The results are presented of investigations on advanced scenarios for plasmas of next-generation tokamaks by means of a 1 1/2-dimensional transport code. The role of thermonuclear alpha particles and helium ash is analyzed by a two-group model and by introducing experimentally validated mixed Bohm/gyroBohm models on the assumption that the diffusion of helium ash can be treated like the diffusion of bulk plasma ions. Recycling of helium ash is modeled by introducing a wall source. Results are presented of parameter studies presenting the equilibrium helium fraction as a function of the recycling factor. It is shown that for a given scenario, the fraction of effective helium confinement time and energy confinement time is a time-dependent quantity and not a constant, as was assumed in earlier research.


In Indonesia, the concept of the decentralisation of government administration has been a feature of government for most of the twentieth century. Since the fall of Suharto's New Order regime, decentralisation has become one of the hallmarks of reform (reformasi). This thesis endeavours:

• To examine the impact on regional government of the Regional Autonomy Laws of 1999 and 2004;
• To assess the implications of these changes in law and policy for the democratic process and community participation; and
• To investigate whether the implementation of Regional Autonomy has resulted in better development outcomes, particularly in the fields of education and health.

Fieldwork was undertaken in Kabupaten Cirebon, West Java. A data base of ten villages was established as the basis of this case study of the impacts of regional autonomy. Special attention is given to the health and education sectors.

The district level (kabupaten) administration in Cirebon became responsible for the implementation of the decentralised health system from 2002. Increasing amounts of funding were invested in healthcare infrastructure, and the numbers of healthcare personnel expanded significantly. Conversely, many health indicators including infant and maternal mortality, life expectancy and malnutrition did not show significant improvement by 2009. The numbers of the volunteer workforce in the health sector, the kaders in the posyandu, whose participation in primary health care is so important, also declined.

The decentralisation of the education sector produced more positive results. The percentage of people who never went to school and those who did not finish primary school decreased, while the percentage of those who graduated from primary school and secondary school, and those who continued in tertiary education increased significantly.

The 1999 decentralisation legislation emphasised the principles of democracy, equitable distribution and public participation in development. Despite significant steps in the democratisation and decentralisation process, this study finds that much of the promise of the reform program has yet to be realised.


Trust should be substantially based on evidence. Further, a key challenge for multiagent systems is how to determine trust based on reports from multiple sources, who might themselves be trusted to varying degrees. Hence an ability to combine evidence-based trust reports in a manner that discounts for imperfect trust in the reporting agents is crucial for multiagent systems.

This paper understands trust in terms of belief and certainty: A's trust in B is reflected in the strength of A's belief that B is trustworthy. This paper formulates certainty in terms of evidence based on a statistical measure defined over a probability distribution of the probability of positive outcomes. This novel definition supports important mathematical properties, including (1) certainty increases as conflict increases provided the amount of evidence is unchanged, and (2) certainty increases as the amount of evidence increases provided conflict is unchanged. Moreover, despite a more subtle definition than previous approaches, this paper (3) establishes a bijection between evidence and trust spaces, enabling robust combination of trust reports and (4) provides an efficient algorithm for computing this bijection.


Program comprehension is a necessary step for performing many software engineering tasks. Dynamic analysis is effective in producing execution traces that assist comprehension. Traces are rich sources of information regarding the behaviour of a program. However, it is challenging to gain insight from traces due to their overwhelming amount of data and complexity. We propose a generic technique for facilitating comprehension by inferring recurring execution motifs. Inspired by bioinformatics, motifs are patterns in traces that are flexible to small changes in execution, and are captured in a hierarchical model. The hierarchical nature of the model provides an overview of the behaviour at a high-level, while preserving the execution details and intermediate levels in a structured manner. We design a visualization that allows developers to observe and interact with the model. We implement our approach in an open-source tool, called Sabalan, and evaluate it through a user experiment. The results show that using Sabalan improves developers' accuracy in performing comprehension tasks by 54%.


Abstract In his commentary on Cicero, De inventione , Grillius gives Cicero9s pro Tullio as an example of the genus obscurum causae and identifies the occultatio negotii as the distinction of this type of exordium. This article argues that the occultatio negotii is an ironic form of dissimulatio, by which the orator hides the real object of the debate and clouds the issue, drawing the attention of the judges to points not directly connected with it. This oratorical tactic is used by Cicero in the pro Tullio . Avoiding the real issue (the clash between Tullius9 and Fabius9 slaves), the orator focuses on a juridical problem (the meaning of dolus malus ) and appears as a defender of the voluntas legis , opposing the (supposed) legal formalism of the antagonist.


There has been much controversy over the degree to which mangroves and seagrass beds function as nursery habitats for the juveniles of fish species that live on coral reefs as adults. In previous studies we have shown that the juveniles of at least 17 Caribbean reef-fish species are highly associated with bays containing mangroves and sea- grass beds as nurseries, and that juveniles of these species are absent in bays lacking such habitats. In this study we there- fore hypothesised that on islands lacking these bay nursery habitats, adults of these fish species will be absent or show low densities on the coral reef. Densities of the 17 species were compared between the reefs of Caribbean islands with and without mangroves and seagrass beds. On reefs of islands lacking these habitats, complete absence or low den- sities were observed for 11 of the 17 species, several of which are of commercial importance to fisheries. This finding sug- gests a very important nursery function of such habitats and implies that the densities of several fish species on coral reefs are a function of the presence of nearby bays containing man- groves and seagrass beds as nurseries. The results indicate that degradation or loss of these habitats could have signifi- cant impacts on reef-fish stocks in the Caribbean.


In this paper, a robust speaker verification system using improved voice activity detection has been designed for increasing safety of air traffic control. In addition to the usage of the aircraft identification tag to assign speaker turns on the shared communication channel to aircrafts, speaker verification is investigated as an add-on attribute to improve security level effectively for the air traffic control. The front-end processing unit is optimized to deal with small bandwidth restrictions and very short speaker turns. Two adaptive voice activity detection methods based on energy and wavelet parameters are developed and used as pre-processing in front-end unit. The verification task is accomplished by training background models and speaker dependent models. To enhance the robustness of the verification system, a cross verification unit is further applied. The designed system is tested with SPEECHDAT-AT and WSJ0 database to demonstrate its superior performance.


In 1978, four musicians crowded into a cramped basement theater in downtown Seoul, where they, for the first time, brought the rural percussive art of p'ungmul to a burgeoning urban audience. In doing so, they began a decades-long reinvention of tradition, one that would eventually create an entirely new genre of music and a national symbol for Korean culture. Nathan Hesselink's "SamulNori" traces this reinvention through the rise of the Korean supergroup of the same name, analyzing the strategies the group employed to transform a museum-worthy musical form into something that was both contemporary and historically authentic, unveiling an intersection of traditional and modern cultures and the inevitable challenges such a mix entails. Providing everything from musical notation to a history of urban culture in South Korea to an analysis of SamulNori's teaching materials and collaborations with Euro-American jazz quartet Red Sun, Hesselink offers a deeply researched study that highlights the need for traditions - if they are to survive - to embrace both preservation and innovation.


All those variables which were statistically signifi cant with ABSTRACT To evaluate traditional neonatal beliefs and care practices among urban and rural residents and assessing predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, Lahore and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. A total of 218 mothers having infants (< 2 years of age) were interviewed through collecting information through a questionnaire. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of professional birth attendant (P-value = 0.012, OR = 3.909), sterilization of feeding bottle (P-value = 0.013, OR = 3.280) and knowledge about reason of vaccination (P-value = 0.010, OR = 2.058) were signifi cantly associated with urbanization. Maternal education was signifi cantly associated with correct timing to start weaning practice, breast milk was suffi cient for infant, hand washing practice before breastfeeding, good cord care, vaccination status, reason of vaccination and knowledge about Jaundice in neonatal period ( P < 0.05). The results of multivariate ordinal regression showed that young literate mothers (( P < 0.001; OR = 3.192) started breastfeeding earlier than the elder and illiterate mothers. Furthermore, the women with normal delivery ( P < 0.01; OR = 0.301) and low socioeconomic class ( P < 0.10; OR = 0.339) started breastfeeding earlier. Among 218 mothers 44.5%, newborns were bathed immediately. A signifi cant proportion of mothers 77.1% reported giving prelacteals as fi rst feed. Majority of mothers 30.7% apply oil on umbilical cord. also, 72.5% mothers administered gripe water to their infants. Traditional risky newborn care practices stress the need for promoting health education programs on improving newborn care practices.


ABSTRACT: Leading edge research in cell biology reveals that "environmental signals" are primarily responsible for selecting the genes expressed by an organism. This new perspective is in direct contrast with the established view that our fate is controlled by our genes. The new emphasis on nurture (environment) controlling nature (genes) focuses special attention on the importance of the maternal environment in fetal development. In addition to the established role of maternal physiology, it is now recognized that maternal behaviors and emotions profoundly impact the child's physical development, behavioral characteristics and even its level of intelligence. The history of human civilization reveals a recurrent preoccupation with the notion of duality. Black and white, positive and negative, male and female, winner and loser and of course, the ever controversial, good and evil. Interestingly, even the nature of "duality" itself led to a fundamental splitting or duality of human civilization-East and West. In Eastern philosophy, all aspects of duality are recognized as representing an underlying unity. All is One, but from that One springs all of our perceived dualities. In contrast, Western civilization is entirely based upon a philosophy that emphasizes the distinct polarity inherent in dualism. Our pre-occupation with duality becomes quite volatile when we assign values to the polar extremes, especially the values of right and wrong. Polar views create "sides" and the sides usually compete to provide justification in support of their stance. Even the consequences of the resulting competition over dualistic points of view can be dualistic. Competition may become destructive, especially when its resolution leads to physical combat such as wars and revolutions. At other times, the competition over polar points of view are quite constructive, when resolutions lead to intellectual and technical advance. One of the more recent and most profound examples of a conflict resolution that advanced humanity is the Quantum Revolution of 1925. Prior to that event scientists vied over the fundamental nature of the units comprising the universe. Were they comprised of matter or of energy? Matter was characterized as being composed of discrete particles, while energy was perceived as intangible waves. Western logic emphasizes the dual, mutually exclusive, nature of these two states of existence. Particle or wave, but not both! The stunning and illogical resolution in quantum theory is that the elemental units of nature were both particles and waves. This fundamentally "Eastern" conclusion emphasizing "unity" of polarities rocked the scientific world and profoundly changed physics, chemistry and the fate of Western civilization. Interestingly, the concept of an inherent unity within "dualism" never fully penetrated the biological sciences, which still maintains a penchant of perceiving the biosphere in dualistic philosophy. Nowhere is this dualism more exemplified than in the ongoing debate between Evolutionists and Creationists. On the surface, evolution and creation represent mutually exclusive processes-polarizing concepts. Now, some seventy years after the Quantum revolution, major dualistic biological concepts are beginning to resolve themselves as parts of a whole-a unity. One such resolving biological dualism concerns the impact of nature versus nurture in the structural and functional expression of living organisms. Those polarized on the side of "nature" invoke the concept of genetic determinism, the idea that a plant or animal's characteristics and behavioral traits are defined by the genes at the moment of conception (i.e., internal control). The opposing polarized view endorses the role of "nurture," which recognizes environmental experiences play an essential role in shaping the characteristics of living organisms (i.e., external control). Such an argument becomes profoundly important when we consider the role of nature and nurture on human development. …


Just war theorists contended that weapons are illegitimate unless they can be used in such a way so as to distinguish combatants from noncombatants. Contemporary international legal theory also draws heavily on the principle of discrimination. The Geneva Convention (IV), as interpreted in the Second Protocol of 1977, says: "The civilian population as such, as well as individual civilians, shall not be the object of attack…Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited." In both the Just War tradition and contemporary international law, the main justification for such a principle has to do with noncombatant immunity, the idea that only those who are combatants can legitimately be attacked in war. The principle of discrimination also relies on the idea that it is possible to distinguish, in a morally significant way, those classes or groups of people who participate in wars from those who do not. The categories of "civilian" or "soldier,""combatant" or "noncombatant," are thought to be stable. Yet, the case of the naked soldier taking a bath challenges such stability in a way that illustrates the serious conceptual and normative problems with identifying such social groups. In this paper I argue that, because of these problems, the traditional principle of discrimination offers no clear, morally relevant, line between those who fight and those who do not. Nonetheless, I argue that a distinction of this sort should be maintained, although one that will restrict tactics in war far more than is normally recognized.


Abstract This paper focuses on the individual perspective, as opposed to the institutional or operational one, towards the Fundamental Principles and their underpinning humanitarian values. It demonstrates the added value of this perspective, which goes beyond addressing challenges regarding the Fundamental Principles' understanding and application. By making the Principles and values come alive in peoples' behaviour, the individual perspective also enables Red Cross and Red Crescent staff and volunteers to inspire a change of mindset and behaviour towards a culture of non-violence and peace. Two tools created to this purpose, as well as their impact, are presented: (i) the Seven Skills for Seven Principles (747) framework, which unpacks the high-level Principles into more concrete and tangible components, values and intra- and interpersonal skills; and (ii) the Youth as Agents of Behavioural Change (YABC) initiative, which, using a non-cognitive learning approach, fosters a personal connection towards the Principles and increases participants' ability to role-model them.


This is a draft chapter from the American Antitrust Institute's 2017 recommendations to the 45th President of the United States. It contains a brief but well-deserved defense of the benefits of private antitrust enforcement and a critique of the claims that private enforcement in the United States is excessive, that it leads to overdeterrence, and that the courts are plagued with widespread frivolous antitrust lawsuits. It also offer a number of specific recommendations for the new administration to implement in the private antitrust enforcement area, including:
* Educate the courts, the public, and federal and state legislatures about the virtues of vigorous private antitrust enforcement, including how it compensates victims and deters anticompetitive conduct.
* Actively support efforts by the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions to develop effective private rights of action.
* Encourage states without effective Illinois Brick legislation to adopt strong and comprehensive legislation.
* Support and encourage the formulation of antitrust jury instructions written in language that juries can understand.
* Undertake a comprehensive study into why so few victims of antitrust violations receive full compensation for their losses. A recent study shows that victims of collusion received only a median of 37% and a mean of 66% of the overcharges they paid to illegal cartels in private damages actions. Why weren't their recoveries closer to the 300% recovery Congress intended? This chapter contains specific recommendations that address this problem.


Most existing integrated circuit (IC) reliability models assume a uniform, typically worst-case, operating temperature, but temporal and spatial temperature variations affect expected device lifetime. As a result, design decisions and dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques using worst-case models are pessimistic and result in excessive design margins and unnecessary runtime engagement of cooling mechanisms (and associated performance penalties). By leveraging a reliability model that accounts for temperature gradients (dramatically improving interconnect lifetime prediction accuracy) and modeling expected lifetime as a resource that is consumed over time at a temperatureand voltage-dependent rate, substantial design margin can be reclaimed and runtime penalties avoided while meeting expected lifetime requirements. In this paper, we evaluate the potential benefits and implementations of this technique by tracking the expected lifetime of a system under different workloads while accounting for the impact of dynamic voltage and temperature variations. Simulation results show that our dynamic reliability management (DRM) techniques provide a 40% performance penalty reduction over that incurred by pessimistic DTM in general-purpose computing and a 10% increase in quality of service (QoS) for servers, all while preserving the expected IC lifetime reliability.


Farmland bird populations in the Netherlands have shown an accelerating decline in recent years, despite extensive conservation efforts including reserves, agri-environment schemes and protection of nests by volunteers. Although agricultural intensification is the main cause underlying these declines, there is a growing concern that the ongoing decline of grassland-breeding shorebirds in recent years is caused or aggravated by increasing predation. Although Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and Carrion Crow Corvus corone are often accused of causing widespread breeding losses, and calls for management of these species are made, very few field data are available on the incidence of predation on grassland shorebirds and the relative importance of different predators. To obtain such data, we identified egg predators using temperature loggers and continuous video recordings of 792 clutches, and chick predators by radiotagging 662 chicks of Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa and Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus. In total, 22 species were identified as predators of eggs or chicks, of which Red Fox, Common Buzzard Buteo buteo, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea and Stoat Mustela erminea were the most frequent. Eggs were taken primarily by mammals and chicks more often by birds. There was great variation in predation levels and species involved in predation of clutches between sites and years, but less in chick predation. Hence, there was no correlation between predation levels on clutches and those on chicks within the same sites. In sites where more then 50% of clutches were lost to predation, however, nocturnal predators took the larger share. As temporal and spatial variation on a small scale significantly influences predation levels, a site-specific approach based on sound knowledge of the local situation will be more effective in reducing predation on farmland birds than general, country-wide measures. Calculations based on our data indicate that eliminating only one loss factor at a time will often not reverse a local population decline, and provide a strong argument for targeting several locally limiting factors simultaneously instead of focusing on mitigation of predation alone.


This presentation is concerned with the nature of occupancy in dwellings. It draws on monitoring and evaluation projects undertaken over the last 14 years by MEARU, but also presents new data emerging from recent Post Occupancy Evaluation projects in Glasgow, Aviemore, Dunoon and Edinburgh; a comparative analysis of two different construction systems used side by side in the Glasgow House; and current work examining the environmental effects of domestic laundry practices.

These projects have identified a number of challenging internal conditions that are occurring in a range of different house types. These include high temperatures and humidity, poor air quality, lack of daylight and sunlight.

These problems frequently relate to the sometimes complex and difficult nature of building occupancy and its effect on building performance and environment. Is this 'bad behaviour' or is it just real life?

While it is easy to ascribe conditions to occupant behaviour, other common factors emerge, including poor controls and understanding of controls; reduced volumes, floor areas and window areas; lack of drying facilities; security; and lack of passive environmental control.

The trend in increasingly energy efficient housing has been for increasingly sophisticated solutions for optimum performance, and appear to be a move to toward a 'tight fit' systems which may be less tolerant of variable occupancy. At the same time, the idea of behavioural change is gaining currency as a means of improving performance.

However, it may be that unless dwellings - both new-build and refurbished - can be designed to be robust enough to cope with a range of different occupancy regimes, they may remain at risk of a series of 'side effects' of unintended negative consequences, including higher rates of energy consumption, or poorer internal conditions. The question that arises is, how buildings can be designed to be resilient to these conditions?

The presentation will identify some potential areas for improvement emerging from research by MEARU, including sunlight, thermal mass, controls, post occupancy studies and occupant guidance.


The results of social innovation are all around us.
 Self-help health groups and self-build housing; telephone help lines and telethon fundraising; neighbourhood nurseries and neighbourhood wardens; Wikipedia and the Open University; complementary medicine, holistic health and hospices; microcredit and consumer cooperatives; charity shops and the fair trade movement; zero carbon housing schemes and community wind farms; restorative justice and community courts. All are examples of social innovation – new ideas that work to meet pressing unmet needs and improve peoples' lives.
 This report is about how we can improve societies' capacities to solve their problems. It is about old and new methods for mobilising the ubiquitous intelligence that exists within any society.


Toward the end of the 20th century, the number of persons reporting Aboriginal ancestry in the Canadian Census increased in a rather dramatic manner. For example, in the 2001 Canadian Census, over 1.3 million Canadians reported an Aboriginal origin, which is an increase of about 20 percent over the previous census in 1996. Given that much confusion and inadequate information characterises public discussions of the demographics of Canada's Aboriginal population, this paper will review the most fundamental data sources and definitions that have been used in documenting the characteristics of this population, as well as outline some of the most important obstacles to be faced in enacting meaningful quantitative research in this context.


BACKGROUND
Cranberries have been used widely for several decades for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is the third update of our review first published in 1998 and updated in 2004 and 2008.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing UTIs in susceptible populations.

METHODS

SEARCH METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library) and the Internet. We contacted companies involved with the promotion and distribution of cranberry preparations and checked reference lists of review articles and relevant studies. Date of search: July 2012.

SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of cranberry products for the prevention of UTIs.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently assessed and extracted data. Information was collected on methods, participants, interventions and outcomes (incidence of symptomatic UTIs, positive culture results, side effects, adherence to therapy). Risk ratios (RR) were calculated where appropriate, otherwise a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.

MAIN RESULTS
This updated review includes a total of 24 studies (six cross-over studies, 11 parallel group studies with two arms; five with three arms, and two studies with a factorial design) with a total of 4473 participants. Ten studies were included in the 2008 update, and 14 studies have been added to this update. Thirteen studies (2380 participants) evaluated only cranberry juice/concentrate; nine studies (1032 participants) evaluated only cranberry tablets/capsules; one study compared cranberry juice and tablets; and one study compared cranberry capsules and tablets. The comparison/control arms were placebo, no treatment, water, methenamine hippurate, antibiotics, or lactobacillus. Eleven studies were not included in the meta-analyses because either the design was a cross-over study and data were not reported separately for the first phase, or there was a lack of relevant data. Data included in the meta-analyses showed that, compared with placebo, water or not treatment, cranberry products did not significantly reduce the occurrence of symptomatic UTI overall (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.04) or for any the subgroups: women with recurrent UTIs (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.31); older people (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.44); pregnant women (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.17); children with recurrent UTI (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.22); cancer patients (RR 1.15 95% CI 0.75 to 1.77); or people with neuropathic bladder or spinal injury (RR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.20). Overall heterogeneity was moderate (I² = 55%). The effectiveness of cranberry was not significantly different to antibiotics for women (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.85, 2.02) and children (RR 0.69 95% CI 0.32 to 1.51). There was no significant difference between gastrointestinal adverse effects from cranberry product compared to those of placebo/no treatment (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.27). Many studies reported low compliance and high withdrawal/dropout problems which they attributed to palatability/acceptability of the products, primarily the cranberry juice. Most studies of other cranberry products (tablets and capsules) did not report how much of the 'active' ingredient the product contained, and therefore the products may not have had enough potency to be effective.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Prior to the current update it appeared there was some evidence that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12 month period, particularly for women with recurrent UTIs. The addition of 14 further studies suggests that cranberry juice is less effective than previously indicated. Although some of small studies demonstrated a small benefit for women with recurrent UTIs, there were no statistically significant differences when the results of a much larger study were included. Cranberry products were not significantly different to antibiotics for preventing UTIs in three small studies. Given the large number of dropouts/withdrawals from studies (mainly attributed to the acceptability of consuming cranberry products particularly juice, over long periods), and the evidence that the benefit for preventing UTI is small, cranberry juice cannot currently be recommended for the prevention of UTIs. Other preparations (such as powders) need to be quantified using standardised methods to ensure the potency, and contain enough of the 'active' ingredient, before being evaluated in clinical studies or recommended for use.


A diverse band of politicians, justice officials, and academic commentators are lending their voices to the hot topic of correcting the United States' status as the world's leader in mass incarceration. There is limited focus, though, upon the special role that life sentences play in explaining the explosion in prison populations and the dramatic rise in costs that result from providing for the increased needs of aging lifers. This Article highlights various ways in which life sentences occupy unique legal and political statuses. For instance, life sentences are akin to capital punishment in likely ending in death within prison environs, yet enjoy few of the added procedural rights and intensity of review that capital defendants command. In contrast to term prisoners, lifers cannot expect to reenter civil society and thus represent an exclusionist ideological agenda. The paper reviews whether life penalties remain justified by fundamental theories of punishment in light of new evidence on retributive values, deterrence effects, and recidivism risk. It also situates life sentences within an international moral imperative that reserves life penalties, if permitted at all, for the most heinous offenders and, in any event, demands period review of all long-term prison sentences. This article provides a novel perspective, too, by presenting an empirical study in order to further investigate the law and practice of life sentences. Utilizing federal datasets, descriptive statistics and a multiple regression analysis offer important insights. The study makes an original contribution to the literature by exploring the salience of certain facts and circumstances (including demographic, offense-related, and case processing variables) in accounting for life sentence outcomes in the federal system. While some of the attributes of life sentenced defendants are consistent with current expectations, others might be surprising. For example, as expected, sentencing guideline recommendations, the presence of mandatory minimums, and greater criminal history predicted life sentences. Results also supported the existence of a trial penalty. On the other hand, lifers in the federal system were not representative of the most violent offenders or worst recidivists. Life sentences were issued across a variety of violent and nonviolent crimes, and in recent years a substantial percentage presented with minimal criminal histories. Regional disparities in the use of life sentences were also indicated. In concluding, this Article reviews potential remedies to the overreliance upon life penalties in the American justice system.


Tau-tubulin kinase-1 (TTBK1) is involved in phosphorylation of tau protein at specific Serine/Threonine residues found in paired helical filaments, suggesting its role in tauopathy pathogenesis. We found that TTBK1 levels were upregulated in brains of human Alzheimer' disease (AD) patients compared with age-matched non-AD controls. To understand the effects of TTBK1 activation in vivo, we developed transgenic mice harboring human full-length TTBK1 genomic DNA (TTBK1-Tg). Transgenic TTBK1 is highly expressed in subiculum and cortical pyramidal layers, and induces phosphorylated neurofilament aggregation. TTBK1-Tg mice show significant age-dependent memory impairment as determined by radial arm water maze test, which is associated with enhancement of tau and neurofilament phosphorylation, increased levels of p25 and p35, both activators of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (CDK5), enhanced calpain I activity, and reduced levels of hippocampal NMDA receptor types 2B (NR2B) and D. Enhanced CDK5/p35 complex formation is strongly correlated with dissociation of F-actin from p35, suggesting the inhibitory mechanism of CDK5/p35 complex formation by F-actin. Expression of recombinant TTBK1 in primary mouse cortical neurons significantly downregulated NR2B in a CDK5- and calpain-dependent manner. These data suggest that TTBK1 in AD brain may be one of the underlying mechanisms inducing CDK5 and calpain activation, NR2B downregulation, and subsequent memory dysfunction.


ABSTRACT This paper deploys the haptic, and more broadly speaking, notions of multisensory reading and spectatorship to reconfigure perceptions of home. It explores configurations of home in the practice of the late French-Israeli visual artist, Absalon, to draw tropes of "complicity" and "contagion" into an intersection with discourses of moral hygiene arising from the modernist preoccupation with denuded surface in the history of architecture. It then goes on to read a postapartheid South African text, Lauren Beukes's Zoo city (2010), through the lens of these concerns. Beukes's text, it claims, can be made to precipitate the historicity of the white suburban home under apartheid. The novel offers alternative iterations of domesticity, however, as metonymies of contagion shift into metonymies of conviviality. The final section of the paper investigates the vulnerability of the home against the background of the 2014 Israeli war on Gaza and its assault on the built environment. It explores an art exhibition, Postcards for Gaza, staged by the dissident Israeli organization, Zochrot, in the context of a previous military assault on Gaza in 2008. Here the reworking of photographic surface is made to gesture towards the possibility of political reparation in an alternate modality of complicity that Mark Sanders parses as "human-foldedness" (Sanders 2002).


Land was always at the center of life in Hong Kong's rural New Territories: it sustained livelihoods and lineages and, for some, was a route to power. During imperial times villagers managed their land according to customs that were often at odds with formal Chinese law. British rule, 1898 to 1997, added complications by assimilating traditional practices into a western legal system. Custom, Land and Livelihood in Rural South China explores land ownership in the New Territories, analyzing over a hundred surviving land deeds from the late Qing Dynasty to recent times, which are transcribed in full and translated into English. Together with other sources collected by the author during thirty years of research, these deeds yield information on all aspects of traditional village life-from raising families and making a living to coping with intruders-and evoke a view of the world which, despite decades of urbanization, still has resonance today.


This paper addresses the issue of the Mullaperiyar Dam dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu with specific reference to the two judgements delivered by the Supreme Court of India on the matter. This paper attempts to examine the arguments, facts, and the judgement of the Court on each of the primary issues raised during the course of the dispute. The first case was filed by the Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum in 2001, wherein the Court adjudged the case in favour of the Respondents, the State of Tamil Nadu. Consequently, due to certain developments, examined in the course of the second case, the State of Tamil Nadu filed a petition before the Supreme Court against Kerala, in 2006 seeking relief for the actions on the part of the latter after the judgement in the first case. A Constitution Bench was constituted to adjudicate this case, which re-examined certain issues raised during the first case and conclusively laid down its decision in favour of Tamil Nadu.


Background Incomplete medication lists increase the risk of medication errors and adverse drug effects. In Denmark, dispensing data and pharmacy records are available directly online to treating physicians. We aimed (1) to describe if use of pharmacy records improved the medication history among patients consulting their general practitioner and (2) to characterise inconsistencies between the medication history reported by the patient and the general practitioner's recordings. Methods Patients attending a general practitioner clinic were interviewed about their current medication use. Subsequently, the patients were contacted by phone and asked to verify the medication list previously obtained. Half of the patients were randomly selected for further questioning guided by their dispensing data: during the telephone interview, these patients were asked to clarify whether drugs registered in their pharmacy records were still in use. Pharmacy records show all drugs acquired on prescription from any national pharmacy in the preceding 2 years. The medication list was corrected accordingly. In all patients, the medication lists obtained on the in-clinic and telephone interviews were compared to the general practitioner's registrations. Results The 150 patients included in the study had a median age of 56 years (range 18–93 years), and 90 (60%) were women. Patients reported use of 849 drugs (median 5, range 0–16) at the in-clinic interview. Another 41 drugs (median 0, range 0–4) were added during the telephone interview. In the subgroup of 75 patients interviewed guided by pharmacy records, additionally 53 drugs (10%) were added to the 474 drugs already mentioned. The 27 patients adding more drugs guided by pharmacy records were significantly older and used more drugs (both p<0.05) than the 48 patients not adding drugs. When the medication lists were compared with the general practitioner's lists, specifically use of over-the-counter products and prescription-only medications from Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System group J, A, D, N and R were not registered by the general practitioner. Discussion Dispensing data provide further improvement to a medication history based on thorough in-clinic and telephone interviews. Use of pharmacy records as a supplement when recording a medication history seems beneficial, especially among older patients treated with polypharmacy.


Sequential series multijunction dye-sensitized solar cells (SSM-DSCs), which are mechanically stacked single illuminated area DSC devices wired in series, are reported to have exceptionally high photovoltages (Voc) ranging from 1.9–4.7 V from 2–5 stacked subcells. The use of multiple photoactive films under one area within the SSM-DSC framework is made possible by fine-tuning the thickness of TiO2 in each device and by judicious dye selection to allow for excellent light distribution among the films, termed as "photon management". The SSM-DSC approach allows for incorporation of materials designed to use the maximal potential energy of photons in each region of the solar spectrum. Importantly, SSM-DSCs were observed to maintain high Voc under low-light conditions, rendering these systems very attractive for indoor applications. Additionally, an SSM-DSC was found to have a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of 2% (2.7% including H2 production) for the reduction of CO2 to CO with IrO2 and Au2O3 electrocatalysts, without an external bias.


Political and media attention has rightly been focused on recent increases in food and energy prices and their impacts on consumers and national economies, particularly poor consumers and poor economies but much greater increases in fertiliser prices have received much less attention in industrialised economies. The impacts of these fertiliser price increases on many countries in Africa, however, are potentially very damaging in their e!ects on food security, poverty, and long term economic growth. In the many African countries that are heavily dependent on agriculture the impacts of high fertiliser prices and scarcity will extend beyond farmers to affect consumers, export earnings from cash crops, exchange rates, and the whole economy.


The time-variant acoustic signal at a point in the solar interior can be constructed from observations at the surface, based on the knowledge of how acoustic waves travel in the Sun: the time-distance relation of the p-modes. The basic principle and properties of this imaging technique are discussed in detail. The helioseismic data used in this study were taken with the Taiwan Oscillation Network (TON). The time series of observed acoustic signals on the solar surface is treated as a phased array. The time-distance relation provides the phase information among the phased array elements. The signal at any location at any time can be reconstructed by summing the observed signal at array elements in phase and with a proper normalization. The time series of the constructed acoustic signal contains information on frequency, phase, and intensity. We use the constructed intensity to obtain three-dimensional acoustic absorption images. The features in the absorption images correlate with the magnetic field in the active region. The vertical extension of absorption features in the active region is smaller in images constructed with shorter wavelengths. This indicates that the vertical resolution of the three-dimensional images depends on the range of modes used in constructing the signal. The actual depths of the absorption features in the active region may be smaller than those shown in the three-dimensional images.


We present a dataset that contains every instance of all tokens (words) ever written in undeleted, non-redirect English Wikipedia articles until October 2016, in total 13,545,349,78 instances. Each token is annotated with (i) the article revision it was originally created in, and (ii) lists with all the revisions in which the token was ever deleted and (potentially) re-added and re-deleted from its article, enabling a complete and straightforward tracking of its history. This data would be exceedingly hard to create by an average potential user as it is (i) very expensive to compute and as (ii) accurately tracking the history of each token in revisioned documents is a non-trivial task. Adapting a state-of-the-art algorithm, we have produced a dataset that allows for a range of analyses and metrics, already popular in research and going beyond, to be generated on complete-Wikipedia scale; ensuring quality and allowing researchers to forego expensive text-comparison computation, which so far has hindered scalable usage. We show how this data enables, on token-level, computation of provenance, measuring survival of content over time, very detailed conflict metrics, and fine-grained interactions of editors like partial reverts, re-additions and other metrics, in the process gaining several novel insights.


Perceptions about teacher progression among Jamaica's primary schoolteachers should force society to stop and ask itself several questions. Are these perceptions accurate? If not, how did these perceptions emerge and what can national leaders and those in positions of authority do to 'manage' if not resolve these perceptions? If there is any truth to them, a different set of questions need to be asked. How did things come to be like this? How can the perception of corruption and mistrust be minimised? What will be done differently going forward? Either way, there is a more fundamental question: Do the current perceptions among teachers mirror perceptions in other areas of public service? The answers to these questions are not easy. The main aim of this small-scale qualitative exploratory study was to identify and understand the perceptions of primary schoolteachers in Jamaica as regards progression to the rank of principal. The findings point to a number of perceived barriers including religious affiliation, political affiliation, ministry- and school-level politicking, social connections and predetermined outcomes. This study concludes that promotion on any basis other than merit is problematic and does not promote trust, openness and transparency, nor does it build confidence in those who are part of the system but themselves do not have such connections and/or affiliations.


''In line with the mandate assigned to municipalities as part of the vision of developmental local government, municipalities are expected to be active role-players in all efforts to prevent the spread of HIV and to mitigate the negative consequences of AIDS for communities'' (DPLG Framework for an Integrated Local Government Response to HIV and AIDS, 2007). The various frameworks and plans guiding the HIV and AIDS response of local government insist on the municipalities' role in mainstreaming HIV, and also in coordinating the local responses.


The translation of poetry has been and will continue to be an issue of great concern to translators, men of letters and readers. Poetry has been approached differently by translators. They are divided into two major parties: tone insists on translating poetry into poetry with respect to all prosodic features; another suggests translating sense with no concern in prosody, especially rhyme, rhm, meter and foot, especially when the translator is for some good reason, unable to translate a poem into a poen in the target language(TL). Each party has their own justifications for their claim. This Paper attempts to demonstrate the merits and demerits of both approaches at translating one and the same poem in terms of poetic translation for the former, and poetical translation for the latter. The aim behind that is two fold: first to satisfy all types of readers; second, to provide concrete evidence for the argument put forward throughout the whole Paper, which is poetic translation is superceding poetical translation in Arabic for Arab readers who still highly appreciate the aestheticity and poeticity of poetry. At the end of the day, it is left to readers to decide which version to prefer. At times, more than one poetic version of translation are suggested for the same poem by different translators. Still on one or two occasions, a middle way version combining some features of each of poetical and poetic translations, is proposed. It is termed as a 'semi-poetic' translation, with the ultimate objective of drawing a comparison between the different versions of translation of the same poem to give readers the opportunity to judge for themselves which translation they go for and why. Convincing readers is a daunting ask, but rewarding at the end. This pproach is applied to the translation of five English poems into Arabic.


This article responds to a generation of techno-criticism in education. It contains a review of the key themes of that criticism. The context of previous efforts to reform education reframes that criticism. Within that context, the question is raised about what schools need to look and be like in order to take advantage of laptop computers and other technology. In doing so, the article presents a vision for self-organizing schools.


This is a discussion of the paper "Overview of object oriented data analysis" by J. Steve Marron and Andrés M. Alonso.


Graph clustering is a fundamental task in many data-mining and machine-learning pipelines. In particular, identifying a good hierarchical structure is at the same time a fundamental and challenging problem for several applications. The amount of data to analyze is increasing at an astonishing rate each day. Hence there is a need for new solutions to efficiently compute effective hierarchical clusterings on such huge data. The main focus of this paper is on minimum spanning tree (MST) based clusterings. In particular, we propose affinity, a novel hierarchical clustering based on Boruvka's MST algorithm. We prove certain theoretical guarantees for affinity (as well as some other classic algorithms) and show that in practice it is superior to several other state-of-the-art clustering algorithms. Furthermore, we present two MapReduce implementations for affinity. The first one works for the case where the input graph is dense and takes constant rounds. It is based on a Massively Parallel MST algorithm for dense graphs that improves upon the state-of-the-art algorithm of Lattanzi et al. (SPAA 2011). Our second algorithm has no assumption on the density of the input graph and finds the affinity clustering in $O(\log n)$ rounds using Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs). We show experimentally that our algorithms are scalable for huge data sets, e.g., for graphs with trillions of edges.


Cell polarization is required for virtually all functions of T cells, including transendothelial migration in response to chemokines. However, the molecular pathways that establish T cell polarity are poorly understood. We show that the activation of the partitioning defective (Par) polarity complex is a key event during Rap1- and chemokine-induced T cell polarization. Intracellular localization and activation of the Par complex are initiated by Rap1 and require Cdc42 activity. The Rac activator Tiam1 associates with both Rap1 and components of the Par complex, and thereby may function to connect the Par polarity complex to Rap1 and to regulate the Rac-mediated actin remodelling required for T cell polarization. Consistent with these findings, Tiam1-deficient T cells are impaired in Rap1- and chemokine-induced polarization and chemotaxis. Our studies implicate Tiam1 and the Par polarity complex in polarization of T cells, and provide a mechanism by which chemokines and Rap1 regulate T cell polarization and chemotaxis.


This work investigates mathematical details and computational aspects of Metropolis-Hastings reptation quantum Monte Carlo and its variants, in addition to the Bounce method and its variants. The issues that concern us include the sensitivity of these algorithms' target densities to the position of the trial electron density along the reptile, time-reversal symmetry of the propagators, and the length of the reptile.

We calculate the ground-state energy and one-electron properties of LiH at its equilibrium geometry for all these algorithms. The importance sampling is performed with a single-determinant large Slater-type orbitals (STO) basis set. The computer codes were written to exploit the efficiencies engineered into modern, high-performance computing software. Using the Bounce method in the calculation of non-energy-related properties, those represented by operators that do not commute with the Hamiltonian, is a novel work.

We found that the unmodified Bounce gives good ground state energy and very good one-electron properties. We attribute this to its favourable time-reversal symmetry in its target density's Green's functions. Breaking this symmetry gives poorer results. Use of a short reptile in the Bounce method does not alter the quality of the results. This suggests that in future applications one can use a shorter reptile to cut down the computational time dramatically.


Screening of lambda libraries prepared with locust (Locusta migratoria) genomic DNA yielded overlapping clones containing two complete vitellogenin genes, designated A and B, along with extensive 3'- and 5'-flanking sequences. Genes A and B are about 12 kb and 10.5 kb long, respectively, and both hybridize on Northern blots with 6300-nucleotide RNAs previously identified as vitellogenin mRNAs. Each gene contains a large intron near the 5' end and must also contain other introns. Repetitive "Lm1 elements," similar to the human Alu repetitive DNA elements, and other repeated sequences occur within the large intron and in the 3'- and 5'-flanking regions of each gene. Southern blots showed no cross-hybridization between the major portions of mRNA-coding sequences of genes A and B. DNA sequences have been determined for the 5' terminal exons and flanking regions of both genes. Both genes contain short (56-58 nucleotide) 5' leader exons, which, unlike the rest of the coding region, are highly conserved in sequence (87% identical) and code for amino acids that resemble the amino-terminal sequences of vertebrate vitellogenins. The upstream 5'-flanking sequences of the two genes contain several short stretches of similarity that may be involved in juvenile hormone regulated expression.


Just as E. M. Forster's novel of gay love, Maurice, remained unpublished throughout his lifetime, Glenway Wescott's long story "A Visit to Priapus" was also destined to be a posthumous work, buried from 1938 until this century in Wescott's massive archive of manuscripts, journals, notebooks, and letters. The autobiographical story is about a literary man, frustrated in love, who puts aside his pride and makes a date with a young artist in Maine. Lavishly rendered in Wescott's elegant prose, the tale is explicit where it needs to be, but--as is typical of Wescott--it is filled with descriptive beauty and introspective lessons about sex and sexuality, love and creativity. Previously published in anthology form in the United Kingdom, "A Visit to Priapus" is presented for the first time in book form in America, containing previously uncollected stories, including three never before published. The result is a candid portrayal of the gifted but enigmatic writer who was famous in youth and remained a perceptive and compassionate voice throughout his long life. Drawn together from midcentury literary journals and magazines of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as from Wescott's papers, the stories were inspired by his life, from childhood to old age, from Wisconsin farm country to New York, London, Germany, and Paris.


This paper presents the modeling and control of an opposed piston (OP) engine in a novel hybrid architecture. The OP engine was selected for this work due to the inherent thermody-namic benefits and the balanced nature of the engine. The typical geartrain required on an OP engine was exchanged for two electric motors, significantly reducing friction and decoupling the crankshafts. By using the motors to control the crankshaft motion profiles, this configuration introduces capabilities to dynamically vary compression ratio, combustion volume, and scavenging dynamics. To realize these opportunities, a model of the system capturing the instantaneous engine dynamics is essential along with methodology to regulate the crankshaft's rotational dynamics utilizing the electric motors. The modeling presented here couples a 1D model capturing the gas exchange process during scavenging and a 0D model of the crankshaft dynamics and the heat release profile due to combustion. With the use of this model, a linear quadratic controller with reference feedforward was designed to track the crankshaft motion trajectory. Experimental results are used to validate the model and controller performance. These results highlight the sensitivity to model uncertainty at points with high cylinder pressure, leading to large differences in control input near minimum volume. The proposed controller is, however, still able to maintain tracking error for crankshaft position below ± 1 degree.


This article presents a summary of Arts and Crafts ideology and shows that it exerted an influence far beyond its specifically British, nineteenth century origins. In general Arts and Crafts generated an appreciation for the local and the traditional. At the same time, its ideals of social upliftment had a significant impact on design ethics early in the twentieth century, when many of its beliefs were incorporated by Modernism. It is shown in this article how Arts and Crafts notions often formed the implicit grounding for artistic and architectural enterprises in South Africa since at least the end of the nineteenth century. The article concludes with a short review of the relevance of Arts and Crafts ideology in contemporary South Africa, and suggests that in their applicability today many of William Morris's initial thoughts have once again become pertinent and indeed viable.


Learning from prediction failures is one of the most important types of human learning from experience. In particular, prediction failures provide a constant source of learning. When people expect some event to take place in a certain way and it does not, they generate an explanation of why the unexpected event occurred [Sussman 1975) [Schank 19821. This explanation requires hypotheses based on the features of the objects and on causal relations between the events in the domain. In some domains, causal knowledge plays a large role; in some, experience determines behavior almost, entirely. This research describes learning in intermediate domains, where causal knowledge is used in conjunction with experience to build new hypotheses'%nd guide behavior. In many cases, causal knowledge of the domain is essential in order to create a correct explanation of a failure. The HANDICAPPER program uses domain knowledge to aid it in building hypotheses about why thoroughbred horses win races. As the program processes more races, it builds and modifies its rules, winning horses. and steadily improves in its ability to pick


The position of skills development on the agenda of policymakers and development agencies improved markedly around the turn of the 21st century. This book tracks the ways skills have gained importance both in the developing and the more industrialized world. It analyses critically the multiple 'drivers' of skills development and the linkages of skills to the knowledge economy, growth, and employment in an increasingly competitive world. It also acknowledges the many modalities and delivery systems for skills development, arguing that this institutional diversity, often spread across several ministries and training authorities, has made it more difficult to give a national account of the skills development sector. The re-emergence of skills has triggered many reform initiatives associated with [technical and vocational skills development] TVSD, some of which have become almost 'fashions' and are in danger of being adopted without sufficient evidence of their effectiveness. This work provides cautionary advice and fresh insights that planners will find rewarding.


Ion-exchange treatment is a promising technique for removing hydrophilic compounds during drinking water treatment. In this study, we applied several different ion exchangers (i.e., anion exchange resins and a hydrotalcite compound) to bromide removal to minimize bromate formation during ozonation. It was found that ion-exchange treatment affected ozone and hydroxyl radical concentration profiles as well as bromate ion concentration after ozonation. Selecting an appropriate ion exchanger is important to achieve both the oxidation of target contaminants and the reduction of bromate ion during ozonation.


We have developed a wafer-scale layer-transfer technique for transferring GaAs and Ge onto Si wafers of up to 300 mm in diameter. Lattice-matched GaAs or Ge layers were epitaxially grown on GaAs wafers using an AlAs release layer, which can subsequently be transferred onto a Si handle wafer via direct wafer bonding and patterned epitaxial lift-off (ELO). The crystal properties of the transferred GaAs layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence, and the quality of the transferred Ge layers was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. We find that, after bonding and the wet ELO processes, the quality of the transferred GaAs and Ge layers remained the same compared to that of the as-grown epitaxial layers. Furthermore, we realized Ge-on-insulator and GaAs-on-insulator wafers by wafer-scale pattern ELO technique.


A stochastic analysis of multidimensional networks with unidirectional or bidirectional links between nodes is presented. The analysis allows the development of an accurate model for examining the performance and cost trade-offs of different network configurations. The model is validated through simulation and does not rely on the simplifying assumptions of previous models. In addition, the model is valid for the hypercube network. Two new performance-based design constraints are introduced: constant maximum throughput and constant unity queue. These new constraints are fundamentally different than previous constraints, which are based on some characterization of hardware implementation costs. Both of the new constraints allow performance and cost comparisons of different network configurations to be made on the basis of an equal ability to handle a range of traffic load. Results under the new constraints clearly show that a low dimensional network, while offering the lowest message latency, must be significantly more expensive than a comparable high dimensional network and, in some cases, may be impractical to implement. In addition, the constraints demonstrate that performance is highly dependent on offered load.


This paper examines the current landscape of design research in the United Kingdom (UK) with a particular focus on UK research councils' funded projects that aim to make a positive change to society. In recent years, design research in the UK has grown massively in terms of the number of students studying for a postgraduate degree (Masters and PhD), the number of institutions undertaking research, and both the quantity and quality of design-led inter- and multi-disciplinary collaborative research projects. The ongoing work presented here has involved significant data analysis and visualisation of over 18,000 funded research projects in the UK. The paper highlights the recent "social turn" and the increasingly collaborative nature of design for change research projects in the UK. The paper also describes a number of key characteristics found in and across present day design for change research projects.


The ecologically and socio-economically important marine ecosystems of Europe are facing severe threats from a variety of human impacts. To mitigate and potentially reverse some of these impacts, the European Union (EU) has mandated the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) in order for its waters to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in EU waters by 2020. The primary initiative for achieving GES is the implementation of coherent networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). Marine reserves are an important type of MPA in which no extraction is allowed, but their usefulness depends upon a number of ecological, management, and political factors. This paper provides a synthesis of the ecological effects of existing European marine reserves and the factors (social and ecological) underlying their effectiveness. Results show that existing European marine reserves foster significant positive increases in key biological variables (density, biomass, body size, and species richness) compared with areas receiving less protection, a pattern mirrored by marine reserves around the globe. For marine reserves to achieve their ecological and social goals, however, they must be designed, managed, and enforced properly. In addition, identifying whether protected areas are ecologically connected as a network, as well as where new MPAs should be established according to the MSFD, requires information on the connectivity of populations across large areas. The adoption of the MSFD demonstrates willingness to achieve the long-term protection of Europe's marine ecosystems, but whether the political will (local, regional, and continent wide) is strong enough to see its mandates through remains to be seen. Although the MSFD does not explicitly require marine reserves, an important step towards the protection of Europe's marine ecosystems is the establishment of marine reserves within wider-use MPAs as connected networks across large spatial scales.


Environment is a vital part of an organization to being success, also having an appropriate environmental management system is leading to record environmental related activities. The study examined the relationship between institutional pressures and environmental management accounting (EMA) adoption level by applying new institutional sociology perspective. 100 small and medium manufacturing entities which are registered in Anuradhapura were selected based on convenient sampling method. Data were collected from accountants or/and proprietorof the selected entities using a structured questionnaire. Reliability analysis applied to test the reliability of the questionnaire;descriptive analysis and inferential analysis were applied to analyze the data. Hypotheses were tested by using multiple regression analysis. As per objective of (1) identifying the relationship between institutional pressures and EMA adoption, the results revealed that coercive isomorphism, normative pressures and mimetic processesare significant and moderate positively influence for the adoption of EMA. Addition to that the study (2) investigates the impact of institutional influences on EMA adoption; the findings exposed that coercive isomorphism (responses to political and legitimacy influences)playsavital role in pressuring EMAforadoption and final objective was to (3) identify the most forceful factor for the EMA adoption; the findings revealed thatcoercive isomorphism (political/ legitimacy influences) is important in managing environmental issues in SMEs?. Moreover, the findings support that SME manufacturing firms in Anuradhapura district still do not practice EMA practices with their entities.Therefore, this study recommends that the political and legitimacy influences should enhance to adopt and improve environmental management accounting practices in Anuradhapura district Manufacturing SMEs. Apart from that, the study has made attention on understanding the application of new institutional sociology perspective, also provides useful contribution to the present knowledge by exploring more explanations for environmental management accounting adoption in an unexplored context in Anuradhapura district as well as in Sri Lanka.


This work studies peculiarities of national outdoor games and their influence on respiratory system of people preretirement age (50-55 years old) in gender division, who are permanent residents of middle mountains. Methods of examination used: physiometry (lung capacity); breath-holding test (Shtange-Gench test); mathematical and statistical methods. Overall average and variation of changes of these indexes of people engaging in and not engaging in national outdoor games were defined. Breathing tests educed positive increase of functional backup of respiratory system both of men and women in both groups. The principles of methodology and organization of national outdoor games for people of 50-55 years of age were developed.


The effects of filtering on the Gordon–Haus timing jitter of chirped optical pulses in dispersion-managed communication systems with lumped and distributed amplification are studied in detail. Evolution equations for the average frequency and time delay are derived and solved analytically. Distributed amplification produces less timing jitter than lumped amplification. For short distances the timing jitter depends explicitly on the chirp, whereas for long distances it does not. The implicit chirp dependence that remains is inherited from the soliton energy. Simple formulas are derived for the asymptotic rates at which timing jitter grows. Numerical examples are described for 10-Gb/s systems and their relevance to 40-Gb/s systems is discussed. Although filtering limits the timing jitter in dispersion-managed systems, it precludes the reduction of timing jitter by dispersion postcompensation.


We investigate the feasibility of implementing an allocation rule with a gradual-revelation mechanism in which agents reveal their private information over time (rather than all at once). With independently distributed types, private values, and transferable utilities satisfying a single-crossing property, an ex-post monotonicity condition is sufficient for budget-balanced implementation of any incentive-compatible allocation rule with any gradual-revelation scheme. When we extend the single-crossing property over the set of randomized allocations, a weaker monotonicity condition is necessary and sufficient for budget-balanced implementation by gradual revelation.


Synthesis of correct-by-construction robot controllers from high-level specifications has the advantage of providing guaranteed robot behavior under different environments. Typically, when such controllers are synthesized, assumptions that the user makes about the behavior of the environment, if any, are incorporated into the resulting controller. In practice, however, the environment assumptions may be unknown to the user, thus preventing the application of synthesis. Even if environment assumptions are available, they may not hold during the robot's execution due to modeling errors or unforeseen anomalous operating conditions. In this paper, we address both of these problems. We present an approach for synthesizing controllers that include built-in recovery transitions, enabling the robot to make progress towards its goals in the event of environment assumption violation, whenever possible. Furthermore, we present a process for automatically augmenting a specification with environment assumptions that are computed from the robot's observations at runtime. We start with a set of candidate assumptions that is updated whenever violated at runtime.


Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) is nuclear hormone receptor involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) differentiation and progression. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and spectrum of variants in the PPARD gene in CRC, and their contribution to clinicopathological endpoints. Methods and Findings Direct sequencing of the PPARD gene was performed in 303 primary tumors, in blood samples from 50 patients with ≥3 affected first-degree relatives, 50 patients with 2 affected first-degree relatives, 50 sporadic patients, 360 healthy controls, and in 6 colon cancer cell lines. Mutation analysis revealed 22 different transversions, 7 of them were novel. Three of all variants were somatic (c.548A>G, p.Y183C, c.425-9C>T, and c.628-16G>A). Two missense mutations (p.Y183C and p.R258Q) were pathogenic using in silico predictive program. Five recurrent variants were detected in/adjacent to the exons 4 (c.1-87T>C, c.1-67G>A, c.130+3G>A, and c.1-101-8C>T) and exon 7 (c.489T>C). Variant c.489C/C detected in tumors was correlated to worse differentiation (P = 0.0397). Conclusions We found 7 novel variants among 22 inherited or acquired PPARD variants. Somatic and/or missense variants detected in CRC patients are rare but indicate the clinical importance of the PPARD gene.


This document defines a new Border Gateway Protocol Network Layer
Reachability Information (BGP NLRI) encoding format that can be used
to distribute traffic flow specifications. This allows the routing
system to propagate information regarding more specific components of
the traffic aggregate defined by an IP destination prefix.
Additionally, it defines two applications of that encoding format: one
that can be used to automate inter-domain coordination of traffic
filtering, such as what is required in order to mitigate (distributed)
denial-of-service attacks, and a second application to provide traffic
filtering in the context of a BGP/MPLS VPN service. The information
is carried via the BGP, thereby reusing protocol algorithms,
operational experience, and administrative processes such as inter-
provider peering agreements. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


PURPOSE
Optimal early detection and prevention for breast cancer depend on accurate identification of women at increased risk. We present a risk prediction model that incorporates histologic features of biopsy tissues from women with benign breast disease (BBD) and compare its performance to the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT).

METHODS
We estimated the age-specific incidence of breast cancer and death from the Mayo BBD cohort and then combined these estimates with a relative risk model derived from 377 patient cases with breast cancer and 734 matched controls sampled from the Mayo BBD cohort to develop the BBD-to-breast cancer (BBD-BC) risk assessment tool. We validated the model using an independent set of 378 patient cases with breast cancer and 728 matched controls from the Mayo BBD cohort and compared the risk predictions from our model with those from the BCRAT.

RESULTS
The BBD-BC model predicts the probability of breast cancer in women with BBD using tissue-based and other risk factors. The concordance statistic from the BBD-BC model was 0.665 in the model development series and 0.629 in the validation series; these values were higher than those from the BCRAT (0.567 and 0.472, respectively). The BCRAT significantly underpredicted breast cancer risk after benign biopsy (P = .004), whereas the BBD-BC predictions were appropriately calibrated to observed cancers (P = .247).

CONCLUSION
We developed a model using both demographic and histologic features to predict breast cancer risk in women with BBD. Our model more accurately classifies a woman's breast cancer risk after a benign biopsy than the BCRAT.


Carbon‐climate, like other environmental sciences, has been changing. Large‐scale synthesis studies are becoming more common. These synthesis studies are often conducted by science teams that are geographically distributed and on data sets that are global in scale. A broad array of collaboration and data analytics tools are now available that could support these science teams. However, building tools that scientists actually use is difficult. Also, moving scientists from an informal collaboration structure to one mediated by technology often exposes inconsistencies in the understanding of the rules of engagement between collaborators. We have developed a scientific collaboration portal, called fluxdata.org, which serves the community of scientists providing and analyzing the global FLUXNET carbon‐flux synthesis data set. The key things we learned or re‐learned during our portal development include: minimize the barrier to entry, provide features on a just‐in‐time basis, development of requirements is an on‐going process, provide incentives to change leaders and leverage the opportunity they represent, automate as much as possible, and you can only learn how to make it better if people depend on it enough to give you feedback. In addition, we also learned that splitting the portal roles between scientists and computer scientists improved user adoption and trust. The fluxdata.org portal has now been in operation for ∼2 years and has become central to the FLUXNET synthesis efforts. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Changing notions of marriage and family across the globe—from kinship obligation, social reproduction, and complementary labour to an ideal of marriage based on affective bonds, emotional intimacy, and pleasure—is widely read as indicating the shift from tradition to modernity. The modern companionate marriage ideal is then linked to a larger cultural transformation: the development of the modern individual self. The emergence of modern conceptions of the self in North America and Western Europe that emphasizes personal autonomy over the authority of the patriarchal family is said to have resulted in the decline of power parents and kin had over the choice of marriage partner with marriage coming to be seen as a person's individual choice. Moreover, because companionate marriage demands a high degree of emotional and personal commitment it is generally accepted that such marriages must be entered into voluntarily, thereby recasting marriage as a contractual agreement between two people rather than an alliance between two families. Narratives about choice in marriage are, therefore, part of a historical process that emphasizes an "inner self" as integral to modern subjectivity and gives credence to individual agency in intimate relations. My thesis explores how marriage norms, family structures, and kinship relations amongst the middle-class in Sri Lanka have been transformed by social change from the early part of the twentieth century to the present. It aims to understand the ways in which modernity is reconfiguring people's expectations of intimate relations and shaping women's experiences and presentations of the 'self'. In doing so, it attempts to answer three main questions: How do changing expectations of marriage structure people's narratives about individual agency? To what extent do kinship obligations, caste considerations, and class mobility structure people's choices in marriage? And finally, what implications do these findings have for the feminist theorization of agency and personhood? Based on fifteen months of fieldwork amongst Sinhala Buddhist middle-class families living in the city of Colombo, I argue that the urban middle-class in Sri Lanka have collectively invested in the narrative of choice through which a choosing person is consciously created as a mark of modernity and progress. However, people's life histories show how, rather than indicating a radical shift in the way people negotiated between individual desires and social norms, the emphasis on choice signals a shift in the narrative devices used in the presentation of the self. Moreover, I argue that rather than signalling freedom, these narratives reveal how people are often burdened with the risks and responsibility of agency and grapple with making the "right" choices. By carefully deconstructing people's anxieties that underline their narratives about choosing the right kind of partner, I reveal how choices are, in fact, structured by social norms and the expectations of family. I argue that marriage continues to be a principal strategy for social mobility and the assertion of status in contemporary Sri Lanka. Therefore, I demonstrate how caste and class considerations form the basis on which collective manoeuvring is undertaken to influence individual choices. I then argue that the trope of individual agency is not universal to all narratives about marriage and family. By examining alternative stories about marriage that defy the accepted convention I show how narratives of agency, which are deployed in certain contexts, are downplayed or denied in others; that the 'self', which is presented as making individual choices and actively shaping its own destiny in one context, is presented as the object of fate and circumstance in others. I conclude that because what it means to be middle-class is always a process of negotiation between competing and contradictory notions of tradition and modernity, people's presentation of the self reveal the perpetual striving that seems to characterise modern subjectivity.


Purpose. The purpose of the study was to explore the quality of the relationship of certain married couples in the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trinidad and observe the impact that a marriage seminar would have on those families. This study should add to the academic field of study by possibly helping counselors and family therapists to consider whether group sessions with married couples will be a reasonable option in helping to enrich their relationships. It will likely provide resource information for counselors and counselees alike. Justification. for the Project 1. Historically, the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trinidad has had a record of strong marriages. This rich legacy needs to be preserved. 2. Seventh-day Adventists are perceived as role models by many non-Seventh-day Adventists in Trinidad in terms of marital success. The current growing tolerance for divorce within the church threatens to undermine this positive perception. 3. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is accepting new members into its membership, some of whom come from broken homes and dysfunctional families, and thus, it has an obligation to equip and enable these new members to establish strong families. 4. The practice of obtaining a divorce outside of biblical grounds among Seventh-day Adventist leaders and members is increasing in the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trinidad. Methodology. Theological reflection was done by examining relevant biblical passages and relevant passages from the writings of Ellen G. White that address the marriage covenant, divorce, and how to strengthen the marriage relationship. Christian literature dealing with strengthening the marriage relationship and marriage enrichment seminars was reviewed. A sample of six churches were selected in a combination of two large, two medium, and two small churches. A questionnaire was developed and sent out to married couples to determine (1) the quality of their relationship, (2) the strength of their communication, (3) management of conflicts, (4) how issues are resolved, and (5) the impact of in-laws. The questionnaires were collected and the data analyzed. A seminar to strengthen the marital relationship was developed based upon the evaluation of the questionnaires and was administered at a common site where the voluntary group of participants were invited to attend. The seminar consisted of five sessions that were administered for one day to the voluntary group of participants. After three to five months, the same questionnaire was given again to the participants who attended all of the sessions. The results were analyzed to determine the impact, if any, that the seminar had on their marital relationships as well as their appreciation of their marriages as covenantal and a reflection of Christ and His church. Results. This study was relevant to my academic advancement since it allowed me to develop my powers of investigation, enhanced the practice of analyzing critical data, improved my ability and capacity to develop appropriate seminars, and enriched my own relationship and increased my counseling skill. This research was qualitative. The surveys took place in certain churches of the South Caribbean Conference among some of the married couples. Thus, this group were adults between the ages of 25 and 60. Conclusion. The application of the intervention strategy provided the participants with the information to experience change, growth, and renewal. The evidence of impact on the relationships of the participants was clear. Their positive responses to the majority of the statements in the post-seminar survey indicated that fact.


In assessing the treatment of sites with low skid resistance, the relative priority of lengths marginally below a skid resistance threshold where there have been a number of recent crashes must be balanced with that of lengths substantially below the threshold with no recent crash history. The judgement is complicated by the highway authority having a duty of care to maintain the road in a safe and serviceable condition, so it is not acceptable to let the skid resistance deteriorate indefinitely, even if there have been no crashes. Furthermore, the analysis lengths are generally short and the number of crashes is generally small, leading to a high degree of uncertainty in estimating the underlying risk. And finally, as there can be a large number of sites that require investigation within any particular jurisdiction, there is a need for a simple method otherwise the whole process of site investigation demands a disproportionate level of staff resource. This paper describes an accident risk model that has been created to provide a simple and consistent method for rating the priority of treatments at locations with low skid resistance and the dilemma for determining how to incorporate crash data within decisions on treatment priority.


Cyanobacteria species are distributed worldwide and extensive growth can result in cyanotoxin production, hypoxic zones, human health risk, and mortality of fish, domesticated animals, invertebrates, and plants. Better analytical tools can help water quality managers and regulatory agencies assess and manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin abundance to reduce environmental and health risk. This study determined the presence and relative abundance of 4 potentially toxic cyanobacteria taxa (Microcystis aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Lyngbya wollei, and Aphanizomenon/ Anabaena spp.), total cyanobacteria, and three toxin genes (microcystin mcyH+/A-, cylindrospermopsin PKS, and anatoxin PKS) using qPCR, and concentrations of microcystin and cylindrospermopsins in selected samples using ELISA assays. All species were found in all lakes, but abundance of individual taxa SSU rDNA and toxin genes differed among lakes. Microcystins were found at low levels (=0.31ppb) in 4 of the 6 lakes sampled, but were not correlated with mcyH+/A- abundance. The anatoxin PKS gene was found in all lakes sampled and was significantly correlated with Aphanizomenon/ Anabaena spp. SSU rDNA in two of the lakes. The cylindrospermopsin PKS gene and cylindrospermopsins were not found in any of the lakes sampled.


The reasons why software is changed are manyfold; new features are added, bugs have to be fixed, or the consistency of coding rules has to be re-established. Since there are many types of of source code changes we want to explore whether they appear frequently together in time and whether they describe specific development activities. We describe a semi-automated approach to discover patterns of such change types using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. We extracted source code changes of one commercial and two open-source software systems and applied the clustering. We found that change type patterns do describe development activities and affect the control flow, the exception flow, or change the API.


Part I: Rethinking Internet Studies? 1. Internationalizing Internet Studies-Beyond Anglophone Paradigms Gerard Goggin and Mark McLelland 2. What Cyberspace? Traveling Concepts in Internet Research Susanna Paasonen 3. Americanizing Palestine through Internet Development Helga Tawil-Souri 4. The International Turn in Internet Governance: A World of Difference? Gerard Goggin Part II: Language Communities Online 5. Language on the Internet in Japan Nanette Gottlieb 6. More than Humor: Jokes from Russia as a Mirror of Russian Life Eugene Gorny 7. The Welsh language on the Internet: Linguistic Resistance in the Age of the Network Society Daniel Cunliff 8. The Fight of a Minority Language Against the Force of Globalization: The Case of Catalan on the Internet Josep Lluis Mico and Pere Masip 9. The German Internet Portal Indernet: A Space for Multiple Belongingness Urmila Goel 10. Serbian Minority/Refugees on Internet: In the Midst of Denial and Acceptance of the Reality Ljiljana Gavrilovic Part III: Islam, Modernity and the Internet 11. Modems, Malaysia and Modernity: Characteristics and Policy Challenges in Internet-Led Development Nasya Bahfen 12. Muslim Voices in the Blogsphere: Mosaics of Local-Global Discourses Merlyna Lim 13. The Internet in Iran: The Battle over an Emerging Public Sphere Gholam Khiabany and Annabelle Sreberny Part IV: Asian Cybercultures 14. Internet, Internet Culture, and Internet Communities of Korea: Overview and Research Directions Seunghyun Yoo 15. Gifts of Presence: A Case Study of a South Korean Virtual Community, Cyworld's Mini-hompy Larissa Hjorth 16. Affiliation in Political Blogs in South Korea: Comparing Online and Offline Social Networks Han Woo Park and Randolph Kluver 17. Beauty is in the Eye of the QQ User: Instant Messaging in China Pamela T. Koch, Bradley J. Koch, Kun Huang and Wei Chen 18. That Global Feeling: Sexual Subjectivities and Imagined Geographies in Chinese-Language Lesbian Cyberspaces Fran Martin 19. Hybridity Online: the Cybercommunity of Spiteful Tots Terri He 20. Ring My Bell: The Impact of Cell Phone Downloads on the Japanese Music Market Noriko Manabe


This paper investigates the formal and functional features of strings that include both a left-dislocated constituent and a coreferring resumptive in the subsequent clause in Modern English letters and diaries. Such left-dislocated strings embody, to differing degrees, the reportedly speech-like and informal contemporary Left Dislocation construction. The data was analyzed according to a range of factors relating to the inner configuration of such strings (complexity, information status, animacy, resumption, continuity, etc.) and examined by means of a range of statistical tests such as linear regression. The results provide a clear and broad picture of (a) their overall usage profile in comparison with contemporary spoken Left Dislocation, (b) the processing constraints at work within them, and (c) their unlikely status as prospective markers of orality in Modern English epistolary prose.


We examined the effect of fine-scale fluid turbulence on phytoplankton community structure in an idealized, size-structured community model. It has been shown that turbulence can enhance nutrient transport toward a cell, particularly for larger cells in highly turbulent conditions. Our model suggests that under weak grazing pressure the effect of this mechanism on relative phytoplankton fitness and community structure is negligible. Under these conditions, the high nutrient affinity of small cells dominates relative fitness and allows them to outcompete larger cells. In contrast, when grazing pressure is strong, the turbulent enhancement of nutrient uptake and fitness for larger cells can become ecologically significant. Here, increasing turbulence broadens the size range of coexisting phytoplankton and increases the size of the dominant cell type at equilibrium. We also estimate and map open ocean turbulent dissipation rates as a function of climatological surface wind stresses. The turbulent enhancement of nutrient uptake is most likely to be ecologically significant in regions with low nutrient levels, strong grazing pressure, and relatively high turbulence, such as in windier portions of the subtropical gyre or post-bloom conditions at higher latitudes. In these regions, turbulence may help sustain larger cell populations through otherwise unfavorable environmental conditions.


Many students' writing capacities remain insufficient during college years (Kellogg & Whiteford, 2009). Teachers try to improve students' writing skills by providing them with feedback on their texts. Remarkably, research on the effects of feedback provided on written products is scarce (Graham & Perin, 2007). Therefore, the research question addressed in this thesis is: Do feedback interventions exist that, through their content and/or formulation, contribute to students' writing motivation, process, and performance? According to Feedback Intervention Theory (FIT; Kluger & DeNisi, 1996) feedback directs attention to task-learning, task-motivation, or meta-task processes, and as a result feedback affects performance. FIT states that feedback cues that direct attention to task-learning and task-motivation processes generally enhance performance, while feedback cues that direct attention to meta-task processes generally reduce performance. A prerequisite for feedback to enhance performance is that students reflect on the feedback (cf. Anseel, Lievens, & Schollaert, 2009). Students must consider if and how they will use the feedback and how they will approach writing the subsequent draft. In this thesis, three kinds of feedback are examined in three respective studies. In two studies also the effects of a reflection assignment dealing with feedback use and the writing approach are investigated. The first study (chapter 4) deals with progress feedback (information that performance has improved since the last assignment). This feedback was hypothesized to contribute to students' self-efficacy beliefs, mastery goal, and performance. The results show that progress feedback contributed to students' self-efficacy beliefs, on the condition that a substantial amount of progress was communicated. Probably, it was the balance between progressed and not progressed aspects that mattered. The second study (chapter 5) focuses on feedback providing improvement strategies (procedures to complete the task) and reflection on feedback use (2 x 2 design). Feedback providing strategies was hypothesized to contribute to students' self-efficacy beliefs, mastery goal, planning/revising, effort, and performance. Reflection on feedback use was hypothesized to contribute to planning/revising and performance. The results show that feedback providing strategies negatively affected students' self-efficacy beliefs, especially if these beliefs were low prior to feedback. Feedback providing strategies positively contributed to students' planning/revising and positively related to time investment. Students indicated that they perceived the provision of strategies as an underestimation of their capacities, but also as an indication that they should improve their text. Students' performance gained from reflection on feedback use when they did not receive strategies. When they did receive strategies, this reflection was harmful to performance. The third study (chapter 6) deals with feedback posing questions (interrogative formulations) and reflection on feedback use (2 x 2 design). Feedback posing questions was hypothesized to contribute to students' mastery goal, planning/revising, effort, and performance. The results show that feedback posing questions negatively affected students' mastery goal. Possibly, the questions directed students' attention to the teacher's interest rather than their own interest. Planning/revising suffered from the reflection when the feedback was non-interrogative. Based on the results of the studies, chapter 7 provides recommendations for the refinement of FIT and suggestions for future research, and discusses practical implications.


The extended integration time of visual neurons leads to fast-moving objects producing the neural equivalent of an orientation cue along the axis of motion. The dominant model [Geisler, W.S. (1999). Motion streaks provide a spatial code for motion direction. Nature, 400(6739), 65-69] proposes that these 'motion streaks' resolve the inherent directional uncertainty arising from the small size of receptive fields in V1, by combining spatial orientation with motion signals in V1. This model was tested using visual aftereffects, where adapting to a static grating causes the perceived direction of a subsequently-presented fast motion stimulus to be repelled away from the adapting orientation. Using a similar adaptation method, we measured the angular dependence of this effect and found in each human observer that a much broader range of adapting orientations (mean of 38.82º instead of 21.72°) produced aftereffects than predicted by the current model of motion streaks. This suggests that motion streaks influence motion perception at a later stage than V1. We also found that varying the spatial frequency of the adaptor by approximately two octaves changed the aftereffect from repulsive to attractive for motion, but not form stimuli. Finally, manipulations of V1 excitability, using transcranial direct current stimulation, reduced the aftereffect, suggesting that the orientation cue is dependent upon V1. These results can be accounted for if the orientation information from the motion streak, gathered in V1, enters the motion system at a later stage of motion processing, most likely V5. A new computational model of motion direction is presented incorporating gain modifications of broadly-tuned motion-selective neurons, most likely in V5, by narrowly-tuned orientation-selective cells in V1, which successfully accounts for the data in the current study. These results stress that orientation places strong constraints on motion processing in a different way than the current models predict. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.