We present an adapted woody biomass retrieval approach for tropical savanna areas appropriate for use with satellite acquired L-band SAR imagery. We use the semiempirical water cloud model to describe the interaction between the SAR signal and vegetation and re-arrange the model to predict biomass. Estimations are made using dual polarization SAR imagery collected by ALOS PALSAR during 2008 in combination with community woodland inventory data from pine savanna areas in Belize. Estimation accuracy is assessed internally by the fit of the model to the ground training data, and then validated against an independent external dataset, quality controlled using Worldview II imagery. The internal validation shows a biomass estimation with an RMSE of 25 t/ha and a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.70, while the external validation indicates an RMSE of 13 t/ha with R2 of 0.53. This approach to biomass estimation appears to be most influenced by the plots with higher tree numbers and where the trees were more homogeneous. The existence of many similar sized individuals in those plots influence the SAR backscatter and is predicted to be the cause the elevated level of saturation found in this study (>100t/ha) with complete saturation predicted as a result of number density increases, and concurrently increasing basal area, both not exclusively dependent on biomass.


To achieve label efficiency for training supervised learning models, pool-based active learning sequentially selects samples from a set of candidates as queries to label by optimizing an acquisition function. One category of existing methods adopts one-steplook-ahead strategies based on acquisition functions tailored with the learning objectives, for example based on the expected loss reduction (ELR) or the mean objective cost of uncertainty (MOCU) proposed recently. These active learning methods are optimal with the maximum classification error reduction when one considers a single query. However, it is well-known that there is no performance guarantee in the long run for these myopic methods. In this paper, we show that these methods are not guaranteed to converge to the optimal classifier of the true model because MOCU is not strictly concave. Moreover, we suggest a strictly concave approximation of MOCU—Soft MOCU—that can be used to define an acquisition function to guide Bayesian active learning with theoretical convergence guarantee. For training Bayesian classifiers with both synthetic and real-world data, our experiments demonstrate the superior performance of active learning by Soft MOCU compared to other existing methods. Proceedings of the 24 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2021, San Diego, California, USA. PMLR: Volume 130. Copyright 2021 by the author(s).


Heuristic inference rules with a measure of strength less than certainty have an unusual property: better individual rules do not necessarily lead to a better overall rule set. All less-than-certain rules contribute evidence towards erroneous conclusions for some problem instances, and the distribution of these erroneous conclusions over the instances is not necessarily related to individual rule quality. This has important consequences for automatic machine learning of rules, since rule selection is usually based on measures of quality of individual rules.

In this paper, we explain why the most obvious and intuitively reasonable solution to this problem, incremental modification and deletion of rules responsible for wrong conclusions a la Teiresias, is not always appropriate. In our experience, it usually fails to converge to an optimal set of rules. Given a set of heuristic rules, we explain why the the best rule set should be considered to be the element of the power set of rules that yields a global minimum error with respect to generating erroneous positive and negative conclusions. This selection process is modeled as a bipartite graph minimization problem and shown to be NP-complete. A solution method is described, the Antidote Algorithm, that performs a model-directed search of the rule space. On an example from medical diagnosis, the Antidote Algorithm significantly reduced the number of misdiagnoses when applied to a rule set generated from 104 training instances.


Manipulator compliance is well known to be important to robot manipulation and assembly. Recently, this has been highlighted by the development of new higly-compliant robot manipulators such as the Barrett arm or the DLR lightweight manipulator [1], [2]. It is also clear that dexterous manipulation involves touching the environment at different locations simultaneously (perhaps at different points on the robot hand or fingers). In these situations, it is particularly attractive to control the system using a multi-priority strategy where several contact points are commanded in parallel. Multi-priority Cartesian impedance control is the natural combination of these two ideas. The system realizes several impedances with different reference positions at different points on the robot with a specified order of priority. We find a controller that minimizes an arbitrary quadratic norm on the second-priority impedance error subject to constraints deriving from the first priority impedance task. We also show that the locally optimal controller does not require force feedback in its implementation for passive desired inertias. The results are illustrated in simulation.


Shrinking feature sizes through high-resolution optical lithography continues to drive progress in the semiconductor industry by increasing device density while simultaneously reducing fabrication costs per transistor. Continuing the lithographic shrink is the highest priority for many workers in this field. Recently, with the introduction of 1.35-numerical-aperture NA ArF immersion scanners, the smooth progress due to numerical aperture increase has come to an end. Water-immersion single-exposure lithography is limited to about 40-nm half pitch with a NA of 1.35. Extension of immersion with high-index fluids and glasses is theoretically possible, but faces severe challenges in technology, economics, and timing. In order to extend water-immersion lithography further, much attention is given to reducing effective k1 to less than 0.25 using double-patterning lithography DPL . DPL can take many potential forms including pitch division through successive lithography and etch patterning steps, frequency doubling using spacer or self-aligned processes, as well as innovative processes requiring nonlinear resist exposure. Which forms will be used for device manufacturing will depend on fundamentals such as process capability, yields, cycle time, and overall cost. This special issue of JM includes ten papers that explore the unique challenges of double patterning for device manufacturing. These papers were originally presented at the 2008 SPIE Symposium on Advanced Lithography. These versions have been peer reviewed, revised, and improved. The first two papers by Finders et al. and Hazelton et al. establish the budgets for exposure tool critical dimension CD control and overlay to meet the needs of double patterning for integrated circuit production. Double patterning creates some new and complex questions about the meaning of feature size control and overlay as features are now created by the edges of successive patterning steps. As a result, CD uniformity CDU and overlay become entangled. The paper of Bubke et al. addresses the requirements for the mask. The strict CDU and overlay requirements established in the first two papers mean much tighter mask registration and feature size control is needed for double patterning. Noelscher et al. explores the use of a litho trim to achieve very low k1 factor spacer double patterning. Spacer double patterning has been widely adopted among memory manufacturers since it can be practiced with existing fab equipment. However, it is a complex and expensive process compared to standard single-expose and etch processes, and it requires an additional mask to remove unwanted stringers formed at some edges. Crouse et al. present data from work to develop lithography-only double-patterningcapable resist processes, which could allow significant cost reduction compared to processes that require spacer formation and removal or intermediate etch steps. Versluijs et al. explore how to pattern 30-nm half-pitch metal layers using a process that stabilizes a first resist pattern by covering it with a polymeric coating, which is then resistant to subsequent etch steps and can be removed by ashing. The paper of Ausschnitt and Halle reports the use of a novel overlay target that enables simultaneous measurement of overlay errors among many mask/layer combinations. Imagine the issues introduced when a mask layer is split in two patterning steps, and then successive critical layers, each likewise split in two, must be overlaid on the first layer! The Blossom target is proposed as an efficient monitor for these combinatorial overlay errors. The paper of Carlson and King Liu explores a negative and iterative spacer process capable of patterning sub30-nm lines and holes. Not only is spacer double patterning attractive for its ability to create patterns below the Rayleigh limit, but also edge-defined gates have superior CD uniformity and linewidth roughness compared to lithographically defined gates–an important consideration for variability sensitive tools such as static random access memory devices. The paper of Wallow et al. explores the link between shrinkage and 3-D pattern distortions at line-ends and elbow corners where a photoresist has been UV cured to stabilize it in a litho-freeze litho-etch process flow. Finally, the paper of Lee et al. reports the results of modeling the feasibility and performance of nonlinear resist systems for use in double-exposure mode.The development of such materials, if feasible, could dramatically improve the cost of multiple-patterning lithography.


The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effectiveness of peer tutoring method on self-regulated learning. In self-regulated processes such as planning, self monitoring, and control of disturbances, the model of interaction between personal environment and behavior is a reciprocal interaction. Peer tutoring is expected to raise the potential behavior through an independent learning materials organization. Those behaviours include assistance-seeking behavior and assistance-giving during a more intensive learning process resulted from nearer psychological distance between the tutor and tutee. The subject of this research was 63 students of the Faculty of Psychology Unissula Semarang, which was divided into two groups: 31 students in the control group and 32 students in the treatment group. The treatment group consisted of nine tutorial groups in which each group consisted of 3-4 students. This research used a motivated strategy for learning questionnaire. Analysis of variance is used to test the hypothesis. The result indicates that there is a positive effect of peer tutoring learning methods on self-regulated learning. Peer tutoring learning method has accounted for 17.4 per cent improvement learning based on student self regulation. This research proved that active learning can be done without involving a lot of teachers. Besides, the learning process can be maximized with the existing potentials by, among others, through peer tutoring. Keywords: peer tutoring, self-regulated learning, tutee


Your favorite characters are now part of the Who HQ library! Say hello to the premier title in the What Is the Story Of? series. Hello Kitty! This cute cartoon character who's shaped like a bobtail cat and wears a bow in her hair has become an icon of our times. Hello Kitty, as she is known, is a piano-playing, cookie-baking darling from London with a heart of gold. Readers will learn all about Kitty, who was first created in Japan, but has since gone on to capture the imagination of people all around the world. Super fans of the super-fashionable Kitty will be thrilled to see her debut in the Who HQ brand.


One of the most significant economic developments over the past decades has been the rise in income and wealth inequality. After decades of benign neglect, the issues of economic and social inequalities have reentered the stage of mainstream political attention in the Western heartland over the past couple of years. This is due, in part, to the high public profile of publications by Thomas Piketty and Tony Atkinson. In line with the growing significance of deepening economic inequalities, this Special Section engages with two broad, if overlapping, questions: (1) How do new forms of economic inequality, power, and privilege relate to relevant theories and conceptualizations of the media and institutions of public communication, whether in the fields of communication studies or political economy? (2) What role do the new forms of economic inequality play today in the typical narratives of mediated communication, and how is such inequality framed and discussed?


The industry of data centers is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world. Distributed green data centers (DGDCs) consume 300 billion kWh per year to provide different types of heterogeneous services to global users. Users around the world bring revenue to DGDC providers according to actual quality of service (QoS) of their tasks. Their tasks are delivered to DGDCs through multiple Internet service providers (ISPs) with different bandwidth capacities and unit bandwidth price. In addition, prices of power grid, wind, and solar energy in different GDCs vary with their geographical locations. Therefore, it is highly challenging to schedule tasks among DGDCs in a high-profit and high-QoS way. This work designs a multiobjective optimization method for DGDCs to maximize the profit of DGDC providers and minimize the average task loss possibility of all applications by jointly determining the split of tasks among multiple ISPs and task service rates of each GDC. A problem is formulated and solved with a simulated-annealing-based biobjective differential evolution (SBDE) algorithm to obtain an approximate Pareto-optimal set. The method of minimum Manhattan distance is adopted to select a knee solution that specifies the Pareto-optimal task service rates and task split among ISPs for DGDCs in each time slot. Real-life data-based experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves lower task loss of all applications and larger profit than several existing scheduling algorithms. Note to Practitioners—This work aims to maximize the profit and minimize the task loss for DGDCs powered by renewable energy and smart grid by jointly determining the split of tasks among multiple ISPs. Existing task scheduling algorithms fail to jointly consider and optimize the profit of DGDC providers and QoS of tasks. Therefore, they fail to intelligently schedule tasks of heterogeneous applications and allocate infrastructure resources within their response time bounds. In this work, a new method that tackles drawbacks of existing algorithms is proposed. It is achieved by adopting the proposed SBDE algorithm that solves a multiobjective optimization problem. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared with three typical task scheduling approaches, it increases profit and decreases task loss. It can be readily and easily integrated and implemented in real-life industrial DGDCs. The future work needs to investigate the real-time green energy prediction with historical data and further combine prediction and task scheduling together to achieve greener and even net-zero-energy data centers.


This paper presents the study of backchannel conversation during a scientific conference, for this study I have analyzed the tweets about Theorizing the Web 2012. For the real time analysis I developed a web-based conference tweets visualization dashboard called Conference Monitor. This real time visualization of conference tweets will help the organizers to visualize the conference backchannel. The retrospective analysis shows interesting trends in the conference tweets and the social network of the participants.


In-situ FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the dehydration mechanism of naturally occurring scolecite from the Deccan traps. The dehydration and rehydration processes were studied by monitoring the thermally induced variations of fundamental bending (v 2 ) and stretching (v 3 and v 1 ) modes of the water molecules in the range 1550–1800 cm −1 and 3000–3600 cm −1 , as well as the corresponding second-order modes in the wavenumber region 4000–8000 cm −1 . Completely reversible spectral variations of the fundamental modes indicate that the transformation of scolecite to meta-scolecite at 495 K is reversible. Two-step dehydration behaviour is clearly observed in the thermally induced variations of the second-order modes. A combination mode in scolecite, due to Al-OH bonding around 4609 cm −1 , is seen to disappear in the meta-scolecite phase. Growth of a new mode around 4485 cm −1 is observed in the temperature range 630–675 K, indicating the presence of hydroxyl groups in the amorphous phase, created by the breaking of T-O-T bonds.


It is not known whether the asymptotic behavior of whole body O2 consumption (VO2) at maximal work rates (WR) is explained by similar behavior of VO2 in the exercising legs. To resolve this question, simultaneous measurements of body and leg VO2 were made at submaximal and maximal levels of effort breathing normoxic and hypoxic gases in seven trained male cyclists (maximal VO2, 64.7 +/- 2.7 ml O2.min-1.kg-1), each of whom demonstrated a reproducible VO2-WR asymptote during fatiguing incremental cycle ergometry. Left leg blood flow was measured by constant-infusion thermodilution, and total leg VO2 was calculated as the product of twice leg flow and radial arterial-femoral venous O2 concentration difference. The VO2-WR relationships determined at submaximal WR's were extrapolated to maximal WR as a basis for assessing the body and leg VO2 responses. The differences between measured and extrapolated maximal VO2 were 235 +/- 45 (body) and 203 +/- 70 (leg) ml O2/min (not significantly different). Plateauing of leg VO2 was associated with, and explained by, plateauing of both leg blood flow and O2 extraction and hence of leg VO2. We conclude that the asymptotic behavior of whole body VO2 at maximal WRs is a direct reflection of the VO2 profile at the exercising legs.


(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 704 days.


Parental Social Educational Skills and behavior of preschoolers. The study had for objectives, from the reports of 20 mothers of children with behavior problems (Clinical group) and 20 mothers of children without behavior problems (Non-clinical group): a) compare the frequencies of social skills and behavior problems of children; b) describe the situations where the children had behavior problems and social skills; c) describe the behaviors of mothers face behaviors of the children; d) describe the behaviors of children ahead of maternal behaviors. Pre-school they were selected age by teachers who responded to a scale and who were collected through interview and scale with the mothers. The results indicated that children of Non-clinical group had more social skills and fewer externalizing behavior problems than children of the Clinical group. The mothers in the Non-clinical group reported more Parental Social Educational Skills expression of feelings and coping and Communication and less negative parenting practices, than mothers of children with behavior problems.


A rapidly growing number of vehicles in recent years cause long traffic jams and difficulty in the management of traffic in cities. One of the most significant reasons for increased traffic jams on the road is random parking in unauthorized and non-permitted places. In addition, managing of available parking places cannot achieve the expected reduction in traffic congestion related problems due to mismanagement, lack of real-time parking guidance to the drivers, and general ignorance. As the number of roads, highways and related resources has not increased significantly, a rising need for a smart, dynamic and effective parking solution is observed. Accordingly, with the use of multiple sensors, appropriate communication network and advanced processing capabilities of edge and cloud computing, a smart parking system can help manage parking effectively and make it easier for the vehicle owners. In this paper, we propose a multi-layer architecture for smart parking system consisting of multi-parametric parking slot sensor nodes, latest long-range low-power wireless communication technology and Edge-Cloud computation. The proposed system enables dynamic management of parking for large areas while providing useful information to the drivers about available parking locations and related services through near real-time monitoring of vehicles. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic pricing algorithm to yield maximum possible revenue for the parking authority and optimum parking slot availability for the drivers.


Road controlling authorities put great effort and expense into collecting large quantities of high-quality transport related data. However, the true value of this data is often unrealised because of the narrow range of applications for which the data is used. Abley Transportation Consultants is adding value to the New Zealand Transport Agency and local government organisations by bringing together a variety of transport datasets and combining it with industry knowledge inside a geospatial environment to improve road safety. This paper describes SafetyNET, an innovative online interactive road safety tool that Abley Transportation Consultants has developed for the New Zealand Transport Agency. SafetyNET allows the New Zealand Transport Agency and its consultants to readily identify those parts of the State Highway network where road safety performance is good or poor compared to national averages, where it is out of character with the expected safety performance, and where it has engineering and operational features that suggest it may be a high risk site in the future. By displaying this information in a spatial manner, users of SafetyNET and funding agencies can effortlessly identify those high risk parts of the State Highway network that warrant attention and target their investigations and investments accordingly. This paper will be of interest to everyone involved with the targeted identification, prioritisation and funding of road safety improvements, and those seeking to unlock the true value of transport datasets.


Habermas read the first version of his essay "Modernity--an Unfinished Project in September 1980. This was his official discourse of thanks when receiving the Adorno Prize in Frankfurt. Ironically, Derrida received the same prize recently, in fact twenty-one years later, to be precise in September 2001, a distinction that seems however to clash with Habermas's sense of priorities. I say "ironically", because the impetus behind Habermas's first piece was a critique of the "then" irresistible success of French "neo-Structuralism." Twenty one years should be the right time to come of age, especially when the movement at issue is called "neo-Structuralism," a term that German critics tend to prefer to the Anglo-Saxon coining of "post-Structuralism," in short a dangerous movement in which, for Habermas, Derrida figures among the main suspects. My general thesis is that we can apply Habermas's phrase not to the whole project of rationality deriving from the Enlightenment and its aborted or distorted project of rationalization in progress, but to what appears now, in retrospect, as France's main philosophical movement in the last century with the possible exception of Existentialism, although I would be ready to argue that Existentialism has been more "a fashion, a morality, a passion"--to quote Baudelaire on the transient half needed to make modernity modern--than a proper philosophy; I mean structuralism. In order to make my claim, I need Riffaterre's work in all its depth, variety and cogency; indeed, from Essais de Stylistique structurale (1973) to Fictional Truth (1990) via La Production du texte (1979) one can describe Riffaterre as one of the most steadfast advocates of a style of thinking that has been too often reduced to bureaucratic scientism underpinned by a misguided fascination with linguistics. It is my contention that this broad mode of approaching texts and society has not died out in the seventies. I will try to show that Structuralism should be reappraised and presented in a more global context uniting various discourses, from anthropology to semiotics, philosophy, psychoanalysis, linguistics, history, that all come under the heading of the "human sciences"--in fact, the whole spectrum of what Giambattista Vico had in mind when he spoke of a "New Science" defined as the science of man's arts in contradistinction with Cartesian truths and certainties. I will also suggest that the evolution of Riffaterre's positions proves that he has remained faithful to this "unfinished project" of an expanded and revised structuralism that knew how to dialectize structures, codes and systems dynamically by taking into account a history of mentalities and the whole array of phenomenological interactions with the reader, finally by acknowledging the fundamental role played by the Unconscious. The "Soldiers of Baltimore," or how Structuralism arrived to the U.S. 1966 marked a high tide in the dissemination of Structuralism in France with the publication of two books that surprisingly turned out to be best-sellers, Lacan's Ecrits and Foucault's The Order of Things, following hard after the success of Althusser's For Marx a year earlier. I will focus on the conference of the same year, when French theory was launched in America under the name of Structuralism, in order to highlight Riffaterre's role as a mediator between two traditions, and describe a unique moment of condensation and translation. The Baltimore meeting of October 1966 in which Barthes, Lacan, Derrida, Goldmann, Vernant and Todorov were active participants, was organized from the French side by Jean Hyppolite. The two successive volumes published from these proceedings commemorate this debt by dedicating the contents to Hyppolite as "scholar, teacher and friend of scholars." (1) In his presentation, Hyppolite sketches the problematic he had developed in Logic and Existence, showing how Hegel's legacy was double, on the one hand an analysis of ordinary language starting from a phenomenology of perception, and on the other hand an investigation of the structure and architecture of all languages with the Logic. …


Participation has long been considered important for post‐disaster recovery. Establishing what constitutes participation in post‐disaster shelter projects, however, has remained elusive, and the links between different types of participation and shelter programme outcomes are not well understood. Furthermore, recent case studies suggest that misguided participation strategies may be to blame for failures. This study analysed 19 shelter projects implemented in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 to identify the forms of participation employed. Using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, it assessed how household participation in the planning, design, and construction phases of shelter reconstruction led to outcomes of household satisfaction and safe shelter design. Participation was operationalised via eight central project tasks, revealing that the involvement of households in the early planning stages of projects and in construction activities were important for satisfaction and design outcomes, whereas engagement during the design phase of projects had little impact on the selected outcomes.


Two-dimensional (2D) intrinsic ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductors are crucial to develop low-dimensional spintronic devices. Using density functional theory, we show that single-layer chromium trihalides (SLCTs) (CrX3, X = F, Cl, Br and I) constitute a series of stable 2D intrinsic FM semiconductors. A free-standing SLCT can be easily exfoliated from the bulk crystal, due to a low cleavage energy and a high in-plane stiffness. Electronic structure calculations using the HSE06 functional indicate that both bulk and single-layer CrX3 are half semiconductors with indirect gaps and their valence and conduction bands are fully spin-polarized in the same spin direction. The energy gaps and absorption edges of CrBr3 and CrI3 are found to be in the visible frequency range, which implies possible opto-electronic applications. Furthermore, SLCTs are found to possess a large magnetic moment of 3 μB per formula unit and a sizable magnetic anisotropy energy. The magnetic exchange constants of SLCTs are then extracted using the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian and the microscopic origins of the various exchange interactions are analyzed. A competition between a near 90° FM superexchange and a direct antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange results in a FM nearest-neighbour exchange interaction. The next and third nearest-neighbour exchange interactions are found to be FM and AFM, respectively, and this can be understood by the angle-dependent extended Cr–X–X–Cr superexchange interaction. Moreover, the Curie temperatures of SLCTs are also predicted using Monte Carlo simulations and the values can be further increased by applying a biaxial tensile strain. The unique combination of robust intrinsic ferromagnetism, half semiconductivity and large magnetic anisotropy energies renders the SLCTs as promising candidates for next-generation semiconductor spintronic applications.


This paper analyses the effect of skilled migration on two measures of innovation, patenting and citations of scientific publications, in a panel of 20 European countries. Skilled migrants positively contribute to the knowledge formation in host countries as they add to the pool of skills in destination markets. Moreover, they positively affect natives' productivity, as new ideas are likely to arise through the interaction of diverse cultures and diverse approaches in problem solving. The empirical findings we present support this prediction. Greater diversity in the skilled professions are associated with higher levels of knowledge creation, measured either by the number of patents applied for through the Patent Cooperation Treaty or by the number of citations to published articles. This finding is robust to the use of different proxies for both the explanatory variables and the diversity index in the labour force. Specifically, we first measure diversity with a novel indicator which uses information on the skill level of foreigners' occupations. We then check our results by following the general literature, which measures skills by looking at the foreigners' level of education. We show that cultural diversity consistently increases the innovation performance of European Countries.


The aim of this study is to perform detail experimental mapping of the lubricating film thickness of bovine serum (BS) within the contact between an artificial metal or ceramic femoral head and a glass disc and analyze effect of proteins on the film formation under rolling/sliding conditions.The film thickness was studied experimentally using an optical test rig as a function of time under variety of constant mean speeds. Chromatic interferograms were recorded with a high-speed digital camera and evaluated with thin film colorimetric interferometry.Under pure rolling conditions it was observed that the central film thicknesses increased with time for all measurements. When the disc was slower than head then the measured central film thicknesses achieved values only about some few nanometres, whereas when the tests were realized with faster disc then measured central film thicknesses achieved significantly higher values. Distribution of the film thickness within the contact zone is not homogeneous and two different film thickness regions can be found; thicker protein film and thinner base film that both show specific behaviour over time.This study showed that protein formation plays an important role in the lubrication processes of artificial joints of the human. Due to challenging of this study the more complex research work is carried out at the present time.© 2012 ASME


Energy poverty is a complex problem that is generally caused by having a low income, having high energy costs, and/or living in a home with low energy efficiency. Various indicators capture these factors, but there is no consensus among researchers on which is the best one, or on how to combine them. Thus, poverty mapping and policy planning would benefit from having access to a unitary index of poverty. We have created a multidimensional energy poverty index using the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2008). The index accounts for five dimensions of energy deprivation: two objective indicators of "low income, high costs" and "high share of energy expenditure in income", as well as three subjective indicators of "inability to keep the home adequately warm", "presence of leaks, damp, or rot" and "difficulties paying utility bills". We define households as poor if at least two forms of deprivation are present. We apply our index to Poland using Household Budget Survey data. We find that in 2017, 10% of households in Poland suffered from multidimensional energy poverty, and that about half of these households were also income-poor. Households living in buildings built before 1946, households living in rural areas, and households that were dependent on retirement and disability pensions or on unearned sources of income were at especially high risk of energy poverty.


This article is a case study of the campaign against the Coca-Cola Company in Plachimada, Kerala, India, which was a reaction against alleged environmental damages and water depletion caused by the company's production of soft drinks. It addresses the following questions: How was civil society used as a platform for this struggle and what was the outcome? Did this campaign affect the political participation of its members? The study is based on interviews and surveys of the villagers in Plachimada and connects to theories on social movements and political participation, as well as to the debate on Indian civil society. The findings presented show the importance of having a local, core group in charge of the campaign, while simultaneously making use of existing support groups at the regional, national, and international levels. It also reveals that after reaching its goal, the campaign has resulted in a general increase of political participation amongst its members.


In this paper, based on the development of virtual reality, a new real-time control method was introduced. This method was developed on the basis of MATLAB environment and takes effect to control a one-stage inverted pendulum system which was a typical unstable controlled object. The article introduces key techniques such as mathematical modeling of inverted pendulum, modeling of virtual reality system, how to link the model and control method. In the end, a VR model for one-stage inverted pendulum system using MATLAB virtual reality toolbox was built, simulation and real-time control of this system were also implemented, and result shows that this method takes on vivid 3D demo effect and robust control performance. Virtual reality technique was an advanced man-machine interaction technique; it can also be used on large engineering projects broadly, such as military affairs, aeronautics and astronautics and so on.


Prosolve, a new directly compressible vehicle consists of microcrystalline cellulose (98 %) and colloidal silicon dioxide (2 %). Piroxicam (20 mg) and celecoxib (100 mg) tablets were formulated employing Prosolve and three disintegrants namely potato starch, primogel and croscarmellose sodium by direct compression method with a view to enhance their dissolution rate. In the micromeritic evaluation, Prosolve and its blends with other tablet ingredients exhibited excellent to good flow needed for direct compression. All the tablets formulated employing prosolve fulfilled the official (I.P) and GMP standards with regard to various tablet characters. These tablets also gave 2 to 3 fold increase in the dissolution rate, when compared to commercial tablets. Among the three disintegrants, primogel gave higher dissolution rates with both piroxicam and celecoxib.


Abstract : Resilient and reliable operation of cyber physical systems of societal importance such as Smart Electric Grids is one of the top national priorities. Due to their critical nature, these systems are equipped with fast-acting, local protection mechanisms. However, commonly misguided protection actions together with system dynamics can lead to unintentional cascading effects. This paper describes the ongoing work usingTemporal Causal Diagrams (TCD), a refinement of the Timed Failure Propagation Graphs (TFPG), to diagnose problems associated with the power transmission lines protected by a combination of relays and breakers. The TCD models represent the faults and their propagationas TFPG, the nominal and faulty behavior of components (including local, discrete controllers and protection devices) as Timed Discrete Event Systems (TDES), and capture the cumulative and cascading effects of these interactions. TheTCD diagnosis engine includes an extended TFPG-like reasonerwhich in addition to observing the alarms and mode changes (as the TFPG), monitors the event traces (that correspond to the behavioral aspects of the model) to generate hypotheses that consistently explain all the observations. In this paper, we show the results of applying the TCD to a segment of a power transmission system that is protected by distance relays and breakers.


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Construction on the first phase of a gondola transit system began in the summer of 1992, with the goal of connecting the town of Telluride, Colorado with the Telluride Mountain Village, two miles away. By the end of 1993, three connected gondola units will be completed. The gondola system will serve as a public transit system for the two towns. The two communities are located in a beautiful, remote area in southwest Colorado. They are considered destination resort areas with the economy based almost exclusively on tourism, which includes skiing in the winter as well as summer activities. Activity in the spring and fall is somewhat limited. Telluride was originally settled as a mining town. The town began a steady decline around the 1930's until a small ski area was created. It has evolved into a year round festival resort. Telluride, located in a box canyon with steep rock sides, is isolated from the Telluride Mountain Village, a planned resort community owned and operated by The Telluride Company (`Telco'), who is also the operator of the ski area. The only non-skiing linkage between the town and the village is a 7-mile drive on a twisting two lane state road, known as Lawson Hill, that climbs up to the village. A one way trip in good weather takes about 15 minutes. In winter weather the trip can be considerably longer.


Several benchmark datasets for visual tracking research have been created in recent years. Despite their usefulness, whether they are sufficient for understanding and diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of different trackers remains questionable. To address this issue, we propose a framework by breaking a tracker down into five constituent parts, namely, motion model, feature extractor, observation model, model updater, and ensemble post-processor. We then conduct ablative experiments on each component to study how it affects the overall result. Surprisingly, our findings are discrepant with some common beliefs in the visual tracking research community. We find that the feature extractor plays the most important role in a tracker. On the other hand, although the observation model is the focus of many studies, we find that it often brings no significant improvement. Moreover, the motion model and model updater contain many details that could affect the result. Also, the ensemble post-processor can improve the result substantially when the constituent trackers have high diversity. Based on our findings, we put together some very elementary building blocks to give a basic tracker which is competitive in performance to the state-of-the-art trackers. We believe our framework can provide a solid baseline when conducting controlled experiments for visual tracking research.


Should two-band income taxes be progressive given a general income distribution? We provide a negative answer under utilitarian and max-min welfare functions. While this result clarifies some ambiguities in the literature, it does not rule out progressive taxes in general. If we maximize total or weighted utility of the poor, as often intended by the society, progressive taxes can be justified, especially when the 'rich' are very rich. Under these objectives we obtain necessary conditions for progressive taxes, which only depend on aggregate features of income distributions. The validity of these conditions is examined using plausible income distributions.


Using an improved method, the multilayer fermentation method, bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. The structure and morphology were analysed by an electronic microscope. The surface area and tensile strength were characterised. In vitro, the cytotoxicity of BC was determined by the proliferation, adhesion property, morphology, and viability of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). Full-thickness skin wounds were made on the backs of 35 mice. The wounds were subsequently treated with two types of gauzes, two types of BC films, and three types of skin grafts using 5 mice per group, respectively. The improved method was reproducible and more efficient to control the thickness and homogeneity of BC. Low cytotoxicity of the BC film and good proliferation of hASCs on the BC film were observed. Histological examinations demonstrated significant fresh tissue regeneration and capillary formation in the wound area in the BC groups on day 7 compared with those in other groups. Pathological studies also showed a faster and better healing effect and less inflammatory response in the BC groups than those in other groups. These results indicate high clinical potential of the BC biosynthesized by our improved method.


Since 1992, over 200 civilian residential and school buildings in Taiwan have been identified to have contained 60Co contaminated steel rebar emitting excessive gamma-radioactivity in living environments. These buildings were mostly constructed in early 1983 and 1984 by employing steels from one steel mill, which had recycled unknown 60Co orphan sources in northern Taiwan. In 1994, a group of residents who once stayed for a protracted period up to 10 y in the contaminated Ming-Sheng Villa filed a civil action against Taiwan's nuclear regulatory office, the Atomic Energy Council, for state tort compensation of 3.4 M U.S. dollars in equivalent. After three years of court processes, the Taipei District Court handed down a decision in partial favor of the exposed residents. Both parties soon appealed against this judgment to the Taiwan Appellate Court. This article analyzes the main legal issues involved, including government's obligations to prevent and eliminate contamination, to take preventive measures, and to take necessary remedial measures; and plaintiffs' assertion on any legal right against governmental offices. Moreover, discussion issues contain the scope of damage and compensation, causation analysis, absence of effective and efficient regulation over radioactive contamination, limit of tort compensation law and compensation amount, weight of medical evidence as well as role of expert witnesses, and related comparative legal studies.


In this research, a fully developed steady flow of a third-grade fluid in a pipe under an externally applied magnetic field with convection on wall is investigated. The governing equations including momentum and energy in the form of partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically by using a finite element method (FEM) as part of the FlexPDE software package. For validity, the results are compared with the 4 order Runge-Kutta method. The effect of different physical parameters such as the non-Newtonian parameter, the Biot number, the Hartmann number, the Eckert number on the dimensionless velocity profiles, the dimensionless velocity gradient profiles, the dimensionless temperature profiles, and the dimensionless gradient temperature profiles have been discussed. It is concluded that by increasing the non-Newtonian parameter and Hartman number the dimensionless velocity, the velocity gradient, the temperature and temperature gradient profiles reduce and thus the heat transfer of fluid flow, the shear stress and the skin friction on the pipe wall decrease. Increasing the Biot number caused a decrease of the temperature and a more uniform dimensionless temperature profile of the fluid within the pipe. Besides, with a decrease of the Prandtl number, the dimensionless temperature decreases inside the pipe. In fact, the dimensionless temperature profile becomes flat. For this reason, the dimensionless temperature gradient decreases on the pipe wall which causes the reduction of the heat transfer rate on the pipe wall. Further, by increasing the Eckert number, the dimensionless temperature of the fluid within the pipe and the heat transfer from the fluid to the pipe wall increases. Applying the FlexPDE software for solving governing equations numerically seems to lead to appropriate and reasonable results.


A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY examines the nature of philosophical enterprise and philosophy's role in Western culture. Jones and Fogelin weave key passages from classic philosophy works into their comments and criticisms, giving A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY the combined advantages of a source book and textbook. The text concentrates on major figures in each historical period, combining exposition with direct quotations from the philosophers themselves. The text places philosophers in appropriate cultural context and shows how their theories reflect the concerns of their times.


Increasing external pressures from human activities and climate change can lead to desertification, affecting the livelihood of more than 25% of the world's population. Thus, determining proximity to transition to desertification is particularly central for arid regions before they may convert into deserts, and recent research has focused on devising early warning signals for anticipating such regime shifts. We here draw the attention to some emerging land-cover cross-scale patterns with a historical characteristic sequence of different regimes in arid or semi-arid Mediterranean regions that could indicate an impending transition to the tightening and extension of desertification processes. Inflexibility of land administration may, in turn, reinforce desertification processes, erode the resilience and promote regime shifts and collapse instead of the adaptability required to counter surprises due to climate change. Various theoretical studies have designated the increase in spatial connectivity as the leading indicator of early warning for an impending critical transition of regime shifts. We show that a potential way to address early warning signals of regime shifts to monitor and predict changes is to look at current land-cover regime within a simple framework for interpreting cross-scale spatial patterns. We provide examples of this approach for the Apulia region in southern Italy with desertification processes in place, and discuss what a crossscale land-cover pattern could mean, what it says about the condition of socio-ecological landscapes, and what could be the effects of changing observed conditions ought to, for instance, climate change. We took advantage of the rich information provided by cross-scale pattern analysis in the pattern transition space provided by classic neutral landscape models. We show potentially dramatic shifts of connectivity at low land-cover composition below certain thresholds, and suggest that the degree to which the observed pattern departs from a particular neutral model can indicate early warning signals of regime shifts, and how those landscapes might evolve/react to additional land-cover variation. Moreover, as the land-cover pattern mostly depends on social-economic factors, we argue that we have to change societal values at the root of inflexibility. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The perceived brightnesses of the maxima and minima in spatial sinusoidal light variations have been determined by suprathreshold psychophysical techniques in the photopic region. For example, the response/ stimulus contrast ratio at 20 cd/m2 average luminance and spatial frequencies between 1.5 to 7.5 lines/deg is 2.4 to 3.4 for 25% and 1.8 to 2.0 for 50% object contrast. Contrast transfer has a pronounced peak at about 5.5 lines/deg for all object contrasts. The visual system is nonlinear and a contrast transfer function does not exist in the photopic region. The measurements have been performed under normal viewing conditions where both successive and simultaneous contrast phenomena are operative.


School building delivery process has been affected by the prolonged armed conflicts that took place in Iraq. This effect has been demonstrated in delay or cancellation of delivering schools which impacts the children's education and safety. Iraq was subject to a number of wars that have left its infrastructure destroyed and Iraqi people devastated with the absence of peace, safety and police authority. In the post-conflict time when re-building the country starts, priority is given to re-building schools and reforming the educational system. This is because good educational system initiates peace, safety and prosperity in the country. Moreover, education diminishes racism and conflicts and eliminates the causes for which conflicts take place. Education also helps to spread the culture of accepting others whatever their religion, race and class are; it also provides a safe environment for the children where they are protected from the consequences of the war such as gangs, military militia and abduction. Therefore, the focus of this study is school building delivery process in post-conflict Iraq. The study aims to evaluate and make recommendations for the school building delivery process in post-conflict Iraq. The evaluation of the process is carried out through identifying the strengths, challenges and recommendations of the school building delivery process. The study adopted a multiple case study as the research strategy. The stakeholders from both the government and the Ministry of Education were responders for the study. The use of a multiple-case study has allowed the researcher to ensure precision and validity. Semi-structured interviews were adopted as a data collection method as it is one of the methods of data collection that yield in-depth description and thorough explanation of the topic under investigation. The findings show the school building delivery process has manifested some strengths in post-conflict Iraq such as it reflects Iraqi people's desire and willingness to re-build their country, restore peace and safety to the people, and establish the first step in building democratic Iraq. However, the process has also been found to have some challenges related to the consequences of the prolonged armed conflict such as the absence of law and police and court authority, dearth of funds, the culture that dominates the Iraqi society and shapes its people's relationships and behaviour, and the hierarchal patterns that overshadow work and the relationships between departments and employees. The findings have also revealed that there is a lack of interaction between department and the government and the Ministry of Education; the matter which is deemed to affect the school building delivery process. The study contribution to the literature of school building delivery process is significant because there is a scarcity in covering this topic in Iraq and in the Arab World in general. The other study contribution is that the phenomenon of school building delivery has not discussed in this way which focuses on the stages of school building delivery and the factors that impact this process. The study has also linked the challenges that a school building delivery process is facing in post-conflict Iraq to the political, economic, social and cultural factors that play the greatest role in making this process what it is. The study has made recommendations that are derived from the features of the school building delivery process gaps and complexities. The study has assumed that by changing the environment where schools are built and delivered, Iraq can extend the change to cover different areas such as hospital building delivery process, for example. These recommendations are based on the assumptions that when a war-torn society starts by making change in education, it can achieve the change in the whole society.


Ovary anatomy and organography was investigated in five species of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) and three species of Musa (Musaceae). The ovaries of both genera may be longitudinally divided into three regions: sublocular, locular, and prolongation. The prolongation is the elongated closure of the top of the locules. The proportions of these regions differ between genera and to a lesser extent among species within a genus. In general, Heliconia has a larger sublocular region while the prolongation is larger in Musa. These differences are correlated with the occurrence of gynopleural nectaries in the sublocular region of the Heliconiaceae and in the prolongation of the Musaceae. Anatomical and organographic details are related to our knowledge of the development of the ovary and fruit. Many anatomical differences between the genera are correlated with the functions of these regions in the fruit. The structure and homology of the placental trichomes of the Musaceae are discussed, and I conclude that they are not homologous to the arils of the other Zingiberales.


Simultaneous high-speed in-cylinder measurements of laser-induced fluorescence of biacetyl as a fuel tracer and mid-infrared broadband absorption of fuel and combustion products (water and carbon dioxide) using a spark plug probe are compared in an optical engine. The study addresses uncertainties and the applicability of absorption measurements at a location slightly offset to the spark plug when information about mixing at the spark plug is desired. Absorbance profiles reflect important engine operation events, such as valve opening and closing, mixing, combustion, and outgassing from crevices.


Changes in the pelagic communities of Lago Maggiore (Italy) during 1983–1995, when the lake underwent a process of oligotrophication caused by a gradual phosphorus abatement, were analyzed. Events in the plankton after a large increase of Bythotrephes longimunus starting in 1988 were strikingly similar to those in Lake Michigan after the initial Bythotrephes cederstroemii invasion. They included a decrease in numbers of Daphnia, assumed to be caused by Bythotrephes predation, and an increase in the body size of Daphnia. In Lago Maggiore, these changes took place with a stable fish stock. As Lehman initially found in Lake Michigan, herbivory did not constrain the maximum phytoplankton biomass. However, a significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) existed between Daphnia and phytoplankton cell numbers over the whole long−term period. It is concluded that, although chlorophyll and biovolume changes are dependent on phosphorus reduction, the observed increase in cell numbers of phytoplankton and the decrease in average cell size may depend not only on phosphorus decline but also web during lake oligotrophication.


Abstract This article analyses the Gulf Arab states' changing posture toward Israel since the June 1967 War. Fifty years on, the 'three no's' of Khartoum have been replaced by the Saudi-coordinated Arab Peace Initiative, which offers Israel normalization in return for the establishment of a Palestinian state. Furthermore, the meaning of 'normalization' has been re-defined over the years in accordance with the changing geopolitical circumstances. Mutually beneficial ties between Israel and the states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have grown up in proportion to their shared interests and shared threat perceptions. In the period from the 1967 War to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty, the Gulf Arab states, for the most part, boycotted Israel in line with pan-Arab requirements. While Iranian propaganda during the Khomeini era (1979–1989) depicted Gulf Arab rulers as lackeys of Zionism and imperialism, GCC–Israel ties were anathema. In the 1990s, the GCC lent cautious support to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and two of its members, Oman and Qatar, expanded trade relations with Israel in defiance of Arab and Gulf norms. The emergence of the Saudi–Iranian regional cold war after the invasion of Iraq in 2003 gave rise to unprecedented levels of tacit security and intelligence cooperation between Israel and Saudi Arabia.


This special issue of the Journal of Economic Studies has been produced to mark, as nearly as possible, the 10th anniversary of Lauchlin Currie's death. He was born in the fishing village of New Dublin in Nova Scotia, Canada, September 8, 1902 and died in Bogota, Colombia, December 23, 1993. An economist, described as the intellectual leader of the spending wing of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal (Herbert Stein, 1969, p. 165), Currie contributed several articles and reviews to this Journal over the last two decades of his long and extraordinarily varied career (Currie, 1974, 1975, 1976a, 1979, 1981a, b, 1983, 1990). Accordingly, the Journal's editor suggested that we mark the occasion with a special issue containing some of his hitherto unpublished papers and memoranda in the field of monetary theory and policy. As Humphrey (2003), Laidler (1993, 1999), and Steindl (1995) have explained, Currie's publications in the early 1930s presented a diagnosis of the causes of the 1929-1932 collapse in the US economy that was substantially the same as that advanced much later by Friedman and Schwartz (1963) in their A Monetary History of the United States. In that celebrated work, Friedman and Schwartz overlooked Currie's earlier contributions. Brunner, who wrote a long foreword for the 1968 reprint of Currie's (1934a) Supply and Control of Money in the United States, gave Currie to believe that the neglect was partly due to the damage that his reputation suffered during the McCarthy era, and/or to the notion that a radical New Dealer could not also be an upholder of what became known as the conservative "monetarist" school (Sandilands, 1990, p.157)[1]. However, in light of Laidler's reappraisal of Currie's early work, Friedman later proffered an explicit mea culpa for his earlier neglect (Laidler, 1993, p.1077n.12).


In Pakistan, where gender-based discrimination is already rampant, women and girls belonging to religious minority or belief communities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination over and above those faced by an average Pakistani woman and girl. This policy briefing shares findings from a study on the situation of socioeconomically excluded Christian women and girls in Pakistan. During the research, they discussed their experiences of different forms of discrimination, which predominantly took place within their workplace (largely sanitary, domestic and factory work) and educational institutes, particularly in government schools. They described being restricted in their mobility by their families and communities who are fearful of the threats of forced conversion, and both poor and affluent women relayed experiences of harassment at healthcare and education facilities once their religious identity is revealed.


According to Guided Search (and similar models), features are only conjoined once an object is attended. This assertion is supported by many experiments: e.g. conjunctions of features do not pop-out in visual search and observers are poor at judging proportions of different types of conjunctions in displays. Thus, observers appear to be insensitive to the preattentive conjunctions of features. Now, consider two versions of a triple conjunction search for red, vertical rectangular targets among distractors that could be red, green, or blue; vertical, horizontal, or oblique; and rectangular, oval, or jagged. In one condition, all 26 possible distractor types are present on each trial (set sizes: 27 and 54). In the other condition, only three distractor types are present (e.g., red oblique ovals, jagged green verticals, and blue horizontal rectangles). Critically, in each condition, each feature is evenly distributed in the display: i.e. 1/3 of items are red, 1/3 green, 1/3 blue, and similarly for orientation and shape. Since the preattentive feature maps are identical in both conditions, search performance should not differ. However, RTs are faster for the condition with only three distractor types (Grand means: 625msec vs. 835msec). How can we explain this? Perhaps the easier search was done by selecting one feature (e.g. red items) and looking for an oddball in that subset. However, in a control experiment, when the target was defined as the oddball in the otherwise homogeneous red subset, search was ~200msec slower than in the three distractor condition. Alternatively, it may be possible to reject groups of identical items even if the group is defined conjunctively. Regardless of the explanation, these data show that the preattentive conjunction of basic features speeds search even though explicit appreciation of conjunctions requires attention.


We argue that chemistry should be the next grand challenge for Artificial Intelligence. The AI research community and humanity would benefit tremendously from focusing AI re- search on chemistry on a regular basis, as a benchmark as well as a real-world application domain. To support our position, we review the importance of chemical compound discovery and synthesis planning and discuss the properties of search spaces in a chemistry problem. Knowledge acquired in domains such as two-player board games or single player puzzles places the AI community in a good position to solve critical problems in the chemistry domain. Yet, we show that searching in chemistry problems poses significant additional challenges that will have to be addressed. Finally, we envision how several AI areas like Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, planning and search, are relevant for chemistry.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To examine symptom reports and physiologic parameters in adolescents using the Eating After Transplant (EAT!) intervention during recovery after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

DESIGN
Repeated measures design.

SETTING
HSCT service at a pediatric teaching institution in the southern United States.

SAMPLE
16 adolescents recovering from a first-time allogeneic HSCT.

METHODS
Use of EAT! was monitored electronically, symptom reports were obtained from a questionnaire, and physiologic parameters were obtained from the medical record at HSCT hospital discharge and 20, 40, and 60 days postdischarge.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
EAT! use, symptom prevalence, symptom-related distress, and physiologic parameters including weight, body mass index (BMI), pre-albumin, and albumin.

FINDINGS
Symptom prevalence was highest at hospital discharge and steadily declined; however, mean symptom distress scores remained stable. Mean weight and BMI significantly declined during the first 60 days postdischarge; pre-albumin and albumin markers were unchanged. No correlation was noted among use of EAT! and any research variables.

CONCLUSIONS
The most frequent symptoms were not always the most distressing symptoms. Weight and BMI significantly declined during HSCT recovery.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Nurses should assess symptom frequency and distress to fully understand patients' symptom experiences. Nurses should monitor weight and BMI throughout HSCT recovery.


Ultrawideband (UWB) communications has emerged as a promising technology for high data rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Several proposals for UWB-based WPANs have been made. One widely popular proposal was standardized by ECMA-368, and is based on OFDM. In this paper, we address one of the important aspects that impact the performance of this standard, namely interference management between different uncooperative beacon groups that operate simultaneously over the same area. We first propose an interference management distributed reservation protocol (IM-DRP) for OFDM-based UWB communications. IM-DRP aims at improving the throughput of an UWB WPAN by reducing interference between uncooperative beacon groups. We then integrate IM-DRP into the design of a rate adaptation strategy that exploits the multirate capability of OFDM-based UWB systems. Besides maintaining a target packet error rate, our proposed strategy attempts to reduce the required reservation time over a link, hence allowing more links to be simultaneously activated. This improves the overall network throughput. Simulations are used to demonstrate the performance gain of our proposed schemes.


Several recent studies have identified emerging and near‐commercial process and technological options to transition heavy industry to global net‐zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by mid‐century, as required by the Paris Agreement. To reduce industrial emissions with sufficient speed to meet the Paris goals, this review article argues for the rapid formation of regional and sectoral transition plans, implemented through comprehensive policy packages. These policy packages, which will differ by country, sector, and level of development, must reflect regional capacities, politics, resources, and other key circumstances, and be informed and accepted by the stakeholders who must implement the transition. These packages will likely include a mix of the following mutually reinforcing strategies: reducing and substituting the demand for GHG intense materials (i.e., material efficiency) while raising the quantity and quality of recycling through intentional design and regulation; removal of energy subsidies combined with carbon pricing with competitiveness protection; research and development support for decarbonized production technologies followed by lead markets and subsidized prices during early stage commercialization; sunset policies for older high carbon facilities; electricity, hydrogen and carbon capture, and storage infrastructure planning and support; and finally, supporting institutions, including for a "just workforce & community transition" and monitoring and adjustment of policy effectiveness. Given the paucity of industrial decarbonization perspectives available for in‐transition and less‐developed countries, the review finishes with a discussion of priorities and responsibilities for developed, in‐transition and less developed countries.


There is increasing recognition of the value that local, indigenous and mobile communities can bring to the process of conserving biodiversity, and of the need for a range of conservation types from strict protection to multiple sustainable use. Such a paradigm shift is reflected in the outcomes of two recent global events: the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress (Durban, September 2003) and the 7th Conference of Parties of the Convention of Biological Diversity (Kuala Lumpur, February 2004). Partly through the efforts of the IUCN Theme on Indigenous and Local Communities, Equity and Protected Areas (TILCEPA), the concepts of Community Conserved Areas and Collaborative Management gained widespread acceptance at both these global events. This booklet contains key outputs that reflect this new trend. This booklet would be useful for people from various sectors working on wildlife / biodiversity conservation, community based natural resource management, conservation-based livelihood and poverty eradication, gender and equity in relation to conservation, and related topics.


The highly selective cytotoxicity of site-directed ricin A chain conjugates can be potentiated by membrane-active carboxylic ionophores. The combined use of the two agents results in much faster inactivation of ribosomes and subsequent cell death and lysis. The potency of A chain cytotoxins is correspondingly increased by several orders of magnitude and cells that sparsely express the target antigen or receptor can be killed.


A characterization of a property of binary relations is of finite type if it is stated in terms of ordered T-tuples of alternatives for some positive integer T. A characterization of finite type can be used to determine in polynomial time whether a binary relation over a finite set has the property characterized. Unfortunately, Pareto representability in R2 has no characterization of finite type (Knoblauch, 2002). This result is generalized below Rl, l larger than 2. The method of proof is applied to other properties of binary relations.


Orbit (28/10/2019) Iridiumand Ruthenium-Catalyzed N-alkylation of Amines with Alcohols and Amines Many biologically active molecules contain one or more nitrogen atoms. Consequently, CN bond formation is a crucial area in the development of pharmaceuticals. The main part of this thesis is devoted to environmentally benign syntheses of different nitrogen scaffolds. Iridium and ruthenium catalysts have been employed for the N-alkylation of amines with either alcohols or amines. Synthesis of secondary amines Self-condensation of primary amines afforded secondary amines in good to high yields. The reaction is catalyzed by the commercially available [CpIrCl2]2 complex. The procedure is environmentally benign as it is performed in the absence of both solvent and additives and the only by-product is ammonia. Additionally, the work-up procedure is a simple distillation of the product directly from the reaction mixture. Synthesis of piperazines In the Madsen group it has previously been demonstrated that condensation of diamines and diols catalyzed by [CpIrCl2] 2 furnishes the piperazine skeleton. The only by-product of the reaction is water. The substrate scope was extended and the limitations of the reaction were studied. It was established that the Thorpe-Ingold effect plays a central role in the reaction, as ethyleneglycol and 1,2-ethylenediamine failed to produce piperazine. Introduction of a C-substituent on one or both of the starting materials gave Csubstituted piperazines in high yields. Synthesis of N-benzylpiperazine from ethyleneglycol and N-benzylethylenediamine was also successful. Self-condensation of ethanolamine was unsuccessful due to polymerization of the starting material. o-Phenylenediamine was a difficult substrate as it furnished an equimolar mixture of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline and 2-benzimidazolemethanol in the reaction with ethylene glycol. Ammonium tetrafluoroborate as the nitrogen source in reaction with 1,2-cyclohexanediol afforded the morpholine derivative. Finally, attempts to switch to ruthenium catalysis were unsuccessful since neither a RuCl3-PPh3 complex nor a RuCl3-xantphos complex was able to catalyze the reaction between 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and ethylene glycol. Mechanistic experiments of the iridium catalyzed reactions revealed that the Voigt isomerization of the α-imino alcohol intermediate to the corresponding α-imino ketone plays a significant role. Synthesis of indoles Anilines and vicinal diols were reacted in the presence of a ruthenium complex (RuCl3 with PPh3 or xantphos) to give indoles in good yields. In this case water and dihydrogen are the only by-products. When unsymmetrical diols were employed the corresponding indole with the largest substituent in the 2-position was favoured. It is believed to proceed through a Bischler-like reaction pathway. Mechanistic experiments were conducted and emphasized the importance of the Voigt reaction in the formation of the product. Protein folding During an external stay at The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA, folding of the well-known protein CI 2 was studied. Several mutants were synthetically prepared via folding assisted ligation. One segment was synthesised as the C-terminal thioester by Boc-SPPS and the other segment as a C-terminal acid by Fmoc-SPPS. The sites of mutation were all in the α-helical region of the protein and the mutation choices were alanine and Aib, which both posses a high αhelical propensity. Hereby, it was believed that more stable proteins would be obtained. Folding of the mutants was studied in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics by guanidine hydrochloride denaturation monitored by fluorescence. The results were unfortunately unreliable due to errors in the spectrofluorometer.


In the present study, a reliable and very sensitive sensor for the determination of ultra-trace of Cu(II) is proposed. Copper was determined by anodic differential pulse stripping voltammetry based on the adsorption collection of the Cu(II) on an encapsulated Schiff base onto multiwalled carbon nanotube paste working electrode. The variation of peak current with pH and several instrumental parameters such as accumulation time, accumulation potential and scan rate, were optimized. Under optimized condition, the relationship between the peak current and copper ion concentration is linear which is used as analytical signal. The method was applied to the determination of copper ion in river water, city water, and bottled water and drinking water samples with satisfactory results.


A novel magnetic Pb(II) ion-imprinted polymer was prepared via surface ion-imprinting technique by using magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 microspheres as supporter, Pb(II) as template ion, methacrylic acid and salicylaldoxime as monomers, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. The product was characterized by FT-IR, VSM, XRD, and SEM. The adsorption experiments showed that the imprinted polymer was employed successfully in comparison with non-imprinted polymer. When the temperature was in a range of 277 K to 291 K the maximum adsorption was about 81.83 mg/g with an optimal pH 6.0. Its relative selectivity coefficient values of Pb(II)/Cu(II), Pb(II)/Zn(II), and Pb(II)/Cd(II) were 2.60, 6.38, and 7.89 times greater than the ones of the magnetic non-imprinted polymer. The Langmuir adsorption model was more favorable for M-IIP than Freundlich or Temkin adsorption models. The Scatchard analysis suggested that M-IIP was processed with two kinds of binding sites with different affinity. Thermodynamic experiment showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process for Pb(II). The mechanism for Pb(II) adsorption on the imprinted polymer was also investigated.


Over a century has passed since the United States Supreme Court decided a series of cases, known as the Insular Cases, that limited the applicability of constitutional rights in Puerto Rico and other overseas territories and allowed the United States to hold them indefinitely as subordinated possessions without the promise of representation or statehood. Essays in this volume, which originated in a Harvard Law School conference, reconsider the Insular Cases. Leading legal authorities examine the history and legacy of the cases, which are tinged with outdated notions of race and empire, and explore possible solutions for the dilemmas they created. Reconsidering the Insular Cases" is particularly timely in light of the latest referendum in Puerto Rico expressing widespread dissatisfaction with its current form of governance, and litigation by American Samoans challenging their unequal citizenship status. This book gives voice to a neglected aspect of U.S. history and constitutional law and provides a rich context for rethinking notions of sovereignty, citizenship, race, and place, as well as the roles of law and politics in shaping them."


The parajulid milliped tribe Gosiulini (Diplopoda: Julida) comprises two genera – Gosiulus Chamberlin, with three projections on the posterior gonopod and two species in the southcentral/southwestern United States (US) [Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas], and monotypic Minutissimiulus Shelley, n. gen., with two projections, in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Gosiulus conformatus Chamberlin occupies the plains/fl atlands of Texas, while its congener inhabits high elevations to the west in all four US states. Both are anticipated in Mexico (Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Sonora), and G. conformatus is expected in southeastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, and the Oklahoma panhandle. The eastern boundary of G. conformatus and the genus/tribe conforms to the western border of the Piney Woods biome in eastern Texas. As shown by the posterior gonopod drawing in the original description, Parajulus timpius Chamberlin, previously considered of "uncertain generic position or validity," is unquestionably the oldest name for the western species. The anteriormost posterior gonopod projection, absent from Minutissimiulus, is considered the "prefemoral process," while the "solenomere" and a third branch arise from a common base. Because of positional homology with "process 'C'" in Nesoressini, the last projection is accorded this name, which may also apply to the "prefemoral process" in Aniulini. Minutissimiulus biramus Shelley, n. sp., is proposed along with the following new subjective synonymies: Apacheiulus Loomis under Gosiulus; Ziniulus aethes and Z. medicolens, both by Chamberlin, and Z. ambiguus and Z. nati, both by Loomis, under G. conformatus; and A. pinalensis and A. guadelupensis, both by Loomis, under G. timpius, new combination. Ziniulus navajo Chamberlin becomes an objective synonym of P. timpius because its holotype is designated neotype of the latter. Minutissimiulus biramus Shelley is the fi rst Mexican gosiuline and "mainland" Mexican parajulid not in the tribe Parajulini.


We use an original variant of the standard trust game to study the effects of corruption on trust and trustworthiness. In this game, both the trustor and the trustee know that part of the surplus they can generate may be captured by a third "corrupted" player under different expected costs of audit and prosecution. We find a slightly higher trustor's giving in the presence of corruption, matched by a significant excess of reciprocity from the trustee. Both the trustor and the trustee expect, on average, corruption to act as a tax, inelastic to changes in the probability of corruption prosecution. Expectations are correct for the inelasticity assumption and for the actual value of the "corruption tax". Our experimental findings lead to the rejection of four standard hypotheses based on purely self-regarding preferences. We discuss how the apparently paradoxical excess reciprocity effect is consistent with the cultural role of heroes in history, where examples of commendable giving have been used to stimulate emulation of ordinary people. Our results suggest that the excess reciprocity component of the trustee makes the trustor's excess giving a rational and effective strategy.


Delivery of fetuses at term in breech presentation has been a subject of debate in obstetrics. Reviewing the outcome following vaginal and caesarean deliveries will influence policies on the best route of delivery. To compare the neonatal and maternal outcomes between vaginal and caesarean births for fetuses presenting breech at term, a retrospective and comparative analysis of 78 singleton term breech deliveries in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi over a 5year period was done. Low 5-minute Apgar score, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, neonatal mortality and maternal morbidity were compared between vaginal deliveries and caesarean births. Assisted vaginal breech delivery was associated with significantly low Apgar score (score < 7) at 5-minutes (X=8.19; OR =8.80, P=0.004), while mothers who were delivered through caesarean section had significantly, more morbidity (X=3.14, OR=0.29, P= 0.04) compared to those who had vaginal delivery. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) admission rate(X=2.84, OR=2.56, P= 0.09) or neonatal mortality (X=0.11, OR=1.60, P=0.38). Although assisted breech delivery was associated with more incidence of low Apgar score at 5-minutes, there was no significant difference in either the neonatal mortality rate or NICU admission rate. Assisted vaginal breech delivery in well selected patients is still relevant to our practice, despite the findings from the Term Breech trial. Key Words; Breech Presentation, Term, Delivery


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In the mid 1930s, North America's Great Plains faced one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in world history. Donald Worster's classic chronicle of the devastating years between 1929 and 1939 tells the story of the Dust Bowl in ecological as well as human terms. Now, twenty-five years after his book helped to define the new field of environmental history, Worster shares his more recent thoughts on the subject of the land and how humans interact with it. In a new afterword, he links the Dust Bowl to current political, economic and ecological issues-including the American livestock industry's exploitation of the Great Plains, and the on-going problem of desertification, which has now become a global phenomenon. He reflects on the state of the plains today and the threat of a new dustbowl. He outlines some solutions that have been proposed, such as "the Buffalo Commons," where deer, antelope, bison and elk would once more roam freely, and suggests that we may yet witness a Great Plains where native flora and fauna flourish while applied ecologists show farmers how to raise food on land modeled after the natural prairies that once existed.


Introduction Topics concerning the relationship between archaeology and ethics are discussed all over the world. Estonian archaeologists have followed these societal developments and begun to ponder over the ethics of archaeology. One of the markers of such a development is the compilation and adoption of a code of ethics of Estonian archaeology--"Ethical principles of an archaeologist" (EPA) (1). It is a sign that archaeologists use the outputs of practical ethics to make their work more efficient and reason-based. The code embodies the idea of an ethical archaeology, which is a promise to archaeologists themselves, to their colleagues and to the society to behave in an ethical manner. Ethical behaviour is composed of numerous moral principles. Abiding by those principles should lead to the best possible practices and behaviour. That, however, requires knowledge about values. Having been part of the process of creating the code of ethics (see Livin 2008) I have realized that the theme of ethics in archaeology needs to evolve to a new and deeper level-the level of values. Archaeologists have an important and responsible role in society as interpreters of cultural heritage and creators of knowledge. Their narrations about the past facilitate the creation and uphold of national identity and memory. Thus, the moral dimension of an archaeologist's profession derives largely from his/her responsibilities towards the public. This is probably the primary reason why an archaeologist should be ethically fit. The president and founder of the Institute of Global Ethics, Dr. Rushworth M. Kidder states that most wrongdoings arise because actions are out of sync with values either with an individual's inner values or with values we can reasonably take for granted in the community at large. This incongruity arises because those values have remained more or less undefined (Kidder 2003, 43). This article seeks to map out the value system of Estonian archaeologists and simultaneously bring out the most important professional values of archaeologists. For conceptualizing and defining "value", I will primarily rely on Edgar H. Schein's (2004) model of culture and Milton Rokeach's theoretical standpoints presented in 1973 and 1979. Even though the current article aims to observe and discuss the normative and individual value system of archaeologists in Estonia, the goal of this paper is not to evaluate whether Estonian archaeologists behave ethically or not. Also, the results brought out in this study only reflect the situation in Estonia and without similar research conducted in other countries, it is not possible to compare the value systems of archaeologists from different regions. While this sort of study would be highly beneficial and would help put the results of the current article in a more international context, not enough research has been carried out on this topic in order to make broader conclusions about the values and ethical behaviour among European archaeologists in general. Theoretical background and definition of values The study of values in archaeology is a relatively new subject matter. In archaeological literature the topic is mostly understood in relation to the value of archaeological objects or phenomena as a source of information. Less attention is paid to the values of archaeologists themselves and archaeology's realm of values as a whole. The relationship between values and archaeology has mainly been under observation from the standpoint of heritage protection (e.g. Mathers et al. 2004; Cooper et al. 2005). In America and Australia the topic is closely related to indigenous people (e.g. Byrne 1991; Layton 1994; Strang 1997). Usually these works deal with cultural identity and its archaeological acknowledgement through the concepts of the past, usage of the past, value-conflicts, ethical responsibilities, etc. In Estonia, the research which is the basis of the current article, is the first attempt to study the values of archaeologists, in the hope of creating a pathway for future studies in this field (see Livin 2010). …


The purpose of migration, regardless of the distance involved, is to exploit two or more environments suitable for survival or reproduction over time, usually on a seasonal basis. Yet individual organisms can practice the phenomenon differently, and birds deploy unique patterns of movement over particular segments of time. Incorporating the latest research on bird migration, this concise, critical assessment offers contemporary readers a firm grasp of what defines an avian migrant, how the organism came to be, what is known about its behavior, and how we can resolve its enduring mysteries.John H. Rappole's sophisticated survey of field data clarifies key ecological, biological, physiological, navigational, and evolutionary concerns. He begins with the very first migrants, who traded a home environment of greater stability for one of greater seasonality, and uses the structure of the annual cycle to examine the difference between migratory birds and their resident counterparts. He ultimately connects these differences to evolutionary milestones that have shaped a migrant lifestyle through natural selection. Rather than catalogue and describe various aspects of bird migration, Rappole considers how the avian migrant fits within a larger ecological frame, enabling a richer understanding of the phenomenon and its critical role in sustaining a hospitable and productive environment. Rappole concludes with a focus on population biology and conservation across time periods, considering the link between bird migration and the spread of disease among birds and humans, and the effects of global warming on migrant breeding ranges, reaction


Background:We live in a data rich, information driven society with numerous data sources available that have the potential to provide new insights into areas such as disease prevention, policy decisions, and personalised medicine. Data sources are not optimally utilised, existing in heterogeneous silos with no current solution to connect or integrate them with valuable open and social data1; a solution to enable evidence-based health policy decision making, leading to significant improvements in health care and quality of life2.Materials & Methods:The MIDAS project is developing a big data platform that facilitates the utilisation of healthcare data beyond existing isolated systems making that data amenable to enrichment with open and social data. The platform will enable the integration of heterogeneous data sources, provide privacy-preserving analytics, forecasting tools and bespoke visualisations of actionable information. Policy makers will have the capability to perform data-driven evaluations of the efficiency and effectiveness of proposed policies in terms of expenditure, delivery, wellbeing, and health and socio-economic inequalities, thus improving current policy risk stratification.Results:With a unique combination of data scientists, and a Policy Board comprising health policy makers and data guardians, MIDAS is producing a platform that empowers policy makers by providing actionable knowledge to support decision making at regional and national levels. The Policy Board's involvement ensures that the platform meets real user requirements, is usable, effective, and respects governance, ethical, consent and privacy aspects.Conclusions:There is an urgent need to develop applications and tools to consume and map the variety of data from the public, patients and healthcare systems to make it more meaningful, insightful and useful for health policy makers3. MIDAS will exploit the enormous economic potential ofthis data and big data analytics to benefit the economy and society, setting in motion a newnetwork of knowledge pertinent to supporting enhanced public health decision-making.


Abstract Context Integral to emotional intelligence (EI), empathy is frequently studied in medical students. While important, given the implications for patient safety and physician well-being, traits such as self-regard may also affect physician efficacy. Emotional intelligence offers a holistic framework from which to study empathy, allowing it to be explored with coexisting traits and offering opportunities to identify related risk factors. Objective To identify trends in osteopathic medical student EI to help mitigate burnout, with specific attention to empathy and self-regard. Methods Eight hundred eighty-five students at Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific from classes 2014-2016 were offered the Emotional Quotient Inventory 2.0 (EQ-i) at the start of school, completion of their second year, and at graduation. Participants completed all 3 inventories, yielding a response rate of 16.3%. Repeated measurement analysis of variance analyses were conducted using SAS software for Windows version 9.3. Results A total of 144 students participated. The total EI score shifted from mean (SD) 100.2 (12.4) at baseline to 96.1 (12.8) midway to 96.8 (13.3) at graduation (P=.0161) with significant decreases between baseline and midway (P<.001) and baseline and final administrations (P<.001). Empathy declined from 103 (13.1) to 99.9 (12.7) to 99.6 (12.6) (P=.0481) with significant decreases between baseline and midway (P<.001) and baseline and final administrations (P<.001). Self-regard declined from 98.6 (14.1) to 95.8 (15.1) to 95.5 (14.7) (P=.135) with significant decreases between baseline and midway (P=.0021) and baseline and final administrations (P<.001). Conclusion This study's findings support further investigation of potential roles played by EI, empathy, and self-regard in physician burnout.


Model checkers offer to automatically prove safety and liveness properties of complex concurrent software systems, but they are limited by state space explosion. Partial-Order Reduction (POR) is an effective technique to mitigate this burden. However, applying existing notions of POR requires to verify conditions based on execution paths of unbounded length, a difficult task in general. To enable a more intuitive and still flexible application of POR, we propose local POR (LPOR). LPOR is based on the existing notion of statically computed stubborn sets, but its locality allows to verify conditions in single states rather than over long paths. As a case study, we apply LPOR to message-passing systems. We implement it within the Java Pathfinder model checker using our general Java-based LPOR library. Our experiments show significant reductions achieved by LPOR for model checking representative message-passing protocols and, maybe surprisingly, that LPOR can outperform dynamic POR.


'Exactitude and Uncertainty', a paper that reflects on the nature of research as a form of exploration and the artist's book as a means to embody this activity.

It focuses on a book project by the author, based on his ongoing research at CERN (the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva). Subjective response and reflection are fundamental to how one makes sense of the world and these form key strategies for assimilating and using the material generated. One of the book's aims is to explore—from the viewpoint of a non-scientific artist—the human dimension to science and its status as both an ideal realm and a tangible practice. Perhaps above all, the intention is to look for those transient, poignant and often-humorous responses that people have to the 'machine' and its make up.

This was included in a limited edition case-bound publication of keynote and peer-reviewed papers, proceedings and documentation of exhibitions and project events at the Impact 8 International Printmaking Conference – hosted by Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee in August 2013. The conference theme – 'Borders & Crossings: the artist as explorer' highlights the experimental nature of the meeting, both as an academic platform and as a celebration of inter-disciplinarity and exploration through the medium of print.


This paper is an attempt to show in the light of the speeches of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the meaning and import of two nation theory. The over all impact of this theory is that Muslims and Hindus have different beliefs and their culture develops in the light of their respective beliefs. But as Pakistani citizens they will all be Pakistanis. Hindus will profess their religion and Muslims will profess their religion. There is no ambiguity in the objectives resolution. Pakistan is an Islamic Republic. State religion is Islam and nor law can be passed which is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. Islam itself says that there is no compulsion in the matter of Religion. All citizens of Pakistan have equal protection of law in respect of their life, honour and property. All citizens are called citizens of Pakistan. As a Pakistani they are all loyal to the State. The law of the land fully protects the rights of minorities or non-Muslims. In this paper I have relied upon the collections of late Khurshid Ahmad Khan Yusufi who was a highly learned person and author of valuable books of which this collection edited by him is a monumental work. Bazm-i-Iqbal deserves the whole credit for having provided so authentic material for the researches which otherwise would have been difficult to obtain. I am to express my gratitude to the most honourable Mr. Majid Nizami, Chairman, Nazariyya-i-Pakistan Trust and the most honourable Dr. Rafiq Ahmad former Vice Chancellor and now Deputy Chairman of the Nazariyya-i-Pakistan Trust for being kind enough to gift me this valuable collection of four volumes. May they live long and may their efforts be the beacon light for the young generation. (Aameen).