We have examined the fine specificity of a panel of cloned T cell hybridomas generated from Lewis rats immunized with guinea pig (GP) or Lewis rat myelin basic protein (MBP) to determine the autoimmune T cell repertoire that develops in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). This analysis has demonstrated that GP MBP, which was approximately 10-fold more potent for EAE induction than the autologous rat MBP, produced a population in which almost one-fourth of the members responded to GP-unique determinants and displayed no crossreactivity on the self antigen. The remaining majority of GP MBP- induced clones were specific for the 68-88 encephalitogenic determinant and could be subdivided into three groups based on their varying responses to the 68-88 peptide and rat and rabbit MBPs. Surprisingly, one of these groups showed equal reactivity to GP and rat MBPs. In contrast, the clonotype composition of the T cell population induced by rat MBP was quite different. One-half of these clones comprised a single group responding to the 68-88 determinant, reacting equally with GP and rat MBP. All of these responded to the same range of antigen concentrations as their GP-induced counterparts. The remaining half of that population contained a collection of clones that was nearly as encephalitogenic as the 68-88 population after propagation as a short- term T cell line. These clones were specific for at least three distinct antigenic determinants, all displaying extensive cross-species reactivity, and required as little or less rat MBP for maximal stimulation as did the 68-88-reactive clones. We therefore conclude that the T cell repertoire for MBP does include clones with reactivity to both 68-88 and non-68-88 determinants of GP and rat MBPs, and that both MBPs appear to be equally capable of stimulating these clones in vitro. However, the differences in the clonotype composition of the populations induced by immunization with these two antigens suggest that rat and GP MBPs are subject to different immunoregulatory constraints in the animal and may account for the difference in the encephalitogenic potential of these two antigens.


The Russian language has an inflective structure and does not have a strict word order, which generates processing problems such as part-of-speech homonymy. The paper addresses this issue. The existing approaches to resolving the morphological homonymy problem can be divided into the following groups: rule-based approaches, statistical approaches, machine learning approaches, and combined methods. In the paper, we showed that each approach has its advantages and disadvantages; however, we can achieve a much higher precision of the algorithm by combining several approaches. The combined method based on neural networks gives better results than others (98% precision obtained). We used the following features: normalizing substitutions, grammatical and syntactic characteristics, vector representation of the word, and word forms. All the experiments were performed on the part of the National Corpus of the Russian Language with homonymy resolution. The analysis of the corpus revealed that the most frequent types of homonymy occurred between function words: a particle vs an interjection (14%), and a preposition vs an interjection (13.2%).


Joint transform correlator (JTC) is a well known tool for color pattern recognition for a color image. Color images have red, green and blue components, thus in conventional JTC, three input channels of these color components are necessary for color pattern recognition. This paper proposes a new technique of color pattern recognition by decomposing the color image into three color components and recombining those components into a single gray image in the input plane. This new technique needs single input channel and single output CCD camera, thus a simple JTC can be used. We present various kinds of simulated results to show that our newly proposed technique can accurately recognize and discriminate color differences.


Cough is the most common symptom in respiratory specialist clinics of tertiary hospitals and outpatient clinics of primary health care facilities. In China, patients with chronic cough account for at least one third of all patients referred to respiratory specialist clinics. Chronic cough without significant abnormal chest radiographic findings is often misdiagnosed as chronic bronchitis or chronic pharyngitis. Misdiagnosis of cough results in unnecessary repetitive testing, such as chest radiographs or computed tomography (CT), and widespread abuse of antibiotics or antitussives with little improvement, and potential adverse effects. Chronic cough impair quality of life badly cause severe economic burden in China (1-5).


Ionizing radiation is part of a series of current societal concerns, together with climate change, pesticides, GMO or chemical pollution. Common points of these concerns are, on the one hand, that many uncertainties remain regarding their health and environmental effects, which is quite logical since not enough time has passed to assess their long-term effects, and, on the other hand, that huge financial interests are at stake. In this context, we see a proliferation of experts' quarrels, leading to a loss of credibility of the experts in general. The reasons for this are analysed in this article, the 100 mSv "case" serving as an illustration (this level of dose is frequently presented as a "level of concern", if not as a "threshold", for radiation effects on human health). Beside conflicts of interest, the fundamental issues challenging experts' work are: limits and misuses of the evidence-based approach, lack (or refusal) of precautionary attitude in scientific research and scientific reductionism, all together causing an increasing gap with society. The main challenge for (radiological protection and others) experts in the next 50 years could well be to change their own perception, instead of trying to change public's perception.


This study contains a summary of findings from the interviews of persons with visual, hearing and physical disabilities in four universities in Kenya. This is done with a view to establishing the magnitude of the barriers they face in access to inclusive education. The study highlights instances of compliance or otherwise with international and municipal laws on inclusion, ondiscrimination and equality by Universities. Interviews conducted during this research have shown that experiences of persons with disabilities depend on the particular University that they attend once they finish high School. The findings indicate that PWDs face numerous instances of exclusion and discrimination which is against the law. Of the four Universities, Kenyatta University was the most inclusive in regard to students with physical, visual and hearing disabilities. United States International University which was also accessible to persons with physical disabilities had not admitted any student with visual or hearing disabilities. Catholic University of East Africa had a number of accessible buildings but the environment was largely inaccessible. The university admitted students with visual disabilities without restructuring of the environment. University of Nairobi had also admitted persons with physical, hearing and visual disabilities without removing environmental barriers. The study calls for amendment of national laws where the same are found to be inadequate in comparison with international standards and calls on Universities to comply with the law on inclusion for PWDs.


Due to rapid social development in Asia, sports events have grown larger and many new countries are also hosting them for their first time. In addition to required increase in expenditures and more efficient management, various instances of inadequate planning highlighted the needs for more effective and better sustainable structures to support knowledge transfer between organizers, from one event to the next. The research presented in this paper aims to facilitate the deployment of systematic knowledge management practices to sports event management, to enable sustainable planning. The research in this paper synthesizes is carried out on the Malaysian Games as an example of a sports event management. Furthermore, we introduce knowledge management (KM) framework that was developed based on studies and observations of processes and activities in this organization. The focus is on knowledge that is key to the success of the Malaysian Games and that which can be used to the development of the organization and in future games.


Highly effective fire suppression and selective harvesting of large-diameter, fire-tolerant tree species, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi Balf.), have resulted in substantial changes to the structure and composition of interior ponderosa pine forests. Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are now commonly used to reduce fuel loads and restore late-seral conditions in interior ponderosa pine forests, but the propensity for some bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) to attack fire-injured trees has led to questions regarding how management objectives may be impacted by levels of delayed tree mortality attributed to bark beetle attack. In this study, we examined bark beetle responses to creation of mid-seral (low structural diversity; LoD) and late-seral (high structural diversity; HiD) forest structures at Blacks Mountain Experimental Forest, California, USA, during a five-year period following the application of prescribed fire (B). Twelve experimental plots (LoD and HiD), ranging in size from 77 ha to 144 ha, were split with one half randomly assigned prescribed fire, resulting in four treatments (HiD, HiD + B, LoD, and LoD + B). A total of 6877 pine and fir (Abies) trees (4.0 % of all trees) were killed by bark beetles (all bark beetle species combined). Most of the tree mortality was attributed to western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) and mountain pine beetle (D. ponderosae Hopkins) in ponderosa pine, and fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) in white fir (Abies concolor [Gord. & Glend.] Lindl. ex Hildebr.). The majority of bark beetle-caused tree mortality was recorded on HiD + B (41.5 % of trees that were killed by bark beetles) with 30.0 %, 23.5 %, and 5.0 % occurring on HiD, LoD + B, and LoD, respectively. Overall, a significantly higher percentage of bark beetle-caused tree mortality (of available trees) occurred on LoD + B (5.3 %) and HiD + B (4.8 %) compared to LoD (1.1 %). We observed no significant differences in levels of bark beetle-caused tree mortality (all bark beetle species combined) among diameter classes, but the level of western pine beetle-caused tree mortality was concentrated in the large tree component on burned split plots, which differs from results obtained two years after the application of prescribed fire. The amount of bark beetle-caused tree mortality increased substantially on unburned split plots compared to burned split plots following our initial survey (i.e., three years to five years after the application of prescribed fire). The implications of these and other results for the management and maintenance of late-seral conditions in interior ponderosa pine forests are discussed.


We report the synthesis and characterization of a non-liquid crystalline material, 2-phenylchrysene (Ph-CHR), and a liquid crystalline material, 2-(4-dodecyl phenyl)chrysene (C12-Ph-CHR), and discuss their organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) device performances. The concept of designing chrysene derivatives is derived from the similar electronic structure of chrysene and [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (BTBT), which is a very famous core for organic semiconductors. OTFTs, based on Ph-CHR and C12-Ph-CHR, are fabricated by vacuum-deposition on octyltrichlorosilane (OTS(8)) treated Si/SiO2 substrates. Our experimental results show that OTFTs based on Ph-CHR possess higher mobility than OTFTs based on BTBT derivative 2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT). The liquid crystalline material C12-Ph-CHR achieves the highest carrier mobility of up to 3.07 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off ratio of 3.3 × 106 for polycrystalline organic thin-film transistors in ambient air. The results indicate that the chrysene derivative C12-Ph-CHR is a promising candidate for applications in electronic devices.


Safety-critical systems, by definition those systems whose failure can cause catastrophic results for people, the environment, and the economy, are becoming increasingly complex both in their functionality and their interactions with the environment. Unfortunately, safety assessments are still largely done manually, a time-consuming and error-prone process. The growing complexity of these systems requires an increase in the skill and efficacy of safety engineers and encourages the adoption of formal and standardized techniques. An introduction to the area of design and verification of safety-critical systems, Design and Safety Assessment of Critical Systems focuses on safety assessment using formal methods. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamental concepts of safety and reliability, it illustrates the pivotal issues of design, development, and safety assessment of critical systems. The core of the book covers traditional notations, techniques, and procedures, including Fault Tree Analysis, FMECA, HAZOP, and Event Tree Analysis, and explains in detail how formal methods can be used to realize such procedures. It looks at the development process of safety-critical systems, and highlights influential management and organizational aspects. Finally, it describes verification and validation techniques and new trends in formal methods for safety and concludes with some widely adopted standards for the certification of safety-critical systems. Providing an in-depth and hands-on view of the application of formal techniques to advanced and critical safety assessments in a variety of industrial sectors, such as transportation, avionics and aerospace, and nuclear power, Design and Safety Assessment of Critical Systems allows anyone with a basic background in mathematics or computer science to move confidently into this advanced arena of safety assessment.


This paper describes the challenges and scalability results of running a large finite element model of variably saturated flow in a three-dimensional (3-D) levee on a large high performance, parallel computer using a mesh with more than a billion nodes and two billion elements. MPI (Message Passing Interface) was used for the parallelization. The original finite element model consisted of 3,017,367 nodes and 5,836,072 3-D prism elements. The model exhibited three characteristics which made the problem difficult to solve. First, the different soil layers had soil properties that differed by several orders of magnitude. Secondly, there existed a 5 ft x 6 ft x 6 ft region at the toe of the levee where the mesh was refined using 1 in x 1 in x 1 in 3-D prism elements having randomly generated soil properties. Thirdly, variably saturated flow in levees is governed by the highly nonlinear Richards equation. A utility program was written to increase the size of the original problem by an arbitrarily large factor by replicating the original mesh in the y direction. A factor of two, for instance, would exactly double the number of elements and double the number of nodes less the interface nodes connecting the two pieces. The original data set was run using 32, 64, 96, and 256 MPI processes (one core per process was used throughout this study) with time to solution taken for each of these process counts. The data set was then magnified by 2 and runs for 64, 128, 192, and 512 processes were made with time to solution again recorded. This procedure was repeated for different numbers of processes and magnification values. The largest data set was generated from a magnification of 350 yielding a mesh of 1,044,246,303 nodes and 2,042,625,200 3-D prism elements. The Cray XE6 and Cray XC30 computers were used in this study. A tabulation of results is presented and analyzed, as well as the significant challenges that occurred in scaling up the problem size. Weak and strong scalability results are also presented in this paper.


(Washington, DC)-Researchers from the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center at Georgetown University have shown how an ingredient found in chocolate seems to exert its anti-cancer properties-findings that might be used one day to design novel cancer treatments. The study, published in the April issue of the journal Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, explains how pentameric procyanidin (pentamer), a natural compound found in cocoa, deactivates a number of proteins that likely work in concert to push a cancer cell to continually divide. The full text of the article is available here. "There are all kinds of chemicals in the food we eat that potentially have effects on cancer cells, and a natural compound in chocolate may be one," said the lead author, Robert B. Dickson, PhD, professor of oncology. "We need to slowly develop evidence about the selectivity of these compounds to cancer, learn how they work, and sort out any issues of toxicity." Chocolate, like many other foods, is the source of many possible anti-cancer compounds, but Dickson stresses that this research, which is part of a series of studies conducted at Georgetown on the chocolate-cancer connection, does not mean that people who eat chocolate will either reduce their cancer risks or treat a current case. Although the study was conducted in breast cancer cell cultures, the finding could potentially apply to other cancers, Dickson said. (The studies are being funded by MARS Incorporated.) Chocolate is made from the beans of cacao trees, and, like some other plants, are rich in natural antioxidants known as flavonoids. These antioxidants may protect cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals, which are thought to contribute to both heart disease and cancer development. The primary family of flavonoids contributing to the antioxidant benefit in chocolate is the procyanidins, and of the various types of procyanidins, pentamer seem to be strongest, according to a number of studies. Given this, the Georgetown researchers looked at what happened when they used a purified preparation of pentamer on a variety of breast cancer cells, compared to treatment on normal breast cells. They used a variety of tests to find and identify proteins that were deactivated in the cancer cells. What they located were two well known tumor suppressor genes as well as two other proteins known to be involved in regulating the "cell cycle"-the progression of a cell from a state of being "quiet" into division and growth. They specifically found that the breast cancer cells stopped dividing when treated with pentamer and that all four proteins were inactivated. Furthermore, expression of one of the genes was reduced. Dickson notes that "the novel aspect here is that a pattern of several regulatory proteins are jointly deactivated, probably greatly enhancing the inhibitory effect compared to targeting any one of the proteins singly. That is also why the compound seems to work on cancer cells, irrespective of whether any of these single genes are mutated, which often happens in cancer cells." He adds that the researchers don't know why pentamer deactivates these proteins simultaneously, stopping the cell cycle. "We don't know at a fundamental level whether a master switch that triggers cell growth is turned off, or whether the chocolate compound exerts multiple independent effects on diverse cellular processes. That will be the subject of future studies here." Co-authors of the study from Georgetown University are first author Danica Ramijak, Nicole Thompson, and Linda Metheny-Barlow. Leo Romanczyk from Masterfoods, USA, and other collaborators also contributed. Contact: Amy DeMaria,202-687-5100,firstname.lastname@example.com


This article contributes to a theory of commensuration by examining the discursive production of incommensurability between objects, aesthetics, and practices, and by extension, "cultures" and "civilizations." Everyday objects—such as camping tables and cloth shoes—are often taken as emblems for distinctions between China and the West. This incommensurability is reproduced through a series of semiotic processes described here: first, an historical shift in the vocabulary for everyday things, in which marked foreignness is replaced by marked Chineseness, and reflections on that history in contemporary film; second, traditionalist performances of resistance to (and repugnance for) Western aesthetics, accompanied by a tendency to deploy markedly Chinese objects as emblems of cultural allegiance; and third, an artist's lecture on the perplexity of negotiating this incommensurability in art practice. This boundary leaves out—or produces as excess—all those things that are designed, made, bought, and used in China, but which are not regarded as Chinese. I argue that this cryptocategory of the unChinese implicitly frames the work of Chinese artists and designers still called upon to produce a Chinese modern.


Abstract. Atmospheric tar balls are particles of special morphology and composition that are fairly abundant in the plumes of biomass smoke. These particles form a specific subset of brown carbon (BrC) which has been shown to play a significant role in atmospheric shortwave absorption and, by extension, climate forcing. Here we suggest that tar balls are produced by the direct emission of liquid tar droplets followed by heat transformation upon biomass burning. For the first time in atmospheric chemistry we generated tar-ball particles from liquid tar obtained previously by dry distillation of wood in an all-glass apparatus in the laboratory with the total exclusion of flame processes. The particles were perfectly spherical with a mean optical diameter of 300 nm, refractory, externally mixed, and homogeneous in the contrast of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. They lacked any graphene-like microstructure and exhibited a mean carbon-to-oxygen ratio of 10. All of the observed characteristics of laboratory-generated particles were very similar to those reported for atmospheric tar-ball particles in the literature, strongly supporting our hypothesis regarding the formation mechanism of atmospheric tar-ball particles.


We describe the aberrations of diffraction gratings without any restrictions on the symmetry of the substrate, the curvature of the grooves, or the position of the entrance slit. The theory can also be applied to holographic gratings, holographic lenses, synthetic holograms, zone plates, and other diffracting instruments. The description comprises second-order focusing conditions, including the generalization of the Rowland circle and the conditions for astigmatism, length, slope, and curvature of the focal lines, comatic and fourth-order aberrations. In particular we show the relations between the aberrations of second and higher orders. The theory is applied in this paper to astigmatic mountings of the Rowland type, and to mountings of the Wadsworth and Eagle type that we call anastigmatic. We give special attention to the conditions for freedom of coma of anastigmatic mountings.


Abstract : WaterBeans is a proof-of-feasibility system for building software applications through a process of assembling (composing) prefabricated software components. WaterBeans was originally developed as a proof of feasibility that software component technology could be used to develop software applications in the domain of water-quality modeling. (In particular, WaterBeans supports modeling and simulating the hydrology of urban storm water sewage and runoff.) WaterBeans includes a component model for component developers, a visual composition environment for importing and assembling components into applications, and several families of components. One family of components supports modeling and simulating urban sewage systems. Another family of components was developed to prove the generality of WaterBeans; this family of components allows visualization and manipulation of digital waveforms. This report documents the programming interface for component developers. It also provides a brief description of the composition environment.


A scalable/parallelizable/distributed method is shown that was originally developed for data mining but which is extended to perform web mining, text mining, mining of time-series or temporal data, mining mixed-type data, and mine high-dimensional data. It is implicitly stochastic thus it can incorporate statistical methods such as Bayesian. It is based on the automatic generation of assocation rules. Since it also uses a multiplicative fuzzy logic the neural network tuned to the data is easily comprehensible. It lends itself to visualization, and interactive exploration. Since it uses a unique hashing algorithm (for storage and data manipulation), one that works with associative access, it can be used for other techniques such as nearest-neighbor methods. It is shown here that it is a perf ect solution for chance-event detection and processing. It lends itself to hardware acceleration and thus can be used for very large scale projects such as streaming data for "homeland defense". The method is an ideal platform for integration of data warehousing, OLAP and data mining.


In this article, we explore how entrepreneurial journalists from a wide variety of national contexts present 'impact' as one of the aims in their work. By exploring the variety, incongruences, and strategic considerations in the discourse on impact of those at the forefront of journalistic innovation, we provide a much-needed empirical account of the changing conceptualisation of what journalism is and what it is for. Our data show how impact becomes an ideologically as well as strategically driven endeavour as the entrepreneurs try to carve out their niche and position themselves both in relation to traditional counterparts and other startups. Ultimately, we provide empirical insight into a number of tensions that remain underlying in the discourse on constructive journalism, an increasingly popular conceptualisation that refers to a future-oriented, solution-driven, active form of journalism. We show how our interviewees marry different, commonly-deemed incompatible practices and values, thus challenging binary distinctions at the heart of conceptualisations of journalism, also perpetuated in the discourse on constructive journalism. As pioneers in the field, startups can be argued to inspire journalistic as well as social innovation, and furthermore push for a more inclusive understanding of the divergent conceptualisations and practices that together make up the amalgam that we call 'journalism'.


Over the past few years, enterprise architecture management (EAM) has become increasingly popular in academia and in practice. One reason for this is that organizations seek to make use of various benefits that have been associated with EAM. However, researchers have stressed that EAM research has mainly focused on prescriptive frameworks and methodologies, whereas these concepts and associated impacts and outcomes have seen little generalization and verification to date. In this paper we explore this claim. Based on a comprehensive literature analysis, we found that prescriptive research does indeed dominate the field. However, we also found that few researchers have analyzed and generalized EAM phenomena, whereas the share of contributions to explanation and prediction is negligibly small. We summarize common EAM processes as well as impact and outcome factors that have emerged from this research and show to what extent the relationship between these components has thus far been explained.


Ideas about song, and actual songs, inform literary works in ways that go back to classical and to biblical antiquity. Set apart from non-musical language, song can indicate proximity to the divine, intense emotion, or distance from the everyday. At least from the early modern period, actual songs compete with idealized songs in a body of lyric poetry where song is sometimes scheme and sometimes trope. Songs and singers in novels can do the work of plot and of character, sometimes isolating songwriter or singer, and sometimes linking them to a milieu beyond what readers are shown. Accounts of song as poetry's inferior, as its other, or as its unreachable ideal—while historically prominent—do not consider the variety of literary uses in English that songs—historically attested and fictional; popular, vernacular, and "classical"— continue to find.


Since Milsom's famous dismissal of the "miserable history of crime in England," criminal law has undergone a revolution in constitutional significance. The rise of rights constitutionalism as the heart of the modern liberal rule of law has given criminal law a new life in which it is subject to substantial justice-based innovation through appeal to the internal and basic norms of the legal system itself. Far from the marginal and exceptional status once ascribed to it by Milsom, this chapter argues that criminal law is now best understood and approached as a species of constitutional reflection. Substantive criminal law has become a laboratory for the constitutional, focussing and advancing classic questions of constitutional concern, while at the same time traditional questions of criminal law theory have themselves begun to translate into a constitutional register. Thematically, this chapter considers the way in which substantive criminal law has become a site for reflection on sovereignty and state violence; the anthropology of the legal subject; the rule of proportionality; and the relationship between judgment, discretion, and mercy. The chapter then turns to the constitutionalization of questions of the limits of the criminal law, fault, criminal defences, and standards for punishment. Juridical exploration of the relationship between substantive criminal law and constitutional principles has been uneven across national traditions; accordingly, this chapter draws significantly from the Canadian jurisprudence, which has been at the vanguard of this process. Ultimately, the chapter identifies a challenging irony: that despite a profound change in the imaginative relationship between criminal law and the larger legal structure, more of Milsom's assessment remains apposite than we might have hoped – the contemporary history of criminal law is still invested with its share of misery and much criminal justice is still left to be done in spite of the law.


Interaction between odor and taste information creates flavor perception. There are many possible determinants of the interaction between odor and taste, one of which may be the somatic sensations associated with breathing. We assumed that a smell stimulus accompanied by inhaling or exhaling enhances taste intensity if the order is congruent with natural drinking. To present an olfactory stimulus from the identical location during inhalation and exhalation, we blocked the gap between the tube presenting the olfactory stimulus and the nostril. Participants breathed and ingested the solution according to the instructions on the screen and evaluated the solution's taste intensity. Vanilla odor enhanced the sweet taste in both retronasal and orthonasal conditions when the order of stimuli was congruent with natural drinking, but it did not do so in either condition when they were incongruent. The results suggest that breathing is a determinant of odor-taste interaction. The methods of presenting olfactory stimuli used in this study were compared and discussed in relation to those used in previous studies. Odor-induced taste enhancement depends on the time order of smell with breathing and taste congruency in natural drinking. Taste enhancement was induced by odor in both conditions by minimizing differences in odor presentation between them.


Funded by Arts Council England and AHRC. Doherty is editor of this collection and wrote the introductory chapter. The book describes and analyses the shift from studio-based to situated art practices. Unlike the exhibition catalogue or monograph which promotes a particular artist or a curatorial thesis, the book gives insights into the range of strategies artists and curators have used to approach given contexts. Ranging from relational aesthetics to the concerns of site-specificity, it examines the value of context in the commissioning and production of temporary art works, drawing upon case studies and commissioned essays.

As a result, Doherty received invitations to: Interface: Art and Contested Spaces, University of Ulster (2004); Experimental Communities, ARCO, Madrid (2005); Protections, Kunsthaus Graz (2006); Beyond the Studio, National College of Art and Design, Dublin (2007); Art in the Public Realm, Universities Venice, Milan (2007); New models of cooperation between the curator and the artist, Ludwig Museum, Budapest (2005); Contemporary Art, Fundacio La Caixa Barcelona. Doherty was invited to be inaugural Curatorial Fellow, Massey University, Wellington, 2006-09.

Book reviewed in Flash Art magazine (2005), Gordon Dalton. Citations include "Architecture: Mouth Wide Open? Intervention by Invention", George Lovett, University of Sheffield, Rita L. Irwin, Kit Grauer, Ruth Beer, Gu Xiong, Barbara Bickel, "The Rhizomatic Relations of A/r/tography" University British Columbia, Stephanie Springgay, Penn State University; "Taking place: some reflections on site, performance and community", Research in Drama Education, 12:1, 1:14; Arts Council England, The power of art visual arts: evidence of impact (2006); Lizzie Muller, Ernest Edmonds, "Living Laboratories: Making and Curating Interactive Art Creativity and Cognition Studios", University Technology, Sydney; UKArtivistic, an international transdisciplinary event interPlay between art, information and activism (2005), Montreal QC (Canada). Book has become set text on curation and commissioning courses at Goldsmiths College, City University, New York.


This study examined the effect of agricultural land availability on the performance of rural farmers in Abia State. The study showed that 55% of the respondents practiced inheritance as the prevalent land tenure system implying that majority of the farmers cultivated on lands owned by them or acquired from their fathers or kinsmen. The regression result shows an R2 of 0.585 implying that 58.5% of changes in the availability of land were accounted for by changes in the variables included in the model while the remaining 41.5% was accounted for by error. Price of land and urbanization were negatively related to land availability at 5% significant level while age of farmers and distance to farm lands were also negatively related to land availability but at 10% significant level. The correlation result reveals a negative significant relationship between farm size and land market price. The correlation result also reveals a positive significant relationship between farm size and farm performance (proxied by net profit from farm produce sales). This implies that as farm size increases, performance also increases and vice versa. It was recommended that government intervene in the existent land hoarding challenge by rural dwellers and therefore make land available for willing farmers. Appropriate land planning programmes be promoted in a bid to reducing the fast run of urbanization with a consequent effect on land availability for agriculture.


Current Greenhous gas emissions (GHG) from maritime transport represent around 3% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions and will have to be cut in half by 2050 to meet Paris agreement goals. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is by many seen as a potential transition fuel for decarbonizing shipping. Its favorable hydrogen to carbon ratio compared to diesel (marine gas oil, MGO) or bunker fuel (heavy fuel oil, HFO) translates directly into lower carbon emissions per kilowatt produced. However, these gains may be nullified once one includes the higher Well-to-tank emissions (WTT) of the LNG supply chain and the vessel's un-combusted methane slip (CH 4 ) from its combustion engine. Previous studies have tended to focus either on greenhouse gas emissions from LNG in a Well-to-wake (WTW) perspective, or on alternative engine technologies and their impact on the vessel's Tank-to-wake emissions (TTW). This study investigates under what conditions LNG can serve as a transition fuel in the decarbonization of maritime transport, while ensuring the lowest possible additional global warming impact. Transition refers to the process of moving away from fossil fuels towards new and low carbon fuels and engine technologies. Our results show: First, the importance of applying appropriate engine technologies to maximize GHG reductions; Second, that applying best engine technologies is not economically profitable; Third, how regulations could be amended to reward best engine technologies. Importantly, while the GHG reduction of LNG even with best engine technology (dual fuel diesel engine) are limited, ships with these engines can with economically modest modification switch to ammonia produced with renewable energy when it becomes available in sufficient amounts.


The role of soil pH and its management to suppress disease severity by cultural means is a topic of great interest to turfgrass managers. If sufficient control can be obtained prior to infection and outbreak, the use of fungicides can be minimized, reducing the amount of money appropriated for chemical control in a budget. Several diseases are controlled through simple management practices such as examining the microclimate of the area, the use of lime, sulfur, or choosing the appropriate nitrogen source. Control of Centipede Decline can be obtained by raising the soil pH to 6.2 or higher and reducing the total amount of fertilizer applied annually. Summer Patch control in Kentucky bluegrass is achieved through acidification of the soil pH, especially in the spring when infection occurs. Take-All Patch is also controlled through acidifying techniques which favor manganese uptake and the growth of antagonistic microbes that help to suppress the pathogen. Brown Patch may also be suppressed by altering the soil pH when turf is grown in a soil with an extreme pH. Altering the soil pH by various techniques allows for appropriate control by cost-effective and environmentally friendly means that alleviate the stress on an annual budget by reducing the allocation of money for fungicides.


Diseased skin often exhibits a deregulated program of the keratinocyte maturation necessary for epidermal stratification and function. Protein kinase D (PKD), a serine/threonine kinase, is expressed in proliferating keratinocytes, and PKD activation occurs in response to mitogen stimulation in other cell types. We have proposed that PKD functions as a pro-proliferative and/or anti-differentiative signal in keratinocytes and hypothesized that differentiation inducers will downmodulate PKD to allow differentiation to proceed. Thus, changes in PKD levels, autophosphorylation, and activity were analyzed upon stimulation of differentiation and proliferation in primary mouse keratinocytes. Elevated extracellular calcium and acute 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatments induced differentiation and triggered a downmodulation of PKD levels, autophosphorylation at serine 916, and activity. Chronic TPA treatment stimulated proliferation and resulted in a recovery of PKD levels, autophosphorylation, and activity. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated PKD localization predominantly in the proliferative basal layer of mouse epidermis. Co-expression studies revealed a pro-proliferative, anti-differentiative effect of PKD on keratinocyte maturation as monitored by increased and decreased promoter activities of keratin 5, a proliferative marker, and involucrin, a differentiative marker, respectively. This work describes the inverse regulation of PKD during keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation and the pro-proliferative/anti-differentiative effects of PKD co-expression on keratinocyte maturation.


This essay examines the intellectual history of American studies programs and departments in the Middle East, especially the relationship of these programs to US State Department efforts at cultural diplomacy or "soft power" after the Cold War. Through this examination, the essay theorizes the relationship of transnational American studies scholarship in the Middle East to the internationalization of the field. In their efforts to understand the United States, American studies programs in the Middle East have foregrounded the question of Palestine in ways that make these programs distinct from US-based American studies programs that still often regard Palestine as "America's last taboo." In their insistence on centering the question of Palestine within their vision of American studies, American studies programs in the Middle East demonstrate the unruly consequences of the internationalization of the discipline in political geographies where American primacy and exceptionalism are contested.


Health, as a public good, and equity in health, as a moral concept are considered as human right. Equity in health is defined as lack of systematic discrepancies in health or social determinants of health among different groups of a community. Social justice is considered as a matter of life and death. It is believe that inappropriate distribution of health services is one of the major determinants of individuals' health situation. But, living in poor and unequal status, which is the results of a combination of unsuitable social policies, unfair economic position, and poor politics, could also effect on the individuals health condition. To meet the equity in health, health systems should determine social determinant of health. In fact, the equity would be afforded by action on the social determinants of health. Besides, there are three principles of action consisting of "improve people's daily living conditions", "tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources", and "measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action" which help to achieve the goal. In addition, participation of other organizations with health systems should also be attracted.


Abstract. Our rapidly changing world requires new sources of image based information. The quickly changing urban areas, the maintenance and management of smart cities cannot only rely on traditional techniques based on remotely sensed data, but also new and progressive techniques must be involved. Among these technologies the volunteer based solutions are getting higher importance, like crowd-sourced image evaluations, mapping by satellite based positioning techniques or even observations done by unskilled people. Location based intelligence has become an everyday practice of our life. It is quite enough to mention the weather forecast and traffic monitoring applications, where everybody can act as an observer and acquired data – despite their heterogeneity in quality – provide great value. Such value intuitively increases when data are of better quality. In the age of visualization, real-time imaging, big data and crowd-sourced spatial data have revolutionary transformed our general applications. Most important factors of location based decisions are the time-related quality parameters of the used data. In this paper several time-related data quality dimensions and terms are defined. The paper analyses the time sensitive data characteristics of image-based crowd-sourced big data, presents quality challenges and perspectives of the users. The data quality analyses focus not only on the dimensions, but are also extended to quality related elements, metrics. The paper discusses the connection of data acquisition and processing techniques, considering even the big data aspects. The paper contains not only theoretical sections, strong practice-oriented examples on detecting quality problems are also covered. Some illustrative examples are the OpenStreetMap (OSM), where the development of urbanization and the increasing process of involving volunteers can be studied. This framework is continuing the previous activities of the Remote Sensing Data Quality Working Group (ICWGIII/IVb) of the ISPRS in the topic focusing on the temporal variety of our urban environment.


Objective: To examine child welfare cases involving infants (less than 1 year old) and identify factors predicting service provision at the conclusion of a maltreatment-related investigation. Method(s): This study involves a secondary analysis of the 2008 Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS-2008). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify the profile of investigations involving infants (n=538) and the factors predictive of the decision to transfer a case to ongoing services at the conclusion of the investigation, rather than close the case postinvestigation. Results: Primary caregiver functioning concerns emerged as the strongest predictor of the decision to transfer a case to ongoing service across different case referral sources. These included: cognitive impairment, victim of intimate partner violence (IPV), few social supports, drug/solvent abuse, mental health issues, and caregivers under the age of 21. Infant functioning (e.g., attachment issues, developmental delay) and investigation type (maltreatment or risk of maltreatment) did not predict ongoing service provision. Conclusions and Implications: The functioning of the caregiver is the strongest determinant of ongoing child welfare involvement with infants, with different caregiver vulnerabilities emerging as more salient depending on the type of referral sources (hospital; police; social services; non-professional community). Infant investigations involve mostly young primary caregivers who struggle with poverty, single-parenthood, lack of social supports, mental health issues, and intimate partner violence. Implication: Given the multi-problem experience of caregivers, prevention of maltreatment recurrence need to reflect multi-sector collaboration in order to promote infant health and caregiver resiliency. Infant functioning may be an under-considered domain among workers investigating maltreatment and may, therefore, limit the opportunity for resilience, including developmental recovery and issue-specific interventions.


The application of psychological debriefing has become an expected and widespread intervention following exposure to trauma. This article assesses the wisdom of such an approach and reports upon expert consensus regarding its use. Meta-analytic and narrative reviews are summarised and areas of agreement and disagreement are outlined. In sum, it was concluded that the majority of people do not become traumatised from stressful events; that generic psychological debriefing, when applied to individuals, appears to have little impact on functioning; that a specific form of debriefing called Critical Incident Stress Debriefing holds the possibility of noxious effects for some participants and that those most deleteriously affected by debriefing appear to be those most distressed by the initial trauma; that there is no randomised controlled trial evidence to support the validity of group debriefing approaches; and that early intervention using Cognitive Behavioural techniques for those with clinically significant presentations appears the most promising approach. A generic set of guidelines for intervention following trauma is provided.


Occlusion and lack of visibility in crowded and cluttered scenes make it difficult to track individual people correctly and consistently, particularly in a single view. We present a multi-view approach to solving this problem. In our approach we neither detect nor track objects from any single camera or camera pair; rather evidence is gathered from all the cameras into a synergistic framework and detection and tracking results are propagated back to each view. Unlike other multi-view approaches that require fully calibrated views our approach is purely image-based and uses only 2D constructs. To this end we develop a planar homographic occupancy constraint that fuses foreground likelihood information from multiple views, to resolve occlusions and localize people on a reference scene plane. For greater robustness this process is extended to multiple planes parallel to the reference plane in the framework of plane to plane homologies. Our fusion methodology also models scene clutter using the Schmieder and Weathersby clutter measure, which acts as a confidence prior, to assign higher fusion weight to views with lesser clutter. Detection and tracking are performed simultaneously by graph cuts segmentation of tracks in the space-time occupancy likelihood data. Experimental results with detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis, are demonstrated in challenging multi-view, crowded scenes.


Bypassing a plant's defense for pest defense Colorado potato beetles can skeletonize the leaves on a potato plant, devastating crop yields. Insecticides are increasingly useless as the beetle evolves resistance. Zhang et al. used RNA interference to take down this beetle (see the Perspective by Whyard). Success required shifting production of the double-stranded RNA to the plastids to evade the plant's own RNA management mechanisms. The insect's own RNA interference mechanisms then inactivated two everyday genes that the beetle can't do without. Science, this issue p. 991; see also p. 950 Insect-targeted RNAs expressed in chloroplasts avoid degradation and can protect potato plants from the Colorado potato beetle. [Also see Perspective by Whyard] Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeted against essential genes can trigger a lethal RNA interference (RNAi) response in insect pests. The application of this concept in plant protection is hampered by the presence of an endogenous plant RNAi pathway that processes dsRNAs into short interfering RNAs. We found that long dsRNAs can be stably produced in chloroplasts, a cellular compartment that appears to lack an RNAi machinery. When expressed from the chloroplast genome, dsRNAs accumulated to as much as 0.4% of the total cellular RNA. Transplastomic potato plants producing dsRNAs targeted against the β-actin gene of the Colorado potato beetle, a notorious agricultural pest, were protected from herbivory and were lethal to its larvae. Thus, chloroplast expression of long dsRNAs can provide crop protection without chemical pesticides.


Rupert Sheldrake, one of the world's preeminent biologists, has revolutionized scientific thinking with his vision of a living, developing universe--one with its own inherent memory. In The Rebirth of Nature, Sheldrake urges us to move beyond the centuries-old mechanistic view of nature, explaining why we can no longer regard the world as inanimate and purposeless. Sheldrake shows how recent developments in science itself have brought us to the threshold of a new synthesis in which traditional wisdom, intuitive experience, and scientific insight can be mutually enriching.


Improving job satisfaction of occupational therapists can help reduce attrition rates and increase retention within the profession of occupational therapy. Using selfreport questionnaires, this study seeks to gain a better understanding of how satisfied occupational therapists in Minnesota are with their jobs. In 2006, 3374 questionnaires were sent to licensed occupational therapy practitioners in the state of Minnesota. Data from the returned questionnaires indicated that occupational therapists in general were satisfied with their current jobs. Results also demonstrated that a larger percentage of participants with more years of experience agreed that non-OTs had a good understanding of what OT was and disagreed that there was adequate time for documentation compared to participants with fewer years of experience. This study will help to highlight certain factors that play a part in occupational therapists' job satisfaction, as well differences between subgroups. Knowledge of factors that contribute to occupational therapists' job satisfaction will help increase retention and keep positions filled, making occupational therapy services available to all who need them.


The rapid expansion of eucalyptus cultivation necessitates studies that can identify areas amenable to the planting and development of its different varieties. This study therefore aimed to verify the suitability of two varieties of eucalyptus in the state of Espirito Santo, using Geographic Information Systems supported by strategic decision analysis. Mean precipitation, mean temperature, hydric deficit and land slope data were used as decision factors. These factors were submitted to fuzzy standardization, aggregated and compensated by the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) process, resulting in the final aptitude mapping. For the reconciliation of conflict areas between the varieties, the Multi-objective Land Allocation (MOLA) module was used to maximize the suitability of the land for the objective. The WLC analysis allowed us to identify the suitability of the areas and with the use of the MOLA module it was possible to resolve the conflict of suitability between the two eucalyptus varieties. Most of the state of Espirito Santo is highly suitable for the the development of varieties. The northwestern region and part of the northern region presented less suitability for both analyzed eucalyptus varieties. Considering the 10,000 km 2 most adaptable area for eucalyptus cultivation in the state of Espirito Santo, it was verified that the most suitable areas for planting the two eucalyptus varieties are located in the mountainous regions, part of the southern region and near the northeastern coast.


Much of the existing literature investigating the relationship between legal regimes and economic growth focuses on the agency problem of aligning judicial incentives with social welfare and is relatively free of institutional detail beyond abstractions about common law and civil code regimes. In this paper I look instead at the detailed institutional factors that influence the quality of law when judges have incentives to promote social welfare but they have limited knowledge about the environment in which law is to be applied. The key insight is that the capacity for a legal regime to generate value-enhancing legal adaptation to local and changing conditions depends on its capacity to generate and implement adequate expertise about the environment in which law is applied. The central mechanism of adaptation is the interaction among three factors: 1) judicial incentives for rule-following and rule-adaptation, 2) litigant incentives for investing in costly evidence and innovative legal argument and 3) the accumulation of shared legal human capital - defined as the sum of litigant investments in evidence and argument - which determines the systemic likelihood of judicial error.


Fresh water hosing simulations, in which a fresh water flux is imposed in the North Atlantic to force fluctuations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, have been routinely performed, first to study the climatic signature of different states of this circulation, then, under present or future conditions, to investigate the potential impact of a partial melting of the Greenland ice sheet. The most compelling examples of climatic changes potentially related to AMOC abrupt variations, however, are found in high resolution palaeo-records from around the globe for the last glacial period. To study those more specifically, more and more fresh water hosing experiments have been performed under glacial conditions in the recent years. Here we compare an ensemble constituted by 11 such simulations run with 6 different climate models. All simulations follow a slightly different design, but are sufficiently close in their design to be compared. They all study the impact of a fresh water hosing imposed in the extra-tropical North Atlantic. Common features in the model responses to hosing are the cooling over the North Atlantic, extending along the sub-tropical gyre in the tropical North Atlantic, the southward shift of the Atlantic ITCZ and the weakening of the African and Indian monsoons. On the other hand, the expression of the bipolar see-saw, i.e., warming in the Southern Hemisphere, differs from model to model, with some restricting it to the South Atlantic and specific regions of the southern ocean while others simulate a widespread southern ocean warming. The relationships between the features common to most models, i.e., climate changes over the north and tropical Atlantic, African and Asian monsoon regions, are further quantified. These suggest a tight correlation between the temperature and precipitation changes over the extra-tropical North Atlantic, but different pathways for the teleconnections between the AMOC/North Atlantic region and the African and Indian monsoon regions.


Determinantal point processes (DPPs) are a useful probabilistic model for selecting a small diverse subset out of a large collection of items, with applications in summarization, stochastic optimization, active learning and more. Given a kernel function and a subset size $k$, our goal is to sample $k$ out of $n$ items with probability proportional to the determinant of the kernel matrix induced by the subset (a.k.a. $k$-DPP). Existing $k$-DPP sampling algorithms require an expensive preprocessing step which involves multiple passes over all $n$ items, making it infeasible for large datasets. A naive heuristic addressing this problem is to uniformly subsample a fraction of the data and perform $k$-DPP sampling only on those items, however this method offers no guarantee that the produced sample will even approximately resemble the target distribution over the original dataset. In this paper, we develop an algorithm which adaptively builds a sufficiently large uniform sample of data that is then used to efficiently generate a smaller set of $k$ items, while ensuring that this set is drawn exactly from the target distribution defined on all $n$ items. We show empirically that our algorithm produces a $k$-DPP sample after observing only a small fraction of all elements, leading to several orders of magnitude faster performance compared to the state-of-the-art.


OBJECTIVE
Previous research has shown that students overestimate the drinking of their peers, and that perceived norms are strongly associated with drinking behavior. Explanations for these findings have been based largely on cross-sectional data, precluding the ability to evaluate the stability of normative misperceptions or to disentangle the direction of influence between perceived norms and drinking. The present research was designed to evaluate (1) the stability of normative misperceptions and (2) temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking.

METHOD
Participants were college students (N = 164; 94 women) who completed assessments of perceived norms and reported behavior for drinking frequency and weekly quantity. Most participants (68%) completed the same measures again two months later.

RESULTS
Results indicated large and stable overestimations of peer drinking for frequency and weekly quantity. Results also showed that for weekly quantity, perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking also predicted later perceived norms. Results for frequency revealed perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking did not predict later perceived norms.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal designs in evaluating normative influences on drinking. The present findings suggest that normative misperceptions are stable, at least over a relatively short time period. Findings support a mutual influence model of the relationship between perceived norms and drinking quantity but are more strongly associated with conformity explanations for the relationship between perceived norms and drinking frequency. Results are discussed in terms of implications for prevention interventions.


Wikipedia is one of the most popular sites on the Web, with millions of users relying on it to satisfy a broad range of information needs every day. Although it is crucial to understand what exactly these needs are in order to be able to meet them, little is currently known about why users visit Wikipedia. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap by combining a survey of Wikipedia readers with a log-based analysis of user activity. Based on an initial series of user surveys, we build a taxonomy of Wikipedia use cases along several dimensions, capturing users' motivations to visit Wikipedia, the depth of knowledge they are seeking, and their knowledge of the topic of interest prior to visiting Wikipedia. Then, we quantify the prevalence of these use cases via a large-scale user survey conducted on live Wikipedia with almost 30,000 responses. Our analyses highlight the variety of factors driving users to Wikipedia, such as current events, media coverage of a topic, personal curiosity, work or school assignments, or boredom. Finally, we match survey responses to the respondents' digital traces in Wikipedia's server logs, enabling the discovery of behavioral patterns associated with specific use cases. For instance, we observe long and fast-paced page sequences across topics for users who are bored or exploring randomly, whereas those using Wikipedia for work or school spend more time on individual articles focused on topics such as science. Our findings advance our understanding of reader motivations and behavior on Wikipedia and can have implications for developers aiming to improve Wikipedia's user experience, editors striving to cater to their readers' needs, third-party services (such as search engines) providing access to Wikipedia content, and researchers aiming to build tools such as recommendation engines.


The Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon is an extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs that occurs when there is a severe injury in the thoracolumbar segment. A 4-years-old, intact female, mixed breed dog, presented with vehicle trauma history followed by non-ambulatory paraparesis, extensor rigidity of forelimb and allodynia pain sensation. Superficial pain sensation was decreased. The treatment was based on unique dose of dexamethasone followed by oral administration of meloxicam, tramadol hydrochloride, dypirone, omeprazole and, poly vitamin complex. Low field magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed hyperintensity signal between T12 and T13 on T2-wheighting image compatible with neuronal edema. In the day after, allodynia and extensor rigidity presented spontaneously resolution. At 10th day, return to voluntary ambulation without assistance. Schiff-Sherrington posture is usually associated with poor prognosis and grade V traumatic injury of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. We report a grade III traumatic spinal cord injury confirmed with MRI as only neuronal edema causing the posture. The Schiff-Sherrington posture often resolves spontaneously in 10-14 days, but neurological signs of trauma can persist. The conservative treatment proposed was efficient, promoting forelimb recovery on the day after and total recovery of motor function in 10 days.


When industry giants such as GE, Toyota, and Sharp and investment firms such as Goldman Sachs are making multi-billion dollar investments in clean technology, the message is clear. Developing clean technologies is no longer a social issue championed by environmentalists: it's a money-making enterprise moving solidly into the business mainstream. In fact, as the economy faces unprecedented challenges from high energy prices, resource shortages, and global environmental and security threats, clean tech-technologies designed to provide superior performance at a lower cost while creating significantly less waste than conventional offerings - promises to be the next engine of economic growth.In "The Clean Tech Revolution", authors Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder identify the major forces that have pushed clean tech from back-to-the-earth utopian dream to its current revolution among the inner circles of corporate boardrooms, on Wall Street trading floors, and in government offices around the globe. By highlighting eight major clean-tech sectors - solar energy, wind power, biofuels and biomaterials, green buildings, personal transportation, the smart grid, mobile applications, and water filtration - they uncover how investors, entrepreneurs, and individuals can profit from this next wave of technological innovation.Finally, Pernick and Wilder shine the spotlight on the winners among technologies, companies, and regions that are likely to reap the greatest benefits from clean tech - and they show you why the time to act is now. Groundbreaking and authoritative, this is the must-read book to understand and profit from the clean technologies that are reshaping our fast-changing world.


This paper introduces a machine learning based control strategy for energy converter arrays designed to work under realistic conditions where the optimal control parameter can not be obtained analytically. The control strategy neither relies on a mathematical model, nor does it need a priori information about the energy medium. Therefore several identical energy converters are arranged so that they are affected simultaneously by the energy medium. Each device uses a different control strategy, of which at least one has to be the machine learning approach presented in this paper. During operation all energy converters record the absorbed power and control output; the machine learning device gets the data from the converter with the highest power absorption and so learns the best performing control strategy for each situation. Consequently, the overall network has a better overall performance than each individual strategy. This concept is evaluated for wave energy converters (WECs) with numerical simulations and experiments with physical scale models in a wave tank. In the first of two numerical simulations, the learnable WEC works in an array with four WECs applying a constant damping factor. In the second simulation, two learnable WECs were learning with each other. It showed that in the first test the WEC was able to absorb as much as the best constant damping WEC, while in the second run it could absorb even slightly more. During the physical model test, the ANN showed its ability to select the better of two possible damping coefficients based on real world input data.


We present a search for outer solar system objects in the 6 yr of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The DES covered a contiguous 5000 deg2 of the southern sky with ≈80,000 3 deg2 exposures in the grizY filters between 2013 and 2019. This search yielded 812 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), one Centaur and one Oort cloud comet, 458 reported here for the first time. We present methodology that builds upon our previous search on the first 4 yr of data. All images were reprocessed with an optimized detection pipeline that leads to an average completeness gain of 0.47 mag per exposure, as well as improved transient catalog production and algorithms for linkage of detections into orbits. All objects were verified by visual inspection and by the "sub-threshold significance," the signal-to-noise ratio in the stack of images in which its presence is indicated by the orbit, but no detection was reported. This yields a pure catalog complete to r ≈ 23.8 mag and distances 29 < d < 2500 au. The TNOs have minimum (median) of 7 (12) nights' detections and arcs of 1.1 (4.2) yr, and will have grizY magnitudes available in a further publication. We present software for simulating our observational biases for comparisons of models to our detections. Initial inferences demonstrating the catalog's statistical power are: the data are inconsistent with the CFEPS-L7 model for the classical Kuiper Belt; the 16 "extreme" TNOs (a > 150 au, q > 30 au) are consistent with the null hypothesis of azimuthal isotropy; and nonresonant TNOs with q > 38 au, a > 50 au show a significant tendency to be sunward of major mean-motion resonances.


Ukraine has been an independent state for only 20 years and the consequence of the long-term incorporation of Ukrainian lands into the Russian/Soviet state is an ethnically mixed society. In Ukraine, alongside Ukrainians, there are very many Russians and members of other nationalities of the former Soviet Union as well as a still large group of people who identify themselves as Soviets (in terms of their nationality). A significant part of Ukrainians use Russian in their everyday life (particularly professional) while knowing Ukrainian to only a small degree or not at all. Due to this Kyiv has to implement a language policy (which does not have to be pursued in e.g. Poland or Hungary) in search of solutions to ensure the stable functioning of a modern state for a multilingual society. The language issue is therefore an important challenge for the Ukrainian state and one of the more significant issues in Ukraine's internal politics.

In this text I eschew a detailed analysis of the question of Crimea as its social dynamics (also in the language area) is clearly distinct from the remaining part of Ukraine for four reasons: the short-term character of the region's links with Ukraine, its relative geographic isolation (Crimea is almost an island), the formal autonomy of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and the presence of the Crimean Tatar community which is demanding the recognition of its language rights.


Color interaction is a perceptual effect that will influence how color combinations appear to an observer. Two main categories are color induction and color assimilation, the former when two colors become more different looking, and the latter when two colors become more similar looking. Typical examples are presentations of web pages on computer displays, cartographic pictures and maps, artistic displays such as paintings, and of environmental images, such as colors on houses. In this survey of concepts and research, the focus is on fundamental issues and definitions regarding these effects. The emphasis is on modern types of displays and relevant characteristics of different technologies are also given. Some historic perspectives are included. Different color appearance models and how they take color interaction into consideration are discussed, also including information on suitable possible color adjustments that the models may give. References are made to modern visual perceptual theories, and the place of these effects in a broader perceptual theory is considered. A number of illusions and pictures that illustrate interaction effects are included. As an example an experiment with perceived interactions between geometrical objects is described in short. Six observation colors and three interaction colors for each observed color were presented to ten observers, who performed a matching task. The result of this study is presented as color interaction diagrams in the CIELUV color space. The importance of color and color interaction in different applications is discussed together with a set of guidelines. The advantages and disadvantages that may result from using the guidelines are addressed. Some concluding remarks on possible future work in color interaction are given.


Intersubjectivity is an important concept in psychology and sociology. It refers to sharing conceptualizations through social interactions in a community and using such shared conceptualization as a resource to interpret things that happen in everyday life. In this work, we make use of intersubjectivity as the basis to model shared stance and subjectivity for sentiment analysis. We construct an intersubjectivity network which links review writers, terms they used, as well as the polarities of the terms. Based on this network model, we propose a method to learn writer embeddings which are subsequently incorporated into a convolutional neural network for sentiment analysis. Evaluations on the IMDB, Yelp 2013 and Yelp 2014 datasets show that the proposed approach has achieved the state-of-the-art performance.


The influence of syneresis on the shear strength parameters of both sodium silicate-formamide and sodium silicate-glyoxal grouted sands was investigated under wet-cured as well as air-dried conditions. Syneresis of sodium silicate-formamide and sodium silicate-glyoxal grout gels increased with the increase of sodium silicate content up to a certain point. After which, as the silicate content of both grout gels increased, their syneresis decreased. In general, syneresis of sodium silicate-glyoxal grout gels was higher than those of sodium silicate-formamide grout gels. Syneresis of sands injected by the above-mentioned grouts was also observed and found to be less compared to the related grout gels. Triaxial tests were run on both wet-cured and air-dried sand specimens at different time intervals to determine the effect of syneresis on the internal friction angle and cohesion intercept of grouted sands. Due to syneresis, the shear strength parameters of wet-cured sand specimens decreased with time to some extent and then ceased to have an effect. In contrast, the shear strength parameters of air-dried sand specimens increased with time up to a certain point, even though they underwent syneresis, and then became stable.


Supervised training of neural networks for classification is typically performed with a global loss function. The loss function provides a gradient for the output layer, and this gradient is back-propagated to hidden layers to dictate an update direction for the weights. An alternative approach is to train the network with layer-wise loss functions. In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, that layer-wise training can approach the state-of-the-art on a variety of image datasets. We use single-layer sub-networks and two different supervised loss functions to generate local error signals for the hidden layers, and we show that the combination of these losses help with optimization in the context of local learning. Using local errors could be a step towards more biologically plausible deep learning because the global error does not have to be transported back to hidden layers. A completely backprop free variant outperforms previously reported results among methods aiming for higher biological plausibility. Code is available this https URL


At present six million people are suffering from clinical depression or anxiety disorders, but only a quarter of them are in treatment. NICE Guidelines prescribe the offer of evidence-based psychological therapy, but they are not implemented, due to lack of therapists within the NHS. We therefore estimate the economic costs and benefits of providing psychological therapy to people not now in treatment. The cost to the governement would be fully covered by the savings in incapacity benefits and extra taxes that result from more people being able to work. On our estimates, the cost could be recovered within two years - and certainly within five. And the benefits to the whole economy are greater still. This is not because we expect the extra therapy to be targeted especially at people with problems about work. It is because the cost of the therapy is so small (£750 in total), the recovery rates are so high (50 per cent) and the cost of a person on IB is so large (£750 per month). These findings strongly reinforce the humanitatian case for implementing the NICE Guidelines. Current proposals for doing this would require some 8,000 extra psychological therapists withing the NHS over the six years.


Recent studies show that the relationship between structure and inertia in changing environments may be more complex than previously held and that the theoretical logics tying inertia with flexibility and efficiency remain incomplete. Using a computational model, this article aims to clarify this relationship by exploring what structural properties enable continuous change in inertia-generating organizations and what their performance consequences are in dynamic environments. The article has three main findings: First, employing managers who anticipate change is not enough to generate continuous change; it is also necessary to raise both the rate of responsiveness and desired performance. Second, continuous change increases average organizational performance and reduces its variation. Third, organizations' capacity for continuous change is counterintuitively limited by the organizations' capacity to build inertia. These are important insights, because they suggest that with the right design, organizations may be both more flexible and reliable than commonly believed.


Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia offers a comparative approach to understanding the spread of Islam and Muslim culture in medieval Anatolia. It aims to reassess work in the field since the 1971 classic by Speros Vryonis, The Decline of Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization which treats the process of transformation from a Byzantinist perspective. Since then, research has offered insights into individual aspects of Christian-Muslim relations, but no overview has appeared. Moreover, very few scholars of Islamic studies have examined the problem, meaning evidence in Arabic, Persian and Turkish has been somewhat neglected at the expense of Christian sources, and too little attention has been given to material culture. The essays in this volume examine the interaction between Christianity and Islam in medieval Anatolia through three distinct angles, opening with a substantial introduction by the editors to explain both the research background and the historical problem, making the work accessible to scholars from other fields. The first group of essays examines the Christian experience of living under Muslim rule, comparing their experiences in several of the major Islamic states of Anatolia between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, especially the Seljuks and the Ottomans. The second set of essays examines encounters between Christianity and Islam in art and intellectual life. They highlight the ways in which some traditions were shared across confessional divides, suggesting the existence of a common artistic and hence cultural vocabulary. The final section focusses on the process of Islamisation, above all as seen from the Arabic, Persian and Turkish textual evidence with special attention to the role of Sufism.


Abstract In this research, the spatial video technology is applied to the collection of soccer-related graffiti locations in the city of Krakow, Poland. Krakow is predestined for this research due to the long and often violent rivalry between fan groups of the two major soccer teams, MKS Cracovia and Wisla Krakow. This form of rivalry is often expressed by the application of graffiti by fans from both clubs, which can be observed in large parts of the city. Graffiti locations were digitized from spatial videos, stored in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and subsequently analyzed to explore (1) the overall spatial pattern, (2) the existence of spatial hotspots, and (3) changes to a previously conducted survey of graffiti locations in 2016. As expected, results indicate that graffiti locations are statistically significantly clustered, with pro-Wisla graffiti mainly concentrating in the north, pro-Cracovia graffiti dominating the south, and pro-Hutnik graffiti mostly found in the east of Krakow. The overall spatial pattern of graffiti locations remained relatively unchanged between the 2016 and 2018 surveys. Besides scientific inquiry, this research provides city officials with important information regarding graffiti locations in Krakow for a broader and more in-depth understanding of their spatial patterns.


The depth of formation of Miocene to middle Pliocene deep-sea hiatuses (NH1 to NH8)has been determined using 152 Deep Sea Drilling Project sites in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Megahiatuses representing maxima in deep-sea erosion, occur at three water depths: below 3800 m, at intermediate depths between about 2000 and 3000 m, and in shallower waters above 1500 m paleodepth. Both the paleodepths and distribution of these hiatus maxima suggest that flow of Antarctic Bottom Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, and North Atlantic Deep Water masses largely caused this erosion. Correlation of the hiatuses with oxygen isotope, carbonate and sea level records indicates that prior to 11 Ma, brief hiatuses including those resulting from nondeposition in high-productivity equatorial regions largely correlate with global cooling episodes, high-carbonate content, and lowstands of sea level. During the last 11 m.y., hiatuses also seem to correlate with cooling episodes, but carbonate dissolution is characteristic and sea levels may have been rising or at a lowstand. During the NH4, NH7, and NH8 intervals, it is possible that a rise in sea level corresponds with polar cooling, but there is uncertainty in correlation. Brief hiatuses during rising sea levels can be explained by basin-shelf fractionation of carbonates. Hiatuses during sea level lowstands and cooling episodes may result from intensified bottom water circulation and increased corrosiveness of bottom water due to higher levels of CO2 and increased productivity during increased upwelling.

Supplement (Appendix 1) is availablewith entire article on microfiche. Orderfrom American Geophysical Union, 2000Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC20009. Document P87001; $2.50. Paymentmust accompany order.


This study seeks to analyze the effects of motivation, awareness, and the immersion process through study abroad on foreign language production. Three participants were analyzed, two of which studied abroad and one who did not (my control case). Two of the three participants lacked the variable of awareness, measured as perception and reflection on language learning development, while only one participant (Participant M) who studied abroad in both Costa Rica and Spain, was made aware of her own learning process via a language learner's journal and monthly recorded conversations. By studying abroad in two Spanish-speaking countries, Participant M selfreported the effects of cross-cultural language learning. The results of the study also showed a greater increase in Spanish fluency as measured by improvements in grammar and speed of response by the two participants who studied abroad compared to the participant who did not go abroad. Although all three participants scored high in a motivation scale, and therefore, it would be predicted that all three would score high in the willingness to communicate (WTC) index, only the two participants who studied abroad exhibited more confidence in their Spanish-speaking abilities and were more likely to engage in conversation than the participant in the classroom setting. The results seem to indicate students who study abroad are more likely to maintain and improve their Spanish than students who are taught solely in a classroom setting.


Digital tables offer the possibility of performing collaborative tasks where two or more people can share artifacts in the same virtual space. However, most interactive methods of navigating through virtual space most commonly have the effect of changing the entire digital display simultaneously. In this thesis, I performed an exploratory study providing evidence for differences between two popular collaborative navigation techniques used in video games, split screens and single shared screen, in situational awareness, interference between collaborators, and difficulties with automatic view adjustment. Drawing inspiration from guidelines formulated from the results of the exploratory study, as well as previous work in interactive tabletops, collaboration, and navigation in information visualization, I designed and implemented Waves, a collaborative navigation technique for the tabletop. Waves simultaneously supports multiple personal workspaces, provides group workspace awareness, and mediates interference between workspaces.


The meaning of compatibility in systems of taper and volume equations has been extended. It is desirable and possible to develop completely compatible taper and volume equation systems that have algebraic compatibility and numeric consistency among all the component equations. Two such taper and volume systems were developed for slash pine in the southeastern United States. One was derived from a recently developed merchantable volume equation (Zhao and Kane 2017), and the other was derived from the well-known Max and Burkhart segmented polynomial taper equation (1976). Three fitting methods were used to obtain numerically consistent estimates of parameters in these two systems. The performance of the systems associated with fitting methods were evaluated with taper, merchantable volume and total volume predictions, and bias trends over different dbh classes, total height classes, and different relative height intervals. The new system outperformed the Max-Burkhart taper-based system for merchantable and total volume predictions and was competitive in diameter prediction. Optimization of parameters of the system for both taper and cumulative volume simultaneously is preferable to separate optimization for taper or volume only.


The book Three-Dimensional Economy in-troduces a paradigm change in the economic thinking. It puts the elements of traditional economics into a new, value based approach. The book appoints human being as base and goal of economic activity, the system is embedded into the dimension of moral. The third dimension consists of values connected to moral, this way economy becomes a whole, integrated system.


Concrete pavements represent a large portion of the transportation infrastructure. While the vast majority of concrete pavements provide excellent long‐term performance, a portion of these pavements have recently shown premature joint deterioration. Substantial interest has developed in understanding why premature joint deterioration is being observed in jointed portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP). While some have attributed this damage to insufficient air void systems, poor mixture design, or chemical reaction between the salt and the paste, it is the hypothesis of this work that a component of this damage can be attributed to fluid absorption at the joints and chemical reactions between the salt and chemistry of the matrix. This paper discusses the role of soy methyl ester‐polystyrene blends (SME‐PS) as a potential method to extend the service life of concrete pavements by limiting the ingress of salt solutions. The report discusses field application of the SME‐PS blends for field investigation in Lafayette and Fishers. Low temperature‐differential scanning calorimetry (LT‐DSC) techniques identified noticeable differences between plain mortar samples and mortar treated with SME‐PS. The report also discusses the development of a test to assess chloride solution ingress during temperature cycling. The aim of this work is to provide background on some aspects that can lead to joint deterioration and provide early documentation showing that sealers may help to reduce the impact of deicers on joint damage, thereby extending the life of the concrete pavement. It should be noted that these sites as well as others are still ongoing and should be monitored for long term performance. Application procedure for SME‐PS should follow manufacturer's recommendation.


Marine and coastal biodiversity and ecosystem services are degraded in many areas worldwide due to human interference resulting from fishing, tourism, pollution, and mining. Guidelines for an evidence-based, participatory and community-led management approach 'Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA)' provides a planning and strategic approach to development of coastal cities and implementing Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Here we take note of the existing references of case studies that shows successful implementation in Fiji, Kenya and other countries in Asia and Africa. LMMA approach integrates concerns about the current state of degradation and ensures that ecological services of these resource systems are sustainably managed in the future by community driven efforts; with aspects of food security, resource conservation, local employment and income of local fishers and tourism operators embedded. We focus on an empirical assessment initiated though a collaborative effort to outline and set up guidelines for establishing a LMMA network for Inhambane, Mozambique in discussion with stakeholders (fishermen, tourism operators, private and community actors, and selected government officials). An outcome from the study was disseminated to local authorities to ensure that solutions for managing degradation coastal and marine ecosystems could be placed on priority as planning for implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 and for creating coastal cities as sustainable economic hubs and resilient coastal communities.


We discuss a new interaction for chiral models in four-dimensional N = 1 supergavity. It contains a new arbitrary function in addition to the Kähler potential and superpotential. Its features include linearly realized off-shell supersymmetry, Kähler-Weyl invariance and broken supersymmetry. The corresponding scalar potential is augmented by the arbitrary function which allows freedom in constructing low-energy phenomenological models and inflationary models rooted in supergravity.


Balantidium spp. living in the digestive system of Rana ridibunda in Van were determined. Five species belonging to the genus Balantidiumwere distinguished. Of these, one new species was recognized, described as Balantidium vanensisn. sp. This study reports for the first time the presence of B. helenae, B. claperedei and B. giganteumin the digestive system of R. ridibunda. These species are also new records for the protozoan fauna of Turkey. There was only B. duodeni in the duodenum and B. elongatum in the intestinal part next to the duodenum. The species of the genus Balantidium in the rectum constituted 50.21% of B. helenae, 28.41% of B. claperedei, 9.06% of B. vanensis, 7.16% B. elongatum and 4.98% of B. giganteum. The species determined in the study were compared with the available information in the original descriptions and the previous reports and the similarities and differences were discussed. It was determined that the digestive system microfauna of the genus Balantidium from R. ridibunda in Van is similar to the fauna of Asiatic frogs in terms of diversity.


A new electromagnetic transducer configuration is described for generating horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves in ferromagnetic materials. The transducer consists of a meander coil and static bias magnetic field parallel to the coil elements. This configuration generates no ultrasonic waves in a nonmagnetic metal since the induced eddy currents are parallel to the bias field and the driving Lorentz forces vanish. However, the configuration provides coupling to SH waves in ferromagnetic materials through magnetostrictive effects. Experimental measurements of the variation of transduction efficiency with bias field in nickel and 4130 steel plate are presented and compared to the efficiency obtained with the same meander coils when the bias is rotated 90° in the plane of the plate so that antisymmetric Lamb waves are generated. Peak efficiencies occur at considerably different bias fields for the two configurations. This result, as well as other features in the data, are interpreted in terms of a simple ...


This podcast is a recording of a roundtable discussion on Co-operatives in the Cultural Industries, that took place at City University London on April 1, 2015, organised by Marisol Sandoval and Jo Littler. Speakers were Robin Murray, Rhiannon Colvin, Sion Whellens and Tara Mulqueen. The lives of cultural workers are complex and contradictory; often combining work satisfaction, pleasure and autonomy with job insecurity, low pay, long hours, anxiety and inequality. The roundtable discussed the potentials and limits of worker co-operatives as an alternative way of organizing cultural work. It explored how worker co-operation might contribute to new collaborative forms of cultural production; how they do, or might, strengthen a 'cultural commons'; and the role cultural co-ops play in the wider context of movements for workers' rights. Questions that were discussed include: To what extent can worker co-operatives be a means to confront precariousness and individualisation in work in the cultural sector? Do worker co-ops open up new possibilities for the collaborative production of cultural commons? What role can worker co-operatives play within a broader movement for creating more just, equal and humane cultural work and an alternative to capitalist economies? Where lies the boundary between neoliberal calls for self-help and individual responsibility and a radical co-op movement? What is the relation between worker co-ops and other forms of progressive politics such as the union movements, social protests and civil society activism? Can cultural co-ops contribute to reinventing the meaning and practice of work in the 21st century? About the speakers: Marisol Sandova l is a Lecturer at the Department of Culture and Creative Industries at City University London. Her research critically deals with questions of power, responsibility, commodification, exploitation, ideology and resistance in the global culture industry. Jo Littler is Senior Lecturer at City University London's Department of Culture and Creative Industries. Her work explores questions of culture and power from an interdisciplinary, cultural studies-informed perspective. Rhiannon Colvin after graduating in 2010 to find the world of work competitive and brutal, Rhiannon founded AltGen to empower young graduates to get together and create their own work. http://www.altgen.org.uk/ Tara Mulqueen is a PhD candidate at Birkbeck College School of Law. Her thesis concerns the development of legislation for co-operatives in the 19th century. Robin Murray is an industrial economist. He was Director of Industry at the Greater London Council (GLC) in the 1980s, and has been a Research Fellow at the University of Sussex, the Director of Development for the Government of Ontario and co-founder of Twin and Twin Trading. He is an associate of Co-operatives UK and author of Co-operation in the age of Google. http://www.uk.coop/ageofgoogle Sion Whellens is a member of the graphic design and print co-operative Calverts. As part of the Principle Six partnership, he also advises and supports co-ops in creative industries. http://www.calverts.coop


Intellectual property (IP) is essential for commercialization in the knowledge-based economy. However, the creation of intellectual property rights (IPRs), which were originally developed for a world of sparse and sporadic invention, has led to potential stumbling blocks for industrialized research and development (R&D) and continuous and massively parallel innovation. This potential has been actualized through the untrammelled proliferation of IPRs in recent decades. This paper argues that this proliferation has strategic roots at the national level, based on the potential to capture global rents through the internationalization of IPRs. This gives rise to a collective action problem for exit strategies, which, in turn, requires strategic solutions. The key protagonists are the United States and China. For the United States, the post-1980 focus on IP development was perceived to be a game-changing economic policy decision, and the enhancement of IPR protection became a central feature of its international commercial policy. China, which made technological progress the cornerstone of its economic modernization policy, has long since passed the point where its national interests lay principally in minimizing payments to foreign technology, and has become the most prolific issuer of patents, with a growing potential to appropriate payments to itself. China's emergence in this area creates the rivalry conditions that could underpin a mutual retreat from the current regime, which is damaging growth globally but generating large rents for vested interests, including by raising barriers to entry. In a rules-based system, a World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement, championed by the United States and China, modelled conceptually on the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, would establish disciplines on the creation of IP, provide for a timely retirement of non-performing IP (modelled on mutual tariff elimination under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT]) and establish an international IP court for the adjudication of cross-border infringement claims. This would reduce innovation costs, in particular for start-ups, address the "tragedy of the anti-commons�?, and contribute to the policy reforms required to address the "stag-deflation�? to which IP proliferation has been a contributing factor.


Dynes, Haas and Quarantelli (1967) once set the agenda for disaster research as follows: high priority is given to those disasters which are quick and unexpected, which affect more than one industrial community, where there is heavy property damage, where the number of casualties exceeds 100 and which elicits the participation of national organizations during the emergency period. (p. 46)
Almost 50 years afterwards, major disasters continue to stir the prime interest of researchers, who often immediately rush to the affected areas to conduct studies of various kinds, from hazards observations to social surveys on the impact of the events and post-traumatic stress disorder research. Stallings (2007:56) actually suggests that 'arriving on site as soon as possible is generally seen by field researchers as key to the success of their work'. Recently, this 'research gold rush' has been observed in the regions hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Hurricane Katrina in the United States of America (USA) in 2005, the 2008 earthquake in China, the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in New Zealand and the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan.