Knowledge of how science is consumed in public domains is essential for a deeper understanding of the role of science in human society. While science is heavily supported by public funding, common depictions suggest that scientific research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This paper introduces a measurement framework to examine public good features of science, allowing us to study public uses of science, the public funding of science, and how use and funding relate. Specifically, we integrate five large-scale datasets that link scientific publications from all scientific fields to their upstream funding support and downstream public uses across three public domains – government documents, the news media, and marketplace invention. We find that the public uses of science are extremely diverse, with different public domains drawing distinctively across scientific fields. Yet amidst these differences, we find key forms of alignment in the interface between science and society. First, despite concerns that the public does not engage high-quality science, we find universal alignment, in each scientific field and public domain, between what the public consumes and what is highly impactful within science. Second, despite myriad factors underpinning the public funding of science, the resulting allocation across fields presents a striking alignment with the field's collective public use. Overall, public uses of science present a rich landscape of specialized consumption, yet collectively science and society interface with remarkable, quantifiable alignment between scientific use, public use, and funding.

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BACKGROUND
Patients with unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia (UCH) constitute a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma, because information concerning the clinical and immunological characteristics of these patients is insufficient.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate B-cell subsets in cases with UCH and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and their association with treatment requirement in UCH patients.

METHODS
The study included 41 UCH, 25 CVID, and 36 healthy individuals between the ages of 4-18 years.

RESULTS
The absolute count of total memory and switched memory B-cells were lower in the CVID cases in comparison to the control group. Additionally, the absolute count of marginal zone-like B cells in the 4-10 year age group, and the absolute count of switched plasmablasts in the 10-18 year age group were lower in CVID cases when compared to both the control and UCH groups. The UCH group was categorized based on IVIG replacement therapy. Therefore, the percentage of switched memory B cells was significantly lower in the IVIG-receiving group (10.6% ± 3.10%) compared to the control group (14.0% ± 5.60%). However, there was no significant difference between the IVIG-receiving group and the CVID group. Regarding the comparison of the non-IVIG replacement group and the CVID group, the absolute count of total memory B cells, marginal zone-like B cells, and switched memory B cells were significantly higher in the UCH group.

CONCLUSION
B-lymphocyte subsets in UCH cases that did not require IVIG replacement were similar to the control group. On the other hand, the percentage of switched memory B-cells in the UCH cases that required IVIG replacement was not different from that of the CVID cases.


A System Dynamic Model for the Integration of New Technologies for Ship Systems Pushkar H Damle System dynamics has been used to better understand the dynamics within complex natural and social systems. This understanding enables us to make decisions and define strategies that help to resolve the problematic behaviors associated within these systems. For example within an operating environment such as the US Navy, decisions taken today can have long lasting impact on system performance. The Navy has experienced large cost overruns during the new technology implementation process on ship systems that can also have an impact on total life cycle performance. The integration phase of the implementation process represents most of the cost overruns experienced in the overall new technology life cycle (development, integration, and operation/support/disposal). We have observed a general concern that there is a lack of understanding for the dynamic behavior of those processes which comprise the integration phase, among ship-builders and planners. One of the goals of our research effort has been to better understand the dynamic behavior of the new technology integration processes, using a dynamic modeling technique known as System Dynamics. Our approach has also been to provide a comprehensive knowledge elicitation process in which members from the shipbuilding industry, the US Navy, and the Virginia Tech System Performance Laboratory take part in group model building exercises. The system dynamics model that is developed in this manner is based on data obtained from the experts. An investigation of these dynamics yields a dominant cost behavior that characterizes the technology integration processes. This behavior is S-shaped growth. The following two dynamic hypotheses relative to lifecycle cost and performance of the inserted new technology were confirmed: (1) For the current structure of the model we observe the more the complexity of the new technology, the less affordable a technology becomes; (2) Integration of immature (less developed) technologies is associated with higher costs. Another interesting insight is that cost is very sensitive to the material procurement. Future research can be addressed to a more detailed level of abstraction for various activities included in the technology integration phase, such as testing and evaluation, cost of rework and risks associated with inadequate testing etc. This will add to our evolving understanding of the behavior of individual activities in the technology integration process.


With the growing use of machine translation, more and more companies are also using post-editing services to make the machine-translated output correct, precise and fully understandable. Post-editing, which is distinct from translation and revision, is still a new activity for many translators. The lack of training, clear and consistent guidelines and international standards may cause difficulties in the transition from translation to post- editing. Aiming to gain a better understanding of these difficulties, this study investigates the impact of translation experience on post-editing performance, as well as differences and similarities in post-editing behaviours and trends between two languages of the same family (French and Brazilian Portuguese). The research data were gathered by means of individual sessions in which participants remotely connected to a computer and post-edited machine-translated segments from the IT domain, while all their edits and onscreen activities were recorded via screen-recording and keylogging programs. A mixed-methods approach was employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The findings suggest that there are no clear correlations between translation experience and post-editing performance, or post-editing experience and post-editing performance. However, other aspects such as the opinion regarding machine translation seem to be predictors of post-editing performance. Our analysis enabled us to combine multiple factors in order to identify the 'best' post-editors in our participant group. Finally, similar post-editing trends were observed for both target languages, suggesting that training, guidelines and automated aids could be targeted at language groups rather than at individual languages. The insight gathered will be useful for devising future post-editing guidelines and training programmes.


In this white paper, we provide an overview of a new emerging economic sector: sustainable agricultural technology or, more simply, "AgTech." This sector has the potential to completely reshape global agriculture, dramatically increasing the productivity of the agriculture system while reducing the environmental and social costs of current ag production practices. Given that we must produce more food in the next forty years than during the entire course of human history to date, and must do so on a planet showing signs of severe environmental stress, AgTech innovations will be absolutely essential. We believe humanity can rise to the occasion and overcome these monumental global challenges, but to do so will require sustained attention, significant investment, and AgTech-specific entrepreneur support systems to help spur innovation in the field.Our purpose in writing this paper is threefold. First, we seek to increase awareness of the productivity and sustainability challenges of the food system and inspire entrepreneurs to enter the field. Total demand is expected to rise 70 percent by 2050, and current growth rates in agriculture are not sufficient to meet this goal. However, the ag sector faces an even greater challenge because of the uncertainty posed by climate change on future production and constraints posed by the limited availability of land, water, and other key resources. These twin challenges of productivity and sustainability translate to countless opportunities for innovation across the complete value chain, from inputs and agricultural production to transport, processing, distribution, storage, and waste disposal. Visionary entrepreneurs will have the ability to solve pressing societal challenges while capturing the economic value of their new AgTech products and processes.Our second purpose is to help increase the flow of capital to investments in AgTech. The agriculture sector as a whole is one of the world's largest economic sectors, with net farm income of around $120 billion and farm assets at around $2 trillion with little leverage. Yet there has been relatively little investment in AgTech compared with other industries like clean energy. Venture capital firms compiling portfolios of new AgTech companies are seeing more startups seeking funding than available capital, and other investor groups thus far have not entered the field in significant numbers. Given the size of the potential market and the vital societal need for agricultural innovation, we expect that investors soon will realize the opportunity of AgTech and invest substantially in this emerging field.Our third purpose is to highlight the need for regional AgTech entrepreneur support systems to accelerate innovation. We believe that the American heartland provides an ideal example of a region poised to make great strides forward in developing an entrepreneurial sector for AgTech. The heartland has some of the world's best growing conditions and natural resources, and currently produces 27.2 percent of the world's corn, 29.75 percent of its soybeans, 6.7 percent of its beef, and 6.9 percent of its pork, making this region an epicenter of global agricultural activity. The heartland houses some of largest and most progressive agricultural companies in the world, looked upon as leaders in their field. The heartland is blessed with highly developed transportation networks along its waterways and railroads, allowing for efficient logistics and transport of ag products. In addition, the heartland has world-class AgTech research capabilities with its land-grant universities and city-level clusters of expertise, such as plant sciences in St. Louis and animal sciences in Kansas City. Given the overall AgTech entrepreneurial activity in the region and the large number of significant multinational players, the American heartland can be a powerful influence in driving the objectives of the AgTech revolution. Taken together, these resources indicate a regional competitive advantage in AgTech, similar to what the Silicon Valley cluster has provided for the IT industry. For these reasons, we believe a concerted effort to develop a regional AgTech entrepreneurial support system will result in immense benefits for the region itself and set an example for other agricultural communities across the world.We hope this paper launches a larger dialogue on the monumental challenge of sustainable food production for the next forty years and opportunities for the AgTech sector to help solve this challenge. We look forward to hearing your thoughts and ideas on these important topics.


This practice-led PhD project consists of two sections: the first examines a breakdown of the components of film genre to be used as practical guideposts for my own creative practice as a screenwriter and (hopefully in the future) for other screenwriters; the second section contains my practical application – first acts of three screenplays that are constructed utilizing my research and subsequent assessments. Using a theoretic construct presented in the area of philosophy in the 1990s by cognitive theorist Gilles Fauconnier called 'mental space', a concept exploring a person's natural inclination to construct a comprehensible idealized cognitive model (ICM) of any given situation in order to understand his or her role in it (Fauconnier 1994:8), I examine how Fauconnier's concept can be applied to building a film narrative and specifically how it can be applied to a screenwriter's understanding and breaking down of the components of film genre. I also employ the work of scholars focused on the audience's reception, especially the reception of film genre. In the practical section of my practice-led PhD, the writing of the first acts of three screenplays that share location, similar core cast of characters and plot points but are constructed in three distinctly different film genres (western, horror, romantic comedy), I endeavor to apply elements I have termed the 'mental space of film genre' in order to determine the adjustments and changes necessary to move narrative from one genre to another in order to fulfill various genre perimeters and genre expectations. This work is meant to increase a screenwriter's technical skills in the craft of screenwriting. J.
  SELBO/March
  2012 3


When a patent infringement defendant succeeds in proving that the patent owner has misused its patent, the patent is rendered unenforceable unless and until the misuse is purged. Case law has never clearly articulated precise criteria for determining the boundaries of the misuse doctrine, however. Although the misuse doctrine overlaps to some extent with substantive antitrust law, for example, under current law not every instance of misuse is necessarily an antitrust violation, and not every patent-related antitrust violation necessarily constitutes misuse. In this paper, I identify four possible justifications for the patent misuse doctrine that, in theory, could provide guidance in identifying conduct that constitutes patent misuse. These four rationales include: (1) the optimal deterrence of substantive antitrust violations (the "optimal antitrust deterrence" rationale); (2) a broader social welfare maximization rationale (the "social welfare" rationale); (3) a narrower rationale that focuses principally on the optimal deterrence of anticompetitive conduct that lies beyond the reach of antitrust (the "beyond antitrust" rationale); and (4) a rationale that targets spurious assertions of patent rights that may not otherwise violate antitrust or unfair competition law (the "public domain" rationale). I argue that the optimal antitrust deterrence and public domain rationales provide at best only weak support for a patent misuse doctrine due to corresponding overdeterrence risks. The social welfare and beyond antitrust rationales may support a patent misuse doctrine in some discrete instances where "false negatives" risk undermining future innovation or other goals of the patent system, and the cost of "false negatives" is likely to be small; overall, however, I argue that courts should exercise caution in applying either rationale to patentee conduct that is otherwise lawful. At the end of the day, an antitrust policy that is appropriately sensitive to innovation harms, along with a more vigorous experimental use defense to infringement claims, likely would be preferable to a reinvigorated patent misuse doctrine.


Purpose With the advance of screening techniques, there is a growing number of low-risk or intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) cases, remaining a serious threat to men's health. To obtain better efficacy, a growing interest has been attracted to develop such emerging treatments as immunotherapy and focal therapy. However, few studies offer guidance on whether and how to combine these modalities against PCa. This study was designed to develop dual-functional nanoparticles (NPs) which combined photothermal therapy (PTT) with immunotherapy and determine the anti-tumor efficacy for PCa treatment. Methods By a double emulsion technique, the drug nanocarrier, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA, was applied for co-loading of a fluorescent dye, indocyanine green (ICG) and a toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist resiquimod (R848) to synthesize PLGA-ICG-R848 NPs. Next, we determined their characteristic features and evaluated whether they inhibited the cell viability in multiple PCa cell lines. After treatment with PLGA-ICG-R848, the maturation markers of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were detected by flow cytometry. By establishing a subcutaneous xenograft model of mouse PCa, we explored both the anti-tumor effect and immune response following the NPs-based laser ablation. Results With a mean diameter of 157.7 nm, PLGA-ICG-R848 exhibited no cytotoxic effect in PCa cells, but they significantly decreased RM9 cell viability to (3.9±1.0)% after laser irradiation. Moreover, PLGA-ICG-R848 promoted BMDCs maturation with the significantly elevated proportions of CD11c+CD86+ and CD11c+CD80+ cells. Following PLGA-ICG-R848-based laser ablation in vivo, the decreased bioluminescent signals indicated a significant inhibition of PCa growth, while the ratio of splenic natural killer (NK) cells in PLGA-ICG-R848 was (3.96±1.88)% compared with (0.99±0.10)% in PBS group, revealing the enhanced immune response against PCa. Conclusion The dual-functional PLGA-ICG-R848 NPs under laser irradiation exhibit the anti-tumor efficacy for PCa treatment by combining PTT with immunotherapy.


Although sport psychologists have started to examine elite disability sport, studies of comprehensive mental skill use are rare. In the current study, we examined multidimensional imagery and self-talk, as well as comprehensive mental skills (i.e., coping with adversity, goal setting, concentration, peaking under pressure, being coachable, confident, and feeling free from worry). In addition to descriptive data, we also were interested in the ability of athlete's mental skills to predict engagement (e.g., being dedicated). Fourteen elite level wheelchair rugby players from the United States participated, and results indicated that athletes employed most mental skills. We accounted for 50% of the variance in engagement with comprehensive mental skills (β = .72, p = .03) contributing the most to the regression equation, while imagery (β = -.02, p = .94) and self-talk (β = -.00, p = .99) were not significant. Athletes who reported using a host of mental skills (e.g., coping with adversity) also reported bein...


Presidential election years always bring renewed interest in politics. We've created this page to help you find the best and quickest sites for information related to the elections, candidates and voting.


We present observations of the infrared fine-structure lines of [Si II] (34.8 mum), [O I] (63.2 and 145.5 mum) and [C II] (157.7 mum) obtained with the ISO SWS and LWS spectrographs of nine Planetary Nebulae (PNe). These lines originate in the Photo-Dissociation Regions (PDRs) associated with the nebulae and provide useful information on the evolution and excitation conditions of the ejected material in these regions. In order to interpret the observations, the measured line intensities have been compared with those predicted by photo-dissociation models. This comparison has been done taking into account the C/O content in the nebulae. The densities derived with this comparison show a large scatter for some nebulae, probably because the density is higher than the critical density. Therefore, they are no longer sensitive to this parameter implying that transitions from other species with higher critical density should be used. The possible contribution of shocks to the observed emission characteristics of these PNe is briefly discussed and it is shown that the radiation field is the main driving force responsible for the atomic lines in the PNe that have been studied. In addition, data on the pure rotational lines of H-2 in three nebulae (NGC7027, NGC6302 and Hb 5) are also presented. Assuming local thermal equilibrium the rotational temperature and densities have been derived. We have derived the mass of atomic gas in the PDR associated with these PNe and compared those to ionic masses derived from H and molecular masses derived from low J CO observations. This comparison shows that for these nebulae, the PDR is the main reservoir of gas surrounding these objects. A comparison of the results of these evolved PNe with very young PNe from the literature suggests that as the nebula ages the relative amount of ionic gas increases at the expense of the atomic and molecular mass.


Topography on land and bathymetry, its underwater depth equivalent, belong to the most fundamental attributes of the solid earth's surface. Over two thirds of the earth is covered by water, with about 90% of this area lying more than 1000m below the sea surface. In contrast to the land area, most of the deep sea remains largely unexplored and to date the topography of the Moon or Mars is much better known than the bathymetry of large parts of our own planet.Deep sea ocean mapping can directly be carried out with ship-bound echo sounders or indirectly through a remote sensing method known as satellite altimetry. Modern echo sounding technology allows for high resolution mapping with unsurpassed accuracy. Due to the vastness of the oceans, however, even after decades of mapping activity, the oceans are far from completely surveyed, and the echo soundings accumulated over the time with different, meanwhile evolving technologies are of highly varying quality. Satellite altimetry, on the contrary, provides virtually complete coverage of the entire globe, although the achieved resolution and accuracy is limited. For the compilation of consistent, ocean spanning Digital Bathymetric Models (DBMs) from raw depth measurements, an appropriate data basis is therefore a heterogeneous mixture of historical and contemporary echo soundings, complemented by satellite altimetry as needed. The North Atlantic is by far the best mapped of all oceans and as such it provides an ideal area to study scientific problems related to ocean mapping and DBM compilation. The heterogeneity and size of the global bathymetric data basis require powerful solutions to handle and process both data and metadata effectively. In this work, a spatial relational database in combination with a geographical information system (GIS) form a flexible tool kit for a DBM compilation, and a data model for the storage and retrieval of both data and metadata is developed. In a case study I show the potential of the available sounding data in the North Atlantic to derive a DBM with significant improvements over the models commonly used today. Many geoscientific applications require that data sets are sampled on a regularly spaced grid, notwithstanding the fact that data acquisition often provides measurements at irregular positions and with incomplete coverage.Several methods exist for interpolating and gridding raw data to obtain gapless grids. In ocean mapping, minimum curvature bicubic splines in tension are a commonly used approach. This work presents a refined technique, multiple resolution splines in tension. The method takes the local data density into consideration during the gridding process, in order to reduce gridding artifacts mainly caused by very inhomogeneous data coverage. It is shown that multiple resolution splines in tension allow for a high maximum grid resolution, without introducing artifacts that appear with regular splines in tension interpolation at the same resolution.


The seventeenth century saw dramatic advances in mathematical theory and practice. With the recovery of many of the classical Greek mathematical texts, new techniques were introduced, and within 100 years, the rules of analytic geometry, geometry of indivisibles, arithmetic of infinites, and calculus were developed. Although many technical studies have been devoted to these innovations, Mancosu provides the first comprehensive account of the relationship between mathematical advances of the seventeenth century and the philosophy of mathematics of the period. Starting with the Renaissance debates on the certainty of mathematics, Mancosu leads the reader through the foundational issues raised by the emergence of these new mathematical techniques, including the influence of the Aristotelian conception of science in Cavalieri and Guldin, the foundational relevance of Descartes' Geometrie, the relation between geometrical and epistemological theories of the infinite, and the Leibnizian calculus and the opposition to infinitesimalist procedures. In the process Mancosu draws a sophisticated picture of the subtle dependencies between technical development and philosophical reflection in seventeenth century mathematics.


The drive for reproducibility in the computational sciences has provoked discussion and effort across a broad range of perspectives: technological, legislative/policy, education, and publishing. Discussion on these topics is not new, but the need to adopt standards for reproducibility of claims made based on computational results is now clear to researchers, publishers and policymakers alike. Many technologies exist to support and promote reproduction of computational results: containerisation tools like Docker, literate programming approaches such as Sweave, knitr, iPython or cloud environments like Amazon Web Services. But these technologies are tied to specific programming languages (e.g. Sweave/knitr to R; iPython to Python) or to platforms (e.g. Docker for 64-bit Linux environments only). To date, no single approach is able to span the broad range of technologies and platforms represented in computational biology and biotechnology.
To enable reproducibility across computational biology, we demonstrate an approach and provide a set of tools that is suitable for all computational work and is not tied to a particular programming language or platform. We present published examples from a series of papers in different areas of computational biology, spanning the major languages and technologies in the field (Python/R/MATLAB/Fortran/C/Java). Our approach produces a transparent and flexible process for replication and recomputation of results. Ultimately, its most valuable aspect is the decoupling of methods in computational biology from their implementation. Separating the 'how' (method) of a publication from the 'where' (implementation) promotes genuinely open science and benefits the scientific community as a whole.


Although machine learning techniques have been applied with remarkable success to several problems of computer perception and vision, most of these problems have been fairly simple in nature. The di culty with scaling up to more complex tasks is that inductive learning methods require a very large number of training examples in order to generalize correctly from complex sensor data. This chapter proposes an approach to overcoming this di culty, by relying on previously learned information to augment the available training data. In particular, we consider the task faced by a mobile robot learning to recognize new objects within an already-familiar environment. Because the robot has previously operated within this environment (here the corridors of a particular building), it has already had the opportunity to learn certain regularities that can be useful in subsequent learning tasks. Given a new task, such as learning to recognize the distance to the next door in the corridor, knowledge of these regularities enables the system to learn the new task more accurately from a limited quantity of new training data. We describe the Explanation-Based Neural Network (EBNN) algorithm for utilizing previously learned knowledge, and examine its performance for the mobile robot perception task of door recognition in a familiar corridor based on color vision and sonar sensor data. Experimental results indicate that EBNN is able to generalize more accurately than purely inductive methods such as Backpropagation, even when its prior knowledge is only approximately correct.


Objective The radial artery has been demonstrated to provide superior long-term patency outcomes compared with saphenous veins for selected patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Recently, endoscopic radial artery harvesting has been popularized to improve cosmetic and perioperative outcomes. However, concerns have been raised regarding the effects on long-term survival and graft patency of this relatively novel technique. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and the efficacy of endoscopic radial artery harvesting versus the conventional open approach. Methods A systematic review of the current literature was performed on five electronic databases. All comparative studies on endoscopic versus open radial artery harvesting were included for analysis. Primary endpoints included mortality and recurrent myocardial infarction. Secondary endpoints included graft patency, wound infection, hematoma formation, and paresthesia. Results Twelve studies involving 3314 patients were included for meta-analysis according to predefined selection criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in overall mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, or graft patency between the two surgical techniques. However, patients who underwent endoscopic harvesting were found to have significantly lower incidences of wound infection, hematoma formation, and paresthesia. Conclusions Current literature on endoscopic harvesting of the radial artery for coronary artery bypass graft surgery is limited by relatively short follow-up periods as well as differences in patient selection and surgical techniques. In addition, there are currently no randomized controlled trials to provide robust clinical data. However, the available evidence suggests that the endoscopic approach is associated with superior perioperative outcomes without clear evidence demonstrating compromised patency or survival outcomes.


UNTIL FAIRLY RECENTLY-and to some extent even today-our study of Greek sculpture has followed guidelines that were established in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, primarily by such pioneers as Johann Joachim Winkelmann and Adolf Furtwangler. We assumed a linear stylistic development through time, with peaks in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. followed by decline. We firmly believed in the superiority of Greek over Roman sculpture; the latter was considered imitative but helpful because it copied Greek creations by major masters now lost to us, which could then be reconstructed through discriminating analysis of these Roman replicas. And we trusted ancient literary sources, although written at a great remove in time from the persons and monuments they cited. Recently this situation has begun to change, thanks largely to historiography and to a new understanding of the Roman copies. I am fully aware that some scholars have not totally embraced such changes, or even reject them outright. I can only offer here my specific point of view and, for lack of time, ask that my word be taken for it, without thorough demonstration of each point. At the end, I shall recapitulate what I consider the most significant shifts in our thinking, but I should warn that I speak as an archaeologist, not as an art historian, although my topic concerns Greek art. When Nashville, Tennessee, is mentioned, it usually brings about thoughts of the Grand Ole Opry; to me the name recalls the Parthenon, or rather the most accurate modern replica of the Athenian temple, built in the 1920s in consultation with a member of this Society, William Bell Dinsmoor, the great historian of Greek architecture. I was his student in Greece in the 1950s and often heard him speak with pride of the accuracy of measurements in the interior of the Nashville cella, which he had designed. Some thirty years later, in the 1980s, I in turn was one of the consultants for the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos-Pheidias' gold-and-ivory masterpiece that Alan LeQuire, a local sculptor, had been commissioned to recreate. Officially displayed to the public on 20 May 1990, but still lacking its gold coating, the image could finally appear in all its luminous splendor on 5 September 2002.2 Now you might think that if the new approach to the study of Greek sculpture is to create artificial theme parks, the situation has definitely changed for the worse. Yet the Nashville Athena Parthenos has taught us a great deal. None of the great chryselephantine colossi from antiquity has survived, and it is difficult for us to visualize something at this enormous scale. Just to give an example, the much smaller Nike figure alighting on Athena's hand is considerably taller than life-size; yet from the floor it looks almost like a homing bird easily coming to rest on a human hand. It is hardly visible for detailed inspection. By contrast, the great shield, standing roughly at eye level, could and did have its many motifs sketched and reproduced in later times. An understanding of the image's visibility, greater or lesser, is only one of the acquisitions we have made through this reconstruction. Granted that no amount of research could fully recover the appearance of the Pheidian sculpture, the proportions of the base and of the statue itself, carefully worked out on the basis of ancient evidence, closely approximate the original. The tripartite composition, when completed, proved to harmonize perfectly with the surrounding colonnade and to fill the interior of the cella with a presence that is both awesome and overwhelming. It proclaims the dominance of size and especially of the exotic and rich materials-the ivory, the gold-over elements of style; indeed, Pheidias was praised for rendering the majesty of the gods, not for his personal manner. It makes us understand the fame that could accrue in antiquity to its maker, who was also the master of the Olympia Zeus and other chryselephantine statues. …


The complex molecular mechanisms that drive endothelial cell movement and the formation of new vessels are poorly understood and require further investigation. Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-anchored ephrin ligands regulate cell movements mostly by cell-cell contact, whereas the G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 and its unique SDF-1 chemokine ligand regulate cell movement mostly through soluble gradients. By using biochemical and functional approaches, we investigated how ephrinB and SDF-1 orchestrate endothelial cell movement and morphogenesis into capillary-like structures. We describe how endogenous EphB2 and EphB4 signaling are required for the formation of extracellular matrix-dependent capillary-like structures in primary human endothelial cells. We further demonstrate that EphB2 and EphB4 activation enhance SDF-1-induced signaling and chemotaxis that are also required for extracellular matrix-dependent endothelial cell clustering. These results support a model in which SDF-1 gradients first promote endothelial cell clustering and then EphB2 and EphB4 critically contribute to subsequent cell movement and alignment into cord-like structures. This study reveals a requirement for endogenous Eph signaling in endothelial cell morphogenic processes, uncovers a novel link between EphB forward signaling and SDF-1-induced signaling, and demonstrates a mechanism for cooperative regulation of endothelial cell movement.


Restorative justice for adults in New Zealand has made a cautious start, although crimes of gendered violence are typically excluded. The findings reported in this article draw on interviews of adult survivors of child sexual abuse (eighteen women and three men), asking them to describe their experiences with the abuse and its impact, and to suggest changes to the criminal justice system, which would provide them with a sense of justice. Although the survivors spoke of justice in ways that reflected the goals of restorative justice, they were reluctant to endorse restorative justice as a paradigm within which they would pursue justice.


Cancer mostly affects older adults. Despite the increased incidence of cancer among older adults, they are underrepresented in oncology clinical trials. Such trials can provide patients with early access to promising interventions. Clinical trials are changing the future of cancer treatments. This article provides advanced practitioners in oncology an understanding of potential barriers to enrollment of older adults in oncology clinical trials. This article also summarizes the literature comparing tolerance, toxicity, and clinical benefit in the elderly compared with the nonelderly. Enrollment of elderly patients is essential. It is therefore important to create strategies to increase their enrollment. Advanced practitioners, along with other members of the health-care team, play an important role to advocate for elderly patients in phase I clinical trials.


This practical resource for teacher trainers and teachers of English and other languages provides task material for training seminars and development groups. The topics are wide-ranging - from the nature and processes of language learning to specific materials and techniques for use by teachers. The tasks are designed to stimulate meaningful discussion of issues related to language teaching and learning. It contains 40 tasks, of two types. The 'Discussion Tasks' are designed to allow users to examine general principles and issues in the context of their specific teaching circumstances, and to exchange ideas. The 'Classroom-based Tasks' provide users with a practical framework for small-scale classroom research - testing out ideas, assumptions and hypotheses in the context of their own classes and learners. In course situations where it is not possible for each participant to have a copy, the trainer may photocopy relevant pages for use by the participants.


Several models have been proposed to explain periodic eruptions of geysers. In essence, the models all use two principally different types of geyser plumbing confi gurations, dealing with two different physical mechanisms. Here we present data on direct video observations of interior conduit systems for four erupting geysers in Geyser Valley, Kamchatka, Russia. The video footage reveals highly contorted water-fi lled conduits that periodically discharge voluminous parcels of steam bubbles during eruptions. These observations do not favor the models that use the most popular long vertical conduit type of plumbing, where eruptions are caused by sudden fl ashing of superheated water into steam. In contrast, our data fi t the models using the less-explored type of plumbing, where pressurized steam gradually accumulates in an underground cavity (bubble trap) and periodically erupts through a water-fi lled, highly contorted conduit with the confi guration of an inverted siphon. Hydrodynamic calculations show that such a plumbing confi guration produces periodic eruptions when the volume of the bubble trap exceeds the volume of the conduit connecting it to the ground surface. Conduits of the studied geysers were developed from erosion by ascending geothermal water in landslide deposits; chaotic internal structures of the deposits facilitated the formation of conduit systems with highly contorted confi gurations of the bubble trap type. We suggest that geyser fi elds are rare on Earth because they require the combination of hydrothermal discharge and geological formations having specifi c mechanical properties and structures (that facilitate the generation of highly contorted conduits).


This study revisits the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis in reference to the
 deficit-spending dynamics of Turkey in the period 1924 to 2008, during which
 the government was expanding along with the developing national economy and
 democracy. The empirical analysis of the hypothesis is based on the
 autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration, which is not only
 quite new in the literature on the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis but also
 superior to other single-equation cointegration approaches. The prevailing
 empirics for the Buchanan-Wagner hypothesis reveal deficiencies in several
 respects, as they ignore the mixed orders of integration in regressors, the
 endogeneity of regressors, and the encompassing dynamic structure in the
 short and long runs. Within this context, the findings of this study imply
 the validity of the hypothesis for Turkey, providing empirical evidence on
 the premise that budget deficits financed by nontax sources are the main
 driving force behind the continuously increasing public spending in Turkey.
 This evidence is argued to be a reflection of the fact that the perceived
 tax price of public goods and services decreases with debtfinanced budget
 deficits over time.


Abstract. Over thousands to millions of years, the landscape evolution is predicted by models based on fluxes of eroded, transported and deposited material. The laws describing these fluxes, corresponding to averages over many years, are difficult to prove with the available data. On the other hand, sediment dynamics are often tackled by studying the distribution of certain grain properties in the field (e.g. heavy metals, detrital zircons, 10Be in gravel, magnetic tracers). There is a gap between landscape evolution models based on fluxes and these field data on individual clasts, which prevent the latter from being used to calibrate the former. Here we propose an algorithm coupling the landscape evolution with mobile clasts. Our landscape evolution model predicts local erosion, deposition and transfer fluxes resulting from hillslope and river processes. Clasts of any size are initially spread in the basement and are detached, moved and deposited according to probabilities using these fluxes. Several river and hillslope laws are studied. Although the resulting mean transport rate of the clasts does not depend on the time step or the model cell size, our approach is limited by the fact that their scattering rate is cell-size-dependent. Nevertheless, both their mean transport rate and the shape of the scattering-time curves fit the predictions. Different erosion–transport laws generate different clast movements. These differences show that studying the tracers in the field may provide a way to establish these laws on the hillslopes and in the rivers. Possible applications include the interpretation of cosmogenic nuclides in individual gravel deposits, provenance analyses, placers, sediment coarsening or fining, the relationship between magnetic tracers in rivers and the river planform, and the tracing of weathered sediment.


Nano-imprint lithography (NIL) is a processing technique capable of transferring nano-scale patterns onto a thin film of thermoplastics such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Feature sizes down to 10 nm have been demonstrated to be made possible using this process. In NIL, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the flow of resin to ensure complete transfer of the pattern. Due to the size of the pattern, experimental observation may be very difficult, if not totally impossible. In this study, a numerical simulation tool to calculate the two dimensional resin flows and heat transfer during NIL has been developed. The code is based on the continuum hypothesis with some modifycation to accommodate the size effect, such as slip along the boundary. In order to fully account for the surface tension effect, which may play a dominant role, a moving grid system is adopted. Numerical simulations have been performed for different sets of process parameters. Parametric study shows that the surface tension effect indeed is a dominant factor. With change in the values of the surface tension as well as the contact angle, filling patterns and the resulting free surface become different.


Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the velocity and turbulence characteristics in flows through rigid vegetation. The vegetation was simulated by an array of acrylic dowels mounted to the bed of a recirculating hydraulic flume. Velocity measurements were taken in both the longitudinal and vertical directions using a onedimensional laser doppler velocimeter (LDV). Experiments were conducted under partially submerged, fully submerged and double layer flow conditions. The term double layer flow is used to describe flows that contain two different heights of vegetation. In each experiment, velocity and turbulence intensity profiles were taken at several different locations within the array. Additional experiments were conducted to examine how bed and vegetative skin roughness influence the velocity and turbulence characteristics. Belt sander strips were glued to the bed of the flume to simulate bed roughness and adhesive sandpaper was attached to the dowels to simulate vegetative skin roughness. Finally, experiments were conducted to study sediment transport and deposition in flows containing vegetation.


A global magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation is used to study the large-scale structure and formation location of flux transfer events (FTEs) in synergy with in situ spacecraft and ground-based observations. During the main period of interest on the 14 February 2001 from 0930 to 1100 UT the Cluster spacecraft were approaching the Northern Hemisphere high-latitude magnetopause in the postnoon sector on an outbound trajectory. Throughout this period the magnetic field, electron, and ion sensors on board Cluster observed characteristic signatures of FTEs. A few minutes delayed to these observations the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) system indicated flow disturbances in the conjugate ionospheres. These "two-point" observations on the ground and in space were closely correlated and were caused by ongoing unsteady reconnection in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The three-dimensional structures and dynamics of the observed FTEs and the associated reconnection sites are studied by using the Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme (BATS-R-US) MHD code in combination with a simple open flux tube motion model (Cooling). Using these two models the spatial and temporal evolution of the FTEs is estimated. The models fill the gaps left by measurements and allow a "point-to-point" mapping between the instruments in order to investigate the global structure of the phenomenon. The modeled results presented are in good correlation with previous theoretical and observational studies addressing individual features of FTEs.


In this paper we introduce a new class H(φ, α, β) of analytic functions which is defined by means of a Hadamard product (or convolution) of two suitably normalized analytic functions. Several properties like, the coefficient bounds, growth and distortion theorems, radii of starlikeness, convexity and close-to-convexity are investigated. We further consider a subordination theorem, certain boundedness properties associated with partial sums, an integral transform of a certain class of functions, and some integral means inequalities. Several interesting consequnces of our main results are also pointed out.


This article describes pilot experiments performed as one part of a longterm project examining the possibilities for using versification analysis to determine the authorships of poetic texts. Since we are addressing this article to both stylometry experts and experts in the study of verse, we first introduce in detail the common classifiers used in contemporary stylometry (Burrows' Delta, Argamon's Quadratic Delta, Smith-Aldridge's Cosine Delta, and the Support Vector Machine) and explain how they work via graphic examples. We then provide an evaluation of these classifiers' performance when used with the versification features found in Czech, German, Spanish, and English poetry. We conclude that versification is a reasonable stylometric marker, the strength of which is comparable to the other markers traditionally used in stylometry (such as the frequencies of the most frequent words and the frequencies of the most frequent character n-grams).


The European Union (EU) was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 but its origins date back, in an unbroken line of institutional continuity, first to the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952 and second to the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as well as the European Economic Community (EEC), both established in 1958. There is no doubt that in the overall process of European integration, understood as referring to the organisation of the common life of all citizens and all peoples inhabiting the European continent, the European Union, in both method and purpose, sharply distinguishes itself from all the previous, imperialist, belligerent, bloody, and, most of all, failed attempts of uniting Europe.Notwithstanding the European Union's overall success in a vast area of fields, support for its existence and work is still met with a strong sense of ambivalence. Such ambivalence is characterised by a great uncertainty over its finalite, i.e. both its purpose and end, which is expressed in a strong indecisiveness as to which path to follow. In this regard, it is suggested here, that this ambivalence is caused by the dynamic dialectic underlying its creation and functioning which – when coupled with a growing complexity of the legislative and administrative procedures that characterise our present epoch – is still causing serious troubles to the minds of people. Such troubles find their expression in an often disharmonious, divided, and even polarised discussion of EU affairs which is most of the times dominated by polemics based on misconceptions and a lack of reliable information rather than a constructive common public debate.This article intends to provide a concise overview of selected stages of the process of European integration beginning with the second half of the 20th century and extending to the development of the main legal foundations as well as institutions of what today forms the "European Union". By focusing on some of the most imminent challenges that presently threaten the prosperous future of the European Union, this article marks also an attempt to dig deeper into the underlying considerations and perhaps bring some of its original spirit to the fore. It tries to ponder on the cause of the problems and reflects on the question whether this ambivalence is the source of a slow down of the smooth development of European integration or instead forms the basis for its sustainable and democratic development?


Procalcitonin (PCT) is well established as a highly specific biomarker for the detection of bacterial infections and sepsis. However, the currently available diagnostic tests are not able to detect very low or very early increases of PCT or even baseline levels in healthy individuals or patients with non-bacterial infections. In order to be able to detect these very low concentrations of PCT, a sandwich immunoassay was developed using high sensitivity Single Molecule Array technology (Simoa). The assay was thoroughly validated and applied to analyze human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from patients with bacterial or viral meningitis as well as CSF, serum, and K2 EDTA plasma from healthy control subjects. A 50-fold increase in sensitivity compared to the current gold standard assays was achieved, which was sensitive enough for the detection of baseline PCT levels. Both serum and CSF showed significantly elevated PCT levels in patients with bacterial meningitis compared to patients with viral meningitis and the healthy control group. Procalcitonin concentration levels for patients with viral meningitis and the control group could be measured, but were not significantly different. The determination of PCT in the low pg·mL−1 range could help to improve the monitoring of bacterial infectious diseases, as PCT level changes could be detected earlier.


Despite the wealth of talent and rich cultural heritage that exists in Sub-Saharan Africa across the whole range of cultural activities, the majority of African nations remain largely marginal players in the cultural industries sector. Large-scale cultural enterprises are few and far between, and a large number of microenterprises operate alongside SMEs, often occupying the lower ends of the value chain and fail to attain economic viability. Numerous studies have stated the importance of the craft sector in employment and wealth creation but new research is needed to evaluate the impact of skills enhancement and enterprise development on social cohesion, community development, local identity and capacity building in the broadest sense. The available statistics focus primarily on the production and consumption of cultural goods that can be priced in the market. This perspective under-represents or completely excludes many of the cultural and social benefits. In fact the data may be said at present to be as much a process of discounting as of counting. How does the design and development of cultural enterprise promote healthier, more productive and satisfying lifestyles? The twentieth century transformed the entire planet from a finite world of certainties to an infinite world of questioning and doubt. Today it is even more necessary to cultivate connections and inter-disciplinary partnerships, for in our climate of rapid change, individuals, communities and societies can adapt to the new and transform their reality only through creative imagination and initiatives. The challenge lies in evolving a 'bottom-up' approach in which the objectives of the enterprise are framed through dialogue rather than unilateral, technocratic prescriptions from development agencies. Projects that do not take into account sufficiently the 'human factor' have a great chance of failing. Cultural enterprises stand at the crossroads between a subsidy-dependent sector and an economic sector. What are the keys to building the sustainability of these enterprises and optimizing both their economic and social benefits? This paper attempts to provide some answers to this question by examining the constraints faced, and the choices made by cultural entrepreneurs and the role played by the international community in shaping design education and craft enterprise in East and South Africa from the following perspectives: · the tension between skills acquired in the differing educational systems, cultural and physical environments and the 'euro-centric' educational model; · the impact and legacy of external expertise, technological aid and financial support · transforming welfare projects to viable enterprises · the centrality of building viable partnerships; · the symbiotic relationship between social, cultural and economic advancement of both the individual and the wider community.


A century ago, the Supreme Court decided United States v. Winans, which upheld the Indian treaty right to cross private property to access traditional fishing grounds in the Columbia River. The Winans decision, a landmark in Indian treaty interpretation, protected critically important cultural and economic practices from white encroachment, a surprising result in an era committed to Indian assimilation and allotment. This article examines the case, its context, its participants, and its contributions to Indian natural resources law. The dispute took place at Celilo Falls, the most important Indian fishing site in the Columbia Basin, although the government agents and attorneys viewed it as a test case, emblematic of the clash of cultures taking place throughout the Northwest at the end of the 19th century. In fact, the article considers in some depth two predecessor cases involving the same tract of land at issue in Winans and suggests that the Indian agents who pursued the case did so because they saw treaty fishing as an economic lifeline for Indians who had failed at agrarianism on-reservation. The district court issued a confusing array of injunctions and opinions that ultimately culminated in dismissal of the case some eight years after it was filed. A direct appeal to the Supreme Court produced an opinion memorable almost as much for its poetic language as for its result. Justice Joseph McKenna, not otherwise known for his lyricism, wrote that fishing at Celilo Falls was not much less necessary to the Indians than the atmosphere they breathed and proceeded to rule that their treaty rights included the imposition of a servitude, a right in land necessary to access their traditional fishing sites. In response to the lower court's conclusion that the treaty language recognizing a tribal right of taking fish in common with settlers meant only equality of treatment, McKenna averred that such a result was certainly an impotent outcome to negotiations and a convention, which seemed to promise more and give the word of the Nation for more. The decision's lodestar status is not merely due to its language, however. It established the reserved rights doctrine, which holds that Indian treaties are not a grant of rights to the Indians but a grant of rights from them - a reservation of rights not granted. Over the last century, the reserved rights doctrine has been immensely important in recognizing tribal proprietary rights to natural resources and in recognizing tribal sovereignty. Winans also reaffirmed the rule that Indian treaties should be interpreted as the Indians, the weaker party, would have understood, and rejected claims that state ownership of the riverbed foreclosed federally created treaty rights. Both of these principles endure. Finally, the case recognized treaty fishing rights as property rights that would run against not only the federal government but also the state and private parties, a precedent that some recent lower court decisions seem to have overlooked.


The purpose of the essay will be to discuss an ethical resource allocation decision support tool the author of this essay helped design for use by United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care administrators. This will include discussions of the process of the tool's purpose and design, related business ethics and management literature, and ways in which the tool was improved through multiple revision cycles based on user feedback and the management literature. As civil servants, VA health care administrators are fiduciaries of public funds and are accountable to the public for their disposition of those funds and other public resources. They are obligated to allocate the limited resources provided to them from tax revenues as effectively and efficiently as possible and in accordance with public wishes. The success of VA in allocating its limited resources also has significant public health relevance. Public health, as broadly defined by the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine, is "what we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy." Given that VA is publicly funded and government-run, its public health actions are our actions as a society. Focusing primarily on a specific but large population, viz., military Veterans and their immediate families, VA engages directly in many various activities that ensure people can be healthy and that help them return to health when they become unhealthy. These activities include a full range of direct health care services, population-level infectious disease management, epidemiological research, and health and wellness promotion.


We report the discovery of five transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit in close orbits around main sequence stars originally identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) as TESS objects of interest (TOIs): TOI-148, TOI-587, TOI-681, TOI-746, and TOI-1213. Using TESS and ground-based photometry as well as radial velocities from the CORALIE, CHIRON, TRES, and FEROS spectrographs, we found the companions have orbital periods between 4.8 and 27.2 days, masses between 77 and 98 MJup , and radii between 0.81 and 1.66 RJup . These targets have masses near the uncertain lower limit of hydrogen core fusion (~73-96 MJup ), which separates brown dwarfs and low-mass stars. We constrained young ages for TOI-587 (0.2 ± 0.1 Gyr) and TOI-681 (0.17 ± 0.03 Gyr) and found them to have relatively larger radii compared to other transiting companions of a similar mass. Conversely we estimated older ages for TOI-148 and TOI-746 and found them to have relatively smaller companion radii. With an effective temperature of 9800 ± 200 K, TOI-587 is the hottest known main-sequence star to host a transiting brown dwarf or very low-mass star. We found evidence of spin-orbit synchronization for TOI-148 and TOI-746 as well as tidal circularization for TOI-148. These companions add to the population of brown dwarfs and very low-mass stars with well measured parameters ideal to test formation models of these rare objects, the origin of the brown dwarf desert, and the distinction between brown dwarfs and hydrogen-burning main sequence stars.


Background : The goal of antenatal care (ANC) is to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Fewer ANC visits in focused antenatal care (FANC) model can affect maternal and perinatal outcomes in low income settings where the number ANC visits are often low. Objective : To determine the number of ANC visits and their influence on maternal and perinatal outcomes at a rural Kenyan hospital. Study design : Retrospective cohort. Study population : Women who received ANC and were admitted at Longisa District Hospital postnatal ward after delivery at or above 28 weeks gestation. Study site : Postnatal ward, Longisa District Hospital, Bomet County, Kenya. Results : Between 1st July and 31st August 2014, 200 (83%) of the screened postpartum (n=241) women were found to be eligible. Majority (n=122, 61.0%) of the women received less than 4 ANC visits. Most women were: married (83.5%), housewives (65.5%), and had: parity of 2 to 4 (50.5%); primary education (66.5%); live births (93.0%); spontaneous vertex delivery (82.5%); spontaneous onset of labour (n=192, 96.0%) and no complication at or post-partum (n=175, 87.5%). Majority of the neonates had 5 minute APGAR score >7 (88.0%); and were with their mothers after 24 hours postpartum (81.5%). High parity (≥5) was associated with reduced frequency of ANC visits (OR=0.29, 95% CI 0.1-0.87, p=0.027). Early perinatal and maternal outcomes were not significantly associated with the number of ANC visits. Conclusion : In this rural Kenyan hospital, few women had 4 or more ANC visits. Parity of 5 or greater was significantly associated with fewer than 4 ANC visits. Early perinatal and maternal outcomes did not vary with the number of visits. Quality rather than number of ANC visits should be evaluated as a measure of ANC.


Standard mass-production is a well-known manufac- turing concept. To make small quantities or even single items of a product according to user specifications at an affordable price, alternative agile production paradigms should be investigated and developed. The system presented in this paper is based on a grid of cheap reconfigurable production units, called equiplets. A grid of these equiplets is capable to produce a variety of different products in parallel at an affordable price. The underlying agent-based software for this system is responsible for the agile manufacturing. An important aspect of this type of manufacturing is the transport of the products along the available equiplets. This transport of the products from equiplet to equiplet is quite different from standard production. Every product can have its own unique path along the equiplets. In this paper several topologies are discussed and investigated. Also, the planning and scheduling in relation to the transport constraints is subject of this study. Some possibilities of realization are discussed and simulations are used to generate results with the focus on efficiency and usability for different topologies and layouts of the grid and its internal transport system.


Modern Enlightenment based constitutionalism accords secularism a privileged position: by remaining secular, the public sphere should warrant neutrality among religions and among the latter and non-religious ideologies in order to provide an optimal setting for the realization of freedom of religion as well as of freedom from religion. In recent decades, however, this institutional secularism has come under intense attack from a number of different quarters intent on dislodging it from its constitutional pedestal. These attacks have targeted secularism's claim to neutrality from religious as well as non-religious perspectives. So long as secularism is the target and as its constitutionally privileged place is perceived as not fully eliminated, it can easily be portrayed as benefitting from an unfair advantage in the clash of ideologies. But what if secularism lost all priority, preference or advantage in the constitutional firmament? In that case, should secularism stand on an equal footing with religion? Or should it be cast as the irreligious or anti-religious in a struggle against religion? Or else, should secularism reemerge as primus inter pares or, on the contrary, as subordinate among all existing competing conceptions of the good? In this Chapter, I explore the case for "ideological" secularism as one of many conceptions of the good competing against others in a post-secular constitutional polity. Adopting a pluralist perspective, I conclude that under current circumstances ideological secularism is easier to defend than institutional secularism.


This letter focuses on SEC interpretations of Rule 14a-8(i)(10). The provision allows issuers to exclude shareholder proposals that have been "substantially implemented." This has traditionally been used to allow for the exclusion of proposals rendered "moot" by the company's actions. Companies, however, need not implement the shareholder proposal "exactly." As a result, the staff is often asked to determine whether changes made by the company are substantial. The comment letter discusses positions taken by the staff where the company adopts a proposal asking that shareholders with a specified percentage of shares have the right to call a special meeting but limits eligible shares to those held for a specified period of time.


The Jordanian National Water Master Plan (2004) stipulates water demand management (WDM) as one of the central strategies in achieving a more efficient and cost-effective water use. A new study under the funding mechanism of a regional program, led by the French Development Agency, reviewed and analyzed the situation in different sectors of water consumption, updated information on water values and applied economic assessment approaches to selected cases of ongoing WDM activities. The findings provide the basis for analysis and consistency checks of scenarios, which were developed in workshops with experts from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Water Authority of Jordan, the Jordan Valley Water Authority and the Water and Environmental Research and Study Center of the University of Jordan. A core outcome of this study will be a policy brief for wider dissemination to stakeholders and decision makers in Jordan and other Mediterranean countries.


We describe the 2020 edition of the DeepMind Kinetics human action dataset, which replenishes and extends the Kinetics-700 dataset. In this new version, there are at least 700 video clips from different YouTube videos for each of the 700 classes. This paper details the changes introduced for this new release of the dataset and includes a comprehensive set of statistics as well as baseline results using the I3D network.


Cooperative wireless networking, which is promising in improving the system operation efficiency and reliability by acquiring more accurate and timely information, has attracted considerable attentions to support many services in practice. However, the problem of secure cooperative communication has not been well investigated yet. In this paper, we exploit physical layer security to provide secure cooperative communication for wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) where involve multiple source-destination pairs and malicious eavesdroppers. By characterizing the security performance of the system by secrecy capacity, we study the secrecy capacity optimization problem in which security enhancement is achieved via cooperative relaying and cooperative jamming. Specifically, we propose a system model where a set of relay nodes can be exploited by multiple source-destination pairs to achieve physical layer security. We theoretically present a corresponding formulation for the relay assignment problem and develop an optimal algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. To further increase the system secrecy capacity, we exploit the cooperative jamming technique and propose a smart jamming algorithm to interfere the eavesdropping channels. Through extensive experiments, we validate that our proposed algorithms significantly increase the system secrecy capacity under various network settings.


An adaptive principal component analysis applied to sets of data provided by global analytical methods (UV-visible spectra, buffer capacity curves, respirometric tests) is proposed as a generic procedure for on-line and fast characterization of wastewater. The data-mining procedure is able to deal with a large amount of information, takes into account the normal variations of wastewater composition related to human activity, and enables a rapid detection of abnormal situations such as the presence of toxic substances by comparison of the actual wastewater state with a continuously updated reference. The procedure has been validated on municipal wastewater.


Increasingly popular tailored regulation (TR) initiatives like EPA's Project XL allow plants to voluntarily substitute site-specific environmental performance standards for command-and-control regulations that dictate pollution abatement strategies. TR can significantly reduce participants' costs of complying with environmental regulations. But in doing so, it can also provide participants with a competitive advantage. We show that this can have undesirable welfare consequences when it enables relatively inefficient firms in oligopolistic markets to "steal" market share from more efficient firms. One critical determinant of whether or not TR has such adverse welfare impacts is the regulator's policy regarding the diffusion of TR agreements among non-participating firms.


The Palestinian conflict has existed for generations. It has been characterised by conventional wars but also with guerrilla warfare by the Palestinians who feel that their fire power is not comparable with the Israelis. This guerrilla war has taken many forms. Often the aim is to disrupt Israeli activity rather defeat them in an asymmetrical conflict. One such tactic has been suicide terrorism. Whilst recognising that there are profound and complex political issues that underpin suicide attacks there still remain important questions about who undertakes such attacks and what are their characteristics.

Within their social context suicide bombers are referred to as 'martyrs' (in Arabic Shaheed), yet despite this acclaim from their community there are still three psychological issues that it is fruitful to explore. One is whether they have any particular personality characteristics that relates to their activity and thus may make them more vulnerable to the pressures to act. A second, within the Muslim context of their actions is whether there is some aspect of religiousness that makes them particularly open to martyrdom. A third is the issue of the kind of family relationships that are conducive to a person deciding whether to undertake a suicide terrorist operation.

It is extremely difficult to study the characteristics of suicide terrorists in any theatre of war and the Palestinian conflict has its own particular challenges. However, through the development of careful relationships it was possible to oversee interviews conducted in the West Bank, Palestine among 24 families. From each family a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 3 members completed interviews and questionnaires about a member of their family and their family relationships. 12 Palestinian Shaheed families participated. Members from these families went on suicide operations in the first or second Intifada during the early 90s and 2000s respectively. The other 12 families constituted the comparison group, as they did not have a Shaheed in their family. Religiosity, personality and family relationships were studied in both groups using a tailor- made questionnaire specifically drawn up for this study, adapted versions of the Muslim Attitude towards Religiosity Scale (MARS), the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation-Behaviour (FIRO-B) and the Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS). The BFRS indicated that at least in the Palestinian context and in the time period of the first and second intifada Shaheeds came from families with a lot of cohesion. Members pertaining to these families were able to express themselves and their opinions. These families were lower than the comparison families as regards to expressing anger. Perhaps unexpectedly they were peaceful families. It was also found that Shaheeds were perceived by their families to be lower on Received Control on the FIRO-B and higher on Religiosity by the MARS than the non-Shaheeds in the comparison families. The FIRO-B also indicated that Shaheeds were perceived to be both high on Received Inclusion and Expressed Inclusion.

Case studies of a selection of individuals and their families helped to elaborate the results from the comparison of the results of the questionnaire study. These demonstrate that within the Palestinian culture that sees itself as under a harsh occupation many families could accept that one of their members could become a Shaheed. However, those families who are particularly open to discussion and religious may be more likely to implicitly or explicitly support one of their members to make the ultimate sacrifice for their cause.

This study intended to put forward a list of indicators whereby families at risk of having a member contemplating to commit an act of suicide bombing belonging to a society similar to the Palestinian society would be able to realise that a member is at risk of committing such a suicidal attack. Individuals undertaking suicide operations seem to be high on Received Inclusion on the FIRO-B, this means that these people are quite popular hence they should be encouraged to go into politics in order to bring change in socially acceptable manners. This coupled with the fact that Shaheeds were also found on the FIRO-B to appreciate Expressed Inclusion, wanting to be popular does help a person who decides to go into politics. The fact that Shaheed families are very strong in cohesion, expression of opinion in the family, and low on anger may be conducive so that family members will be knowledgeable of the wishes or intentions passing through the other member's mind. Similarly to prior acts of suicide being committed, during certain political scenarios words and other parlance relating to suicide operations should not be ignored. However, the fact that Shaheeds seem to be low as regards to Received Control on the FIRO-B means that they may be convinced that the only way a change can be brought about is by a suicide operation. In addition to this it may be difficult to change their cognitive patterns especially due to the fact that this is coupled with a strong element of religiosity, hence the individual may see his suicide operation as a vocation or as wanted by a higher entity since Allah hu Akbar (God is Great). This research project pinpoints factors and possibly proposes intervention strategies that will help families of Shaheeds to channel the energy and will of the members to commit a suicidal operation into another act leading towards alternate behaviour that is less destructive but nonetheless will help his/her aggravated community with much less destruction albeit with great might.


We study the rich globular cluster (GC) system in the center of the massive cluster of galaxies Abell 1689 (z = 0.18), one of the most powerful gravitational lenses known. With 28 Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys orbits in the F814W bandpass, we reach a magnitude I814 = 29 with ≳90% completeness and sample the brightest ∼5% of the GC system. Assuming the well-known Gaussian form of the GC luminosity function (GCLF), we estimate a total population of GCs within a projected radius of 400 kpc. As many as half of the GCs may comprise an intracluster component. Even with the sizable uncertainties, which mainly result from the uncertain GCLF parameters, this system is by far the largest GC population studied to date. The specific frequency SN is high, but not uncommon for central galaxies in massive clusters, rising from SN ≈ 5 near the center to ∼12 at large radii. Passive galaxy fading would increase SN by ∼20% at z = 0. We construct the radial mass profiles of the GCs, stars, intracluster gas, and lensing-derived total mass, and we compare the mass fractions as a function of radius. The estimated mass in GCs, = 3.9 × 1010 M☉, is comparable to ∼80% of the total stellar mass of the Milky Way. The shape of the GC mass profile appears intermediate between those of the stellar light and total cluster mass. Despite the extreme nature of this system, the ratios of the GC mass to the baryonic and total masses, and thus the GC formation efficiency, are typical of those in other rich clusters when comparing at the same physical radii. The GC formation efficiency is not constant, but varies with radius, in a manner that appears similar for different clusters; we speculate on the reasons for this similarity in profile.


Students' reasoning regarding the relationships among electric flelds, forces, and equipotential line patterns was explored using pre- and post-test responses to selected multiple-choice questions on the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism. Students' written explanations of their reasoning, provided both pre- and post-instruction, allowed additional assessment of the changes in their thinking. The data indicate that although students largely abandon an initial tendency to associate stronger flelds with wider equipotential line spacing, many of them persist in incorrectly associating electric fleld magnitude at a point with the electric potential at that point. Analysis of the data also illustrated that the accuracy of speciflc multiple-choice responses in re∞ecting student thinking can be strongly time dependent. In our sample, a strong and consistent pattern of correct answers on a speciflc question (administered before instruction) was demonstrated to provide a highly misleading impression of students' understanding.


The evolution of geologic structures along active faults is influenced by crustal deformation associated with several repetitions of the earthquake cycle, in addition to surficial processes accompanying geologic time. This study focuses on the Sultandagi-Aksehir Fault (SAF), which bounds the Aksehir-Afyon graben and the Sultan Dag range, in southwestern Turkey. During the past decade, a sequence of moderate-size earthquakes occurred along the SAF, including a Mw 6.0 earthquake (December 15, 2000) and a Mw 6.5 earthquake (February 3, 2002). This study investigates the 2000-2002 earthquakes with respect to coulomb stress migration and the implications of the same in terms of stress changes on adjacent fault segments. To address the objectives of the study, maps of co-seismic surface displacements were produced using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR). Elastic dislocation models were used to estimate faulting parameters from the co-seismic displacement maps. The fault models were then used to estimate static coulomb stress changes resulting from the earthquakes. The findings suggest that although the two events of December 15, 2000, were not directly related to one another in terms of stress triggering, both events can be related to the 2002 earthquake in terms of stress triggering and extent of rupture.


In this paper, a direct adaptive iterative learning control (DAILC) based on a new output-recurrent fuzzy neural network (ORFNN) is presented for a class of repeatable nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinearities and variable initial resetting errors. In order to overcome the design difficulty due to initial state errors at the beginning of each iteration, a concept of time-varying boundary layer is employed to construct an error equation. The learning controller is then designed by using the given ORFNN to approximate an optimal equivalent controller. Some auxiliary control components are applied to eliminate approximation error and ensure learning convergence. Since the optimal ORFNN parameters for a best approximation are generally unavailable, an adaptive algorithm with projection mechanism is derived to update all the consequent, premise, and recurrent parameters during iteration processes. Only one network is required to design the ORFNN-based DAILC and the plant nonlinearities, especially the nonlinear input gain, are allowed to be totally unknown. Based on a Lyapunov-like analysis, we show that all adjustable parameters and internal signals remain bounded for all iterations. Furthermore, the norm of state tracking error vector will asymptotically converge to a tunable residual set as iteration goes to infinity. Finally, iterative learning control of two nonlinear systems, inverted pendulum system and Chua's chaotic circuit, are performed to verify the tracking performance of the proposed learning scheme.


Fossil fuel based energy resources (petroleum, coal and natural gas) are vanishing at a very faster rate to fulfill the demand of energy for growing population worldwide. So depletion of these resources will lead us to the chains of problems which may occur due to fuel shortage. It has been estimated that as per present uses, our coal reserves will be exhausted in 200 years and if we increase the use by 2%, then it will be vanished in 165 years. Therefore in such a condition sustainable and renewable energy resources are beneficial to solve the problem of energy crisis. Fortunately, our scientists have developed different categories of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to meet growing energy demands.  In recent scenario, they are focused on the algae as a raw material for biodiesel and which may be proved as a boon for the society in future. Biofuels play a vital role in mitigating CO 2 emission, reducing global warming and bringing down the hike in oil prices. The biodegradable, renewable and non toxic nature of biodiesel has made it a recent attraction. The objective of the paper is to study the potential of microalgae as an alternative raw material for biodiesel generation that can be converted into fuel. Its easy availability, high mass productivity and faster lipid production have made it prior to all other alternatives for the raw material of biodiesel. Production of biodiesel from microalgae would be a greater alternative to oil crops due to economical instability, jeopardizing agricultural lands and insufficient oil crops. This article provide holistic review to enhance the production and commercialization of biodiesel by improving cultivation of different microalgal species, lipid content in various algal species, modes and efficiency of harvesting and trans-esterification methods.


This research is aimed to attest whether traditional game with experiential learning method can improve social competence of school age children and whether this improvement can be moderated by gender. This research is a quasi-experiment with the design of multiple treatment and control with pretest which involves three subject groups. Experiment-I Group plays traditional game with experiential learning method. Experiment-II Group plays traditional game without experiential learning method. Control group is without treatment. The subject of research is the fifth-grade of Elementary School which the group is differentiated between male and female totaled to 168 students. The measuring tool is using two equal scales of social competence. Scale I is used to measure pretest whereas Scale II is used to measure posttest. Data analysis is using Two-Ways Multivariate ANAVA to distinguish gain score difference between Experiment-I Group, Experiment-II Group, and Control. Result of research indicates that there is an effect of traditional game with experiential learning method or BERLIAN (Bermain-ExpeRiential Learning-ANak) and without BERLIAN on the improvement of child social competence (F = 19.915; p = 0.000). Traditional game with BERLIAN method can improve social competence compared to traditional game without BERLIAN method. Indeed, traditional game without BERLIAN method can improve the aspects of problem-solving and cooperation, but traditional game with BERLIAN method may increase whole aspects of social competence, such as problem-solving, self-control, cooperation and empathy. This research has explained that different role of gender is not quite influential to the improvement of social competence.


This study explored the management style at Durban Mill and the corresponding climate it created . The first objective was to establish the current style of management using the Managerial Grid Theory developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964. Blake and Mouton's Managerial grid (1975) identified five different styles of management, each differentiated by the degree of concern for people and degree of concern for production. According to Blake and Mouton (1975) the Team Leader (9,9) style of management is effective most of the time, however, one must not dismiss the other styles as depicted on the Managerial Grid (see Figure 2.1), as depending on the situation they may be the most appropriate style to use . The second objective was to identi fy the impact of this style of management on the psychological climate in the company i.e. the atmosphere in the workplace. The model used in this study to measure psychological climate was based on a study conducted by MCG Davidson (2000). Davidson's model, in itself was an adaptation of studies conducted by .lames and .Iones (1979) and Ryder and Southey (1989). The dimensions of climate identified for this study was, Leadership Facilitation and Support; Professional Organisational Esprit ; Conflict and Amhiguity: Regulations and Organisation Pressure: Joh Challenge. Importance and Variety and Workgroup Co-operatioll. Frielldlilless alld Warmth. This research hypothesised that the dominant style of management in the mill is Impoverished Leader (i.e. Iow concern for people and low concern for production). Further, this style of management influences each dimension of climate as identified above. Shamine Rajcoomar 03.07.2002 MBA Dissertation Management style and its influence on Organisational Climate The results indicated, the two dominant management styles in the company was Team leader and Impoverished leader. According to Blake and Mouton's (1975) theory, whilst the fom1er result is positive, the latter is a less than desired style for any company to operate in. The findings in the climate section of this study revealed that there is seldom to occasionally a positive climate in the workplace regarding, leadership support and facilitation, company image, issues relating to conflict and ambiguity, regulations and job pressure and job challenge. The correlation analysis showed that management style and organisational climate are strongly related (r=0.786), variables . Management style is related to the following dimensions of climate vi z . leadership facilitation and support of employees, professional organisational esprit, con flict and ambiguity and regulations and job pressure. Poor support was found for the relationship between management style and job variety and importance and no relationship found between management style and workgroup friendliness and support. In order to improve relations between management and employees and thus contribute towards business success, a holistic approach was taken in the recommended strategy. A reengineering of the business towards a leaming organisation based Tobin's (\ 993) theory was suggested . Tobin ' s theory on "Ieaming organisations," is characterised by five foundations VI Z . visible leadership, ' thinking' literacy, overcoming functional myopia, ' Ieaming' teams and managers as enablers. The recommendations cover a detailed account of the five foundations of the leaming organisation approach and the course of action to be taken at the mill to place it on the road to business success. Shamine Rajcoomar 03 .07.2002 MBA Dissertation Management style and its influence on Organisational Climate


In an age of information overload, the ability to make sense of vast amounts of data and to render insightful visualizations is as important as the ability to read and write. This talk explains and exemplifies the power of data visualizations not only to help locate us in physical space but also to help us understand the extent and structure of our collective knowledge, to identify bursts of activity, pathways of ideas, and borders that beg to be crossed. It introduces a theoretical visualization framework meant to empower anyone to systematically render data into insights together with tools that support temporal, geospatial, topical, and network analyses and visualizations. Materials from the Information Visualization MOOC (http://ivmooc.cns.iu.edu) and maps from the Places & Spaces: Mapping Science exhibit (http://scimaps.org) will be used to illustrate key concepts and to inspire participants to visualize their very own data.


INTRODUCTION
For tumor boards, the networking of different medical disciplines' expertise continues to gain importance. However, interdisciplinary tumor boards spread across several institutions are rarely supported by information technology tools today. The aim of this paper is to point out an approach for a tumor board management system prototype.

METHODS
For analyzing the requirements, an incremental process was used. The requirements were surveyed using Informal Conversational Interview and documented with Use Case Diagrams defined by the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Analyses of current EHR standards were conducted to evaluate technical requirements.

RESULT
Functional and technical requirements of clinical conference applications were evaluated and documented. In several steps, workflows were derived and application mockups were created.

CONCLUSION
Although there is a vast amount of common understanding concerning how clinical conferences should be conducted and how their workflows should be structured, these are hardly standardized, neither on a functional nor on a technical level. This results in drawbacks for participants and patients. Using modern EHR technologies based on profiles such as IHE Cross Enterprise document sharing (XDS), these deficits could be overcome.


This paper analyses surprise in the framework of the GRID paradigm as part of a research project on the meaning of emotion words across languages and cultures. Based on psychological component theories of emotion, an online instrument was designed to rate the meaning of 24 emotion terms on 142 features of emotion. Data was collected for 23 languages in 27 countries. The mean rates within and across languages offer a semantic profile of the emotion terms. Results are presented on the meaning of "surprise" across languages and in English and French. The data also indicate four dimensions are necessary to describe the emotion space: valence, power, arousal and novelty. Novelty captures variation in suddenness and expectedness and differentiates surprise from other emotions, as well as types of emotion within a family, revealing itself as a relevant aspect of emotion universally encoded in our affective lexicons.


Non–woven materials consist of many thousands of fibres laid down on a conveyor belt
under the influence of a turbulent air stream. To improve industrial processes for the
production of non–woven materials, we develop and explore novel mathematical fibre and
material models.
In Part I of this thesis we improve existing mathematical models describing the fibres on the
belt in the meltspinning process. In contrast to existing models, we include the fibre–fibre
interaction caused by the fibres' thickness which prevents the intersection of the fibres and,
hence, results in a more accurate mathematical description. We start from a microscopic
characterisation, where each fibre is described by a stochastic functional differential
equation and include the interaction along the whole fibre path, which is described by a
delay term. As many fibres are required for the production of a non–woven material, we
consider the corresponding mean–field equation, which describes the evolution of the fibre
distribution with respect to fibre position and orientation. To analyse the particular case of
large turbulences in the air stream, we develop the diffusion approximation which yields a
distribution describing the fibre position. Considering the convergence to equilibrium on
an analytical level, as well as performing numerical experiments, gives an insight into the
influence of the novel interaction term in the equations.
In Part II of this thesis we model the industrial airlay process, which is a production method
whereby many short fibres build a three–dimensional non–woven material. We focus on
the development of a material model based on original fibre properties, machine data and
micro computer tomography. A possible linking of these models to other simulation tools,
for example virtual tensile tests, is discussed.
The models and methods presented in this thesis promise to further the field in mathematical
modelling and computational simulation of non–woven materials.


Financial portals have emerged as the new platform through which consumers can handle all their financial affairs from a central point on the Web. However, most South African financial portals provide consumers with a fragmented view of their financial position, as they are only able to view accounts held within the single organization. These portals also offer financial products and services that are exclusively restricted to the organization's own products. This is in stark contrast to the emerging disciplines of 'open finance' and 'account aggregation', which are rapidly being adopted by international financial portals. The aim of this research was to explore various views from South Africa's financial portals with regard to financial aggregation and open finance. The study of four South African financial portals was conducted to shed light on the future direction of the financial portal market in South Africa. Results revealed that financial portals viewed basic functionality of the portal, services delivered by the portal and the selection of products and services from the portal to be the main customer drawing factors - aggregation and open finance as yet played no role. It was discovered that most South African financial portals were considering collaboration with other organizations. It was, however, unclear whether this collaboration would actually occur, with many financial portals working on their own unique approaches. Results also revealed that the market was large enough for many different financial portals. The financial portals believed there was enough space for between two to four large players, with the rest of the portals having to focus on specific niche sectors.


Arent, SM, Pellegrino, JK, Williams, CA, DiFabio, DA, and Greenwood, JC. Nutritional supplementation, performance, and oxidative stress in college soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 24(4): 1117-1124, 2010-The purpose of this study was to examine changes in performance and metabolic parameters in collegiate soccer players during preseason preparation and to determine the impact of a nutraceutical blend proposed to reduce oxidative stress. Male Division I college soccer players (n = 22) performed a progressive maximal treadmill test at the beginning and end of preseason to assess changes in &OV0312;o2max, velocity at lactate threshold (VLT), time-to-exhaustion, lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), 8-isoprostane, and creatine kinase (CK) response. After baseline testing, athletes were randomly assigned to receive the nutraceutical blend (EXP; n = 12) or an isocaloric equivalent (CON; n = 10) for 20 days of preseason training. Δ&OV0312;o2max (2.1 ± 3.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.007), ΔVLT (0.8 ± 1.4 km·h−1, p = 0.045), and Δtime-to-exhaustion (39.4 ± 77.4 seconds, p = 0.033) were improved across groups, but a significant effect of supplementation on performance was not seen. Changes in resting levels of CK from the beginning to end of preseason were significantly lower (p = 0.044) in EXP (64.8 ± 188.4 U·L−1) than in CON (292.8 ± 304.8 U·L−1). Additionally, EXP demonstrated a significant decrease in the magnitude of the 8-isoprostane response at Trial 2 compared with Trial 1 (effect size [ES] = −0.74), whereas CON had an increased response (ES = 0.20). A similar pattern was seen for LPO (p = 0.067). Preseason training in male college soccer players resulted in significant improvements in &OV0312;o2max, VLT, and time-to-exhaustion. Supplementing with a proprietary antioxidant and nutraceutical blend may enhance some of these effects as indicated by magnitude of the responses. However, it appears that the most notable effects of supplementation were seen for reduced CK and oxidative stress, at least with short-term supplementation.