This pocketbook was commissioned to identify ways for avoiding the unexpected failure of large publicly traded enterprises and overcoming the shortcomings in government, and/or privatised organisations. It describes the fundamental problems of organisational hierarchies in either the public or private sectors to perform effectively and reliably with the ever-increasing complexity and dynamism in modern societies. Network organisations with multiple control centres or boards are identified as providing requisite variety of information and control channels to flexibly govern complexity. Provided self-governing network organisations are kept to human scale they reduce information overload and bounded rationality. The division of power into a number of centres introduces checks and balances to facilitate self-governance and allows individuals to act in a contrary way that are inhibited in command and control hierarchies. The ability of individuals to be competitive/cooperative, suspicious/trusting, self-interested/altruistic and so on introduces natures' check and balances to efficiently introduce self-regulation. Competition for excellence arises from contestability for control within organisations rather than between organisations through the market place to harness the self-interest of executives to further the public good. Networks of network organisations achieve economies of scale and scope, provided that no higher level network undertakes activities that are better carried out by a lower level self-governing unit. This principle of subsidiary function is illustrated by the nested networks that make up the stakeholder control enterprises around the town of Mondragon in Northern Spain that operate more efficiently that investor owned firms. Like a mutual enterprise the Mondragon firms do not require equity investors. All viable firms by definition become independent of investors but no firm can exist without employees, customers and suppliers who are described as strategic stakeholders. Tax incentives are proposed for shareholders to agree to change corporate constitutions so that all ownership rights are transferred to citizen stakeholders over a twenty-year period. This eliminates any overpayment of investors after 20 years to democratise the wealth of nations. Firms transferring ownership would sponsor new ownership transfer "offspring" firms to raise the new funds required to expand the size and scope of their operations by establishing network relationship with their offspring. This process would convert multi-national corporations into nested networks of firms owned and control by local citizens who supported their operations by being a strategic stakeholder. While investors are eliminated from the new UK proposals for the running railways and some water supply firms, their governance system is identified as being inconsistent with self-regulation. The booklet was developed from a working paper with the abbreviated name of "A New Way to Govern" that can be downloaded from http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=310263. The working paper contains academic references, tables and figures not included in this edited version published in hard copy to promote a public policy debate.


The development of mechanical structures for wheeled vehicles has a very long history. The forms of vehicles can be classified according to the steering and powering of the vehicle as follows: 1) ordinary car-like robots (including passenger cars, single unit trucks, single unit buses and articulated trucks); 2) dual drive robots (dual drive motors with various casters); 3) synchronous drive and steering robots; and 4) omnidirectional robots. Kinematics forms the basis for feasibility analysis of the mechanism, motion feasibility, dynamics and control, trajectory planning and more complicated problem for an autonomous intelligent robot, such as path planning. This paper develops the unified kinematics, both the inverse and the direct types, for the four kinds of wheeled vehicles. The application of the kinematics in path planning problem is also presented.


Whether works of authorship should be protected from unauthorized changes and, if so, in what manner, are questions of endless fascination to intellectual property scholars. Jewish law is not typically considered a "work of authorship" although in many ways it can be so viewed. This article is concerned with exploring the Jewish tradition as intellectual or cultural property. It focuses on the human dimension of creativity embodied in the Jewish tradition, and how that dimension is manifested in the rabbinic interpretation of Jewish law. The resulting tradition — as it is embodied in both the Jewish texts and lived by the people — has afforded the Jewish people their unique identity throughout the ages. Simply put, the Jewish tradition is a very unique form of cultural property. This analytical framework has significant implications for how to negotiate the balance between preservation and development of the tradition.


Abstract This study investigates the process of collaborative knowledge construction when technology and pictorial knowledge representations are used for visualizing individual and groups' shared ideas. The focus of the study is on how teacher-students contribute to the group's collaborative knowledge construction and use each other's ideas and tools as an affordance for their jointly evolving cognitive systems. The context of the study is a teacher-student (N=13) educational technology course. The data involved students' videotaped face-to-face group activities (mind-mapping with paper and pen and mind-mapping with a Mobile Mind Map Tool and pictorial knowledge representations) as well as stimulated recall interviews. The data-driven qualitative content analysis revealed that students were engaged in knowledge level and transactivity level activities and they processed their own ideas as well as others' ideas in their group interactions.


The purpose of this study is to discover major writing problems international college applicants make when composing electronic communications by analyzing the nature and distribution of their writing errors. Additionally, the researcher seeks to discover if there is a relationship between non-native English speakers' (NNS) writing errors and demographics, which include: gender, country of origin, country of origin's official language, program level, and program of study. The researcher hypothesizes that countries with English as an official language and the language of instruction in higher education are the most significant predictor of non-native English speakers' writing errors in terms of count and type. Errors were analyzed according to taxonomy: grammatical, lexical, semantic, mechanics, and syntax writing errors to determine if there is a recurring type of error that can be targeted by EFL and ESL educators to increase English language learners' writing abilities. Due to the nature of email writing, this study also examines the elements of an email: email address, subject line, body paragraph(s), closing, and signature, with a special emphasis on the body paragraph(s). The researcher evaluated errors and determined cultural appropriateness of emails. Using this method, the researcher identifies and provides the means of remediation for some of the most commonly recurring and detrimental communicative missteps experienced by NNS within the usage of the ubiquitous system of electronic mail.


Climate change is becoming a source of significant additional risks for agriculture and food systems. Climate projections suggest that impacts will include shifting average growing conditions, increase climate and weather variability, and more uncertainty in predicting tomorrow's climate and weather conditions. Agricultural risk management (ARM) is ideally placed to support stakeholders in building resilience to these increased risks in short and medium term. ARM can also play an important role in the transition to a climate-smarter agriculture system by offering a useful entry point for dialogue. The clear initial focus on the management of shorter term risks and their economic impact can help create a sense of urgency and attract stakeholder involvement that then paves the way for broader discussions around climate-smart agriculture. This study seeks to understand the climate change impacts on agricultural risk - how do risks change? - and on ARM - how can agricultural risk managers respond? This response has two elements: First, what role can ARM play in meeting the climate change challenge? Second, how will ARM need to adapt its methodology to the new normal of climate change? Chapter one briefly sketches a conceptualization of climate change impacts on agricultural risk. Chapter two assesses the impact of climate change on production risks, including temperature fluctuations, drought events, heavy rainfall (including floods), and other direct weather events, such as cyclones and storms, as well as indirect implications of climate change, such as pests and diseases. Chapter three discusses risk repercussions at the market level. Chapter four focuses on the implications of climate change risks on the enabling environment. Chapter five assesses the implications of climate change impacts for agricultural risk management.


In recent years we have witnessed substantial progress in the treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease. Interventional techniques are improving and medical therapy is more effective. In particular, there has been dramatic progress in the treatment of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction. These patients are being treated effectively by primary percutaneous coronary interventions, restoring flow to the ischaemic heart tissue, together with intensive medical treatment. However, in spite of this progress, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and its consequences remain a significant issue. Agents that were thought to be cardioprotective, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents as well as adenosine, have not proved to be effective.1 There are some encouraging results from small studies,2 but so far none of the large trials has shown a beneficial effect of any medication in reducing ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In contrast, the results of studies involving ischaemic conditioning have shown a more powerful effect than individual medications that target only one pathway.

Ischaemic conditioning is an innate protective phenomenon by which brief episodes of ischaemia protect the organs from prolonged and potentially lethal ischaemia. Ischaemic conditioning was found to be effective in different organs, but its potential to protect the heart is probably …


Substantial reductions in global power sector emissions will be needed by midcentury to avoid significant disruption of the climate system. Achieving these reductions will require greatly increased levels of financing, technological innovation, and policy reform. In the United States, the scale and complexity of the overall challenge have raised important questions regarding prevailing regulatory and business models, with much scrutiny directed at the traditional practice of public utility regulation. Recognizing the many valid criticisms leveled against public utility regulation and the important questions raised about the viability of traditional utility business models, particularly in the face of substantial growth in distributed energy resources, this Article argues that a revitalized and expanded notion of public utility has a critical role to play in efforts to decarbonize the power sector in the United States. In making this argument, the Article looks back to an earlier, more expansive concept of public utility as articulated by Progressives, legal realists, and institutional economists in the early twentieth century. This earlier concept of public utility contains valuable insights for dealing with the current challenges of decarbonization. The Article shows how this broader concept of public utility was substantially diminished by a confluence of external challenges and a sustained intellectual assault mounted by economists and lawyers starting in the 1960s. The narrowed understanding of public utility that resulted, it is argued, has distorted our views regarding the role of markets and disruptive technologies in the sector. In fact, basic public utility principles continue to govern a significant amount of activity across the power sector, including in both wholesale and retail electricity markets. And there are important unrealized possibilities embedded within the public utility concept that hold considerable promise for reforming current regulatory and business models in the face of rapid technological change and growing decarbonization imperatives. Such principles and possibilities are particularly important in ongoing efforts to increase renewable energy and finance large low-carbon generation projects. They also hold great promise for ongoing efforts to plan for and optimize the integration of increasingly large amounts of distributed energy resources such as rooftop solar, demand response, and energy storage. Indeed, when one looks at the overall scale, complexity, and sequencing of investments needed to decarbonize the power sector over the coming decades (however it comes to be organized), it is clear that the broad concept of public utility offers essential tools for planning and coordinating such investments over the long time horizons contemplated and for managing a system of increasing complexity. In all of these areas, a more expansive notion of public utility that draws from earlier understandings of the concept provides a normative foundation for efforts to govern a power system that is increasingly complex, participatory, and intelligent, and for managing the sustained, collective effort to channel investment and behavior in a manner necessary to realize a low-carbon future.


The presence of E. coli in food or water became accepted as indicative of recent faecal contamination and the possible presence of pathogens. The study therefore aims at detecting the presence of E.coli and E. coli O157 and an indication of quality assessment of the raw milk samples sold to the open market. A total of 199 composite milk samples and 13 bulk milk samples were collected from selected farms in Zaria environs and analyzed for total aerobic and coliform counts using standard cultural methods. The total bacterial and were more than 105 in 95.48% while total coliform counts was more than 100 cell/ml in 47.24% of the composite milk analysed. All the bulk samples collected had 100% bacterial and 69.2% coliform contamination. The cleaned teats had a mean of 3.03i?½2.13log10cfu/ml which was not significantly different (t=1.574, p=0.117) when compared to the count obtained from the teats that were unclean (3.12i?½1.97log10cfu/ml). However, total coliform counts of composite milk samples from animals with cleaned teats had a mean of 1.42i?½1.05log10cfu/ml was significantly lower (t=6.418, p-0.001) than the counts of milk obtained from cows with unclean teats (2.78i?½1.95log10cfu/ml) The incidence of Escherichia coli in the milk samples was 7.5%, when isolates were tested for enterotoxin production using the VET-RPLA kit, 14.3% of the isolates were found to possess the heat-labile toxin. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to Ceftriaxone and Ammox-Clav (n=15; %=100), one isolate was resistant to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol (n=15, 6.7%). Eight isolates were found resistant to nalixidic (n=15, 53.3%) and nine were found to be resistant to Sulphamethazole and Trimethoprim (n=15, 60%).


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 2 or more prior antidepressant treatment failures (often referred to as treatment-resistant depression [TRD]). These patients are less likely to recover with medications alone and often consider nonpharmacologic treatments such as rTMS.

DATA SOURCES
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts for studies comparing rTMS with a sham-controlled treatment in TRD patients ages 18 years or older.

STUDY SELECTION
We included 18 good- or fair-quality TRD studies published from January 1, 1980, through March 20, 2013.

DATA EXTRACTION
We abstracted relevant data, assessed each study's internal validity, and graded strength of evidence for change in depressive severity, response rates, and remission rates.

RESULTS
rTMS was beneficial compared with sham for all outcomes. rTMS produced a greater decrease in depressive severity (high strength of evidence), averaging a clinically meaningful decrease on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) of more than 4 points compared with sham (mean decrease = -4.53; 95% CI, -6.11 to -2.96). rTMS resulted in greater response rates (high strength of evidence); those receiving rTMS were more than 3 times as likely to respond as patients receiving sham (relative risk = 3.38; 95% CI, 2.24 to 5.10). Finally, rTMS was more likely to produce remission (moderate strength of evidence); patients receiving rTMS were more than 5 times as likely to achieve remission as those receiving sham (relative risk = 5.07; 95% CI, 2.50 to 10.30). Limited evidence and variable treatment parameters prevented conclusions about which specific treatment options are more effective than others. How long these benefits persist remains unclear.

CONCLUSIONS
For MDD patients with 2 or more antidepressant treatment failures, rTMS is a reasonable, effective consideration.


As a partial attempt to relieve the urban traffic congestion, a limited freeway bus transit system has been operating In the Milwaukee metropolitan area. A study of this operation indicates: (1) The system can be initiated at extremely low cost and operated at a profit; (2) the present system has been growing rapidly in popularity and passenger usage; (3) the selection of external terminal points may be made on the basis of the housing densities, parking requirements, and geographical locations; (4) passenger pick-up loops through the external residential areas are helpful in selling the system to prospective users; (5) a quick and yet thorough distribution loop through the CBD with no need of further transferring satisfies the passengers' needs, and (6) there are several personal characteristics of the passengers that may be used in determining the required service level for the operation.


Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) exists in three isoforms encoded by three separate genes: PP1α, PPI β/δ, and PP1γ. Each of these interacts with targeting subunits and has a distinct subcellular localization. However, results with antibody labeling have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, Trinkle-Mulcahy et al. tracked the location of the PP1 isoforms by creating green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins. The fusion proteins were catalytically active and recognized by both GFP- and PP1-specific antibodies. All three proteins were found in the cytoplasm and nucleus, however, their nuclear distributions were different: PP1α was diffuse in the nucleus and excluded from the nucleoli, PP1γ was concentrated in the nucleoli, and PPI β/δ was found both in nucleoli and diffuse in the nucleoplasm. Further analysis of the PP1α and PP1γ showed that overexpression of GFP-labeled nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP1) caused the redirection of both PP1α and PP1γ to nuclear speckles. These results suggested that the PP1 isoforms exist in a dynamic equilibrium with their targeting proteins and that changing the amounts of the targeting subunits may be one mechanism for altering PP1 localization. Photobleaching experiments showed that the nuclear and cytoplasmic pools of PP1 are interchangeable and dynamic. Heterokaryon experiments showed that the relocalization of PP1 to nuclear speckles mediated by NIPP1 did not require new protein synthesis and that proteins could move from one nucleus to the other. Finally, fluorescence resonance energy transfer showed that PP1γ and NIPP1 interact directly in nuclear speckles, consistent with results using an NIPP1 mutant that did not bind PP1 and did not recruit PP1 to nuclear speckles. L. Trinkle-Mulcahy, J. E. Sleeman, A. I. Lamond, Dynamic targeting of protein phosphatase 1 within the nuclei of living mammalian cells. J. Cell Sci. 114, 4219-4228 (2001). [Online Journal]


A positive correlation exists among surface gamma radiation, uranium concentration, and the angles between C and S bands in mylonite and radon in the soils overlying the Brookneal zone of the southwest Virginia Piedmont. Part of the Brookneal zone lies within the compositionally homogeneous Melrose granite, which is undeformed to the west of the zone. The angle between C and S bands in mylonitic Melrose granite varies from 43{degree} in the westernmost protomylonte to near 0{degree} in the easternmost ultramylonite. Radon in the overlying soils increase from 450 picocuries/litre (pCi/L) in underformed granite to as much as 4100 pCi/L in ultramylonite. In undeformed granite, uranium is hosted in titanite and zircon. During mylonitization, uranium was redistributed into the foilation and is associated with hematite and fine-grained monazite. Uranium, however, is in constant proportion to thorium, indicating little introduction of new uranium into the mylonite zone. An increase in the uranium concentration from 1 to 2 ppm in undeformed granite to 7 to 8 ppm in ultramylonite may be the result of volume loss during shearing.


This paper aims at providing a new feature extraction method for a user-independent emotion recognition system, namely, HAF-HOC, from electroencephalograms (EEGs). A novel filtering procedure, namely, Hybrid Adaptive Filtering (HAF), for an efficient extraction of the emotion-related EEG-characteristics was developed by applying Genetic Algorithms to the Empirical Mode Decomposition-based representation of EEG signals. In addition, Higher Order Crossings (HOCs) analysis was employed for feature extraction realization from the HAF-filtered signals. The introduced HAF-HOC scheme incorporated four different classification methods to accomplish a robust emotion recognition performance. Through a series of facial-expression image projection, as a Mirror Neuron System-based emotion elicitation process, EEG data related to six basic emotions (happiness, surprise, anger, fear, disgust, and sadness) have been acquired from 16 healthy subjects using three EEG channels. Experimental results from the application of the HAF-HOC to the collected EEG data and comparison with previous approaches have shown that the HAF-HOC scheme clearly surpasses the latter in the field of emotion recognition from brain signals for the discrimination of up to six distinct emotions, providing higher classification rates up to 85.17 percent. The promising performance of the HAF-HOC surfaces the value of EEG signals within the endeavor of realizing more pragmatic, affective human-machine interfaces.


The Magnetic Resonance Sounding method (MRS) has been used in the past years with success in various geological and geographical contexts for groundwater surveys. This method has indeed the ability of directly detecting the presence of water through the excitation of the hydrogen protons of water molecules. The frequency to which the H protons react depends on the magnitude of the Earth magnetic field, while the intensity of the excitation determines the depth of investigation. The amplitude of the magnetic field generated in return by the water of a layer is proportional to the porosity of this layer, and the time constant of the relaxation curve is linked to the mean pore size of the material, that is to say tightly related to its permeability. A loop laid on the surface of the ground is used for both transmitting the excitation pulse and measuring the response of the H protons. The linear relation between the measured signal and the layer porosity permits to interpret the ID sounding as soon as the readings have been collected in the field. The main applications of this method concern the determination of the water level and of the total quantity of water available down to 100 to 150 m depths. Magnetic Resonance Soundings can also help to select the best place for drilling, to predict a yield using a calibration, and to determine the geometry of an aquifer layer for hydrogeological modelling A set of field examples acquired in various countries (Africa, Asia, Europe) points out both the advantages and the limitations of this method and suggests the place it should take among other geophysical methods in the methodology of groundwater investigations.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Sodium oxybate (SO) is a GABAβ agonist used to treat the sleep disorder narcolepsy. SO was shown to increase slow wave sleep (SWS) and EEG delta power (0.75-4.5 Hz), both indexes of NREM sleep (NREMS) intensity and depth, suggesting that SO enhances recuperative function of NREM. We investigated whether SO induces physiological deep sleep.

DESIGN
SO was administered before an afternoon nap or before the subsequent experimental night in 13 healthy volunteers. The effects of SO were compared to baclofen (BAC), another GABAβ receptor agonist, to assess the role of GABAβ receptors in the SO response.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
As expected, a nap significantly decreased sleep need and intensity the subsequent night. Both drugs reversed this nap effect on the subsequent night by decreasing sleep latency and increasing total sleep time, SWS during the first NREMS episode, and EEG delta and theta (0.75-7.25 Hz) power during NREMS. The SO-induced increase in EEG delta and theta power was, however, not specific to NREMS and was also observed during REM sleep (REMS) and wakefulness. Moreover, the high levels of delta power during a nap following SO administration did not affect delta power the following night. SO and BAC taken before the nap did not improve subsequent psychomotor performance and subjective alertness, or memory consolidation. Finally, SO and BAC strongly promoted the appearance of sleep onset REM periods.

CONCLUSIONS
The SO-induced EEG slow waves seem not to be functionally similar to physiological slow waves. Our findings also suggest a role for GABAβ receptors in REMS generation.


Objective:To study the potential beneficial role of furosemide in resolving renal failure after hemofiltration in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Design:Single-center randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting:A 13-bed mixed intensive care unit (ICU) in a teaching hospital. Patients:Patients who had been treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration were included. Interventions:After the end of continuous venovenous hemofiltration, the urine of the first 4 hours was collected for measuring creatinine clearance. Patients were subsequently randomized for furosemide (0.5 mg/kg/hr) or placebo by continuous infusion. To prevent hypovolemia, the rate of fluid infusion was adapted every hour and was set as the urinary production of the previous hour. Measurements and Main Results:End points were renal recovery (creatinine clearance more than 30 mL/min or stable serum creatinine without renal replacement therapy) in the ICU and in the hospital. Seventy-two patients were included and 71 were eligible for the analysis. The 36 furosemide-treated patients had a significantly increased urinary volume compared with the 35 placebo-treated patients (median 247 mL/hr (interquartile range [IQR] 774 mL/hr) vs. 117 mL/hr (IQR 158 mL/hr), p = 0.003) and greater sodium excretion (median 73 mmol/L (IQR 48) vs. 37 (IQR 48) mmol/L, p = 0.001). In the furosemide group 25 patients and in the placebo group 27 patients showed recovery of renal function at ICU discharge (p = 0.46). Two patients of the furosemide group needed long-term dialysis dependency (p = 0.23). Conclusion:Furosemide by continuous infusion in the recovery phase of hemofiltration-dependent acute kidney failure did increase urinary volume and sodium excretion but did not lead to a shorter duration of renal failure or more frequent renal recovery.


Transport infrastructure plays a big role in mobility. Many cities in developing countries are rapidly urbanizing, roads are expanding and majority of the people rely on public transportation. However, this public transport system is usually not safe and inefficient. In Metro Manila's 11 million population, over a third are in poverty. Seventy percent (70%) of the population are highly reliant on public transportation. This segment of the population belongs to the urban poor and middle class. Just like any city in developing countries, informal public transport modes play a major role in mobility especially of the urban poor and the vulnerable sector of the society. Metro Manila has a peculiar mix of different public transportation services including buses, GT/FX Express, jeepneys, tricycles (motorcycle with sidecabs), and "pedicabs" (bicycles with sidecars). These modes are predominantly operated privately and are poorly regulated by government. Tricycles alone are estimated to be at 104,166 units. The complex and diverse modes of transport in Metro Manila has spawned informal transport terminals and hubs-- public or privately owned terminals for motorized and non-motorized public transport that have no clear government legal authorization to operate. Effective management however begins with the identification and inventory of the existing public transportation facilities especially terminals and hubs (both formal and informal). Locating and mapping these public transport terminals and hubs, and modes are crucial in understanding transport challenges and uncovering opportunities for greater and seamless connectivity in Metro Manila. However, while maps are considered important, Filipinos are unaccustomed to their use. Not many understand transport features in maps and sharing them widely is a crucial step in enabling development actors and the people to plan and implement mobility initiatives. This study explores the mapping of informal transport terminals and hubs in the smallest political unit called Brgy. 176, Bagong Silang, Caloocan City. The study will demonstrate the use of map-oriented studies in triggering community transport initiatives by Barangay leaders, transport managers, and the underserved poor segments of the population.


One of the most conspicuous trends in the development of the modern American presidency is the emergence and growth of the plebiscitary presidency. Unlike their institutional forbearers who typically transmitted policy preferences directly to Congress in writing and rarely engaged in public travel (Tulis 1987), contemporary presidents engage in a permanent public campaign to promote legislative priorities. This blend of extensive public addresses, symbolic appeals, image formulation, pulse taking, and frequent travel across the country "remakes governing into an instrument designed to sustain an elected official's public popularity. It is engineering of consent with a vengeance" (Blumenthal 1980, 7). Scholars distinguish between the collaborative and deliberative process of governing and the more adversarial and persuasive process of campaigning by suggesting that "campaigning is geared to one unambiguous decision point in time ... [and] governing by contrast has many inter connected points of outcome through time" (Heclo 2000, 11). Yet as "campaigning for policy" becomes more prevalent, these traditional divisions are blurred--presidents mobilize whatever strategic resources they can muster to enhance their negotiation and bargaining position and gain leverage vis-a-vis other political actors, and public appeals over the heads of members of Congress have become a frequent technique (Jones 1998, 2000). Elected officials increasingly utter lines similar to those offered by President George W. Bush in his address to the National Restaurant Association by imploring his audience to "help me convince Members of Congress to listen." Historical perspectives on this "permanent campaign" imply that its evolution is one of punctuated equilibrium rather than linear secular change (Kernell 1997; Tulis 1987; Kernell and Jacobson 2000). The proximate causes cited for the emergence of this institutional development, including the decline of political parties, rise of candidate-centric elections, significance of fund-raising, expansion of interest group public activism, advancement of information and communications technology, growth in the size and scope of the federal government, and the maturation of polling and public relations as specialized fields, occurred sporadically throughout the past century (Heclo 2000; Kernell 19.97; Jones 2000; West and Loomis 1999; King 1997). "The belief in the importance of rhetoric is not surprising for presidents elected in the age of mass communications or for White House political advisers who employed public relations techniques adeptly during a successful presidential campaign" (Edwards 1999, 46). But the Clinton presidency served as something of a watershed in this regard, "the ultimate example of the rhetorical presidency--a presidency based on a perpetual campaign to obtain the public's support and fed by public opinion polls, focus groups, and public relations memos" (Edwards 1999, 33). Because Clinton "[took] the presidency to the country more than most observers and pundits imagined possible" (Kernell 1997, 121), and this governing style seemed so perfectly suited to his unique talents, personal preferences, political style, and precarious strategic position, scholars questioned whether Clinton was simply a unique case or the embodiment of broader changes in national politics and the institution of the American presidency. This article addresses this question by comparing data on presidential travel and public speech making between the first year of the Clinton and Bush administrations and explores stylistic and strategic variants in the conduct of the permanent campaign. Lessons from the Clinton Presidency Bill Clinton committed early in his presidency to morphing his successful campaign infrastructure into a governing apparatus. Three days after his inauguration, Clinton announced his intention to "sell" his as-yet-incomplete comprehensive health care reform proposal: "this is going to be an unprecedented effort. …


Abstract. 3D laser scanners are favoured sensors for mapping in mobile service robotics at indoor and outdoor applications, since they deliver precise measurements at a wide scanning range. The resulting maps are detailed since they have a high resolution. Based on these maps robots navigate through rough terrain, fulfil advanced manipulation, and inspection tasks. In case of specular reflective and transparent objects, e.g., mirrors, windows, shiny metals, the laser measurements get corrupted. Based on the type of object and the incident angle of the incoming laser beam there are three results possible: a measurement point on the object plane, a measurement behind the object plane, and a measurement of a reflected object. It is important to detect such situations to be able to handle these corrupted points. This paper describes why it is difficult to distinguish between specular reflective and transparent surfaces. It presents a 3DReflection- Pre-Filter Approach to identify specular reflective and transparent objects in point clouds of a multi-echo laser scanner. Furthermore, it filters point clouds from influences of such objects and extract the object properties for further investigations. Based on an Iterative-Closest-Point-algorithm reflective objects are identified. Object surfaces and points behind surfaces are masked according to their location. Finally, the processed point cloud is forwarded to a mapping module. Furthermore, the object surface corners and the type of the surface is broadcasted. Four experiments demonstrate the usability of the 3D-Reflection-Pre-Filter. The first experiment was made in a empty room containing a mirror, the second experiment was made in a stairway containing a glass door, the third experiment was made in a empty room containing two mirrors, the fourth experiment was made in an office room containing a mirror. This paper demonstrate that for single scans the detection of specular reflective and transparent objects in 3D is possible. It is more reliable in 3D as in 2D. Nevertheless, collect the data of multiple scans and post-filter them as soon as the object was bypassed should pursued. This is why future work concentrates on implementing a post-filter module. Besides, it is the aim to improve the discrimination between specular reflective and transparent objects.


The glacierised mountain catchments of the Himalayan region serve lives and livelihoods for millions of people living downstream. When water (or streamflow) flows from headwaters to floodplains, the water resources are widely utilised for many activities such as agriculture, drinking water, and hydropower. The activities and processes (such as land-use change and snow and glacier melt) in upstream areas affect the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources to downstream regions. In the context of climate change, the hydrological regime of the Himalayan river systems is likely to be affected which might change the water availability for downstream people. The understanding of the hydrological dynamics is crucial for sustainable planning and management of water resources of the Himalayan region. However, the lack of hydro-meteorological data in the region, especially in high-altitude areas, hinders the process of understanding the system dynamics. In this context, the present study is intended to analyse the upstream-downstream linkages of hydrological dynamics in the Kosi river basin of the Himalayan region. The study attempted to understand the hydrological system dynamics of the Kosi river basin using the process oriented and distributed hydrological model. Similarly, the model application also enables to understand the impact of land-use and climate change on hydrological regime. The understanding of process characteristics of precipitation and runoff generation derived from the modelling application was instrumental in recognising the upstream-downstream relationship.


The portrayal of blindness in Western culture has largely constituted of stereotypical representations, branding blind people as either unfortunate, disabled and deprived, or exotic, mysterious and supernatural (Barasch, 2001). Documentaries, such as Black Sun (2005), have followed this trend by imposing themes in relation to memory, trauma, perception, the overcoming of sensorial limitations, and the coping with socio-cultural stigmatisation, resulting in blind people being commonly perceived as "the other".
This exclusive focus on the 'extraordinary' has come at the expense of omitting the 'ordinary'. As Corbella and Acevedo (2010) observe, "it is infrequent to find characters with visual impairment represented as people who do housework, go shopping, or travel; that is, coping with the everyday tasks that are common to all people".
Accordingly, the notions of 'normalness' and 'quotidian life' prove valuable for representing blindness in ways that transgress stereotypical portrayals. The practical output of my PhD endeavours to map blind people's subjectivity through studying their everyday practices and spaces, as well as artefacts in which they invest emotion and feelings (Baudrillard, 2005), and which potentially serve as an "aide-memoir" – a catalyst for their personal oral history. Daniel Miller (2010) considers attention to materiality (clothes, objects) the most effective way to understand and convey human subjectivity.
The objective of my thesis is to depict the material space of the characters as an embodiment of their subjectivity, and translate their spatial experience into a metaphorical (not iconic) experience for the viewer. Consequently, the audio-visual treatment will propose a shift away from ocularcentric ways of perception towards somatic and synaesthetic modes of experience.


This dissertation provides an estimate of the human capital value of migration to Reading in the period 1851-71 to the town's economy. This is calculated in two ways. First, using techniques devised by both local and economic historians, the net productive lifetime value of migrants is arrived at, by calculating an estimate of total net migration across this period by age and gender and assigning these migrants a value for expected lifetime economic output less expected lifetime consumption costs. The final figures are contextualised by comparison with contemporary national indicators of economic output and the value of social overhead capital used to fund significant local infrastructure projects in the same time period. Second, a case study calculates the human capital value embodied in migrant employees working for Reading's Huntley & Palmers biscuit manufacturers in 1851, comparing this with the value of the same firm's fixed capital assets. These calculations show that, from a human capital perspective, the value of migration to Reading was very significant, both for the town as a whole and for this specific business. Chapter 2 sets the aims and techniques of this study in context with the historiography of local population studies. While, as Chapter 3 explains, the roots of Reading's early industry lay in other supply- and demand-side factors related to Reading's position as a regional agricultural processing centre, the calculations and comparisons in Chapters 4 and 5 show that the availability of a wide pool of human capital through the phenomenon of migration was a crucial catalyst for the later expansion of mass industry in the town.

The dissertation focuses predominantly on the A825 theme of industrialisation, but also touches lightly on family and urban history, through the demographic composition of migration and change migration wrought (or lack thereof) on the urban fabric of Reading. It addresses significant historiographical gaps in the study of Victorian migration to Reading during this crucial period in the town's industrial expansion and also more generally, in regional studies of Victorian labour migration in the South East of England.


Abstract Since the 1980s, eating disorders and self-harm among Japanese women have been on the rise. This socio-cultural study suggests that these behaviours are based in Japanese culture and have today become a female lifestyle. Motivated by cultural and historical constructions of femininity and the fear of social disintegration, this female lifestyle expresses a paradox: an attempt by women to over-perform and at the same time escape the obligation to navigate normative femininity. In parallel, eating disorders and self-harm are explicitly thematized in Japanese cultural expressions, from literature and manga to films and popular music. Using accounts from women engaged in this lifestyle, in addition to various fictional representations, this study conceptualizes a set of socio-psychological markers that exposes how eating disorders and self-harm are potentially represented in cultural expressions where such behaviours are not explicitly thematized. Miyazaki Hayao's animation Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi from 2001 serves as an example of how eating disorders, as a female lifestyle, have become a normative form of entertainment.


Since the 1980s there has been a steady shift from West to East in the international system, economically, politically and culturally. Emerging markets in Asia have moved up the value chain of industrial production processes, while the share of Western industrialized countries in global gross domestic product has declined. Countries such as China and India are asserting themselves in security matters and seeking new avenues for investment flows and development co-operation. China's expected shift from export-led growth to domestic consumption might further change patterns of trade and capital flows, and it is an open debate whether the growth dynamics of India might outstrip those of China. While the rise of China and other Asian powers has been studied extensively, much less work has been done on how Africa and Latin America position themselves in this process. What will the role be of Africa and Latin America in the 'Asian Century' and associated reconfigurations of global value chains? Will these regions be able to assert themselves and find a voice of their own? Will they manage to develop industries of their own and diversify trade relations? Will they launch new ways of regional south-south co-operation? What is the role of migrant communities and cultural exchange? Do Western and Asian approaches to these regions differ (Washington vs. Beijing consensus)? This book brings together renowned academics from Africa, Latin America, Europe and the USA, who bring refreshing perspectives on an under-researched topic, ranging from a conceptualization of the issue within new theoretical approaches, to unique case studies based on field work.


Part of the retroviral genus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relies on the host's cellular machinery for replication. The viral genetic material is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) which, upon delivery into the host's cells, is reverse transcribed into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT). This is then used for the production of new viral components, thus allowing for further replication and spread of HIV. Because this virus selectively targets CD4+ T cells, the infection inevitably leads to weakening of the host's immune system, which can then lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). One treatment for HIV is non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), which are allosteric inhibitors of RT that disable the enzyme's activity and thus viral replication. Previous NNRTIs approved for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Association (FDA) include etravirine, doravirine, and rilpivirine. However, resistance to these drugs through mutations in RT necessitates the continued development of NNRTIs. Here, the structure of rilpivirine, a relatively recently FDA approved NNRTI, was used to design a library of analogs that were then evaluated in silico via high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS). From this, several structures were identified as potential next-generation NNRTIs with comparable predicted binding affinities to the allosteric binding pocket in RT as rilpivirine.


Many tokamaks have observed that sawteeth of sufficient duration may trigger neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) that lead to plasma performance degradation. In this paper, TCV's ability to accurately control the period of individual sawteeth is exploited, using localized electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive (ECRH and ECCD), to trigger NTMs under controlled conditions, providing an excellent environment for the study of the seeding of NTMs by sawtooth crashes. The TCV experiments show evidence of a fast formation of seed islands with poloidal/toroidal mode numbers m/n = 3/2 and 2/1 within a few tens of microseconds following the sawtooth crash. Crashes of sawteeth with a longer period duration are observed to generate larger seed islands but also increase the plasma stability to conventional tearing modes. While these two effects compete, the NTM stability is found to decrease with increasing sawtooth period. The seed island size can be reduced and, thereby, the NTM stability improved, by increasing the value of the safety factor q95. Alternatively, NTM stability can be increased by application of preemptive ECRH at the resonant surface of the NTM. Preemptive ECRH is found to enlarge the plasma operational domain by improving the conventional tearing stability and by reducing the coupling between the driving (m/n = 1/1 or 2/2) and the driven modes (m/n = 2/1 or 3/2), resulting in smaller sawtooth generated seed islands. The efficiency of preemptive ECRH increases when sufficient ECRH power is applied in a short time interval prior to the sawtooth crash.


In 1993, a group of youths entered the Dartmouth High School and stabbed sixteen-year old Jason Robinson to death in his social studies classroom. In 1999, in BrUM v. Town of Dartmouth, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held that the town was immune from suit pursuant to Massachusetts' statutory "public duty rule," which insulates public employers from liability where the employer does not "originally cause" the harm. This Article traces the evolution of public tort liability in Massachusetts, suggests a three-part framework for interpreting Massachusetts' public duty rule and proposes a narrowly-tailored exception to the rule in cases like


This thesis is a description of some aspects of the grammar of Sɛlɛɛ, a Ghana-Togo-Mountain (GTM) language, based on my own fieldwork. The thesis consists of an introduction and five papers.Paper (I), Noun classes in Selee, describes the noun class system of Sɛlɛɛ. It consists of eight noun class prefixes, four marking singular and four plural. They are paired in irregular ways to form eight genders (singular-plural pairs). Nouns agree with determiners, numerals and interrogative qualifiers within the noun phrase and can be indexed on the predicate. Nouns are allocated to classes/genders based partly on semantic notions.Paper (II), Selee (with Francesca Di Garbo), details the morphological encoding of diminution in Sɛlɛɛ either by the suffixes -bi, -bii, -mii, -e or -nyi alone or in combination with noun class shift. Augmentation is not expressed morphologically.Paper (III), The tense and aspect system of Selee: A preliminary analysis, shows that Sɛlɛɛ, unlike most Kwa languages, has a rather elaborate tense system encompassing present, hodiernal, pre-hodiernal and future tenses. The aspectual categories are progressive, habitual and perfect. Both categories often amalgamate with first person singular subject clitics.Paper (IV), Standard negation in Selee, deals with the negation of declarative verbal main clauses. This is primarily encoded by a high tone, sometimes combined with segmental morphemes, portmanteau negative tense-aspect morphemes and vowel lengthening. Each tense-aspect category has at least one particular negation strategy.Paper (V), Unravelling temperature terms in Selee (with Francesca Di Garbo), investigates the grammatical constructions employed for temperature evaluations. Personal feeling is only encoded via subjects, while ambient and tactile evaluations are construed attributively and predicatively.A comparison of Selee and other GTM languages revealed similar noun morphologies but very different verbal morphologies.


This paper argues that an artificial intelligence algorithm can model some of the principles of civil procedure. The binary conditionals used in civil procedure - e.g., personal jurisdiction exists/does not exist - correspond closely to the Boolean logic used by computers. Modeling procedural rules on a computer is thus possible and possibly useful. To illustrate this thesis, this paper applies the WYSH computer programming language to the Alien Tort Claims Act and Torture Victim Protection Act.


This essay investigates the role of the North Atlantic as a silent actant in the dramatic economy of Shakespeare's Hamlet. It takes the series of actions of Hamlet's deportation by sea, his nocturnal transformation on board and his surprise return with the pirate ship as the axis around which the play turns. It examines the movement of deterritorialization and mimesis in the constitution of sovereignty by the ceaseless transference of piracy and inter-imperial rivalries and passages. Interpreting Hamlet as being not just a play of nothingness and nihilism, born of and residing in the interstice of disjointed historical time, this essay argues that Hamlet is a play that inherits and inhabits the cranny of fractured historical space from Elizabethan to Jacobean England when the English isle became what Carl Schmitt called the "agency of the spatial turn to a new nomos of the earth." The old nomos of the earth, terra firma in the Greco-Roman and feudal senses, was challenged by the new freedom of the sea which demanded a separate and distinct global order. This essay poses the question whether the dramatic economy of Hamlet as split by and revolving around the physical presence and symbolic charges of the North Atlantic in fact constitutes the irrhythm and mis-punctuation of this spatial turn toward a maritime modernity.


Depersonalization/derealization syndrome has a special importance in psychopathology. Although it is the central aspect for the identity disorder, it has a conspicuous symptomology and it is noted as a distinct category in the ICD-10 as well as the DSM-5, its position in the dynamic of psychopathological classification and its psychoneurological basis remaining unclear. The disorder described in the manuals is very rarely encountered without comorbidities and its assignment within the Dissociative Disorders category - as it is seen in the DSM-5 - excluding its role in the pathology of psychosis, is contradicted by the clinical evidence and by the studies of the illnesses spectra. Discussion on this syndrome from the perspective of operational diagnoses proves to be insufficiently productive, suggesting that a structural phenomenological approach may be more appropriate. In this article, there is an attempt of analyse of the non-psychotic manifestations of this syndrome, from the evolutionist-cultural perspective, that the author has developed in the late  years.


The objective function of managers in the presence of overlapping shareholding may differ from the traditional own-firm profit maximization, as they may internalize the externalities their strategies impose on other firms. The dominant formulation of the objective function in such cases has, however, been critiqued for yielding counter-intuitive profit weights when the ownership of non-overlapping shareholders is highly dispersed. In this paper, we examine this issue. First, we make use of a probabilistic voting model (in which shareholders vote to elect the manager) to microfound an alternative formulation of the objective function of managers, which solves the above-mentioned criticism. Second, we apply the two formulations to the set of S&P500 firms. We show that ownership dispersion of non-overlapping shareholders is, in fact, a relevant empirical issue, which may induce an over-quantification of the profit weights computed from the dominant formulation, particularly under a proportional control assumption.


Abstract. Secondary aerosol particle production via new particle formation (NPF) has been shown to be a major contributor to the global aerosol load. NPF has also been observed frequently in urban environments. Here, we investigate the effect of regional NPF on urban aerosol load under well-defined atmospheric conditions. The Carpathian Basin, the largest orogenic basin in Europe, represents an excellent opportunity for exploring these interactions. Based on long-term observations, we revealed that NPF seen in a central large city of the basin (Budapest) and its regional background occur in a consistent and spatially coherent way as a result of a joint atmospheric phenomenon taking place on large horizontal scales. We found that NPF events at the urban site are usually delayed by > 1 h relative to the rural site or even inhibited above a critical condensational sink level. The urban processes require higher formation rates and growth rates to be realized, by mean factors of 2 and 1.6, respectively, than the regional events. Regional- and urban-type NPF events sometimes occur jointly with multiple onsets, while they often exhibit dynamic and timing properties which are different for these two event types.


A dual-slope resistance-to-digital (DSRDC) converter that accepts the resistance of a single-element resistive-type sensor as input and provides a direct digital output proportional to the parameter being sensed by the resistive-type sensor is presented in this paper. A high level of linearity and accuracy is achieved since the output of the DSRDC is dictated only by the magnitudes of a pair of dc reference voltages and the transformation constant of the sensor. Sensitivity analysis shows that the effect of circuit parameter variations on the output is minimal. Simulation studies and test results obtained on a prototype establish the efficacy of the proposed scheme.


New quantitative methods are developed for analyser-based phase contrast imaging (ABI) with hard X-rays. In the first instance we show that quantitative ABI may be implemented using an extended incoherent source. Next, we outline how complex Green's functions may be reconstructed from phase contrast images and we apply this method to reconstruct the thick perfect crystal Green's function associated with an ABI imaging system. The use of quantitative ABI with incoherent X-ray sources is not widespread and the first set of results pertains to the feasibility of quantitative ABI imaging and phase retrieval using a rotating anode X-ray source. The necessary conditions for observation of ABI phase contrast are deduced from elementary coherence considerations and numerical simulations. We then focus on the problem of extracting quantitative information from ABI images recorded using an extended incoherent X-ray source. The results of an experiment performed at Friedrich-Schiller University, Germany using a rotating anode X-ray source demonstrate the validity of our approach. It is shown that quantitative information may be extracted from such images under quite general and practicable conditions. We then develop a new use for phase contrast imaging systems that allows the Green's function associated with a linear shift-invariant imaging system to be deduced from two phase contrast images of a known weak object. This new approach is applied to X-ray crystallography where the development of efficient methods of inferring the phase of rocking curves is an important open problem. We show how the complex Green's function describing Bragg reflection of a coherent scalar X-ray wavefield from a crystal may be recovered from a single image over a wide range of reciprocal space simultaneously. The solution we derive is fast, non-iterative and deterministic. When applied to crystalline structures for which the kinematic scattering approximation is valid, such as thin crystalline films, our technique is shown to solve the famous one-dimensional phase retrieval problem which allows us to directly invert the Green's function to retrieve the depth-dependent interplanar spacing. Finally we implement our Green's function retrieval method on experimental data collected at the SPring-8 synchrotron in Hyogo, Japan. In the experiment we recorded analyser-based phase contrast images of a known weak object using a thick perfect silicon analyser crystal. It is then demonstrated that these measurements can be inverted to recover the complex Green's function associated with the analyser crystal Bragg peak. The reconstructed Green's function is found to be in good agreement with the prediction of dynamical diffraction theory.


We propose a new approach to appearance‐based loop detection for mobile robots, using three‐dimensional (3D) laser scans. Loop detection is an important problem in the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) domain, and, because it can be seen as the problem of recognizing previously visited places, it is an example of the data association problem. Without a flat‐floor assumption, two‐dimensional laser‐based approaches are bound to fail in many cases. Two of the problems with 3D approaches that we address in this paper are how to handle the greatly increased amount of data and how to efficiently obtain invariance to 3D rotations. We present a compact representation of 3D point clouds that is still discriminative enough to detect loop closures without false positives (i.e., detecting loop closure where there is none). A low false‐positive rate is very important because wrong data association could have disastrous consequences in a SLAM algorithm. Our approach uses only the appearance of 3D point clouds to detect loops and requires no pose information. We exploit the normal distributions transform surface representation to create feature histograms based on surface orientation and smoothness. The surface shape histograms compress the input data by two to three orders of magnitude. Because of the high compression rate, the histograms can be matched efficiently to compare the appearance of two scans. Rotation invariance is achieved by aligning scans with respect to dominant surface orientations. We also propose to use expectation maximization to fit a gamma mixture model to the output similarity measures in order to automatically determine the threshold that separates scans at loop closures from nonoverlapping ones. We discuss the problem of determining ground truth in the context of loop detection and the difficulties in comparing the results of the few available methods based on range information. Furthermore, we present quantitative performance evaluations using three real‐world data sets, one of which is highly self‐similar, showing that the proposed method achieves high recall rates (percentage of correctly identified loop closures) at low false‐positive rates in environments with different characteristics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


We present a three-dimensional whipped cream printing technique for decorating cakes. Conventional cake decorating patterns are produced by specially trained professionals because substantial practice is required. In this paper, we introduce a printer that can stack whipped-cream voxels on a cake sponge using a robot arm. An interactive graphical user interface enables users to draw their favorite patterns on demand. By optimizing the motion of the nozzle, the robot can dispense and stack the cream accurately.


Science and technology have a pervasive influence over a wide range of issues confronting the nation. Decisions on how much federal funding to invest in research and development (R&D), and determining what programs have the highest priority, for example, may have implications for homeland security, new high technology industries, government/private sector cooperation in R&D, and myriad other areas.
This report indicates the sweep of science and technology in many public policy issues, although it cannot provide a comprehensive examination of every science or technology issue which may be of interest to Congress. This report identifies other CRS reports that treat most of those issues in more
depth. It is updated occasionally.


ABSTRACT Research on the Internet in China typically focuses on questions of censorship, the blocking of websites, the democratizing effects of the medium, and the use of the Internet by dissident groups. In much of this research, a deterministic view of technology prevails: the inherent features of the Internet such as ubiquitous access and the fact that "everybody can easily become his or her own publisher and participate in many-to-many communications" are assumed to be leading automatically to specific societal and political developments. These developments are seen as taking place along a fixed line only dependent on technological innovations, a characteristic of an earlier view of modernization that was also found in Marxist and Leninist perspectives.1 This simplistic view is inadequate for two reasons. First, it portrays the Chinese Internet user as fundamentally different from his/her Western counterpart. Second, it ignores the rise of urban and consumerist lifestyles, which have changed Chinese society during recent decades and resulted in less interest in conventional politics, more fragmentation, and a stronger focus on identity politics. 1. See also Taylor 1999, 12, 14, 24.


The core argument of the present work is articulated in four points. First, social- science knowledge is crucial to understand and combat HIV/AIDS; second, integrated and engaged social-science is especially vital for such endeavor; third, integrated and engaged scholarship of HIV/AIDS has been prominent in Brazil (since 1990s) and South Africa (since 2000s); Fourth, Brazil's earlier use of social- science knowledge in HIV/AIDS policy accounts for its success in tackling the epidemic, and South Africa has only recently started making effort in this direction. The theoretical background of the present discussion consists in social-science approaches to problem-solving and policy-making within the debates about the role of social-science in modern states formation. It is about history and epidemiology of the social sciences, but the discussion goes beyond these instances and maintains a normative approach to academics social responsibility to contribute more directly and consciously to national development. In this sense, this is a matter of both cameral social-science (linked to public policy design and evaluation: John Goldthorpe) and public social-science (in support of to civil society for social justice: Alain Touraine, Michael Burawoy). The rationale and main objective of the thesis substantiates in three questions: first, why HIV/AIDS? second, why social-science? and, third, why Brazil and South Africa? In this regard, it is argued that: HIV/AIDS is a complex social problem that needs and allows comprehensive analysis; the role of social-science knowledge in HIV/AIDS interventions, as well as the impact of the epidemic on social-science, are understudied; and, finally, Brazil and South Africa are good examples to demonstrate how the use of social-science knowledge accounts for the success of health policy oriented to HIV/AIDS. Indeed, Brazil was far superior to South Africa until a decade ago (it is still the case, to some extent) in responding effectively to the HIV/AIDS epidemic by implementing a nation-wide comprehensive program of prevention, treatment and care. It is then suggested that this was partly due to a consistent use of social- science knowledge that helped the state to go beyond the concept of risk-groups. Based on these premises, it is here suggested that social scientists played a significant role in Brazil's National AIDS Program by infusing politics with the concept of social vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. This means that interventions need to go beyond risk-groups and information-based strategies (that characterized the initial HIV/AIDS studies and programs), as demonstrated by the global debate on the locus of behavioral change in HIV/AIDS studies and interventions. Following the shift of approaches from individual and information-based strategies to structural factors and holistic approaches (the latter being in vogue since the 1990s globally), social scientists in Brazil suggested that it was necessary to improve people's social, cultural and economic circumstances in order to create healthy supporting contexts. This was associated with Brazil state's political will to prioritize HIV/AIDS and to act collectively, which implied alliances between administrative levels (federal state, local states, and municipalities), civil society and academics. So, social scientists were great protagonists in the battle against the HIV/AIDS in Brazil within this climate of political will and collective action against the epidemic. The same cannot be said in the case of South Africa. This particularly explains the divergent policy outcomes: Brazil's low and concentrated HIV incidence rate (0.5%), and South Africa's generalized epidemic and high incidence rate of HIV infection (18%). This is despite the fact that by the HIV emergence the two countries were rather similar societies in terms of general state capacity, civil society involvement, Human Development Index, and epidemiological profile. The former point means that by the HIV outburst the initial risk-group in both countries was constituted by male middle-class homosexuals – as situation that radically and rapidly reversed more in South Africa than in Brazil, although pauperization, feminization and heterosexualization of HIV infection are aspects that characterize both countries today. Brazil's major political will and cohesiveness, with social scientists' participation, falsifies arguments according to which Brazil's superiority – compared to South Africa - in tackling HIV/AIDS is due to the countries' earlier democratization (1986 vs 1994), the role of World Bank's loans throughout the 1990s, and Brazilian elites' tradition of investment in public health. Indeed, first, Brazil's National AIDS Plan was already well established by the end of 1980s had already made progress towards a comprehensive program of prevention, treatment and care. Brazil's National AIDS Plan created early on an inter-ministerial body (compressing the ministries of health, education, labor and justice) and defined clear authorities responsible for HIV/AIDS policies. Second, South African elites' were equally prone to invest in public health, for Brazil was not superior in this field. Hence, the present work suggests that it was political will and collective action that permitted Brazil to act more promptly and aggressively against the HIV/AIDS epidemic until a decade ago. In turn, here's the core argument – this positive atmosphere facilitated the production and inclusion of massive use- inspired research that informed HIV/AIDS policy about the complexity of the epidemic and the most appropriate measures to reverse it. For example, social research helped Brazil to enlighten Brazilians' openness towards sex, sexuality and sexual diversity, whereby not only did prevention social actors find it easy to discuss those issues for the sake of prevention initiatives, but also permitted the government to involve gay groups, rather than stigmatizing them. Importantly, Brazil state's openness towards social-science was part of a general positive attitude towards science, whereby the use of biomedical measures (explanation of HIV-AIDS link and provision of antiretroviral drugs to infected persons) was an essential element in the response to the epidemic. By contrast, holistic and large-scale inquiries and, above all, their use in policy were late to emerge in South Africa (between the end 1990s and early 2000s). This contributed to HIV/AIDS policy being poorly informed by social-science until a decade ago. HIV/AIDS policy in South Africa was consequently characterized by negligence and inaction (in the initial phase), simplistic explanations (like the negative impact of poverty on vulnerability to HIV infection without the exploration of its link with cultural factors), and denial. The state had a hostile attitude towards orthodox biomedical professionals and civil society organizations who sought to combat the epidemic through mainstream science. Therefore, the state went through controversial policies that ultimately prohibited the provision of antiretroviral therapy in the public sector and was hostile to mainstream social theory of HIV/AIDS. This negative political scenario hampered the contribution of social scientists in the battle against the epidemic in South Africa. Contrary to Brazil, HIV/AIDS use-inspired research was not fomented and academics activism was not welcomed by South African state. The situation would only improve in mid-2000s when the state commenced providing public antiretroviral therapies and making progress in prevention programs. Relatedly, the state started then to work in concert with civil society and academics. This was partly a result of a series of high court instructions for the state to accomplish its constitutional duty to provide health services, following a case law-suited by Treatment Action Campaign, the leading civil society AIDS organization. More importantly, HIV/AIDS social-science which was carried out in South Africa until a decade ago relevant, nevertheless. The unfortunate story is that it was not used for policy design and evaluation. Social scientists in South Africa did seek to stress the concept of social vulnerability, warning against the impact of poverty and inequalities, misogyny, magical thinking and traditional healers, just to mention a few. But these insights found no support of the state. It is this early South African scholarship of HIV/AIDS that constitutes the basis for today's vibrant comprehensive and engaged social-science in the country, whereby South Africa is making-up with its delay. Besides reflection on the complexity of HIV/AIDS and the need for integrated interventions, we can single out some fields of research-action in which the history of HIV/AIDS scholarship materializes: public policy (cameral social-science), peer educators and teachers training, and harm reduction programs for injecting drug users (the latter characterizing especially Brazil). Both in Brazil and South Africa, integrated and engaged scholarship has boosted cross-disciplinarity and multidimensional approaches, as well as debates about academics social responsibility in terms of use-inspired research and research- action. Such debate is largely shaped by reflections on the timing of Brazil's and South Africa's responses to the epidemic - early in the former and late in the latter – and the related outcomes with regard to HIV incidence rates. It is to this debate that the present dissertation seeks to contribute by suggesting that the use of social-science knowledge made a difference in Brazil's success and South Africa's failure in tackling the HIV/AIDS epidemic until a decade ago. Furthermore, the thesis goes on, social-science engagement with HIV/AIDS, theoretically and practically, will continue to shape the way in which we conceive of the position and the role of social-science knowledge in society.


This is a quite exceptional introduction to the world of X-ray synchrotron radiation research and technology. Unlike a book, the CD-ROM adds new opportunities such as interactive schematic diagrams and video clips which enhance both understanding and readability. Multiple entry points allow easy exploration and concentration on the reader's own interests, while the twoand threedimensional animations and diagrams considerably aid understanding and learning. The level and style are clearly aimed at a general audience which needs to be informed. Following a brief history of the development of synchrotron radiation research, the structure of the CD-ROM is described: a twodimensional CD map is available at all times covering four subject areas, i.e. light and matter, technology, methods and applications. Each topic is preceded by a well composed topical video introduction which is easily avoided after ®rst viewing by navigating from the CD map. Light and Matter gives an introduction to the nature of light, properties of light, X-rays and synchrotron light in about 46 pages and summarizes, in similar detail, descriptions of atoms, interatomic bonds, order and disorder, and properties of matter. Technology is a larger section covering generalities (electrons, Lorentz force, energy scales etc.), injection, storage ring (components, insertion devices, operation modes etc.), general features (hutches etc.), (X-ray) optics, sample (including diffractometers, sample environment etc.), detectors and control/data acquisition and safety. Methods, within the style set provides a comprehensive survey, about 50 pages, of what can be performed with synchrotron X-rays: imaging, absorption and spectroscopy, scattering, and diffraction. Complementary methods, such as neutrons, electrons, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy, are only very brie ̄y described. Applications abound! The science and technology clips form the major part of the CD-ROM, almost 300 pages, far more than would be possible in a book and far easier to browse, appreciate and study in detail. The classi®cation of entries as physics (surfaces, magnetism, extreme conditions, various examples), materials, biology, medicine, chemistry and environment is necessarily rather arbitrary, but the CD map is always present and makes navigation easy. To the uninitiated new reader, the scope of activities will be awe-inspiring, including (as a very small sample): solid±liquid interfaces, magnetic domains, ice, quasicrystals, fullerines, bottles made of PET, concrete, spider silk, chocolate, amino acids, DNA, blue tongue virus, hair, angiography, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, fuel cells, surfactants, make-up in ancient Egypt, solar energy, decontaminating plants, enzymes against the greenhouse effect, catalytic converters and chlorine bleach. Throughout, the style follows closely that of the established ESRF Highlights series of publications, though with far fewer literature references and suggestions for further reading. Overall there are very few equations, just Bragg's Law and E = h , but not Snell's Law, the Lorentz force, nor a de®nition of the characteristic energy of synchrotron light Ec. I will conclude with a description of some of the presentational highlights which bring the subject to life in a way which simply cannot be achieved in book form. In the sections describing the Technology of synchrotron radiation facilities, the reader can merge to and from an actual photograph of hardware, e.g. an ESRF beamline, to a labelled block diagram of the key functional parts. The nuts, bolts and brackets are stripped away exposing the key features clearly and immediately. Animations allow one to see the motions and operational surroundings of whole beamlines, experimental enclosures, apparatus and sample environment at many different levels of detail. In the same way, there are excellent descriptions of how the storage ring is injected and operated, how the radiation emerges from the ring, and how insertion devices work. The animation showing how the spectrum from an undulator changes as the gap is altered is particularly well executed. In the Science sections, three dozen or so atomic models are available which can be rotated in two or three dimensions on command, something which is commonplace to crystallographers but which is almost never available to scientists and engineers who are outside that ®eld, but who might become users. Molecules (RasMol ®les) from ammonia, through buckyballs, to DNA are in the database; one of my favourites is a three-dimensional zeolite model which one can rotate to show very easily the various symmetry directions and the huge `holes' in the structure which dictate the catalytic function. In the Medical sections, the reader can follow a beating heart, section a brain, watch cell division or see the results of microbeam radiation therapy. In the Materials section, there is a very nice animation of the LIGA masking process used in the manufacture of three-dimensional structures in silicon. One could continue to enthuse across the whole of science and technology, but that is for the readers who want to know more about the scope of research with Xrays from synchrotron radiation sources to do. You must buy your own copy! Thoughtfully, the CD-ROM includes a list of all the world facilities and their contact particulars, a very nice world map and a list of some industrial users and vendors, though this seems to be very speci®c to the ESRF and the sponsors of the CD-ROM production. Finally, there are a few problems which are inevitable with a work of this range and scope. Seriously, one piece of the physics is wrong. The treatment of refraction shows animations which allow the reader to change the angle of incidence of light (X-rays) on a plane boundary between media. The ray refracted into the medium is constructed with the lower medium as denser than the upper whereas the totally re ̄ected rays at grazing incidence are in the upper medium. The error results in a very strange jump in the direction of the refracted ray in the denser medium at the transition to total re ̄ection. The quality of error detection in both spelling and technical matters, such as the linkages between topics and pages, is very high. At any time the reader can switch text, links and speech between French and English ± a clear sign for future development and an invitation for the second edition to incorporate several more languages. An outline CD-ROM was distributed free with Synchrotron Radiation News a few months ago; a major impact would be achieved if the full version could be made available on the same basis.


Intervertebral disc (IVD) disorders and age-related degeneration are believed to contribute to low back pain. There is significant interest in cell-based strategies for regenerating the nucleus pulposus (NP) region of the disc; however, few scaffolds have been evaluated for their ability to promote or maintain an immature NP cell phenotype. Additionally, while cell delivery to the pathological IVD has significant therapeutic potential for enhancing NP regeneration, the development of injectable biomaterials that retain delivered cells, promote cell survival, and maintain or promote an NP cell phenotype in vivo remains a significant challenge. Previous studies have demonstrated NP cell – laminin interactions in the NP region of the IVD that promote cell attachment and biosynthesis. These findings suggest that incorporating laminin ligands into biomaterial scaffolds for NP tissue engineering or cell delivery to the disc may be beneficial for promoting NP cell survival and phenotype. In this dissertation, laminin-111 (LM111) functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels were developed and evaluated as biomaterial scaffolds for cell-based NP regeneration. Here, PEG-LM111 conjugates with functional acrylate groups for crosslinking were synthesized and characterized to allow for protein coupling to both photocrosslinkable and injectable PEG-based biomaterial scaffolds. PEG-LM111 conjugates synthesized using low ratios of PEG to LM111 were found support NP cell v attachment and signaling in a manner similar to unmodified LM111. A single PEG-LM111 conjugate was conjugated to photocrosslinkable PEG-LM111 hydrogels, and studies were performed to evaluate the effects of hydrogel formulation on immature NP cell phenotype in vitro. When primary immature porcine NP cells were seeded onto PEG-LM111 hydrogels of varying stiffnesses, softer LM111 presenting hydrogels were found to promote cell clustering and increased levels of sGAG production as compared to stiffer LM111 presenting and PEG-only gels. When cells were encapsulated in 3D gels, hydrogel formulation was found to influence NP cell metabolism and expression of proposed NP phenotypic markers, with higher expression of N-cadherin and cytokeratin 8 observed for cells cultured in softer (<1 kPa) PEG-LM111 hydrogels. A novel, injectable PEG-LM111 hydrogel was developed as a biomaterial carrier for cell delivery to the IVD. PEG-LM111 conjugates were crosslinked via a Michael-type addition reaction upon the addition of PEG-octoacrylate and PEG-dithiol. Injectable PEG-LM111 hydrogel gelation time, mechanical properties, and ability to retain delivered cells in the IVD space were evaluated. Gelation occurred in approximately 20 minutes without an initiator, with dynamic shear moduli in the range of 0.9 – 1.4 kPa. Primary NP …


The purpose for this discussion is to provide information on the human mirror neuron system (MNS) to aid in the design of artificial autonomous agents. Specifically, we emphasize the motivational and affective aspects of the MNS to allow the design of agents that themselves exhibit motivated behavior. Current evidence indicates that the MNS assigns motives to observed behavior. A tentative working model of the MNS is presented to organize this information and to highlight important issues that remain unresolved, such as the architecture of hemispheric asymmetry of function in the left and right MNSs and mesolimbic motivation systems. We conclude with recommendations—particularly in terms of dual, functionally asymmetric control systems—for designing motivated autonomous agents using information learned about the human MNS. What Are Mirror Neurons?


Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyses telomeric repeat addition at the ends of chromosomes. The catalytic subunit, hTERT, acts as a key determinant for telomerase activity control; the induction of hTERT expression is required for telomerase activity. hTERT participates in cellular immortalization and is elevated in certain malignant tissues. Several tumours exhibit telomerase activity, which contributes to the infinite proliferation capacity that promotes tumour progression. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 2% of all adult malignancies and has a high mortality rate. The WHO classifies RCC into several sub-types based on cytogenetic aberrations and morphological features; the most prevalent sub-types are clear cell (ccRCC), papillary (pRCC), and chromophobe RCC (chRCC). The aims of this thesis were to study the expression patterns of various signalling molecules, to elucidate the functional links among them, and to define the roles of these signalling molecules in the regulation of hTERT gene expression and telomerase activity in RCC. The first paper included in this thesis revealed mRNA overexpression of DJ-1 (a PTEN inhibitor), cMyc, and hTERT in clinical ccRCC samples compared to tumour-free kidney cortex tissues. Significant, positive correlations were detected for DJ-1, cMyc, and hTERT mRNA levels in ccRCC, but not in pRCC. In vitro knockdown of DJ-1 by siRNA in ccRCC cells induced downregulation of p-Akt, cMyc, hTERT, and telomerase activity. Forced overexpression of DJ-1 in an ovarian carcinoma cell line was followed by increased hTERT promoter activity, which appeared to be dependent on cMYC binding to the promoter. Collectively, the in vitro studies verified a functional link among DJ-1, cMyc, and hTERT as implied in the clinical ccRCC samples. The second paper included in this thesis demonstrated overexpression of NBS1 mRNA levels in ccRCC compared to the kidney cortex. NBS1 mRNA levels exhibited significant, positive correlations with DJ-1, cMyc, and S phase, but not with hTERT. In vitro experiments suggested that DJ-1 could regulate NBS1 gene expression. The role of the hTERT transcriptional repressor WT1 in RCC was evaluated in the third paper included in this thesis. ccRCC samples displayed low WT1 mRNA levels compared to kidney cortex samples. Interestingly, WT1 expression was negatively associated with hTERT and cMyc both of which were elevated in ccRCC. Forced overexpression of WT1 isoforms in a ccRCC cell line increased the expression of several negative transcriptional regulators of hTERT and diminished the expression of hTERT positive regulators. In consequence, hTERT mRNA levels and telomerase activity were reduced. Chromatin immunoprecipitation verified direct binding of WT1 to the cMyc, Smad3, and hTERT promoters. Taken together, these data suggested that in ccRCC, WT1 affects hTERT at the transcriptional level via a combined effect on both positive and negative regulators. In conclusion, DJ-1 can regulate hTERT and telomerase activity through the PI3K pathway encompassing PTEN, NBS1, p-Akt, and cMyc in ccRCC, but not in pRCC. WT1 negatively regulates hTERT and telomerase activity directly and indirectly through multiple pathways in ccRCC.


Due to the globalization trend, the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has become a common practice in the last decades. The New Product Development (NPD) is recognized as innovative value creating effort that has become important in the high-risk, globally competitive environment, and small firms seem to be more effective in utilizing product design and manufacturing involvement, while large firms standardize and formalize the product development practices. Thus, the main focus of this research study is the NPD capabilities and the internationalization process. The main research question focuses on whether and how the NPD capabilities influence the internationalization process of the companies in the health industry. A qualitative study is carried out to answer the research question by interviewing three Swedish companies in the health industry. The empirical findings and analysis conclude that the NPD capabilities and the internationalization process go along with each other and they are both dependant. There is a positive relationship between the NPD capabilities and the internationalization process, but it is not yet defined which one has a greater influence.


This paper seeks to explore the relationship between economic growth and governance performance in Asian developing economies. This exploration yields some interesting conclusions. First, notwithstanding its tremendous economic achievements, the state of governance in Asia is not stellar by international comparison. Indeed, the majority of these countries seem to suffer from a governance deficit. Second, contrary to our expectations, data do not suggest any strong positive link between governance and growth: paradoxically, countries that exhibit surpluses in governance on average grew much slower than those with deficits. The paper ends with some conjecture about this apparent paradox.


The formation of structures from a disordered starting point is a common feature in biological systems. Examples include formation of virus capsids from proteins, folding of proteins and formation of micro-tubules. Capturing the physics behind these self-assembly processes is not a trivial task due to two fundamental reasons. Firstly, the individual building blocks are of molecular dimensions and therefore not easily visualized. The second difficulty arises from the fact that the interactions between the building blocks are complex and compose of various contributions i.e. electro-statics, hydrophobic interactions, steric repulsion and hydrogen bonding. The importance of each individual contribution is generally difficult to extract from experimental results, since independent variation of contributions is usually not possible. In this context, the use of colloidal particles as analogues for the molecular building blocks is an attractive option. Colloids are objects with at least one dimension in the order of 1 nm – 1 μm, that are dispersed in a continuous medium. Thermal fluctuations result in constant uncorrelated movements of the colloids, similar to the motion of molecules and atoms. However, due to the relatively large dimensions of colloids compared to atoms and molecules, the dynamics are much slower. The large size and related slow dynamics facilitate direct visualization and therefore studying structure formation upon assembly of colloidal building blocks. An additional advantage of using colloidal systems is that inter-particle interactions and particle shape are tunable to a large extent. Unlike molecular systems, colloidal interactions are tunable in magnitude and range by physical/chemical alternations. This allows for the rational design of particles to either mimic molecular self-assembly or the formation of new assemblies with tailored properties. Systematic variation of either shape or interactions can in principle reveal the minimal complexity required to form a desired superstructure. The focus of this thesis can be divided into two main topics. In this first part we explore synthesis procedures for the preparation of large quantities of anisotropic, dumbbell-shaped colloids. These particles consist of two lobes of which one bears chemically modifiable moieties. In principle this allows for introducing directional interactions between the particles. Therefore, these particles are promising candidates as building blocks in self-assembly studies. In the second part we exploit chemical surface modifications of colloids to tune the inter-particles interactions. We mainly focus on Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization as the modification tool. With this technique we are able tether well-defined polymers on the colloidal surface. The physical properties of the immobilized polymers are used to steer the behavior of the resulting colloidal system. This enables us to prepare colloidal systems that showed thermo-reversible aggregation and the first colloidal system that shows out-of-equilibrium/dissipative assembly. An alternative modification strategy relies on controlling the overall charge of colloidal particles by performing a surface reaction that introduces positive moieties on a negative charged particle. The extend of the reaction determines the ratio between positive and negative groups and therefore the overall charge of the particles. These particles are subsequently used in electrostatic driven assembly to form well-defined and finite-sized colloidal aggregates.


We represent a data network as a set of links shared by a dynamic number of competing flows. These flows are generated within sessions and correspond to the transfer of a random volume of date on a pre-defined network route. The evolution of the stochastic process describing the number of flows on all routes, and the performance of the data transfers, depend on how link bandwidth is allocated between concurrent flows. We use some key properties of Whittle networks to characterize the class of bandwidth allocations which are insensitive in the sense that the stationary distribution of this stochastic process does not depend on any traffic characteristics (session structure, data volume distribution) except the traffic intensity on each route. This insensitivity property presents the practical interest of allowing the development of robust engineering rules independently of precise traffic statistics.


Current CAD tools are not able to support the fundamental conceptual design phase, and none of them provides consistency analyses of sketches produced by architects . To give architects a greater support at the conceptual design phase, we develop a CAD tool for conceptual design and a knowledge specification tool allowing the definition of conceptually rel evant knowledge. The knowledge is specific to one class of buil dings and can be reused. Based on a dynamic knowledge model, different types of design rules formalize the know ledge in a graph-based realization. An expressive visual language provides a user-friendly, human readable representation. Finally, consistency analyses enable conceptual designs to be checked against this defined knowledge. In this paper we concentrate on the knowledge specification part of our project.


Semi-supervised regression based on the graph Laplacian suffers from the fact that the solution is biased towards a constant and the lack of extrapolating power. Based on these observations, we propose to use the second-order Hessian energy for semi-supervised regression which overcomes both these problems. If the data lies on or close to a low-dimensional submanifold in feature space, the Hessian energy prefers functions whose values vary linearly with respect to geodesic distance. We first derive the Hessian energy for smooth manifolds and continue to give a stable estimation procedure for the common case where only samples of the underlying manifold are given. The preference of ''linear" functions on manifolds renders the Hessian energy particularly suited for the task of semi-supervised dimensionality reduction, where the goal is to find a user-defined embedding function given some labeled points which varies smoothly (and ideally linearly) along the manifold. The experimental results suggest superior performance of our method compared with semi-supervised regression using Laplacian regularization or standard supervised regression techniques applied to this task.


Optoelectronic oscillators are the subject of extensive research because of the wide variety of associated applications, which include chaos cryptography, ultrastable microwave generation, and neuromorphic computing. The wideband optoelectronic oscillator presents a particular feature allowing for two dynamical time scales to be superimposed, namely, a slow one and a fast one. In this paper, we fully characterize the onset of the slow-scale oscillation in the wideband optoelectronic oscillator. We investigate the dynamics associated to the first Hopf bifurcation and calculate analytically both the amplitude and period of the induced limit-cycle. In particular, we show how the dynamics of the zero-delay case can be used to provide insight into the infinite-dimensional dynamics of the delayed system. Our theoretical results are in very good agreement with the experimental measurements.


Transplantation of allogeneic stem cells into the early gestational fetus, a treatment termed in utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCTx), could potentially overcome the limitations of bone marrow transplants, including graft rejection and the chronic immunosuppression required to prevent rejection. However, clinical use of IUHCTx has been hampered by poor engraftment, possibly due to a host immune response against the graft. Since the fetal immune system is relatively immature, we hypothesized that maternal cells trafficking into the fetus may pose the true barrier to effective IUHCTx. Here, we have demonstrated that there is macrochimerism of maternal leukocytes in the blood of unmanipulated mouse fetuses, with substantial increases in T cell trafficking after IUHCTx. To determine the contribution of these maternal lymphocytes to rejection after IUHCTx, we bred T and/or B cell-deficient mothers to wild-type fathers and performed allogeneic IUHCTx into the immunocompetent fetuses. There was a marked improvement in engraftment if the mother lacked T cells but not B cells, indicating that maternal T cells are the main barrier to engraftment. Furthermore, when the graft was matched to the mother, there was no difference in engraftment between syngeneic and allogeneic fetal recipients. Our study suggests that the clinical success of IUHCTx may be improved by transplanting cells matched to the mother.