Time series is the major source of information to study characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which is frequently dominated by various types of events embedded in the time series with different levels of noise. To understand physical dynamics of the atmospheric turbulence, the individual events need to be detected and studied about their physical and structural characteristics. In spite of the attention that has been given to studying events among the atmospheric sci- ence community, the detection of events still presents a challenge, and thus their characteristics and contributions to the ABL remain poorly understood. Besides the existence of high level noise in turbulence, the main diculty is that many of the events that are responsible for the variability in the atmospheric turbulence time series are previously unknown, especially in the stable ABL.

This dissertation develops a new method for detecting and classifying structures from turbulence time series. The main idea of the method is in defining events as time-series subsequences that are significantly different from noise. This switches the focus of the event detection approach towards defining the characteristics of noise, which is in many situations an easier problem than defining a structure. For atmospheric time series, a natural characterization of the noise is red noise, which is a stationary AR(1) process. The proposed method consists of two steps. The first step of the method is event extraction based on noise tests. We perform a noise test on each subsequence extracted from the series using a sliding window. All the subsequences recognized as noise are removed from further analysis, and the events are extracted from the remaining non-noise subsequences. This step does not assume particular geometries or amplitudes of the flow structures. In the second step, the detected structures are classified into groups with similar characteristics. This step groups large numbers of detected events such that it opens a pathway for the detailed study of their characteristics, and helps to gain understanding of events with previously unknown origin. In order to account for the underlying characteristics of the extracted events, a feature-based clustering method is used, which first summarizes each event with its global measures before performing clustering in the feature space. It yields substantially better results than clustering based on raw data of the events.

The developed R package TED is tested on artificial time series with different levels of complexity and real world atmospheric turbulence time series. The results on artificial data show that events used to generate the data can be exactly detected and clustered. The method is robust to high levels of noise, which is advantageous regarding very noisy turbulence time series. Application of the method to a well- known real world turbulence dataset demonstrates that the method successfully extracts realistic flow structures, which are in line with previous studies that have examined the underlying physical mechanisms of several isolated events on that dataset. From the application of the method to a more complicated turbulence dataset, about which no published results can be found regarding extraction of unknown events, the proposed method is able to detect and distinguish events with different dynamical characteristics even though the clustering step is only based on statistical measures of characteristics of events from time series.


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Sudden displacement of the seafloor due to fault offset or submarine slumping can generate tsunami waves that can travel vast distances across open ocean and damage coastal communities. Local tsunamis generated by faults located in offshore California waters, the sudden uplift of a large land mass due to faulting, or the downslope displacement of large areas due to slumping in submarine canyons can strike the coastline within less than 10 minutes. The 1989 Loma Prieta and 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes demonstrated the vulnerability of the California coastline to locally generated tsunamis. The 7.1-magnitude Loma Prieta earthquake induced a large submarine slump along the walls of the Monterey Submarine Canyon. A 20-cm-high tsunami struck Moss Landing minutes after the earthquake. The Cape Mendocino earthquake also had a magnitude of 7.1 and created a .5-m-amplitude tsunami at Crescent City and a 20-cm-amplitude wave at Eureka, California. The time between the earthquake and the arrival of the tsunami at Eureka was approximately 20 min. Fortunately, the tsunami struck Crescent City and Eureka at low tide, and no damage to city or harbor facilities occurred. However, if the wave had arrived during high tide or during a storm when meteorological forcing had created and elevated sea level, damage would have occurred and possibly some loss of life. This paper describes the Cape Mendocino earthquake and its uniquely large aftershocks, discusses the potential near-shore tsunami sources for offshore California, and presents some recommendations on how to establish tsunami risk mitigation for coastal California.


This thesis discusses taxation of benefits, which shareholders and company leaders can enjoy from close corporations. The Government said in the government bill lead- ing to the amendments regarding taxation of benefits, that it should be the possibility alone to enjoy benefits that should be the reason to impose taxes on company lead- ers. The Swedish tax agency (Skatteverket) has agreed to that statement. In other words, it isn't necessary that someone actually enjoys the company's assets for pri- vate use, it is enough that they have the right of disposal of them in order to be taxed. The question that arises is how a benefit can be defined as something you can enjoy rather then something you actually enjoy.The objective of this thesis is to straighten out if there are legal grounds for imposing taxes on company leaders just because they have the right of disposal to the compa- ny's assets, and in that case which those legal grounds are.Different courts have interpreted the law in different ways in a number of cases, which this thesis gives an account of. In summery, the conclusion is that there are a legal grounds for imposing these taxes on company leaders because of their right of disposal to the company's assets. The case law has interpreted the law and the gov- ernment bill, and from that interpretation developed a rule that declares that owners and leaders in close corporations shall be taxed based on their right of disposal.The reason for this is that the vision for the enactor is to reach neutrality between people who run and own companies and people who are employed in a regular way. The rule that assess company leaders in close corporations because of their right of disposals preventing people from letting their company pay their private cost of living.


After establishing the importance of knowledge of settlement rates, this article first shows that different research questions can yield different settlement rates. Using data gathered from about 3,300 federal cases in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (EDPA) and the Northern District of Georgia (NDGA), differing measures of settlement emerge depending on whether one is interested in (1) settlement as a proxy for plaintiffs' litigation success, or (2) settlement as a measure of litigated disputes resolved without final adjudication. Using settlement as a proxy for plaintiff success, we estimate the aggregate settlement rate across case categories in the two districts to have been 66.9% in 2001-02. Regardless of the method of computing settlement rates, no reasonable estimate of settlement rates supports an aggregate rate of over 90% of filed cases, despite frequent references to 90% or higher settlement rates. The aggregate rate for the EDPA alone was 71.6% and for the NDGA alone was 57.8%, suggesting significant interdistrict variation, which persists even within case categories. We report separate settlement rates for employment discrimination, constitutional tort, contract, and tort cases in the two districts. The highest settlement rate was 87.2% for tort cases in the EDPA and the lowest was 27.3% for constitutional tort cases in the NDGA. Our results suggest a hierarchy of settlement rates. Of major case categories, tort cases tend to have the highest settlement rates, then contract cases, then employment discrimination cases, followed by constitutional tort cases. Attorney fee structure and the nature of the parties may explain settlement rate variation. Our findings provide no evidence of a material change in aggregate settlement rates over time.


I. INTRODUCTION In July 2006, the first eleven judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Court or Court) were sworn in during the Seventh Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Banjul, the Gambia.1 Even more recently, the African Court found a home in Arusha, in Tanzania.2 The African Court was established in 1998 pursuant to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (Protocol) and, after achieving the required fifteen ratifications of African nations, entered into force on January 1, 2004. 3 The Court's precursor was the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (Commission), which was created pursuant to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Charter) in 1981. 4 The Commission was formally inaugurated in 1987, 5 and since its inception, it has served as the sole forum for African countries to bring their grievances under the Charter.6 The Charter sets forth the rights and duties of member states as well as individuals,7 focusing upon the protection of human and peoples' rights on the African continent by establishing bodies for that purpose and passing human rights legislation by the respective member states.8 The Commission, which was created to promote human rights and ensure their protection in Africa,9 has authority to interpret all provisions of the Charter.10 The Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (Assembly)11 choose the Commissioners. Often, the Commissioners also hold important government positions12 despite the Charter's provision that they must serve in their personal capacities,13 which could compromise their independence.14 Another shortcoming of the Commission is its inability to issue binding orders.15 Without these orders, the Commission merely pleads with nations to come into compliance with the Charter.16 Due to the Commission's lack of independence and lack of power to enforce its determinations under the Charter, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) eventually recognized the need for an independent judicial body with the authority to bind parties under the Charter.17 Thus, the OAU conceived the Court to complement, but not replace, the Commission.18 The Protocol gives the African Court the power to order reparations for human rights offenses19 committed in violation of the Charter or any other human rights instrument that the parties to a particular dispute have ratified.20 When the African Court begins its work, the Council of Ministers, an organ of the OAU, will monitor execution of the Court's judgments,21 and in cases of noncompliance with the Court's orders, the Court will identify recalcitrant states to the Assembly in its annual report.22 This Note will attempt to analyze the likelihood of compliance with the African Court's mandates once it begins hearing disputes, in light of African states' abandonment of the OAU for a new body, the African Union (AU).23 The AU provides a new framework for relationships between African nations centered around a more pan-Africanist theme, which the OAU did not emphasize.24 Part II provides background information about the AU, the Commission, and the Court. This Part also discusses the new institutions created by the AU, as well as those that were carried over from the OAU, particularly the Assembly and the Council of Ministers. Part II. B discusses the Commission and how the Charter contributed to its failure, and Part ILC identifies features of the Protocol that are significant departures from the Commission's regime. Part III suggests that the Court, heralded as a much needed solution to the shortcomings of the Commission, may still face hurdles in enforcing its judgments if the benefits of membership to the AU do not provide enough incentive to ensure compliance. This Part will also discuss how, in cases where the offending party fails to comply with the Court's judgment, the matter will end up in the same hands as it would have in the days of the ineffective Commission: those of the Assembly. …


TEACHING THE BIBLE'S STORYLINE AT GRACE BIBLE CHURCH, MIDLOTHIAN, VIRGINIA Richard Andrew Zaman, D.Min. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2014 Faculty Supervisor: Dr. Robert L. Plummer This project taught the Bible's redemptive-historical storyline to members of an adult discipleship class at Grace Bible Church in Midlothian, Virginia. The first chapter presents the purpose, goals, and rationale for this project. Chapter 2 argues that the Scripture's main storyline traces the promise of redemption to its fulfillment in Jesus Christ. Chapter 3 contends that an outline of the Bible's storyline structured by the major biblical covenants (i.e., Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic, and New) better maintains the tension of continuity and discontinuity found within the Bible than do the outlines offered by traditional, Dispensational and Covenant theologians. The fourth chapter recounts the events and procedures from each week of the fifteen-week project. Chapter 5 analyzes the entire project by evaluating the attainment of purpose and goals and by extending theological and personal reflections. The analysis documents that the project's purpose was accomplished and all the projects goals were attained.


We present a model of hydrogen embrittlement based upon: (i) a cohesive law dependent on impurity coverage that is calculated from 5rst principles; (ii) a stress-assisted di6usion equation with appropriate boundary conditions accounting for the environment; (iii) a static continuum analysis of crack growth including plasticity; and (iv) the Langmuir relation determining the impurity coverage from its bulk concentration. We consider the e6ect of the following parameters: yield strength, stress intensity factor, hydrogen concentration in the environment, and temperature. The calculations reproduce the following experimental trends: (i) time to initiation and its dependence on yield strength and stress intensity factor; (ii) 5nite crack jump at initiation; (iii) intermittent crack growth; (iv) stages I and II of crack growth and their dependence on yield strength; (v) the e6ect of the environmental impurity concentration on the threshold stress intensity factor; and (vi) the e6ect of temperature on stage II crack velocity in the low-temperature range. In addition, the theoretically and experimentally observed intermittent cracking may be understood as being due to a time lag in the di6usion of hydrogen towards the cohesive zone, since a buildup of hydrogen is necessary in order for the crack to advance. The predictions of the model are in good quantitative agreement with available measurements, suggesting that hydrogen-induced degradation of cohesion is a likely mechanism for hydrogen-assisted cracking. ? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


This paper investigates the syntax of dative constructions (DCs) in Mandarin from the perspective of quantifier scope
 interpretation. In the literature, doubly quantified DCs such as Xiaoming ji-le yi-zhang mingxinpian gei mei-yi-wei laoshi
 'Xiaoming mailed one postcard to every teacher' have been claimed to be scopally ambiguous, and different syntactic analyses have been
 proposed based on this observation. Crucially, however, DCs with the universal direct object (DO) preceding the existential indirect object
 (IO), e.g., Xiaoming ji-le mei-yi-zhang mingxinpian gei yi-wei laoshi 'Xiaoming mailed every postcard to one teacher',
 appear to be not ambiguous, where only the existential IO seems to take wide scope. This problem, which we call the
 dative puzzle, has not been systematically explored, either theoretically or experimentally. To fill this gap, we
 conducted an experiment on the scope interpretation of dative sentences in Mandarin, which confirms the above observation. A syntactic
 analysis for Mandarin DCs is proposed accordingly, where it is argued that (i) DCs share the same underlying structure with shift
 constructions (SCs) of the form [Subj V-gei IO DO], both containing a causative vP embedded under an
 action verb (cf. Cheng et al. 1999); (ii) the surface form of a DC is derived by an optional,
 vP-internal scrambling of the DO from the lowest complement position to an adjunct position; and (iii) such scrambling
 does not affect scope interpretation. Our proposal suggests that, insofar as inherently ditransitive verbs are concerned, Mandarin DCs and
 SCs are derivationally related, and the observed dative puzzle is shown to follow from the structural hierarchy of the advocated base syntax
 of DCs.


PURPOSE
To determine the accuracy of functional MR imaging in locating language areas for planning surgical resection.

METHODS
Intraoperative photographs were digitized and overlaid on functional MR language maps. The sensitivity and specificity of functional MR imaging for identifying language areas were determined for five different language tasks by comparing functional MR areas of language activation with results of electrocortical stimulation. A match was considered to occur if an activated area contacted overlapped, or surrounded a language tag. The borders of the activation areas were extended by 1 and 2 cm to determine whether the number of matches changed. Language and nonlanguage tag matches were tabulated separately.

RESULTS
Sensitivity/specificity for all patients and all language tasks ranged from 81%/53% for areas that touched to 92%/0% for areas separated by 2 cm. Individual language tasks were not as sensitive as a battery of language tasks combined. Location of language areas varied among subjects for a given task and among tasks for a given subject.

CONCLUSION
Functional MR imaging should be considered a useful presurgical planning tool for mapping cortical language areas, because it is sensitive, it provides increased time for planning before surgery, and it is noninvasive.


One day when Pooh Bear had nothing else to do, he thought he would do something, so he went round to Piglet's house to see what Piglet was doing. It was snowing as he stumped over the white forest track, and he expected to find Piglet warming his toes in front of the fire, but to his surprise he saw that the door was open, and the more he looked inside the more Piglet wasn't there.1.


The increasing complexity of the modern world creates both higher risks and new interdependencies in the socioeconomic environment. To cope with these challenges powerful new tools must be applied to find sustainable solutions. System dynamics is a field that offers potential assistance in dealing with complex issues. However, managers and politicians often lack the knowledge and necessary skills to apply quantitative methods in their decision-making process. In contrast, qualitative approaches are easily understood and handled but have limited capacities for analysis. To address this gap, we have developed a bundle of tools tailored for managers and politicians facing complex problems. These tools enable executives to recognize effective levers and assess potential consequences of specific interventions in a highly interconnected system. The approach detailed here equips decision makers with a powerful method to develop, test, and communicate strategies to find long-term sustainable solutions for complex issues in business and society.


This review sought to identify all sport-based attribution research to systematically explore content themes and identify areas for future research. A literature search identified 167 empirical sport attribution papers (encompassing 202 independent samples) published between 1954 and February 2011. Frequency calculations showed a disproportionate focus on quantitative methodologies (99.4%), outcome attributions (94.6%), and attributions for personal behavior (69.9%), with relatively few intervention studies or longitudinal designs. Findings also showed a good proportion of research conducted on youth sport participants (22.3%) and in naturally occurring competitive sport settings (69.5%). It is recommended that researchers expand their study of attribution in sport to consider those attributions made by coaches and parents, and for diverse events such as athletic injury and dropout. In addition, more diverse research designs (e.g., longitudinal qualitative investigations) will provide a greater appreciation of the attributions made by sport performers.


This book describes the transgression from city infirmaries from shelters for indigent towns people into centers of highly specialized medical care. Holland 's Golden Age of the arts was also a bright era for medical science. Public dissections in the anatomy theatre were a popular attraction, and visitors came from far and wide to view the wonderful anatomy collections of Frederik Ruysch. In the intervening 350 years, every aspect of medicine has changed. In "Doctors of Amsterdam" Annet Mooij describes the transformation of city infirmaries from shelters for indigent townspeople into centers of highly specialized medical care, of universities from seats of timeless general scholarship into institutions of science and specialization, and of medical research from improvised tests in private rooms into sophisticated experiments in hi-tech university laboratories. All this is set in the city of Amsterdam. Still, events in the Dutch capital cannot be seen in isolation from national and international developments, and these contextual factors receive ample attention. The result is a lively and informative picture of more than three centuries of medicine.


Aberrantly expressed microRNA (miRNA) are known to disrupt intracellular RNA networks in cancer cells. Exploring miRNA‐dependent molecular networks is a major challenge in cancer research. In this study, we performed RNA‐sequencing of breast cancer (BrCa) clinical specimens to identify tumor‐suppressive miRNA in BrCa. In total, 64 miRNA were identified as candidate tumor‐suppressive miRNA in BrCa cells. Analysis of our BrCa signature revealed that several miRNA duplexes (guide strand/passenger strand) derived from pre‐miRNA were downregulated in BrCa tissues (e.g. miR‐99a‐5p/‐3p, miR‐101‐5p/‐3p, miR‐126‐5p/‐3p, miR‐143‐5p/‐3p, and miR‐144‐5p/‐3p). Among these miRNA, we focused on miR‐101‐5p, the passenger strand of pre‐miR‐101, and investigated its tumor‐suppressive roles and oncogenic targets in BrCa cells. Low expression of miR‐101‐5p predicted poor prognosis in patients with BrCa (overall survival rate: P = 0.0316). Ectopic expression of miR‐101‐5p attenuated aggressive phenotypes, e.g. proliferation, migration, and invasion, in BrCa cells. Finally, we identified seven putative oncogenic genes (i.e. High Mobility Group Box 3, Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1, GINS complex subunit 1 (GINS1), Tumor Protein D52, Serine/Arginine‐Rich Splicing Factor Kinase 1, Vang‐like protein 1, and Mago Homolog B) regulated by miR‐101‐5p in BrCa cells. The expression of these target genes was associated with the molecular pathogenesis of BrCa. Furthermore, we explored the oncogenic roles of GINS1, whose function had not been previously elucidated, in BrCa cells. Aberrant expression of GINS1 mRNA and protein was observed in BrCa clinical specimens, and high GINS1 expression significantly predicted poor prognosis in patients with BrCa (overall survival rate: P = 0.0126). Knockdown of GINS1 inhibited the malignant features of BrCa cells. Thus, identification of tumor‐suppressive miRNA and molecular networks controlled by these miRNA in BrCa cells may be an effective strategy for elucidation of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease.


Abstract This paper offers a multimodal perspective on how identities are performed and negotiated in discourse, concentrating on the interaction of language and body language within a particular genre, Youth Justice Conferencing. These conferences operate as a diversionary form of sentencing in the juvenile justice system of New South Wales, Australia. Typically, they involve a young person who has committed an offense coming face to face with the victim of their crime, in the presence of family members, community workers, police, and a conference "convenor." We conduct close, multimodal discourse analysis of the interactions that occur during the Rejoinder step in a particular conference, and investigate an "angry boy" identity enacted by two young persons at this point in the proceedings. This persona is very different to the forthcoming and remorseful persona idealized by conference designers. The role of body language in intermodally proposing and negotiating bonds within the conference is explored.


London stretches as far as this building. At least this is how the architect Walter Menteth visualised it. Two facades symbolise two different areas—rural and urban—separated by the borderline which also cuts through the location of the Warburton Terrace residential build¬ing. The two facades, or rather two faces, form a con¬trast, a formal tension, which attracts attention with its underlying aesthetic idea.
The large windows of the south, "urban" facade over¬look London's outermost commercial street. The north¬ern, "rural" wall of brick and wood faces a number of single-storey buildings. The south side includes four flats on each floor, while the north side houses common-use rooms, technical rooms, a guest room, and the office. On the east side all tenants have access to a double-height room with a kitchen and a small mezzanine. Always alert to the issues of light and the four sides of the world, Menteth made sure to locate a small window right under the ceiling of this room, to let in the first rays of the morning sun.
The colours of the external walls reflect the facades: where there is brickwork outside, the inner wall is red, and the same is the case with yellow plaster. We also encounter either white or non-plastered or wood-clad walls, and all of them reflect what is going on on the ex¬ternal surface of the building, offering a quite pleasing variety of colours.
The building points to the natural directions rather like a compass. This is known to reduce the use of energy by up to 1/3, and Menteth seems to have made a point of it. The building is accessed through the main entrance from the north, leading the visitor into a small courtyard where all the routes intersect: entrances to the ground floor and upper floors, and the passage to the garden.
There is also a fully detached screen made of plain wooden planks which works much like a net curtain, making it possible to see the street from the courtyard without being seen from the street. The planks of the screen are contrasted by a large brickwork surface, ac¬centuated only by a somewhat protruding window of the guest room. Although you see only one window on this fa¬cade from the outside, inside you will encounter several window shutters creating a home-like atmosphere. These open onto brickwork with gaps which provide ventilation without disturbing the austere expression of the outer wall, not to mention the cost effectiveness of this solution.
The south facade, with lots of glazed windows and balcony doors, stands for openness to the world, the sun, and the city. Each flat can also be exited towards the south, directly into the garden from the ground floor and through a gallery from upper storeys. The grey belt in the uppermost section of the south facade is made up of 'Sto AG' glass sun filters, a few centimetres thick. They reflect sunrays when the sun is high and let them in when it is lower, dosing heating to the walls and dou¬bling as insulation, bringing up to 22% energy savings.
Still, the most dramatic is the west side where the "urban" facade meets the "rural" one. The brick offers a sharp contrast to the wood, as do the vertical planks to the narrow horizontal kitchen windows that seem to change the scale of the whole building. There is a gap between them, accommodating the northern gallery,


In Boston we took the availability and quality of our tap water for granted until May 1, 2010, when a major water pipe break interrupted water service to two million Greater Boston residents. Information spread quickly to citizens about the problem and what to do, all the more notable because the water main break occurred on a Saturday. In this age of consumer paranoia about withheld information, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) was in front of cameras and online, communicating what they knew and what they were doing. Tufts University and the Boston Public Health Commission used communication channels ranging from Twitter to megaphones to get the word out. Their behind-the-scenes emergency planning processes, their response to this incident, and seven lessons learned from this short-lived crisis are applicable to many other crises.


International treaties, national legislation and local by-laws all advocate the equal treatment of men and women, but claims of gender-based discrimination continue. Indicators of discrimination against women, including employment ratios and differences in income, show that there have been considerable gains in the recent past. These measures are, however, often biased. In this study a different, specific and concrete method of describing and detecting discrimination is presented, namely the difference in the number of ablution facilities provided for each gender group in public spaces. Ablution facilities at airports, train stations and shopping centres in four major South African cities (N=128) were inspected. Medium to large differences in the respective number of facilities were found (eta 2 .05 to .13), with women receiving fewer service facilities than men. These results suggest that, despite progressive legislation and vigorous affirmative action in South Africa, local women are still being discriminated against on a very concrete, visible level. The effectiveness of the measurement tool is also discussed.


FROM MODERN HATRED TO BIBLICAL PROPHECY Israel peut-il survivre? La nouvelle regle du jeu (Can Israel Survive? The New Rules of the Game), by Michel Gurfinkiel, Editions Hugo & Cie, 201 1, 304 pp.Reviewed by Michelle MazelFollowing the 2008-2009 Cast Lead operation in Gaza, French bookstores were suddenly flooded with books about Israel, most of them accusing and condemning the Jewish state. This prompted Jewish writers, both newcomers and seasoned authors, to pen essays and books defending Israel. They bemoaned the perils threatening the country and hinted at a catastrophic future for it.Thus, in A State Too Many,1 Fabien Ghez notes that today it is more and more widely believed that, if Israel were to disappear, the world would be a better place and peace would break out. In Israel: A Future Compromised, Olivier Burochowitch and Richard Laub openly ask whether the demise of the Jewish state is inevitable.2 In A Name Too Many: Is Israel Illegitimate? , with a foreword by Pierre Andre TaguiefF, Jacques Tarnero wonders why so many people want not only the elimination of Israel but even of its very name. 3 TaguiefF himself recently published Israel and the New Jewish Issue} These and other books highlight the miracle of Israel's renewal and accomplishments as well as the mendacious and virulent campaign against its very existence.Even in this context, a new book by Michel Gurfinkiel, his seventh, is of special interest. A former editor of the French weekly Valeurs Actuelles and an occasional contributor to the Wall Street Journal and Commentary, Gurfinkiel is the founder and chairman of the Jean Jacques Rousseau Institute, a conservative French think tank on political issues. As he said in an interview to a Jewish website, he had been asked so many times whether Israel could survive that he decided to write down his thoughts about it.5 He also said in the interview that he believed in Israel's ultimate survival. The book itself, however, is not totally optimistic. Indeed, the opening paragraph is gloomy enough: "The twelfth war of Israel will not happen. Such is the hope of the Israelis. They are preparing for it. They know that, should it break out, it will be difficult. And murderous."6Gurfinkiel discerns two main themes in the accusations against Israel. First, Israel is indicted for beinga colonial state; an artificial state that came into being through arbitrary decisions... having been founded... at the expense of another state - a natural one - Palestine; having expelled the Palestinians in order to settle a new people, the Israelis; persisting in tricks and illegality while pretending to maintain at all costs a Jewish national identity. The Shoah would be the one extenuating circumstance. It cannot, however, excuse everything. Nor can its value last forever. (31)One by one, using lengthy historical arguments, Gurfinkiel refutes these charges in what is by far the most persuasive part of the book. He then turns to the second theme and to his main thesis. The real reason, he contends, behind the implacable hatred directed at the Jewish state "is not so much the Middle East state called Israel.. .as a transcendental and metaphysical Israel, that of the Bible, of which the state, whether it wants it or not, whether it assumes it or not, is the heir and the last carrier to date" (153). The emphasis here is less on Christianity - though it is significant as there are still some Christians who view Israelis (Jews) as a people of Christ-killers - than on Islam. The latter religion, Gurfinkiel suggests, rejects the very notion of a Jewish state because, first, there is an inherent theological conflict between Islam and Judaism, and second, there can be no infidel state on what was once a territory under Islamic rule. …


Mobile phones and related gadgets in networks are omnipresent at our students, advertising itself as the platform for mobile, pervasive learning. Currently, these devices rapidly open and enhance, being soon able to serve as a major platform for rich, open multimedia applications and communication. In this report we introduce a video conferencing software, which seamlessly integrates mobile with stationary users into fully distributed multi-party conversations. Following the paradigm of flexible, user-initiated group communication, we present an integrated solution, which scales well for medium-size conferences and accounts for the heterogeneous nature of mobile and stationary participants. This approach allows for a spontaneous, location independent establishment of video dialogs, which is of particular importance in interactive learning scenarios. The work is based on a highly optimized realization of a H.264 codec.


Nowadays, people have been increasingly interested in exploiting Web Search Engines (WSEs) not only for having access to simple Web pages, but mainly for accomplishing even complex activities, namely Web-mediated processes (or taskflows). Thus, users' information needs will become more complex, and Web search and recommender systems should change accordingly for dealing with this shift. We claim that such taskflows and their composing tasks are implicitly present in users' minds when they interact with a WSE to access the Web. Our first research challenge is thus to evaluate this belief by analyzing a very large, long-term log of queries submitted to a WSE, and associating meaningful semantic labels with the extracted tasks (i.e., clusters of related queries) and taskflows. This large knowledge base constitutes a good starting point for building a model of users' behaviors. The second research challenge is to devise a novel recommender system that goes beyond the simple query suggestion of modern WSEs. Our system has to exploit the knowledge base of Web-mediated processes and the learned model of users' behaviors, to generate complex insights and task-based suggestions to incoming users while they interact with a WSE.


Abstract. Arctic soils contain large amounts of organic matter which, globally, exceed the amount of carbon stored in vegetation biomass and in the atmosphere. Recent studies emphasise the potential sensitivity for this soil organic matter (SOM) to be mineralised when faced with increasing ambient temperatures. In order to better refine the predictions about the response of SOM to climate warming, there is a need to increase the spatial coverage of empirical data on SOM quantity and quality in the Arctic area. This study provides, for the first time, a characterisation of SOM from the Gydan Peninsula in the Yamal Region, Western Siberia, Russia. On the one hand, soil humic acids and their humification state were characterised by measuring the elemental composition and diversity of functional groups using solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Also, the total mineralisable carbon was measured. Our results indicate that there is a predominance of aliphatic carbon structures, with a minimal variation of their functional-group composition both regionally and within soil depth. This vertical homogeneity and low level of aromaticity reflects the accumulation in soil of lowly decomposed organic matter due to cold temperatures. Mineralisation rates were found to be independent of SOM quality, and to be mainly explained solely by the total carbon content. Overall, our results provide further evidence on the sensitivity that the soils of Western Siberia may have to increasing ambient temperatures and highlight the important role that this region can play in the global carbon balance under the effects of climate warming.


Purpose. The purpose of this research is to develop a practical ideal model for mitigating or reducing four key strategic planning barriers within agencies and organizations. Methodology. A preliminary model was developed based on the review of literature. A survey based on the preliminary model was sent to experts in the field to discover how the model can be improved into an ideal model. Results. According to scholars and current leaders in the field there are four common barriers. They are uncertainty, limited resources, lack of universal communication and low productivity or morale. However, there are key factors that can be taken to overcome those four strategic barriers. Conclusion. The ideal model shows that there should always be alternative scenarios in place to deal with future uncertainties. It is better to have them and not need them than to need them and be without. When a lack of resources becomes an issue, innovation and imagination should kick in. People should never let limited resources stop their movement. Progress is easier said than done, but it has always been the innovators and those willing to try something different that have become the leaders in their industry. Great innovation comes from involving everyone's input in the organization from the bottom to the top as well as the customers being served. However, to generate great innovation communication is a must, and universal or standardized communication is the key. Simple is often the best way to


Abstract. A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) was used to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. Electron ionization mass spectra of the non-refractory submicron aerosol were simultaneously determined with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and correlations between the two different signals were investigated. SOA hygroscopicity was found to strongly correlate with the relative abundance of the ion signal m/z 44 expressed as a fraction of total organic signal ( f 44 ). m/z 44 is due mostly to the ion fragment CO 2 + for all types of SOA systems studied, and has been previously shown to strongly correlate with organic O/C for ambient and chamber OA. The analysis was also performed on ambient OA from two field experiments at the remote site Jungfraujoch, and the megacity Mexico City, where similar results were found. A simple empirical linear relation between the hygroscopicity of OA at subsaturated RH, as given by the hygroscopic growth factor (GF) or "ϰ org " parameter, and f 44 was determined and is given by ϰ org = 2.2 × f 44 − 0.13. This approximation can be further verified and refined as the database for AMS and HTDMA measurements is constantly being expanded around the world. The use of this approximation could introduce an important simplification in the parameterization of hygroscopicity of OA in atmospheric models, since f 44 is correlated with the photochemical age of an air mass.


Background: Systematic literature studies have become common in software engineering, and hence it is important to understand how to conduct them efficiently and reliably.
 Objective: This paper presents guidelines for conducting literature reviews using a snowballing approach, and they are illustrated and evaluated by replicating a published systematic literature review.
 Method: The guidelines are based on the experience from conducting several systematic literature reviews and experimenting with different approaches.
 Results: The guidelines for using snowballing as a way to search for relevant literature was successfully applied to a systematic literature review.
 Conclusions: It is concluded that using snowballing, as a first search strategy, may very well be a good alternative to the use of database searches.


The author gives a personal view of how solar energy is developing and should develop, and what we should be looking for in global systems which can be compared against a fossil and nuclear future. The author believes that biomass generation, solar thermal electricity and wind energy have the largest renewable generation potential over the next 15 years. It is important to value the environmental and economic benefits of an interconnected system rather than model a single technology replacement. We need to: 1. include a lifetime pollution input/output analysis which fairly compares all options; 2. base system comparisons upon appropriate groups of technologies which provide a complete energy service; 3. account for synergies inherent in mixes of renewable energy technologies; 4. account for load following of the entire grid diurnal and annual load pattern instead of an ability to deliver baseload electricity supply. In the case of nuclear energy, solar technology is likely to exhibit similar pollution reduction advantages without a technical relationship to weapons production. On the basis of risk avoidance and cost, consideration should be given to reallocation of current nuclear development funding to solar technology.


The antioxidant α-lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring compound that has been shown to possess promising anticancer activity because of its ability to preferentially induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of cancer cells relative to normal cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effect of LA are not well understood. We report here that LA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a concomitant increase in apoptosis of human lung epithelial cancer H460 cells. Inhibition of ROS generation by ROS scavengers or by overexpression of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase effectively inhibited LA-induced apoptosis, indicating the role of ROS, especially hydroperoxide and superoxide anion, in the apoptotic process. Apoptosis induced by LA was found to be mediated through the mitochondrial death pathway, which requires caspase-9 activation. Inhibition of caspase activity by the pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK) or caspase-9-specific inhibitor (z-LEHD-FMK) completely inhibited the apoptotic effect of LA. Likewise, the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor rotenone potently inhibited the apoptotic and ROS-inducing effects of LA, supporting the role of mitochondrial ROS in LA-induced cell death. LA induced down-regulation of mitochondrial Bcl-2 protein through peroxide-dependent proteasomal degradation, and overexpression of the Bcl-2 protein prevented the apoptotic effect of LA. Together, our findings indicate a novel pro-oxidant role of LA in apoptosis induction and its regulation by Bcl-2, which may be exploited for the treatment of cancer and related apoptosis disorders.


Students' discipline is critical to the attainment of positive school outcomes. However, learning institutions have been plagued with cases of students' unrest which undermine quality education. This study sought to investigate the influence of school physical facilities on students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were: to determine the influence of adequacy of classrooms on students' discipline, to establish the influence of school library facilities on students' discipline, to establish the influence of science facilities on students' discipline and to determine the influence of adequacy of sports grounds on students' discipline. Descriptive survey design was employed. The target population was 324 principals, 3,865 teachers and 97,200 students in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The sample size of the study was obtained by stratified and simple random sampling procedures. The total sample matrix was 68 principals, 350 teachers and 380 students. Questionnaires, interview guide and observation schedule research instruments were utilized for the study. Test-retest technique of reliability was used to affirm the reliability of the instruments. The reliability coefficient of the instruments was 0.765 for questionnaire for students and 0.814 for questionnaire for the teachers. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in frequency tables. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to test the hypothesis. From the data analysis, it was found out that adequacy of physical facilities had significant positive relationship at r=+0.78, P=0.002 with levels of students' discipline in public secondary schools in Makueni County. The study recommended that educational stakeholders should expand school physical facilities in order to enhance students' discipline.


With the late sensational increments in technology, today's education has been changed and influenced in ways both positive and negative. All through time as innovation constantly changes, so do the ways instructors utilize their classrooms. Just around 10 years prior instructors were utilizing apparatuses like writing slates and after that advanced to white sheets. These days, educators are utilizing perceptive sheets. These sheets are to a great degree progressed and offer a wide range of approaches to instruct and to import data to understudies. This advancement in innovation has had numerous constructive outcomes of instruction. Trusting this innovation is an awesome thing to help our students expand their insight regularly at school and universities. At the point when students open up an application, they can stay up with the latest with governmental issues, games and current occasions. This momentary data empowers students to be more taught and educated. This research provides a thorough background on elearning and how it has come about. The research focuses on the important role of E-learning and new technology in education process in general for higher education and how the students will engage with 21 st century technology. Adding to that Mobile learning (M-learning) has turned into an imperative instructive innovation segment in advanced education. M-learning makes it workable for students to learn, team up, and impart thoughts among each other to the guide of web innovation and improvement. Nonetheless, M-learning acknowledgment by learners and instructors is basic to the vocations of The research attempts to take some of students of university of human development experience of using new technology and how they engaged with new courses and their the lecturers. This paper is organized as these sections introduction, literature review in these sections it describes the e-learning and the effect of technology on it. In section 4 and 5 it explains our approach and some hypothesis regarding e-learning in higher education generally and final section it gives some recommendations for higher education to implement correct e-learning system according to Kurdistan Region requirements.


Highway, Tomson. Illus. John Rombough. Caribou Song . Markham, ON.: Fifth House, 2013. Print. While Tomson Highway's English text remains consistent with the 2001 publication of this title illustrated by Brian Deines, this new version has been translated into a colloquial dialect of Cree rather than the original high Cree. It has been revitalized by John Rombough, a Chipewyan Dene artist from the Northwest Territories. His stylistic and intensely coloured illustrations make this a very different viewing experience from that of the softer and more realistic illustrations by Deines. Rombough's illustrations are infused with great energy, which is especially intriguing since the broad black lines contain only static shapes of colour layered on the variously tinted pages. There is magic here that is highly reminiscent of stain glass artistry and, like the stained glass pieces, engage the viewer into active participation in the storytelling experience. The story, too, contains magic. Set in Northern Manitoba, the tale follows the adventures of two young brothers, Joe and Cody, who call the caribou with their accordion ( kitoochigan ) and singing. The caribou respond with great vigor, enabling the boys' parents' traditional hunt. There is much laughter between the boys but danger as well as the migrating animals enthusiastically stream between them. Thankfully the spirit voice of the caribou leads the boys to safety, much to the relief of their parents and the boys themselves. Many years ago, when speaking with Tomson about the translation of the first edition he expressed sorrow that it was in the more formal Cree language; he felt that it was not the dialect that was easily accessible by the very people he wished to reach with this book. I hope this translation satisfies and ratifies this aspiration for those who read Cree. It certainly satisfies the artistic appreciation of this reviewer. The 2001 version was the first book in a trilogy about Joe, Cody, their family and the traditional culture and life of the Cree in Northern Manitoba. Is this edition also the first in a trilogy? One can always hope. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Gail de Vos Gail de Vos, an adjunct instructor, teaches courses on Canadian children's literature, Young Adult Literature and Comic Books and Graphic Novels at the School of Library and Information Studies for the University of Alberta and is the author of nine books on storytelling and folklore. She is a professional storyteller and has taught the storytelling course at SLIS for over two decades.


Caffeine is a common substance in the diets of most athletes and it is appearing in energy drinks, sport gels, alcoholic beverages and diet aids. The effects of caffeine ingestion prior to endurance training have been extensively studied. However, less is known concerning the effects of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise on white blood cells in soccer players. 15 professional soccer players completed a double-blind, placebocontrolled experiment. Forty-five minutes before exercise all subjects received 5.5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine (E+C, n=8) or placebo (cellulose; E+P, n=7). The exercise protocol was composed of 12 sets with ten sprints of 20 m each. The rest interval between sprints and between sets was ten seconds and 2 minutes, respectively. Between the 6th and 7th sets the rest interval was of 15 min. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise protocol and the leukocytes were counted in Micros 60 (ABX Horiba) automated hematology analyzer. Anova twoway with Tukey post hoc tests were applied (p < .05). Training session resulted in significant percentage increases (p < .05) in the total leukocyte count (E+C = 31.1%; E+P = 30.5%), neutrophils (E+C = 44.4%; E+P = 38.3%), and lymphocytes (E+C = 21.9%; E+P = 23.0%), with no significant differences between groups for any variable. The main finding was that the ingestion of caffeine (5.5 mg.kg-1) may not cause greater leukocytes levels above that which occurs through exercise alone.


Despite the importance of investing in information technology, research on business value of information technology (BVIT) shows contradictory results, raising questions about the reasons for divergence. Kohli and Devaraj (2003) provided valuable insights into this issue based on a meta-analysis of 66 BVIT studies. This paper extends Kohli and Devaraj by examining the influences on BVIT through a meta-analysis of 303 studies published between 1990 and 2013. We found that BVIT increases when the study does not consider IT investment, does not use profitability measure of value, and employs primary data sources, fewer IT-related antecedents, and larger sample size. Considerations of IT alignment, IT adoption and use, and interorganizational IT strengthen the relationship between IT investment on BVIT, whereas the focus on environmental theories dampens the same relationship. However, the use of productivity measures of value, the number of dependent variables, the economic region, the consideration of IT assets and IT infrastructure or capability, and the consideration of IT sophistication do not affect BVIT. Finally, BVIT increases over time with IT progress. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.


The vast majority of domestic support to farmers in the European Union (EU) is notified in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) green box as decoupled payments. The EU considers this support to minimally distort production and/or trade. As demonstrated in the literature, this claim is questionable. This paper aims at analyzing this claim using a global, spatially differentiated, partial equilibrium simulation model with endogenous land supply functions. Comparing a complete elimination of the EU green box measures with a baseline scenario, the model results indicate only small distortionary effects in production and trade. Hence, EU support notified to the green box seems to be compatible with the general requirements of the green box. The finding seems to result from the assumption of unchanged EU border policies.


IN this paper we study some aspects of the differential geometry of a surface M
embedded in Euclidean (or indeed affine) 4-space R 4
• In particular, we shall consider the 3-parameter families of orthogonal projections of M to l-dimensional
(resp. 3-dimensional) subspaces of R
4
. It is not hard to show that any projection
n : R 4
R k
(1 k 3) induces a map M Rk whose local type at any
point depends only on the kernel of n. In the case k = 1 (resp. k = 3) these kernels are in 1-1 correspondence with points of the real projective 3-space P (resp.
its dual P*) . Note that the above remark concerning the kernels show that there is
nothing to be gained from considering more general families of projections.
Each family of projections gives rise to a stratification of the space of such. In
this paper we show that the dual of various 2-dimensional strata in P (for projections to lines) coincide with certain strata in P* (for projections to planes). This
extends earlier results of the first author and Romero-Fuster in [2], and is used to
correlate the geometry of the families. Of particular interest is the existence of flat
umbilics on generic surfaces in R4
• The duality here gives rise to a blowing up
of the set of critical values of a Gauss type map related to, but more general than,
the blowing up of the focal set of an umbilic discussed in [3]. The duality result
concerning one of the strata was found independently by Mochida in her thesis
[9]. As a general background for results in singularity theory we recommend [11],
and for those in generic geometry [1, 12]


This comprehensive and authoritative history of the War of 1812, thoroughly revised for the 200th anniversary of the historic conflict, is a myth-shattering study that will inform and entertain students, historians, and general readers alike. Donald R. Hickey explores the military, diplomatic, and domestic history of our second war with Great Britain, bringing the study up to date with recent scholarship on all aspects of the war, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The newly expanded The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Bicentennial Edition includes additional information on the British forces, American Indians, and military operations such as the importance of logistics and the use and capabilities of weaponry. Hickey explains how the war promoted American nationalism and manifest destiny, stimulated peacetime defense spending, and enhanced America's reputation abroad. He also shows that the war sparked bloody conflicts between pro-war Republican and anti-war Federalist neighbors, dealt a crippling blow to American Indians, and solidified the United States's antipathy toward the British.


In this paper, we analyze the performance of cooperative spectrum sharing single-carrier (SC) relay systems. Taking into account the peak interference power at the primary user (PU) and the maximum transmit power at the secondary user (SU) network, two separate power allocation constraints are formed. For a two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying protocol and two power allocation constraints, two relay selection schemes, namely, a full-channel state information (CSI)-based best relay selection (BRS) and a partial CSI-based best relay selection (PBRS), are proposed. The distributions of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratios (e2e-SNRs) for the four cases are derived first, and then their outage probabilities and asymptotic outage probabilities are derived in closed-form. The derived asymptotic outage probabilities are utilized to see different diversity gains. Monte Carlo simulations have verified the derived diversity gains for the four different cases. We also present upper bounds on the ergodic capacities for two particular cases.


Learning to write in a second language is a great challenge for students; however, certain factors might minimize these challenges. In general, the Saudi students face difficulty to develop the writing competence in a foreign language because they rely on instructors as a sole source of knowledge. Therefore, the study investigated the English language writing in a university in Saudi Arabia. It implemented an action research design based on three main phases; namely, exploration, intervention, and reflection stage. The main questions asked include how the instructors view the writing style of students within the setting and how they perceived the English language writing curricula among the students. The data drew several conclusions that provided insight into the Saudi Higher Education concerning English as a foreign language (EFL) classes. The first is the spoon-feeding of Saudi learners throughout their educational years; therefore, they find it challenging to gain hold of their learning. Second, writing in English is a challenging task for Saudi students. Third, some of the students memorize writing passages to pass their English course. Fourthly, teaching to write was done by focusing on form, writing mechanics, rather than communicative aspects of writing and genre. This study has contributed towards the understanding of Saudi learners in university language classrooms analyzing their perceptions and expectations.


Mymensingh city is highly earthquake vulnerable due to its geological setting, existence of three faults, viz., Dauki Fault, Madhupur Blind Fault and Sylhet-Assam Fault in its close vicinity, and liquefaction susceptible soil type. Recently an attempt has been made to assess earthquake risk of the city by Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme II, of Government of Bangladesh using FEMA developed HAZUS tool which requires usage of enormous resources and expertise. Poorly resourced city planning authorities of developing countries are seldom equipped with such financial and human resources, and as a result, the inclusion of earthquake risk analysis, more specifically, information regarding spatial variations of earthquake risk is very often found missing in their physical planning exercises. This paper aims to assess the spatial variation of earthquake vulnerability of residential neighbourhoods of Mymensingh city, employing an index-based low cost approach which could provide a reasonably accurate result with minimum resource and expertise requirements. Analytical Hierarchy Process and Weighted Linear Combination are combined with a Geographical Information System to prepare a composite index considering 23 different parameters, stemming from geological, structural, socio-economic and systematic dimensions of earthquake vulnerability. The findings of the reseach show that out of 241 residential neighbourhoods of Mymensingh city, 51 are observed to be highly vulnerable, while, 123 and 67 are medium and low vulnerable respectively. Besides, the spatial distribution of earthquake vulnerable neighbouhoods in Mymensingh City, observed in the current study has also been compared with spatial distributions observed in two similar previous studies and observed found to be reasonably close. This justifies the validity of the current low cost approach for wider application in cities of resource starved developing countries.


The hp version of the finite element method (hp-FEM) combined with adaptive mesh refinement is a particularly efficient method for solving partial differential equations because it can achieve a convergence rate that is exponential in the number of degrees of freedom. hp-FEM allows for refinement in both the element size, h, and the polynomial degree, p. Like adaptive refinement for the h version of the finite element method, a posteriori error estimates can be used to determine where the mesh needs to be refined, but a single error estimate can not simultaneously determine whether it is better to do the refinement by h or by p. Several strategies for making this determination have been proposed over the years. In this paper we summarize these strategies and present the results of a numerical experiment to study the convergence properties of these strategies.


The need for improved rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis disease has prompted interest in the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. We have investigated VOCs emitted by Mycobacterium bovis BCG grown on Lowenstein-Jensen media using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds observed included dimethyl sulphide, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, butanone, 2-methyl-1-butanol, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-phenylethanol and hydrogen sulphide. Changes in levels of acetaldehyde, methanol and ammonia were also observed. The compounds identified are not unique to M. bovis BCG, and further studies are needed to validate their diagnostic value. Investigations using an ultra-rapid gas chromatograph with a surface acoustic wave sensor (zNose) demonstrated the presence of 2-phenylethanol (PEA) in the headspace of cultures of M. bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis, when grown on Lowenstein-Jensen supplemented with glycerol. PEA is a reversible inhibitor of DNA synthesis. It is used during selective isolation of gram-positive bacteria and may also be used to inhibit mycobacterial growth. PEA production was observed to be dependent on growth of mycobacteria. Further study is required to elucidate the metabolic pathways involved and assess whether this compound is produced during in vivo growth of mycobacteria.


In this thesis, we study hydrodynamic oscillations in porous bodies (unsaturated or partially saturated), due to tidal oscillations of water levels in adjacent open water bodies. The focus is on beach hydrodynamics, but potential applications concern, more generally, time varying and oscillating water levels in coupled systems involving subsurface / open water interactions (natural and artificial beaches, harbor dykes, earth dams, river banks, estuaries). The tidal forcing of groundwater is represented and modeled (both experimentally and numerically) by quasi-static oscillations of water levels in an open water reservoir connected to the porous medium. Specifically, we focus on vertical water movements forced by an oscillating pressure imposed at the bottom of a soil column. Experimentally, a rotating tide machine is used to achieve this forcing. Overall, we use three types of methods (experimental, numerical, analytical) to study the vertical motion of the groundwater table and the unsaturated flow above it, taking into account the vertical head drop in the saturated zone as well as capillary pressure gradients in the unsaturated zone. Laboratory experiments are conducted on vertical sand columns, with a tide machine to force water table oscillations, and with porous cup tensiometers to measure both positive pressures and suctions along the column (among other measurement methods). Numerical simulations of oscillatory water flow are implemented with the BIGFLOW 3D code (implicit finite volumes, with conjugate gradients for the matrix solver and modified Picard iterations for the nonlinear problem). In addition, an automatic calibration based on a genetic optimization algorithm is implemented for a given tidal frequency, to obtain the hydrodynamic parameters of the experimental soil. Calibrated simulations are then compared to experimental results for other non calibrated frequencies. Finally, a family of quasi-analytical multi-front solutions is developed for the tidal oscillation problem, as an extension of the Green-Ampt piston flow approximation, leading to nonlinear, non-autonomous systems of Ordinary Differential Equations with initial conditions (dynamical systems). The multi-front solutions are tested by comparing them with a refined finite volume solution of the Richards equation. Multi-front solutions are at least 100 times faster, and the match is quite good even for a loamy soil with strong capillary effects (the number of fronts required is small, no more than N10 to 20 at most). A large set of multi-front simulations is then produced in order to analyze water table and flux fluctuations for a broad range of forcing frequencies. The results, analyzed in terms of means and amplitudes of hydrodynamic variables, indicate the existence, for each soil, of a characteristic frequency separating low frequency / high frequency flow regimes in the porous system.


Sketching is a most central activity within most design projects. But what happens if we adopt the ideas of collaborative design and invite participants that are not trained to sketch in to the design process, how can they participate in this central activity? This paper offers an introduction to how design material based on ethnography can be understood as sketching material. It suggests a process where the sketching tools are constructed within the scope of the project. Some practical details of how the design material has been co-authored will be explored. Finally, this paper shows how the design material has been used to co-author possible futures within the scope of design sessions.


In previous works, we demonstrated that markers of systemic inflammation (elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) are independently associated with radiographic spinal progression over 2 years in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in the German spondyloarthritis inception cohort (GESPIC).1 We also found previously that calprotectin, which is secreted during monocyte infiltration into inflamed tissues, and thus, directly reflects a potentially important pathophysiological mechanism in SpA,2 ,3 and which was found to be associated with structural joint damage in psoriatic arthritis4 and in rheumatoid arthritis,5 is clearly elevated in SpA as compared to healthy controls, and decreases rapidly and consistently upon effective treatment,2 although in another work, no differences in serum calprotectin between ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls could be found.6 We aimed here to assess whether serum calprotectin levels are predictive for progression of structural damage in the spine in axSpA.

Seventy-six patients (mean age 38.0±11.5 years, mean symptom duration 4.6±2.8 years, 66% males, 82% HLA-B27-positives) with definite axSpA (n=63 fulfilling the modified New York criteria for ankylosing spondylitis and n=13 patients with axSpA not fulfilling the radiographic part …


Subtribe Pleurothallidinae with just over 5000 species is possibly the most species-rich of all orchids. It has been growing steadily for more than two centuries, but the last three decades have been especially active in terms of systematic and phylogenetic studies in the group. The growth in species numbers has been accompanied by the marked increase in generic and infrageneric concepts. Nevertheless, Pleurothallidinae are plagued with cases of convergent and divergent morphology, and phylogenetic relatedness is not always apparent. This opens the door to controversial changes in generic circumscriptions that are considered too inclusive by some and too exclusive by others. A grave consequence of these disagreements is the difficulty of assessing which and how many species actually belong to each genus. Here an attempt is made to place generic names among their close relatives as a first step to re-evaluating the whole subtribe .


Objectives: To green synthesize silver nanoparticles by using weed plant Tridax procumbens also prepare and check antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles impregnated bandages against one gram positive bacteria and one-gram negative. Methods: The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done by chemical precipitation method using Tridax leaves extract as reducing agent. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles are characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to confirm size distribution, composition and crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. Results: The peak was shown at 446nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis reveals the spherical -shaped nanoparticles with a mean size of 99nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the phytochemicals in extract were responsible for formation of the silver nanoparticles and acted as reducing and stabilizing agent. XRD study have revealed the highly crystalline nature of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were impregnated onto bandages and they showed appreciable inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (6mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (2mm). Conclusion: The characterization results shown the characteristic nature of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Thus the green synthesis was ecofriendly and nanoparticles showed promising antimicrobial activity. These antibacterial bandages can potentially be used for treating and open and infection-prone wounds.


In summer 2009, the case of Rosendo Radilla, the first to deal with forced disappearance by the Mexican state, went before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IAHRC). In December, the Court found Mexico guilty of the crimes of systematic human rights violations and forced disappearance. This was a landmark development led by the Association of Relatives of the Disappeared and Victims of Violations of Human Rights in Mexico (AFADEM) and the Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights (CMDPDH) in a struggle with the Mexican government to obtain information on what happened to those disappeared by the authorities during the country's guerra sucia, or dirty war, in the 1970s. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


This paper employs a decomposition analysis of inequality by income source to understand and explain particular aspects of income inequality in Greece. The results suggest that entrepreneurial income is the most significant contributor to overall inequality in Greece. It is also shown that there is a weak redistributive impact of taxes and social security contributions and this is mainly attributed to tax evasion, particularly in entrepreneurial income. The decrease of the inequality of entrepreneurial income appears to be the most effective way of reducing total inequality. Overall this analysis may help to establish links between the functional and personal income distribution. Therefore, our ability to evaluate and predict the potential implications of particular growth policies to inequality, poverty and, consequently, to social development, is significantly improved.


This brief report, prepared by Scott Ewing for the Australian Digital Inclusion Index, includes graphs of a few of the key data points that shed light on digital inclusion in Australia from the ABS's recently released Household Use of Information Technology in Australia, 2014-15. The full data released can be accessed in the related content link below. The data shows that while the digital divide continues to narrow, persistent and significant differences remain between different groups of Australians in relation to both access and use of the internet. These differences are related to attributes including income, age, employment status, education levels and location.


Abstract The success of China in its transition has received a great deal of attention from economists. At the same time, public health experts have accumulated evidence on setbacks within the Chinese health sector, particularly in rural areas. This paper puts these two bodies of knowledge together. It explores the links between the two phenomena. The review shows that economic transition, the 'Chinese way', creates specific challenges for the rural health sector. It also invites transition experts to pay more attention to health. There is a need for more studies on how health system development is influenced by economic and public finance reforms.


ARTICLE INFO Reactive power limit of power system generators has a significant effect on the static voltage stability margin such as maximum load ability point and dynamic voltage stability margin such as HB, LIB and SNB. However, as the load increases, reactive power demand increases as well and thus reactive power limit of generators or other voltage-regulating devices such as Static Var Compensators (SVCs) may reach. Therefore, the voltage stability margin is decreased and or voltage collapse is occurred. Hence, different techniques such as reactive power redispatch or change of terminal voltage of generators, use of reactive power compensation devices and optimization method to determine optimum sizing and setting of this device is proposed for improving and increasing reactive power capacity. In this paper, based on a combined method include of time domain simulation, modal analysis and bifurcation theory effect of the regulation of terminal voltage of critical generators on the reactive power limit of generators and dynamic voltage stability status of power system based on the HB and LIB is evaluated. The obtained results give good information for network operators to optimize planning and operating of the power system. The proposed dynamic method is examined on the New England 39bus, IEEE 68-bus test systems.


Born in rapidly evolving mini-halos during the first billion years of the Universe, supermassive black holes (SMBH) feed from gas flows spanning many orders of magnitude, from the cosmic web in which they are embedded to their event horizon. As such, accretion onto SMBHs constitutes a formidable challenge to tackle numerically, and currently requires the use of sub-grid models to handle the flow on small, unresolved scales. In this paper, we study the impact of resolution on the accretion pattern of SMBHs initially inserted at the heart of dense galactic gas clouds, using a custom super-Lagrangian refinement scheme to resolve the black hole (BH) gravitational zone of influence. We find that once the self-gravitating gas cloud host is sufficiently well resolved, accretion onto the BH is driven by the cloud internal structure, independently of the BH seed mass, provided dynamical friction is present during the early stages of cloud collapse. For a pristine gas mix of hydrogen and helium, a slim disc develops around the BH on sub-parsec scales, turning the otherwise chaotic BH accretion duty cycle into an episodic one, with potentially important consequences for BH feedback. In the presence of such a nuclear disc, BH mass growth predominantly occurs when infalling dense clumps trigger disc instabilities, fuelling intense albeit short-lived gas accretion episodes.


Abstract Why do politicians advocate trade protections to save domestic jobs when neoclassical trade models suggest that small open economies should implement free trade? The novel insight of this paper is that trade protections can be rationalized as a second-best policy that improves the domestic welfare when the equilibrium unemployment is different from the constrain-efficient unemployment. To understand the puzzle, I incorporate a Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides frictional labor market into the standard Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. The model offers four main findings. First, when the relative price of the labor (capital)-intensive good increases, equilibrium unemployment decreases (increases). Second, a labor market in a competitive equilibrium is constrained-efficient when the Hosios condition is satisfied. Third, a capital-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment may experience welfare losses from trade. Conditional on having the same observed trade share, a labor-abundant country with inefficiently high unemployment have extra welfare gains from international trade. Finally and importantly, when the labor market in a small open economy generates inefficiently high equilibrium unemployment, the optimal trade policy is to raise the domestic price of its labor-intensive goods (an import tariff in a capital-abundant country and an export subsidy in a labor-abundant country). Free trade is optimal only when a labor market is initially efficient. The model predictions are supported by patterns of tariffs in WTO member countries.


Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that adds 5′-TTAGGG-3′ repeats onto the ends of human chromosomes, providing a telomere maintenance mechanism for ∼90% of human cancers. We have purified human telomerase ∼108-fold, with the final elution dependent on the enzyme's ability to catalyze nucleotide addition onto a DNA oligonucleotide of telomeric sequence, thereby providing specificity for catalytically active telomerase. Mass spectrometric sequencing of the protein components and molecular size determination indicated an enzyme composition of two molecules each of telomerase reverse transcriptase, telomerase RNA, and dyskerin.


SUMMARY Programming robotic assembly for industrial small-batch production is challenging; hence, it is vital to increase robustness and reduce development effort in order to achieve flexible robotic automation. A human who has made an assembly error will often simply undo the process until the error is undone and then restart the assembly. Conceptually, robots could do the same. This paper introduces a programming model that enables robot assembly programs to be executed in reverse. We investigate the challenges in running robot programs backwards and present a classification of reversibility characteristics. We demonstrate how temporarily switching the direction of program execution can be an efficient error recovery mechanism. Moreover, we demonstrate additional benefits arising from supporting reversibility in an assembly language, such as increased code reuse and automatically derived disassembly sequences. As a default approach to reversibility, we use program inversion and statement-level inversion of commands, but with a novel override option providing alternative sequences for asymmetric reverse actions. To efficiently program for this model, this paper introduces a new domain-specific language, SCP-RASQ (Simple C++ Reversible Assembly SeQuences). In initial experiments, where 200 consecutive assemblies of two industrial cases were performed, 18 of 22 errors were corrected automatically using only the trial-and-error capabilities that come from reverse execution.


In the 1970s it was discovered that organic polymers, a class of materials otherwise best know as insulating plastics, could be made electronically conductive. As an alternative to silicon semiconductors, organic polymers offer many novel features, characteristics, and opportunities, such as producing electronics at low costs using printing techniques, using organic chemistry to tune optical and electronic properties, and mechanical flexibility. The conducting organic polymers have been used in a vast array of devices, exemplified by organic transistors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. Due to their softness, biocompatibility, and combined electronic and ionic transport, organic electronic materials are also well suited as the active material in bioelectronic applications, a scientific and engineering area in which electronics interface with biology. The coupling of ions and electrons is especially interesting, as ions serve as signal carriers in all living organisms, thus offering a direct translation of electronic and ionic signals. To further enable complex control of ionic fluxes, organic electronic materials can be integrated with various ionic components, such as ion-conducting diodes and transistors.This thesis reports a background to the field of organic bioelectronic and ionic devices, and also presents the integration of ionic functions into organic bioelectronic devices. First, an electrophoretic drug delivery device is presented, capable of delivering ions at high spatiotemporal resolution. The device, called the organic electronic ion pump, is used to electronically control amyloid-like aggregation kinetics and morphology of peptides, and offers an interesting method for studying amyloids in vitro. Second, various ion-conducting diodes based on bipolar membranes are described. These diodes show high rectification ratio, i.e. conduct ions better for positive than for negative applied voltage. Simple ion diode based circuits, such as an AND gate and a full-wave rectifier, are also reported. The AND gate is intended as an addressable pH pixel to regulate for example amyloid aggregation, while the full-wave rectifier decouples the electrochemical capacity of an electrode from the amount of ionic charge it can generate. Third, an ion transistor, also based on bipolar membranes, is presented. This transistor can amplify and control ionic currents, and is suitable for building complex ionic logic circuits. Together, these results provide a basic toolbox of ionic components that is suitable for building more complex and/or implantable organic bioelectronic devices.


Current optical transport networks use optical channel carriers (wavelengths) that are defined and constrained by a fixed ITU-T dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) grid. Such a grid is not adapted to high data rates (beyond 100 Gb/s) and is inefficient when a wavelength is assigned to a low-rate optical signal. Consequently, the ITU-T is updating the set of DWDM reference frequencies with the inclusion of a smaller channel spacing (e.g., 6.25 GHz) while allowing the allocation of frequency slots, that is, variable-sized frequency ranges composed of a number of slices. In this paper, we propose the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching/path computation element (GMPLS/PCE) control plane for such flexible optical networks, using optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission technology, given its unique flexibility, bit-rate/bandwidth scalability, and subwavelength granularity. The control plane uses a distance-adaptive and PCE-based routing and modulation assignment, combined with distributed frequency slot (spectrum) selection. A comparative analysis of path computation algorithms is carried out, highlighting the benefits of extending the path computation function with the knowledge of the status of the slices and the spectral efficiency of the modulation formats.


Drought and high temperature are two major environmental factors that severely limit plant productivity in the United States and worldwide, often causing extensive economic loss to agriculture. As global climate change progresses, agricultural production worldwide faces serious threats from frequent extreme weather conditions. Integrated approaches that improve the efficiency of agricultural water use and development of plant varieties that can alleviate the negative impacts of environmental stresses to maintain yield stability are essential to sustain and increase agriculture production. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a major crop in the United States and worldwide. Its production and yield stability are greatly affected by drought and high temperature stresses. Improving drought and heat tolerance in maize has become one of the top priorities for maize breeding programs in both private and public sectors. Identification of maize germplasm with superior drought and/or heat tolerance is essential and prerequisite for such propose. In this report, we evaluated a selection of maize inbred lines for drought and heat stress tolerance under field conditions in 2009 and 2010 and identified several inbred lines that showed high tolerance to drought. Tolerant inbred lines (Tx205, C2A554-4, and B76) were able to maintain relatively high leaf relative water content when subjected to drought stress, while sensitive lines (B73 and C273A) showed a rapid reduction in leaf relative water content at very early stage of drought. The tolerant lines also showed significantly greater ability to maintain vegetative growth and alleviate damage to reproductive tissues under drought conditions compared to the sensitive lines. Maize inbred lines and hybrids were also evaluated for tolerance to high temperature under well-watered conditions through field observations following the occurrence of major heat events. Maize inbred lines of distinct heat tolerance phenotype were identified. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic analysis showed that maize hybrids made from inbred lines with superior heat tolerance inherited an enhanced tolerance to elevated temperatures. The tolerant germplasm accessions, like those identified in this study, are essential materials for breeding drought- and/or heat-tolerant maize hybrids. Study for the potential use of such materials to produce maize hybrids that are able to alleviate the negative impacts of drought and heat stress on the growth and development of maize plants is underway.


This dissertation focuses on algorithmic aspects of program verification, and presents modeling and complexity advances on several problems related to the
static analysis of programs, the stateless model checking of concurrent programs, and the competitive analysis of real-time scheduling algorithms.
Our contributions can be broadly grouped into five categories.

Our first contribution is a set of new algorithms and data structures for the quantitative and data-flow analysis of programs, based on the graph-theoretic notion of treewidth.
It has been observed that the control-flow graphs of typical programs have special structure, and are characterized as graphs of small treewidth.
We utilize this structural property to provide faster algorithms for the quantitative and data-flow analysis of recursive and concurrent programs.
In most cases we make an algebraic treatment of the considered problem,
where several interesting analyses, such as the reachability, shortest path, and certain kind of data-flow analysis problems follow as special cases.
We exploit the constant-treewidth property to obtain algorithmic improvements for on-demand versions of the problems,
and provide data structures with various tradeoffs between the resources spent in the preprocessing and querying phase.
We also improve on the algorithmic complexity of quantitative problems outside the algebraic path framework,
namely of the minimum mean-payoff, minimum ratio, and minimum initial credit for energy problems.

Our second contribution is a set of algorithms for Dyck reachability with applications to data-dependence analysis and alias analysis.
In particular, we develop an optimal algorithm for Dyck reachability on bidirected graphs, which are ubiquitous in context-insensitive, field-sensitive points-to analysis.
Additionally, we develop an efficient algorithm for context-sensitive data-dependence analysis via Dyck reachability,
where the task is to obtain analysis summaries of library code in the presence of callbacks.
Our algorithm preprocesses libraries in almost linear time, after which the contribution of the library in the complexity of the client analysis is (i)~linear in the number of call sites and (ii)~only logarithmic in the size of the whole library, as opposed to linear in the size of the whole library.
Finally, we prove that Dyck reachability is Boolean Matrix Multiplication-hard in general, and the hardness also holds for graphs of constant treewidth.
This hardness result strongly indicates that there exist no combinatorial algorithms for Dyck reachability with truly subcubic complexity.

Our third contribution is the formalization and algorithmic treatment of the Quantitative Interprocedural Analysis framework.
In this framework, the transitions of a recursive program are annotated as good, bad or neutral, and receive a weight which measures
the magnitude of their respective effect.
The Quantitative Interprocedural Analysis problem asks to determine whether there exists an infinite run of the program where the long-run ratio of the bad weights over the good weights is above a given threshold.
We illustrate how several quantitative problems related to static analysis of recursive programs can be instantiated in this framework,
and present some case studies to this direction.

Our fourth contribution is a new dynamic partial-order reduction for the stateless model checking of concurrent programs. Traditional approaches rely on the standard Mazurkiewicz equivalence between traces, by means of partitioning the trace space into equivalence classes, and attempting to explore a few representatives from each class.
We present a new dynamic partial-order reduction method called the Data-centric Partial Order Reduction (DC-DPOR).
Our algorithm is based on a new equivalence between traces, called the observation equivalence.
DC-DPOR explores a coarser partitioning of the trace space than any exploration method based on the standard Mazurkiewicz equivalence.
Depending on the program, the new partitioning can be even exponentially coarser.
Additionally, DC-DPOR spends only polynomial time in each explored class.

Our fifth contribution is the use of automata and game-theoretic verification techniques in the competitive analysis and synthesis of real-time scheduling algorithms for firm-deadline tasks.
On the analysis side, we leverage automata on infinite words to compute the competitive ratio of real-time schedulers subject to various environmental constraints.
On the synthesis side, we introduce a new instance of two-player mean-payoff partial-information games, and show
how the synthesis of an optimal real-time scheduler can be reduced to computing winning strategies in this new type of games.


Coronary Endarterectomy (CE) assures complete revascularization of the myocardium in case of diffusely diseased vessels and prevents residual ischemia. Recently cardiac surgeons are performing increasing number of coronary endarterectomy and it has evolved as an important adjuvant procedure in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). There are controversies regarding the efficiency of CE. CE is criticised for its higher rates of morbidity and mortality. At present the available evidence supports CE in Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass surgery (OPCAB) and along with valvular procedures. Graft patency is better with open technique. Postoperative anticoagulation regimen though not uniform, the overall outcome remains the same. Therefore, it is important to focus on the current results to accept CE as a routine procedure like CABG.


With one pair of photons' polarization-entangled state as the quantum channel, we present an explicit generalized linear optical protocol for perfectly teleporting an N-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) polarization-entangled state from a sender to a receiver using only one two-photon polarization-entangled state as the quantum channel. This protocol has the advantage of transmitting much fewer photons and classical information for teleporting the N-photon GHZ polarization-entangled state than others, and the proposed setup involves simple linear optical elements, photon polarization-entangled states, and conventional photon detectors. These make the present protocol more realizable in experiments.


At a general level storytelling is a pervasive feature of everyday discourse
both within and outside organisations. Existing research on
organisational stories indicates that they are not simply frivolous diversions
that seek to amaze and entertain the recipients. Rather they may
serve a number of important functions for organisations, which include
socialising new organisational members by articulating the culture of an
organisation; assisting with the development and verbalisation of
visions and strategies; helping develop points of similarity within disparate
and dispersed organisational groups; sustaining and legitimating
existing power relationships as well as providing opportunities for
resistance against them; and acting as collective organisational memory
systems (Boje 1991, 1995, 2001; Boyce 1995; B. Clark 1972; Gabriel
1991, 1995; Moeran 2007; Mumby 1987; Wilkins 1983).
Whilst previous studies have produced important insights into various
aspects of storytelling within organisations, a common failing has
been their focus on the analysis of textual recordings of stories rather
than an examination of their in situ production. It has generally been
assumed that a story's original meaning and purpose, as conveyed when
it was initially told, is apparent from an analysis of a textual record of
this event. With notable exceptions (e.g. Boje 1991, 1995, 2001), storytelling
has not been viewed as a situated communicative act. This is
surprising given that, as David Boje (2001) demonstrates, studying
storytelling episodes as situated communicative acts, which are shaped
not only by storytellers but also by story recipients, is critical to understanding
their form, function and reception.
In this chapter we show how conversation analysis can be used to
study storytelling as a situated communicative act and to shed light on
how the performative impact of stories may vary significantly when
they are told on different occasions. This involves a comparative analysis of two storytelling episodes in which a speaker tells the same
story to two different audiences. The speaker, Daniel Goleman, is a
highly successful presenter on the international management lecture
circuit and one of an elite group of management speakers referred to
as management gurus. Management gurus are purveyors of influential
management ideas such as 'excellence', 'culture change', 'learning organisation',
'business process re-engineering' and, in the case of Daniel
Goleman, 'emotional intelligence'. In addition to writing best-selling
management books they disseminate their ideas in live presentations to
audiences of managers around the world (Huczynski 1993; Jackson
2001; T. Clark and Salaman 1996, 1998). As perhaps the highestprofile
group of management speakers in the world, they use their
lectures to build their personal reputations with audiences of managers.
Many gain reputations as powerful orators and subsequently market
recordings of their talks as parts of audio- and DVD/web-based management
training packages. A key element of their success is seen as the
stories they tell (T. Clark and Salaman 1998; Huczynski 1993). Stories
therefore help build and sustain their reputations with audiences well
beyond the initial popularity of a book.
The storytelling episodes analysed in the present chapter are drawn
from two commercially available video recordings of lectures given by
Goleman. The chapter begins with a brief review of the literature on
storytelling in organisations. It then shows, through a comparative
analysis of two occasions on which Goleman tells the same story, how
stories are shaped with respect to and by the interaction between the
speakers and audience members and how their meaning and performative
impact may vary significantly when they are told on different
occasions. The analysis builds on our previous conversation analytic
research on speaker–audience interaction in the context of both management
and political oratory (Greatbatch and Clark 2002, 2003,
2005; Heritage and Greatbatch 1986). The chapter concludes by drawing
out some of the theoretical, methodological and substantive implications
of this approach for research on stories in management and
organisation studies.