When Professor Murray called and asked me to speak to this illustrious group, she mentioned that you might like to hear my observations about how IP law has evolved over the course of my career and a little bit about my career itself. It is always nice when someone hands you the speaking topic, so I quickly agreed. Then I realized that I have been a lawyer since the early '80s--longer than some of you have been alive. That is a lot of law to cover. I have also had a pretty unusual career, first as a trade association lawyer, then in private practice, and now as general counsel for an advertising fund serving a huge quick-service restaurant chain. The issues I have had to deal with have been both cutting edge and incredibly mundane. Most of what I know about IP law, I learned on the job. I did not know how to distill it all down for you. Suddenly, I was depressed. Nevertheless, life is tough and sometimes you get a big dose of bad stuff to deal with. I mean, Marquette's basketball team did not advance to the Sweet 16, and tonight, instead of watching more basketball on television, all you smart law review types have to listen to me, a mere sandwich lawyer, talk about my career and the evolution of IP law. When I realized that you were sacrificing your Friday night to be here, I knew that I should at least try to prepare a halfway decent presentation, so I started thinking about what to say. Of course, for me, thinking about a presentation and actually putting one together are not always the same. I was waiting for that "aha" moment. You know--the sudden inspiration that causes the words to just flow onto paper in complete, coherent sentences. I wish that I could say that I have "aha" moments all the time, but sadly, I sometimes have to search for them. Luckily, I travel a lot, and traveling gives me a lot of time to think and read. I should explain that when I am in airports and on planes, I do not do legal work. There is too much risk that others will listen to your conversations or try to read what you are writing or reading. So instead of doing real work, I read magazines and newspapers. Reading the newspaper is actually a habit I picked up in law school. It helped me to remember that the real world still existed as I struggled to understand "The Rule in Shelly's Case," and the whole concept of "penumbras" emanating from various portions of the Constitution. Keeping up with the news actually matters even more to me today. I work for a company that has agreements with some well-known sports figures so I need to read the sports page. Like everyone else, changes in the economy affect my company, which means that I also have to pay attention to business news. On this particular day, I picked a copy of Newsweek instead of a newspaper. I admit that I bought the magazine to read the article about Barbie turning 50, but the article only put me back into a funk. I mean, I am not much older than Barbie is, but you never see her accessorizing her outfits with reading glasses, as I have to do these days. Luckily, there was another article in the magazine about a new book on Marbury v. Madison. (1) Did you know that we just passed the 206th anniversary of Marbury v. Madison? Like everyone here, I read this case in law school, but I had actually forgotten why this case is "the most important decision the Supreme Court--and perhaps any court--has ever issued." (2) It was the first time the Supreme Court struck down an act of Congress. It was also the case in which Chief Justice Marshall said quite eloquently that "[i]t is emphatically the province and duty" of the courts "to say what the law is." (3) There it was--my "aha" moment. I started thinking about what the Supreme Court has said about IP law over the course of my career as a lawyer and how those decisions have influenced or affected my career. While there have not been a huge number of IP decisions from the Supreme Court, there have certainly been enough for me to keep you here for hours. …


Equitable Balancing in the Age of Statutes examines the application of the doctrine of equitable balancing in determining whether to issue injunctions for violations of federal statutes. For the past several decades, the Supreme Court has held that the decision whether to enjoin violations of federal laws ordinarily should be determined by "balancing the equities," in which courts weigh the hardship that the plaintiffs would face if an injunction were denied against the hardship the defendants would face if an injunction were granted. The Court has justified the doctrine by declaring that it is a longstanding equitable practice dating back centuries, perhaps since time immemorial. The Court most recently applied the doctrine in Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 129 S.Ct. 365 (2008), in which environmentalists sought to enjoin the Navy from conducting antisubmarine training exercises using a type of sonar system alleged to be harmful to whales. The Court held that, even if the Navy was acting in violation of federal law, no injunction should be issued because, as the Court saw the balance of equities, national security trumps environmental protection. The Article argues that the Supreme Court's experiment in applying equitable balancing in statutory contexts should be abandoned because it conflicts with separation-of-powers principles. The Article seeks to debunk the Court's premise for applying equitable balancing in statutory cases - that the doctrine has been part of equitable practice for many centuries. In fact, equitable balancing is a relatively modern phenomenon, which first appeared in state common law cases during the period of rapid industrialization following the Civil War, and it only gained general acceptance in the 1930s. It was adopted for the express purpose of expanding judicial discretion to protect industries against injunctions in nuisance actions to stop air and water pollution. History is repeating itself because the Supreme Court adopted equitable balancing in federal statutory cases, beginning in 1982, to expand judicial discretion to excuse violations of federal statutes when, in the courts' judgment, countervailing policy interests outweigh the interests served by federal statutes. Once equitable balancing is recognized as a recent phenomenon adopted to enlarge judicial policymaking authority, it becomes apparent that applying the doctrine in federal statutory cases raises substantial unresolved separation-of-powers problems. Among other things, the doctrine allows, if not requires, that courts make ad -hoc assessments of the relative importance of apparently conflicting statutory policies.


This study addresses the role and policies of Libera Sport, an Italian nongovernmental civil society organization that fights against the Italian mafia groups through sports. On the one hand, this article reinterprets and applies the cultural hegemony theory of Antonio Gramsci both to the Mafia and Libera Sport. On the other hand, habitus and cultural capital notions of Pierre Bourdieu are used to express the struggle between the Mafia and Libera Sport. This study demonstrates how the Mafia and anti-Mafia movement intersect in the "accumulation of actions" and create the "clash of habitus". I argue that Libera Sport can realize its goals only if the clash of habitus is terminated by demolishing the institutionalized cultural capital of the Mafia and constituting its own cultural capital, which has not yet been institutionalized. During this reformative process, sports become a significant complementary anti-Mafia policy tool.


The world population regardless of location and development stage needs energy and water. According to the United Nations, the present world population stands at about 6.7 billion with an average annual growth rate of 1.3%. Population increase calls for increased allocation of water for domestic use, agriculture and industrial use. The increased water allocation among different sectors has always resulted in conflicts among users, and stress on freshwater environment. Therefore it is essential that water resources be developed in a sustainable manner to accommodate future generations to meet their water needs. In recent years studies regarding stress on water resources due to population increase have always been done without considering the effect of climate change while studies on the effect of climate change on river flows have always ignored the effect of population increase.
An assessment of the sustainability of the water resources primarily of the Central and Northern highland river basins of Malawi is presented in this thesis based on basin hydrology, human health, environment and climate change. A complete hydrological data set is not readily available in developing countries like Malawi. That being the case, a method of estimating missing data in hydrological data records has been presented. Climate change predictions have been done based on United Kingdom (UK) Meteorological Office Hadley Centre HadCM3 experiments. All the river basins in the Central and Northern part of Malawi drain into Lake Malawi. Lake Malawi plays a major role in the provision of energy for the country and water supply to the southern part of Malawi through its outlet Shire river. Planning of alternative water resources schemes on river basins in the northern part of Malawi needs an assessment of the hydrological behaviour of the lake. In view of this, the report further explores the sustainability of water levels of Lake Malawi based on generated climate scenarios.
A method of extending river flow records based on climate scenario is presented. In the proposed method a simple rainfall runoff model of Linear Perturbation Model has been used to extend flow records with inputs from HadCM3 experiments. The results showed a good correlation between predicted and observed series. Climate change prediction downscaled from HadCM3 general circulation models using statistical techniques were used to create 25 year river flow scenarios from 2001 to 2100.
The thesis further reports a method of extending evaporation data based on climate change prediction since evaporation plays a major role in the development of irrigation. The future evaporation scenarios have been incorporated in the water balance model of Lake Malawi for the assessment of sustainability and future water levels of the lake.
A method of formulating water resources sustainability index through the integration of knowledge from hydrology, human health and environment is presented. The Water Sustainability Index has been developed as a tool for assessment of multipurpose water resources development comparing one river basin with another in a sustainable manner.
In conclusion the method proposed in this thesis can be used as a tool for assessing the strategic sustainability of water resources development as planned under the Malawi National Water Development Programme (MNWDP) phase II. The goal of MNWDP II is to develop a water resources investment strategy for Malawi by looking at the current available water resources and the impact of developing these water resources. Although it is hoped that the methods can be of benefit under MNWDP II, investigations into other techniques would be beneficial.


The paper builds on and contributes to literature in citizenship education studies in higher education. Many studies in this field have explored the history, development and implementation of various forms of citizenship formation as an advancement of social justice. However, little has been written on how the formation of critical democratic citizens 2 links with the notion of sustainable learning environments and how it relates to social justice. Studies by McKinney (2007); Waghid (2007; 2009), Lange (2012); and Leibowitz, Swartz, Bozalek, Carolissen, Nicholls &Rohleder(2012) are among those on citizen formation in the South African higher education context. Thisconceptual paper argues that the formation of critical democratic citizens through higher education relates not only to social justice, but also to the advancement of sustainable learning environments (SLEs) beyond physical spaces. The paper explores the normative value of a democratic education theory, Marion Young's (1990) theory of justice and the politics of difference, and human development principles in advancing citizenship education. These foster both sustainable learning environments and social justice. A democratic education theory lays the foundation for an inclusive and deliberative form of education, while a theory of justice and politics of difference advances better justice and an environment that is non-oppressive. Human development principles set the tone for a sustainable human development, which becomes a framework through which asustainable learning environment is built in pursuit of social justice. Drawing on a Capabilities Approach framework and the philosophy of Ubuntu, with emphasis on substantive freedoms, opportunities, and the thriving of the common good, the paper illustrates how citizenship education advances a conception of sustainable learning environments and social justices not necessarily limited to physical spaces, distributive justice or economic motives, but inclusive of institutional arrangements, policy issues and relational justice.


A three-dimensional finite-difference digital model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the 25,000-square-mile aquifer system of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The model was developed from a hydrogeologic framework that is based on an alternating sequence of 10 aquifers and 9 confining units, which make up a seaward-thickening wedge of sediments that form the Coastal Plain aquifer system in the State of North Carolina. The model was calibrated by comparing observed and simulated water levels. The model calibration was achieved by adjusting model parameters, primarily leakance of confining units and transmissivity of aquifers, until differences between observed and simulated water levels were within acceptable limits, generally within 15 feet. The maximum transmissivity of an individual aquifer in the calibrated model is 200,000 feet squared per day in a part of the Castle Hayne aquifer, which consists predominantly of limestone. The maximum value for simulated vertical hydraulic conductivity in a confining unit was 2.5 feet per day, in a part of the confining unit overlying the upper Cape Fear aquifer. The minimum value was 4.1X10"6 feet per day, in part of the confining unit overlying the lower Cape Fear aquifer. Analysis indicated the model is highly sensitive to changes in transmissivity and leakance near pumping centers; away from pumping centers, the model is only slightly sensitive to changes in transmissivity but is moderately sensitive to changes in leakance. Recharge from precipitation to the surficial aquifer ranges from about 12 inches per year in areas having clay at the surface to about 20 inches per year in areas having sand at the surface. Most of this recharge moves laterally to streams, and only about 1 inch per year moves downward to the confined parts of the aquifer system. Under predevelopment conditions, the confined aquifers were generally recharged in updip interstream areas and discharged through streambeds and in downdip coastward areas. Hydrologic analysis of the flow system using the calibrated model indicated that, because of groundwater withdrawals, areas of ground-water recharge have expanded and encroached upon some major stream valleys and into coastal areas. Simulations of pumping conditions indicate that by 1980 large parts of the former coastal discharge areas had become areas of potential or actual recharge. Declines of ground-water level, which are the result of water taken from storage, are extensive in some areas and minimal in others. Hydraulic head declines of more than 135 feet have occurred in the northern Coastal Plain since 1940 primarily due to withdrawals in the Franklin area in Virginia. Declines of ground-water levels greater than 110 feet have occurred in aquifers in the central Coastal Plain due to combined effects of pumpage for public and industrial water supplies. Water-level declines exceeding 100 feet have occurred in the Beaufort County area because of withdrawals for a mining operation and water supplies for a chemical plant. Head declines have been less than 10 feet in the shallow surficial and Yorktown aquifers and in the updip parts of the major confined aquifers distant from areas of major withdrawals. In 1980, contribution from aquifer storage was 14 cubic feet per second, which is about 4.8 percent of pumpage and about 0.05 percent of ground-water recharge. A water-budget analysis using the model simulations indicates that much of the water removed from the ground-water system by pumping ultimately is made up by a reduction in water leaving the aquifer system, which discharges to streams as base flow. The reduction in stream base flow was 294 cubic feet per second in 1980 and represents about 1.1 percent of the ground-water recharge. The net reduction to streamflow is not large, however, because most pumped ground water is eventually discharged to streams. In places, such as at rock quarries in Onslow and Craven Counties, water is lost from streams to recharge the water-table aquifer. In simulations for the period 19802000, assuming a 3-percent increase in pumpage per year since 1980, such induced infiltration increased about sevenfold from about 6 to 42 cubic feet per second.


IMPORTANCE
Endophthalmitis caused by Curvularia is a rare condition seen after cataract surgery and trauma. The clinical course has not been described previously.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the clinical course of 6 postoperative and trauma-related cases of Curvularia endophthalmitis.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Retrospective case series. We reviewed the archives of the microbiology laboratory of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, a tertiary referral hospital, from January 1, 1980, through September 30, 2013, to identify cases of Curvularia endophthalmitis. Data collected included demographic information, the cause of endophthalmitis, presenting features, treatment course, the number of recurrences, the area of organism sequestration, and final visual outcome.

EXPOSURES
Trauma and cataract surgery.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Times from the inciting event to presentation of symptoms, diagnosis, and eradication; visual acuity; and identification of the area of sequestration.

RESULTS
We identified 6 patients with Curvularia endophthalmitis, including 5 who underwent cataract surgery and 1 after trauma. The diagnosis was established rapidly in the trauma case. In the postoperative cases, the time from the surgery to first symptoms ranged from 2 to 5 months; from the surgery to correct diagnosis, 7 to 24 months; and from the surgery to eradication, 8 to 27 months. Despite aggressive antifungal therapy, eradication of the infection could be achieved only by identification and removal of the nidus of sequestration. The median follow-up was 29.5 months.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In cases of endophthalmitis caused by Curvularia, the diagnosis and treatment are often delayed, especially in postoperative cases. The eradication of the organism requires identification and removal of the nidi of sequestration.


Between 1924 and 1933 scores of British and Irish immigrants were deported from South Africa for crimes that were mainly of a petty character. Prominent in their records was the offence of supplying alcohol to black people, which had been criminalised under the country's racial forms of prohibition. These deportations took place under the direction of the minister of the Interior, D. F. Malan, later notorious as the initiator of the apartheid policy. The article contends that the process of deportation is revealing of both the social trajectory of some metropolitan migrants to the Empire and of the character of the South African state. While turn-of-the-century British immigrants to southern Africa are generally thought of as upwardly socially mobile, a minority took a downward path. As 'poor whites' they constituted a threat to racial boundaries. Malan, concerned to police these boundaries, sought to remove them from society. But he was constrained by his political alliance with the British immigrant labour movement and in the end was selective in his strategy, deporting the most marginalised or lumpen proletarian, while allowing those who could claim some shreds of respectability to remain. The organisational and bureaucratic processes of deportation are traced in detail. The article endorses Robert Bickers' view that imperial history has given too little attention to poor and working class British immigrants in the Empire.


Laboratory wastes are discharged from experimental, testing, or analysis processes, and contain various toxic chemical compounds with a high heating-value and a high chlorine content (> 9%). Elevated PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxin and furan) emissions during start-up stages are caused by combustion of waste with high chlorine contents, incomplete combustion, and so called "memory effects". Even though the duration of cold start-up is short compared with the hours of continuous steady operation in a waste incinerator, its negative effects with regard to PCDD/F emissions on both human health and the environment cannot be neglected. A full-scale laboratory-waste incinerator which is operated for 10 days in each run and has 15 to 20 runs annually was investigated in this study. Eleven PCDD/F samples of stack flue gas were collected during the cold start-up periods (for 60.5 hrs). The gas temperature of the primary combustion chamber was above 850°C, and was maintained at between 850 and 900°C by injecting diesel fuel without waste feed. For first 1.5-7.5 hours, the PCDD/F concentration in the stack flue gas was as high as 0.656-1.15 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. Afterward, during hours 10.5-35.5 and 54.5-60.5, this reduced to 0.159-0.459 and 0.218-0.254 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3, respectively. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and the L/H ratio, the results revealed a higher L/H ratio (1.23) before hour 32, indicating that less chlorinated PCDD/F homologues (tetra and penta) dominated, while after hour 32 more chlorinated PCDD/F homologues (hexa, hepta and Octa) had a higher mass concentration and the L/H ratio fell to 0.42. These results indicate that the PCDD/F emissions during cold start-up were caused by memory effects and thermal desorption. Therefore, in order to reduce the PCDD/F emissions from the stack flue gas of waste incinerators, is highly recommended that a higher amount of activated carbon injection is used in front of the bag filters.


The innovative software system "myEcoCost" enables to gather and communicate resource and environmental data for products and services in global value chains. The system has been developed in the consortium of the European research project myEcoCost and forms a basis of a new, highly automated environmental accounting system fur companies and consumers. The prototype of the system, linked to financial accounting of companies, was developed and tested in close collaboration with large and small companies. This brochure gives a brief introduction to the vision linked to myEcoCost: a network formed by collaborative environmental accounting nodes collecting environmental data at each step in a product's value chains. It shows why better life cycle data are needed and how myEcoCost addresses and solves this problem. Furthermore, it presents options for a future upscaling of highly automated environmenal accounting for prodcuts and services.


Send us your short, selfie video and lift your Quaker voice for the environment! We have started a new video project, called "What Canst Thou Say?" and we're asking Friends to send us short (3-minute or less) selfie videos that answer two questions: (1) What is your biggest concern for the planet? and (2) What solution do you suggest? We are posting all the videos on our YouTube channel and have created a playlist so that you can see all the videos that have been completed so far. To view the What Canst Thou Say videos, go to https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjsfk5k6iBqzDQx6tnShvEBeMEhBRZ7p0. We hope you'll consider making and sharing your own video with us! Questions? Email


SUMMARY 1. Although Sinodiaptomus valkanovi [sensu Ueda & Ohtsuka (Hydrobiologia, 379, 1998, 159)] is one of the most common freshwater calanoid copepods in Japan, it was originally described from specimens collected in Sofia, Bulgaria, as a subspecies of S. sarsi. This original description raises two issues requiring further investigation. One is whether or not S. valkanovi should be differentiated from S. sarsi at a species level, and the other is whether or not records of S. valkanovi from outside of Japan are the result of biological invasions. 2. We examined the gene flow between S. valkanovi and S. sarsi in Japan, using nuclear DNA (the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 plus the intervening 5.8S ribosomal DNA subunit) sequence to clarify if these two taxa are separable at a species level. We also investigated the population genetic structure of S. valkanovi in Japan, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene, and subsequently of two recently discovered New Zealand populations, to elucidate the origin and colonisation ⁄ invasion history of this taxon. 3. In total, 43 and three Japanese populations of S. valkanovi and S. sarsi, respectively, were analysed. These two taxa did not occur together in any of the localities. Nuclear DNA analysis did not provide any evidence of gene flow between them, and the inter-taxon variability of mtCOI was high, corroborating the conclusion of Ueda & Ohtsuka based on morphological characteristics that S. valkanovi and S. sarsi should be differentiated at the species level. 4. In Japan S. valkanovi populations are segregated into two areas, around the Seto Inland Sea (SIS) and northeastern (NE) area. A distinct contrast in the genetic diversity was observed between the areas; five mtCOI haplotypes were recovered from the NE area while 38 were observed in the SIS area, despite a similar geographical range and number of individuals analysed in both areas. Furthermore, S. valkanovi in the SIS area possessed a mixture of both ancestral and derived haplotypes, while those in the NE area mostly consisted of derived haplotypes. These results suggest that the NE populations were founded recently by a limited numbers of individuals from SIS populations. 5. All specimens of S. valkanovi from New Zealand possessed one specific mtCOI haplotype. In Japan, this haplotype was found only in the NE area, suggesting the origin of New Zealand S. valkanovi. It is likely that this copepod has on several occasions invaded areas outside of Japan, one of which was associated with the original description of this taxon in Bulgaria.


For millions of people, Dave Brubeck is the most famous jazz musician. Aside from Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and a handful of others, no other jazz artist has ever achieved Brubeck's success. His picture appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1954. His celebrated quartet recorded "Take Five" and "Blue Rondo a la Turk" —the first jazz singles ever to sell over a million copies. He has performed for every U.S. president since John E Kennedy and, in 1988, played in Moscow for the summit meeting between Presidents Reagan and Gorbachev. He holds honorary degrees from six universities, has his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and has won numerous Down Beat Critics' awards. It would be difficult to name a more recognized and decorated jazz musician. Yet Dave Brubeck nearly didn't make it.


Transliteration dictionaries are an important resource for the development of machine transliteration systems. The paper describes and analyses a large multilingual transliteration dictionary extracted from probabilistic dictionaries for 24 European languages containing approximately 1.25 million transliterated word pairs. The transliteration dictionary is evaluated: 1) manually for the LatvianEnglish language pair and 2) automatically within a statistical machine translation based transliteration task for all 23 language pairs.


When planning to change operations at ports there are two key stake holders with very different interests involved in the decision making processes. Port operators are attentive to their standards, a smooth service flow and economic viability while border agencies are concerned about national security. The time taken for security checks often interferes with the compliance to service standards that port operators would like to achieve. Decision support tools as for example Cost-Benefit Analysis or Multi Criteria Analysis are useful helpers to better understand the impact of changes to a system. They allow investigating future scenarios and helping to find solutions that are acceptable for all parties involved in port operations. In this paper we evaluate two different modelling methods, namely scenario analysis and discrete event simulation. These are useful for driving the decision support tools (i.e. they provide the inputs the decision support tools require). Our aims are, on the one hand, to guide the reader through the modelling processes and, on the other hand, to demonstrate what kind of decision support information one can obtain from the different modelling methods presented.


BACKGROUND
The report card presents available evidence on the physical activity (PA) and body weight status of Kenyan children and youth. It highlights areas where Kenya is succeeding and those in which more action is needed.

METHODS
Comprehensive review and analysis of available data on core indicators for Kenyan children and youth 5-17 years were conducted. The grading system used was based on a set of specific criteria and existing grading schemes from similar report cards in other countries.

RESULTS
Of the 10 core indicators discussed, body composition was favorable (grade B) while overall PA levels, organized sport participation, and active play were assigned grades of C. Active transportation and sedentary behaviors were also favorable (grade B). Family/peers, school, governmental and nongovernmental strategies were graded C.

CONCLUSIONS
The majority of Kenyan children and youth have healthy body composition levels and acceptable sedentary time, but are not doing as well in attaining the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation on PA. Although Kenya seems to be doing well in most indicators compared with some developed countries, there is a need for action to address existing trends toward unhealthy lifestyles. More robust and representative data for all indicators are required.


SAC is a purely functional array processing language designed with numerical applications in mind. It supports generic, high-level program specifications in the style of APL. However, rather than providing a fixed set of built-in array operations, SAC provides means to specify such operations in the language itself in a way that still allows their application to arrays of any rank and size. This paper illustrates the major steps in compiling generic, rank- and shape-invariant SAC specifications into efficiently executable multithreaded code for parallel execution on shared memory multiprocessors. The effectiveness of the compilation techniques is demonstrated by means of a small case study on the PDE1 benchmark, which implements 3-dimensional red/black successive over-relaxation. Comparisons with HPF and ZPL show that despite the genericity of code, SAC achieves highly competitive runtime performance characteristics.


Research on adults' numerical abilities suggests that number representations are spatially oriented. This association of numbers with spatial response is referred to as the SNARC (i.e., spatial–numerical association of response codes) effect. The notation-independence hypothesis of numeric processing predicts that the SNARC effect will not vary with notation (e.g., Arabic vs. number word). To test such assumption, the current study introduced an adaptive experimental procedure based on a simple perceptual orientation task that can automatically smooth out the mean reaction time difference between Arabic digits and traditional Chinese number. We found that the SNARC effect interacted with notation, showing a SNARC effect for Arabic digits, but not for verbal number words. The results of this study challenged the commonly held view that notation does not affect numerical processes associated with spatial representations. We introduced a parallel model to explain the notation-dependent SNARC effect in the perceptual orientation judgment task.


ABSTRACT Pakistan has faced frequent flash and riverine flooding in the recent decades. This study evaluates the effectiveness of flood EWS from the perspectives of local experts/institutions and communities. Interviews and consultations with the local experts (13 officials from government and other concerned departments) were carried out to understand the institutional challenges in communicating early warnings, whereas three flood-prone communities from different-sized cities (Rawalpindi, Sialkot and Muzaffargarh) were surveyed. A total of 210 samples were collected through household questionnaire surveys to assess their understanding of the local warning system. The analysis revealed that almost half of the community respondents did not receive a warning last time when the flood occurred. Variations were also observed regarding the main source of early warning in the three communities. This study identifies institutional challenges, such as lack of (1) resources to keep an EWS equipment operational; (2) community trust; and (3) proper guidelines to communicate warnings. The study calls for an immediate revision of strategies to communicate early warnings to the end-users and to incorporate their feedback in designing/redesigning the early warning mechanisms.


Consumer awareness about dairy quality increased in the last years, specifically after recent food incidents worldwide (aflatoxin contamination in Europe, 2013, E. coli outbreak in the USA, 2015). In Tunisia, food security and sustainability are at the center of agricultural and food strategies. Therefore, data collected from a face-to-face survey of 214 participants in three cities of Tunisia were analyzed with the aim to identify the general trends of dairy consumption in Tunisia. A factor analysis was conducted to define the way consumers perceive the concept of dairy quality with regards to health and sustainability perceptions. Then, by means of cluster analysis we explore the existence of specific consumer types in relation to dairy quality perceptions, with clear-cut and statistically solid socio-demographic and behavioral profile. Three consumer types were highlighted to evaluate dairy quality, based on different quality dimensions, such as health and sustainability, experience, visible quality, brand name, price and innovation. The results show the emergence of a specific segment of young and older consumers, more educated, and with health and sustainability concerns toward dairy quality.


Abstract. A mathematical model, methods and algorithm to assess the spatial natural vibrations of axisymmetric structures are given in the paper taking into account the variability of the slope and structure thickness in the framework of the viscoelastic theory of shells. Dissipative properties of the material are taken into account by the Boltzmann-Volterra hereditary theory of viscoelasticity. The spatial natural vibrations of high-rise ventilation pipes of the Armenian nuclear power plant (NPP) and smokestacks of the Novo-Angren, Syrdarya, Azerbaijan and Ekibastuz thermal power plants (TPP) were studied taking into account the elastic and viscoelastic properties of their material. The reliability of results was verified by comparing the results obtained with the exact solution of a number of test problems, as well as by comparing the results with the results of field experiments. It was found that when the viscoelastic properties of structure material are taken into account, the decrement of their vibrations weakly depends on the values of eigenfrequency. Along with this, the dangerous range of earthquake frequencies includes not only the bending frequencies of the structure, but the spatial ones as well.


Background: In Thailand, the prevalence of malaria was highest in the northern region and most infected cases were school-age children. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against malaria antigens among school-age children living on the Thailand-Myanmar border and its correlation with nutritional status and anaemia.
Methods: One-hundred and forty eight children in Tak Province were enrolled. Brief histories were taken, and dried blood spots collected on filter paper were used to determine antibodies to malaria antigens. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated to assess health status.
Results: The mean BMI was 16.2 kg/m2 (SD 2.6) and 116 (78%) children had normal BMI-for-age. The mean haematocrit was 38 % (SD 3) and 12 (9%) children had anaemia. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum schizont extracts, the 19kDa of merozoite surface protein-1 and the apical membrane antigen-1 were 13.5%, 8.1% and 5.4%, respectively. The mean haematocrit and BMI-for-age were not statistically different between children with and without antibodies to malaria antigens.
Conclusion: We report an overall rate of 17.6% of antibodies to malaria antigens in schoolage children living in an endemic area. No significant differences in nutritional status or anaemia were found between children who had and did not have the antibodies. The data from this study may contribute to understanding the relationship between health status and specific anti-P. falciparum antibody response in an area of low malaria transmission.


This chapter deals with the way that students in a workshop to introduce narrative constructionist research questioned the ways in which a series of stories of their own creation were produced. Four main issues made up the deconstruction of the prevailing discourses present in the positions of speech and writing: writing as a threat to the authenticity of speech; narrative coherence as an element which legitimates various forms of being; tensions in the reconstruction of the real-life experiences with the "appropriate" meaning; and a textual politics which promotes a unbroken reading of the experience of the Other. From the deconstructive process emerged a model of the narrative inquirer as a person who tells a story from a non-institutionalized point of view which allows other to tell their own.


The software environment for power electronics design is comprised of tools that address many interrelated disciplines including circuits design, physical layout, thermal management, structural mechanics, and electromagnetics. This usually results in a number of separate models that provide various views of a design, each of which is usually stored separately in proprietary formats. The problem is that the relationships between views (e.g., the circuit design that defines the functional connectivity between components, and the physical layout that provides physical paths to implement connections), are not explicitly captured. This makes it difficult to synchronize and maintain data consistency across all models as changes are made to the respective views. This thesis addresses this problem by describing power electronics modules using STEP AP210, the STandard for the Exchange of Product data, Application Protocol 210; which has been designated as ISO 10303-210. A multidisciplinary model was implemented for an integrated power electronics module (IPEM). It consists of two views of the IPEM: a functional network definition of the IPEM, and a physical implementation that satisfies the functional connectivity requirements. The relationships between these two views are explicitly recorded in the model. These relationships allow for the development of a method which verifies whether the connectivity data in both views are consistent. Finally, this thesis provides guidance for deploying STEP AP210 to unify multidisciplinary data resources during the design of integrated power electronics.


John Perry--author of the acclaimed Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality (Hackett Publishing Co., 1978)--revisits Gretchen Weirob in this lively and absorbing dialogue on good, evil, and the existence of God. In the early part of the work, Gretchen and her friends consider whether evil provides a problem for those who believe in the perfection of God. As the discussion continues they consider the nature of human evil--whether, for example, fully rational actions can be intentionally evil. Recurring themes are the distinction between natural evil and evil done by free agents, and the problems the Holocaust and other cases of genocide pose for conceptions of the universe as a basically good place, or humans as basically good beings. Once again, Perry's ability to get at the heart of matters combines with his exemplary skill at writing the dialogue form. An ideal volume for introducing students to the subtleties and intricacies of philosophical discussion.


Background It is current UK policy to expand the numbers of newly qualified doctors entering training to become GPs, to meet increased demand. Aim To report on trends in young doctors' views on the attractiveness of general practice as a career, compared with hospital practice. Design and setting Questionnaire surveys in the UK. Method Surveys of doctors, 3 years after graduation, conducted in successive year-of-qualification cohorts between 1999 and 2015. Results The overall response rate from contactable doctors was 55%. In response to the statement 'General practice is more attractive than hospital practice for doctors at present', 59% of doctors agreed in the 1999 survey, 77% in 2005, and only 36% in 2015. One-third of doctors agreed that their exposure to general practice had been insufficient for them to assess it as a career option, but this improved over time: agreement fell from 39% in 1999 to 28% in 2015. As a factor influencing specialty choice, enthusiasm for, and commitment to, the specialty was rated as very important by 65% of intending GPs in 2015, up from 49% in 1999; the corresponding figures for intending hospital doctors were 91% in 2015, up from 61% in 1999. Conclusion Over the 16 years covered by this study, the attractiveness of general practice has fallen relative to hospital practice. This may not necessarily reflect a decline in attractiveness of general practice in absolute terms; rather, it may reflect a greater increase, over time, in the appeal of hospital practice.


Liposomes are excellent chemotherapy drug delivery agents, on the cutting edge of cancer treatment technology. Since liposomes are already used to deploy cancer drugs in patients, imaging capacity would make them dual-‐‑ purpose " theranostic " vesicles. Intermolecular double quantum coherence (iDQC) MRI is uniquely suited to this application, as its contrast does not require any additional chemicals. Adding contrast agents to liposomes can be time-‐‑ consuming, add to toxicity, interfere with membrane function, or adversely affect drug loading. Furthermore, iDQC contrast measures diffusion and thus directly depends on membrane permeability and related properties. In this set of experiments, it has been shown that iDQC signal from intra-‐‑ liposomal water can be distinguished from that of bulk water, and that the T2 dynamics of intra-‐‑ liposomal water are predictable and dependent on the percent of water encapsulated. These techniques to distinguish between water molecules based on their current physical circumstances lead to many novel possibilities in MRI, as nearly all the signal in conventional MRI is from water protons. Based on the signal to noise ratio in the aforementioned iDQC experiments, we predict that iDQC contrast from liposomes will be visible in vivo, and propose to prove this in a murine model. By examining intra-‐‑ liposomal water, iDQC can be used to improve chemotherapy delivery via real time monitoring of liposome location and drug release.


The philosophic correspondence between Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin, stretching over thirty years, sheds some helpful light on each of the thinkers' philosophic positions. To be sure, only a few of the letters seem truly significant, and it would of course be a mistake to allow the rather informal and ad hoc remarks in any of the letters to eclipse either theorist's considered and matured published reflections. Moreover, the correspondence peters out in the mid-fifties, after which each thinker arguably made important modifications in his respective outlook. But the letters, or at least the most significant, do not seem careless; the principal issues addressed go to the very heart of things; and if the letters are interpreted with careful attention to the contemporary published, as well as some unpublished, writings, then, it seems to me, the engagement between the two theorists does indeed clarify some of the more obscure but weighty premises and implications of the two philosophic positions.


Purpose
A brand community consists of relationships between a brand and consumers; community members' identification with the brand community is a central characteristic of the community. This study aims to provide a comprehensive conceptual framework to investigate how and why such identification-based relationships yield firm- and member-level benefits to participants in the brand community.

Design/methodology/approach
This cross-sectional study analyzes data collected through a questionnaire survey of members from the brand community of VW-Golf Club members in Taiwan. The researchers attended the annual meeting of club members and handed out questionnaires directly to the members. The degree centrality of each member was calculated using UCINET 6 for Windows, a social network analysis software application. This study adopts the partial least squares program to evaluate the measurement properties and structural relationships specified in the research model.

Findings
The findings suggest that when customers' identification with a brand community becomes salient, they strengthen their emotional attachment to the brand and improve their centrality in the network. Consequently, emotional attachment can serve as a guiding principle in decision-making and thus strengthen brand equity and assessment of brand extensions. Central members will also gain greater benefits, including collaborative opportunities and influence, through their advantageous position in the network.

Originality/value
This study makes four main contributions to the brand community literature. First, this is the first empirical study to simultaneously examine the relationships among community identification (customer to community), emotional attachment to the brand (customer to brand) and network centrality (customer to customer). Second, the empirical framework depicts dual value-creation routes that explain how identification-based relationships can yield firm- and member-level benefits. With respect to firm-level benefits, this is the first empirical study to examine the brand equity and assessment of brand extension in the brand community research. Third, this study applies the rarely adopted UCINET 6 software to scrutinize the network data from the brand community. Finally, this paper examines three actions that organizations can leverage to enhance consumer identification with a brand community.


Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were converted into a CO2-responsive composite nanomaterial by grafting poly(dimethylaminoethy methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) on its surface using a grafting-from approach via surface-initiated copper(0)-mediated polymerisation (SI-Cu(0)-ATRP). The Cu(0)-ATRP homopolymerisation kinetics of these monomers were first studied to determine suitable conditions to perform the grafting step. Reasonable molecular weight control and livingness were observed during the polymerisations. Following functionalization of the CNC with ATRP initiating groups, a grafting-from approach was employed to graft PDMAEMA and PDEAEMA onto the CNC surface. The surface charge of the graft-modified CNC could be reversibly switched by protonation/deprotonation of the tertiary amine groups simply by sparging with CO2 and N2, respectively.


We present 3.6-24 μm Spitzer observations of an unbiased sample of nine luminous, dusty galaxies selected at 1200 μm by MAMBO on the IRAM 30 m telescope, a population akin to the well-known submillimeter or SCUBA galaxies (hereafter SMGs). Owing to the coarse resolution of submillimeter/millimeter cameras, SMGs have traditionally been difficult to identify at other wavelengths. We compare our multiwavelength catalogs to show that the overlap between 24 and 1200 μm must be close to complete at these flux levels. We find that all (4/4) of the most secure ≥4 σ SMGs have ≥4 σ counterparts at 1.4 GHz, while the fraction drops to 7/9 using all ≥3 σ SMGs. We show that combining mid-infrared (MIR) and marginal (≥3 σ) radio detections provides plausible identifications in the remaining cases, enabling us to identify the complete sample. Accretion onto an obscured central engine is betrayed by the shape of the MIR continuum emission for several sources, confirming Spitzer's potential to weed out active galaxies. We demonstrate the power of an S24 μm/S8 μm versus S8 μm/S4.5 μm color-color plot as a diagnostic for this purpose. However, we conclude that the majority (∼75%) of SMGs have rest-frame mid/far-IR spectral energy distributions commensurate with obscured starbursts. Sensitive 24 μm observations are clearly a useful route to identify and characterize reliable counterparts to high-redshift far-IR-bright galaxies, complementing what is possible via deep radio imaging.


Applications of subwavelength-diameter optical fibres in nonlinear optics require precise knowledge of the submicrometre fibre waist diameter. We demonstrate a new technique for optical measurement of the diameter based on second- and third-harmonic generation with an accuracy of better than 2%. To generate the harmonic light, inter-modal phase matching must be achieved. We find that the phase-matching condition allows us to unambiguously deduce the fibre diameter from the wavelength of the harmonic light. High-resolution scanning electron microscope imaging is used to verify the results.


Hospitals and residential homes have a significant need for monitoring and recognising wandering-off (e.g. elopement) older people with cognitive impairments because of the serious consequences arising from wandering-off such as disappearances and serious injuries, for example, from collisions with vehicles in parking lots. Due to increasing ageing populations across the globe we can expect wandering-off to become a significant problem of scale affecting all of us. Existing technologies used to address wandering-off are inadequate for providing close supervision as they use proximity based sensing that often lead to false alarms. In this study, for the first time, we try to mitigate false alarms by identifying the traversal direction and traversal path used by people instrumented with a single low cost batteryless UHF RFID tag. Our approach uses a particle filtering (PF) based technique with Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) maps obtained from scene analysis to continuously track a person wearing an RFID tag over their attire. Using real-time spatial and temporal data obtained from the PF based tracking algorithm, we develop two algorithms: i) tag traversing direction (TD) algorithm to identify the tag bearer's moving direction (e.g. moving out of a room); and ii) tag traversing path detection algorithm (TPD) to estimate the traversal path used by the tag bearer. Our extensive experiments with 14 young adult volunteers show that: i) our TD algorithm can identify the moving direction of a person with 100% accuracy; ii) our TPD algorithm reduces the false alarms to < 9%, when detecting the traversing path used while eloping; and iii) our algorithms can be implemented in a different environment without further scene analysis.


This research determined what factors motivated visitors to attend the Neil Diamond concerts in South Africa and the critical success factors that influence attendees' experience when attending a live music performance. Surveys were conducted at all four Neil Diamond concerts held during April 2011, where a total of 1820 questionnaires were administered.
The statistical analyses were conducted in three stages where stage one included factor analyses, stage two included the cluster analysis based on the motives and finally, an analysis of the significant differences between the motivational clusters of visitors at the four Neil Diamond concerts was undertaken.
Two clusters were identified, and named the Neil Diamond Fanistas and the Neil Diamond Curious. According to the t-test, four motivational factors contributed to differentiating the two motivational clusters from one another. These included: Excitement and group affiliation, Socialisation, Artist affiliation and unique experience and Entertainment. Apart from this, significant differences were identified with regard to the socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics as well as the aspects regarding the critical success factors for a memorable experience.


This study examined relative abstract nature of Biology, Chemistry and Physics offered at the senior secondary schools (SSS) in Ankpa education zone of Kogi State of Nigeria based on the analysis of classroom interactions. In each of the three comparable public schools used, the same class of Senior Secondary 2 (SS 2) or 11th grade students were each taught Biology, Chemistry and Physics. In each school, reproduction, chemical kinetics and refraction were taught in Biology, Chemistry and Physics respectively. The researchers personally took record of interactions during the 9 periods (taught by 9 science teachers) lasting for 35 minutes each using Flanders' Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC). Inter observer's rater reliability was 0.69 using Scott's Phi coefficient. Using a 10 by 10 matrix and percentage for final analysis, the extent of students' participation in the lesson which its decreasing order was used to estimate the degree of the abstract nature or difficulty experienced in each subject was determined. The result revealed that the physical sciences were more abstract than the biological science with physics having the highest index. There was no close match between teachers' level of motivation during the lessons and students' participation except in Biology. Consequent upon these, it was recommended that chemistry and physics teachers should always ensure that there is a close match between cognitive ability of learners and cognitive demands of the subjects or lessons taught; that concrete teaching materials be used in the two more abstract subjects to reduce the formal reasoning or abstract requirements in the lessons to concrete demand levels, among others.


When Members of Parliament (MPs) disagree publicly with their party, this provides a signal to voters regarding both their political views and their character valence. We argue that the strength of this signal to voters depends on the personal career costs an MP incurs by dissenting. The greater the perceived costs of dissent to the MP, the more positively voters should react to dissent. In line with this theory, we use a series of conjoint analysis experiments in Britain, Germany, and Austria to show that: (1) dissent has a more positive effect on voter evaluations in systems where the costs of dissent are higher, and (2) more costly types of dissent have a greater impact on voter evaluations. These findings have important implications for understanding how voter evaluations of MPs depend on beliefs about parliamentary systems and how parliamentary institutions condition the link between voters and MPs.


OBJECTIVES
The study aims to compare the omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), and trans fatty acid (trans FA) status of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) patients to pain-free controls.

DESIGN
Case control study. Setting. The setting was at a multidisciplinary rehabilitation center.

PATIENTS
Twenty patients that met the Budapest research diagnostic criteria for CRPS and 15 pain-free control subjects were included in this study. Outcome Measures. Fasting plasma fatty acids were collected from all participants. In CRPS patients, pain was assessed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form. In addition, results from the perceived disability (Pain Disability Index), pain-related anxiety (Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale Short Form), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form), and quality of life (Short Form-36 [SF-36]) were evaluated.

RESULTS
Compared with controls, CRPS patients demonstrated elevated concentrations of n-6 HUFA and trans FA. No differences in n-3 HUFA concentrations were observed. Plasma concentrations of the n-6 HUFA docosatetraenoic acid were inversely correlated with the "vitality" section of the SF-36. Trans FA concentrations positively correlated with pain-related disability and anxiety.

CONCLUSION
These pilot data suggest that elevated n-6 HUFA and trans FA may play a role in CRPS pathogenesis. These findings should be replicated, and more research is needed to explore the clinical significance of low n-6 and trans FA diets with or without concurrent n-3 HUFA supplementation, for the management of CRPS.


Single or multiple brief periods of ischemia (preconditioning) have been shown to protect the myocardium from infarction after a subsequent more prolonged ischemic insult. To test the hypothesis that preconditioning is the result of opening ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, a selective KATP channel antagonist, glibenclamide, was administered before or immediately after preconditioning in barbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs subjected to 60 minutes of left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) occlusion followed by 5 hours of reperfusion. Preconditioning was elicited by 5 minutes of LCX occlusion followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion before the 60-minute occlusion period. Glibenclamide (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle was given 10 minutes before the initial ischemic insult in each of four groups. In a fifth group, glibenclamide was administered immediately after preconditioning. In a final series (group 6), a selective potassium channel opener, RP 52891 (10 micrograms/kg bolus and 0.1 micrograms/mg/min i.v.) was started 10 minutes before occlusion and continued throughout reperfusion. Transmural myocardial blood flow was measured at 30 minutes of occlusion, and infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining and expressed as a percent of the area at risk. There were no significant differences in hemodynamics, collateral blood flow, or area at risk between groups. The ratio of infarct size to area at risk in the control group (28 +/- 6%) was not different from the group pretreated with glibenclamide in the absence of preconditioning (31 +/- 6%). Preconditioning produced a marked reduction (p less than 0.002) in infarct size (28 +/- 6% to 6 +/- 2%), whereas glibenclamide administered before or immediately after preconditioning completely abolished the protective effect (28 +/- 6% and 30 +/- 8%, respectively). RP 52891 also produced a significant (p less than 0.03) reduction (28 +/- 6% to 13 +/- 3%) in infarct size. These results suggest that myocardial preconditioning in the canine heart is mediated by activation of KATP channels and that these channels may serve an endogenous myocardial protective role.


This chapter provides an overview of structural features of metal transporters as a basis for mechanistic discussions that follow. The crystals of FepA, FhuA, FecA, and BtuB all showed the hollow, 22-strand antiparallel β-barrel of the C-domain, which spans the outer membrane (OM) and contains large extracellular loops that function in ligand binding, and the structurally distinct globular N-domain, which folds into the barrel interior, blocking access to the periplasm. The FepA crystal structure did not illustrate the disposition of bound ligands, but it is known from site-directed mutagenesis and biochemistry that basic and aromatic amino acids in the surface loops adsorb ligands on the basis of ionic and hydrophobic bonds and ring stacking. FepA interconverts between two distinct structural forms that were seen by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. ESR spectroscopy also observed conformational changes in FepA during ligand uptake, but its low sensitivity made the technique difficult to employ in vivo. Ferric enterobactin (FeEnt) binds to FepA with a subnanomolar Kd that translates into a dissociation half-life of over 1 min. This calculation conflicts with the experimentally observed 20-s turnover number of FepA and argues for protein conformational change as an essential part of the transport mechanism that (i) undermines the affinity of the siderophore-receptor binding interaction, (ii) originates or unveils a channel to the periplasm, and (iii) facilitates internalization of the metal complex from the surface loops through the pore.


Kinship has cast such a long shadow over anthropological analysis that students who have never confronted its more technical aspects still profess boredom with the topic and relief that they do not have to deal with it. But deal with it, surprisingly, they do-in a technically less demanding guise, to be sure-through the more fashionable medium of other topics that have become considerably more central to the discipline: nationalism, gender, warfare, bio-ethics, the ethnography of science, transnational mobility, memory and the uses of history. The technical virtuosity of kinship analysis has largely passed from the scene; what remains is a cluster of basic principles-the importance of the nuclear family, the use of nuclear family terms in nationalistic rhetoric, correlations of inheritance rules with kinship structure, and the expectation that kinship should ideally be a major source of affect and cooperation-that barely seem to need analysis and that seem, to a very large extent, immediately comprehensible even to those who are only familiar with West European models of the relationships thus grouped together. But are these principles really so transparent? Kinship-rather than kinship systems-has become a global phenomenon, in which surface homogeneity and an apparent reduction in complexity may nonetheless mask considerable differences in use and interpretation. We can see the implications of this expansion especially well in the subtly contrasted but mutually complementary models of world diplomacy that Eleana Kim and Monica Konrad offer here in their respective essays on international adoption and the negotiation of biomedical knowledge; Konrad offers an especially subtle linkage between ideologies of shared (and exclusive) substance that characterize local kin groups on the one hand and the ethical and "diplomatic" aspects of transporting biomedical knowledge across the borders of nation-states on the other. The papers grouped together in this issue of Anthropological Quarterly indeed collectively illustrate both the persistence of kinship as a strong organizing principle of ramified relationships extending far beyond the face-to-face communities of anthropological yore and beyond the strongly Eurocentric bias, the latter being especially evident in the almost exclusive emphasis on the nuclear family and a rhetoric of parity between matrilateral and patrilateral kin that masks a continuing agnatic emphasis. This Eurocentrism now informs the extended (some would say metaphorical or at least metonymie) elaborations of local "moral communities" (Evans-Pritchard 1940; Campbell 1964) or, more conceptually, "moral worlds" (Kleinman 2006: 219) that we encounter in the rhetoric of most nation-states today. Imperceptibly, it seems, kinship, routed from the scenes of its computational glories, has insidiously slipped back everywhere, and its channels are numerous: from transnational migrations (Ho 2006; Watson 2005) to artificial insemination and the nationstate (Kahn 2000), kinship-in-general has clearly morphed into something still vital and important. Truth to tell, the capacity for such metaphorization (or metonymie extension) was always present; its lack of visibility is a direct consequence of a very unfortunate loss of vision, in which the relevance of older ethnographies to current concerns appears to have largely vanished. Yet we do not have to look far in order to recuperate the loss. The patrilineal idiom of the Bosnian and Kosovo wars builds on earlier models of patrilineal clan identity (see Herzfeld 1997; cf. Hammel 1968), anthropologically foreshadowed in Evans-Pritchard's (1940: 237-238) insistence that patriliny among the Nuer was as much a political idiom as a literal statement of genealogy; he subsequently extended this insight directly to the historical emergence of statehood in Libya, showing how it shaped the response to external pressure and particularly the impact of colonialism (Evans-Pritchard 1949). …


AIM
In the last 20 years the laparoscopic surgery rapidly and successfully diffused for the treatment of benign diseases and recently also for the treatment of malignancy; newerteless, the laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer is still controversial, in relation to extreme difficulty of a radical surgical resection performing with an accurate lymphadectomy. The authors present a surgical experience of patients affected by advanced gastric cancer who underwent total or subtotal gastrectomy with videoassisted or entirely laparoscopic technique in order to evaluate the safety, feasibility, advantages and limits of this surgical approach.

METHODS
between January 2002 and August 2007 we performed 40 laparoscopic procedure for advanced gastric cancer; of these, 38 (95%) patients underwent a laparoscopic gastric resection and 2 (5%) patients underwent a palliative surgical treatment (laparoscopic gastro-entero-anastomosis). In the 38 patients which underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy, the anatomical localization of cancer, ASA score, pTNM classification, type of surgical laparoscopic technique (videoassisted or entirey laparoscopic technique), mean number of lymph nodes harvested, mean operative time, rate of conversion, postoperative morbidity and mortality and rate of local recurrence at 24 mounths follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS
Thirty-eight laparoscopic gastrectomies for gastric cancer were performed: in relation to surgical technique, 4 (10.5%) of these were video-assisted gastric resection (left subcostal minilaparotomy and extracorporeal anastomosis) and 34 (89.5%) were entirely laparoscopic gastrectomy; regarding to extension of surgical resection, there were 16 (42%) total D2 gastrectomies and 22 (58%) subtotal gastrectomies, of which 19 D2 gastrectomy and 3 D1 gastrectomy. Regarding the ASA score, 23% of patients were in ASA I, 52% in ASA II, 25% in ASA III. The mean operative time was 225 minutes (range 160-285) for total gastrectomy and 183 minutes (range 70-270) for subtotal gastrectomy. Overall, on 38 laparoscopic gastric resection, the conversion rate was 7.8% (3 patients). The number of lymph nodes harvested was 28 (range 5-53). No major intraoperative complications were observed. Overall morbidity was 31.5% (12 patients); the rate of postoperative surgical complications was 8% (3 patients). One patient (2.6%) dead for a sepsis subsequent to leak of esophagojejunal anastomosis. Mean hospital stay was 16 days for total gastrectomies and 12 days for subtotal gastrectomies. Three cases (7.9%) of cancer recurrence were observed in 3 patients (2 patiens UICC IIIa, one patient UICC IIIb) at 20th, 23th, 24th postoperative month and one case (2.6%) of peritoneal carcinosis at 18th month. No port-site metastasis were observed at 24-month follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of this surgical preliminary experience, laparoscopic gastrectomy for malignancy resulted a technically safe surgical procedure if performed by an advanced laparoscopic surgical team, with additional benefits, time to resumption of oral intake, morbidity rate, and acceptance from patients. A radical laparoscopic gastrectomy via laparoscopic approach is advisable until UICC stage II, in patients with ASA score I-III and minimal endoabdominal adhesion. The safe and efficacy of laparoscopic treatment in locoregional limph nodes dissection is still controversial. However, long-term results of prospective and comparative trials will be necessary to show the real oncologically benefits of laparoscopic approach.


Signaling pathways controlling biotic and abiotic stress responses may interact synergistically or antagonistically. To identify the similarities and differences among responses to diverse stresses, we analyzed previously published microarray data on the transcriptomic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to infection with Botrytis cinerea (a biotic stress), and to cold, drought, and oxidative stresses (abiotic stresses). Our analyses showed that at early stages after B. cinerea inoculation, 1498 genes were up-regulated (B. cinerea up-regulated genes; BUGs) and 1138 genes were down-regulated (B. cinerea down-regulated genes; BDGs). We showed a unique program of gene expression was activated in response each biotic and abiotic stress, but that some genes were similarly induced or repressed by all of the tested stresses. Of the identified BUGs, 25%, 6% and 12% were also induced by cold, drought and oxidative stress, respectively; whereas 33%, 7% and 5.5% of the BDGs were also down-regulated by the same abiotic stresses. Coexpression and protein-protein interaction network analyses revealed a dynamic range in the expression levels of genes encoding regulatory proteins. Analysis of gene expression in response to electrophilic oxylipins suggested that these compounds are involved in mediating responses to B. cinerea infection and abiotic stress through TGA transcription factors. Our results suggest an overlap among genes involved in the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in A. thaliana. Changes in the transcript levels of genes encoding components of the cyclopentenone signaling pathway in response to biotic and abiotic stresses suggest that the oxylipin signal transduction pathway plays a role in plant defense. Identifying genes that are commonly expressed in response to


Objective: To investigate pharmacognostical and physico-chemical standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried leaves with powder samples of E. neriifolia were examined macroscopically and microscopically. As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and World Health Organization guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants materials suggested parameters were determined for standardization of E. neriifolia leaves. Physico-chemical, primary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative screenings along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting assessment were performed. Results: Macroscopic examination demonstrated that fresh leaf of E. neriifolia has dark green in colour, herbaceous odour with characteristic taste. Dried leafs are grey brownish in colour, characteristic odour with broken crumpled and papery fracture. Microscopy of leaf showed the single layered thick rectangular or tubular adaxial epidermal cells. Mesophyll tissue was differentiated into two or three layered adaxial zones of radially elongated palisade cells and wider abaxial spongy mesophyll cells revealed the differentiated dorsiventral lamina. Mid-rib composed of epidermis, collenchymas and spongy parenchyma cells. Physico-chemical parameters like, foreign matter was found to be 0.46%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found 6.33%, 1.23% and 6% respectively. Loss on drying was found to be 4.69%. Swelling and foaming index was found 11.7 ml and 333 ml respectively. Quantitative screening suggested that the leaf powder has indicated alkaloid and saponin estimation as 0.26% and 3.67% respectively. The HPTLC fingerprinting of EN6 extract fraction was showed the Rf values at 254 nm with their respective UV-visible spectrum wavelengths scanned in between 200-400 nm. They are 0.01 (265 nm), 0.05 (369 nm), 0.09 (263 nm, 264 nm), 0.18 (400 nm), 0.20 (279 nm), 0.31 (400 nm), 0.44 (378 nm), 0.45 (382 nm), 0.54 (377 nm), 0.55 (383 nm), 0.62 (400 nm), etc. at different concentrations of sample application. The HPTLC plate was also scanned at 366 nm and 540 nm. Conclusion: The present investigation is an additional standardization research in support with previous reports and will be helpful for qualitative and quantitative standardization of herbal formulations containing E. neriifolia. Further investigations are going on this extract fraction in reference to identification, quantification and validation of HPTLC methods using various standard marker compounds along with exploration of its pharmacological activities.


Criminal Justice, Mental Health and the Politics of Risk addresses the important issues which lie at the forefront of decision making and policy in criminal justice and health care. The book brings together several perpectives from a number of distinguished academic lawyers, criminologists, psychologists and psychiatrists. It is multi-disciplinary in its approach and is jointly edited by a lawyer, a criminologist and a psychologist - all of whom have expertise and experience in this field.

The book is written in the light of the current emphasis on risk assessment and management as well as the recent government proposals to reform mental health law and detain dangerous and severely personality disordered individuals. It provides a theoretical overview for academics and students in the fields of medical law, mental health law, criminal justice, psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry. In addition, the book's highly topical and pragmatic approach will appeal to numerous professionals and practitioners.


A sodar simulator capable of producing time series data emulating sodar signals has been developed and tested. The atmospheric fields used to populate the sodar simulator are taken from output of a large-eddy simulation code. The characteristics of the sodar (number and zenith angle of beams, beamwidth, transmit frequency, range resolution, etc.) are defined by the user to allow emulation of existing systems. The range of the reflected acoustic signal is calculated based upon a temperature-dependent speed of sound. Realistic acoustic background noise is simulated using filtered white noise. The raw acoustic time series data are processed using a Fourier transform to yield acoustic Doppler spectra, from which the radial velocities are calculated. The design of the simulator allows for the testing of and comparisons between various signalprocessing techniques and averaging periods. An example case of feedingthe sodar simulatorwith large-eddy simulation data representative of a developing convective boundary layer is presented and discussed.


The experiment has been set up in the University of Debrecen Látókép Experimental Station in three different years (2014, 2015 and 2016), three different plant densities 200, 350 and 500 thousand ha-1, four replications of the same nutrient supply with using a line spacing of 45 cm. In the experiment, the fore crop was winter wheat in each year. The amount of weeds was observed five times in the last experimental year (2016/2017). In the three experimental years, the highest yield was harvested from the early sowing plot with the highest plant density. On the basis of the Pearson's correlation analysis there was significant negative correlation (r=-0.583) between the effect of the annual year and yield of the hybrid.


The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign exchange currencies towards Malaysian stock market which means Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI). This study will focus on Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FBMKLCI) stock price movement. The factors that may influence the stock market price will be observer closely. The dependent variable for this research is Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI). While the 5 independent variables that has been selected are foreign exchange rates of United States (USD), Japan (JPY), Canada (CAD), Great Britain (GBP) and European Union (EU). The data that has been taken are pooled for 10 years (January 2007 –November 2016). The data is from quarterly data from those years. Total number of observations is 38. The data was obtained from Datastream. This study used quantitative secondary data which is time series data and multiple regression model represented by the ordinary least squares (OLS). It involves the Malaysian stock price index as dependent variable and the independent variables are USD, JPY, CAD, GBP and EU. The result of this data has been revealed that only USD, JPY and EU have significant relationship with the Malaysian stock market itself while the other two variables CAD and GBP do not have significant relationship with the KLCI.


Arguing that law must be looked at holistically, this book investigates the 'hidden gender' of the so-called neutral or objective legal principles that structure the law addressing violence against women. Adopting an explicitly feminist perspective, it investigates how legal responses to violence against women presuppose, maintain and perpetuate a certain context that may not in fact reflect women's experiences.Carline and Easteal draw upon relevant legislation, case law and secondary studies from a range of territories, including Australia, England and Wales, the United States, Canada and Europe, to contextualize and critique different policy responses. They go on to examine the potential and limits of law, making recommendations for best practice models of policymaking and law reform.Aiming to help improve government, community and legal responses to women who experience violence, Shades of Grey – Domestic and Sexual Violence Against Women: Law Reform and Society will assist law-makers, academics, policymakers and a wider audience in understanding the complexities of violence against women.


Gastrointestinal (GI) problems are frequent in endurance athletes. The prevalence of such symptoms has been reported to be 30-50% among marathon runners. These GI problems occur more in running sports in comparison to activities with lower mechanical strain, such as cycling or swimming, where the vertical movement is limited. This observation suggests the theory that mechanical irritation could be one possible mechanism. Furthermore, diminished perfusion of the splanchnic vessels during exercise, secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and other substances, as well as disturbed absorption, have been identified as being responsible for these symptoms. In addition, external factors may be involved. As total body water is lost during exercise, sufficient rehydration is mandatory, especially in endurance activities, or during heat exposure. The choice and amount of fluid (containing carbohydrates and/or minerals) may modify the complaints. Nutrition itself may further contribute to gastrointestinal complaints, and considering the possible goals of an adequate nutrition may not only diminish these complaints but also lead to an improvement and maintenance of the athlete's health. However, despite the high prevalence of these complaints, their aetiology in endurance athletes is still not fully understood. This article reviews possible pathophysiological interrelationships and therapeutic approaches to these GI symptoms.


This paper examines the moral standing of leaders not from any particular philosophical or political vantage point, but rather from that of the followers. Followers expect leaders to be competent just as they expect professionals and others; but they also expect leaders to provide moral leadership. Followers frequently judge leaders by standards of morality that are considerably harsher than those by which they judge other people; they may also forgive leaders sins that they would not forgive in others. As a result, leaders are often cast in black and white terms as either saints or devils. The paper argues that criteria used to judge leaders are rooted in fantasy and myth as well as early life experiences, and goes on to highlight the archetype of the caring leader. This is a leader who offers personalized attention to his/her followers and is willing to go beyond the call of duty in dispatching his/her responsibilities. The paper then links the ethical archetype of the caring leader with some current discourses on the ethics of care and the obligations it creates for a caring leader. Using some illustrations from hospital leadership, the paper concludes by identifying some of the difficulties that leaders face in meeting the exigencies of an ethic of care.


Both within and across countries, most attention has been devoted to measuring inequality among individuals (and globally countries). Within countries, increasing evidence shows that inequalities among groups (horizontal inequalities, HIs) are important for well-being. However, the global component of HIs is generally neglected. The paper argues that HIs at a global level may also be important for world stability and well-being, in much the same way that HIs are relevant at the national level. With this perspective, the paper reviews Muslim/non-Muslim HIs within developed and developing countries, and between Muslim and non-Muslim countries, finding that Muslims are systematically disadvantaged across many dimensions. It argues that, despite much heterogeneity among the Muslim population, there is evidence of multiple global connections and of shared perceptions, such that inequalities faced by Muslims in one part of the world may become a source of grievance and potential mobilisation in other parts of the world. Consequently, inequalities need to be addressed globally, within countries and between them, and politically as well as with respect to socioeconomic and cultural status. The author Frances Stewart is Professor of Development Economics and Director of the Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity at the Department of International Development, University of Oxford. CRISE Working Paper No. 60 2 Table of


In Taiwanese, oral voice consonants and nasal stops are in complementary distribution in the onset position: oral voiced consonants only precede phonemically oral vowels, and nasal stops only precede nasal vowels. Similar restriction in the distribution of these segments is not found in other languages with phonemic nasal vowels, such as French and Portuguese. Following studies showing that Taiwanese nasal vowels are fully nasalized, while French and Portuguese ones have delay in nasality (Chang et al., 2011; Delvaux et al., 2008; Parkinson, 1983), this study proposes a Dispersion-Theoretic account to connect phonetic observation about vocalic nasality to the phonotactic restrictions on voicing and nasality. Using a three-stage analysis (Flemming 2006, 2008), where Phonetic Realization is a distinct component of the grammar, the analysis is show how a cross-linguistic different in phonetic implementation of nasality is able to derive differences in surface phonotactics. The analysis also makes explicitly testable predictions about the perception and the typology of the distributions of voiced and nasal segments.


Author(s): Singh, Akash Deep | Advisor(s): Srivastava, Mani B | Abstract: The increasing ubiquity of low-cost wireless sensors in smart homes and buildings has enabled users to easily deploy systems to remotely monitor and control their environments. However, this raises privacy concerns for third-party occupants, such as a hotel room guest who may be unaware of deployed clandestine sensors. Previous methods focused on specific modalities such as detecting cameras but do not provide a generalizable and comprehensive method to capture arbitrary sensors which may be "spying" on a user. In this work, we seek to determine whether one can walk in a room and detect any wireless sensor monitoring an individual. As such, we propose SnoopDog, a framework to not only detect wireless sensors that are actively monitoring a user, but also classify and localize each device. SnoopDog works by establishing causality between patterns in observable wireless traffic and a trusted sensor in the same space, e.g., an inertial measurement unit (IMU) that captures a user's movement. Once causality is established, SnoopDog performs packet inspection to inform the user about the monitoring device. Finally, SnoopDog localizes the clandestine device in a 2D plane using a novel trial-based localization technique. We evaluated SnoopDog across several devices and various modalities and were able to detect causality 96.6% percent of the time, classify suspicious devices with 100% accuracy, and localize devices to a sufficiently reduced sub-space.


GAD65, the smaller isoform of the γ-aminobutyric acid-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase is detected as an α/β doublet of distinct mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 is reversibly anchored to the membrane of synaptic vesicles in neurons and synaptic-like microvesicles in pancreatic β-cells. Here we demonstrate that GAD65α but not β is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro in several cell types. Phosphorylation is not the cause of the α/β heterogeneity but represents a unique post-translational modification of GAD65α. Two-dimensional protein analyses identified five phosphorylated species of three different charges, which are likely to represent mono-, di-, and triphosphorylated GAD65α in different combinations of phosphorylated serines. Phosphorylation of GAD65α was located at serine residues 3, 6, 10, and 13, shown to be mediated by a membrane bound kinase, and distinguish the membrane anchored, and soluble forms of the enzyme. Phosphorylation status does not affect membrane anchoring of GAD65, nor its Km or Vmax for glutamate. The results are consistent with a model in which GAD65α and -β constitute the two subunits of the native GAD65 dimer, only one of which, α, undergoes phosphorylation following membrane anchoring, perhaps to regulate specific aspects of GAD65 function in the synaptic vesicle membrane.


Characterization of ionomes has been used to uncover the basis of nutrient utilization and environmental adaptation of plants. Here, ionomic profiles were used to understand the phenotypic response of a plant to infection by genetically diverse isolates of Xylella fastidiosa, a gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterial plant pathogen. In this study, X. fastidiosa isolates were used to infect a common model host (Nicotiana tabacum 'SR1'), and leaf and sap concentrations of eleven elements together with plant colonization and symptoms were assessed. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that changes in the ionome were significantly correlated with symptom severity and bacterial populations in host petioles. Moreover, plant ionome modification by infection could be used to differentiate the X. fastidiosa subspecies with which the plant was infected. This report establishes host ionome modification as a phenotypic response to infection.


What practical impact does the incorporation of international human rights standards into domestic law have? This collection of essays explores human rights in domestic legal systems. The enactment of the Human Rights Act in 1998, ushering the European Convention on Human Rights fully into UK law, represented a landmark in the UK constitutional order. Other European states similarly have elevated the status of human rights in their domestic legal systems. However, whilst much has been written about doctrinal legal developments, little is yet known about the empirical effects of bringing rights home. This collection of essays, written by a range of distinguished socio-legal scholars, seeks to fill this gap in our knowledge. The essays, presenting new empirical research, begin their enquiry where many studies in human rights finish. The contributors do not stop at the recognition of international law and norms by states, but penetrate the internal workings of domestic legal systems to see the law in action - - as it is developed, contested, manipulated, or even ignored by actors such as judges, lawyers, civil servants, interest groups, and others. This distinctly socio-legal approach offers a unique contribution to the literature on human rights, exploring human rights law-in-action in developed countries. In doing so, it demonstrates the importance of looking beyond grand generalities and the hopes of international human rights law in order to understand the impact of the global human rights movement.


This research paper is an excerpt from a forthcoming dissertation titled "Open source with private source: coevolving architectures, styles and subworlds in business". The content has been extracted from the first and second chapters, particularly on foundational definitions. It has being contributed to the Arctic Workshop 2012 as a research paper as part of a thesis under development. This thesis, as a complete work, inquires into the question: How do open source and private source coexist and coevolve as patterns of behaviour in business? The research approach chosen is inductive, from nine cases in which both open source and private source have been in play. Theories built in the fully-developed thesis are placed into pluralistic contexts, as an inductive approach to multiparadigm inquiry. Coincident with the theme of "Innovation and Sourcing" for the Arctic Workshop 2012, this research paper aims to explain the terms "open source" and "private source", mostly as distinct patterns as phenomena in contemporary business. The larger agenda of research into open source with private source has been largely precluded due to length.


This paper addresses human pose recognition from video sequences by formulating it as a classification problem. Unlike much previous work we do not make any assumptions on the availability of clean segmentation. The first step of this work consists in a novel method of aligning the training images using 3D Mocap data. Next we define classes by discretizing a 2D manifold whose two dimensions are camera viewpoint and actions. Our main contribution is a pose detection algorithm based on random forests. A bottom-up approach is followed to build a decision tree by recursively clustering and merging the classes at each level. For each node of the decision tree we build a list of potentially discriminative features using the alignment of training images; in this paper we consider Histograms of Orientated Gradient (HOG). We finally grow an ensemble of trees by randomly sampling one of the selected HOG blocks at each node. Our proposed approach gives promising results with both fixed and moving cameras.


OF THE DISSERTATION Code Puzzle Completion Problems in Support of Learning Programming Independently by Kyle J. Harms Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Washington University in St. Louis, 2017 Professor Caitlin Kelleher, Chair Middle school children often lack access to formal educational opportunities to learn computer programming. One way to help these children may be to provide tools that enable them to learn programming on their own independently. However, in order for these tools to be effective they must help learners acquire programming knowledge and also be motivating in independent contexts. I explore the design space of using motivating code puzzles with a method known to support independent learning: completion problems. Through this exploration, I developed code puzzle completion problems and an introductory curriculum introducing novice programmers to basic programming constructs. Through several evaluations, I demonstrate that code puzzle completion problems can motivate learners to acquire new programming knowledge independently. Specifically, I found that code puzzle completion problems are more effective and efficient for learning programming constructs independently compared to tutorials. Puzzle users performed 33% better on transfer tasks compared to tutorial users, while taking 21% less time to complete the learning materials. Additionally, I present evidence that children are motivated to choose to use the code puzzles because they find the experience enjoyable, challenging, and valuable towards developing their programming skills. Given the choice between using tutorials and puzzles, only 10% of participants opted to use more tutorials than puzzles. Further, 80% of participants also stated a preference towards the puzzles because they simply enjoyed the experience of using puzzles more than


Abstract Is legal transplant possible? The stark bipolarity of a 'yes' or 'no' answer attracted by such a question is much less interesting and revealing than the question: what shapes the life of legal transplants? The answer to the latter question is contingent on a wide range of variables triggered by the particular transplant; the result can occupy any point along the spectrum from faithful replication to outright rejection. This case study of the transplant of the English doctrine of undue influence into Singaporean law asks why the Singaporean courts have applied the doctrine in family guarantee cases to such divergent effect, when they profess to apply the same law. The answer owes less to grand theories than to a careful examination of the nature of the transplanted law and the relationship between the formal and informal legal orders of the originating and the recipient society raised by the particular transplant.


High performance computing is critical for financial markets where analysts seek to accelerate complex optimizations such as pricing engines to maintain a competitive edge. In this paper we investigate the performance of financial workloads on the Sony-Toshiba- IBM Cell Broadband Engine, a heterogeneous multicore chip architected for intensive gaming applications and high performance computing. We analyze the use of Monte Carlo techniques for financial workloads and design efficient parallel implementations of different high performance pseudo and quasi random number generators as well as normalization techniques. Our implementation of the Mersenne Twister pseudo random number generator outperforms current Intel and AMD architectures by over an order of magnitude. Using these new routines, we optimize European option (EO) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO) pricing algorithms. Our Cell-optimized EO pricing achieves a speedup of over 2 in comparison with using RapidMind SDK for Cell, and comparing with GPU, a speedup of 1.26 as compared with using RapidMind SDK for GPU (NVIDIA GeForce 8800), and a speedup of 1.51 over NVIDIA GeForce 8800 (using CUDA). Our detailed analyses and performance results demonstrate that the Cell/B.E. processor is well suited for financial workloads and Monte Carlo simulation.


: The Morada Nova is a Brazilian non-wool sheep, used for meat production that can present three coat colors: the black, the white and the red coat. However, black coated and white coated animals are in risk of extinction, once both are considered less adapted to warm conditions. The aim of this work was to evaluate thermoregulatories responses and their influence on acid-base equilibrium in red, black and white varieties of Morada Nova sheep, before, during and after the exposure to heat stress. Rectal temperature (RT, ºC), respiratory rate (RR, breaths.minute -1 ), skin temperature on the neck (STN, ºC), skin temperature on the flank (STF, ºC), cutaneous evaporation on the neck (NEv, W.m -2 ) and on the flank (FEv, W.m -2 ), were collected once a week, from 5 to 6 AM, from 12 to 1 PM and from 5 to 6 PM. The hemogasometric tests consisted in: blood pH (pH), carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), Oxygen pressure (PO 2 ), base excess (BECEF), concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ), Oxygen saturation (SO 2 ). Meteorological data were registered, and Black Globe Humidity Index and Radiant heat Load were estimated. The lower means of rectal temperature and respiratory rate were registered before the exposure to heat stress and important increases of RT and RR were registered during heat stress. The three varieties used intensively respiratory thermolysis during heat stress. The black animals showed most intensive thermoregulatories responses, followed by the red ones, however they did not keep the homeothermy. The white ones exhibited lower warm and kept normal temperature, what is advantageous for animals raised under high radiation. No differences in cutaneous evaporation were verified among black, red and white coated animals. During heat stress, the pH increased and the PCO 2 and HCO 3 - decreased in white and in red-coated ewes, characterizing a respiratory alkalosis, whereas the black animals presented also an increase of HCO 3 - , which suggests respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. Four hours after heat stress peak the animals recovered homeothermic and normal blood gases patterns. We concluded that respiratory thermolysis is the most important mechanism used for sheep; however, the excessive respiratory effort during heat stress can cause acid-base disequilibrium.