling rates illustrated on the outer surface of unannealed tube reduced extrusion (TREX) specimens is eliminated by the subsequent heat treatments and is not seen on either annealed TREX or the tubing made from it. The annealing parameter provided a good measure of corrosion behavior only for identical final tube heat treatments. The difference between unannealed, stress relieved, and recrystallized tubing is not predicted by application of this annealing parameter alone. Increasing the annealing parameter from 2.3 × 10 - 1 8 to 29 x 10 - 1 8 h improved the corrosion resistance of unannealed cold-worked tubes but did not affect the stress relieved or recrystallized tube specimens. In the same manner, unannealed cold-worked tubes display an effect of quenching conditions when stress relieved tubes did not. A series of tests with various amounts of metal removed from the outer surface of the heat treated tubes showed that the corrosion resistance was largely constant through the tube wall in the 673 K steam test, again showing that the effect of cooling rate at the billet stage was removed by subsequent heat treatment. The test series confirmed the observation in earlier work that a cumulative annealing parameter greater than 10 - 1 8 h is sufficient to provide uniformly good corrosion resistance in Zircaloy-4.


This brief report builds upon the findings of the EU Kids Online project's work into Excessive Internet Use among the 19,834 European children (aged 11-16) participating in that study and now looks at the effects on Australian children. It compares the European data with the much smaller cohort of 300 Australian children (aged 11-16) who were researched in the parallel AU Kids Online project. In both cases the children were selected according to a random sampling strategy. ----------------------------------------------------------------- EU Commission original report link


Large touch screens are recently appearing in the automotive market, yet their usability while driving is still controversial. Flat screens do not provide haptic guidance and thus require visual attention to locate interactive elements that are displayed. Thus, we need to think about new concepts to minimize the visual attention needed for interaction, to keep the driver's focus on the road and ensure safety.
 In this paper, we explore three different approaches. The first one is designed to make use of proprioception. The second approach incorporates physical handles to ease orientation on a large flat surface. In the third approach, directional touch gestures are applied. We describe the results of a comparative study that investigates the required visual attention as well as task performance and perceived usability, in comparison to a state-of-the-art multifunctional controller.
 We found that direct touch buttons provide the best results regarding task completion time, but with a size of about 6x8 cm, they were not yet large enough for blind interaction. Physical elements in and around the screen space were regarded useful to ease orientation. With touch gestures, participants were able to reduce visual attention to a lower level than with the remote controller. Considering our findings, we argue that there are ways to make large screens more appropriate for in-car usage and thus harness the advantages they provide in other aspects.