INTRODUCTION New frontiers are opening for Organizational Development (OD) practitioners as experience in both the public and private sectors demonstrates the enormous potential of Total Quality Management (TQM) to meet today's organizational challenges. This emerging evidence suggests that a new thrust of TQM encompasses and integrates many elements of organizational development and change theory. In short, TQM and OD reinforce one another. When implemented together, they are a powerful approach for dealing with the organizational challenges facing today's public sector managers. This article identifies, summarizes, and evaluates research regarding theories and principles applicable to the implementation of the Total Quality Management philosophy. The analysis considers change theories, culture, leadership, design, organizational structure, systems theory, strategic planning, and the principles of TQM. It addresses in greater detail those elements that relate organizational change and TOM. It discusses the evolution of TQM relative to administrative theory and organizational behavior, culminating in how the implementation of TQM can be made a reality in the changing context of the pubic sector in the United States. ORIGINS OF TQM The idea of providing quality goods and services based on customer needs and expectations is not new to the late twentieth century. Centuries ago, when early communications and transportation systems created the village marketplace, products became available to a wide range of customers. Each customer personally inspected the product for quality before purchase. Later, as craftsmen developed and refined their expertise and modified their products and processes, they became responsive to customer feedback on an individual basis. When the Industrial Revolution made independent craftsmen obsolete, many took their skills to the factory where specialization and standardization were the norm. In that era, quality was measured against the factory standards established by management rather than by customer feedback; emphasis was on high volume and consistency to factory standards and production goals. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT EMERGES FROM CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY. In the early twentieth century, the concept of "scientific management" championed by Frederick Taylor (1916) sought to increase productivity by analyzing and then standardizing each step of the production process. While workers were consulted in designing the standard or most efficient work processes, management was responsible for productivity and quality. Juran (1988), an expert on TQM planning and leadership, suggested that Taylor's system separated execution from planning and emphasized productivity at the expense of quality. At about the same time, Henri Fayol (1916) developed the first comprehensive theory of management. It was intended to be universally applicable to all organizations, although it required some modification when used in the public sector which Fayol called "enterprises having no monetary objectives." While he made no mention of quality or customer expectations, Fayol did recognize the importance of a planning process that includes worker participation. THE HUMAN ELEMENT. The human behaviorist movement, which started with the Hawthorne studies in the 1920s, increased awareness regarding the importance of individual values and the potential payoff of worker involvement in planning and execution. While many of the human behavior concepts are common to TQM--empowerment, constancy of purpose, emphasis on training, and elimination of organizational barriers--its initial emphasis was on the worker rather than on the customer, quality or teamwork. QUALITY IN AMERICAN AND FOREIGN COMPETITION. According to Juran (1988), American manufacturing had developed some quality departments during the postwar period but the primary focus was on inspecting output and rejecting bad products. …


How does the spatial configuration of a building influence aesthetic appraisal and emotion? Previous studies on wayfinding have included studying the effects of spatial layout and complexity, visual access, and the degree of spatial differentiation on users' cognition and way finding behavior, yet have rarely assessed the user's aesthetic and emotional evaluation of a building. Space syntax methods have been widely used for quantification, e.g., of how socially integrated and how navigable space is and complemented by behavioral data, and information about users' individual wayfinding strategies and cognitive abilities, space syntax has been a strong analytical tool in wayfinding studies. It is an open question to what degree the space syntax methodology can also capture aesthetic judgments or the emotional impact of a public building on visitors and inhabitants. These aspects of a building's impact are clearly relevant for design research and practitioners alike and research data is necessary to develop the corresponding discourse.

This paper contributes a set of qualitative data on subjective user evaluations from a wayfinding study in the Seattle Public Library to support the ongoing dialogue between the space syntax community and cognitive scientists. The building was selected because it has previously been subject to research (e.g., Dalton, Kuliga & Hoelscher, 2013; Zook & Bafna, 2012, Dovey & Dovey, 2009), and received both high praise and strong criticism, which illustrates the buildings' value as a research site.

In this study, participants selected six out of 76 adjectives from an adjusted version of the Microsoft product Reaction Card Desirability Toolkit that, in their opinions, best described the Seattle Public Library. In a semi-structured interview, participants were further encouraged to verbally reflect on the experience they had during six wayfinding tasks in the Seattle Public Library, to describe their wayfinding difficulties, and to elaborate on the adjectives chosen from the reaction card task. A standardized questionnaire assessed their aesthetic and emotional appraisal in terms of general evaluation, attractiveness, security, and privacy for key locations in the library (entrance levels and meeting rooms) and the library as a whole. Participants chose adjectives such as impressive, creative, stimulating, and innovative to describe their experience in the library, but also inconsistent, overwhelming, frustrating, intimidating, and stressful.
This paper aims to develop an understanding of how these two clusters of mixed user opinions are related to the building's spatial structure. A visibility graph analysis (VGA) was conducted to identify where and how difficulties in understanding the library's unconventional circulation arise for library visitors. This paper makes a contribution to the field by suggesting methods for linking qualitative, and often highly emotive, data to objective spatial analysis.


Statins have been used for decades as a successful cholesterol-lowering class of medicines. Statins are widely prescribed for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. They reduce cardiovascular risk and improve health outcomes in people with cardiovascular disease. Although statins are considered as a safe medicine and well tolerated by patients, prediction of individual patient's response to statin therapy remains unclear. Variation to statin therapy has been attributed to both environmental and genetic factors. In this review, a number of candidates gene that affect statin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are discussed. Moreover, the association of demographic factors with statin response in related studies is described. We reviewed the literature concerning pharmacogenetic studies on statin response. 50 English-language clinical trials, prospective or retrospective human investigations, case series, case reports, published between 1998 to2015, were evaluated.  Based on these data, there are some candidate genes that have been established as affecting genes on statin efficacy and suggest that drug therapy based on individuals' genetic makeup may result in a clinically important reduction in variation of statin response. Keywords : statins, pharmacogenetic, cardiovascular, pharmacodynamics


Abstract Git and GitHub are common tools for keeping track of multiple versions of data analytic content, which allow for more than one person to simultaneously work on a project. GitHub Classroom aims to provide a way for students to work on and submit their assignments via Git and GitHub, giving teachers an opportunity to facilitate the integration of these version control tools into their undergraduate statistics courses. In the Fall 2017 semester, we implemented GitHub Classroom in two educational settings—an introductory computational statistics lab and a more advanced computational statistics course. We found many educational benefits of implementing GitHub Classroom, such as easily providing coding feedback during assignments and making students more confident in their ability to collaborate and use version control tools for future data science work. To encourage and ease the transition into using GitHub Classroom, we provide free and publicly available resources—both for students to begin using Git/GitHub and for teachers to use GitHub Classroom for their own courses.


The dynamics of innovation are nonlinear and complex: geographical, technological, and economic selection environments can be expected to interact. Can patents provide an analytical lens to this process in terms of different attributes such as inventor addresses, classification codes, backward and forward citations, etc.? Two recently developed patent maps with interactive overlay techniques—Google Maps and maps based on citation relations among International Patent Classifications (IPC)—are elaborated into dynamic versions that allow for online animations and comparisons by using split screens. Various forms of animation are explored. The recently developed Cooperative Patent Classifications (CPC) of the U.S. Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) and the European Patent Office (EPO) provide new options for a precise delineation of samples in both USPTO data and the worldwide patent database PatStat of EPO. Among the "technologies for the mitigation of climate change" (class Y02), we zoom in on nine material technologies for photovoltaic cells; and focus on one of them (CuInSe2) as a lead case. The longitudinal development of Rao-Stirling diversity in the IPC-based maps provides a heuristics for studying technological generations during the period under study (1975-2012). The sequencing of generations prevails in USPTO data more than in PatStat data because PatStat aggregates patent information from countries in different stages of technological development, whereas one can expect USPTO patents to be competitive at the technological edge.


This paper examines the choice of asset valuation rules from a managerial control perspective. A manager creates value for a firm through his effort choice each period. To support its operating activities, the firm also engages in financing transactions such as credit sales to its customers. These financing transactions merely change the pattern of cash flows across periods but have no effect on the value of the firm. An optimal compensation scheme must therefore shield the manager from the risk associated with such transactions. If the firm operates an accrual accounting system in which receivables are capitalized at their fair values, we show that residual income eliminates this risk and provides an optimal performance measure. On the other hand, compensation schemes based only on realized cash flows can be optimal only under exceptional circumstances. The paper also considers a setting in which the principal can observe not only the aggregate cash flow, but also the amount of realized bad debt losses each period. In this setting, an optimal compensation scheme must also shield the manager from the default risk associated with credit transactions. We demonstrate that this can be achieved if receivables are valued according to the allowance method that leads to a proper matching of sales revenues and bad debt expenses each period.


These notes contain the derivations for results stated without proof in Hornstein (2007). First, I derive the log-linear approximation of the inflation dynamics in the Calvo-model with elements of backward-looking pricing when the approximation takes place around a positive average inflation rate. I derive a version of the "hybrid" New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) that can be estimated using standard GMM techniques. Second, I characterize the inflation dynamics implied by the NKPC when marginal cost follows an AR(1) process. For this purpose I derive the autocorrelation and crosscorrelation structure of inflation.


The United Nations has declared 2012 the "International Year of Sustainable Energy for All". A substantial portion of the world's population (some 1.3 billion people) currently live without electricity and development efforts to reach them are progressing relatively slowly. This thesis follows the development of a technology which can enable community owned and operated microgrids to emerge based solely on the local supply and demand of that community. Although this thesis ends with the technical analysis of a DC/DC converter, there is a significant amount of background to cover in order to properly understand the context in which it will be used. After providing an introduction into typical rural electrification efforts and pointing out some of the shortcomings of these projects, this thesis introduces some cutting edge efforts which combine solar home system technology with cellular technology and discusses the benefits of such a marriage of technology. Next, the research proposes some tweaks to this novel technology and provides a highlevel economic demonstration of the spread of solar home systems in a community based on these modifications. It then takes this concept even further and proposes the addition of a DC/DC converter which could turn these individual solar home systems into a proper microgrid. This thesis elaborates on the development process of simulating such a microgrid in PSCAD, including the individual components of a solar home system and the specific task of designing the converter which would form the backbone of the proposed microgrid. The final simulations and analyses demonstrate a microgrid that is both technically and economically feasible for developing world applications.


Vikki Haffenden and Jake Leith collaborated with the Brighton and Sussex Medical School team from January 2016 through to November 2016, planning, designing, curating and presenting an exhibition. The exhibition, hosted by the Eastbridge Hospital, Canterbury, was designed to raise awareness about Scabies, and its prevalence in homes for the elderly in the South East of England. The exhibition was part of an ongoing project at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School (a joint institution of the University of Brighton and the University of Sussex). The venue: the medieval under croft was a small and challenging space, and the staff were all volunteers, therefore it was felt that personal contact was critical to the success of the exhibition. A joint, preparatory site visit was made to Canterbury to plan the most successful aesthetic and practical outcomes for the exhibition space. Over 500 people visited through the duration of the exhibition. The main BSMS project funded a Saturday of free entry to the museum, and this enhanced the footfall. The collaborative aspect of the work between BSMS and the Fashion & Textiles Programme at the University of Brighton towards the exhibition was extremely valuable to both sides, and important to outcomes of the exhibition. This was supported by the very positive feedback from visitors, which was almost all 10/10. The highest scoring elements were the interactive features of the exhibition and the appeal for all ages. A high percentage of feedback mentioned the experiential garment (cardigan), and included: "my favourite part was when I could touch the cardigan of scabies" and "[my favourite part of the exhibition was] the cardigan, you get a better understanding of scabies". This engagement with textiles was not only as a medical 'service' (i.e. wound dressings), but was on an aesthetic level so that it could encourage public engagement above and beyond the technical/medical/care perspective. The interactive, tactile nature of textiles encouraged the participation of younger people and children. A large proportion of the information was in poster format, and required text to be read and understood; whilst this was highly suitable for an older lay audience, an interactive experiential garment that visitors were actively encouraged to touch and wear was of considerable value to the aims of the exhibition. The inclusion of textiles artefacts helped people identify outside of the medical/clinical context, and also had universal appeal which inspired interest from a fresh angle; this was particularly evident with the younger and non-medical audience.


This case study critically examines ongoing developments in contemporary scholarship through the lens of research data management support at KU Leuven, and KU Leuven Libraries in particular. By means of case-based examples, current initiatives for fostering sound scientific work and scholarship are considered in three associated domains: support for policy-making, the development of research infrastructures, and digital literacy training for students, scientists and scholars. It is outlined how KU Leuven Libraries collaborates with partner services in order to contribute to KU Leuven's research data management support network. Particular attention is devoted to the innovations that facilitate such collaborations. These accounts of initial experiences form the basis for a reflection on best practices and pitfalls, and foreground a number of pertinent challenges facing the domain of research data management, including matters of scalability, technology acceptance and adoption, and methods for effectively gauging and communicating the manifold transformations of science and scholarship.


What exactly do we mean by leadership in health care? Does it mean to take formal positions in senior leadership teams in hospitals, trusts, health boards, ministries of health, and professional societies—what might be termed leadership with a big "L?" Or does it mean something fine grained and local—leadership with a small "l"?

It is tempting to frame the discussion in terms of the first, if only because the big issues dealt with at higher levels in delivery organisations and government—such as licensure, reimbursement, malpractice, technology licensing, and working hours—profoundly affect the working lives of so many doctors. But mounting evidence of the impact of organisations on clinical outcomes is making the second model of physician leadership increasingly important.

As the growing complexity of clinical problems is paralleled by increasing organisational and technical complexity of health care, medical outcomes have become as much a function of organisational performance as of individual doctors' skill. Quality and safety failures are driven by system failures as well as failures of individual physicians' skill and decision making; and higher performing hospitals are differentiated by their greater use of organisational interventions, cultures that support innovation, structures such as …


We present an image-based technique for relighting dynamic human performances under spatially varying illumination. Our system generates a time-multiplexed LED basis and a geometric model recovered from high-speed structured light patterns. The geometric model is used to scale the intensity of each pixel differently according to its 3D position within the spatially varying illumination volume. This yields a first-order approximation of the correct appearance under the spatially varying illumination. A global illumination process removes indirect illumination from the original lighting basis and simulates spatially varying indirect illumination. We demonstrate this technique for a human performance under several spatially varying lighting environments.


Abstract : We are implementing a baseline system for automated area-based stereo compilation This system, STSYS, operates in several passes over the data, during which it iteratively builds, checks, and refines its model of the 3-dimensional world, as represented by a pair of images In this paper, we describe the components of STSYS and give examples of the results it produces We find that these results agree reasonably well with those produced on the interactive DIMP system at ETL, the best available benchmark.


"Home-sharing" may sound like a modern invention, part of the cutting-edge, high-tech "sharing economy." In fact, home-sharing is a centuries-old American tradition. For generations, people have let visitors stay in their homes, rather than in hotels, sometimes in exchange for money or for doing chores. The only difference now is that the practice has become more efficient: the internet has enabled homeowners and travelers to connect better than ever before, and online home-sharing platforms such as Airbnb and Homeaway now help millions of homeowners rent rooms or houses to help pay their bills. Most importantly, home-sharing represents an important new way for property owners to exercise their basic right to choose whether to let someone stay in their home — a right the Supreme Court has called "one of the most essential sticks in the bundle of rights that are commonly characterized as property."

Yet cities nationwide have responded to innovations in home-sharing not by welcoming this economic opportunity or respecting the rights of property owners, but by imposing draconian new rules that deprive Americans of some of their most basic constitutional rights. From New York City to Santa Monica, places with bustling tourism economies are rushing to restrict homeowners from offering rooms in their homes to travelers. These regulations hurt communities and punish the responsible majority of property owners for the potential wrongs of a few. Worse, these laws violate fundamental constitutional protections, impose arbitrary searches on homeowners, discriminate against non-residents, and subject them to extreme punishment without fair warning or clear guidelines.

This article surveys some of the most egregious home-sharing restrictions and some of the ways they violate critical constitutional rights. First, this article explains that the recent rash of home-sharing restrictions results from the fact that, with few exceptions, courts have permitted government to deprive owners of their right to use property so long as government technically does not take title to the land. Next, the article explores how home-sharing restrictions, while aimed at the use of property, have actually deprived Americans of other constitutional rights, including privacy. The article then identifies and addresses some of the primary arguments in favor of home-sharing restrictions and explains why those arguments do not justify stifling property rights and other freedoms. Finally, the article proposes alternatives to outright bans, and ways government can regulate home-sharing to address legitimate concerns without violating constitutional rights.


An increasing number of studies and reports have shown that new and young companies account for most net job creation in the United States. This empirically documented reality, however, is not exclusively a result of new and young companies being particularly prolific or idiosyncratically superior to other firms. Indeed, concepts such as job creation and entrepreneurship increasingly are conflated with young and small firms. Yet the age breakdown of job creation is partly a reflection of the dynamics of firm accumulation - how firms enter and exit and survive over a period of time. In any given year in the U.S. economy, new and young companies represent a plurality of all firms in the economy. That is, they make up the largest bloc of firms by age category, meaning their considerable job creation record is partly structural. This does not mitigate the contribution of these companies to job creation, but that contribution must be seen in the proper structural context.


The flare star AD Leonis was observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) from 1993 March 1 to 3 UT. Two flares were detected by the EUVE Deep Survey detector and spectrometer and also seen in optical photometry on 1993 March 2 UT. The DS Lexan/boron-band and optical results have been discussed in the previous paper by Hawley et al. In this paper, we describe the spectra observed by EUVE during quiescence, the peaks of the flares, and the decay phase following the first flare and analyze the spectra to investigate the stellar atmospheric structure during these time periods. The spectra show that the observed EUV emission from AD Leo is dominated by iron lines from a hot coronal plasma. Two methods were used to estimate the differential emission measure distribution (DEM) of the stellar corona. In the "Pottasch" method, we fitted Gaussian line profiles to the strongest lines in the spectra and estimated the DEM at the formation temperature of those lines. Upper limits to the DEM were obtained in the case of no detection. We also used a regularized inversion technique, together with a weighting scheme based on information contained in the plasma-emission model and on the signal-to-noise ratio of the data, to find the DEM. The weighting was designed to prevent the noisy pixels in our low-signal-to-noise ratio data from dominating the solution. The results produced by the two methods are consistent in the temperature regimes where strong lines are present. The inversion method provides additional information where no strong single lines dominate the spectra. The ability to use lines from the entire wavelength region covered by the spectra allowed us to investigate the hydrogen column NH and iron abundance [Fe/H]. We found that [Fe/H] in the corona of AD Leo was essentially unconstrained by our data, but NH was well determined, yielding NH ~ (3 ± 1) × 1018 cm-2. We assumed both a solar-coronal value of [Fe/H] and a value one tenth of this and computed the DEM distribution of the stellar corona for both cases. The DEM of the quiescent corona is dominated by a broad plateau of emission ranging from 106.8 to 107.2 K, with the DEM of plasma near 106.2 K about an order of magnitude less. We interpret the plateau of the DEM in terms of a broad distribution of loops with differing peak temperatures. We discuss and compare these results with those of Giampapa et al., who analyzed ROSAT soft X-ray data from AD Leo taken during a different time period. The DEM of the flare plasma is strongly peaked at temperatures greater than 107 K, indicative of hot flare loops, while that of the decay phase consists of a smaller peak at temperatures less than 107 K, as might be expected from the cooling and condensation of previously heated flare loops. These results are consistent with a flare model that includes strong evaporation and condensation as in our previous paper. The EUVE spectral analysis leads to lower peak flare temperatures than those used in our previous paper, but the basic conclusion reached—that the dominant flaring emission originates from long loops with L ~ R* and with peak flare densities ranging from 109 to 1011 cm-3—remains unchanged. This conclusion is not qualitatively affected by the value of [Fe/H] used in our DEM analysis.


The ability to generalize — to abstract regularities from our experiences that can be applied to new experiences — is fundamental to human cognition and our abilities to flexibly adapt to changing situations. However, the generalization abilities of children and adults are far from perfect, with many clear demonstrations of failures to generalize in situations that would otherwise appear to lend themselves to generalization. It seems that people require extensive experience with a domain to demonstrate good generalization, and that their generalization abilities are best when dealing with relatively concrete, familiar situations. In this paper, we argue that people's successes and failures in generalization are well characterized by neural network models. Networks of neurons connected by synaptic weights are naturally predisposed to encode information in a highly specific fashion, which does not support generalization (as has been seized upon by critics of such models). However, with sufficient experience and appropriate architectural properties, such models can develop abstract representations that support good generalization. Implications for the neural bases and development of generalization abilities are discussed. 2 Developmental and Computational Neuroscience Approaches to Cognition


For entrepreneurs creative problem solving and innovation are key capabilities that can be built through experience and entrepreneurial learning. Unfortunately entrepreneurial education has received increased criticism over the past decade suggesting that entrepreneurship courses do not sufficiently emphasize development of creative capabilities. Although several scholars and educators emphasize the need for nurturing creativity in entrepreneurial education it remains unclear how to efficiently stimulate the creativity pertinent to entrepreneurial contexts. The aim of our study is to show how the logics of RBV theory can be used to explain the creative behaviours of entrepreneurs in which EC is manifested in resource construction. The contribution of this paper is that it initiates the analysis of EC from a resource-based view and provides a foundation for building the corresponding pedagogy for nurturing creativity specific to the entrepreneurial process to effectively introduce EC training in EE.


A numerical 3D model of friction at mesoscale of the contact patch between steel samples and composite steel samples with carbon nanoinclusions has been developed based on the movable cellular automaton method. The response function of automata simulating steel corresponds to an elastic-plastic body with linear hardening, and the function for simulating carbon corresponds to an elastic-plastic body with bilinear hardening. Von Mises criterion is used for breaking bonds between the automata, and the criterion based on plastic heat is used for coupling the automata. The values of basic parameters of the model, as well as the loading conditions, that allow the formation of the characteristic quasi-liquid layer in the friction zone are determined. It was shown that the presence of carbon nanoinclusions in the contact region leads to decreasing of the coefficient of friction, lower values of stress, and higher shear strain in the friction zone.


OBJECTIVE
To describe current immunization requirements and policies in North American medical schools both at matriculation and before students begin clinical clerkships.

DESIGN
Survey of all allopathic medical schools in the United States and Canada.

PARTICIPANTS
One hundred and fifteen medical schools.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Twenty-eight percent of medical schools had no immunization requirements for matriculating medical students. Thirty-one percent of the schools had no rubella immunity requirement, 40% had no measles immunity requirement, and 44% had no polio immunity requirement for matriculating students. For students beginning clinical clerkships, 18%, 35%, and 40% of schools did not require rubella, measles, and polio immunity, respectively. Only 19% and 4% of schools required hepatitis B and influenza immunizations, respectively, at any time during training. Between 20% and 30% of schools accepted student self-report as evidence of rubella and measles immunity.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite expert guidelines, current medical school immunization policies for matriculating medical students are inadequate. Methods to assess, monitor compliance with, and facilitate student immunization are needed. Medical schools should review their immunization policies to comply with published guidelines.


The increasing interest in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) requires the corresponding development of circuit-level VCSEL models for use in the design and simulation of optoelectronic applications. Unfortunately, existing models lack either the computational efficiency or the comprehensiveness warranted by circuit-level simulation. Thus, in this paper we present a comprehensive circuit-level model that accounts for the thermal and spatial dependence of a VCSEL's behavior. The model is based on multimode rate equations and empirical expressions for the thermal dependence of the active-layer gain and carrier leakage, thereby facilitating the simulation of VCSEL's in the context of an optoelectronic system. To confirm that our model is valid, we present sample simulations that demonstrate its ability to replicate typical dc, small-signal, and transient operation, including temperature-dependent light-current (LI) curves and modulation responses, multimode behavior, and diffusive turn-off transients. Furthermore, we verify our model against experimental data from four devices reported in the literature. As the results will show, we obtained excellent agreement between simulation and experiment.


The automatic recognition of the modulation format of a detected signal, the intermediate step between signal detection and demodulation, is a major task of an intelligent receiver, with various civilian and military applications. Obviously, with no knowledge of the transmitted data and many unknown parameters at the receiver, such as the signal power, carrier frequency and phase offsets, timing information and so on, blind identification of the modulation is a difficult task. This becomes even more challenging in real-world scenarios with multipath fading, frequency-selective and time-varying channels. With this in mind, the authors provide a comprehensive survey of different modulation recognition techniques in a systematic way. A unified notation is used to bring in together, under the same umbrella, the vast amount of results and classifiers, developed for different modulations. The two general classes of automatic modulation identification algorithms are discussed in detail, which rely on the likelihood function and features of the received signal, respectively. The contributions of numerous articles are summarised in compact forms. This helps the reader to see the main characteristics of each technique. However, in many cases, the results reported in the literature have been obtained under different conditions. So, we have also simulated some major techniques under the same conditions, which allows a fair comparison among different methodologies. Furthermore, new problems that have appeared as a result of emerging wireless technologies are outlined. Finally, open problems and possible directions for future research are briefly discussed.


The Guildford School of Acting hosted its first research and teaching symposium on 6 June 2014. Exploring the uses of poetry within the context of actor training, the symposium showcased the work of GSA staff and students via a series of vocal, physical and acting workshops. Funded by the Morag Morris Poetry Fund and intended to extend the scope of the AHRC Cultural Value project, the symposium attracted delegates from a wide range of disciplines ranging from psychology to creative writing.The second workshop, led by GSA Head of Postgraduate Studies Jaq Bessell, used modern actor training methodologies (Stanislavski and Meisner) in conjunction with close analysis of early modern dramatic verse forms, seeking to bring together the so-called "two traditions" (Barton) of Shakespearean performance and exploring in detail the way actors "suit the action to the word, the word to the action" (Hamlet). Experiments with the convention of universal lighting in Shakespeare's theatres asked actors to make specific and active connections with their audience when performing soliloquies and monologues, and questioned many assumptions about the divide between the "two traditions" of classical and contemporary performance.


Nuclear Assurance Corporation (NAC), in cooperation the with Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), has been developing the design of a BWR fuel consolidation system. The program contemplates developing an engineering design package sufficient to procure a prototype consolidation system, run a cold test of the system with dummy fuel, and finally perform a confirming hot test with irradiated test as a qualification of a commercially viable process. Fuel consolidation is, of course, not new, and has, in fact, been demonstrated by several nuclear service companies including NAC, with varying degrees of compaction (or consolidation) success ratios. This NAC/ESEERCO/EPRI program focused on demonstrating, via proof of principle testing, handling of the non fuel bearing components (NFBC) in a manner that achieves a consolidation or volume reduction which is the subject of this paper. Previous fuel consolidation programs have come up short, mostly in the area of the NFBC handling. The results of this program are believed to be a major step that should restore industry faith in this aspect of fuel consolidation.


Several publications presented tamper-evident Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) for secure storage of cryptographic keys and tamper-detection. Unfortunately, previously published PUF-based key derivation schemes do not sufficiently take into account the specifics of the underlying application, i.e., an attacker that tampers with the physical parameters of the PUF outside of an idealized noise error model. This is a notable extension of existing schemes for PUF key derivation, as they are typically concerned about helper data leakage, i.e., by how much the PUF's entropy is diminished when gaining access to its helper data.To address the specifics of tamper-evident PUFs, we formalize the aspect of tamper-sensitivity, thereby providing a new tool to rate by how much an attacker is allowed to tamper with the PUF. This complements existing criteria such as effective number of secret bits for entropy and failure rate for reliability. As a result, it provides a fair comparison among different schemes and independent of the PUF implementation, as its unit is based on the noise standard deviation of the underlying PUF measurement. To overcome the limitations of previous schemes, we then propose an Error-Correcting Code (ECC) based on the Lee metric, i.e., a distance metric well-suited to describe the distance between q-ary symbols as output from an equidistant quantization, i.e., a higher-order alphabet PUF. This novel approach is required, as the underlying symbols' bits are not i.i.d. which hinders applying previous state-of-the-art approaches. We present the concept for our scheme and demonstrate its feasibility based on an empirical PUF distribution. The benefits of our approach are an increase by over 21% in effective secret bit compared to previous approaches based on equidistant quantization. At the same time, we improve tamper-sensitivity compared to an equiprobable quantization while ensuring similar reliability and entropy. Hence, this work opens up a new direction of how to interpret the PUF output and details a practically relevant scheme outperforming all previous constructions.


Effects of different impact angles such as 45°and 90°on the erosion-abrasion properties of hypereutectic Al-Mn alloy and its composites reinforced with Al2O3 particulates were studied by rotating erosion-abrasion test, and the microstructure and the worn surfaces were analyzed. The results show that the as-cast Al-Mn alloy is composed of aluminium-manganese solid solution, MnAl6 and Al11Mn4 phase, while the δ-Al2O3 particles are included in the composites besides the aforementioned microstructures. With elongating the erosion time, the wear rates of the Al-Mn alloy and its composites increase at the impact angle of 90°, whereas they firstly increase and then decrease , and there is a maximum at 45°. The distortion wear caused by the normal stress is dominant at 90°, which lead to the erosion pits on the worn surface. However, the cutting wear by the shear stress is predominant at 45°, which result in the ploughs.


Benedict Anderson, professor at Cornell and specialist in Southeast Asian studies, is best known for his book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1991). It is no understatement to say that this is one of the most influential books of the last twenty years. Widely read both by social scientists and humanists, it has become an unavoidable document. For people in the humanities, Anderson is particularly interesting because he explores the rise of nationalism in connection with the rise of the novel.


Abstract Recently, the controlled foreign company (CFC) rules have gained increased attention; as such, rules play an important role in the ongoing efforts of the OECD/G20 and the European Commission with respect to addressing base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS). In this context, the article revisits the CFC regimes of the Nordic countries in order to assess whether these regimes are in line with the recommendations from the OECD/G20 and to determine whether Sweden, Finland, and Denmark, as EU member states, will have to make amendments if the commission's proposal for an Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive is adopted in its current form. It is concluded that the Nordic CFC regimes in many ways already are in line with the recommendations as well as the directive, but also that certain amendments have to be made.


Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of synergistic activity of azithromycin combined with metronidazole against toxoplasmosis experimentally induced in murine model. Material & Methods: Albino mice model (balb/c mice) acutly infected with tachyzoites, were treated for ١٠days from day +١ postinfection with administration of azithromycin combined with metronidazol. Results: The results showed that prolonged survival of albino mice relative to that of untreated control, and the dead mice were found only in the control group. This experiment showed that a remarkable synergistic effect on toxoplasmosis was obsereved when azithromycin was adminstratered in combination with metronidazole at cuurative dosage i.e.(٢٥٠ and ٢٠٠ mg/kg/day), respectively. These results showed that azithromycin, which is remarkably active on toxoplasmosis, significantly potentiates the curative effect of metronidazol in the treatment. The treated mice in uncontrolled group were completely cured from toxoplasmosis as their brain were free of T. gondii cyst either microscopically or by bioassay. Conclusion: Combined drugs of azithromycin and metronidazole showed a cure rate of ١٠٠% in experimental murine toxoplasmosis.


I am delighted to be part of the conference that is being held here at Washburn University School of Law. I would like to thank Dean Romig, Professor Reggie Robinson, Professor David Rubenstein, and Professor Shawn Leisinger and anybody else who has been involved with the convening of the conference and inviting me here. It is a great pleasure and an honor. I hope that I will be able to provide some interesting material for you to digest with your meal. I call the talk Immigration Policy: Myths, Realities, and Reforms, and I want to emphasize some of the different aspects of immigration policy that I believe are not well understood. So I am dividing the talk into four parts: (1) an introduction, (2) some myths and misunderstandings about immigration, (3) some thoughts about immigration reform, and, finally, (4) some concluding remarks.


The debate on effective climate protection is heating up in Germany and the rest of the world. Nuclear energy is being touted as "clean" energy. Given the circumstances, the present study analyzed the historical, current, and future costs and risks of nuclear energy. The findings show that nuclear energy can by no means be called "clean" due to radioactive emissions, which will endanger humans and the natural environment for over one million years. And it harbors the high risk of proliferation. An empirical survey of the 674 nuclear power plants that have ever been built showed that private economic motives never played a role. Instead military interests have always been the driving force behind their construction. Even ignoring the expense of dismantling nuclear power plants and the long-term storage of nuclear waste, private economy-only investment in nuclear power plant would result in high losses— an average of five billion euros per nuclear power plant, as one financial simulation revealed. In countries such as China and Russia, where nuclear power plants are still being built, private investment does not play a role either. Nuclear power is too expensive and dangerous; therefore it should not be part of the climate-friendly energy mix of the future.


Maca plant belongs to Brassicaceae such as broccoli, cabbage and radish, and has a tuberous root. With the declaration of The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that maca is a forgotten and disappearing plant, the fresh, dried, powder and organic forms of it take part in nutrition as a food supplement world-wide. Studies have focused on antioxidant effects depending on its bioactive components such as phenols, glucosinolates, alkamides and polysaccharides. Antioxidant enzymes and their ability of inhibition the free radicals in blood and tissues were measured to determine the antioxidant effects. The research results have suggested that these compounds present the antioxidant effect by increasing enzyme activity and scavenging free radicals. Yet further experiments are needed to understand this relation between antioxidant activity and maca's antioxidants. The objective of this chapter is to carry out the possible antioxidant activity of maca in human and animal nutrition related to its active compounds such as: phenols, glucosinolates, alkamides and polysaccharides.


This paper investigates the change processes involved in establishing commercial ventures as revenue generating alternatives in eleven nonprofit organizations, and reports on factors contributing to their success. The eleven cases studied illustrate that the establishment of commercial ventures in nonprofit organizations may result from either deliberate planning or following emergent opportunities. Regardless of whether change was emergent or deliberate, successful organizations were ones that did not try to radically change their paradigms. Their ventures were either merely an extension of existing physical or human resources, or entwined with their mission very early in their life cycle. The unsuccessful and struggling ventures, however, were the result of intended, deliberately planned change strategies that failed because the ventures failed to mesh with the organization's paradigm. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series, TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management

Keywords: nonprofit, commercial ventures, change


The Supreme Court has recently reinvigorated the law of patentable subject matter. But beneath the headlines proclaiming the return of limits to patent eligibility, a more profound shift has taken place: central claiming is reborn.
The Court's eligibility cases are significant outliers compared to today's run-of-the-mill patent law because claim language plays little role in their analyses. In our modern peripheral claiming system, the claim language is the near-exclusive guide to the patent's boundaries. But in its earliest days, our patent system pursued a central claiming approach, in which the inventor's actual work determined the patent's scope. The Court's eligibility cases focus on the inventor's actual contribution to the field, precisely as a central claiming inquiry would. And they can be better understood once this return to central claiming is revealed.
Indeed, the shift to central claiming points the way toward a principled approach to eligibility. The eligibility requirement aims to prevent patents from covering certain kinds of prohibited subject matter: laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas. But every invention, at some level of abstraction, applies ineligible subject matter. In a peripheral claiming system, this levels-of-abstraction problem could lead courts to simply deem all claims eligible (as occurred for nearly thirty years) or all claims ineligible (as some fear will happen today). Central claiming offers a solution by focusing on what the inventor added to the storehouse of knowledge. It is that contribution, rather than some abstraction from the claim language, that guides the eligibility analysis.


The squirrel cage induction motor is the most common means of converting
electrical energy to mechanical energy. As such they form a very important part of
modem industrial plants. Adverse service conditions may cause faults to develop
within a motor that eventually result in the motor failing. If warning of an
impending failure can be obtained, the motor can be scheduled for repair or
replacement before catastrophic failure occurs, thus avoiding costly excess downtime
of plant.
A fault which occurs in cage induction motors, is where a fracture occurs between
the end ring and a rotor bar, or in an end-ring segment. These faults may be
detected by examining the frequency spectrum of the stator current, while the
motor is operating under loaded conditions, for the presence of characteristic
frequency components. The basic theory is reasonably well known, however little
work has been done on detecting faults when the motor is controlled by a variablefrequency
drive, which causes extra frequency components to appear in the stator
current spectrum.
A variable speed drive controls the speed of an induction motor by changing the
frequency of the supply voltage. Thus the problem of detecting faults becomes one
of analysing a non-stationary signal. One approach to solve this problem is to
synchronously sample the stator current waveform, such that the sampling process
tracks any change in frequency, producing a useful frequency spectrum. A
hardware system based on a phase locked loop circuit is developed in order to
implement such a process.
In order to determine which frequencies are produced by a pulse-width modulated
(PWM) drive, a theoretical analysis of various PWM methods is carried out, with particular reference to fault frequency components. The change in frequency
component amplitudes between mains operation and VSD operation and also with
change in load is also examined experimentally. The uncertainty in amplitude due
to the signal processing techniques employed, is also determined by experiment.
The effects of changes in frequency component amplitudes on the detection of
faults is discussed.
A full-transient model for the induction motor is developed as an assembly of
inductively coupled coils using a model that can represent the effects of individual
rotor bars. The effect of a broken rotor bar on the frequencies that are introduced
into the supply current can then be predicted.
Finally, the possible application of time-frequency and continuous wavelet
transform analysis to the problem of a non-stationary signal is examined. Various
types of transform are compared to find the most suitable for tracking frequency
components as they change.


The rigid soviet policy of full employment ensured employment for all able-bodied population. By removing this policy, the collapse of the system has made discrimination less costly. Has it also become prevalent? This paper studies the labour market discrimination on the basis of looks using data from three post-soviet countries of the caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. I estimate a large positive effect of attractive looks on males' probability of employment. Using partial identification approach, I show that this relationship is likely to be causal. The results are potentially consistent with taste-based discrimination in favour of attractive males.


INTRODUCTION
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a Gram-positive, anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria, widely spread in the human environment. In the last decade, the frequency and severity of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have been increasing, making this particular disease one of the most significant nosocomial infections. The aim of our study was an analysis of CDI risk factors, its course and consequences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medical documentation of the patients treated for CDI in the University Hospital in Cracow and St Anne's Hospital in Miechów has been analysed. The analysis focused on epidemiological data, blood parameters, comorbidities, recurrence rate, and complication rate (deaths included). As part of risk factors analysis, antibiotic use or hospitalisation in a period of 3 months before the episode of infection was considered relevant. Blood tests have been performed using routinely employed, standard methods.

RESULTS
We evaluated data of 168 people infected with C. difficile, out of which there were 102 women (61%) and 66 men (39%). The median age of the patients was 74 years for the entire population with 76 years for women and 71 years for male patients. One hundred thirteen people (67%) had been previously hospitalised, and 5 person was a pensioner of a nursing home. 99 people (59%) were treated with antibiotics within 3 months before the first episode of infection. An average length of the hospital stay because of CDI was 11 days. One hundred thirty persons (77%) experienced only 1 episode whereas 38 people (23%) had more than 1 episode of infection. The person with the largest number of recurrences had 9 of them.

CONCLUSIONS
The development of CDI is an increasing problem in a group of hospitalised persons, particularly of an old age. The general use of beta-lactam antibiotics is the cause of a larger number of infections with C. difficile. Vast majority of patients have had at least one typical risk factor of CDI.


A cross‐sectional study was performed in 85 low‐risk singleton first trimester pregnancies to assess corpus luteum blood flow during this period. Gestational age, established by measuring crown‐rump length, ranged from 6 to 12 weeks. All cases were studied by transvaginal color velocity imaging and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. After corpus luteum blood flow was identified by color velocity imaging, the resistive index and pulsatility index were calculated to assess vascular resistance. Overall, detection rate of corpus luteum blood flow was 75.2%. No statistical differences were found in mean resistive index and pulsatility index among gestational weeks studied. Linear regression analysis showed that nonsignificant changes in resistive and pulsatility indices occur during the first weeks of normal early pregnancy (R2 = 0.0059 for resistive index, R2 = 0.0008 for pulsatility index). In conclusion, luteal blood flow is constant during normal early pregnancy.


In this paper, I review and discuss recent advances in the development of algorithms for solving the kinds of geometric matching problems that occur in computer vision, in particular under bounded error models. I examine both the one-model case (recognition) and the many-model case (indexing), and I discuss some open problems and directions for research.


Background The biomarker value of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) has been extensively addressed in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, prognostic performances of miRNAs in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) has received less attention. Methods A test cohort of 294 patients with acute dyspnea (236 AHF and 58 non-AHF) and 44 patients with stable chronic heart failure (CHF), and an independent validation cohort of 711 AHF patients, were used. Admission levels of miR-1/-21/-23/-126/-423-5p were assessed in plasma samples. Results In the test cohort, admission levels of miR-1 were lower in AHF and stable CHF patients compared to non-AHF patients (p = 0.0016). Levels of miR-126 and miR-423-5p were lower in AHF and in non-AHF patients compared to stable CHF patients (both p<0.001). Interestingly, admission levels of miR-423-5p were lower in patients who were re-admitted to the hospital in the year following the index hospitalization compared to patients who were not (p = 0.0001). Adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for one-year readmission was 0.70 [0.53–0.93] for miR-423-5p (p = 0.01). In the validation cohort, admission levels of miR-423-5p predicted 1-year mortality with an adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] of 0.54 [0.36–0.82], p = 0.004. Patients within the lowest quartile of miR-423-5p were at high risk of long-term mortality (p = 0.02). Conclusions In AHF patients, low circulating levels of miR-423-5p at presentation are associated with a poor long-term outcome. This study supports the value of miR-423-5p as a prognostic biomarker of AHF.


Abstract. Using statistical interferometry technique (SIT), a highly sensitive interferometry technique developed in our laboratory, we reported about the existence of nanometric intrinsic fluctuations (NIF) in a variety of plants. SIT permits noncontact, noninvasive, and fast detection of plant growth fluctuations in subnanometer scale. We propose the application of NIF to investigate the effect of heavy metal, cadmium, on growth dynamics of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum). NIFs of leaves were observed for 3 days under four different concentrations of CdCl2: 0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 mM. Results showed significant reduction of NIFs within 4 h for all Cd concentrations, and there was a further decrease with the exposure time of Cd under 0.1 and 0.01 mM. In addition, under 0.001 mM, a significant recovery could be observed after a rapid reduction in the first 4 h. As a comparison, measured antioxidative enzymes increased with increasing Cd concentration. However, no significant increase could be seen within the initial 4 h under a smaller concentration of 0.001 mM as seen for NIFs. The results imply that NIF can be used as an indicator for heavy metal stress on plants as well as it can be more sensitive to detect the influence of smaller Cd amounts on plants at an early stage.


E-learning has become routine in delivery of many professional courses. For the past ten years the School of Nursing at Ulster has used Internet technology to assist in the delivery of pre- and post-qualification courses in evidence-based practice. In 2009 we set out to enhance learner engagement through three devices: personal text messaging, Confluence WIKI, and the exploitation of relevant Reusable Learning Objects. It was intended that these devices will result in closer linkage between the academic and professional learning environments and enhance the sense of the online environment as a supportive learning community for healthcare professionals. We conclude that such devices are potential tools for enhanced delivery of e learning for evidence-informed practice.


A heavy mineral provenance study of stanniferous placers in
northeastern Tasmania reveals that the placers were formed during 'long'
periods of geologic time by episodic recycling dating back at least to
the Permian. With the aid of heavy mineral species demonstrably deriving
from granitic and basaltic source rocks, it is possible to identify
placer formation events. Deep leads such as Briseis and Pioneer were
stratigraphically confined between the Middle Eocene (ca. 47 Ma) and
Middle Miocene (ca. 16 Ma) episodes of basaltic volcanic activity. This
is supported by both fission track dating and electron spin resonance
(ESR) studies of alluvial zircons. The latter is a rapid
semi—quantitative technique for the age estimation of the host rocks of
zircon.
In addition to deep leads comparatively shallow leads are also
present filling bedrock channels or covering erosion surfaces cut across
the rock basement. Because the erosion surfaces represent episodes of
sufficient duration to cause heavy mineral enrichment, they are useful
for the stratigraphic correlation of placer sequences. Quaternary
placers are represented in the form of fluvial terrace deposits along
the lower Ringarooma valley.
Bedrock tin mineralization is widespread in northeastern Tasmania
and it is unnecessary to explain the placers by invoking long transport
distances for cassiterite. The presence of large cassiterite nuggets and
composite grains in most alluvial workings is consistent with local
derivation involving short transport distances. This is also supported
by geochemically distinctive trace element patterns in Mount Cameron and
Blue Tier cassiterites. The former are enriched in niobium, tantalum,
and zirconium, but depleted in tungsten in comparison to the latter. The
selective removal of light minerals by winnowing through episodic
recycling is considered to have been mainly responsible for the genesis
of the placers in northeastern Tasmania.
Major geomorphological evolution events have been identified in the
study area. During the Middle Miocene, basaltic flows along the middle
Ringarooma valley caused drainage diversion. The northwesterly flowing
streams of the Blue Tier which were formerly connected to a
proto-Boobyalla River system were diverted eastwards by these basalts
into the South Mount Cameron Basin. An outlet of this basin into the
Great Mussel Roe River existed before downcutting and/or capture shifted
the river course towards the Great Northern Plains to form the
Ringarooma River course of today. At least from the Middle Eocene until
the Middle Miocene, the catchment area of the proto-Boobyalla River
extended well into the Blue Tier prior to diversion by the younger
basaltic flows.
A wide range of factors helps to determine the age of placer
deposits. In the present study stratigraphic control of placers was
achieved through an examination of heavy mineral provenance; volcanic
and duricrust formation events, and sedimentologic, palaeo-oceanographic
and palaeo-botanic evidence.


Geometry in particular the concept of distance is part of the metamatic science that is widely applied in the real world. The purpose of this research is to know the profile of distance understanding especially students high school student with normal IQ level in terms of gender difference. The research method used is explorative qualitative method, where the researcher as the main subject in the research. To describe the concept of distance, a study of four aspects, namely: 1) understanding aspect, 2) representation aspect, 3) non sample aspect, 4)  application aspect to calculate distance. The results obtained from the study, female students in terms of understanding the concept of distance from line to line better than male students, while for the other three aspects, there is no significant difference between male students and female students. The results of this study differ from the results of previous research, which states that male students are better than female students in understanding the mathematical concepts. This result can give implication about opinion and treatment  learning process for matemathics theacer's, that nothing diferences for capacity mathematics as specially about distance concept line to line between male and female  students.


Rational choice theories claim that extreme ethnic violence (war and genocide) can be explained either as the result of information failures and commitment problems or as the utility-maximizing strategy of predatory elites. Symbolic politics theory asserts that such violence is driven by hostile ethnic myths and an emotionally driven symbolic politics based on those myths that popularizes predatory policies. Tests of these models in the cases of Sudan's civil war and Rwanda's genocide show that the rationalist models are incorrect: neither case can be understood as resulting from information failures, commitment problems, or rational power-conserving elite strategies. Rather, in both cases ethnic mythologies and fears made predatory policies so popular that leaders had little choice but to embrace them by playing up associated ethnic symbols, even though these policies led to the leaders' downfalls. Ethnic security dilemmas in such cases are driven not by uncertainty but by predatory leaders engaged in symbolic politics.


We have realized the first field transmission of 8 × 216.8-Gb/s Nyquist wavelength-division-multiplexing (N-WDM) signals over 1750-km G.652 fiber consisting of 950-km real and 800-km lab fibers with erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)-only amplification. The average loss per span is 21.6 dB. Each channel is modulated with 54.2-Gbaud (216.8-Gb/s) polarization-division-multiplexing carrier-suppressed return-to-zero quadrature-phase-shift-keying (PDM-CSRZ-QPSK) data on a 50-GHz grid giving a record spectral efficiency (SE) of 4 b/s/Hz. Digital post filtering and 1-bit maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) are introduced into the offline digital signal processing (DSP) at the receiver to suppress noise, linear crosstalk and filtering effects. We have also investigated the co-transmission of 200 G PDM-CSRZ-QPSK and 200 G PDM 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (PDM-16 QAM) signals on a 50-GHz grid, and found that PDM-CSRZ-QPSK signals have better bit-error-rate (BER) performance for both back-to-back and 700-km transmission cases. Meanwhile, PDM-16 QAM signals are subject to larger crosstalk from the neighboring Nyquist QPSK channels.


This handbook is a companion to the widely used and standard text, "A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew" (revised edition), by C. L. Seow. It has been thoroughly and successfully field-tested in various settings for studying biblical Hebrew. For each exercise in the Grammar, this volume refreshes the student on lessons already learned, reinforces explanations and terms used in the lesson, explains concepts not yet covered, provides an annotated answer key, offers practical helps and tips, and cites relevant information in the standard dictionaries and reference grammars. The "Handbook" helps students make the most of the introductory grammar, in the classroom or for self-guided study. The reference to the major research grammars and lexicons will enable the student and instructor to take learning and teaching to a more advanced level in studying and translating Biblical Hebrew. The authors are doctoral students of C. L. Seow at Princeton Theological Seminary. Jennifer S. Green is an instructor at Columbia Theological Seminary, G. Brooke Lester is an instructor at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, and Joseph F. Scrivner is an instructor at Samford University.


Many statistical methods rely on models of reality in order to learn from data and to make predictions about future data. By necessity, these models usually do not match reality exactly, but are either wrong (none of the hypotheses in the model provides an accurate description of reality) or underspecified (the hypotheses in the model describe only part of the data). In this thesis, we discuss three scenarios involving models that are wrong or underspecified. In each case, we find that standard statistical methods may fail, sometimes dramatically, and present different methods that continue to perform well even if the models are wrong or underspecified. The first two of these scenarios involve regression problems and investigate AIC (Akaike's Information Criterion) and Bayesian statistics. The third scenario has the famous Monty Hall problem as a special case, and considers the question how we can update our belief about an unknown outcome given new evidence when the precise relation between outcome and evidence is unknown.


Several studies involving the family Verbenaceae, occurring in the Brazilian Cerrado, have emphasized the popular use of many aromatic species. We highlight the use of Lippia sidoides Cham., known as "alecrim pimenta," native to northeastern Brazil and northern Minas Gerais. Leaves of this species were collected in antropized Brazilian Cerrado area, in Hidrolândia, Goiás, and their essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and thereafter analyzed GC/MS. Among the compounds identified in this study were the most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes, followed by sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons. The oxygenated monoterpene 1,8-cineole was the major constituent followed by isoborneol and bornyl acetate. The chemical composition of essential oil described in this paper differs from that described in the literature for L. sidoides found in its native environment, where the major constituents are thymol and carvacrol.


The Treatment Guideline Subcommittee of the Taiwan Headache Society evaluated the medications currently used for migraine prevention in Taiwan. We assessed the results of new published drug trials, information from medical database and referred to the latest guidelines published. After comprehensive discussion, we proposed Taiwanese consensus about the preventive treatment for migraine including recommendation levels, strength of evidences, and related prescription information regarding dosage and adverse effects. This guideline is updated from earlier version published in 2008. Migraine preventive medications currently available in Taiwan can be categorized into ß-blockers, antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, OnabotulinumtoxinA and miscellaneous medications. Propranolol has the best level of evidence and fewer side-effects, and is recommended as the first-line medication for episodic migraine prevention. Valproic acid, topiramate, flunarizine and amitriptyline are suggested as the second-line medications. The rest medications are used when the above medications fail. OnabotulinumtoxinA and topiramate are recommended for chronic migraine prevention. Those other medications used for episodic migraine could also be used as a second-line option. It is not recommended to use migraine preventive medication during pregnancy or lactation. For those women with menstrual migraine, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and triptans can be used for prevention during the menstrual period. The levels of evidences for migraine preventive medications in children/adolescents and elderly are low. The preventive medications should follow the "start low and go slow" doctrine to reach an effective dosage. This can prevent adverse events and improve tolerance. The efficacy of preventive medications cannot be evaluated until 3 to 4 weeks after treatment. If the improvement of migraine maintains for 6 months, physicians can gradually taper the medications. Physicians should notify the patients not to overuse acute medications during migraine prevention treatment.


Investigations have been undertaken to improve techniques for the prediction and control of ground vibration caused by civil engineering construction works. Contemporary damage and nuisance criteria are reviewed and factors affecting the input and propagation of ground vibration are discussed. Field data from numerous sites in the UK are summarised to provide some guidance as to the relative importance of various sources (e.g., traffic, piling, tunnelling, blasting). A methodology for trial blasting is given with recommendations for the deployment and specification of the equipment. Data processing and presentation format is described and a "site specific" scaling method given which provides improved correlation between peak particle velocity and scaled distance. The use of peak particle velocity as a damage-hazard specifier is discussed in relation to other dynamic parameters which also effect damage to structures. Options regarding the distribution of vibration associated risks between employer and contractor are considered in the context of legal and contractual obligations. (TRRL)


In this article we study two problems that arise when using timing and amplitude estimates from a network of interferometers (IFOs) to evaluate the direction of an incident gravitational wave burst. First, we discuss an angular bias in the least squares timing-based approach that becomes increasingly relevant for moderate to low signal-to-noise ratios. We show how estimates of the arrival time uncertainties in each detector can be used to correct this bias. We also introduce a stand-alone parameter estimation algorithm that can improve the arrival time estimation and provide root-sum-squared strain amplitude (h{sub rss}) values for each site. In the second part of the paper we discuss how to resolve the directional ambiguity that arises from observations in three non co-located IFOs between the true source location and its mirror image across the plane containing the detectors. We introduce a new, exact relationship among the h{sub rss} values at the three sites that, for sufficiently large signal amplitudes, determines the true source direction regardless of whether or not the signal is linearly polarized. Both the algorithm estimating arrival times, arrival time uncertainties, and h{sub rss} values and the directional follow-up can be applied to any set of gravitational wave candidatesmore » observed in a network of three non co-located IFOs. As a case study we test the methods on simulated waveforms embedded in simulations of the noise of the LIGO and Virgo detectors at design sensitivity.« less


This paper traces my journey carrying out three duoethnographic studies. Initially, I used duoethnography as an epistemology or pedagogical tool with teacher candidates. Next its use shifted to an ontological position. When I began each study there was an unresolved tension. By the end I felt a greater sense of connection to the past. The issues that were ever present became clearer and more manageable. There was a reconciliation of the past through a reincorporation in the present. How did I arrive at this innovative methodology? Why did it choose me? What are the challenges when engaging in a dialogic method that unravels the past? This paper interweaves three dialogic conversations in an attempt to glean what undergoing a duoethnography has taught me as I moved from an epistemological stance through an ontological awakening to my new reflective stance, which is guiding my present practice in the academy.


Objective To investigate implication of combination detection MCP-1 and RANTES chemotactic factors in patients with ACS compare to the traditional detection of hs-CRP. And to investigate the significance of the combined detection of a variety of chemokines in early identification, risk stratification, prognosis of ACS. Methods The 300 patients were divided into Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) group (n=240) and control group (n=60) according to the Coronary Angiography (CAG), and CHD group were divided into acute coronary syndrome (ACS) group (n=180) and stable angina pectoris (SAP) group (n=60). The severity and extent of coronary lesions was analysed by CAG and typified by means of Gensini coronary score system. Linked immunosorent assay was used to measure the concentration of MCP-1, RANTES and hs-CRP. At the same time venous blood samples were collected and total cholesterol (TC) triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets count, fibrinogen, and liver and kidney function were detected by automatic biochemical analyser determination. Results Significantly increasing of MCP-1, RANTES, hs-CRP concentration, blood glucose, LDL-C levels were observed in ACS group compared to the SAP group and the control group (p<0.05). And significantly decreasing of HDL-C concentration in ACS group were observed compared to the SAP group and control group. The accuracy of ACS prediction by combination detection MCP-1 and RANTES according to logistic regression equation is much better than the traditional detection of hs-CRP (90.6% vs 82.8%). Conclusions Combined with clinical assessment of the actual occurrence of cardiovascular disease using a variety of risk factors, we believe that coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndrome is a complex network systems regulated by multi-element, multi-factor, looking for a single factor as markers for diagnosis of coronary heart disease ACS may be limited. Combined detection of a variety of cytokines which involved in the occurrence of coronary heart disease, and through comprehensive analysis of a number of cytokines to predict cardiac events may more accurately reflect the nature of acute coronary syndrome. MCP-1, RANTES chemokine play a more specific role in monocytes /macrophages, they play a key role in the development and rupture of vulnerable plaque in coronary heart disease, especially in ACS. The effect of combination detection chemotactic factors to predict ACS is better compare to general hs-CRP measurement, multi-chemotactic factors' combination detection maybe come to markers of early identification of ACS.


The aim of this study was to review the literature on human studies of drug therapy in cardiac arrest during the last 25 years. In May 2015, a systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CRD databases. Prospective interventional and observational studies evaluating a specified drug therapy in human cardiac arrest reporting a clinical endpoint [i.e. return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or survival] and published in English 1990 or later were included, whereas animal studies, case series and reports, studies of drug administration, drug pharmacology, non-specified drug therapies, preventive drug therapy, drug administration after ROSC, studies with primarily physiological endpoints, and studies of traumatic cardiac arrest were excluded. The literature search identified a total of 8936 articles. Eighty-eight articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. We identified no human study in which drug therapy, compared with placebo, improved long-term survival. Regarding adrenaline and amiodarone, the drugs currently recommended in cardiac arrest, two prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials, were identified for adrenaline, and one for amiodarone, but they were all underpowered to detect differences in survival to hospital discharge. Of all reviewed studies, only one recent prospective study demonstrated improved neurological outcome with one therapy over another using a combination of vasopressin, steroids, and adrenaline as the intervention compared with standard adrenaline administration. The evidence base for drug therapy in cardiac arrest is scarce. However, many human studies on drug therapy in cardiac arrest have not been powered to identify differences in important clinical outcomes such as survival to hospital discharge and favourable neurological outcome. Efforts are needed to initiate large multicentre prospective randomized clinical trials to evaluate both currently recommended and future drug therapies.


Abstract The direct vessel injection (DVI)-adopted power plant APR1400 considers a DVI line break among the analyzed small-break loss-of-coolant accidents in safety analysis. The first-ever integral effects test database for various DVI line break sizes from 5% to 100% was established with the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute's Advanced Thermal-Hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation (ATLAS) test facility. This database enhances our physical understanding of the major thermal-hydraulic behaviors of the APR1400 during DVI line break accidents, and it can also be used to examine the prediction capabilities and identify any deficiencies in the existing best-estimate safety analysis codes. Effects of the break size were experimentally investigated, and the best-estimated MARS code was assessed against the experimental database. On the whole, the prediction of the MARS code shows a good agreement with the measured data. However, the code predicted a higher core level than the data just before a loop seal clearing occurs, and it also produced a more rapid decrease in the downcomer water level than the data. These disagreements are the expected consequence of uncertainties in predicting countercurrent flow or condensation phenomena in a downcomer region. The present integral effects test data will be used to support the present conservative safety analysis methodology and to develop a new best-estimate safety analysis methodology on the DVI line break accidents of the APR1400.


LEADERSHIP STYLE AND LISTENING PRACTICES OF IMB TEAM LEADERS: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY Stephen Kearney McCord, Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2011 Chair: Michael S. Wilder Listening is a critical skill for those who lead. Research indicates that leaders significantly influence followers through their listening practices; however the relationship between leadership styles and listening is assumed but not conclusively proven (Kouzes and Posner 2002). The purpose of this current study was to determine if a relationship exists between leadership style and listening practices of International Mission Board (IMB) overseas team leaders (Burns 1978, Bass 2004). The population for this research was overseas team leaders of the IMB serving in this position for more than six months with a team of four or more team members. A total of 145 of 391 team leaders participated in this study with a response rate of 37%. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to measure transformational, transactional, and passive/avoidant leadership style and the Listening Practices Feedback Report-360 (LPFR) assessed listening practices of attention, empathy, memory, open mind, respect, and response. A correlational analysis using Pearson r was conducted between leadership styles and listening practices. Further analysis was conducted to determine which leadership style was most significantly correlated with each of the six listening practice subscales. The subscale of open mind was not significantly correlated with any leadership style. The findings indicated that transformational leadership had a statistically significant and moderately positive correlation with the total LPFR score and on five of the six listening practices subscales. Transactional leaders also had a moderately positive correlation with total LPFR score and significant correlations on empathy, memory, and response subscales. Passive/avoidant leadership style had a significantly moderate negative correlation with LPFR and with empathy, memory, respect, and response subscales. Transformational leadership scored highest on the LPFR total listening score. Passive/avoidant leaders" showed the lowest total listening scores and were rated ineffective listeners. This study shows that transformational and transactional leadership styles have a statistically significant and moderately positive relationship with listening dimension scores as measured by the LPFR and supports transformational leadership theory.


We present a model that can automatically learn alignments between high-dimensional data in an unsupervised manner. Our proposed method casts alignment learning in a framework where both alignment and data are modelled simultaneously. Further, we automatically infer groupings of different types of sequences within the same dataset. We derive a probabilistic model built on non-parametric priors that allows for flexible warps while at the same time providing means to specify interpretable constraints. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach with superior quantitative performance to the state-of-the-art approaches and provide examples to illustrate the versatility of our model in automatic inference of sequence groupings, absent from previous approaches, as well as easy specification of high level priors for different modalities of data.


Water efficiency in buildings is an important subject which is increasingly high on the resource management debate. The indiscriminate use of water has physical and environmental consequences and can impact on energy and carbon consumption and ultimately climate change. At present, about half the water put into supply is to meet household demand. Current figures show that the quantity of water used by households in the UK increased by 55% in the last 25 years, although some of this increase has been attributed to population growth, as well as the prevalence of domestic technologies such as washing machines, power showers etc. These levels of consumption in buildings is not sustainable if corresponded with water availability figures, and some geographical areas in the UK, US, parts of Europe, Africa and Asia are already demonstrating considerable water stress. The objective of this book is to primarily collate learning and evidence that can be used to understand and applied for addressing issues pertaining to water efficiency in buildings. More importantly, it collates and presents a much needed multi-disciplinary viewpoint, from architecture to environmental science, to socio-psychology, demonstrating how each of these areas can be applied to promote water efficiency in all areas of the supply and demand spectrum. It will also present ways to engage all the important stakeholders to achieve a systems approach to tackling the main challenges faced locally and globally.


The results of micropalaeontological, nannopalaeontological and palynological analyses of Cenozoic sections from the Northern Sulaiman Ranges in Pakistan are discussed. They are in keeping with previously published results (though in some cases significantly more refined). They enable placement of most of the sampled lithostratigraphic units in a global bio- and sequence-stratigraphic framework. Limestones appear to be associated with essentially transgressive global sequences, shales with essentially regressive sequences. Palaeoenvironmental interpretations indicate a range of depositional settings from continental through shallow marine to basinal. A number of shallow marine carbonate platform sub-environments are recognized over the Palaeocene–Eocene section


Abrupt decreases of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) during the Late Pleistocene have been directly linked to catastrophic discharges of glacimarine freshwater, triggering disruption of northward marine heat transport and causing global climate changes. Here we provide measurements of excess sedimentary 231Pa/230Th from a high‐accumulation sediment drift deposit in the NE Atlantic that record a sequence of sudden variations in the rate of MOC, associated deep ocean ventilation and surface‐ocean climatology. The data series reveal a sequential decrease in the MOC rate at ∼18.0 ka BP ago that coincides with only transient and localized freshwater inputs. This change represents a substantial, though not total, cessation in MOC that predates the major Heinrich (H1) meltwater event by at least 1,200 years. These results highlight the potential of targeted freshwater perturbations in promoting substantial MOC changes without a direct linking with catastrophic freshwater surges.


s Many people have argued that the evolution of the human language faculty cannot be explained by Darwinian natural selection. Chomsky and Gould have suggested that language may have evolved as the by-product of selection for other abilities or as a consequence of as-yet unknown laws of growth and form. Others have argued that a biological specialization for grammar is incompatible with every tenet of Darwinian theory that it shows no genetic variation, could not exist in any intermediate forms, confers no selective advantage, and would require more evolutionary time and genomic space than is available. We examine these arguments and show that they depend on inaccurate assumptions about biology or language or both. Evolutionary theory offers clear criteria for when a trait should be attributed to natural selection: complex design for some function, and the absence of alternative processes capable of explaining such complexity. Human language meets these criteria: Grammar is a complex mechanism tailored to the transmission of propositional structures through a serial interface. Autonomous and arbitrary grammatical phenomena have been offered as counterexamples to the position that language is an adaptation, but this reasoning is unsound: Communication protocols depend on arbitrary conventions that are adaptive as long as they are shared. Consequently, language acquisition in the child should systematically differ from language evolution in the species, and attempts to analogize them are misleading. Reviewing other arguments and data, we conclude that there is every reason to believe that a specialization for grammar evolved by a conventional neo-Darwinian process.


Virtual labs are popularized as a visual education tool that offers diverse analysis of experiments through different components like graphics mediated animations, mathematically modeled simulations, user-interactive emulations, remote-triggered experiments and the use of augmented perception haptic devices. With the advances in ICT-based education, virtual labs have become a novel platform that helps users to engage in their proactive learning process. Our goal was to analyze the effective role of biotechnology virtual labs in improving academic performance of students and complementing classroom education. We tested the adaptability, perceived usefulness and ease of use of biotechnology virtual labs on different user groups in sciences and engineering. This study focuses mainly on the student and teacher groups from different universities across India. Feedback data was collected via a direct approach using organized workshops conducted in the year 2014-2015. 85% of participants suggested perceived usefulness of biotechnology virtual labs helped them to improve their academic performance compared to a traditional classroom scenario. Most users indicated the learning materials provided by virtual lab system were easy to understand, thus suggesting the better adaptability of ICT-enabled techniques amongst different users. This augments the role of virtual labs for remote learners all over the world. For India, such learning methods have helped overcome limitations seen in classroom-based education such as equipment accessibility, location and other economic issues. Through these studies, we construe the usage of virtual labs as a next-gen interactive textbook and as a media-rich learning source of distance and blended education.


We present a graph grammar based type inference system for a totally graphic language inspired in the data flow view of lazy functional programs. NiMo (Nets in Motion) can be seen as a graphic equivalent to Haskell that acts as an on-line tracer and debugger. The user not only sees the results but also the way they are calculated according to an understandable model and can interrupt the execution at any point, change data, processes and/or process activation, undo steps, and also execute incomplete programs. Type inference is incremental; during the net edition (construction or modification) only type safe connections are allowed. The user visualises the type information evolution and, in case of type error, can identify where and why it happened. The NiMo type system, though similar, has significant differences with systems in functional languages due to the data flow ingredient. It needs to cope with processes with no entries and zero or more that one output and therefore the process type is a generalization of functional types. We present the notion of non-structural type unification, the elements for modelling graphic type inference, and the correspondence with the classical type inference approach. Construction and execution of NiMo programs are fully defined via an attributed graph grammar. In the previous version type information was incomplete and static type inference was partial in presence of polymorphism. Therefore type inconsistent nets could be executed. Here we present the type descriptor graphs and the graph grammar definition of the complete static type inference system. The grammar has been implemented and successfully tested using AGG as the graph transformation system.


The issues of tax has not been an easy one right from the time immemorial ,tax is very central to the growth of any countries economy in order to ease and facilitate tax collection a number of strategies charges were brought to force with the aim of improving the issue of tax compliance in the country. These strategies for tax legislation were meant to enforce voluntary compliance within the ambit of the law ,simply because these strategies charges was what helped some of the western and Asian countries such as Australia ,United States of America ,United Kingdom , China to achieved a high level of tax compliance level .For instance China has achieved 90 -95 %tax compliance tax compliance level among other examples while the highest in sub Saharan Africa is 72% which is south Africa and others included Kenya 54%, Uganda 56% and Nigeria still below 45%. The sub Saharan African countries come up with tax strategies charges that will ensure maximum compliance. It's against this background that this paper examines the current charges in tax legislation and strategies for optimal compliance by way of utilizing secondary sources the paper observes that the phenomenon of tax legislation and optimal compliance by the citizens is very central and important to the country's economy .The paper recommends that in exchange with the compliance of payment of the tax ,social amenities has to be provided to the citizens affordably ,such as electricity ,water supply ,health care services among others.


Dr. Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr. is Regents Professor and Director of the Center for Management of Information at the University of Arizona. He was a faculty member at Purdue University prior to founding the MIS department at the University of Arizona in 1974. Under his leadership for twenty years, the department has become known for its expertise in collaboration technology and the technical aspects of MIS. In 1996, Dr. Nunamaker received the DPMA EDSIG Distinguished IS Educator Award. The GroupSystems software resulting from his research received the Editor's Choice Award from PC Magazine, June 14, 1994. At the GroupWare 1993 Conference in San Jose, he received the GroupWare Achievement Award along with recognition of GroupSystems as best of show in the GDSS category. In 1992, he received the Arthur Andersen Consulting Professor of the Year award. Dr. Nunamaker received his Ph.D. in systems engineering and operations research from Case Institute of Technology, a M.S. and B.S. from the University of Pittsburgh, and a B.S. from Carnegie Mellon University. He was an original member of the ISDOS project (PSL/PSA) under the direction of Professor Daniel Teichroew at Case and the University of Michigan from 1965 to 1968.


by critically examining an attempt to mount a public-interest legal challenge against the UK Health and Safety Executive for failing to properly enforce the European Biocidal Products Directive in relation to nanosilver consumer products. The temporal gap between innovation research, knowledge of implications, and regulatory action can often be decades (Owen 2011). Often key stakeholders within civil society are positioned to identify certain relevant problems earlier than governance, regulatory, and investment actors. They might thus limit a dilemma of control(Collinridge, 1984) - where technology at an early stage of development provides opportunities for control but insufficient evidence of impacts to justify or direct control, whereas greater maturity in the development process provides sufficient evidence of impacts but the technology has become 'locked in' after widespread application. One form of intervention in the regulatory process by civil society is litigation. This article critically reflects on the limitations encountered in pursuing a judicial review challenge in the UK between 2008 and 2010. This account highlights some of the structural conditions underlying the contemporary regulatory balance of forces which limit civil society participation (access to legal expertise, resources, scientific knowledge, public awareness, and the regulatory process itself). We also suggest that individuals and civil society organisations thus limited (without meaningful access) may legitimately turn to more explicitly political forms of engagement with nanotechnology. Direct action (as opposed to mediated) is a plausible alternative to regulatory participation and litigation.


Accelerating warming and associated loss of sea ice are expected to promote the expansion of coastal marine forests (macrophytes) along the massive Arctic coastlines. Yet, this region has received much less attention compared to other global oceans. The available future projections of Arctic macrophytes are still limited to few species and regions, and mostly focused at lower latitude ranges, thus precluding well-informed IPCC impact assessments, conservation and management. Here we aim to quantify potential distributional changes of Arctic intertidal and subtidal brown macroalgae and eelgrass by the year 2100, relative to present. We estimate habitat suitability by means of species distribution modeling, considering changes in seawater temperature, salinity, nutrients and sea ice cover under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, one consistent with the Paris Agreement (RCP 2.6) and the other representing limited mitigation strategies (RCP 8.5). As data on substrate conditions do not exist, the models were restricted to the depth range supporting Arctic macrophytes (down to 5 m for eelgrass and 30 m for brown macroalgae). Models projected major expansions of Arctic macrophytes between 69,940 and 123,360 km2, depending on the climate scenario, with polar distribution limits shifting northwards by up to 1.5 latitude degrees at 21.81 km per decade. Such expansions in response to changing climate will likely elicit major changes in biodiversity and ecosystem functions in the future Arctic. Expansions are, however, less intense than those already realized over the past century, indicating an overall slowing down despite accelerated warming as habitats become increasingly occupied.