TEACHING RESOURCES Abstract: The role of slavery in New England remains a neglected topic. This teaching resources article offers a comprehensive survey of some of the most recent teaching materials that cover the theme of slavery in the North and also traces the general history of African Americans in this region from the colonial era through the antebellum period. Particularly useful for high school teachers are the specific start/stop times for documentaries and the appendix, which points readers towards websites that are useful for classroom purposes. Author David Lucander recently earned his PhD from the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. New England in general, and Massachusetts in particular, has a rich African American heritage that offers an intricate story of slavery and emancipation. In Massachusetts alone, a truncated list of prominent African Americans who called the Bay State home during the Revolutionary and antebellum years includes Crispus Attucks, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Maria Stewart, and David Walker. These eighteenth- and nineteenth-century icons represent a small sampling of African Americans in New England at a time when the region transformed from a society with slavery into a place where slavery was illegal.1 Teaching about slavery in New England is complicated by a number of factors, perhaps most significant among these is that the region's story is uniquely full of nuance - and nuance is difficult historical material. To be certain, no reasonable observer could confuse colonial New England with Virginia or parts of South Carolina. During this time, the proportion of Black people residing in Massachusetts and Connecticut peaked at under four percent, while New Hampshire had fewer than 1,000 African Americans on the eve of the American Revolution. Conversely, during this era Black people comprised more than half of the population in Virginia and the South Carolina low country.2 Unlike slaves on the massive sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton plantations in the South, enslaved African Americans in New England lived in a primarily White world. Masters and their families typically worked, ate, slept, and socialized in common residence with their one or two slaves. Small slave holdings, frequent inter-racial contact, English language acquisition and cultural acculturation, access to a modicum of education, and the relatively small number of Black people in northern society characterized the experience of slavery in New England.3 Just as the sheer magnitude of Southern agri-business shaped African American lives and the development of Black American culture, demographics and patterns of land use impacted Black New Englanders, albeit in different ways. History is the story of people, and people are complicated. As history teachers, we implicitly inculcate critical thinking skills that help our students interpret and analyze events. We also teach students about how to think with complexity, recognize variables, and pay attention to ways that subtle differences make large impacts. In short, we give students the tools to help make sense out of a chaotic world. Teaching about slavery in New England fits this scenario because it is a curriculum that challenges the simplified way enslavement is depicted in popular culture. Instead of massive impersonal plantations, slavery in New England was on a much more intimate scale. While the Civil War shattered America's "peculiar institution" in the South, racial slavery ended in New England through decades of state legislative, judicial, and constitutional action. A lifetime of training in sound-bite analysis and a natural human inclination to erroneously simplify complicated events undoubtedly shapes the way our students think. This leaves them better prepared to understand the Emancipation Proclamation and the Massachusetts 54th Regiment than to appreciate the intricacy of Quock Walker suing for his freedom in a 1783 court case that ultimately abolished slavery in Massachusetts. …


Background: Recent literature consistently shows a relationship between childhood trauma (CT) and personality pathology. History of childhood abuse leads to severe loss of trust. This loss of trust in early years is a strong predictor of the majority of personality disorders and is related to several problems in adulthood such as insecure attachment and distrust in interpersonal relationships. Although distrust is the key diagnostic component of Paranoid PD (PPD), empirical research mostly focused on borderline personality disorder (BPD) yielding limited information about PPD regarding its development and potential risk factors. This study has two aims. First is to examine the CT (i.e., sexual and emotional abuse) and PPD relationship. Second is to explore whether this relationship is mediated by interpersonal trust and insecure attachment. Methods: One hundred and forty-three college students were assessed using self-report measures to examine PPD symptoms, interpersonal trust, insecure attachment and childhood trauma. Results: Higher levels of emotional abuse were correlated with more PPD symptoms. Interpersonal trust was not a mediator since there was not a significant correlation with emotional abuse. Contrary to the literature, higher levels of attachment anxiety but not attachment avoidance fully mediated the relationship between higher levels of emotional abuse and more PPD features. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study that specifically focused on insecure attachment, childhood trauma and PPD relationship. Findings suggest that people with a history of emotional abuse and higher attachment anxiety tend to have higher PPD symptoms. Despite the limitations of self-report data, findings can shed light THE
  RELATIONSHIP
  BETWEEN
  CHILDHOOD
  TRAUMA
  AND
  PARANOID PERSONALITY
  DISORDER
  SYMPTOMS 4 on a comparatively under-researched area by determining its risk factors.


Polycystic diseases and left-right (LR) axis malformations are frequently linked to cilia defects. Renal cysts also arise in mice and frogs lacking Bicaudal C (BicC), a conserved RNA-binding protein containing K-homology (KH) domains and a sterile alpha motif (SAM). However, a role for BicC in cilia function has not been demonstrated. Here, we report that targeted inactivation of BicC randomizes left-right (LR) asymmetry by disrupting the planar alignment of motile cilia required for cilia-driven fluid flow. Furthermore, depending on its SAM domain, BicC can uncouple Dvl2 signaling from the canonical Wnt pathway, which has been implicated in antagonizing planar cell polarity (PCP). The SAM domain concentrates BicC in cytoplasmic structures harboring RNA-processing bodies (P-bodies) and Dvl2. These results suggest a model whereby BicC links the orientation of cilia with PCP, possibly by regulating RNA silencing in P-bodies.


Contemporary discourse seems to provide a choice in the way sexual identities and sexual difference are described and analyzed. On the one hand, much current thinking suggests that sexual identity is fluid—socially constructed and/or performatively enacted. This discourse is often invoked in the act of overcoming an earlier patriarchal era of fixed and naturalized identities. On the other hand, some modern discourses of sexual identity seem to offer a New Age Jungian re-sexualization of the universe—"Men are from Mars, and women are from Venus"—according to which there is an underlying, deeply anchored archetypal identity that provides a kind of safe haven in the contemporary confusion of roles and identities.In this volume, contributors discuss a third way of thinking about sexual identity and sexual difference—a direction opened by Jacques Lacan. For Lacan, what we all recognize as sexual difference is first and foremost representative of a certain fundamental deadlock inherent in the symbolic order, that is, in language and in the entire realm of culture conceived as a symbol system structured on the model of language. For him, the logical matrix of this deadlock is provided by his own formulas of sexuation. The essays collected here elaborate on different aspects of this deadlock of sexual difference. While some examine the role of semblances in the relation between the sexes or consider sexual identity not as anatomy but still involving an impasse of the real, others discuss the difference between sexuation and identification, the role of symbolic prohibition in the process of the subject's sexual formation, or the changed role of the father in contemporary society and the impact of this change on sexual difference. Other essays address such topics as the role of beating in sexual fantasies and jouissance in feminine jealousy.

Contributors . Alain Badiou, Elizabeth Bronfen, Darian Leader, Jacques Alain Miller, Genevieve Morel, Renata Salecl, Eric L. Santner, Colette Soler, Paul Verhaeghe, Slavoj Žižek, Alenka Zupancic


In his Keynote Address "Death Tax" Politics at the October 2, 2015 Boston College Law School and American College of Trust and Estate Counsel Symposium, The Centennial of the Estate and Gift Tax: Perspectives and Recommendations, Michael Graetz describes the fight over the repeal of the estate tax and its current diminished state. Graetz argues that the political battle over the repeal of the estate tax reflects a fundamental challenge to our nation's progressive tax system. This Address concludes that a revitalized estate tax is important for managing the national debt and reducing massive inequalities in wealth.


The present article draws on data from a three-year study of pedagogy in teacher education that attempts to disrupt normative structures of reading and being in the teacher education classroom. The author uses Bourdieu's work to emphasize the ways in which academic fields become ruled by unspoken rules and practices – "nomos" – and demonstrates a use of trauma narratives in teacher education that can disrupt such unspoken rules and practices. The article challenges taken-for-granted assumptions in teacher education that students must be positioned as future teachers; that reading educational research and texts should be a priority; that writing assignments should be privileged; and that a cognitive approach to learning in teacher education should be privileged.


A web smart space is an intelligent environment which has additional capability of searching the information smartly and efficiently. New advancements like dynamic web contents generation has increased the size of web repositories. Among so many modern software analysis requirements, one is to search information from the given repository. But useful information extraction is a troublesome hitch due to the multilingual; base of the web data collection. The issue of semantic based information searching has become a standoff due to the inconsistencies and variations in the characteristics of the data. In the accomplished research, a web smart space framework has been proposed which introduces front end processing for a search engine to make the information retrieval process more intelligent and accurate. In orthodox searching anatomies, searching is performed only by using pattern matching technique and consequently a large number of irrelevant results are generated. The projected framework has insightful ability to improve this drawback and returns efficient outcomes. Designed framework gets text input from the user in the form complete question, understands the input and generates the meanings. Search engine searches on the basis of the information provided.


The goal of this project is determination of viscoelastic properties (creep, relaxation, and dissipation) of biodegradable HEMA-based (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels. The viscoelastic characterization will be done under compression as well as shear (rheology). HEMA hydrogels are hydrophobic biocompatible hydrogels with high mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The mechanical properties and permeability of these hydrogels can be tuned by controlling the water concentration and cross-linker during polymerisation. The hydrogels will be polymerized via one step UV polymerization. The proposed hydrogels are developing for drug delivery applications. In the next step the characterization of the mesh size of the hydrogels and swelling properties is demanded. This project provides comprehensive experimental work in characterization of hydrogels for biomedical applications.


Abstract Clino- and orthopyroxenes in anhydrous spinel peridotite xenoliths from Pliocene alkali basalts of the western Pannonian Basin have been analysed for trace elements by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Clinopyroxenes show highly variable mantle normalized REE (rare earth elements) patterns but basically can be classified into three major groups: LREE-depleted, LREE-enriched and U-shaped patterns. As the REE patterns of clinopyroxenes usually reflect the REE patterns of the host peridotite, the three major REE patterns define three geochemically different groups of xenoliths. LREE-depleted xenoliths generally have undeformed protogranular textures, while the more deformed xenoliths with porphyroclastic and equigranular textures have LREE-enriched trace element patterns. The U-shaped pattern is very distinctive and is generally associated with poikilitic textures. The HREE content of the clinopyroxenes suggest that most of the xenoliths experienced less than15% partial melting, with the lowest degree occurring in the LREE-depleted xenoliths, and the highest degree in LREE-enriched xenoliths. Cryptic metasomatism frequently accompanies deformation. Metasomatic enrichment of incompatible trace elements can be observed not only in clinopyroxenes but also in coexisting orthopyroxenes. The metasomatic agents were probably alkaline mafic melts of asthenospheric origin and some may relate to upper Cretaceous alkali lamprophyre magmatism. Geochemical signatures of subduction-related melts or fluids have not been found in the anhydrous LREE-enriched xenoliths, although poikilitic xenoliths with U-shaped normalized REE patterns may indicate the influence of subduction-related melts.


Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious problem within the healthcare environment where the bacterium causes symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening colitis. In addition to its principal virulent factors, Toxin A and Toxin B, some C. difficile strains produce a binary toxin (CDT) composed of two subunits namely CDTa and CDTb that are produced and secreted from the cell as two separate polypeptides. Once in the gut, these fragments have the potential to combine to form a potent cytotoxin whose role in the pathogenesis of CDI is presently unclear. This thesis is a step towards understanding structural and functional aspects of the binary toxin produced by C. difficile. The first half of this thesis (chapter I and II) provides a brief introduction to the method of structure determination of proteins molecules, i. e. X-ray crystallography and a detailed overview of C. difficile and the three known toxins from C. difficile namely – Toxin A, Toxin B and the binary toxin. Chapter II further focuses on C. difficile binary toxin and other related toxins. These toxins, known as the ADP-ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs) form a big family of potent toxins which includes Cholera, Pertussis and Diphtheria toxins and are capable of transferring the ADP-ribose part of NAD/NADPH to a varity of substrates in the target cell which ultimately results in cell death. The second half of the thesis comprises of experimental procedures that were carried out during the course of this study and their results. Cloning and expression methods for recombinant CDTa and CDTb in bacterial system followed by their purification are described with the abnormal behaviour exhibited by CDTb (chapter III). We show for the first time that purified CDTa and CDTb can combine to form an active CDT which is cytotoxic to Vero cells (Chapter IV). The purification processes described yielded milligram quantities of binary toxin fragments of high purity that led to the successful crystallisation of the proteins (chapter IV) for further functional and structural studies. High resolution crystal structures of CDTa in its native form (at pH 4.0, 8.5 and 9.0) and in complex with the ADP ribose donors -NAD and NADPH (at pH 9.0) have been determined (chapter V). The crystal structures of the native protein show 'pronounced conformational flexibility' confined to the active site region of the protein and 'enhanced' disorder at low pH while the complex structures highlight significant differences in 'ligand specificity' compared with the enzymatic subunit of a close homologue, Clostridium perfringens Iota toxin (Ia). These structural data provide the first detailed information on protein-donor substrate complex stabilisation in CDTa which may have implications in understanding CDT recognition. Crystallisation of CDTb yielded preliminary crystals. The optimisation of these crystallisation conditions is underway. The thesis concludes with some thoughts and discussion on future directions of this research.


Iran have always been conflicting with drought. As Dariush asks Ahura Mazda in his inscription in Takht- e Jamshid to protect Iran from drought and lies. Creating myths is the first reaction of man's mind at the face natural disasters, because the primary human were confused in understanding the causes of these occurrences, thus, their reaction were infused with fear and this fear has caused them to assume a metaphysical god for each phenomenon and seek shelter from him. As time flows, it becomes clearer that myths are a land's valuable resources which can shed a light on the dark and unknown past. In the fables of creation, Water is one of the first things to be physically created and this is because of the significance of this life giving element. Thus, it is not far from expectation that the rain-making rituals and holding them during droughts have been always common in the ancient history of Iran.


This 'by practice' research project explored the function of back-story in contemporary sculptural art. It was driven by an ongoing artistic practice and resulted in a series of new artworks accompanied by an analytical commentary. Gerard Genette's concept of analepsis within narrative literature was taken as an initial theoretical framework to test to what extent it might be applied to sculpture. Analysis of selected works by Joseph Beuys, Felix Gonzalez-Torres and Doris Salcedo, artists who used back-story in the context of trauma, led to modifications of the theory to account for the relationship between artwork and its back-story, notably its expression in materials.
The use of narrative in sculptural art to provide a storied reading acts in combination with the work's biography, although the work remains non-narrative in form, even lacking a 'main' narrative. The study discusses the ways the selected artists disclosed their 'authored' back-story, through title, paratext, public biography and reiteration of themes within an oeuvre. Back-story invoked what Genette called retroception – compelling the viewer to look again from a different perspective. Here, the autonomy of the artwork from its back-story is upheld. However, I posit that reading the art work in conjunction with its back-story alters the viewers' experience by offering a storied entry into the work, situating the viewer at the 'right' distance in terms of emotional connection, and extending the reading time allowing more complex meanings to emerge.
Investigation through making was prioritised, conducted through a process of 'improvisation' that explored various storied connections within original glass sculptures. As a result of reflecting on the results of a traditional glass inclusion process in my work, a new approach surfaced which I call incorporation: the partial embedding of a material within another as it solidifies. This process is seen to embody the concept of retroception and signal the connection to back-story.
The research contributes to knowledge by providing a framework for an understanding of back-story in contemporary sculptural practice; demonstrating how incorporation can evoke and embody back-story; and, creating a body of original work that provides material for further investigation of back-story.


Reassurance policing was trialled in England from 2002 to 2005, emphasizing police visibility and public consultation on locally identified priorities. In this article, I ask 'whatever happened to reassurance policing?' This may seem a strange question to ask. With the expansion of neighbourhood and citizen-focused policing, the policing pledge, and a single public confidence performance target, reassurance policing seems to be alive and well. However, by focusing on four early intentions for a reassurance approach, I question this assumption. Reassurance is found to be a part of British policing, but it could be much more. Contemporary examples where policing could (and perhaps should) be more reassuring are provided.


Phosphorus removal in basic oxygen steelmaking is a significant problem for integrated steelmakers. Phosphorus removal is required due to its deleterious effect on the mechanical properties of steel. However, this is progressively becoming more difficult due to the increasing phosphorus content of many iron ores. Many studies have investigated dephosphorisation and published empirical phosphorus partition (LP) equations for a range of conditions. The structure of these equations has been used to develop a new partition relation that allows the effect of minor slag constituents such as TiO2, Al2O3 and V2O5 on steel dephosphorisation to be tested. Al2O3 was found to have a weak negative effect on the measured LP, except at the lower oxygen potential range tested, where a positive correlation was observed. Increasing TiO2 and V2O5 contents were found to decrease the measured LP; however, these correlations became less prevalent at the higher oxygen potential ranges tested.


The author describes a model with a corrupt banking system, in which bankers knowingly lend at market interest rates to back projects riskier than the market rate indicates. Faced with early withdrawals, bankers turn to an interbank market, which may be available in an unfettered way, available but subject to screening, or unavailable. The presence of corruption increases the probability of contagious bank failure significantly. This fact holds in a perfect information environment, as well as in some environments with imperfect information. The model suggests that financial stability can be imperilled by corrupt lending.


Nowadays nuclear is the only greenhouse-free source that can appreciably respond to the increasing worldwide energy demand. The use of Thorium in the nuclear energy production may offer some advantages to accomplish this task. Extensive R&D on the thorium fuel cycle has been conducted in many countries around the world. Starting from the current nuclear waste policy, the EU-PUMA project focuses on the potential benefits of using the HTR core as a Pu/MA transmuter. In this paper the following aspects have been analysed: (1) the state-of-the-art of the studies on the use of Th in different reactors, (2) the use of Th in HTRs, with a particular emphasis on Th-Pu fuel cycles, (3) an original assessment of Th-Pu fuel cycles in HTR. Some aspects related to Thorium exploitation were outlined, particularly its suitability for working in pebble-bed HTR in a Th-Pu fuel cycle. The influence of the Th/Pu weight fraction at BOC in a typical HTR pebble was analysed as far as the reactivity trend versus burn-up, the energy produced per Pu mass, and the Pu isotopic composition at EOC are concerned. Although deeper investigations need to be performed in order to draw final conclusions, it is possible to state that some optimized Th percentage in the initial Pu/Th fuel could be suggested on the basis of the aim we are trying to reach.


The history of the deep Arctic Ocean is largely unwritten. The means to understand this history may now be at hand. Bathymetry and potential field data have accumulated to the point it is possible to ask specific questions about the origins and evolution of the individual ridges and basins. The two primary basins have contrasting histories and deficits of understanding. The Eurasia Basin, formed during the Cenozoic, is well understood as far as the kinematics are concerned. The dynamics of ultraslow spreading, as observed on the Gakkel Ridge, are not well understood. It is widely thought that the Amerasia Basin formed during the Mesozoic. Most previous work has begun with a large-scale model of the basin tectonics and fit the ridges and basins it into this pattern. Enough is now known to establish the internal structure and relations from specific observations rather than a priori assumptions. This paper reviews knowledge about the central Arctic Ocean and proposes what should be done to develop a historical understanding of basin history. Ground truth from Arctic Ocean sediments is necessary. It will not be possible to establish the history of events, in geological time, until the sediments have been sampled and dated.


This paper seeks to answer the question: how does land become grabbable and local people relocatable? It focuses on the historical and current conditions of land tenure that enable land grabbing. While recognising the important contributions thus far made by the critical literature on land grabbing, this paper moves forward towards understanding specific processes that befall before land is grabbed and its original users relocated. Based on an empirical analysis of policy and practices of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania, the paper proposes that land grabbing, particularly in the context of conservation in rural Africa, is not an instantaneous phenomenon and does not happen in a vacuum. It is a result of long-term structural marginalisation of rural land users that produces scarcity and the deterioration of life conditions, which make people relocatable and land grabbing justifiable. Local people either relocate themselves because they could not make a living due to systematic disinvestments on basic social services or life is made unbearable through restrictions imposed on their production practices to make "voluntary" relocation possible. The paper highlights the need to focus on the stealthy dispossessions in addition to major events of grabbing as starting points of analysis. Insight from this study can be useful in analysing other cases of land grabbing where large swathes of ostensibly empty land are made available for investment.


Background This analysis compares the educational attainments of the "new" second generation in Britain, Canada, and the United States using three nationally representative datasets. Objective To assess how the second generation has fared within Western educational systems. The study examines the achievements of seven minority ethnic groups: Africans, Caribbeans, Chinese, Filipinos, Indians, Irish, and Pakistanis. Setting Britain, Canada, and the United States. Research Design Secondary data analysis Conclusions The study suggests that there is a strong association between the educational level of the parental generation and that of the second generation. There is substantial inter-generational progress (measured relative to the majority population in the country of destination), especially among women. Most groups perform as well as or better than members of the majority population of the same age and similar parental background. Chinese of both sexes are notable for their high performance. Indians also tend to make strong intergenerational progress; for Caribbeans, Africans, and Filipinos, this is more muted. The performance of the second generation in Britain is slightly poorer than that in the other countries. This is probably explained by the lower selectivity of the first generation in Britain rather than by institutional features.


[Background and survey objectives] In Jordan, which is one of the water poorest countries in the world, water supply is generally intermittent. As a consequence, water supplied by private water vendors via tanker trucks is an important source of drinking water for many Jordanians. The impacts of partially illegal private tanker water markets on sustainable water supply in Jordan's cities are manifold and complex. The markets significantly contribute to the welfare of commercial establishments and households. However, they also have strong negative impacts on sustainability for example through groundwater depletion. A deepened understanding of emergence, spreading, and functioning of private tanker water markets in Jordanian cities is a precondition for developing policies and interventions towards more sustainable water supply regimes. The study of publicly available data and reports on private tanker water markets in Jordan revealed that there is a need for empirical data and investigations on the supply side of private tanker water as well as on the demand side, especially in terms of commercial establishments who are the major customers of tanker water within cities. Against this background, in the period from September 2015 to October 2016 five mostly quantitative surveys were conducted within the Stanford-led Belmont Forum "Jordan Water Project (JWP)" in order to collect socioeconomic as well as physical and technical data about private tanker water supply and demand in three different Jordanian cities. The objective of the surveys is to provide an empirical basis for two major fields of investigation: * Socioeconomic studies (e.g. market analyses) on the impacts of private tanker water markets on water supply in the city of Amman with a focus on sustainability issues. * Modelling studies on private tanker water markets in Jordan as part of a hydro-economic model on freshwater resources sustainability in Jordan (e.g. estimation of demand functions for piped and tanker water of commercial establishments, simulation of partially illegal markets of private tanker water providers, spatial statistical analyses of commercial water consumption). Jordan's capital Amman was the location of three surveys targeted at the following key market actors of tanker water: (i) operators of private wells selling water to private water tankers, (ii) water tanker drivers purchasing water from private wells and delivering the water throughout the city of Amman and (iii) commercial establishments using piped and/or tanker water. In order to broaden the empirical basis for advanced modelling studies and simulations on the country level the survey with commercial establishments was repeated in a slightly modified version with (iv) commercial establishments in the city of Irbid and (v) commercial establishments in the city of Ajloun. In this discussion paper the design and methodology of all five surveys is described in detail. For the Amman surveys in addition the survey locations and the spatial distribution of interviews are specified and represented by GIS maps.


This study attempts to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of poverty trends using national household consumption survey I and II collected in 1996 and 2001 respectively. The theoretical decomposition frameworks propelling the study are motivated mainly by the Shapley value while empirical estimates are obtained from DAD 4.4. From our findings, we observe that Rural forest and Rural highlands regions were hardest hit by poverty and inequality trends in Cameroon. The result shows that the within-regions effects were found to be more instrumental in accounting for changes in all the classes of poverty measures than the inter-sector population shift effects in the period under review. While the between-region effects were systematically contributing in alleviating poverty in the Rural forest and Rural highlands and at the same time aggravating poverty in Yaounde, Douala. Based on our result, we suggest that policies and strategies for reducing poverty/inequality should place particular emphasis on the countryside and on a region-by-region approach such as decentralization, increase provision of rural extension services (roads, electricity, markets, portable water).


In this paper we study the optimal portfolio selection problem for a CARA investor who faces fixed and/or proportional transaction costs and maximizes expected utility of end-of-period wealth. We use a continuous time model and apply the method of the Markov chain approximation to numerically solve for the optimal trading policy. The numerical solution indicates that, most of the time, the portfolio space is divided into three disjoint regions (Buy, Sell, and No-Transaction), and the optimal policy is described by four boundaries. If a portfolio lies in the Buy region, the optimal strategy is to buy the risky asset until the portfolio reaches the Buy target boundary. Similarly, if a portfolio lies in the Sell region, the optimal strategy is to sell the risky asset until the portfolio reaches the Sell target boundary. However, we discovered that for a CARA investor with a finite horizon there is generally a time interval, close to the terminal date, when the NT region consists of two disjoint sub-regions which, in their turn, divide either the Buy region or the Sell region into two parts. Nevertheless, as in the former case, the target boundaries are unique. The effects on the optimal policy of varying volatility, drift, ARA, and the level of transaction costs are also examined.


This study explores medical students and interns perceived causes of stress and probes their
consequences on their health. A qualitative approach was used to conduct this study. Four focus group
discussions were conducted with final year medical students (8 male and 10 females) and medical interns
(8 male and 7 females) at a large medical school in Saudi Arabia between October and January
2017/2018. Theoretical framework was used to analyze the qualitative data with the aid of NVivo
software. Analysis of the focus groups revealed the following stressors: workload, exams and change of
teams, transition periods from pre-clinical to clinical phases of the curriculum, fear of being unaccepted
in the preferred specialty. The competitive environment in medical schools plays a major role as a
stressor among the students and interns. Additionally, high expectations from the teaching staff and
families to perform well at school are adding to the stress they experience. Students' health and social
life were perceived to be affected as a consequence of these stressors. Stress among medical students is
caused by factors related to academia and others related to teachers and family expectations. Medical
schools need to consider these stressors and reduce them. Special preparation and orientation sessions


This study aimed at investigating the growth inhibitory effect of probiotic Lactobacillus on Candida species isolated from oral thrush of AIDS-defining ill patients. Clinical isolates of Candida species were obtained from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia, Nasarawa State. de Man Rogosa Sharpe agar was used as starter culture for the isolation of Lactobacilli. The diameters of the antimicrobial assay were recorded using the following dilution in part per mL (1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:10000 and 1:100000) with the highest inhibition zone of 8 ± 1.414 mm followed by 7 ± 0.000 mm and the lowest dilution recorded as 5 ± 0.000 mm in the highest concentration of 1:10. As the dilution concentration decline, the inhibitions become weaker. The lowest dilution concentration (1:100000) however showed resistance in all the agar wells. Conclusively, Lactobacillus species has growth inhibition against yeast organisms in vitro. This study therefore recommends further research to identify more probiotic organisms that can potentially inhibit the growth of disease causing pathogens. Researchers should put more mental energy into use as research is the only source of solution to combat most of the emerging diseases around us.


Although media and academic sources often describe mass incarceration as the primary challenge facing the American criminal justice system, the imposition of criminal justice debt may be a more pervasive problem. On March 14, 2016, the Department of Justice (DOJ) requested that state chief justices forward a letter to all judges in their jurisdictions describing the constitutional violations associated with the illegal assessment and enforcement of fines and fees. The DOJ's concerns include the incarceration of indigent individuals without determining whether the failure to pay is willful and the use of bail practices that result in impoverished defendants remaining in jail merely because they are unable to afford bail. Criminal justice debt, also known as legal financial obligations (LFOs), impacts not only those incarcerated but also millions of others who receive economic sanctions for low-level offenses, including misdemeanors and ordinance violations. LFOs, which include bail, fines, and fees, are imposed at every stage in the justice process, including pre-conviction, sentencing, incarceration, and post-release supervision.
For those who are unable to pay criminal justice debt, "poverty penalties" are often added in the form of charges for interest, payment plans, late payments, and collection. As incarceration rates and local budgetary concerns have increased, so too has the imposition of LFOs. Moreover, while authorities are trying to reduce incarceration, criminal justice debt may become an even greater concern, as one popular alternative is decriminalization and the imposition of monetary charges. Often the financial charges are unrelated to the traditional notions of punishment or protection of public safety and instead, reflect a desire to maximize revenue collection. Many municipalities outsource services to private probation companies and collectors, which are often unsupervised and use collection procedures not authorized for private parties. Moreover, new technologies allow for additional collection abuses. To date, states and municipalities have been ineffective in preventing abuses associated with criminal justice debt. Relying on the approach used for consumer debt collection, I propose a federal solution. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) provide the foundation for a federal framework for addressing problems with the collection of consumer debts. I contend that the justifications that supported the federal statutory and administrative solution for consumer debts are at least as significant, if not greater, for a similar framework to combat abusive criminal justice debt practices.
Not only do individuals with criminal justice debt encounter the same abuses and consequences that consumer debtors face — including harassment, negative credit reports, and the adverse impact on financing and employment prospects — but they also face denial of welfare benefits, suspension of driver's licenses, arrest, and incarceration. In practice, the imposition of criminal justice debt reflects actual discrimination and creates distrust in the system. Accordingly, I advocate the adoption of a federal act and the use of the DOJ to coordinate enforcement and outreach activities to attack abuses in the collection of criminal justice debt.


The main reason for typing Legionella pneumophila is to help identify environmental sources giving rise to cases of legionellosis, thus allowing control measures to be implemented and further cases to be prevented in a timely manner. Monoclonal antibody (mAB) subgrouping is probably the most rapid and reliable phenotypic method available and is excellent for initial screening of isolates. Only a few of the many genotypic methods described have been shown to meet these exacting requirements. Of these, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is the most widely applied, but others have also been used. For example, a restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method was used as the standard method in the United Kingdom for almost 20 years. Investigation of travel-associated legionellosis requires even more rigorously standardized systems, as not only must the types be clearly defined but they also must be recognizable and reproducible in laboratories in different countries (different laboratories, different times). The standardized sequence-based typing (SBT) method targets part of six genes (flaA, pilE, asd, mip, mompS, proA), each of which shows considerable allelic variation, thus providing an extremely discriminatory typing system. Furthermore, of the seven major-outbreak-associated strains for which SBT data are available, five are SBT 3,4,1,1,14,9. However, if substantiated, these observations have important and widespread implications for our understanding of the epidemiology of legionellosis and for the monitoring and control of L. pneumophila in the built environment.


This article examines the Hong Kong writer Gu Cangwu 古蒼梧 (1945–) and his grassroots activism during the Cold War, namely, his appropriation of the University of Iowa's International Writing Program (IWP). At the IWP from 1970 to 1971, Gu grew critical of US foreign policy, coedited a newsletter produced in the IWP offices, participated in political demonstrations, and published correspondence in Hong Kong in support of the Baodiao movement. The author argues that Gu's activities co-opted a Cold War institution to promote collective political action among the Chinese diaspora and, importantly, among audiences back in Hong Kong, amplified political resistance against both the United States and the United Kingdom. An examination of Gu's writings, including his correspondence, poems, and 2012 faux memoir Jiu jian 舊箋 (Old Letters), in relation to Kuan-hsing Chen's model of "Asia as method" and minjian society, establishes how Gu's political awakening in the United States and the overall student-led Baodiao movement enlarges Chen's conceptual framework. Rather than arising out of indigenous practices, the transpacific movement began overseas among the Chinese diaspora and, in the eyes of Gu, led to genuine political change in Hong Kong.


The banking sector is currently growing more distant in terms of Community Needs Meeting the Needs Venture Capital in the granting of loans to Small to large businesses that need capital under Law No.42 of 1999 introduced a form of credit guarantee is only that the body moves with a fiduciary transition its rights under the trust.
While the method used is descriptive analysis of the results of field research which is then combined with that obtained from the research literature whose purpose is to get answers to issues raised.
Based on the results of the study because these transition Fiduciary guarantees its rights under the trust it as an attempt to secure the bank transfer risk to insurance companies against unexpected events, in addition to insuring the bank was to keep the value of objects that are used as permanent as fiduciary at the time agreed to repayment of debts fulfilled. basically the insurance value should not exceed the value of collateral object is therefore with the position that such insurance will certainly make the debtors to be more careful in maintaining its security products so as not to harm the debtor itself.
In the case of a deliberate mistake by the debtor to obtain insurance or to wansprestasi against the bank under section 276 of the Criminal Code, the insurance company will not provide compensation but in practice there is moral responsibility by an insurance company against the bank. There will be a close working relationship and the amount of losses that must be paid the insurance company is relatively small.


Promoting the right to freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is a foreign policy priority for several countries, their concerns accentuated by considerable evidence of rising levels of violations of this right worldwide. This puts a premium on solid evidence and on clear assessment criteria to serve as objective guides for policy. This paper reviews the complex landscape of approaches to assessing and measuring both the status of FoRB and the degree to which this human right is being violated or protected. It introduces and describes various transnational methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative, which focus, in differing ways, on violations. Several are widely cited and have express policy applications, while others have more indirect application to FoRB. The analysis highlights the diversity of approaches, which both reflect and contribute to a tendency to politicise FoRB issues. Challenges include differing understandings of the nature and relative significance of violations and their comparability. Country analysis is crucial because the specific context has vital importance for a granular appreciation for causes and impact of FoRB violations. This granularity, however, is poorly reflected in broader quantitative transnational and time series indices that highlight trends and comparative impact. The review highlights the limited degree to which FoRB issues, specifically violations and religiously related discrimination, are integrated in the policies and practice of development approaches (including social change and progress towards wellbeing) internationally and nationally. Effective approaches to addressing violations are few and far between, especially at the international level. The review notes strengths and weaknesses of specific approaches to assessment and reflects on possible improvements focused on development challenges and better integration among aspects of human rights.


This research aims to determine to the effect of ameliorant dregs the growth of rice plants and the accumulation of heavy metals Pb, Ni, Cr and Se. This study was conducted at Agriculture Faculty greenhouses, University of Riau and also Soil Laboratory, and Campus Bina Widya km 12.5 Kelurahan Simpang Baru, Pekanbaru lasted from August to December 2012. This study was carried out experimentally  used Completely Raandomized Design (CRD), consists of 4 treatment (0, 20, 40, 60 ton/ha). The result shows that the application dregs 20 tons/ha increased plant height, maximum number of tillers, grain weight and pithy rice. Ameliorant dregs dosing with doses of 20, 40 and 60 ton/ha reveal small influence on the accumulation of heavy metals (Se and Cr) even may not be detected at all the presence of heavy metals (Pb and Ni)  the grain so there is poison in rice plants. Keywords : Ameliorant Dregs, peat, rice.Heavy Metals


This paper presents Polybase, a feature of SQL Server PDW V2 that allows users to manage and query data stored in a Hadoop cluster using the standard SQL query language. Unlike other database systems that provide only a relational view over HDFS-resident data through the use of an external table mechanism, Polybase employs a split query processing paradigm in which SQL operators on HDFS-resident data are translated into MapReduce jobs by the PDW query optimizer and then executed on the Hadoop cluster. The paper describes the design and implementation of Polybase along with a thorough performance evaluation that explores the benefits of employing a split query processing paradigm for executing queries that involve both structured data in a relational DBMS and unstructured data in Hadoop. Our results demonstrate that while the use of a split-based query execution paradigm can improve the performance of some queries by as much as 10X, one must employ a cost-based query optimizer that considers a broad set of factors when deciding whether or not it is advantageous to push a SQL operator to Hadoop. These factors include the selectivity factor of the predicate, the relative sizes of the two clusters, and whether or not their nodes are co-located. In addition, differences in the semantics of the Java and SQL languages must be carefully considered in order to avoid altering the expected results of a query.


The problems and limitations of the control of diseases caused by phytopathogens through the use of fungicides, make the biological control present as an alternative method in the production of tomato plants in greenhouse, which is limited by the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr., being the most worldwide destructive disease. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of three Mexican strains of the genus Trichoderma against F. oxysporum on the production of tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the antagonistic effect of the strains used. The Trichoderma harzianum strain had the highest antagonistic activity (81.50%) and the highest growth rate (1.25 cm/day), proving to be the most aggressive strain to control F. oxysporum . in addition the results of the interaction of the dual cultures paired, presented a visible overgrowth zone with hyphae of Trichoderma spp. Seeds inoculated with T. harzianum showed a survival of 84% and a mortality of 16%, lower than the control group, which present a mortality of 58%; however, the treatment inoculated with F. oxysporum had the highest incidence of "disease" with 83%, the lowest survival (17%) and a decrease of the green biomass with respect to the control.


Geometrical imperfections are ubiquitous in load-bearing structures, including beams, columns, and shells. Fabrication processes of structural members most often create geometrical imperfections of random size and shape, which lead to non-deterministic load-carrying capacity. This study investigates the statistics of the buckling load of a beam with a random initial imperfection profile that rests on a nonlinear elastic foundation. The geometrical imperfection is represented by a zero-mean Gaussian random field, generated using the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The spatial distribution of the random imperfection is characterized by the probability distribution of the local imperfection magnitude and a spatial autocorrelation function. A finite-difference scheme is used to solve the governing equilibrium equation for a given initial imperfection profile, from which the buckling load is determined. Through a set of Monte Carlo simulations, the mean and variance of the buckling load are determined. The simulations reveal the influence of different length scales on the statistics of the buckling load, including the beam length and the autocorrelation length of the geometrical imperfection. The size effects predicted with the simplified model have implications for reliability-based structural design.


Innovations have hitherto mostly been acknowledged in terms of new technical products in both theories and policies on innovation. The public support to the transformation of research results and new ideas into new goods and services, provided by the state as well as by several universities, has thus primarily been adapted to the conditions prevalent in technological and manufacturing industries. Since the Nordic countries have a long tradition in policy and research focusing social aspects of societal development, there ought to be a potential in supporting innovations emanating from the social sciences as well. Social science innovations could then better serve to solve the great economic and social challenges identified on the global level by OECD, on the European level by EU and on the national level by the EU member states, not least the Nordic countries. But as the public support system for innovations is adapted to technological standards and conditions, what possibilities are there to promote and enhance ideas coming out social science driven innovations? Based on an empirical example of a specific social science innovation, this article explores how existing support systems could be adapted to enhance innovation in other disciplines and spheres outside or beyond technological ones. The empirical example emanates from a university in the middle parts of Sweden, where the Grants and Innovation Office engaged themselves in a process of intense adaptation of their services to meet the need of a social science researcher who presented on the idea of an innovation based on research on the area of gender equality. The article describes this particular innovation process step by step from research result to commercialized service using a participatory research design, autobiographical method and experimental method. Based on this empirical example of realizing a specific social science innovation, this article outlines a model for analyzing and promoting and recognizing these type of innovations. The model enables an analysis of the innovation process by its power dimensions, affecting the prospects of realizing the original idea and pinpointing key aspects for promoting social science innovations.


Shrubs are an important component of vegetation throughout the world. They are particularly significant in semiarid environments where they can dominate, driving ecosystem structure and functioning, and shaping land use. Life-history information was derived for Eremophila sturtii R.Br. and Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima J.G.West, two widespread and common shrubs of semiarid eastern Australia. Plants growing under background climatic conditions took between 2 and 4 years to become established, attained the capacity to reproduce sexually at between 10 and 12 years, were in a sexually reproductive stage for between 17 and 28 years and lived an average maximum of 33–40 years. Under background climatic conditions between 70 and 80% of plants that entered the juvenile stage survived to sexual maturity while under severe drought this proportion fell to between 40 and 60%. Juvenile plants, particularly of E. sturtii, experienced the highest mortality under background conditions while, when exposed to severe drought, older plants, particularly D. viscosa subsp. angustissima in the intermediate stage, experienced the greatest increase in mortality, dying at more than twice the background rate. The high survival rates of E. sturtii and D. viscosa subsp. angustissima shown here, even under extreme drought conditions and in grazed- and ungrazed areas, help to explain why these shrub species have been observed to dominate vegetation in large areas of eastern Australia.


In May 1999, a project using a dissolved air flotation (DAF)/ozone/filtration pilot plant was started to study the effects of pre-ozonation on the flocculation of particles and removal of organic matter in an advanced treatment process. Results indicate that small doses of ozone pre-ozonation slightly improve the flocculation of particles and their subsequent removal in the DAF unit when used in conjunction with alum or PACl. However, it was found that high ozone doses impeded flocculation. More significant is ozone9s benefit for the removal of UV-absorbing organic matter. The study also found that DAF is very effective at removing turbidity causing particles and colour from the water, thereby improving filter performance.


In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the United States declared war on terrorism. More than ten years later, the results are decidedly mixed. Here world-renowned author, diplomat, and scholar Akbar Ahmed reveals an important yet largely ignored result of this war: in many nations it has exacerbated the already broken relationship between central governments and the largely rural Muslim tribal societies on the peripheries of both Muslim and non-Muslim nations. The center and the periphery are engaged in a mutually destructive civil war across the globe, a conflict that has been intensified by the war on terror. Conflicts between governments and tribal societies predate the war on terror in many regions, from South Asia to the Middle East to North Africa, pitting those in the centers of power against those who live in the outlying provinces. Akbar Ahmed's unique study demonstrates that this conflict between the center and the periphery has entered a new and dangerous stage with U.S. involvement after 9/11 and the deployment of drones, in the hunt for al Qaeda, threatening the very existence of many tribal societies. American firepower and its vast anti-terror network have turned the war on terror into a global war on tribal Islam. And too often the victims are innocent children at school, women in their homes, workers simply trying to earn a living, and worshipers in their mosques. Battered by military attacks or drone strikes one day and suicide bombers the next, the tribes bemoan, "Every day is like 9/11 for us." In The Thistle and the Drone , the third volume in Ahmed's groundbreaking trilogy examining relations between America and the Muslim world, the author draws on forty case studies representing the global span of Islam to demonstrate how the U.S. has become involved directly or indirectly in each of these societies. The study provides the social and historical context necessary to understand how both central governments and tribal societies have become embroiled in America's war. Beginning with Waziristan and expanding to societies in Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and elsewhere, Ahmed offers a fresh approach to the conflicts studied and presents an unprecedented paradigm for understanding and winning the war on terror.


A certain number of factors can affect the functioning of the distribution chains of large agrifood companies and impact their efficiency. Among them, poor adaptation to fluctuations in demand, imperfect control of production and transport costs and poor location of distribution centers. These dysfunctions can have negative consequences with high product prices, supply disruptions and customer dissatisfaction. The company is therefore required to review regularly the distribution plan for its products in order to optimize it: addition, deletion, relocation, reassignment of warehouses, delivery centers, etc. We propose, through a case study of the agro-food group Cevital (Algeria), a solution to the problem of restructuring supply and distribution networks, at a stage of development of this company. Using an operational research tool (mixed-integer linear programming), the study assesses four scenarios for structuring the company's distribution network and suggests, for decision-making purposes, strategic solutions for managers.


By first-principles computations, we propose Na2Mn3O7 as a high-rate cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Na2Mn3O7 has a voltage window of 3.6–3.1 V and a theoretical reversible capacity of 124 mA h g−1. Na2Mn3O7 is a semiconductor and turns metallic after Na extraction; moreover, the calculated Na migration barrier in Na2Mn3O7 is 0.18 eV, ensuring ideal conductivity and rate capability.


ABSTRACT Jet-mixing and residence time in a rectangular water storage tank with a constant water level are investigated using the tools of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A set of Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations using a realisable k-ε model for different inlet configurations has been used. Numerical simulations were validated by means of experimental measurements. A saline inflow was simulated and the computed salinity in the outflow was compared with the measured values, with the aim of improving the tank performance based only on simple modifications of the inlet position and inflow rate. The results show that the URANS technique is able to adequately capture the experimental dilution curve measured at the outlet of the tank. The residence time is mainly influenced by advective transport. Modifications of the horizontal angle and Reynolds number of the inflow jet produce changes in the mixing characteristics when different performance indexes are compared.


We report the cloning of the gyrB gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae 533 that carries the nov-1 allele. The gyrB gene codes for a protein homologous to the gyrase B subunit of archaebacteria and eubacteria. The same amino acid substitution (Ser-127 to Leu) confers novobiocin resistance on four isolates of S. pneumoniae. This amino acid position is equivalent to Val-120 of Escherichia coli GyrB, a residue that lies inside the ATP-binding domain as revealed by the crystal structure of the protein.


Sound antitrust law and policy is in tension with industrial policy. Antitrust promotes consumer welfare whereas industrial policy promotes government intervention for privileged groups or industries. Unfortunately, industrial policy seems to be alive and well both within antitrust law and policy and within a broader competition policy worldwide. This Article identifies how industrial policy impacts both antitrust and competition policy. It provides examples from the United States, Europe and China of how industrial policy has been used in antitrust. However, this Article also makes a broader claim that the overt or subtle use of industrial policy in antitrust and a broader competition policy is a global phenomenon. The United States' experience teaches that industrial policy can be pushed to the margins in antitrust (and the failure to push such industrial policy to the margins produces economic inefficiencies). Further, successful competition advocacy can reduce the competitive distortions that industrial policy may have on of a broader competition policy more broadly. This Article first identifies the relationship between antitrust and industrial policy. It provides examples of industrial policy in the antitrust experiences of the United States, Europe, and China. Second, the Article explores how a lack of procedural fairness in antitrust may be abused by inefficient competitors as a way to push industrial policy goals. Third, the Article demonstrates how industrial policy hurts a broader competition policy and suggests potential competition advocacy interventions on the part of antitrust authorities to limit the anticompetitive effects of such policy. The Article concludes with the suggestion that industrial policy is in fundamental tension with promoting consumer welfare and fostering long-term economic growth and should be abandoned both explicitly and implicitly extracted from the antitrust enterprise. Further, antitrust agencies should implement more competition advocacy interventions to stop the spread of industrial policy in antitrust globally.


In producing their latest white paper, Skills for Growth (2009), the department for Business, Innovation and Skills (DBIS) (supplemented by a team drafted in from the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit) have aimed to do two things. The first is to provide an update of the original skills strategy (21st Century Skills - Realising Our Potential, DfES 2003), and to recontextualise policy within the new economic circumstances that we face. The original skills strategy was born in a time of boom, but now has to cope with a period of bust. The second is to provide a public response to a number of UK Commission on Employment and Skills (UKCES) documents and items of advice to ministers, in particular Ambition 2020: World Class Skills and Jobs in the UK (2009a) and Towards Ambition 2020: Skills, Jobs and Growth (2009b). This Issues Paper offers some initial thoughts on the white paper. There is not space to attempt to review every aspect of the document or to assess every policy recommendation. The aim is to highlight some of the most important points.


The brain of a honey bee only contains about 960 000 neurons and is 1 mm3 in size. However, it supports impressive behavioural capabilities. Honey bees are equipped with sophisticated sensory systems and have well developed learning and memory capacities whose essential mechanisms do not differ drastically from those of vertebrates. This article focuses on complex learning by honey bees. We present the basic organization of the bee brain and show that there is a fair chance of understanding complex behaviour in bees and identifying the potential neural substrates underlying such behaviour.


This thesis describes work performed for both advancing the fabrication process of fibre Bragg gratings and for a potential application for gratings inscribed by a system employing the improved methods. The aim of the discussed research is to increase the potential for fabricated grating variations whilst maintaining a grating accurate to the initial design and compensating for errors in fabrication. In addition, simulations for a system for detecting nanoparticles is sought, making use of the improvements to the fabrication setup and highlighting an example of the improved fabrication system's flexibility. As a part of the development of the fabrication system, an increase in the efficiency of grating fabrication is a desired result, primarily via the reduction of grating iterations required to produce a high quality grating. To perform this, automated control of an optical vector analyser was created, for use in a feedback process in which the grating is observed during inscription and compared to simulations for the detection of fabrication errors. This will not only increase the likeness of gratings to their design but will also assist in repeatability of inscription by the system. Other improvements to the fabrication system have also been progressed, such as the inclusion of an optional interferometer inscription head and the ability to fabricate gratings of up to one metre in length. These two discussed factors will increase the flexibility of grating designs that can be written, enabling a greater variety of grating-based research to be available from a single fabrication setup. Potential fabrication designs to demonstrate the capabilities of the system were investigated, leading to the development of a simulation for a nanoparticle detector. Observations of the transmission spectrum as nanoparticles pass through the beam path in an orthogonally aligned microchannel demonstrate alterations to the spectrum which may be used to identify the presence of nanoparticles and some select attributes. How the changes in the wavelength of a valley within the spectrum are affected by variations in parameters is overviewed as well as improvements to the simulations to further develop the accuracy to a physical detection system.


Coherent, adaptable and durable cybersecurity capacity-building requires a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of harms that can be caused by cyber-events. At the national level, the avoidance and reduction of harm is a central feature in all efforts to develop cybersecurity policy, strategy and capacity. This article offers a taxonomy of cyber harm, which enables a better understanding of how harm is manifested within and outside of cyberspace, and proposes an initial set of metrics and methods to assess cyber harm in national contexts. Based on this framework, a national Cyber Harm Model (CHM) would form the basis for a comprehensive and durable cybersecurity policy by contextualising and validating cybersecurity capacity research that has resulted in the development of the National Cybersecurity Capacity Maturity Model (CMM).


Abstract Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge currently supports the largest breeding colony of the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in North America. The first written account of the colony's status was in 1905, when approximately 500 pelicans nested on two islands in Chase Lake. The colony grew to nearly 34,000 breeding birds by 2002. Surveys of breeding pelicans in the colony were sporadic from 1905 until 1972. Because the availability of foraging areas affects recruitment, pond counts from south-central North Dakota were used as an index of the relative availability of foraging areas. Pond counts varied widely in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, pond numbers increased dramatically, reached a peak in 1997, then declined but remained relatively high through 2002. Pelican numbers also increased in the mid- to late-1990s, possibly in response to increased and stable foraging opportunities. Because rising water in Chase Lake inundated the original nesting islands during that period, pelicans were forced to relocate nesting areas. Relocation provided more nesting space than the original islands, and nesting pelicans seemed to be gradually filling these areas. Threats to the Chase Lake breeding colony include disease, predation, and human disturbance. Research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of AWPE metapopulations and their sub-units, including factors that influence nest-site selection, productivity, and survival of adults and young in large colonies.


Deep neural networks (NNs) are powerful black box predictors that have recently achieved impressive performance on a wide spectrum of tasks. Quantifying predictive uncertainty in NNs is a challenging and yet unsolved problem. Bayesian NNs, which learn a distribution over weights, are currently the state-of-the-art for estimating predictive uncertainty; however these require significant modifications to the training procedure and are computationally expensive compared to standard (non-Bayesian) NNs. We propose an alternative to Bayesian NNs that is simple to implement, readily parallelizable, requires very little hyperparameter tuning, and yields high quality predictive uncertainty estimates. Through a series of experiments on classification and regression benchmarks, we demonstrate that our method produces well-calibrated uncertainty estimates which are as good or better than approximate Bayesian NNs. To assess robustness to dataset shift, we evaluate the predictive uncertainty on test examples from known and unknown distributions, and show that our method is able to express higher uncertainty on out-of-distribution examples. We demonstrate the scalability of our method by evaluating predictive uncertainty estimates on ImageNet.


ABSTRACT
 Predicting species presence requires knowledge of detection of individuals, scale of model variables, model selection uncertainty, and spatial autocorrelation. Our objective was to incorporate recent modeling advances to predict potential habitat occupancy of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). From 15 May—15 August 2008 and 2009, we conducted repeat-visit surveys at 360 sites within Delaware to sample presence of bobwhite. We randomly selected half the data to model scale-dependent relationships of bobwhite presence with metrics of landscape- and site-scale habitat composition and configuration. The final averaged habitat-occupancy model fit the remainder testing dataset with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 0.62. At the site scale, bobwhite presence was negatively related to interspersion and juxtaposition of early successional habitat (ESH; grassland and shrubland), ESH to forest edge density, and agriculture to forest edge density, though relative effect sizes were weak to moderate after accounting for model selection uncertainty. At the landscape scale, bobwhite presence was negatively related to patch cohesion of human development within 2.5 km and positively related to patch cohesion of ESH within 2.0 km, with both variables exerting strong effects. Bobwhite presence was also weakly and positively related to percentage of shrubland habitat within 1.0 km of the sampling point. We applied our habitat occupancy model to map the predicted presence of breeding bobwhite within the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. The modeling results and distribution map will provide guidance to State and Federal private land management programs in the Mid-Atlantic to identify where habitat management efforts will be most effective. Our methodology can also serve as a basis for future habitat modeling of bobwhite and other grassland—shrubland species across their range.


Subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) notes are widely used by physicians to document clinical reasoning in assessing, diagnosing, and treating patients. SOAP notes are also used in medical coding tasks for reimbursement of insurance claims. In Indonesia, medical coders who are independent from physicians assess SOAP notes to assign diagnostic codes and medical procedure codes based on the corresponding International Classification of Diseases standards. Discrepancies between physicians who write the SOAP notes and coders who assign diagnoses and treatments, may occur. These discrepancies were assessed by performing a video-based survey to understand the coder ' s perspective, allowing the development of a writing support system to achieve unproblematic SOAP notes. This survey found that problematic SOAP notes were not caused by a single problem but by multiple problems. Abbreviations used by physicians are the major problem in assigning diagnostic codes, whereas incomplete data are the major problem in determining planning. This survey also showed that problematic SOAP notes may contain helpful keywords for coders that can help in determining diagnosis and treatment. The findings show that the system should be able to recognize separate sections of the SOAP note to provide writing support features and identify helpful keywords to encourage physicians to write unproblematic SOAP notes.


The paper organizes the topic of signs in Lev Vygotsky's various writings into a coherent whole in order to study signs' role in child development. Vygotsky related conventional signs that have their origin in interpersonal communication, and are subject to cultural history taking place over generations during historical time, to psychological functioning of individual human beings. Vygotsky's "natural history of signs" is the study of how symbolic activity appears and develops. The paper outlines the process of inclusion of symbols within the behaviour of the child and gives an account of various changes in psychological functions and their interrelations that it brings along. In cultural development specifically human forms of behaviour appear, and children's relationship to social and material environment is changed qualitatively. Vygotsky outlines the formation of sign use and analyses its developmental steps. Vygotsky's approach explains how the use of various sign systems shapes both the cognitive processes in the person, the child, and the cognitive development as a whole. Vygotsky's approach to signs is presented within the conceptual framework of its time.


AIMS
This study obtained data to inform the development of programs for prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) by examining Russian women's perceptions about the determinants of their decisions regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy; the importance of educating professionals and community about FASD; and the credibility of various sources of information.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING
Seven women's clinics in St. Petersburg and the Nizhny Novgorod region in Russia.

PARTICIPANTS
Six hundred and forty-eight pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age.

MEASURES
A face-to-face structured interview assessed demographic characteristics, pregnancy status, alcohol consumption, and level of trust in and receptivity to FASD prevention messages.

FINDINGS
The most influential contributor to women's decisions regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy was their own knowledge, followed by information from an obstetrician/gynecologist or nurse. It was most important to women that obstetrics and gynecology professionals and husbands or partners were knowledgeable about the effects of drinking during pregnancy. Physicians' recommendations and research data were regarded by the women as the most credible sources of information. There were significant variations in responses by socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol consumption levels. Younger women were more likely to report the contributions of husbands, mothers, and friends or coworkers to their decisions about alcohol consumption and indicated the importance of educating these people. Women at risk for alcohol use during pregnancy reported greater influence of husbands or partners and warning labels on containers on their alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSIONS
This study emphasizes the importance of broadly disseminating information about FASD, particularly research data, through education of health professionals and the general public in Russia. Women's socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol consumption levels should be considered in designing prevention programs.


In the winter of 1807, while Berlin was occupied by French troops, the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte presented fourteen public lectures that have long been studied as a major statement of modern nationalism. Yet Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation have also been interpreted by many as a vision of a cosmopolitan alternative to nationalism. This new edition of the Addresses is designed to make Fichte's arguments more accessible to English-speaking readers. The clear, readable, and reliable translation is accompanied by a chronology of the events surrounding Fichte's life, suggestions for further reading, and an index. The groundbreaking introductory essay situates Fichte's theory of the nation state in the history of modern political thought. It provides historians, political theorists, and other students of nationalism with a fresh perspective for considering the interface between cosmopolitanism and republicanism, patriotism and nationalism.


It is still a mystery how the solar chromosphere can stand high above the photosphere. The dominant portion of this layer must be dynamically supported, as is evident by the common occurrence of jets such as spicules and mottles in quiet regions, and fibrils and surges in active regions. Hence, revealing the driving mechanism of these chromospheric jets is crucial for our understanding of how the chromosphere itself exists. Here, we report our observational finding that fibrils in the superpenumbra of a sunspot are powered by sunspot oscillations. We find patterns of outward propagation that apparently originate from inside the sunspot, propagate like running penumbral waves, and develop into the fibrils. Redshift ridges seen in the time–distance plots of velocity often merge, forming a fork-like pattern. The predominant period of these shock waves increases, often jumping with distance, from 3 minutes to 10 minutes. This short-to-long period transition seems to result from the selective suppression of shocks by the falling material of their preceding shocks. Based on our results, we propose that the fibrils are driven by slow shock waves with long periods that are produced by the merging of shock waves with shorter periods propagating along the magnetic canopy.


Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) might develop into a viable alternative to public regulation. However, it turns on the (regulatory) circumstances whether that holds true in practice. If public regulation on CSR topics is lacking, governments are unable to agree upon certain topics on a global level or diverging public regulation exists, VSS can be helpful to set global standards. Obviously, private standards will especially be helpful if they are commensurate with local public legislation (and e.g. treaties) and/or are accepted by local governments. If one neglects this, numerous domestic structures might exist that frustrate VSS. Furthermore, governments have to remain vigilant as to whether these private regimes do not result in market disruption, consumer detriment or hamper trade. VSS might also compete with public arrangements which might limit the uptake of VSS. However, if public regulation exists VSS might be a viable alternative if compliance with not too compelling public norms by market participants is rather poor and the public policymaker is aiming to incentivize the better performing part of the market to embark on higher standards and thus only desires to regulate the less performing part of the market. However, of paramount importance is the effectiveness of VSS in order to be a viable alternative to public regulation. The effectiveness of VSS should be assessed using an integrated multi-disciplinary (comparative) approach entailing legal, impact-assessment, legitimacy, governance and behavioural aspects. Only effective VSS in the aforementioned sense are a true alternative to public regulation.Beyond that, the legal perspective in connection with (the effectiveness of) VSS is discussed, featuring FSC and UTZ Certified as an example. It is important from this perspective that VSS have a clear and sufficiently selective objective and sufficiently specific norms, are regularly evaluated, entail 'conflict of law rules' and an effective grievance mechanism, provide sufficient means for monitoring and enforcement and contribute to a more balanced risk attribution between producers and (ultimate) buyers.


Diplocyclos Palmatus biomass activated carbon (DPAC) was used in this work to remove lead (II) ion from the synthetic wastewater. The DPAC was characterized for structural, surface morphology by SEM, functional group was analyzed by FT-IR and XRD analysis. Removal of Pb2+ was studied by batch method and various experimental parameters namely effect of Pb2+ concentration, contact time, effect of temperature; pH and effect of matrix were also studied. Kinetic modelling studies showed that the adsorption of Pb2+ ion follows pseudo second order mechanism and Langmuir isotherm model was found to fit better for this study. Thermodynamic study shows a negative value for ΔG indicating the process is spontaneous. Box Behnken Design using response surface methodology as DOE was carried out in this work. RSM modelling was found to be successful in predicting the removal efficiency with R2 greater than 0.95.


BACKGROUND
The existence of an acidic extracellular pH (pHe) within solid tumours is regarded as a potential target for drug development. The indolequinone EO9 has a complex mechanism of action which includes enhanced potency under acidic pHe conditions in vitro. In order to identify compounds which have a simpler mechanism of action where activation under acidic pHe is the predominant mechanism of toxicity, this study has determined the cytotoxic properties of a series of analogues of EO9 under both physiological and acidic pHe conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
H460 human NSCLC cells were exposed to EO compounds under acidic (pH 6.04) and physiological (pH 7.24) pHe conditions for one hour and chemosensitivity assessed 4 days later using the MTT assay. For compounds of interest, DNA damage (both single strand breaks and cross links) in H460 cells was determined using the comet assay.

RESULTS
All the compounds tested were more potent under acidic pHe conditions although a broad range of enhancement ratios (defined as the IC50 at pHe 7.24/IC50 at pHe 6.04) were obtained ranging from 3.25 to 116.53. The activity of EO72 was significantly enhanced under acidic conditions and activity was associated with a pH dependent increase in DNA cross linking in H460 cells. As EO72 is a poor substrate for purified human DT-diaphorase, pHe conditions appear to be a major factor determining cell kill.

CONCLUSIONS
This study has identified several compounds whose cytotoxic properties in vitro are pHe dependent with EO72 emerging as the lead compound on the basis of the magnitude of the pH dependent chemosensitivity and the fact that it is a poor substrate for DT-diaphorase. Further studies are required to determine whether or not EO72 has suitable pharmacokinetic properties to allow it to reach regions of low pHe within solid tumours.


This is a version of a public talk by Professor Paola Bacchetta of the Department of Gender and Women's Studies at UC Berkeley, which she read at a rally that commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the Third World Strike on the same campus. The rally was part of a series of related events and it took place on the steps of Sproul Hall at UC Berkeley on January 22, 2019. The rally speakers and participants included elders from the Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) movement, current students and professors, and community members. The purpose of the rally was to bring people together to remember and honor the struggle of the TWLF and to inspire links between the past and present struggles.


We construct two simple examples that help to clarify the role of a key assumption in the analysis of price or quantity controls of greenhouse gases in the presence of uncertain costs. Traditionally much has been made of the fact that greenhouse gases are a stock pollutant, and that therefore the marginal benefit curve must be relatively flat. This fact is said to establish the preference of a price control over a quantity control. The stock pollutant argument is considered dispositive, so that the preference for price controls is categorical. We show that this argument can only be true if the uncertainty about cost is a special form: all shocks are transitory. We show that in the case of permanent shocks, the traditional comparison of marginal benefits vs. marginal costs is mis-measured. The choice between quantity and price controls becomes ambiguous again and depends upon a more difficult measurement of marginal costs and benefits. The simplicity of the examples and the solutions is a major element of the contribution here. The examples are readily accessible and the comparison of results under the alternative assumptions of transitory and permanent shocks is stark.


Financial statements are the basis for a wide range of business analysis. Managers, securities analysts, bankers, and consultants all use them to make business decisions. There is strong demand among business students for course materials that provide a framework for using financial statement data in a variety of business analysis and valuation contexts. BUSINESS ANALYSIS & VALUATION: USING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TEXT & CASES, 5E allows you to undertake financial statement analysis using a four-part framework--(1) business strategy analysis for developing an understanding of a firm's competitive strategy; (2) accounting analysis for representing the firm's business economics and strategy in its financial statements, and for developing adjusted accounting measures of performance; (3) financial analysis for ratio analysis and cash flow measures of operating; and (4) prospective analysis. Then, you'll learn how to apply these tools in a variety of decision contexts, including securities analysis, credit analysis, corporate financing policies analysis, mergers and acquisitions analysis, and governance and communication analysis. This text also offers one Harvard case per chapter as well as an entirely separate section (Section 4) for additional cases!


Marine and estuarine amphipods of soft substrates in the Delta area of the Netherlands (Crustacea: Gammaridea) Records of 22 soft bottom amphipod species in the southwestern Delta area of the Netherlands are described, with short notes on habitat and colour pattern. Of four additional species which live in soft substrates as well as on hard substrates some new ecological data are given. During our studies in the period 1990-2000 four species new to the Delta area were found: Nototropis guttatus, Siphonoecetes kroyeranus, Harpinia pectinata and Tryphosella sarsi. The first mentioned species is new to the Netherlands. One species, Synchelidium haplocheles, was recorded in the past, but was not found by us. It is hypothesized that the high number of new species for the region should be ascribed to an increased sampling intensity. An overview is given of historical and often poorly known records in predominantly 'grey literature' in other marine and estuarine areas of the Netherlands. Changes in distribution of soft bottom amphipods in the Dutch Delta area are ascribed to the infrastructural changes due to the Deltaplan. However, the changes in distribution patterns are quite radical only for a few species.


OBJECTIVE
The recently licensed vaccine for preventing cervical cancer offers a fresh opportunity for cancer control; vaccination coverage is a major determinant in its effectiveness. This article presents perceived knowledge and acceptability by parents of adolescents in Colombia regarding the HPV vaccine.

METHODS
A qualitative study was carried out in four areas of Colombia. 16 focus groups were conducted with parents selected from a sample of private and official schools; 4 focus groups were run in each region according to gender. All groups were tape-recorded for further transcription and analysis. Content was analyzed via the following steps: reading, coding, structural analysis and critical appraisal.

RESULTS
85 % of parents so contacted participated. Parents from state schools were willing for their children to be vaccinated and make an effort to pay the high cost of such vaccine. Resistance is produced by vaccinating at age 12 to prevent sexually-transmitted infection. Private school parents were more critical and expressed lower acceptability. In two areas parents considered that vaccination involved the risk of promoting promiscuity.

CONCLUSIONS
Parents' acceptability of vaccination varied according to socio-cultural and educational context. Promoting vaccination for preventing a sexually-transmitted infection amongst the parents of very young girls (<12 years) can hamper their acceptability of it; it is thus recommended that it be promoted for preventing cervical cancer and that it should be aimed at a wider age-range for vaccination.


This pilot study investigated if goal setting with curriculum-based measurement (CBM) was effective in increasing student awareness of goal knowledge and if students could set realistic daily reading goals. Nineteen 6th and 7th grade students with learning disabilities participated in a goal setting treatment group or a control group. During the intervention period, all students completed computerized CBM assessments. For pre- and posttesting, students completed measures of goal knowledge. During posttesting more students in the goal setting group were able to specifically state goals: however, students in the goal setting condition had difficulty setting realistic daily CBM goals. ********** Students with learning disabilities benefit from setting learning and behavior goals, yet they often have difficulty setting realistic goals (Graham & Harris, 1989) and accurately self-evaluating their academic skills (Stone & May, 2002). Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) may be one instrument to help students' understand their academic goals and progress. CBM refers to a systematic, standardized, reliable procedure for documenting a student's progress in reading, mathematics, spelling, or written language (Deno, 1985, Deno, 1989) Deno (2003) reported many uses of CBM such as predicting performance on important criteria, enhancing teacher instructional planning, developing norms, increasing ease of communication, screening to identify students academically at risk, recommending and evaluating inclusion and several other purposes. In the area of increasing the ease of communication, research has shown the effectiveness of CBM with assisting students to understand and accurately state reading goals (Fuchs, Deno, & Mirkin, 1984). Student goal setting appears to fit very well with CBM as CBM involves setting daily and long-term goals. Students who participate in goal setting may increase their performance (Fuchs, Fuchs, & Deno, 1985; Johnson, Graham, & Harris, 1997). Studies of goal setting and CBM have found that students have increased knowledge of goals (Fuchs, Butterworth, & Fuchs, 1989a) and respond better to self-set goals as opposed to teacher-set goals (Fuchs, Bahr, & Rieth, 1989), and respond with more effort to task-focused goals (Fuchs, Fuchs, Karnes, Hamlett, Katzaroff & Dutka, 1997a). Although CBM is an alternative assessment that has proven to be effective in monitoring students' ongoing progress in basic skills (Deno, 1985), the effects of student involvement during these assessments needs further investigation. The active involvement of students in the assessment procedure is an area that is often overlooked. Goal setting during CBM is an area that might be beneficial to students for the following reason: For students to have an understanding of their academic progress, they need to understand their reading goals and be able to work with their teachers to determine if they are making progress. Although proximal or daily student goal setting is a possible feature of CBM, CBM usually involves teachers setting end-of-year goals and connecting the student's baseline performance to the end-of-year goal. The goal line or aim line visually provides daily goals for each time the student is assessed. Students may be aware of their proximal goals by looking at their graphs; however, training students on goal setting procedures is often not part of the CBM routine. Although CBM and student goal setting appear to fit together well, few studies have examined the impact that student goal setting has on CBM performance. Fuchs, et al. (1997a) found that elementary students who were low achieving chose more challenging goals and increased their effort. This study found that only students who were low achieving without learning disabilities showed greater mathematics learning. Students with learning disabilities did not show the same increase in learning. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of goal setting with CBM on increasing students' understanding of their reading goals. …


We introduce uncertainty into Holmstrom and Milgrom (1987) to study optimal long-term contracting with learning. In a dynamic relationship, the agent's shirking not only reduces current performance but also increases the agent's information rent due to the persistent belief manipulation effect. We characterize the optimal contract using the dynamic programming technique in which information rent is the unique state variable. In the optimal contract, the optimal effort is front-loaded and decreases stochastically over time. Furthermore, the optimal contract exhibits an option-like feature in that incentives increase after good performance. Implications about managerial incentives and asset management compensations are discussed.


Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), known as drones, are tools whose use is increasing in the field of earth's surface images capture. Their applications range from precision agriculture, infrastructures monitoring to geological studies, resulting in an inexpensive alternative to the manned aerial vehicles traditionally used in photogrammetry. UAV systems can be equipped with different instruments: optical cameras, multispectral or infrared ones, that in combination with satellite localization tools with accuracy in the order of centimetres, allow to obtain different products from a single flight, products like: georeferenced mosaics, digital elevation models (DEM), outlines, 3D textures, point clouds, etc. This work describes the representation of drone's flights in web browsers using 3D globes visualization technology Cesium.js and virtual reality headset Oculus Rift. Starting from data collected in different flight campaigns, the interactive visualization is performed using telemetry data, digital elevation models, georeferenced images and mosaics. These data are processed by open source software (GDAL) and loaded and served by a geographic data server (GeoServer) through OGC web services (WMS, WFS). This representation allow users to virtually experience the flight and to visualize in an interactive way the images and the flight data captured by the onboard instruments, taking advantage of the immersive visual interface offered by Oculus Rift and the orientation of the point of view through its integrated sensors.


A system based on Raman spectroscopy has been developed for closed-loop control during the manufacture of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Spectra were obtained in the 50 to 700 cm−1 range using excitation at ∼532 nm and a fixed transmission-grating spectrograph coupled to a CCD detector. Quantitation has been achieved by linear interpolation based on the integrated intensity of phonons at 142 and 610 cm−1 due to anatase and rutile phases, respectively. The spectroscopic instrumentation has been integrated with a powder sampling system and installed on four full-scale manufacturing plants. Fiber coupling (up to 100 m) has been employed, and each spectrometer system is multiplexed to three sampling heads. Spectra are corrected for changes in sample temperature, and the systems are designed to be fully automatic and require no user intervention.


Twitter is one of the most widely used social media platforms today. It enables users to share and view short 140-character messages called "tweets". About 284 million active users generate close to 500 million tweets per day. Such rapid generation of user generated content in large magnitudes results in the problem of information overload. Users who are interested in information related to a particular domain have limited means to filter out irrelevant tweets and tend to get lost in the huge amount of data they encounter. A recent study by Singer et al. found that software developers use Twitter to stay aware of industry trends, to learn from others, and to network with other developers. However, Singer et al. also reported that developers often find Twitter streams to contain too much noise which is a barrier to the adoption of Twitter. In this paper, to help developers cope with noise, we propose a novel approach named NIRMAL, which automatically identifies software relevant tweets from a collection or stream of tweets. Our approach is based on language modeling which learns a statistical model based on a training corpus (i.e., set of documents). We make use of a subset of posts from StackOverflow, a programming question and answer site, as a training corpus to learn a language model. A corpus of tweets was then used to test the effectiveness of the trained language model. The tweets were sorted based on the rank the model assigned to each of the individual tweets. The top 200 tweets were then manually analyzed to verify whether they are software related or not, and then an accuracy score was calculated. The results show that decent accuracy scores can be achieved by various variants of NIRMAL, which indicates that NIRMAL can effectively identify software related tweets from a huge corpus of tweets.