Since the seminal work of Epstein and Glaser it is well established that perturbative renormalization of ultravi olet divergences in position space amounts to extension of distributions onto diagonals. For a general Feynman graph the relevant diagonals form a nontrivial ar- rangement of linear subspaces. One may therefore ask if renormalization becomes simpler if one resolves this arrangement to a normal crossing divisor. In this paper we study the extension problem of distributions onto the wonderful models of de Concini and Procesi, which generalize the Fulton-MacPherson compactification of configuration sp aces. We show that a canonical extension onto the smooth model coincides with the usual Epstein-Glaser renormalization. To this end we use an analytic regularization for position space. The 't Hooft identities relating the pole coefficients may be recovered from the stratification, and Zi mmermann's forest formula is encoded in the geometry of the compactifica tion. Con- sequently one subtraction along each irreducible component of the divi- sor suffices to get a finite result using local counterterms. A s a corollary, we identify the Hopf algebra of at most logarithmic Feynman graphs in position space, and discuss the case of higher degree of divergence.


Striae on the fracture surface of columnar joints in basalt may be rationalized in the light of experimental fracture mechanics. Morphologic similarity between experimentally produced and natural fracture surfaces suggests that the striae in basalt were formed during incremental crack advances accompanying cyclic stress buildup and release in the cooling body. Fracture surfaces in a Hawaiian flow (Boiling Pots) are striated by alternating smooth (∼2.5 cm wide) and rough (∼ 1.0 cm wide) zones normal to the column axis, which suggest elastic and nonelastic failure, respectively. By analogy to laboratory studies of cyclically fatigued samples, the rough band is interpreted as representing successive stopping positions of the crack tip during fracture. Seismic studies of thermal cracking in Kilauea Iki lava lake (Hawaii) indicate that thermal fracture in cooling basalt is a discrete event, characterized by a sudden period of crack advance. Comparison between cooling units shows that thin bodies have narrow striae and column faces, while thick bodies have wide striae and column faces. This suggests the importance of relative temperature gradients (that is, cooling rates) in driving the crack advance. Observations of the sense of shear on column faces [as revealed by orientations of small platelets (fracture lances) within striae] permit a kinematic interpretation of polygon development and suggest that purely tensile opening frequently is coupled with antiplane shear during crack propagation. Striations are thus a record of the crack advance in cooling basalt; not only should they provide a new tool for the field geologist, but their interpretation should lay the basis for models that examine the coupling of the thermal and mechanical behavior in subsolidus cooling basalt.


The present study reveals the anti-diabetic effect in stomach of albino wistar rats using Gymnema sylvestre (Retz) R.Br. herbal powder. The histopatholoical and biochemical assays were carried out in organs and blood serum of stomach. The different concentration of G. sylvestre treated as 5, 10, 15, 20/gms/25 days. The effect of crude drugs in rats reduced the body weight and the diabetics was assessed in stomach by measuring the levels of selected blood parameters of protein, glucose, cholesterol, insulin and triglycerides and the effect of histopathology. Treatment with G. sylvestre reduced the stomach weight of animals and reduced significant level of insulin, protein, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose. The data was analyzed using mathematical calculation values and were expressed as significant.


Robert Hoffman's note, 'Scientific Research and Moral Rectitude' (Philosophy, 50 (1975), 475–7), is a highly misleading introduction to this important topic. Hoffman points out (rightly) that there are some people who 'believe that the researcher's claim to freedom of inquiry should be upheld only if his discovery does not adversely affect mankind or any significant segment thereof' (475), and his aim is to reject this belief. But such people are right, as can be shown by some counter-arguments and examples. But first a slight qualification is necessary, for, as Hoffman points out, it is impossible before an inquiry to state categorically that its outcome will (or will not) adversely affect mankind. But it may be possible to estimate whether it is likely to affect mankind adversely, and it is surely reasonable to hold that a researcher's claim to freedom of inquiry should not be upheld if it is likely that the inquiry will adversely affect mankind. If a nuclear physicist interested in particle fusion wishes to carry out research which is likely to lead to an uncontrolled nuclear explosion, no one would seriously uphold his right to carry out this research in a laboratory situated in a densely populated area. And to reply that he still has a right to carry out this research alone on a desert island would be to concede, not to circumvent, the claim that scientific research ought to be under the critical eye of moral responsibility. The critic of science would not in any case accept this reply, since he believes not unreasonably that nuclear explosions adversely affect mankind wherever on earth they occur.


Good assessment and feedback are essential for high student achievement, retention, and satisfaction in contemporary higher education, and adopting a fit-for-purpose approach that emphasizes assessment for learning can have a significant impact, but it is a complex and highly nuanced process so needs careful and research-informed design principles. Here the crucial importance of assessment in contemporary higher education pedagogy is considered, the key principles of good assessment are reviewed, and some suggestions are made for a framework to effectively interrogate individual practice with a view to continuous improvement.
 Additionally, different means of offering feedback can help students to get the measure of their learning and point them toward future enhancement strategies but must be achieved in ways that are manageable for all stakeholders. Taxing questions are provided here for use by curriculum designers and all those who deliver and assess it enabling them to draw together key issues into a workable framework for assessment enhancement.


Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is the first multiple autoimmune disease that has been shown to be caused by mutations of a single gene named autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Fourteen different mutations of the AIRE gene have been identified in 61 patients from 55 families with APECED. However, there has been no report documenting AIRE gene mutations in the Asian population. We report on 2 siblings with variable manifestations of APECED who were born to a Japanese mother and a Korean father. The 11yr-old girl had intractable thrush and ungual candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism, and occipital alopecia. The 9-yr-old boy had mild ungual candidiasis alone. Direct sequencing revealed novel frameshift mutations of the AIRE gene: an insertion of a cytosine at nucleotide 29635 at the exon 10 (29635insC), which should lead to a premature termination at the codon 371, producing a truncated protein missing the second plant homeodomain-type zinc finger motif and the third LXXLL motif, and a deletion of a guanine at nucleotide 33031 at the exon 13 (33031delG), which should result in a premature termination at the codon 520, yielding a truncated protein missing the third LXXLL motif. The mother was heterozygous for 29635insC, and the father was heterozygous for 33031delG. The frameshift mutations were undetected in 40 alleles of 20 Japanese control subjects. The results imply that the C-terminus of AIRE protein including the third LXXLL motif plays a critical role in the development of APECED, and that the phenotypic spectrum can vary between siblings with the same mutations.


High-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys such as AA7075 have drawn considerable attention and interest from both industry and academia owing to their high specific strengths and good fatigue resistance. Wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED), an emerging near-net-shape manufacturing technology, faces significant challenges in printing AA7075 due to its hot cracking susceptibility. In this study, we use nano-treated AA7075 wire as feedstock to additively manufacture a crack-free deposition of the high-performance alloy. After T6 heat treatment, the nano-treated AA7075 achieves exceptional yield strength (510.3 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (606.0 MPa), and elongation (12.6%). In addition, nanoparticles homogenize the microstructure upon solidification and inhibit grain growth from cyclic thermal exposure, yielding refined, equiaxed grains throughout the deposition and enabling isotropic mechanical properties in both as-built and T6-treated conditions. Thus, this study highlights a promising intersection of nano-treatment and wire-arc directed energy deposition for printing traditionally unprintable materials.


A broad comparative analysis has demonstrated that overall there is a high degree of convergence in the way and the extent to which the application of minority specific instruments and general human rights instruments address questions of socio-economic participation. The attention to minority specific characteristics and needs was not to be expected in relation to general human rights, while the detailed assessment of distinctive issues of relevance for socio-economic participation was not self evident in terms of minority specific instruments. The case of socio-economic participation of minorities thus presents itself as a model example of the increasing synergy between general human rights and minority specific rights in relation to minority protection. In terms of the two pillars for an adequate system of minority protection: both pillars seem to be moving towards each other in the kind of protection they are providing for minorities. Of course there are still differences of degree (in both respects of relative and expected focus and detail) but overall the similarities largely outweigh the differences.


In early 2022, the Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA) Programme of the Future Agricultures Consortium (FAC), in partnership with the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network and Foresight4Food, held an e-Dialogue series: Towards an Equitable and Sustainable Transformation of Food Systems. This followed an earlier, highly successful series organised with the same partners in the second half of 2020 on What Future for Small-Scale Farming? The latest series included three online Zoom sessions led by APRA over January-March 2022 on topics including COVID-19 and its effects on local food systems and rural livelihoods, and transition pathways and strategies for supporting more equitable and resilient food systems in Africa. These virtual events were designed to replace an international conference that was part of APRA's original end-of-programme plan, before the COVID-19 crisis prevented large, physical gatherings. The three e-Dialogues brought together APRA researchers and expert commentators from across sub-Saharan Africa, as well as a wider audience. The objective of these dialogues was to examine evidence and lessons from APRA's six-year collaborative research programme (2016-22) analysing the dynamics of agricultural commercialisation processes, agrarian change and rural transformation in the region. This report looks at their impact, what worked well, and what could have been improved.


Fourier coefficients computed from the NIR spectra of pulverized tobacco samples can be used to estimate certain chemical constituents in the samples. As few as 11 coefficients from the Fourier domain used in a stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) model provide results equivalent to a 7-term SMLR model using log 1/R from the wavelength domain. The Fourier model reduces the computation time for calibration by 96% compared to the wavelength model, and reduces the magnetic storage space requirements by 98%. Removing the mean term from the Fourier model partially corrects the particle size anomaly encountered in pulverized samples.


Many of the challenges facing today's reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, such as robustness, generalization, transfer, and computational efficiency are closely related to compression. Prior work has convincingly argued why minimizing information is useful in the supervised learning setting, but standard RL algorithms lack an explicit mechanism for compression. The RL setting is unique because (1) its sequential nature allows an agent to use past information to avoid looking at future observations and (2) the agent can optimize its behavior to prefer states where decision making requires few bits. We take advantage of these properties to propose a method (RPC) for learning simple policies. This method brings together ideas from information bottlenecks, model-based RL, and bits-back coding into a simple and theoretically-justified algorithm. Our method jointly optimizes a latent-space model and policy to be self-consistent, such that the policy avoids states where the model is inaccurate. We demonstrate that our method achieves much tighter compression than prior methods, achieving up to 5x higher reward than a standard information bottleneck. We also demonstrate that our method learns policies that are more robust and generalize better to new tasks.


Opponents of same-sex marriage in the United States claim that allowing gays and lesbians to marry would undermine the institution of marriage, weaken family structures, and cause harm to children. Drawing from 17 years of data and experience with same-sex marriage in Scandinavia (in the form of registered partnerships), Gay Marriage: For Better or for Worse? is the first book to present empirical evidence about the effects of same-sex marriage on society. Spedale and Eskridge find that the evidence refutes conservative defense-of-marriage arguments and, in fact, demonstrates that the institution of marriage may indeed benefit from the legalization of gay marriage. If we look at the proof from abroad, the authors show, we must conclude that the sanctioning of gay marriage in the United States would neither undermine marriage as an institution, nor harm the wellbeing of our nation's children. "A very interesting book that people should read." -Bill O'Reilly, Host, The O'Reilly Factor "Whatever your views are now on same-sex marriage, this is the book to read to be informed about why same sex couples want legal recognition and what legal union means to them and to the larger community. Spedale and Eskridge give detailed accounts of the effects of registered partnerships in Scandinavia-and along the way, offer fascinating and engaging pictures of many people's lives." -Martha Minow, Jeremiah Smith Jr. Professor, Harvard Law School "Spedale and Eskridge illuminate with remarkable even-handedness a debate that tends to generate more heat than light. They provide a cogent analysis of conservative arguments that same-sex matrimony threatens conventional marriage, and argue persuasively that enabling same-sex partners to marry may actually strengthen that beleaguered institution." -John Podesta, President and CEO, Center for American Progress "An important and timely contribution. It should be required reading for anyone interested in the future of families in America." -Martha Albertson Fineman, Robert W. Woodruff Professor, Emory Law School


This article examines projections, or statistical forecasts, of prison populations from a social perspective, treating them as social actors in their own right. Linear regression – the almost universal foundation of prison population projections – is in simple terms the act of drawing a straight line through the data at an angle which best 'fits' the observed data, that is, what has already happened. In this way, population projections work as a narrative device, finding order, patterns and normality to tell a story of growth or decline. A hidden feature of this technology of knowing the future is the imposition of narrative coherence on the past. However, a review of the past projections reveals their own inherent instability, volatility and chronic inaccuracy. The paper suggests that the accuracy of prison population projections is less important than their power to create a sense of control and legitimacy to penal policy makers. The paper concludes by characterizing forecasts as an act of imagination and argues for counter-discourses and imaginaries that might balance the power of the numbers.


OBJECTIVE
To identify gender differences in coping responses and the association between coping and psychological distress in couples undergoing In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment at the University of the West Indies (UWI).

METHODS
All men and women (n = 52) who were offered psychological counselling prior to beginning IVF treatment between October 2003 and May 2004 were invited to complete questionnaires on their coping responses, self-reported distress and socio-demographic data. One female declined.

RESULTS
Of the 51 participants, 52% had completed secondary education, 44% tertiary education, and 37% were 38 years or older; 42% of the couples were trying for more than seven years to have a child. Gender differences in coping included more women than men keeping others from knowing their pain (p < 0.01) and more women ruminating about what they did wrong to cause the infertility (p < 0.01). These strategies were also associated with reports of heightened distress (p < 0.05). Talking to others to obtain information was associated with less negative feelings. Coping skills that were commonly used by both genders included seeking medical advice and engaging in wishful thinking.

CONCLUSION
Women coping with infertility may be at risk for self-depreciation and isolation because of their choice of coping strategies and the meaning they ascribe to the infertility. As a result, they are likely to experience more heightened distress than men who are also infertile. Counselling that is specific to gender-needs is indicated.


In this paper we present a new design for III-V-onsilicon distributed feedback lasers. One of the main advantages of the design is that all structures defining the laser cavity are defined in the silicon, resulting in an easier manufacturing and more accurately controlled laser wavelength. Such a hybrid laser design offers much simpler device fabrication, since light coupling elements, like spot-size converters, are not needed. This also reduces the device footprint.


The fundamental unit of production in microeconomics is the firm, and this mirrors reality in the United States and United Kingdom. But elsewhere, business groups can be the more important unit, for business strategy is often formulated at the business group level, not the firm level. In many countries, this is legally enshrined in corporate governance codes that assign officers and directors a duty to act for their business group, not their firm or its shareholders. Even where a duty to individual firms' shareholders exists, business groups often have pyramidal structures of intercorporate blockholdings that entrench controlling shareholders, usually wealthy families, who run their groups to maximize their utility. This can impose exacerbated agency problems. In either case, foreign joint venture partners who expect domestic firms to maximize shareholder value can be sorely disappointed. We explain agency behavior in business groups and how controlling insiders can divert resources between firms they control, including joint ventures, to enrich themselves; and highlight differences between this behavior and agency problems in freestanding firms. We then examine the telecoms industry in Brazil, a country in which most large businesses belong to pyramidal business groups controlled by wealthy families. We find that joint ventures between Brazilian telecoms firms and partners from countries where business groups are rarer have significantly elevated failure rates; while joint ventures with foreign partners from countries where pyramidal groups are more common are more likely to succeed. We then present clinical examples illustrating the mechanisms that drive such divergent performance in joint venture partnerships. While our results are based on a single industry in a single country, we believe they highlight a previously unexamined important issue in international business strategy.


Extending the class of group 6 metal-metal bonded methylate compounds supported by alkali metal counter-ions, the first sodium octamethylmolybdate(ii) complex [(TMEDA)Na]4Mo2Me8 and heptamethylchromate(ii) relations [(donor)Na]3Cr2Me7 (donor is TMEDA or TMCDA) are reported. The former was made by treating [(Et2O)Li]4Mo2Me8 with four equivalents of NaOtBu/TMEDA in ether; whereas the latter resulted from introducing TMEDA or TMCDA to ether solutions of octamethyldichromate [(Et2O)Na]4Cr2Me8. X-ray crystallography revealed [(TMEDA)Na]4Mo2Me8 is dimeric with square pyramidal Mo centres [including a short Mo-Mo interaction of 2.1403(3) Å] each with four methyl groups in a mutually eclipsed conformation. In dinuclear [(TMCDA)Na]3Cr2Me7 trigonal bi-pyramidal Cr centres each bond to three terminal methyl groups and one common Me bridge, that produces a strikingly short Cr-Cr contact of 1.9136(4) Å. Broken symmetry density functional theoretical calculations expose the multiconfigurational metal-metal bonding in these compounds with a Mo-Mo bond order of 3 computed for octamethylmolybdate(ii). This is contrasted by the single Cr-Cr bond in heptamethylchromate(ii) where the singlet ground state is derived by strong antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent metal ions.


Web search engines are composed by thousands of query processing nodes, i.e., servers dedicated to process user queries.Such many servers consume a significant amount of energy, mostly accountable to their CPUs, but they are necessary to ensure low latencies, since users expect sub-second response times (e.g., 500 ms). However, users can hardly notice response times that are faster than their expectations. Hence, we propose the Predictive Energy Saving Online Scheduling Algorithm (PESOS) to select the most appropriate CPU frequency to process a query on a per-core basis. PESOS aims at process queries by their deadlines, and leverage high-level scheduling information to reduce the CPU energy consumption of a query processing node. PESOS bases its decision on query efficiency predictors, estimating the processing volume and processing time of a query. We experimentally evaluate PESOS upon the TREC ClueWeb09B collection and the MSN2006 query log. Results show that PESOS can reduce the CPU energy consumption of a query processing node up to ∼48% compared to a system running at maximum CPU core frequency. PESOS outperforms also the best state-ofthe-art competitor with a ∼20% energy saving, while the competitor requires a fine parameter tuning and it may incurs in uncontrollable latency violations. Keywords— Energy consumption, CPU Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, Web search engines.


Consumers generally prefer products that are easy to interact with. In three studies, we show that this preference arises from the fit between product orientation and monitored situational constraints. Flexible right-handers, who monitor situational constraints, recall product orientations better and prefer products for which the handle is oriented in the direction of the hand used for grasping. When their ability to monitor situational constraints is impaired, the preference for easy-to-grasp products is attenuated. The findings highlight that motor fluency is a relevant cue for decision making when consumers assess how to interact with a product. The implications of these results for embodiment and fluency research are discussed.


In the throes of economic crisis, the Spanish government decided to reintroduce the Wealth Tax, appealing to redistributive motives and its need for greater revenues. This paper studies how individuals reacted to the reintroduction of this tax by drawing on the universe of wealth tax returns submitted to the Catalan Tax Agency between 2011 and 2015. Thus, we exploit the variation in treatment exposure to analyse taxpayers' responses, in terms not only of wealth accumulation, but also of the potential avoidance strategies adopted. Indeed, our results reflect avoidance rather than real responses. They show that while facing higher wealth taxes did not have a negative effect on taxpayers' savings, it did encourage them to change their asset and income composition to take advantage of wealth tax exemptions (mostly business-related) and the existence of a limit on wealth tax liability. This translates into an elasticity of taxable wealth with respect to the net-of-tax rate of return of 0.64, or, put differently, a 0.1 percentage point increase in the average wealth tax rate leads to a reduction in taxable wealth of 3.24% over 4 years. Overall, these avoidance responses are quite marked in terms of tax revenues: they represent a 4-year accumulated revenue loss of 2.6 times the 2011 estimated wealth tax revenues. The existence of such responses mostly related to the design of the wealth tax has relevant policy implications not only in terms of revenues but also insofar as it undermines the tax's redistributive role.


Inspired by frictional behaviour that is observed when sliding matchsticks against one another at different angles, we propose a phenomenological anisotropic friction model for structured surfaces. Our model interpolates isotropic and anisotropic elliptical Coulomb friction parameters for a pair of surfaces with perpendicular and parallel structure directions (e.g., the wood grain direction). We view our model as a special case of an abstract friction model that produces a cone based on state information, specifically the relationship between structure directions. We show how our model can be integrated into LCP and NCP based simulators using different solvers with both explicit and fully implicit time-integration. The focus of our work is on symmetric friction cones, and we therefore demonstrate a variety of simulation scenarios where the friction structure directions play an important part in the resulting motions. Consequently, authoring of friction using our model is intuitive and we demonstrate that our model is compatible with standard authoring practices, such as texture mapping. CCS Concepts • Computing methodologies → Physical simulation;


The increase in energy cost in recent years has created a situation where it has become essential to develop alternative energy technologies. Energy efficiency does not only mean reducing environmental degradation and increasing sustainability but also cost savings. Most energy managers employ common solutions to reduce plant inefficiencies in Malaysia such as "Energy Auditing", equipment replacement etc. One other energy efficient system is Cogeneration. Cogeneration can be considered as one of the many indications of progress in a healthy and efficient industrial growth. Cogeneration enables an industry to be not totally dependent on the utility supply but become inter-dependent and hence increasing availability. A well-planned cogeneration system can create a situation where plant operation need not be affected by utility blackouts; i.e. minimum production capacity is maintained. The Malaysian energy environment is a dynamic growth, where present excess capacity is projected to be fully utilised by the end of the century. The increasing demand for electricity is not evenly distributed in Malaysia and this off balance cause overloading in some areas. By cogenerating, the demand can be reduced and therefore the load on Tenaga Nasional Berhad or TNB transmission lines will also reduce. This would allow TNB to react to load f luctuation more effectively. Cogeneration will be a catalyst for the local natural gas industry since most industrial cogenerators (between 1MW to 10 MW) will be utilising natural gas as fuel source for gas engines and gas turbines. Cogeneration will also displace the need to build expensive power plants, which will mean eliminating transmission and distribution losses. Cogeneration will benefit the environment by reducing emissions, improve the use of natural resources, introduce better grid management, provide savings in Ringgit Malaysia, increase efficiency, added reliability and generating growth in the gas industry. The objective of this project was to evaluate the technical and economics viability of cogenerating in Malaysia. Two case studies were selected and evaluated. It was found that the lack of firm regulations and gas prices are the main factors discouraging cogeneration in Malaysia. Local industries were also found to be lacking in commitment towards cogenerating and efficient energy use. This thesis has forwarded recommendations and suggestions that will be required to improve the cogeneration scenario in Malaysia.


Michael Brown's 2014 death in Ferguson, Missouri thrust police-officer-involved homicides into the popular consciousness. A series of subsequent officer-involved homicides has kept the issue politically and legally salient. Despite this, official data sources are thin and unreliable. This article presents original analysis of 259 police shooting incidents that occurred in Chicago between 2006 and 2014. The study, based upon publicly available information, suggests a more complex relationship between race, policing, and violence than one might expect from high-profile, officer-involved shootings. As in other large cities, shooting victims are overwhelmingly minorities, with Black persons constituting over 80% of victims. Contrary to intuition, many of the officer shooters are minorities as well. The analysis here suggests that neither racist malevolence nor unconscious bias afford complete explanations for why officer-involved shootings occur. Both of these explanatory frameworks focus too intensively upon individual officers' decision-making at the expense of institutional and situational dynamics. Scholars and policy makers should focus far more intensively on regulating bad practices, rather than just on disciplining bad officers following egregious incidents. Shifting focus in this way will help identify connections between everyday policing tactics in minority neighborhoods – such as plainclothes policing and aggressive stop and frisk – and officer-involved shootings. The article also concludes that evidentiary challenges mar post hoc review of officer-involved shootings, whether it is in the form of judicial or civilian review. This also underscores the importance of preventive regulation.


In Collecting Shakespeare, Stephen H. Grant recounts the American success story of Henry and Emily Folger of Brooklyn, a couple who were devoted to each other, in love with Shakespeare, and bitten by the collecting bug. Shortly after marrying in 1885, the Folgers started buying, cataloging, and storing all manner of items about Shakespeare and his era. Emily earned a master's degree in Shakespeare studies. The frugal couple worked passionately as a tight-knit team during the Gilded Age, financing their hobby with the fortune Henry earned as president of Standard Oil Company of New York, where he was a trusted associate of John D. Rockefeller Sr. While a number of American universities offered to house the collection, the Folgers wanted to give it to the American people. Afraid the price of antiquarian books would soar if their names were revealed, they secretly acquired prime real estate on Capitol Hill near the Library of Congress. They commissioned the design and construction of an elegant building with a reading room, public exhibition hall, and the Elizabethan Theatre. The Folger Shakespeare Library was dedicated on the Bard's birthday, April 23, 1932. The library houses 82 First Folios, 275,000 books, and 60,000 manuscripts. It welcomes more than 100,000 visitors a year and provides professors, scholars, graduate students, and researchers from around the world with access to the collections. It is also a vibrant center in Washington, D.C., for cultural programs, including theater, concerts, lectures, and poetry readings. The library provided Grant with unprecedented access to the primary sources within the Folger vault. He draws on interviews with surviving Folger relatives and visits to 35 related archives in the United States and in Britain to create a portrait of the remarkable couple who ensured that Shakespeare would have a beautiful home in America.


Umbyquyra gen. nov., a new Theraphosinae genus with stridulatory bristles on the palpal trocanther of pedipalp trochanter and first leg, is proposed. The genus differs from the other genera with stridulatory bristles on the same segments, Acanthoscurria Ausserer, 1871, Cyrtopholis Simon, 1892, Longilyra Gabriel, 2014 and Nesipelma Schmidt & Kovarik, 1996, by having a palpal bulb with a very short and acuminate embolus and four short keels; separated tibial apophysis; and female spermathecae resembling those of Cyrtopholis, with two seminal receptacles with elongated ducts emerging from a common area. Cyrtopholis palmarum Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945 and C. schmidti Rudloff, 1996 from Brazil and Acanthoscurria acuminata Schmidt & Tesmoingt in Schmidt, 2005 from Bolivia are transferred to the new genus. The female of Umbyquyra palmarum (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945) gen. et comb. nov. and the male of U. schmidti (Rudloff, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. are described for the first time. Cyrtopholis zorodes Mello-Leitão, 1923 is considered a junior synonym of Acanthoscurria gomesiana Mello-Leitão, 1923 and Cyrtopholis meridionalis (Keyserling, 1891) is considered a nomen dubium. Eight new species from Brazil are described: Umbyquyra paranaiba gen. et sp. nov., U. cuiaba gen. et sp. nov., U. araguaia gen. et sp. nov., U. sapezal gen. et sp. nov., U. belterra gen. et sp. nov., U. caxiuana gen. et sp. nov., U. tucurui gen. et sp. nov. and U. tapajos gen. et sp. nov. Data and maps on the geographic distribution are provided.


On 7 and 8 April 2016, the Centre for Medical Ethics & Law (University of Hong Kong) together with the Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Sciences (University of Cambridge) hosted a conference at the University of Hong Kong on the legal and ethical challenges facing the realisation of precision medicine.
The aim of precision medicine is to revolutionise disease treatment and prevention by utilising personal variation in factors such as an individual's genetic information, biochemistry, environment and lifestyle. Genomic data, for example, can be used to determine predispositions to particular diseases, predict the efficacy and safety of different treatment options, and help develop drugs that are targeted to the causes of diseases rather than their clinical manifestations. In these and other ways, scientific and technological advances have the potential to bring about an unprecedented tailoring of health care to the individual characteristics of patients.
In order to realise the potential of precision medicine, however, we must rethink components of the legal and ethical foundation on which it will be built. The reason for this is that our current legal and ethical frameworks were built with a very different generation of medical products and practices in mind. At this conference, world experts convened to identify and explore the challenges that precision medicine brings to the fore.
Part I of this report provides a summary of the presentations that were given at the conference. Section A of this part focuses on challenges in the implementation of precision medicine and is divided into two categories: implementation at the level of health care systems, and implementation at the level of clinical treatment. Section B addresses challenges in the development of precision medicine and is likewise divided into two categories: development at the level of foundational research, and development at the level of translational medicine.
Part II categorises and summarises the key challenges that were explored in the roundtable discussions that followed the four categories of presentations, as well as some of the broader questions that emerged out of the conference.


Whether America has realized President Herbert Hoover's 20th-century vision of a "chicken in every pot", there is a television in nearly every home. Powerful and accessible, television programs, whether explicitly, convey values and messages to viewers and, thus, can play a role in reifying the status quo or affecting social change. Given comedy programming's roots in radio and Vaudeville, it is no surprise that a recurrent theme in situational comedies is the "war between the sexes". Despite a surfeit of studies examining specific programs, however, there exists no comprehensive project exploring how gender depictions have changed since television's proliferation in post-WWII America. This time span is especially important because it is bisected by second wave feminism. Regarding gender, TV shows need not fortify traditional ideals. But how far has television come? Findings from a pilot study employing a Grounded Theory analysis of selected US sitcoms from 1952 to 2004 suggest that, regardless of the progressive nature of some programming, the most-watched sitcoms reaffirm mainstream stereotypes of women. What has changed, however, is the hierarchical relationship between the sexes. While sitcoms have modified roles of women in an effort to keep up with changing social norms, they have failed to meaningfully alter traditional masculine narratives. What has been won is a superficial role reversal: Where once television women were childlike subordinates to their male counterparts, now men are depicted as irresponsible children women must mother and discipline.


Subset identification methods are used to select the subset of a covariate space over which the conditional distribution of a response has certain properties - for example, identifying types of patients whose conditional treatment effect is positive. An often critical requirement of subset identification methods is multiplicity control, by which the family-wise Type I error rate is controlled, rather than the Type I error rate of each covariate-determined hypothesis separately. The credible subset (or credible subgroup) method provides a multiplicity-controlled estimate of the target subset in the form of two bounding subsets: one which entirely contains the target subset, and one which is entirely contained by it. We introduce a new R package, credsubs, which constructs credible subset estimates using a sample from the joint posterior distribution of any regression model, a description of the covariate space, and a function mapping the parameters and covariates to the subset criterion. We demonstrate parametric and nonparametric applications of the package to a clinical trial dataset and a neuroimaging dataset, respectively.


This Article examines a third exit option in venture capital to supplement IPOs and trade sales: secondary markets for the sale of individual ownership interests in start-ups and venture capital (VC) funds. While investors can readily buy shares in publicly-traded companies, until recently they have been unable to own a piece of private start-ups like Facebook or Twitter without working there or investing in exclusive VC funds. Now that venture capital has become a $400 billion worldwide asset class, however, start-up stock and limited partnership interests in VC funds have begun trading in private secondary markets. These secondary markets offer initial investors a new path to liquidity, offer buyers access to a previously untapped class of assets, and produce governance benefits for traded firms. The realization of these benefits in venture capital should lead to a net increase in the total amount of entrepreneurial activity. Given the surplus that entrepreneurial activity produces for society, VC secondary markets should be studied by academics and encouraged by policy makers. This Article is the first to study VC secondary markets and the issues they implicate in law and economics analysis. The Article examines VC secondary markets in their present state and contemplates their further development.


This paper investigates whether one of the most important U.S. policies toward Africa of the past few decades achieved its desired result. In 2000, the United States dropped trade restrictions on a broad list of products through the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). Since the act was applied selectively to both countries and products, we can estimate the impact with a triple difference-in-differences estimation, controlling for both country and product-level import surges at the time of onset. This approach allows us to better address the endogeneity-of-policy critique of standard difference-in-differences estimation than if either a country- or a product-level analysis was performed separately. Despite the fact that the AGOA product list was chosen to not include import-sensitive products and despite the general challenges of transaction costs in African countries, we find that AGOA had a large and robust impact on apparel imports into the United States, as well as on the agricultural and manufactured products covered by AGOA. These import responses grew over time and were the largest in product categories where the tariffs removed were large. AGOA did not result in a decrease in exports to Europe in these product categories, suggesting that the AGOA exports were not merely diverted from other destinations. We discuss how the effects vary across countries and the implications of these findings for aggregate export volumes.


Economic development in Latin America has trailed most other world regions over the past four decades despite its relatively high initial development and school attainment levels. This puzzle can be resolved by considering the actual learning as expressed in tests of cognitive skills, on which Latin American countries consistently perform at the bottom. In growth models estimated across world regions, these low levels of cognitive skills can account for the poor growth performance of Latin America. Given the limitations of worldwide tests in discriminating performance at low levels, we also introduce measures from two regional tests designed to measure performance for all Latin American countries with internationally comparable income data. Our growth analysis using these data confirms the significant effects of cognitive skills on intra-regional variations. Splicing the new regional tests into the worldwide tests, we also confirm this effect in extended worldwide regressions, although it appears somewhat smaller in the regional Latin American data than in the worldwide data.


A bijective mapping is established between the set of pure qubit states and the set [0,1]3. This latter set corresponds naturally to the RGB data which most digital image formats associate with the color of pixels. This allows to associate with a digital color image (considered as a [0,1]3-valued matrix) a rectangular lattice of qubits, where for each pixel there is a qubit, the state of which is determined by the pixel's color data according to the correspondence mentioned above. We thus associate with a digital color image an idealized physical system. We define a law of dynamical evolution for this system in a manner that not only the initial state but also each evolved state can be represented as a color image. This will be done in two steps: 1. A Hamiltonian is specified which represents interaction of the pixel-based qubits with a homogeneous magnetic field together with a Heisenberg spin interaction between adjacent qubits. 2. Evolution is defined not as the exact quantum dynamics defined by the specified Hamiltonian, but as the approximate quantum dynamics which treats this interaction via the time-dependent Hartree equations and thus leaves each qubit in a pure state, to which there corresponds a well-defined color. This approximate dynamics is computationally very cheap with a computational complexity proportional to the number of pixels, whereas the complexity of exact dynamics is well known to grow exponentially with that number. This method allows to evolve a digital color image, thus producing a 'movie' from it. In such a movie the image undergoes changes which may be considered as interesting graphical effects in a first phase. In the course of further evolution, the larger and obvious structures of the image fade away and what remains is a dull, grainy, uniformity of seemingly random origin. Since, however, the evolution scheme is reversible, the initial image can be recovered from the final image by reversed evolution. Two examples of such evolving images are presented, one together with the reversed evolution.


We consider streaming, one-pass principal component analysis (PCA), in the high-dimensional regime, with limited memory. Here, p-dimensional samples are presented sequentially, and the goal is to produce the k-dimensional subspace that best approximates these points. Standard algorithms require O(p2) memory; meanwhile no algorithm can do better than O(kp) memory, since this is what the output itself requires. Memory (or storage) complexity is most meaningful when understood in the context of computational and sample complexity. Sample complexity for high-dimensional PCA is typically studied in the setting of the spiked covariance model, where p-dimensional points are generated from a population covariance equal to the identity (white noise) plus a low-dimensional perturbation (the spike) which is the signal to be recovered. It is now well-understood that the spike can be recovered when the number of samples, n, scales proportionally with the dimension, p. Yet, all algorithms that provably achieve this, have memory complexity O(p2). Meanwhile, algorithms with memory-complexity O(kp) do not have provable bounds on sample complexity comparable to p. We present an algorithm that achieves both: it uses O(kp) memory (meaning storage of any kind) and is able to compute the k-dimensional spike with O(p log p) sample-complexity - the first algorithm of its kind. While our theoretical analysis focuses on the spiked covariance model, our simulations show that our algorithm is successful on much more general models for the data.


The prospect of integrating transgenic eucalypts with conventional breeding programmes is of value to the Plantation Forestry and Forest Products Industries. However, significant progress in this regard has still to be reported, one constraint is the lack of appropriate high yielding regeneration culture methods for clonal material. Such was the main aim of the present study. The strategy was to develop a suitable protocol using in vitro shoots of an E. grandis x E. urophy/la clone (GU185) and thereafter to test its applicability to other clones. Explants from greenhouseestablished cuttings provided the in vitro shoots, which were multiplied via axillary bud proliferation either on semi-solid medium or using a RIT A system. To determine the best conditions for callus and shoot regeneration, parameters such as vessels (petri dishes and tubes) and types and levels of plant growth regulators were tested. The best callus production (100%) and shoot regeneration (78.9 100% callus with shoots) for GU185 occurred on MS, 30 g rl sucrose, 4 g rl Gelrite, 5 mg rl IAA and 0.25 mg rl BAP. Parameters tested to identify the most suitable explants for indirect organogenesis were the age of parent plants, different systems to generate in vitro shoots, elongation status of explants, 1 sI and 2 generation in vitro shoots and the use of hyperhydric shoots. Of these, the most suitable explants for indirect organogenesis were shoots from axillary bud multiplication of 3-month-old parent plants using the semi-solid system (33 shoots/dish). Up to 90% rooting was achieved on 1f4 MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), 15 g rl sucrose, 0.1 mg rl biotin, 0.1 mg rl calcium pantothenate, 4 g rl Gelrite and mA. The highest rooting was obtained when regenerated shoots were first multiplied and then placed on medium without plant growth regulators for one week, before transfer to root induction medium containing 0.1 0.5 mg rl mA. Acclimatization success was 95% when rooted shoots were placed in pots with a rooting mix (2 perlite: 1 coir) enclosed in plastic bags and the humidity was gradually reduced over four weeks. The developed indirect organogenesis protocol appeared to have a broad general application, although the tested clones exhibited a genotype-dependent response, with GU180, GUI77 and TAG31 producing fewer shoots (9, 6 and 7 shoots/dish) than ZG14 and GU185 (24 and 18 shoots/dish). Similarly high levels of rooting were obtained for TAG3l (93.8%) and ZG14 (90%) and for hardening-off (90.7% for TAG31 and 91.4% for ZG14).


We investigate the influence of refractive index contrast on the light scattering properties of nanotextured interfaces, which serve as front contact for p-i-n thin-film silicon solar cells. We here focus on ZnO surfaces with randomly oriented pyramidal features, known for their excellent light trapping performance. Transparent replicas, with a different refractive index, but practically identical morphology compared to their ZnO masters, were fabricated via nanoimprinting. Within the theoretical framework we recently proposed, we show how the angular and spectral dependence of light scattered by nanostructures with identical morphology but different refractive index may be related to each other allowing direct comparison of their light trapping potential within the device.


In this study, ground strains over a soft sediment-filled plain were estimated for nineteen moderate earthquakes in northeastern Taiwan. To this end, abundant accelerograms recorded by two independent seismic arrays, LLSST and SMART1, were analyzed. These two dense seismic arrays are both highly overlapping in terms of space and operation duration. Spatial analyses herein for the LLSST array suggest that good estimates of ground strains can be obtained using only three 3-component seismometers recording at stations configured in a simple triangle with maximum separation of about 100 m. In the case of the Hualien earthquake (ML = 6.5) of 20 May 1986, a peak shear strain of 210 µ occurs with direct S-waves whilst strain of 186 µ occurs with surface waves dominated by a period of about 2.5 sec. However, the peak vertical gradient accompanied by shear waves is in the range 1500 ~ 2000 µ , which is larger than that of horizontal differential motion by a factor of about 10. For further applications in mapping ground deformation fields at a given region, the single-station method is examined by comparing its estimates with those of a displacement gradient algorithm. A moving crosscorrelation method is proposed to obtain phase velocities for a sequence of waves, particularly when ground motion contains obvious surface-wave energy. Consequently, estimates of peak horizontal strain at the LLSST site are in the range 1 ~ 150 µ for the nineteen moderate earthquakes and the logarithm of these appears to be proportional to earthquake magnitudes.


This paper reports on a survey capturing modelers' perspectives of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). The survey was completed by a total of 283 respondents from the M&S community with 167 fully completed surveys and 151 respondents identified as model builders. Participants include people from government, academia, and industry in varied roles ranging from researchers to business developers. Respondents also represent a diverse educational background ranging from oceanography, social sciences, and engineering. The survey focuses on three dimensions namely: (a) models and simulations, (b) participants, and (c) how participants interact with models/simulations. We provide six observations from the data analysis: there is no dominating paradigm in M&S, the agent-based community is distinct from the discrete-event community, conceptual modeling is the art of M&S, simulation verification is mostly a trial and error activity, validate by all means necessary, and model accreditation is still too uncommon. A key finding from these observations is the identification of an over-reliance on informal methods for conceptualization and verification in M&S. We posit that this over-reliance on informal methods challenges model/simulation validity.


Emphasizing the importance of workforce diversity as it relates to valuing the similarities, differences, and talents of employees at all ranks has provided a wonderful topic for research. Leveraging diversity is one emerging paradigm able to demonstrate the value of workforce diversity in its many forms. Handbook of Research on Workforce Diversity in a Global Society: Technologies and Concepts serves as a cutting-edge resource for scholars, researchers, organizational leaders, practitioners, and graduate students who want to enhance their understanding of leverage diversity in the workforce. Secondly, the handbook highlights innovative research, theoretical frameworks, and perspectives that are currently being used to guide the practice of leveraging diversity in multiple organizational settings. It also provides insights on future workforce diversity trends.


We describe the synthesis and characterization of bicontinuous cubic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymer gels prepared within lyotropic cubic poly(oxyethylene)10 nonylphenol ether (NP-10) templates with Ia3[combining macron]d (gyroid, GYR) symmetry. The chemical polymerization of EDOT monomer in the hydrophobic channels of the NP-10 GYR phase was initiated by AgNO3, a mild oxidant that is activated when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The morphology and physical properties of the resulting PEDOT gels were examined as a function of temperature and frequency using optical and electron microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microscopy and SAXS results showed that the PEDOT gels remained ordered and stable after the UV-initiated chemical polymerization, confirming the successful templated-synthesis of PEDOT in bicontinuous GYR nanostructures. In comparison to unpolymerized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) gel phases, the PEDOT structures had a higher storage modulus, presumably due to the formation of semi-rigid PEDOT-rich nanochannels. Additionally, the storage modulus (G') for PEDOT gels decreased only modestly with increasing temperature, from ∼1.2 × 10(5) Pa (10 °C) to ∼7 × 10(4) Pa (40 °C), whereas G' for the NP-10 and EDOT gels decreased dramatically, from ∼5.0 × 10(4) Pa (10 °C) to ∼1.5 × 10(2) Pa (40 °C). EIS revealed that the impedance of the PEDOT gels was smaller than the impedance of EDOT gels at both high frequencies (PEDOT ∼10(2) Ω and EDOT 2-3 × 10(4) Ω at 10(5) Hz) and low frequencies (PEDOT 10(3)-10(5) Ω and EDOT ∼5 × 10(5) Ω at 10(-1) Hz). These results indicated that PEDOT gels were highly ordered, mechanically stable and electrically conductive, and thus should be of interest for applications for which such properties are important, including low impedance and compliant coatings for biomedical electrodes.


Property development, especially of residential property, represents a sizeable share of China's economic activity and has made a considerable contribution to overall growth over recent history. Residential property cycles in China have been larger than cycles in commercial real estate, and may pose risks to activity and financial stability. The current weakness in the property market differs somewhat from previous downturns as there are indications that developers may be much more highly geared than in the past, contributing to financial stability risks. Although urbanisation in China may provide support for property construction in coming years, weakness in the residential property market is likely to persist. Policymakers have taken actions to support activity and confidence in the market, and have scope to respond with further support if needed. However, broader concerns about achieving sustainable growth may limit the scale of any stimulus they are willing to provide to the sector.


1363-1950 Copyr Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care was launched in 1998. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The fields of clinical nutrition and metabolic care are divided into 15 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Editors and Section Editors for this issue.


The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a tool for imaging surfaces at the microand nano meter scale. The microscope senses the force acting between a surfaceand a tip positioned at the end of a micro-cantilever, forming an image of the surface topography. Image contrast however, arises not only from surface topography, but also from variation in material composition. Improved material contrast, and improved interpretation of that contrast are two issues central to the further development of AFM.This thesis studies dynamic AFM where the cantilever is driven at multiple frequencies simultaneously. Due to the nonlinear dependence of the tip-surface force on the tip's position, the cantilever will oscillate not only at the driven frequencies, but also at harmonics and at mixing frequencies of the drives, so-called intermodulation products. A mode of AFM called Intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) is primarily studied, which aims to make use of intermodulation products centered around the resonance frequency of the cantilever. With proper excitation many intermodulation products are generated near resonance where they can be measured with large signal-to-noise ratio.ImAFM is performed on samples containing two distinct domains of different material composition and a contrast metric is introduced to quantitatively evaluate images obtained at each response frequency. Although force sensitivity is highest on resonance, we found that weak intermodulation response off resonance can show larger material contrast. This result shows that the intermodulation images can be used to improve discrimination of materials.We develop a method to obtain material parameters from multifrequency AFM spectra by fitting a tip-surface force model. Together with ImAFM, this method allows high resolution imaging of material parameters. The method is very generalas it is not limited to a specific force model or particular mode of multifrequency AFM. Several models are discussed and applied to different samples. The parameter images have a direct physical interpretation and, if the model is appropriate, they can be used to relate the measurement to material properties such as the Young's modulus. Force reconstruction is tested with simulations and on measured data. We use the reconstructed force to define the location of the surface so that we can address the issue of separating topographic contrast and material contrast.


Abstract Deep particle fueling into a fusion-relevant plasma can be performed by the injection of cryogenic hydrogen or deuterium pellets. However, the penetration depth and fueling efficiency can be greatly limited when enhanced pellet ablation by fast particles occurs. Only a limited database exists for the penetration depth of ice pellets into stellarators. The penetration depth is measured during pellet injection into purely electron cyclotron resonance heated plasmas on the Wendelstein 7-AS (W7-AS) stellarator. These data are compared with the International Pellet Ablation Database (IPADBASE). Good agreement is found, if the neutral gas shielding model is applied for the scaling law of the penetration depth. The experimental data from W7-AS are used as a basis for planning a new pellet injection system for the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, which is now under construction.


Limited dependent variable (LDV) panel data models pose substantial challenges in maximum likelihood estimation. The likelihood function in such models typically contains multivariate integrals that are often analytically intractable. To overcome such problem in a panel probit model with unobserved individual heterogeneity and autocorrelated errors, in Chapter 1 - co-authored with Roman Liesenfeld and Jean-Francois Richard - we perform classical and Bayesian analysis of the model based on the Efficient Importance Sampling (EIS) technique (Richard and Zhang, 2006). We apply our method to the product innovation activity of a panel of German manufacturing firms in response to imports and foreign direct investment confirming their positive effects. Nonetheless, our key coefficient estimates are smaller than found in previous literature which can be explained by our flexible model assumptions. The remaining two chapters present my work on new estimation methods for models based on conditional moment restrictions. Such models are frequently stipulated by economic theory but only a few estimators based directly on them have so far been analyzed in the literature. Indeed, estimation of parameters therein poses a difficult ill-posed inverse problem. Rather, these models are typically converted into unconditional moment restrictions that are easier to handle. However, such conversion results in a loss of information compared to the original specification. Using the information-theoretic framework of so-called Generalized Minimum Contrast (GMC) estimation, in Chapter 2 I propose a new class of estimators based directly on conditional moment restrictions that encompasses the entire GMC family. Moreover, I show that previous literature covering a few special cases of the GMC class use an arbitrary uniform weighting scheme over the space of exogenous variables that can be improved upon with optimal local weighting. All currently available GMC estimators are based on moments containing finite-dimensional Euclidean parameters. To alleviate a potential misspecification problem resulting from strong parametric assumptions, in Chapter 3 I propose a new Sieve-based Locally Weighted Conditional Empirical Likelihood (SLWCEL) estimator containing also infinite dimensional unknown functions, thus extending a special case of Chapter 2 to the semiparametric environment. Much of Chapter 3 is devoted to analysis of SLWCEL's asymptotic properties.


Summary For centuries the archival community has understood and practiced the art of adding contextual information while preserving an artifact. The question now is how these practices can be transferred to the digital domain. With the growing expansion of production and consumption of digital objects (documents, audio, video, etc.) it has become essential to identify and study issues related to their representation. A curator in the digital realm may be said to have the same responsibilities as one in a traditional archival domain. However, with the mass production and spread of digital objects, it may be difficult to do all the work manually. In the present article this problem is considered in the area of digital video preservation. We show how this problem can be formulated and propose a framework for capturing contextual information for ephemeral digital video preservation. This proposal is realized in a system called ContextMiner, which allows us to cater to a digital curator's needs with its four components: digital video curation, collection visualization, browsing interfaces, and video harvesting and monitoring. While the issues and systems described here are geared toward digital videos, they can easily be applied to other kinds of digital objects.


Ako is a traditional Māori concept underpinned by the notion of reciprocity. Ako-rich teacher practices are considered important for creating culturally responsive classroom learning environments, particularly for Indigenous Māori students. The confident implementation of teacher practices that reflect ako, gleaned from information provided in policy documents and professional development programmes, has proven challenging for many English-medium teachers. To help assist adoption of teaching practices consistent with ako, this study explored ways a Pakeha teacher could demonstrate ako-rich teacher behaviour indicator elements within student–teacher and parent–teacher interactions. A mixed method ethnographic approach underpinned by sociocultural and kaupapa Māori theories was selected for this research carried out in a multiethnic junior secondary school mathematics classroom (Māori, New Zealand European/Pākehā, Asian). The sample comprised of the study teacher from a large, urban, English-medium school, one of the researcher's Year 9 mathematics class, one of the researcher's Year 10 mathematics class, and some students' parents. Two data collection periods were used: the second of four 10-week school terms, over two consecutive years. Each data collection period included classroom observations, student surveys, student and parent interviews, teacher reflection, and cultural advice. Within a holistic context of ako in mathematics, characteristics of ako-rich interactions were found to fit within three aspects of teacher practice where the teacher positioned themselves as a learner who gained knowledge by researching on their own, interacting with students, and interacting with students' parents. The notion of reciprocity within ako was realised in this model when participants were recognised as individuals who have valuable knowledge to share, contributing to the collective knowledge generated in the classroom.  There is evidence that, for many students, mathematics teachers can enhance students' engagement and enjoyment of mathematics by explicitly using ako-rich practices in the classroom. Evidence also indicates that positive parent–teacher partnerships were encouraged by ako-rich teacher practices, inside and outside of the classroom. This research has shown that by explicitly practicing ako-rich behaviours in early secondary mathematics classrooms, shared understandings developed between students and teachers facilitated positive student experiences, which were accompanied by increased student engagement and achievement. Moreover, this research has also shown that shared understandings that developed between the students' parents and the teacher through ako-rich teacher behaviours encouraged positive and reciprocal partnerships that facilitated parents' involvement in their children's mathematics learning. The ako in mathematics model can be used by teachers, school leaders, and teacher educators to increase their confidence in understanding how to more authentically bring life to the rich Māori concept of ako in mathematics classrooms.


The paper considers ways of avoiding a liquidity trap and ways of getting out of one. Unless lower short nominal interest rates are associated with significantly lower interest volatility, a lower average rate of inflation, which will be associated with lower expected nominal interest rates, increases the odds that the zero nominal interest rate floor will become a binding constraint. The empirical evidence on this issue is mixed. Once in a liquidity trap, there are two means of escape. The first is to use expansionary fiscal policy. The second is to lower the zero nominal interest rate floor. This second option involves paying negative interest on government 'bearer bonds' -- coin and currency, that is 'taxing money', as advocated by Gesell. This would also reduce the likelihood of ending up in a liquidity trap. Taxing currency amounts to having periodic 'currency reforms', that is, compulsory conversions of 'old' currency into 'new' currency, say by stamping currency. The terms of the conversion can be set to achieve any positive or negative interest rate on currency. There are likely to be significant shoe leather costs associated with such schemes. The policy question then becomes how much shoe leather it takes to fill an output gap? Finally the paper develops a simple analytical model showing how the economy can get into a liquidity trap and how Gesell money is one way of avoiding it or escaping from it.


Objective: To describe catch-up growth in children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) on targeted supplementation using Ready-to-Use Supplementary Food (RUSF). Methods: An impact study was done to determine anthropometric changes in children aged 12–60 months who received RUSF (175 kcal/kg/day) for six weeks, managed as outpatients and followed up for 12 weeks until a final assessment. Results: Default rates were high, with 30% of children returning to the primary healthcare facility for follow-up only once or twice. Despite significant improvement in height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), 70.5% of the sample remained in the same malnutrition classification and only 26% recovered. The growth velocity of children with a lower initial WHZ was significantly higher (r = –0.15, p < 0.05) than those with less wasting, but only 20% grew at a rate to achieve catch-up growth. The mean growth velocity decreased as the intervention period continued. Conclusion: All median anthropometric indicators improved with RUSF supplementation. However, catch-up growth or recovery occurred in only 20–25% of children included in the study. These findings create questions about the value of supplementation in the absence of blanket food distribution or other interventions to address food security.


Domain engineering is a set of activities intended to develop, maintain, and manage the creation and evolution of an area of knowledge suitable for processing by a range of software systems. It is of considerable practical significance, as it provides methods and techniques that help reduce time-to-market, development costs, and project risks on one hand, and helps improve system quality and performance on a consistent basis on the other. In this book, the editors present a collection of invited chapters from various fields related to domain engineering. The individual chapters present state-of-the-art research and are organized in three parts. The first part focuses on results that deal with domain engineering in software product lines. The second part describes how domain-specific languages are used to support the construction and deployment of domains. Finally, the third part presents contributions dealing with domain engineering within the field of conceptual modeling. All chapters utilize a similar terminology, which will help readers to understand and relate to the chapters content. The book will be especially rewarding for researchers and students of software engineering methodologies in general and of domain engineering and its related fields in particular, as it contains the most comprehensive and up-to-date information on this topic.


Grid synchronization algorithms are of great importance in the control of grid-connected power converters, as fast and accurate detection of the grid voltage parameters is crucial in order to implement stable control strategies under generic grid conditions. This paper presents a new grid synchronization method for three-phase three-wire networks, namely dual second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) frequency-locked loop. The method is based on two adaptive filters, implemented by using a SOGI on the stationary αβ reference frame, and it is able to perform an excellent estimation of the instantaneous symmetrical components of the grid voltage under unbalanced and distorted grid conditions. This paper analyzes the performance of the proposed synchronization method including different design issues. Moreover, the behavior of the method for synchronizing with highly unbalanced grid is proven by means of simulation and experimental results, demonstrating its excellent performance.


BACKGROUND
Intraoperative monitoring of neuronal function is important in a variety of surgeries. The type of general anaesthetic used can affect the interpretation and quality of such recordings. Although the principal effects of general anaesthetics are synaptically mediated, the extent to which they affect excitability of the peripheral afferent nervous system is unclear.

METHODS
Forty subjects were randomized in a stratified manner into two groups, anaesthetized with either propofol or sevoflurane. The threshold tracking technique (QTRAC(®)) was used to measure nerve excitability parameters of the sensory action potential of the median nerve before and after induction of general anaesthesia.

RESULTS
Several parameters of peripheral sensory afferent nerve excitability changed after induction of general anaesthesia, which were similar for both propofol and sevoflurane. The maximum amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential decreased in both groups (propofol: 25.3%; sevoflurane: 29.5%; both P<0.01). The relative refractory period [mean (sd)] also decreased similarly in both groups [propofol: -0.6 (0.7) ms; sevoflurane: -0.3 (0.5) ms; both P<0.01]. Skin temperature at the stimulation site increased significantly in both groups [propofol: +1.2 (1.0)°C; sevoflurane: +1.7 (1.4)°C; both P<0.01].

CONCLUSIONS
Small changes in excitability of primary sensory afferents after the induction of anaesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane were detected. These effects, which were non-specific and are possibly explained by changes observed in temperature, demonstrate possible anaesthetic effects on intraoperative neuromonitoring.


Knowing how to create domain-specific languages (DSLs) can give you a huge productivity boost. Instead of writing code in a general-purpose programming language, you can first build a custom language tailored to make you efficient in a particular domain. The key is understanding the common patterns found across language implementations. Language Design Patterns identifies and condenses the most common design patterns, providing sample implementations of each. The pattern implementations use Java, but the patterns themselves are completely general. Some of the implementations use the well-known ANTLR parser generator, so readers will find this book an excellent source of ANTLR examples as well. But this book will benefit anyone interested in implementing languages, regardless of their tool of choice. Other language implementation books focus on compilers, which you rarely need in your daily life. Instead, Language Design Patterns shows you patterns you can use for all kinds of language applications. You'll learn to create configuration file readers, data readers, model-driven code generators, source-to-source translators, source analyzers, and interpreters. Each chapter groups related design patterns and, in each pattern, you'll get hands-on experience by building a complete sample implementation. By the time you finish the book, you'll know how to solve most common language implementation problems.


Trade negotiators are concerned about the possible negative effects of trade liberalisation on employment in specific sectors. The agricultural sector has characteristics that make it different from industrial or service sectors. These are an informal labour force, low productivity, relative absence of regulations and a tie to land. These characteristics help the sector adjust to trade shocks. In this application, a global computable general equilibrium model is used to determine trade shocks that are passed to a single country general equilibrium model to analyse employment and wage effects for four skills levels in Indonesian agriculture. Employment tends to move with output in the primary agricultural sector where capital-labour substitution is relatively low. However, factor substitution appears to be greater in the processed agricultural sector. The employment effects of trade shocks are quite small, with the possible exception of the highly protected sugar sector. Implications for trade and labour market policies are drawn.


In this study, we employ social network mapping techniques to analyze the shape and structure of the networked public sphere in the Arab region. The analysis is based on four distinct views of digitally connected communities: a regional map of the blogosphere and maps of Twitter networks in three countries: Egypt, Tunisia, and Bahrain. This media ecology mapping across these different platforms and regions offers a detailed view of social, cultural, religious, and political expression through digital media. We observe that the networked public sphere in the Arab region is much different than it was five years ago. With the decline in the blogosphere, Twitter and Facebook now host a large portion of the Arab networked public sphere. By all indications, the networked public sphere is more contentious, more highly polarized, and less conducive to broadly inclusive social mobilization. In Egypt, we see polarized debates on Twitter that divide politically active users into three distinct and largely disconnected groups. In Bahrain, the antagonism between the government and opposition is manifest in a bipolar network structure on Twitter, and the debate is framed in sectarian language that appears intent on deepening the political divide. In comparison, the Twitter network in Tunisia appears to be much more integrated and the discourse between political opponents less hostile, despite the political rivalries there. In each of these countries, the networked public sphere continues to offer a venue for civil society and individual voices that is less restrictive than traditional media. While pro-government actors are now more active in digital spaces compared to several years earlier, the discourse in Egypt, Bahrain, and Tunisia is still tilted towards those that support freedom of speech, civil liberties, and political reform.


Tolerance in angles of continuously self-imaging gratings (CSIGs) is explored. The degradation in angle of the shape of the point-spread function is theoretically investigated and illustrated by simulations and experiments. The formalism presented is inspired by the one used for classical lenses and can be easily generalized to diffraction gratings. It turns out that well-designed CSIGs could be used for scanning optical systems requiring a large field of view.


Author(s): Badgett, M.V. Lee; Smith, Jennifer | Abstract: Extending marriage to Australian same-sex couples would boost the country's economy by $161 million over three years. This estimate is based on a projection that 54 percent (or 17,820) of Australia's approximately 33,000 same-sex couples would marry. Tasmania, in particular, stands to claim a large share of that $161 million should it become the first state to allow same-sex couples to marry. In addition to marriages by Tasmanian couples, an estimated 15,236 couples would travel from out-of-state to marry in Tasmania, resulting in an economic gain of $96 million or more for the state. The figures in the report draw upon recent surveys, estimating the total number of Australian same-sex couples and the number of same-sex couples interested in marriage. Notably, the estimates in the report are conservative compared to other estimates because they only include spending by resident couples. They do not include spending by wedding guests, or wedding or tourism spending by couples traveling to Australia to marry. One recent study that took this additional spending into account estimated an economic boost of $742 million.


Can the last deep-sea Oculina coral reefs be saved?: A management analysis of the Oculina ABSTRACT The ivory tree coral, Oculina varicosa, is known to form reefs only in deep water (80-100 meters) off the central Atlantic coast of Florida. These unique reefs support high levels of biodiversity, and provide important spawning habitat for commercially important fish species such as snappers and groupers. The fragile, slow-growing Oculina reefs are easily destroyed by bottom trawls, and other types of bottom fishing gear. In 1984 the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council established the Oculina Habitat Area of Particular Concern (HAPC), banning all bottom trawling in a portion of the reef system. The protected area was expanded in 1994 to include most of the Oculina reefs. However, recent surveys showed that about 90% of the reefs have been destroyed, mainly by bottom trawling for rock shrimp. This project is an analysis of why the Oculina reefs are almost gone despite many years of protection, and what could be done to improve enforcement and protection of the Oculina HAPC. Information was collected from literature research, and conversations with several stakeholders and experts on issues relevant to the Oculina HAPC. Four main policy problems emerged: a historical lack of enforcement in the rock shrimp fishery, continuing lack of enforcement in the snapper grouper fishery, insufficient penalties for violations of the HAPC regulations, and a lack of funding for research, enforcement, education, and outreach. The pros and cons of six potential solutions to address these problems are discussed: (1) require VMS in the snapper grouper fishery; (2) establish acoustic monitoring systems in the OECA; (3) increase penalties for violations of the Oculina HAPC; (4) increase funding for research, enforcement, education, and outreach; (5) expand the Oculina HAPC; and (6) establish part or all of the Oculina HAPC as a National Marine Sanctuary. It is important to establish effective protections for the Oculina HAPC, not only to conserve the remaining Oculina reef ecosystems, but to learn how to prevent such widespread destruction of other deep-sea coral ecosystems.


Experiment 1 tested whether the number of solutions to a proposed policy that did or did not have a direct impact on participants would influence their current satisfaction. Diverse relative to limited future choices enhanced current satisfaction when they had relevance for participants; there was, however, only a tendency for the number of future choices to influence current satisfaction when the choices did not have relevance for participants. Experiment 2 further explored the influence of choice on satisfaction, tested potential underlying processes, and the influence of individual differences. Results showed that (1) people did not show a preference for diverse over limited relevant choices when the policy had a direct effect on them (relevant condition); (2) when the policy did not have a direct effect (nonrelevant condition), people did not show a preference for diverse over limited options; and (3) participants simulated a future alternative world when considering future choices.


Traditional woodcarving is the most significant Malay ornamental art. The
creative expressions of the Malay woodcarving are very much influenced by the
religious, moral and ethical values of the craftsmen, which are developed as an act
of submission to the All Mighty. The ethical issues involved are mostly
connected with the worldview of the Malays. -
The study of this research examines the practical aspects that explain the creative
and aesthetic aspirations of a Malay woodcarver named, Wan Mustaffa Wan Suo
The study will focus on his attitudes towards philosophy, aesthetics and the
creative process in executing his work. It is hoped that the study would provide
useful evidence of the existence of ethical values on Malay traditional
woodcarving. The findings could serve as valuable references for researchers
who are concerned with the study ofMalay traditional art ofwoodcarving.
The methodology used is based on the qualitative approach to research. Since
each individual has his own reality about life, this study emphasizes the
identification of the philosophy that evolves and guides the worldview of Wan
Mustaffa Wan Suo The purpose here is to capture his experience and how he
interprets it in his work. Data collection and analysis are gathered through a
variety of means such as observation, interview, photograph and written
description. Data collection occurs concurrently with data analysis, where the
explanations provided by the woodcarver are analysed and interpreted. Chapter 1
provides the introduction, background, objectives of the study, significance of the
study, statement of the problem, limitation, and the research methodology like
interviews, description of the work and artefacts.
Chapter 2 focuses on the review of related research and literature. A brief account
of the study on the traditional art of Malay woodcarving and the development of
Malay 'ethical values are addressed.
Chapter 3 concentrates on the theoretical background on the case studies and
interpretation that describes the concept of traditional art, the interpretation of
symbols in the design motifs and the influence of Islam in the work of the Malay
woodcarvers.
Chapter 4 provides data analysis on the study of the ethical values that governs the
interpretations of the Malay woodcarving. An analysis and interpretations of the
woodcarvings ofWan Mustaffa Wan Su are included.
Chapter 5 describes the analysis, result and conclusion of the study ofWan Mustaffa
Wan Su's woodcarvings. The study shows that there is a strong influence of Islamic
teachings, philosophical views and ethical values in the work of Wan Mustaffa
Wan Su.


This paper studies the life and times of Henri Curiel, a Jewish Egyptian who led the creation and development of the communist movement in Egypt in the twentieth century. Curiel was of such importance in Egypt that he is still remembered there today, despite the polarization between Arabs and Jews over the Palestine Question and the state of Israel, and despite Curiel's deportation in 1950 and his assassination at the hands of unknown killers, in France, a full quarter of a century later, in 1978. The paper traces Curiel's origins to Spain, where his family was driven out by the Inquisition, moving to Italy, and later to Egypt in the early 1800s. This paper explores Curiel's personal motives in Egyptianizing himself, despite belonging to a wealthy Jewish merchant family, and in becoming a top Marxist mass-organizer, despite coming from a small minority and speaking Arabic very poorly. It studies his character, from his charisma to his controlling tendency to dominate all groups in which he was active. Finally, the paper reviews the Arabic writings of others about Curiel, especially his contemporaries' writings on his Egyptian activities, also including his subsequent decades as an international anti-colonialist revolutionary. Drawing on the author's unique Japanese perspective, the paper also includes a most insightful look at Curiel, the internationalist, as seen through the eyes of a visiting Japanese peace activist, who sought his aid from the other side of the globe.


As the emphasis of transportation planning was shifting from capacity expansion to management of travel demand, improved knowledge of travel patterns and variability during multiple days became necessary. The single-day travel survey (SDTS), in which each individual or household only reports one day's travel activity, represents the archetypal duration of data collection among travel surveys conducted at the national, state or regional levels. The basic assumption in the conventional SDTS approach is that travel activities are repetitive from day to day, and if travel is reported for a randomly chosen day out of some longer time period, then an unbiased sample of behavior for that period can be obtained. While previous studies have challenged the SDTS approach, the implication of survey duration on travel parameter estimates is still largely unkown; accordingly, there is little agreement on the "optimal" travel survey duration for accuracy of travel demand modeling. By analyzing a sample of seven-day travel logs from the city of Los Angeles, California (USA) during 2011-2012, we aim to contribute the understanding of intrapersonal day-to-day travel variability (IDTV) and the implication of travel survey duration on parameter estimates. Our final sample included 2,395 person-days from 352 individual respondents. Our analytical methods included linear regressions and Monte Carlo simulation experiements. Our linear models revealed that a number of factors significantly influenced IDTV, such as gender, age, income, and automobile ownership. However, the observed characteristics could only explain a very small portion of IDTV: 2% for the total trip count, 5% for the private vehicle trip count, 12% for the bus/train trip count, 4% for the walking/biking trip count, and 4% for the duration of walk/biking. There was a tremendous amount of residual IDTV that was hard to explain by observable characteristics; this may pose a risk to jeopardize the validity of results from single-day surveys. In order to better understand the risk and elucidate the influence of survey duration on travel parameter estimates, we also conducted Monte Carlo simulation experiments, which enabled us to contrast travel variables measured from the seven-day master sample with those from subsamples of a shorter period (one to six days). We found that it is possible for a less-than-seven-day period to generate parameter estimates close enough to the seven-day period; the "optimal" duration for a travel survey may be dependent on specific travel variables to measure and desired accuracy levels. Regarding the total trip count and the private vehicle trip count, three days of survey duration may produce estimates that are very close to the estimates from the seven-day survey. Walking/biking trips may need at least five days of survey duration to produce estimates that are likely (about 90% chance) to approach those from the seven-day survey. Bus/train trips may be subject to the largest degree of uncertainty among all modes in terms of repetitiveness of travel; therefore, we recommend the seven-day duration for bus/train trips; estimates about bus/train trip frequencies from a less-than-seven-day survey duration may be associated with high risks of bias. In conclusion, the conventional one-day approach is highly likely to produce biased parameter estimates due to the intrapersonal day-to-day travel variability. We recommend that transportation professionals and policy makers consider shifting from the conventional one-day approach towards the multi-day approach; surveys which aim to reveal trip frequency information comprehensively from a wide range of modes should consider data collection from the seven-day duration.


Finding, retrieving and annotating digital news items is almost as important as their generation and storage. Our university is developing new tools for digital news research. To aid in the collection and close reading of news documents, partners from diverse units across campus have collaborated to develop a software tool that allows researchers to code and search for a vast array of subjects, names, dates, direct quotes and interpretative notes within large digital news collections.

Each news item can be annotated by multiple people with accurate tracing of each person's contribution. Designed to be simple for undergraduates to use, but powerful enough for professional research, the text, annotations and other metadata are fully searchable. The results of researchers' queries can then be processed by further analytical tools including text mining or individual reading. This tool's theory, background, design and operation is described along with plans for the future.


The main aim of this report is to identify and analyse the most relevant ethical, legal, societal and economic issues implicated by the development of big data technologies. With this purpose in mind, each distinctive perspective approaches the technological innovation brought about by big data technologies from a different angle.
First, the ethical perspective contains a comprehensive review of different ethical outlooks: moral philosophy, philosophy of technology and biomedical ethics which provide the guidelines for developing a list of values that are useful to shape an ethical perspective on big data technologies for all stakeholders. The ethical issues mapped particularly concern these values to the extent they are under pressure by the developments in big data technologies. The selection was primarily guided by the views on technology development from a virtue ethics perspective. The ethical issues identified are: human welfare, autonomy, non-maleficence, justice (including equality, non-discrimination, digital inclusion), accountability (including transparency), trustworthiness (including honesty and underpinning also security), privacy, dignity, solidarity and environmental welfare.
Second, the legal perspective focuses on the lists of human rights derived from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (the EU Charter), which together constitute the main legal framework for the EU in the field of human rights. The rights of particular relevance in the context of big data technologies are the rights to private and family life, personal data protection, freedom of expression and information, freedom of assembly and association, non-discrimination, fair trial and consumer protection. By analysing the normative scope of each of these human rights, looking at both legislation and case law of the European courts and the way in which big data technologies challenge different aspects of each human right at stake, the legal part distils the list of the most relevant issues at the nexus of big data technologies and human rights in the EU. The legal issues identified are: lack of transparency, vagueness of the concept of harm, accountability, proportionality, establishing a regulatory framework and the role of private actors in applying fundamental rights.
Third, the societal perspective makes use of the extensive literature on Societal Impact Assessments (SIA). The analysis of literature was combined with a review of research project propositions and complemented by discussions at two workshops. Societal impact is very generally understood as changes to one or more of a number of elements of social life: people's way of life, their culture, their community, their political systems, their environment, their health and well-being, their personal and property and their fears and aspirations. The societal issues are mapped by examining different actors and distinctions between these actors, by examining the relationship between data subjects and data controllers and processors, and by examining the risk and impact of potential abuses of big data technologies. On top of the SIA approach, a survey of literature on societal issues in the context of big data technologies identified data culture, data quality, analytics methodology and visualisation as related aspects, essential to understand societal issues and to develop means to address them. The societal issues identified are: unequal access, normalisation, discrimination, dependency, intrusiveness, non-transparency and abusiveness.
Fourth, the economic perspective mainly builds on the societal perspective, as the societal perspective already includes business-to-business and business-to-consumer relations. Societal issues may affect community capital, which may include human capital, social capital, political capital and cultural capital. Natural and physical capital are outside the scope of this deliverable. Due to this close relationship between the societal and the economic perspective, many of the societal issues also include economic aspects and, as such, societal and economic issues cannot always be clearly distinguished. Therefore, the starting point for listing the economic issues are the societal issues derived from the SIA analysis, with an emphasis on economic aspects. There are no economic issues that are not societal issues at the same time. The economic issues identified are: unequal access (including the shortage of a skilled workforce and the creation of a new digital divide), normalisation, discrimination, dependency, intrusiveness, non-transparency and abusiveness.
Observing the four lists of issues identified, the following conclusions can be drawn: • Although there is some overlap in issues from the different perspectives, this does not mean that the overlapping issues are the same from each perspective – each perspective simply shows different aspects of each issue. • The list of issues identified is very extensive, but not exhaustive. The rapid changes in big data technologies call for periodic updates of identification of issues. • The issues identified are hard to prioritize, as this may be context-dependent and many issues are interconnected. • The issues identified should not only or merely be regarded as problems to be solved, but rather as providing the goals to strive for. An attitude of continuous attention is required for these issues.
These conclusions call for further work. The inventory in this deliverable may require periodic updates after some time. Furthermore, balancing and prioritizing the issues identified is hard in abstracto and may, therefore, call for more detailed, context-specific approaches. Finally, because many of these issues cannot be solved once and forever, an attitude of continuous attention for these issues is called for.


Abstract The crystal structure of mattheddleite (Pb5(Si1.5S1.5)O12(Cl0.57OH0.43), P63/m, a = 10.0056(6), c = 7.4960(9) Å) from Leadhills, Scotland has been determined to R = 0.065. The structure is that of apatite where Pb replaces Ca, equal amounts of S and Si replace P and the X anion is OH + Cl. The composition deduced from the structural refinement differs from that of microprobe analyses by giving full occupancy of the tetrahedral site and equal Si and S to preserve charge balance. We conclude that the microprobe analysis is incorrect possibly due to large and inaccurate absorption corrections. For the crystal analysed, the X anion position is zoned from an OH-rich interior to a Cl-rich exterior. The Pb(2) atom is disordered which may be analogous to the disordering of the Ca(2) site in Cl-rich, Ca apatites.