SUMMARY The antibiotic tylosin was found to be effective in controlling oxytetracycline-resistant American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, while not affecting adult and larval honey bee mortality. An optimal rate of 200 mg tylosin, applied in 20 g of confectioners' sugar at weekly intervals for three weeks, resulted in complete remission of detectable disease symptoms 45 days after initial treatment. No detectable disease symptoms were observed seven months after treatment with this rate. Various higher doses of tylosin (600 mg and 1000 mg per 20 g confectioners' sugar) applied over three honey bee brood cycles, resulted in no significant increase in adult and larval bee mortality when compared with controls. Discussion is given as to long term American foulbrood control and tactics for resistance management.


When dogs and cats are not retained in a home, they are re-homed to somewhere, and while there is a collection of research around relinquishment to shelters, little is known about the general re-homing picture. A cross sectional random digit dial survey was conducted with an aim to learn more about who is re-homing, where they are re-homing and why they are re-homing owned dogs and cats in the US. We found the prevalence of re-homing in five years at 6% making for an estimated 6.12 million household re-homing pets every five years. Pets were most likely to be re-homed by being given to a friend or family member (37%) closely followed by being taken to a shelter. Those who re-homed due to a reason related to the pet as opposed to reasons such as family issues were more likely to re-home to a shelter. For respondents who rented, housing reasons were the number one reason for re-homing, and for respondents of lower income, they were significantly more likely to re-home due to cost and housing issues as opposed to pet related issues. We conclude that some reasons for re-homing are not easily modified and humane re-homing is the best option, but that there are many areas in which intervention and prevention programs may increase retention.


The objective of this research was to generate grounded theory about the extent to which the Semantic Web and related technologies can assist with the creation, capture, integration, and utilization of accurate, consistent, timely, and up-to-date Web based tourism information. Tourism is vital to the economies of most countries worldwide (developed and lessdeveloped). Advanced Destination Marketing Systems (DMS) are essential if a country's tourism infrastructure, facilities and attractions are to receive maximum exposure. A necessary prerequisite here is that relevant data must be captured, 'cleansed', organized, integrated and made available to key industry parties (e.g. travel agents and inbound tour operators). While more and more tourists are using the Internet for travel planning, the usability of the Internet as a travel information source remains a problem, with travellers often having trouble finding the information they seek as the amount of online travel related information increases. The problem is largely caused by the current Web's lack of structure, which makes the integration of heterogeneous data a difficult time consuming task. Traditional approaches to overcoming heterogeneity have to a large extent been unsuccessful. In the past organizations attempted to rectify the problem by investing heavily in top-down strategic information systems planning projects (SISP), with the ultimate aim of establishing a new generation of systems built around a single common set of enterprise databases. An example of this approach to integration is that undertaken by the Bell companies (Nolan, Puryear & Elron 1989), whose massive investment in computer systems turned out to be more of a liability than an asset. The Semantic Web offers a new approach to integration. Broadly speaking, the Semantic Web (Berners-Lee, Hendler & Lassila 2001) refers to a range of standards, languages, development frameworks and tool development initiatives aimed at annotating Web pages with welldefined metadata so that intelligent agents can reason more effectively about services offered at particular sites. The technology is being developed by a number of scientists and industry organizations in a collaborative effort led by the Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C) with the goal of providing machine readable Web intelligence that would come from hyperlinked vocabularies, enabling Web authors to explicitly define their words and concepts. It is based on new markup languages such as such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) (Manola & Miller 2004), Ontology Web Language (OWL) (McGuinness & Harmelen 2004), and ontologies which provide a shared and formal description of key concepts in a given domain. The ontology driven approach to integration advocated here might be considered 'bottom-up', since individual enterprises (and parts of the one enterprise) can apply the technology (largely) independently – thereby mirroring the processes by which the Web itself evolved. The idea is that organizations could be provided with a common model (the Semantic Web ontology), and associated (easy-to-use) software could then be employed to guide them in the development of their Websites. As such, because Website production is driven by the common ontology, consistency and convenient integration is almost an automatic by-product (for all companies that take advantage of the technology and approach). In many cases, organizations would not have to change their present data structures or naming conventions, which could potentially overcome many of the change management issues that have led to the failure of previous integration initiatives. Many researchers (e.g. (El Sawy 2001)) have stressed the necessity to take a holistic view of technology, people, structure and processes in IT projects and, more specifically, Sharma et al. (2000, p. 151) have noted that as significant as DMS technological problems are, they may well pale into insignificance when compared with the managerial issues that need to be resolved. With this in mind, a systems development research approach supported by a survey of tourism operators and secondary interviews was used to generate grounded theory. The systems development and evaluation were designed to uncover technical benefits of using the Semantic Web for the integration and utilization of online tourism information. The survey of tourism operators and secondary data interviews were aimed at providing an understanding of attitudes towards adoption of a radical new online technology among industry stakeholders. A distinguishing feature of this research was its applied and pragmatic focus: in particular, one aim was to determine just what of practical use can be accomplished today, with current (albeit, extended) technology, in a real industry setting.


The investigation of crash severity with freeway traffic and weather
data has recently received significant attention by researchers. This paper extends
previous research by proposing nonlinear models for modeling crash injury
severity enhanced with traffic and weather data collected from urban arterials
in Athens, Greece. Cusp catastrophe models are applied and compared with
traditional statistical models. The results of crash severity models support
the potential applicability of the cusp catastrophe theory to road safety, at
least when crash severity is expressed as the number of severely and fatally
injured by total number of persons involved in a crash. Variations in speed,
average flow upstream of the location of interest, crash type and wind speed,
were found to have a potential effect on the system dynamics. However, findings
do not always confirm the strong presence of nonlinearity. When crash severity
is expressed as the number of injured persons by the total number of vehicles
involved in a crash, linear models could also be used to describe the underlying
phenomenon.


We report general and consensus results of a survey administered to a defined population of economic science academics in Mexico. Our results include insights on economic opinions, scientific aspects of economics, scientific activities, countries' economic performances and methodological orientation. Our outcomes show areas of consensus which, at least partially, are consistent with findings in previous studies. Comparisons between our results and those of other studies suggest that consensus could be constant over time and that economics academics in Mexico seems to show similar levels of skepticism about the importance of rationality assumption as those in other latitudes. JEL classification: A11, A12, A20.


Computational type theory provides answers to questions such as: What is a type? What is a natural number? How do we compute with types? How are types related to sets? Can types be elements of types? How are data types for numbers, lists, trees, graphs, etc. related to the corresponding notions in mathematics? What is a real number? Are the integers a subtype of the reals? Can we form the type of all possible data types? Do paradoxes arise in formulating a theory of types as they do in formulating a theory of sets, such as the circular idea of the set of all sets or the idea of all sets that do not contain themselves as members? Is there a type of all types? What is the underlying logic of type theory? Why isn't it the same logic in which standard set theories are axiomatized? What is the origin of the notion of a type? What distinguishes computational type theory from other type theories? In computational type theory, is there a type of all computable functions from the integers to the integers? If so, is it the same as the set of Turing computable functions from integers to integers? Is there a type of computable functions from any type to any type? Is there a type of the partial computable functions from a type to a type? Are there computable functions whose values are types? Do the notations of an implemented computational type theory include programs in the usual sense? What does it mean that type theory is a foundational theory for both mathematics and computer science? There have been controversies about the foundations of mathematics, does computational type theory resolve any of them, do these controversies impact a foundation for computing theory? This article answers some of these questions and points to literature answering all of them.


Volume Two of "The Runelords" Raj Ahtan, ruler of Indhopal, has used enough forcibles to transform himself into the ultimate warrior: The Sum of All Men. Ahtan seeks to bring all of humanity under his rule-destroying anything and anyone that stood in his path, including many friends and allies of young Prince Gaborn Val Orden. But Gaborn has fulfilled a two-thousand-year-old prophecy, becoming the Earth King-a mythic figure who can unleash the forces of the Earth itself. And now the struggle continues. Gaborn has managed to drive off Raj Ahtan, but Ahtan is far from defeated. Striking at far-flung cities and fortresses and killing dedicates, Ahtan seeks to draw out the Earth King from his seat of power, to crush him. But as they weaken each other's forces in battle, the armies of an ancient and implacable inhuman enemy issue forth from the very bowels of the Earth.


Abstract Background: The growing incidence of breast cancer in women in the UK has inevitably resulted in the expansion of the roles of health care practitioners in breast cancer care. As women with a diagnosis of this form of cancer are increasingly turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with a view, amongst others, to improve their quality of life, health care professionals are beginning to question if there is a place for it in their practice. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to review and critically appraise the current research literature to investigate if complementary and alternative therapies improve quality of life in women with breast cancer. Major findings: Following a detailed search of nine electronic databases (AMED, EMBASE, Medline, British Nursing Index, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, OTDBase and Google Scholar) between the years 2000 and 2010, eight relevant studies were identified. Three of these studies focused on CAM as a whole, three on yoga, one on progressive muscle relaxation training and guided imagery and one on therapeutic massage. Out of the eight studies, six concluded that complementary and alternative therapies improved quality of life in women with breast cancer. The remaining two studies presented somewhat equivocal findings; however, they did identify scope for future research. Despite this, study limitations were identified across the studies and so caution should be exercised when generalizing the results. Conclusion: The combined findings of this literature review indicate that there is great potential for complementary and alternative therapies to be increasingly integrated into clinical practice within breast cancer services. However, prior to this, further high quality research is required, including larger and longer term studies.


In November 1945, the United States military took over the use of Tokyo's Sugamo Prison in order to house those charged by the Allied Powers with war crimes. For close to three years, Hanayama Shinshō served as the prison's volunteer Buddhist chaplain, attending thirty-six executions. Hanayama did not protest the imposition of the death penalty but this essay argues that in his work as chaplain he nonetheless resisted the carceral logic shaping life and death inside Sugamo by mobilizing the ritual and narrative repertoire of Pure Land Buddhism. In Hanayama's framing, Sugamo was a site of liberation as well as confinement, affording the condemned a unique oppor1 Department of Comparative Studies, Ohio State University. Email: email@example.com. This article has benefited from the input and advice of a great many people. I want to express my special gratitude to the audiences at the British Columbia Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist Temples Federation Annual Meeting and the New York Buddhist Study Center; to my colleagues in Ohio State University's Space and Sovereignty Working Group; and to the anonymous reviewer for the Journal of Buddhist Ethics. 148 Curley, Voluntary Captive tunity to reflect upon the past and commit themselves to a different future, even in death. As Hanayama tells it, the peace discovered by the dead was an absolute peace, transcending politics; he also insists, however, on a connection between this absolute peace and the ordinary peace that the living might hope to secure. The article concludes with a consideration of the political and ethical implications of Hanayama's reading of the dead as having "found peace" in light of larger conversations about how best to remember—or forget—the nation's dark past, and what it means to share responsibility for crimes against humanity.


Drawing on Foucault and the sociology of science and technology, this thesis traces the curious attempt that has been made over the last century to capture one of the most elusive social acts - the lie. This endeavour was made possible by the emergence of the human sciences, whose guiding belief was that the subject's inner life could be made apparent by means of physiological measurements and therefore be controlled. My thesis follows the development of the 'embodiment' of the lie within early and recent psychology as a means of detecting the subject's guilt. It examines the disconnection of lie detection from its academic origins and its re-positioning within criminal investigation which engenders the development of polygraphy as a separate profession. In this, it elaborates on the special roles played by instruments in lie detection practices - the 'lie detector' and the 'polygraph' - and analyses changing epistemological aims and models of 'scientific' expertise. In accounting for its contested status, the latter analysis is connected to an evaluation of the continuous exclusion of lie detection as scientific evidence from the courts. The thesis examines the changing functions of the polygraph examination in systems of social control as their logic moves from reform to increased containment and control: from a confessional technique mediating the efficient processing of a delinquent population from the 1920s, to a disciplinary technique controlling employee behaviour from the 1930s. In recent years it has become a 'truth facilitator' in the management and containment of the monstrous individual: the sex offender. In a broader consideration of the power/knowledge mechanism of lie detection, the thesis applies Foucault's notion of grotesque knowledge, arguing that the ensemble of the lie detector/polygraph and psychological expert/interrogator is Ubuesque as it implements an absolute power in the 'diagnosis' of the lie, which is disqualified at the moment of its verification through confession. The thesis demonstrates how Foucauldian analyses and the sociology of science can be fruitfully combined to comprehensively explain both the dynamics of contested expert knowledges and the ways in which psychological techniques operate in shaping the subject. Having traced the emergence of the lie as an object of knowledge and intervention, the thesis concludes by providing directions in an historically informed sociology of the lie.


The long history of capitalism can be interpreted as an evolution driven by permanently mutating socioeconomic structures. The article is devoted to new forms of inequality that emerged during the postindustrial phase of the capitalism evolution and increase the structural complexity of contemporary societies. The spatial configuration of inequality transforms while globalization has resulted not in the 'world society' but rather in a transnational network of the globality enclaves: the largest cities connected by the flows of material, symbolic, and human resources. Compared to their countries as a whole, the metropolitan areas have no boundaries and are more successful with respect to economic growth although they are most unequal in terms of the Gini coefficient. The 'onion-like' stratification with dominant middle strata is substituted with the 'pear-like' bimodal stratification. This new stratification results from the rise of the glamcapitalism. The glamour is transformed from an extravagant aesthetics into a new rationality of postindustrial capitalism. Now the value creation is more related to trends than to brands or products. The owners of trends and creators of trendy goods/services compose new status groups: glam-capitalists and glamprofessionals who dominate over the shrinking middle class. The flows of people, money, goods, and information are structuring the social life under the glamcapitalism and involvement in these flows becomes a factor of social differentiation. The flow-structures make inequality temporal. Rising social significance of access to trendy goods creates new configuration of inequality as traditional quantitative gap between 'having more' and 'having less' is combined with the temporal lag between 'having now' and 'having later'.


A video history of the development of aesthetic and political aspects of the Belgian punk movement firmly rooted in a D.I.Y. ethos which relied on individual spontaneous contributions outside of any social or commercial structures. This activity had particular characteristics of social affluence different to other similar movements elsewhere in Europe but argues that this small diverse punk scene had a valuable impact on facilitating the growth and development of the punk scene world-wide.

Positioned at the crossroads of Europe the Belgian DIY punk scene actively implemented the potential of the UK anarcho-punk ethic 'post Crass' and facilitated a vibrant scene with global participation, which it still engages with to present day. The nature and approach the subculture participants fostered, developed and maintained a 'unique diversity' of inclusion particular to the Belgian culture which helped cement a functioning self-sustaining infa-structure facilitating 'unique' approaches to inclusive participation with a touch of surreal Belgian humour.
These networks (like many others across EU & UK) still function to support and facilitate the contemporary punk scene, which still struggles with tensions around the transition of punks within an aging movement. In Belgium as in many other punk scenes, real and ideological tensions have seemingly 'enounced' the political potential of punk with the resulting fragmentation of a movement and participants who once celebrated its unique solidarity.
Is Punk Dead? Definitely not I would argue, using my documentary journey to explore 'how' punk has developed to inform contemporary activities in Belgium and its impact within the current punk scene and the wider society. However, a key set of questions arising from this research is 'what impact does contemporary dominant political libertarian perspectives within the world-wide 'punk' movement have on the individuality, creative originality, social manifestations and political activities of the participants?'
Now that music, image and other forms of 'punk' representations are in conflict with the capitalist ideologies informing traditional modes of media production with free immediate access and availability via the internet. Why would you bother making a documentary about Punk in Belgium?


In 2018-2019 the VERITAS VHE gamma-ray observatory was augmented with high-speed optical instrumentation and continuous data recording electronics to create a sensitive Stellar Intensity Interferometry (SII) observatory, VERITAS-SII. The primary science goal of VERITAS-SII is to perform stellar diameter measurements and image analysis in the visible wavebands on a selection of bright (m< 6), hot (O/B/A) stars. The VERITAS Collaboration has agreed to the deployment and operation of VERITAS-SII during several days each month around the full moon period when VERITAS does not perform VHE gamma-ray observations. The VERITAS-SII augmentation employs custom high-speed/low-noise focal plane instrumentation using high quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes, and a battery-powered, fiber-optic controlled High Voltage supply. To reduce engineering time, VERITAS-SII uses commercially available high-speed (250 MS/sec), continuously streaming electronics to record the time dependence of the intensity fluctuations at each VERITAS telescope. VERITAS-SII also uses fast ( < 100 psec) data acquisition clock synchronization over inter-telescope distances (greater than 100 m) using a commercially available White Rabbit based timing solution.

VERITAS-SII is now in full operation at the VERITAS observatory, F.L. Whipple Observatory, Amado, AZ USA. This paper describes the design of the instrumentation hardware used for VERITAS-SII augmentation of the VERITAS observatory, the status of initial VERITAS-SII observations, and plans for future improvements to VERITAS-SII.


Esophageal achalasia is a primary motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and absence of esophageal peristalsis leading to impaired bolus transit, manifested with symptoms such as dysphagia, regurgitation, retrosternal pain, and weight loss. The standard diagnostic tool is esophageal manometry which demonstrates incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and impaired esophageal peristalsis. Recently, a new advanced technique, high-resolution manometry (HRM) with the addition of pressure topography plotting, using multiple sensors to capture the manometric data as a spatial continuum, allows a detailed pressure recording of the esophageal motility. This technique, currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of achalasia, has led to a subclassification of three manometric types that seem to have different responsiveness to treatment. Because its pathogenesis is as yet unknown, achalasia treatment options are not curative. Type II achalasia patients respond better to treatment compared to those with types I and III. Low-risk patients with type I or II achalasia have good outcome with both graded pneumatic dilatations and laparoscopic Heller myotomy, while type III achalasia patients respond better to laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Although, type III achalasia patients responds less in comparison to types I and II to laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Peroral endoscopic myotomy is a promising new technique but long-term follow-up studies for its safety and efficacy must be performed. This article reviews the current therapeutic options, highlighting the impact of HRM to predict the outcome and the new insights for the treatment of achalasia.


For many information visualization applications, showing the transition when interacting with the data is critically important as it can help users better perceive the changes and understand the underlying data. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of animated transition in a tiled image layout where the spiral arrangement of the images is based on their similarity. Three aspects of animated transition are considered, including animation steps, animation actions, and flying paths. Exploring and weighting the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for each aspect and in conjunction with the characteristics of the spiral image layout, we present an integrated solution, called AniMap, for animating the transition from an old layout to a new layout when a different image is selected as the query image. We show the effectiveness of our animated transition solution by demonstrating experimental results and conducting a comparative user study.


The aim of this project was to produce a fully automated prototype system for the treatment of premature babies who are suffering from renal failure or metabolic disorders. These patients are difficult or impossible to treat conventionally, due to their very small total blood volume and their intolerance to donated blood. There was a strong case for developing a dialysis system specifically designed for the treatment of such patients. The system is based on a manually operated device developed at the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne. It differs from conventional dialysis methods in several ways. Blood access to the patient is via a single venous catheter. Only a very small amount of blood is needed to prime the extracorporeal circuit - this can be as little as 6.8 ml in the smallest patients. This compares very favourably with the volumes needed in conventional circuits, which are in the range of 15 - 40 ml. This small priming volume means that donated blood is not needed to prime the circuit. The clearance and ultrafiltration rates that can be achieved are independent of the rate that blood can be accessed from the patient, since the same blood passes back and forth through the haemofilter several times. The clearances that have been obtained experimentally are consistently above 40% of the mean blood flow rate through the system. The largest mean blood flow rate available is 5 ml/min, so the maximum clearance is approximately 2 ml/min. The maximum ultrafiltration rate that can be obtained is 50 ml/h. The new system is more effective at treating premature babies than conventional dialysis circuits. The hand driven system was tested in vivo and found to work well, so the automated system was developed on a solid foundation. A prototype system has been successfully developed and tested. This thesis details both the development and the testing. The new system uses stepper motors and DC servo motors for actuation, and is controlled by Labwindows/CVI and NIDAQ software running on a standard PC platform. The interface between the PC and the machine is provided by a National Instruments data acquisition board. A comprehensive single fault analysis of the safety of the system was undertaken, including both software and hardware. In vitro testing covered several areas of operation. The accuracy of the ultrafiltration process was established. The clearance rates that could be achieved were determined. The amount of damage caused to the blood by the system was also tested. This was found to be well within acceptable clinical limits. In vivo testing established the feasibility of using a computer algorithm to control the withdrawal of blood from the patient. Finally, the system was successfully used to treat a patient with an in-born metabolic disorder. In summary, a new system has been developed that is superior to any other treatment method currently available for neonates with these types of disorders.


Most difficult hepatobiliary (HPB) problems in infancy and childhood result from pathological anatomical/mechanical derangements; therefore, surgery on the liver and bile ducts depends on a detailed understanding of liver structure, function and repair response to injury or disease. The surgeon must be aware of the very diverse range of anatomical variations. Perhaps key to improving the outcome of paediatric HPB surgery is centralised management and associating this with a paediatric liver transplant programme, which adds expertise and, frequently, the added benefit of adult HPB surgical input to paediatric surgical care. In the United Kingdom, this has resulted in excellent measurable benefit, particularly in the management of biliary atresia, but also of choledochal cysts, portal hypertension and liver tumours. These conditions are briefly discussed here, with focus on the technical aspects of operative management.


Nanotechnology is no longer in its infancy and has made significant advances since the implementation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) in 2000. Incorporation of nanotechnology in many fields including information technology, medicine, materials, energy, catalysis and cosmetics has led to an increase in engineered nanomaterial (ENM) production, and consequently, increased nanomaterial use. In comparison, the generation of concrete and consistent evidence related to the environmental health and safety of nanomaterials (NanoEHS) is lacking. The main factors contributing to the slower progress in NanoEHS versus conventional EHS are related to the complexity, property transformations, life cycles and behavior of nanomaterials even in carefully controlled environments. Therefore, new systematic, integrated research approaches in NanoEHS are needed for overcoming this complexity and bridging current knowledge gaps. A workshop on "NanoEHS: Fundamental Science Needs" brought together scientists and engineers to identify current fundamental science challenges and opportunities within NanoEHS. Detailed discussions were conducted on identifying the fundamental properties that are critical in NanoEHS, differentiating between conventional and NanoEHS studies as well as understanding, the effect of dynamic transformations on nanometrology, role of dosimetry and mechanistic data gaps in nanotoxicology. An important realization that even simple nanoscale materials can be complex when considering NanoEHS implications was noted several times during the workshop. Despite this fact, a number of fundamental research areas to further the scientific foundation to address NanoEHS needs are suggested.


The aim of this research is to develop an accurate method for the analysis of signals composed of fluctuating harmonics. The results obtained of analysis are applied to the calibration of harmonic analysis instruments. A new method is presented suitable for the accurate analysis of smoothly fluctuating harmonic signals. The method is based on a model of signals with a known period, in which the harmonics are individually modulated by polynomial functions normalised over a sampled signal sequence time. Using this model, a decomposition method is developed such that the modulating polynomials can be recovered from a signal. The polynomial decomposition method leads to a piece-wise analysis of the waveform. Two methods based on least squares and splines respectively, are developed with the aim of giving continuity to the piece-wise analysis. Comparisons of the new method with the short time Fourier transform are given. Having defined a test signal and obtained and accurate analysis of it properties, it can be used to calibrate harmonic analysers. For a given applied signal, analysis with these devices can give rise to variation in results as a function of the phase between the signal and the STFT windows. This result distribution due to variable phase (RDVP) is discussed and examples are given for various signals. The RDVP complicates the calibration process due to the spread of results that occur when testing the device. A method is developed to find the RDVP for an applied signal that uses the polynomial decomposition method to find the modulation functions of each harmonic in the applied calibration signal. Having found the RDVP for an applied signal, it is necessary to fit the results of the analyser under test, to the distribution. The random nature of the phase makes the systematic comparison of the theoretical and measured distributions difficult to achieve. A novel method that uses multiple phase shifted modulated harmonics is presented. By comparing the results of the analyser under test to the distributions of each of the phase-shifted harmonics, a best-fit phase shift can be determined and the required calibration comparison made. Key words: time-frequency analysis, demodulation, harmonic analysis, fluctuating harmonics, waveform metrology, calibration of harmonic analysers.


This paper explores how far experimentalist features of the EU's internal food safety governance regime are being extended to the Union's external governance of food safety. Hence, it analyses whether and how far the Union's engagement with both third countries and global institutions displays features of experimentalism. Our analysis shows that while the EU constitutes a powerful global standard setter in the field of food safety, its unilateral role is to some extent mitigated by both its cooperative engagement with third countries at the bilateral level and by its embeddedness within multilateral global governance institutions, such as the WTO and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Furthermore, our analysis of two crucial institutional mechanisms of EU's external food safety governance, namely the EU Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) and the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) shows that both are designed, and often function well as reflexive institutions with strong features of de-centralised implementation, reporting and peer review, as well as learning and recursive revision of rules. Both FVO and RASFF provide important opportunities for third countries to participate in the Union's internal governance and rule-making processes. However, reviewing the performance of both institutions in previous food crisis situations, the analysis also reveals some important shortcomings in their practical functioning as experimentalist tools, which calls for the further improvement of these mechanisms.


Given globalization, transnationalism and postcolonialism, not to mention the Europeanization of laws, every law student and every lawyer is bound to encounter foreign law in the course of her or his professional life. Increasingly, legislators show themselves open to the influence of foreign legal ideas in the legislative process. Also, many appellate courts are prepared to refer to foreign law in their opinions. At least as importantly perhaps, private parties often enter into legal arrangements, such as contracts or wills, featuring a foreign dimension. In sum, nowadays, foreign law is everywhere and cannot be circumvented.

Over the past decades, the field commonly known as 'comparative law', which broadly speaking addresses engagement with foreign law and the comparison of laws, has significantly expanded. The multiplication of journals, the proliferation of scholarship and the creation of courses or summer schools specifically devoted to comparative law attest to the increasing popularity of comparative law. Within the Western legal tradition, the dominant position in comparative law has long been assumed by Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, two widely influential German legal scholars. For over four decades, Zweigert and Kotz's textbook, Introduction to Comparative Law, transl. by Tony Weir, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), has governed much of the research undertaken in the field of comparative law and has defined, politically and otherwise, what kind of comparative legal research is to be regarded as 'good comparison'. Their self-styled 'functionalist' method, grounded on a black-letter approach to law, has proved particularly authoritative. In recent years, however, a minority of authors have mobilised cultural studies as well as economic, literary and philosophical theories with a view to highlighting the shortcomings of orthodox comparative legal theory. Undoubtedly, the application of such perspectives to the field of comparative law offers fresh and crucial insights into the theory and practice of comparative law.

Problematically, though, even the most recent critical literature in the field still fails to address a certain number of key issues arising in comparative law. For example, the task of the comparatist is to explain, by making use of her or his language, a foreign law usually formulated in a different language. Specifically, the comparatist is frequently asked to translate various kinds of legal texts, such as treaties, statutes, judicial decisions, contracts and scholarship from one language into another. Very often, the active or passive knowledge of a foreign legal language and culture is regarded as a sufficient condition for the translation of foreign legal materials. Indeed, the vast majority of comparatists either ignore or underestimate the obstacles standing in the way of every attempt at translation even as, within translation studies, specialists have long acknowledged that, properly speaking, translation is impossible or, at any rate, that translation effectively means transformation. In a context where the question of understanding proves of the utmost importance to lawyers working on the international scene the matter of the feasibility of translation needs to be probed, whether theoretically (can it be done?) or practically (how to do it?).

This co-authored book wishes to rethink comparative law by providing both students and lawyers with the intellectual equipment allowing them to approach foreign law in a meaningful way. The book addresses a range of topics illustrating the contemporary relevance of comparative law. Further, it heightens sensitization to the singularity of foreign legal cultures and it invites familiarization with key aspects of the common-law and civil-law traditions which have defined a significant range of legal cultures worldwide over the past centuries. Operating from an interdisciplinary standpoint, the book also offers an introduction to deconstruction, hermeneutics, linguistics and to translation studies with reference to legal interactions on the international scene. Throughout, the book uses concrete examples issuing from a number of different national laws, including Canadian, English, French, German and US law. At all times, the book prompts in-depth epistemological reflection upon the possibilities and limits of cross-border legal interaction. In this way, it clearly distinguishes itself from the available literature in the field.


"Specters of War "looks at the way war has been brought to the screen in various genres and at different historical moments throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. Elisabeth Bronfen asserts that Hollywood has emerged as a place where national narratives are created and circulated so that audiences can engage with fantasies, ideologies, and anxieties that take hold at a given time, only to change with the political climate.Such cultural reflection is particularly poignant when it deals with America s traumatic history of war. The nation has no direct access to war as a horrific experience of carnage and human destruction; we understand our relation to it through images and narratives that transmit and interpret it for us. Bronfen does not discuss actual conflicts but the films by which we have come to know and remember them, including "All Quiet on the Western Front," "The Best Years of Our Lives," "Miracle at St. Anna," "The Deer Hunter," and "Flags of Our Fathers." Battles and campaigns, the home front and women-who-wait narratives, war correspondents, and court martials are also explored as instruments of cultural memory. Bronfen argues that we are haunted by past wars "and" by cinematic re-conceptualizations of them, and reveals a national iconography of redemptive violence from which we seem unable to escape."


The mathematical approach to understand the genetic impact on human behavior, e.g., using game theory, tends to assume that evolution creates optimal fitness. However, evolution does not necessarily create optimal behavioral patterns, particularly not when the environment is rapidly changing. Consequently some of the inferences based on game theory are misleading. More specifically, certain aspects of current human behavior may be better understood in terms of emotions and motivational systems. The present text is an attempt to discuss possible pitfalls of fitness optimalisation theory by looking at patterns of behavior, such as cooperativity, sex and art, where this theory alone may not give satisfactory explanations.


English such has a variety of uses, which nearly always involve the expression of similarity, and such can therefore be called a ʻsimilative'. Swedish sadan has very similar uses. However, the two similatives differ strongly with respect to the frequency of some of these uses. Thus such, different from sadan, rarely functions as a noun or pronoun, compared to sadan it more frequently exhibits the so-called ʻintensifying use' and it has more competition from constructions with like, sort and kind (sort, typ in Swedish). The study uses three methods: (i) non-corpus analysis based on intuition, scrutiny of existing scholarship and google searches, (ii) analyis of comparable corpora, and (iii) analysis of parallel corpora.


Adhesion to epithelial surfaces is considered as a critical step in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis. Therefore, the effects of the most commonly consumed dietary carbohydrates on the adhesion of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei to monolayered HeLa cells were investigated. Adherence of C. albicans and C. tropicalis appeared significantly promoted by incubation in defined medium containing a high concentration (500 mM) of fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose (p < 0.001). C. albicans organisms grown in sucrose elicited maximal increase in adhesion, whereas adhesion of C. tropicalis and C. krusei was enhanced to the greatest extent when cultured in glucose. Maltose and fructose also promoted adherence of C. albicans and C. tropicalis (p < 0.001), but to a lesser extent than sucrose and glucose. On the other hand, sorbitol-grown yeasts demonstrated a marginal increase in adhesion (p > 0.01). Xylitol only significantly reduced adherence of C. albicans (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the frequent consumption of carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, maltose, or fructose, might represent a risk factor for oral candidosis. The limitation of their consumption by substituting xylitol or sorbitol could be of value in the control of oral Candida colonization and infection.


The purpose of this study is to examine the students' perception toward the Thailand Adventist Mission (TAM) teachers' teaching performance. The research study used simple random sampling techniques in selecting the research participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire and were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, namely, frequencies, percentage, and mean. The t-test and ANOVA were used to determine significant differences in the teaching performance, attitude and sense of belongingness of teachers when they were grouped by their profile. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the relationship between the demographic variables. The study revealed that majority of the teachers at Thailand Adventist Mission (TAM) High School are male, 30-40 years in age, BS graduates and have been in the service for five years and above; majority of the students at TAM are female and 13-15 years in age. TAM teachers often feel a sense of belongingness and usually practice positive attitudes toward the school.


The forerunner of today's book clubs, nineteenth-century literary societies provided a lively social and intellectual forum where people could gather and discuss books, cultural affairs, and current events. In Come, bright Improvement! Heather Murray explores the literary societies of Ontario between 1820 and 1900 - some of which are still in existence today - and examines the extent to which they mirrored or challenged contemporary social, political, and intellectual trends. Based on a wealth of original research with periodicals and local archival materials, Murray traces the evolution from early political and debating clubs to more dedicated literary and cultural societies, such as Shakespeare or Browning groups. Many people formed literary societies, including workers, women, Black fugitives, and members of religious denominations such as Quakers and Methodists. Murray studies the societies in detail, exploring everything from the reading materials they favoured to the other kinds of social and civic activities in which they participated. Of additional interest to scholars of book history if the book's resource guide, which records the location, history, and archival deposits of several hundred societies. A first in the study of the book club phenomenon, Come, bright Improvement! is a wonderful introduction to nineteenth-century Ontario, the history of book studies, and the history of reading.


This paper investigates the price effect of EPC ratings on the residential dwelling prices in Wales. It examines the capitalisation of energy efficiency ratings into house prices using two approaches. The first adopts a cross-sectional framework to investigate the effect of EPC band (and EPC rating) on a large sample of dwelling transactions. The second approach is based on a repeat-sales methodology to examine the impact of EPC band and rating on house price appreciation. The results show that, controlling for other price influencing dwelling characteristics, EPC band does affect house prices. This observed influence of EPC on price may not be a result of energy performance alone; the effect may be due to non-energy related benefits associated with certain types, specifications and ages of dwellings or there may be unobserved quality differences unrelated to energy performance such as better quality fittings and materials. An analysis of the private rental segment reveals that, in contrast to the general market, low-EPC rated properties were not traded at a significant discount. This suggests a lower implicit price for energy efficiency when the owner is not responsible for covering the cost of energy in a dwelling.


Curricular differentiation as practiced in Newfoundland high schools raises certain questions as to the relative adjustment to various aspects of school life of students in the Academic (Matriculation) group as compared with students in the General (Non-Matriculation) group. The two curricular streams were compared with respect to attitude toward school, attitude toward self, participation in extra-curricular activities, and teacher ratings of student social behavior. -- A review of related literature showed a scarcity of research concerning streaming, particularly in Newfoundland. The available research produced conflicting results concerning the correlates of streaming, thus further questioning the efficacy and necessity of the tracking procedure. -- This post-facto study included Grade 11 students in three Newfoundland rural high schools. Fifty-four students enrolled in the Non-Matriculation program and 125 doing the Matriculation course took part in the study. Data were gathered by means of a semantic differential dealing with attitude toward school and attitude toward self, a questionnaire concerning student participation in extra-curricular activities, and a rating scale on which teachers evaluated student social activity. -- The data obtained were analyzed by a computer program which provided the means, medians, standard deviations and analysis of variance for the Academic group and the General group, males and females, and, in the case of participation in extra-curricular activities, students from the community in which their school was located and students transported into the town. In addition, correlations among different variables for each curricular group, significance of differences between correlations for the two groups, and correlations among three social ratings of students by teachers were calculated. -- Analysis of the data revealed that the Academic group received significantly higher mean teacher ratings and took part in significantly more non-sports activities than did the General group. No other significant differences were noted between the two curricular streams. It was also found that, in the total sample and within both curricular groups, females participated in significantly more non-sports activities than did males. When transported students were compared with non-transported students, no significant differences were found between the participation scores of the two groups. In the Academic group, females received significantly higher mean teacher ratings than did male students. A much larger percentage of significant correlations between variables was discovered for the Academic group than for the General group. Over 75% of the correlations between different teacher ratings of student social behavior were statistically significant. -- From the findings came conclusions and implications concerning the placement of students in Academic and General classes. It was concluded that the expressed attitudes of students presented no apparent cause for alarm concerning streaming procedures. However, when a student participation in extra-curricular activities as expressed by the student and judged by the teachers was considered, reservations about curricular differentiation were raised. -- Recommendations to school personnel included the suggestion of a thorough reassessment of streaming procedures and an enrichment of extra-curricular activities programs in Newfoundland high schools. Possibilities for further study are: investigation of various aspects of student adjustment in Grades 9 to 11; comparative follow-up studies of students in the two curricular groups after graduation from high school; studies of student aspirations as related to the program in which a student is enrolled; and comparative studies of the correlates and effects of streaming as opposed to non-streaming in Newfoundland high schools.


A range of programmes and new vocations emerge as an answer to societal changes that suggest new work functions as well as new sub-specializations of already existing professions and work functions. In 2010, a multidisciplinary designed training programme started at the University West in Social Psychiatric Care (SPC). The new occupation can be said to fall within the category of pre-professions, a third generation of professionals seeking professional status. The possibility for employment is broad and unspecified and in worst case might go no further than the students' hopes of new careers. Against this background, an inside perspective is given from students experiences. The purpose was to gain a deeper understand of student's trajectory through a new education into the labour market. Eleven female students were interviewed prior to graduation. A hermeneutical phenomenological approach was conducted in order to identify central themes important in students professional becoming. As preliminary result three themes were identified. The theme 'tensions between high and low position' concerning level of involvement in treatment and care or in morea dministrative leading function, were connected to power and payment. The theme 'generalistor specialist' concerned specialist in the respect of expert on broadness suitable for coordinating positions, otherwise broadness was defined as knowing everything anddifficulties in finding professional identity. The theme 'change and tradition' concerned questions concerning establishment where new vocations seek legitimacy among employers and colleagues in the workplace. Standing at the threshold to labour market is an existentially challenging position between hope and despair.


Edited by the premier surgeon on problems of the upper extremity, Elbow and Forearm is a concise yet comprehensive step-by-step guide to managing a wide range of fracture patterns, both simple and complex. All content is based on actual clinical cases featuring numerous highly instructive radiographs, color photos and illustrations. Distinguished by its accessible, easy-to-read format, this book skillfully covers in detail everything from functional anatomy, indications, fracture patterns and surgical exposures to contemporary implants and postoperative management. Features: * Clinical insights from experts in the field * Consistent presentation of each case for ease of use * Pearls and pitfalls for every procedure * Valuable information on the methods of essential early physical therapy * Coverage of reconstructive problems such as nonunion, malunion, instability, bone loss, and infection * Discussion of the latest technology, including angular stable locking plates Handy as a rapid reference for trauma surgeons, hand and upper limb surgeons and residents in training, this book offers solid support in decision-making and puts information on reliable and tested techniques instantly at the surgeon's fingertips.


Robert Mugabe came to power in Zimbabwe in 1980 after a long civil war in Rhodesia. The white minority government had become an international outcast in refusing to give in to the inevitability of black majority rule. Finally the defiant white prime minister Ian Smith was forced to step down and Mugabe was elected president. Initially he promised reconciliation between white and blacks, encouraged Zimbabwe's economic and social development, and was admired throughout the world as one of the leaders of the emerging nations and as a model for a transition from colonial leadership. But as Martin Meredith shows in this history of Mugabe's rule, Mugabe from the beginning was sacrificing his purported ideals--and Zimbabwe's potential--to the goal of extending and cementing his autocratic leadership. Over time, Mugabe has become ever more dictatorial, and seemingly less and less interested in the welfare of his people, treating Zimbabwe's wealth and resources as spoils of war for his inner circle. In recent years he has unleashed a reign of terror and corruption in his country. Like the Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Liberia, Zimbabwe has been on a steady slide to disaster. Now for the first time the whole story is told in detail by an expert. It is a riveting and tragic political story, a morality tale, and an essential text for understanding today's Africa.


Title of Document: THE EFFECTS OF USING MENTAL IMAGERY AS A COMPREHENSION STRATEGY FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS READING SCIENCE EXPOSITORY TEXTS Margaret H. Jenkins, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Directed By: Professor Mariam Jean Dreher Department of Curriculum and Instruction This study investigated the effects of mental imagery instruction using science expository texts on middle school students. Using a quasi-experimental pretestposttest design, four intact classes (56 students) were randomly assigned to either an experimental or comparison group. Students in the experimental group received instruction on mental imagery strategies while comparison group students received no mental imagery instruction. After the 2-week intervention, students took Posttest 1. The comparison group students then received mental imagery instruction. Throughout the rest of the school year, all students were prompted at least two to three times a week to use mental imagery strategies. At the end of the school year, all participants took Posttest 2. Results indicated that there was a statistically significant interaction of time and group for the selected response (SR) portion of expository science text comprehension measure. Both groups appeared to make gains between Posttest 1 and Posttest 2, once both had received mental imagery instruction. The comparison group, which by chance included stronger readers, outperformed the experimental group. There were no statistically significant differences on the brief constructed response (BCR) measure. Analysis of the performance of low-, middle-, and high-comprehenders revealed statistically significant main effects for time and for type of comprehender on the SR portion of the comprehension task. While all students appeared to make gains between Posttest 1 and 2, the highand middle-comprehenders consistently outperformed the low-comprehenders. For the BCR, there were no statistically significant effects of time or interaction; however, there was a statistically significant effect for type of comprehender. Pearson's product moment correlations revealed a statistically significant positive relation between vividness of mental imagery and motivation to read for middle-comprehenders and a statistically significant negative correlation between comprehension and vividness of mental imagery for high-comprehenders. Both experimental and comparison groups showed no statistically significant difference in motivation to read before and after mental imagery intervention. These results suggest that middle school students may benefit from mental imagery strategies when reading science expository texts. It is recommended that these strategies be used as a continuous effort in the classroom rather than a short term "quick-fix." THE EFFECTS OF USING MENTAL IMAGERY AS A COMPREHENSION STRATEGY FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS READING SCIENCE EXPOSITORY TEXTS By Margaret H. Jenkins Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2009 Advisory Committee: Professor Mariam Jean Dreher, Chair Associate Professor Marilyn Chambliss Professor Olivia Saracho Associate Professor Wayne Slater Associate Professor William Strein © Copyright by Margaret H. Jenkins 2009


ACS organizes two national meetings and expositions each year, and each one attracts an estimated 11,000–18,000 chemists, chemical engineers, academicians, graduate and undergraduate students, and other related professionals. During the meeting, scientists present new multidisciplinary research, hear the latest information in their areas of professional interest, and network with colleagues. Programming is planned by our 33 technical divisions that cover all scientific fields, secretariats that focus on multidisciplinary programming, and ACS committees. Each meeting will feature more than 7000 presentations organized into technical symposia that highlight important research advances.


SUMMARY α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a small lipid-binding protein involved in vesicle trafficking whose function is poorly characterized. It is of great interest to human biology and medicine because α-syn dysfunction is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously created a yeast model of α-syn pathobiology, which established vesicle trafficking as a process that is particularly sensitive to α-syn expression. We also uncovered a core group of proteins with diverse activities related to α-syn toxicity that is conserved from yeast to mammalian neurons. Here, we report that a yeast strain expressing a somewhat higher level of α-syn also exhibits strong defects in mitochondrial function. Unlike our previous strain, genetic suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking alone does not suppress α-syn toxicity in this strain. In an effort to identify individual compounds that could simultaneously rescue these apparently disparate pathological effects of α-syn, we screened a library of 115,000 compounds. We identified a class of small molecules that reduced α-syn toxicity at micromolar concentrations in this higher toxicity strain. These compounds reduced the formation of α-syn foci, re-established ER-to-Golgi trafficking and ameliorated α-syn-mediated damage to mitochondria. They also corrected the toxicity of α-syn in nematode neurons and in primary rat neuronal midbrain cultures. Remarkably, the compounds also protected neurons against rotenone-induced toxicity, which has been used to model the mitochondrial defects associated with PD in humans. That single compounds are capable of rescuing the diverse toxicities of α-syn in yeast and neurons suggests that they are acting on deeply rooted biological processes that connect these toxicities and have been conserved for a billion years of eukaryotic evolution. Thus, it seems possible to develop novel therapeutic strategies to simultaneously target the multiple pathological features of PD.


We present what to our knowledge is a new application of optical frequency upconversion of images in quadratic materials to dynamic UV microstereolithography. A 150 x 150 point visible image transmitted by a liquid-crystal display was upconverted in a lithium triborate crystal, and the UV image was successfully used to polymerize a commercial stereolithographic resin.


Objective: To develop a scoring system for risk stratification and evaluation of the effect of an early invasive strategy for treatment of unstable coronary artery disease (CAD). Design: Retrospective analysis of a randomised study (FRISC II; fast revascularisation in instability in coronary disease). Setting: 58 Scandinavian hospitals. Patients: 2457 patients with unstable CAD from the FRISC II study. Main outcome measures: One year rates of mortality and death/myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to an early invasive or a non-invasive strategy. From the non-invasive cohort independent variables of death or death/MI were identified. Results: Seven factors, age > 70 years, male sex, diabetes, previous MI, ST depression, and increased concentrations of troponins and markers of inflammation (interleukin 6 or C reactive protein), were associated with an independent increased risk for death or death/MI. In patients with ⩾ 5 of these factors the invasive strategy reduced mortality from 15.4% (20 of 130) to 5.2% (7 of 134) (risk ratio (RR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15 to 0.78, p  =  0.006). Death/MI was also reduced in patients with 3–4 factors from 15.7% (80 of 511) to 10.8% (58 of 538) (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.94, p  =  0.02). Neither death nor death/MI was reduced in patients with 0–2 risk factors. Conclusion: In unstable CAD, this scoring system based on factors independently associated with an adverse outcome can be used shortly after admission to the hospital for risk stratification and for selection of patients to an early invasive treatment strategy.


Women complain more about sleep than men, but polysomnography (PSG) seems to suggest worse sleep in men. This raises the question of how women (or men) perceive objective (PSG) sleep. The present study sought to investigate the relation between morning subjective sleep quality and PSG variables in older and younger women. A representative sample of 251 women was analysed in age groups above and below 51.5 years (median). PSG was recorded at home during one night. Perceived poor sleep was related to short total sleep time (TST), long wake within total sleep time (WTSP), low sleep efficiency and a high number of awakenings. The older women showed lower TST and sleep efficiency and higher WTSP for a rating of good sleep than did the younger women. For these PSG variables the values for good sleep in the older group were similar to the values for poor sleep in the young group. It was concluded that women perceive different levels of sleep duration, sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset relatively well, but that older women adjust their objective criteria for good sleep downwards. It was also concluded that age is an important factor in the relation between subjective and objective sleep.


This research discusses the post-migration lived experience of the Peraktown Sikhs, a diaspora community of visible difference in the specific context of Malaysia. Using a qualitative case study methodology, I juxtaposed oral life history narratives and extensive interviews, memoirs and photographs, to study eighteen members of a total thirty-five Sikh families who lived in the multi-ethnic township I renamed Peraktown. Their narratives offer a loose historical chronology from the early 20th century to the 1970s of a diasporic group seeking to find home and a place to belong. Using a postcolonial lens, the research demonstrates the complex negotiation between inherited cultural traditions and the appropriation of colonial knowledge. It explores engagement and interaction with broader societal structures and dominant habitus within the rubric of identity construction, hybridity and the idea of home. My focus is the liminal generation, born prior to Indian and Malaysian independence, between 1915 and 1947. Framed in both the concept of diaspora as bounded space and the diaspora as a societal process, I co-opted a concept native to Sikhs, the Pindh, to understand and interrogate their unique understanding of identity, belonging and home. The Pindh or village incorporates relationships with the landscape and social structure in the construction of Sikh/Punjabi identification. In contrast to studies on Sikhs elsewhere, in Peraktown, the nostalgic attachment and identification with the physical spaces of their ancestral homeland and the meaning it imbued is accompanied by the appropriation of concepts and practices that sustain the idea of community belonging, bridging the divide of being at home both 'here' and 'there'. This conceptual category is extended further, creating a Pindh of the mind, not bounded by geography or time. Their position offers this research a place in continued discussions of the complexity and fluidity of cultural identity and belonging and how this is constructed. Their lived experiences offer a map to the continued negotiations of diaspora identities in the newly forged linkages and relationships with land, a recreation of place and space in the course of settlement in the new host country.


Abstract. Comparison of solar wind observations from the ACE spacecraft, in the ecliptic plane at ~ 1 AU, and the Ulysses spacecraft as it orbits over the Sun's poles, provides valuable information about the latitudinal extent and variation of solar wind structures in the heliosphere. While qualitative comparisons can be made using average properties observed at these two locations, the comparison of specific, individual structures requires a procedure to determine if a given structure has been observed by both spacecraft. We use a 1-D hydrodynamic code to propagate ACE plasma measurements out to the distance of Ulysses and adjust for the differing longitudes of the ACE and Ulysses spacecraft. In addition to comparing the plasma parameters and their characteristic profiles, we examine suprathermal electron measurements and magnetic field polarity to help determine if the same features are encountered at both ACE and Ulysses. The He I l 1083 nm coronal hole maps are examined to understand the global structure of the Sun during the time of our heliospheric measurements. We find that the same features are frequently observed when both spacecraft are near the ecliptic plane. Stream structures derived from smaller coronal holes during the rising phase of solar cycle 23 persists over 20°–30° in heliolatitude, consistent with their spatial scales back at the Sun. Key words. Interplanetary physics (solar wind plasma)


Abstract. The pressure dependence of the relative photolysis rate of HCHO vs. HCDO has been investigated for the first time, using a photochemical reactor at the University of Copenhagen. The dissociation of HCHO vs. HCDO using a UVA lamp was measured at total bath gas pressures of 50, 200, 400, 600 and 1030 mbar. The products of formaldehyde photodissociation are either H2 + CO (molecular channel) or HCO + H (radical channel), and a photolysis lamp was chosen to emit light at wavelengths that greatly favor the molecular channel. The isotope effect in the dissociation, kHCHO/kHCDO, was found to depend strongly on pressure, varying from 1.1 + 0.15/−0.1 at 50 mbar to 1.75±0.10 at 1030 mbar. The results can be corrected for radical channel contribution to yield the kinetic isotope effect for the molecular channel; i.e. the KIE in the production of molecular hydrogen. This is done and the results at 1030 mbar are discussed in relation to previous studies at ambient pressure. In the atmosphere the relative importance of the two product channels changes with altitude as a result of changes in pressure and actinic flux. The study demonstrates that the δD of photochemical hydrogen produced from formaldehyde will increase substantially as pressure decreases.


The forty year period 1970-2010 saw two developments in the USA: first, at the level of theory, intense academic interest in the egalitarianism of John Rawls. Second, at the level of practice, fundamental changes in the institutions, policies and norms of US society that have led Gilens and Page [2014] to conclude that it has become an oligarchy de facto if not de jure. A central component in that practical development is the tolerance of extensive inequality and the emergence of not merely the "1 percent", but the elevation of an "upper decile" of wealthy individuals into a position of economic and political dominance. In spite of pioneering work by Krouse, MacPherson and Arneson, little academic attention has been paid to whether a political economy with roots in Rawls's work might be the most effective response to these practical and institutional changes. That situation may be about to change given the popular, as well as academic, response to Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century. In this paper I will consider whether a form of economic system described by Cambridge economist James Meade – a common source for both Rawls and Piketty – offers a feasible egalitarian ideal. It will be argued that the USA represents a "test case" for other advanced democracies faced with the challenge of a new form of patrimonial capitalism. It is further argued that only a structural change to society's fundamental wage setting institutions, along the lines recommended by Meade and Rawls and implicit in Piketty, will bring about the necessary structural change to implement a political economy for a just society.


Acidification Blues The increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide threatens the health of the ocean's ecosystems because of the resulting acidification of the ocean and the decrease in its carbonate saturation state. Gruber et al. (p. 220, published online 14 June) used a regional ocean model to project how the saturation state of aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate that is produced by many marine organisms, will change in the California Current System through the year 2050. The sea floor along many parts of the California coast is likely to become exposed to year-round aragonite undersaturation within the next 20 to 30 years, a situation that could severely reduce the range of habitats for marine shellfish. Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide threaten to amplify the severity of ocean acidification in upwelling zones. Nearshore waters of the California Current System (California CS) already have a low carbonate saturation state, making them particularly susceptible to ocean acidification. We used eddy-resolving model simulations to study the potential development of ocean acidification in this system up to the year 2050 under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2 and B1 scenarios. In both scenarios, the saturation state of aragonite Ωarag is projected to drop rapidly, with much of the nearshore region developing summer-long undersaturation in the top 60 meters within the next 30 years. By 2050, waters with Ωarag above 1.5 will have largely disappeared, and more than half of the waters will be undersaturated year-round. Habitats along the sea floor will become exposed to year-round undersaturation within the next 20 to 30 years. These projected events have potentially major implications for the rich and diverse ecosystem that characterizes the California CS.


Power diagrams are a generalization of Voronoi diagrams which define a cell decomposition of an euclidean space based on a finite set of spheres, assigning every sphere a polyhedral cell for which it minimizes the power function of the points with respect to all spheres. This interdisciplinary project is concerned with the implementation of an algorithm that yields the incidence structure of such a diagram. First, power diagrams are introduced and some fundamental results provided. It continues with the investigation of the close relationship of power diagrams in d dimensions to arrangements of hyperplanes in d + 1 dimensions and the convex hull of points obtained via their polarization. This connection gives rise to an efficient algorithm for computing power diagrams, for which both a formal definition and the description of an implementation is presented.


The emigration of skilled individuals from Turkey attracted greater media attention and the interest of policymakers in Turkey, particularly after the experience of recurrent economic crises that have led to an increase in unemployment among the highly educated young. This study estimates a model of return intentions using a data set compiled from an Internet survey of Turkish students residing abroad. The findings of this study indicate that, as expected, higher salaries offered in the host country and lifestyle preferences, including a more organized environment in the host country, increase the probability of student nonreturn. However, the analysis also points to the importance of prior return intentions and the role of the family in the decision to return to Turkey or stay overseas. It is also found that the compulsory service requirement attached to government scholarships increases the probability of student return. Turkish student association membership also increases return intentions. Longer stay durations, on the other hand, decrease the probability of return. These findings have important policy implications.


Traditionally public, private and voluntary organisations in the sports event sector have been dependant on the invaluable work of volunteers in order to be "economically and operationally viable" (Costa et al., 2006, p.166). In the current economic climate however, many organisations are discovering it is increasingly harder to find both time and resources to recruit and manage volunteers effectively, due to the redirection of continually diminishing budgets. It is therefore essential, now more than ever, to identify the key contributors and areas for consideration in order to successfully recruit, manage and retain volunteers.The overall aim of the study was to assess the recruitment, retention and management practices applied to volunteers at N. Ireland sporting events. The objectives of the study were to identify motives for volunteering and repeat volunteering at sports events in N. Ireland; to identify the level of training provided and effectiveness of volunteer management from a volunteer perspective; to investigate volunteer recruitment, management and retention methods used by sports event managers in N.Ireland; and to develop a model to assist sports event managers to recruit, manage and retain volunteers.This research conformed to the philosophy of postpositivism and adopted both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The mixed method approach was used to gain information, experiences and perspectives from both sports event volunteers and managers, in order to achieve a greater understanding of the practices which will contribute to a successful volunteer dependant sporting event.The survey found 'love of sport', 'opportunity to socialise' and 'to enhance C.V.' to be the top three motivators for volunteering at sports events. This concurs with Coyne and Coyne's (2001) earlier investigation of volunteer motivations at a major golf tournament. Volunteers in the survey reported the main ways they found out about the opportunity to volunteer were through sports clubs, word of mouth and their educational institution. The rigor of selection and training processes reported by managers varied according to the risk posed and responsibility awarded to volunteers.Retention methods employed by managers included continuous communication, social events, and verbal and written methods of appreciation, volunteer promotion and careful selection of time and dates for events to be held. This reflects the findings of earlier research conducted by Hanlon and Jago (2004) and Hall (1995).Finally in consideration of leadership styles, managers indicated they used a range of methods with recurring themes of volunteer motivation and concerns for volunteers' own personal development presenting as the key considerations in their approach to running a repeatedly successful event. On the basis of these findings a Sports Event Volunteer Management model was developed to achieve greater success in recruitment, management and retention of volunteers at sports events in N. Ireland.


This is a retrospective study of the use and efficacy of combined dorsal and ventral double buccal mucosal graft (BMG) in bulbar urethral reconstruction. A total of 48 males, of mean age 35 years, underwent this procedure from March 2002 to June 2006. The stenotic urethral segment was opened ventrally and dorsal urethra was incised in midline to create an elliptical area over the tunica albuginea. Fibrotic tissue was partially excised from urethral margins taking care to preserve the urethral plate. Dorsal inlay BMG (av. length 2.36 cm) was placed and quilted. Subsequently ventral onlay BMG (av. length 4.68 cm) was sutured to the urethral lateral margins and spongioplasty was performed. The average stricture length was 3.65 (2-10) cm and mean follow-up was 22 (13-59) months. The technique was successful (normal voiding without any need of postoperative procedures) in 43 (89.6%) patients. Of the five (10.4%) failures recurrences developed within 12 months after surgery and were mainly at proximal or distal anastomotic sites. VIU was successful in four while one patient needed perineal urethrostomy. The authors concluded that combined double patch of buccal mucosa was much better in patients having tight strictures with very narrow and scarred urethral plate. This technique provides wider neourethra than a single patch graft substitution.


This thesis analyses and models the vulnerability of the electricity power supply under extreme weather conditions. The system under study is the electric supply system that includes major power plants to main load centers. Extreme weather conditions can cause common mode contingencies (CMCs) of overhead power lines, which endanger the security of electricity supply. Planning and operation of transmission systems are subject to N-1 criterion, which requires that all single failures of network elements do not cause a breach of safety limits. This criterion does not guarantee the security of electricity supply at the time of extreme weather conditions. The objective of this research is to identify critical and plausible CMCs, taking into account space-time correlations of extreme weather conditions and possible states of the network. The most vulnerable zones are focused on to determine appropriate countermeasures for reducing vulnerability. In the past, extreme weather events have caused major disruptions. For example, the blackout in New York in 1977 was initiated by three impacts of lightning on high voltage lines. In 1999, hurricane Lothar caused damage to power grids in several countries, leaving hundreds of thousands of people in darkness. These examples demonstrate the vulnerability of power systems to CMCs. Current transmission networks are expected to undergo significant changes in response to developments such as increases in consumption and newly installed capacity. These changes provide an opportunity to strengthen the security of electricity supply in the perspective of extreme weather conditions and even improve the resilience of electric supply systems. The use of the proposed methodology allows reducing the level of vulnerability by reinforcing only few points or change of the topology of the network. Faced with uncertainties about the evolution of networks and plausible extreme weather conditions, a methodology based on scenarios has been selected. The methodology allows the modeler to reproduce the complexity of the problem while still encouraging the learning process. The core of the methodology is founded on a scenario of electric supply systems and a scenario of extreme weather events. The first scenario includes three models: electric, geographic, and reliability. The electric model comprises components of the network compatible with load flow calculations. The geographic model contains a representation of each power line in a geographic information system, and each of these lines is divided into segments that are associated with a reliability model. The reliability model evaluates failure rates related to exposure to extreme weather conditions. Scenarios of extreme weather events are built on data from weather stations or by numerical simulations implemented in a geographic information system. A vulnerability level index is calculated on the basis of probability and severity indices of a priori possible CMCs. These probabilities are evaluated by a simulation of the interaction between the scenario of transmission network and scenario of extreme weather event. They are a subjective and temporal measure of plausibility of CMCs stemming from interactions in space and time of the two systems previously mentioned. The severity index of CMCs is calculated by a contingency analysis that involves the evaluation of security limit violations. A matrix of vulnerability is constructed as a projection of the vulnerability level in two dimensions, including the lines involved in overload and those being overloaded. This matrix allows the identification of the infrastructures involved in the vulnerability and the determination of major zones of vulnerability. Countermeasures are then proposed to reduce the vulnerability of these zones, and these measures may include additions or retirement of lines or other network topology changes. This methodology is applied to the Swiss transmission network in 2018 subject to summer thunderstorms. A reference case from 2006 is compared in terms of vulnerability to a plausible scenario of transmission network 2018. The latter includes an increased consumption of 20%, around 3 GW of pumped-storage power plants, and network changes proposed by the electricity sector plan supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy. On another level, two scenarios of extreme weather events were constructed. The first is an intense thunderstorm occurring in the past, where lightning strikes were recorded by a tracking system. The second case stems from a simulation of a thunderstorm event composed of six cells passing over the Swiss territory. The vulnerability of both scenarios of electric supply system impacted by both scenarios of extreme weather events was evaluated. Two major zones of vulnerability were detected both in the reference case 2006 and the plausible scenario 2018. They are in mountainous regions near major centers of production. The network changes between 2006 and 2018 did not decrease the vulnerability. This is due to the installation of large generation capacity and the difficulty of building lines as a result of the topography in these regions. To reduce vulnerability, the addition of a 380 kV overhead line is proposed for the plausible scenario 2018. This line allows draining off the new hydro generation by offering a new route to major consumption centers and drastically reduces the vulnerability of the two zones mentioned. This measure illustrates the methodology's ability to identify areas of vulnerability and propose actions to increase network resilience. One of the major contributions and innovative points of this research is the consideration of the spatiotemporal correlations of extreme weather conditions for the geographical distribution and structural resistance of transmission lines. In the application of the Swiss 2018 scenario of transmission network, the concept of major zones of vulnerability was useful in identifying the weakest zones and in finding a measure capable of increasing network resilience.


Sustainable development of a bioenergy industry will require low‐cost, high‐yielding biomass feedstock of desirable quality. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is one of the primary feedstock candidates in North America, but the potential to grow this biomass crop using fertility from biosolids has not been fully explored. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of harvest frequency and biosolids application on switchgrass in Virginia, USA. 'Cave‐in‐Rock' switchgrass from well‐established plots was cut once (November) or twice (July and November) per year between 2010 and 2012. Class A biosolids were applied once at rates of 0, 153, 306, and 459 kg N ha−1 in May 2010. Biomass yield, neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash were determined. Theoretical ethanol potential (TEP, l ethanol Mg−1 biomass) and yield (TEY, l ethanol ha−1) were calculated based on cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations. Cutting twice per season produced greater biomass yields than one cutting (11.7 vs. 9.8 Mg ha−1) in 2011, but no differences were observed in other years. Cutting once produced feedstock with greater TEP (478 vs. 438 l Mg−1), but no differences in TEY between cutting frequencies. Biosolids applied at 153, 306, and 459 kg N ha−1 increased biomass yields by 25%, 37%, and 46%, and TEY by 25%, 34%, and 42%, respectively. Biosolids had inconsistent effects on feedstock quality and TEP. A single, end‐of‐season harvest likely will be preferred based on apparent advantages in feedstock quality. Biosolids can serve as an effective alternative to N fertilizer in switchgrass‐to‐energy systems.


The German Online Access Act (OZG) legally paves the way for the implementation of the EU regulation "Single Digital Gateway", which provides for digital availability of public services in the EU by January 2024. With this, the EU defines the standard for making public administration faster, more efficient, more user-friendly and consistently digital for citizens.For the higher education sector, Germany has set up a coordinated implementation management for the so-called "study life situation", although universities are not a focus of OZG. Beyond the OZG, there are model projects in which digitised formats of data exchange are being developed in the national and European context. In addition, HEIs have used digitized solutions for study-related services such as application, admission, enrolment and administration of study and examination processes for quite some time.An overarching study should now show the relationships between the various activities and at the same time outline what remains to be done to implement the OZG.The study certifies that digital administrative services for students at higher education institutions can be described as far advanced. However, with regard to networking purposes of HEIs, especially with state agencies, important legal, institutional and technical prerequisites are lacking to allow for implementing the solutions already developed in model projects as extensively as possible. The study provides recommendations for action for decision-makers at federal and state level, universities and IT service providers and is important for a European discussion of the results because it shows the complex structure of the political multi-level system in the implementation of digitisation for the higher education sector. At the same time, it makes clear that successful results can only be achieved through networking and involvement of all relevant levels and not through centralisation alone.


In regulated domains such as finance and health care, failure to comply with regulation can lead to financial, civil and criminal penalties. While systems vary from organization to organization, the same regulations apply for all systems. As a result, efficiencies could be gained if the commonalities between systems could be captured in public, shared, test suites for regulations. We propose the use of Behavior-Driven-Development (BDD) technology to create these test suites. With BDD, desired system behavior with respect to regulatory requirements can be captured as constrained natural language 'scenarios'. The scenarios can then be automated through system-specific test drivers. The goal of this research is to enable organizations to compare their systems to regulation in a repeatable and traceable way through the use of BDD. To evaluate our approach, we developed seven scenarios based on the HITECH Act Meaningful Use (MU) regulations for healthcare. We then created system-specific code for three open-source electronic health record systems. We found that it was possible to create scenarios and system-specific code supporting scenario execution on three systems, that iTrust can be shown to be noncompliant, and that emergency access procedures are not defined clearly enough by the regulation to determine compliance or non-compliance.


For image recognition, an extensive number of methods have been proposed to overcome the high-dimensionality problem of feature vectors being used. These methods vary from unsupervised to supervised, and from statistics to graph-theory based. In this paper, the most popular and the state-of-the-art methods for dimensionality reduction are firstly reviewed, and then a new and more efficient manifold-learning method, named Soft Locality Preserving Map (SLPM), is presented. Furthermore, feature generation and sample selection are proposed to achieve better manifold learning. SLPM is a graph-based subspace-learning method, with the use of k-neighbourhood information and the class information. The key feature of SLPM is that it aims to control the level of spread of the different classes, because the spread of the classes in the underlying manifold is closely connected to the generalizability of the learned subspace. Our proposed manifold-learning method can be applied to various pattern recognition applications, and we evaluate its performances on facial expression recognition. Experiments on databases, such as the Bahcesehir University Multilingual Affective Face Database (BAUM-2), the Extended Cohn-Kanade (CK+) Database, the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database, and the Taiwanese Facial Expression Image Database (TFEID), show that SLPM can effectively reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors and enhance the discriminative power of the extracted features for expression recognition. Furthermore, the proposed feature-generation method can improve the generalizability of the underlying manifolds for facial expression recognition.


Objective. To determine the prevalence and features of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and to identify risk factors for TMJ arthritis. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed on 187 patients with JIA who underwent a TMJ MRI at Children's Hospital of Alabama between September 2007 and June 2010. Demographic and clinical information was abstracted from the charts. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for TMJ arthritis identified by MRI. Results. MRI evidence of TMJ arthritis was detected in 43% of patients, with no significant difference among JIA categories. The number of joints with active arthritis (exclusive of the TMJ) and the use of systemic immunomodulatory therapies were not associated with TMJ arthritis. Multivariable analysis revealed a strong association between mouth-opening deviation and TMJ arthritis (OR 6.21, 95% CI 2.87–13.4). A smaller maximal incisal opening and shorter disease duration were also associated with an increased risk of TMJ arthritis. Conclusion. TMJ arthritis was identified in a substantial proportion of children with JIA (43%) and affects all JIA categories. TMJ arthritis was present in some patients despite limited or otherwise quiescent disease and in the presence of concurrent systemic immunomodulatory therapy. Routine evaluation for TMJ arthritis by MRI is warranted for all children with JIA. (First Release May 15 2012; J Rheumatol 2012;39:1880–7; doi:10.3899/jrheum.111441)


ABSTRACT Laminar burning velocities of fuels for advanced combustion engines (FACE) C gasoline and of several blends of surrogate toluene reference fuels (TRFs) (n-heptane, iso-octane, and toluene mixtures) of the same research octane number are presented. Effects of ethanol addition on laminar flame speed of FACE-C and its surrogate are addressed. Measurements were conducted using a constant volume spherical combustion vessel in the constant pressure, stable flame regime at an initial temperature of 358 K and initial pressures up to 0.6 MPa with the equivalence ratios ranging from 0.8 to 1.6. Comparable values in the laminar burning velocities were measured for the FACE-C gasoline and the proposed surrogate fuel (17.60% n-heptane + 77.40% iso-octane + 5% toluene) over the range of experimental conditions. Sensitivity of flame propagation to total stretch rate effects and thermo-diffusive instability was quantified by determining Markstein length. Two percentages of an oxygenated fuel of ethanol as an additive, namely, 60 vol% and 85 vol% were investigated. The addition of ethanol to FACE-C and its surrogate TRF-1 (17.60% n-heptane + 77.40% iso-octane + 5% toluene) resulted in a relatively similar increase in the laminar burning velocities. The high-pressure measured values of Markstein length for the studied fuels blended with ethanol showed minimal influence of ethanol addition on the flame's response to stretch rate and thermo-diffusive instability.


Predicting stable 3D conformations from 2D molecular graphs has been a longstanding challenge in computational chemistry. Recently, machine learning approaches have demonstrated very promising results compared to traditional experimental and physics-based simulation methods. These approaches mainly focus on modeling the local interactions between neighboring atoms on the molecular graphs and overlook the long-range interactions between non-bonded atoms. However, these non-bonded atoms may be proximal to each other in 3D space, and modeling their interactions is of crucial importance to accurately determine molecular conformations, especially for large molecules and multi-molecular complexes. In this paper, we propose a new approach called Dynamic Graph Score Matching (DGSM) for molecular conformation prediction, which models both the local and long-range interactions by dynamically constructing graph structures between atoms according to their spatial proximity during both training and inference. Specifically, the DGSM directly estimates the gradient fields of the logarithm density of atomic coordinates according to the dynamically constructed graphs using score matching methods. The whole framework can be efficiently trained in an end-to-end fashion. Experiments across multiple tasks show that the DGSM outperforms state-of-theart baselines by a large margin, and it is capable of generating conformations for a broader range of systems such as proteins and multi-molecular complexes.


A series of submerged coral reefs off northwestern Hawaii was formed during (largely glacial) intervals when the rate of local sea-level rise was less than the maximum upward growth rate of the reefs. Mass-spectrometric {sup 234}U/{sup 238}U ages for samples from six such reefs range from 17 to 475 ka and indicate that this part of the Hawaiian Ridge has been subsiding at a roughly uniform rate of 2.6 mm/yr for the past 475 ka. The {sup 234}U/{sup 238}U ages are in general agreement with model ages of reef drowning (based on estimates of paleo-sea-level stands derived from oxygen-isotope ratios of deep-sea sediments), but there are disagreements in detail. The high attainable precision ({plus minus}10 ka or better on samples younger than {approximately}800 ka), large applicable age range, relative robustness against open-system behavior, and ease of analysis for this technique hold great promise for future applications of dating of 50-1,000 ka coral.


The three basic atmospheric propagation effects, absorption, scattering, and turbulence, are reviewed. A simulation approach is then developed to determine signal fade probability distributions on heterodyne-detected satellite links which operate through naturally occurring atmospheric turbulence. The calculations are performed on both angle-tracked and nonangle-tracked downlinks, and on uplinks, with and without adaptive optics. Turbulence-induced degradations in communication performance are determined using signal fade probability distributions, and it is shown that the average signal fade can be a poor measure of the performance degradation.