Introduction. Presents a method for modeling a two-dimensional stationary temperature field in a layered rod. The peculiarity of the structure of the rod is the presence of discontinuity of the width of the cross section in the direction of heat flow and multilayer. Identification of the temperature field in such rods is a necessary step in solving the problem of thermoelasticity. The relevance of the problem lies in the development of analytical methods for analysis layered rods of complex geometric shape with thermal effects, with acceptable computational complexity and necessary accuracy. Materials and methods. For a multilayer rod, a method for constructing an approximate solution of the Dirichlet stationary heat conduction problem with a transverse heat flow direction is considered. Within each layer, the temperature distribution function is represented as a sum of two functions. The first function, linear in the direction of the heat flow, reflects the exact solution of the problem for a rectangular layered section. The second function is the correction nonlinear function of two variables. It describes the nonlinear distortions of the temperature field due to the presence of discontinuities in the width of the cross section. The correction function, according to the Fourier method, is represented as a product of a given coordinate function and the sum of the sought amplitudes caused by the width breaks. The functions of the effect of breaking the width on temperature fields in adjacent layers are introduced. An approximate formulation of the Dirichlet problem with integral conjugation conditions on interlayer boundaries is formulated. Results. The parameters of the stationary temperature field were calculated for a seven-layer section of a T-shaped form with alternating layers of carbon and steel. Testing the results of the Ansys program showed good qualitative and quantitative correspondence of two-dimensional temperature fields. Conclusions. The obtained solution satisfactorily describes the temperature field in the cross section of a layered rod in the vicinity of its geometric features. The method is characterized by acceptable laboriousness and accuracy suitable for solving the problem of thermoelasticity of a layered rod.


Open|SpeedShop (O|SS) is a comprehensive, open source, parallel performance analysis tool set that provides the most common performance analysis steps in a single environment. It can help application programmers to analyze, understand and optimize the performance of their codes. O|SS provides a wide range of performance experiments covering both sampling and tracing techniques. It works on sequential, MPI, and multithreaded codes without requiring source code modifications. The latter allows users an easy integration of O|SS into their application's workflow and runtime environment. This ensures a low learning curve, which is essential for achieving a wide spread adoption of any performance tool set. O|SS, together with documentation and extensive tutorials, is available at http://www.openspeedshop.org/.


Science discovery centres and science museums have been considered one of the most important institutions in the public understanding of science and technology (Lewenstein 2001). However, science discovery centres attract few teenage visitors. Visitation to cultural attractions has often been dominated by visitors with a higher socio-economic status and a higher educational background (Rowe 2011). It is nonetheless the case that few teenagers visit science discovery centres, regardless of their socio-economic background. Prior research into the motivations of adult visitors to museums has indicated that cultural factors, which may be correlated with demographics, but are not determined by them, can explain why some people visit and some do not (Merriman 1991, Hood 1983). Further research has suggested more nuanced explanations relating to personal identity issues (Rounds 2006, Falk 2006, Falk 2011) and agendas (Doering and Pekarik 1996). Much of the previous research that has been undertaken focuses on the museum cultural landscape and adult visitors. This research provides an investigation into teenage attitudes towards, and perceptions of, Techniquest Science Discovery Centre in Cardiff, with a focus on how they perceive informal science learning and the relationship between education and entertainment. The study used a mixed-methods approach (Creswell 2006) utilising an attitude survey (n=647) and a series of focus groups (n=39) with teenagers. Statistical and thematic analysis was applied to the resulting data. The research found that the majority of teenagers had complex interpretations of Techniquest, in which prior experience of it shaped perceptions of what it could offer them now. Although these interpretations encompassed a mixture of structural, personal, and situational factors, key to their interpretation was the memory of having had to negotiate various social roles when at the centre. These roles often challenged their personal entry agendas. The teenagers demonstrated a 'performative' element (Goffman 1959, vom Lehn 2006) in their behaviour, which was based on social interaction with others and was also connected to how they 'framed' the situation (as education or entertainment or both). This was linked to an idea of 'identity maintenance', whereby they sought to preserve social and situational experiences that they had predefined. While it was found that many of the younger teenagers saw a more synergic relationship between education and entertainment, the older teenagers had a more complex and ambivalent view; they saw the science discovery centre as both a leisure destination and a school resource and identified some conflict between these two things. This study provides much needed data and analysis that can inform future practice and improve engagement with teenage audiences in science discovery centres.


This paper analysed intervention strategies for the conservation of traditional earthen architecture which are selected in response to ageing earth building walls, being exposed to agents of degradation, some superficial deterioration were observed pointing to necessity of applying a compatible conservation to specific deterioration defects of earth building. There are various methodological approaches to conservation, it is therefore essential to understand material compatibility for implementing proper intervention. The study examined the major origin of defects on earth building due to wrong material composition used in conservation especially the damaging effects of cements on earth building. The paper presented conservation structure as related to appropriate material composition and compatibility. Also, properties of earth were examined that enables compatibility in conservation, this include permeability, plasticity, density, thermal conductivity, capillary absorption and drying shrinkage. The paper then concludes with essential factors of material compatibility to effective earth building conservation.


Abstract. A new one-decade (1997–2006) dataset of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns retrieved from GOME and SCIAMACHY is compared with HCHO columns simulated by an updated version of the IMAGES global chemical transport model. This model version includes an optimized chemical scheme with respect to HCHO production, where the short-term and final HCHO yields from pyrogenically emitted non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are estimated from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and an explicit speciation profile of pyrogenic emissions. The model is driven by the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 1 or 2 for biomass burning, whereas biogenic emissions are provided either by the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA), or by a newly developed inventory based on the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) algorithms driven by meteorological fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The comparisons focus on tropical ecosystems, North America and China, which experience strong biogenic and biomass burning NMVOC emissions reflected in the enhanced measured HCHO columns. These comparisons aim at testing the ability of the model to reproduce the observed features of the HCHO distribution on the global scale and at providing a first assessment of the performance of the current emission inventories. The high correlation coefficients (r>0.7) between the observed and simulated columns over most regions indicate a good consistency between the model, the implemented inventories and the HCHO dataset. The use of the MEGAN-ECMWF inventory improves the model/data agreement in almost all regions, but biases persist over parts of Africa and Australia. Although neither GFED version is consistent with the data over all regions, a better agreement is achieved over Indonesia and Southern Africa when GFEDv2 is used, but GFEDv1 succeeds better in getting the correct seasonal patterns and intensities of the fire episodes over the Amazon basin, as reflected in the significantly higher correlations calculated in this region. Although the uncertainties in the HCHO retrievals, especially over fire scenes, can be quite large, this study provides a first assessment about whether the improved methodologies and input data implemented in GFEDv2 and MEGAN-ECMWF lead to better results in the comparisons of modelled with observed HCHO column measurements.


"American culture in red, white, and black" explains how diverse Americans planted the seeds of a new national culture during the colonial period, one that took shape through the contributions of people from Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Even as rival colonial powers usurped Indian land, and as Anglo-Americans expanded the institution of slavery in the South, a homegrown American culture took shape that reflected a synthesis of European, African, and indigenous influences. Women also made distinct contributions to this new culture, even as they found limits to their independence and free expression. The growing print culture in colonial America, which saw the publication of newspapers, provided a vital network of communication.


OBJECTIVE
The consequences of failed spinal hardware secondary to wound complications can increase the burden on the patient while also significantly escalating the cost of care. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a protocol-based multidisciplinary approach in optimizing wound outcome in complex oncological spine care patients.

METHODS
A retrospective consecutive case series was performed from 2015 to 2019 of all patients who underwent oncological spine surgery. A protocol was established to identify oncological patients at high risk for potential wound complications. Preoperative and postoperative treatment plans were developed by the multidisciplinary tumor board team members. Wound healing risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, prior spine surgery, pre- or postoperative chemotherapy or radiation exposure, perioperative steroid use, and poor nutritional status were recorded. Operative details, including the regions of spinal involvement, presence of instrumentation, and number of vertebral levels operated on, were reviewed. Primary outcomes were the length of hospitalization and major (requiring reoperation) and minor wound complications in the setting of the aforementioned identified risk factors.

RESULTS
A total of 102 oncological cases were recorded during the 5-year study period. Of these patients, 99 had local muscle flap reconstruction with layered closure over their surgical hardware. The prevalence of smoking, diabetes, and previous spine surgery for the cohort was 21.6%, 20.6%, and 27.5%, respectively. Radiation exposure was seen in 72.5% of patients (37.3% preoperative vs 48% postoperative exposure). Chemotherapy was given to 66.7% of the patients (49% preoperatively and 30.4% postoperatively). The rate of perioperative steroid exposure was 60.8%. Prealbumin and albumin levels were 15.00 ± 7.47 mg/dL and 3.23 ± 0.43 mg/dL, respectively. Overall, an albumin level of < 3.5 mg/dL and BMI < 18.5 were seen in 64.7% and 13.7% of the patients, respectively. The mean number of vertebral levels involved was 6.76 ± 2.37 levels. Instrumentation of 7 levels or more was seen in 52.9% of patients. The average spinal wound defect size was 22.06 ± 7.79 cm. The rate of minor wound complications, including superficial skin breakdown (epidermolysis) and nonoperative seromas, was 6.9%, whereas that for major complications requiring reoperation within 90 days of surgery was 2.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
A multidisciplinary team approach utilized in complex multilevel oncological spine reconstruction surgery optimizes surgical outcomes, reduces morbidities, and improves care and satisfaction in patients with known risk factors.


Abstract The paper deals with a methodology proposed for measuring the concentration of air ions in the environment of speleotherapeutic caves, and with the implementation of the AK-UTEE-v2 ionmeter. Speleotherapy, in the context of its general definition, is the medical therapy that utilizes the climate of selected caves to treat patients with health problems such as asthma. These spaces are characterized by the presence of high air humidity and they make extreme demands on the execution of the measuring device, the Gerdien tube (GT in the following) in particular, and on the amplifier electronics. The result is an automated measuring system using a GT with low-volume air flow, enabling long-term measuring of air ion concentration and determination of spectral ion characteristics. Interesting from the instrumentation viewpoint are the GT design, active shielding, and execution of the electrometric amplifier. A specific method for the calculation of spectral ion characteristics and the mode of automatic calibration were proposed and a procedure of automatic measurement in the absence of attendants was set up. The measuring system is designed for studying and long-term monitoring of the concentration of light negative ions in dependence on climatic conditions and on the mobility of ions occurring in the cave.


PH 10000 EXPLORING CAREERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH 1 Credit Hour Provides an overview of the diverse career opportunities available in the field. Explores various public health issues from the perspectives of public health professionals from the core disciplines in public health: social behavioral sciences, environmental health, health policy and management, epidemiology and biostatistics. Students learn about how public health professionals approach issues and the types of professional roles and activities they bring to addressing each issue. Prerequisite: None. Schedule Type: Lecture Contact Hours: 1 lecture Grade Mode: Standard Letter


This research study relates to knowledge management within the tourism sector and makes a contribution to the subject matter of inter-organisational knowledge sharing. The tourism sector has been slow to adopt the principles of knowledge management (Cooper, 2006; Cooper and Sheldon, 2010) and there has been focus on knowledge transfer (Shaw and Williams, 2009) rather than on knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing is a social practice. This research study makes a contribution towards understanding the motives, information content and networking practices of inter-organisational knowledge sharing in the tourism sector.
Theoretical contributions have been made which include: (1) the choice of a model which can be used to show knowledge sharing activities, the knowledge creation theory (Nonaka
and Toyama, 2003) and relating the concept of information richness with the I-Space concept (Boisot, 1998); (2) a review and synthesis of a body of social network related
theories in regard to embeddedness, structural influence and the innovative characteristics of social networks; (3) an explanation of the systemic features of shared knowledge through social networks as supported by systems, social systems and structuration theories; (4) the integration of theories and concepts regarding knowledge sharing and social networks with a view to better understanding the inter-organisational knowledge sharing practices of tourism
businesses. The research approach combined both attribute and relational data in the same piece of work. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and survey method. Interorganisational knowledge sharing relationships were mapped using social network analytical techniques (Wasserman and Faust, 1994). Data were analysed using frequencies, central tendency, inferential, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and social network measurements.Empirical contributions were revealed through the discovery of why, how and what business people benefited from, overall and differently, and the examination of the different types of networking practices. As a result, the initial conceptual framework was revised and highlights several knowledge management concepts including: knowledge domain, knowledge specialists, knowledge diffusion, knowledge scanning, knowledge acquisition and knowledge dissemination. Motives were associated with two constructs: Cl) social network; and (2) knowledge sharing, and these components enable and facilitate interorganisational knowledge sharing practices within tourism destinations. Information content and networking were distinguished, network outcomes determined and structural processes measured in terms of embeddedness, structural influence and innovation regarding their potential knowledge sharing capability.


Plants of the genus Brassica occupy the top place among vegetables in the world. This genus, which contains a group of six related species of a global economic significance, three of which are diploid: Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch, Brassica oleracea L., and Brassica rapa L. and three are amphidiploid species: Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., and Brassica napus L. These varieties are divided into oily, fodder, spice, and vegetable based on their morphological structure, chemical composition, and usefulness of plant organs. The present review provides information about habitat, phytochemical composition, and the bioactive potential of Brassica plants, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities, and clinical studies in human. Brassica vegetables are of great economic importance around the world. At present, Brassica plants are grown together with cereals and form the basis of global food supplies. They are distinguished by high nutritional properties from other vegetable plants, such as low fat and protein content and high value of vitamins, fibers along with minerals. In addition, they possess several phenolic compounds and have a unique type of compounds namely glucosinolates that differentiate these crops from other vegetables. These compounds are also responsible for numerous biological activities to the genus Brassica as described in this review.


The study explores the advantages of flexibility in organisations and asks the question of "is flexibility in the workplace of benefit to employees and employers?" Employee engagement was a main focus while also this study considered work life balance. The research will focus on flexibility in the workplace and how this influences employee engagement. The research was based on an anonymous organisation and the interviews were carried out on employees within the company. Qualitative research was chosen for this study as it allowed opportunity to explore the research aims in greater detail by conducting semi-structured interviews which also allowed for further questions or probing to seek and gain insight to more information. This method was also the best approach to find and analyse any trends among the participants in the research by using the interview questions and gathering the data. The research focused on six employees establishing and focusing on employee flexibility within the organisation and their work life balance and their engagement and commitment towards work. The main aims of this research was to explore the advantages of flexibility within the organisation and to investigate the relationship between flexible working and employee engagement The challenges that were faced throughout the research included gaining trust from the interviewees.

Work life balance and flexible working hours contribute significantly to many employees in the workplace and benefits greatly to many employees. Employees work must be valued and recognised by employers. Recognition by employers is very important in organisations as it shows its employees that they are valued, trusted and recognised for the work that they do.

The findings suggested that the employees who availed of flexible working hours were highly engaged. Employee engagement links back to previous literature and according to Truss et al (2006) engagement not only benefits the organisation but also the employees and organisations that have their employees engaged. The interviews clearly indicated how important engagement is within the organisation.


Thinking with demons: the idea of witchcraft in early modern Europe. By Stuart Clark. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp. xvii+827. ISBN 0–19–820001–3. £75.00. The darker side of the Renaissance: literacy, territoriality, and colonization. By Walter D. Mignolo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+426. ISBN 0–472–10327. $39.50. Oedipus and the devil: witchcraft, sexuality, and religion in early modern Europe. By Lyndal Roper. London: Routledge, 1995. Pp. ix+254. ISBN 0–415–10581–1. £13.99. As Professor Richard Evans's spirited In defence of history attests, postmodernism continues to arouse strong passions and suspicions among distinguished practitioners of the discipline. This is hardly surprising: in their most extreme and undiluted form, the theories of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Hayden White, and more particularly their many disciples, are stubbornly corrosive of the ethos and rationale of history as conventionally taught and written. To insist that the production of knowledge is inherently – indeed insidiously – political, and to claim that the veil of language which divides us from the past can never be pierced is to unsettle many traditional epistemological assumptions. And yet postmodernism and the so-called 'linguistic turn' have posed timely and fundamental questions about truth, discourse, and objectivity which historians can ill afford to ignore. They have also helped to generate some of the most innovative and provocative historical writing in recent years. In different ways, each of the books under review engages with and reacts to the swirling debate about this influential and controversial body of ideas. All three make strenuous demands upon their readers; all three challenge us to reflect critically upon the methodologies we employ and the categories, concepts, polarities, and narrative paradigms to which we instinctively resort. Taken together they highlight both the potential strengths and weaknesses, the rewards and dangers of injecting theory into the study of witchcraft, sexuality, and colonization in early modern Europe and the New World.


Current internet research has been influenced by application developers and computer engineers who see the development of the Web as being divided into three different stages: Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. This article will argue that this understanding – although important when analysing the political economy of the Web – can have serious limitations when applied to everyday contexts and the lived experience of technologies. Drawing from the context of the Italian student movement, we show that the division between Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 is often deconstructed by activists' media practices. Therefore, we highlight the importance of developing an approach that – by focusing on practice – draws attention to the interplay between Web platforms rather than their transition. This approach, we believe, is essential to the understanding of the complex relationship between Web developments, human negotiations and everyday social contexts.


In "Thinking Across the American Grain" Giles Gunn makes a major contribution to the current revival of pragmatism in America by showing how it provides the most critically resilient and constructive response to the intellectual challenges of postmodernism. Gunn reclaims and refurbishes elements of the pragmatic tradition that either have been lost or have undergone important changes and shows how newer critical approaches have strong roots in the pragmatic tradition. For Gunn, pragmatism is no longer concerned solely with the nature of knowledge and the meaning of truth. Because of its insistence on critical self-awareness, its opposition to closed systems of thought, and its concern with the ethical, political, and practical contexts of ideas, pragmatism offers a blueprint for performing intellectual work in a world without absolutes. The world Gunn's pragmatism recognizes is one of multiple truths, unstable interpretations, and competing interests. After critically reexamining the nature and scope of the pragmatic legacy, Gunn explores the way pragmatism successfully responds to conceptual and methodological controversies, from the rebirth of ideology, the spread of interdisciplinarity, and the development of the new historicism, to the revolt against theory, the erosion of public discourse, and the problematics of American civil religion. Drawing throughout on the work of William James, Henry James, Sr., John Dewey, Kenneth Burke, W. E. B. Du Bois, Richard Poirier, Stanley Cavell, Clifford Geertz, Frank Lentricchia, Richard Rorty, Richard J. Bernstein, and others, Gunn shows that pragmatism, because it offers a way of thinking across the categories of modern intellectualspecializations, is located at the intersection of these critical, and often competitive, discourses. The postmodern challenge for the pragmatist thinker is not only how to render these different discourses conversible with one another, but how to turn the salient insights of each into elements of a new democratic and critical public culture, one able to counter the twin threats of ideology and solipsism. Giles Gunn is one of our most acclaimed contemporary critics, and this broad and ambitious book is certain to become one of the central works in the current revival of critical pragmatism and cultural studies.


Abstract Calculations of the reflectivity of water clouds (liquid and ice particles) are compared to observations of terrestrial clouds in the near infrared. The presentation is divided into four parts which may be consulted individually. Section 3 presents new Mic scattering calculations of general interest, Sections 4–7 compare multiple-scattering results to cloud observations, Section 8 suggests a revision in the optical constants of ice for λ ≈ 3 μ, and the Appendix details several methods which substantially reduce the work load in multiple-scattering computations. Our results indicate that it is possible to use the spectral variation of the reflectivity to derive the size of the cloud particles and their phase (liquid or solid) as well as the total optical depth of the clouds. Typical results show dense cirrus clouds to have an optical depth ≥10 and to be composed of ice particles of mean radius 15–20 μ the cumulus clouds which were analyzed showed a more variable, but usually smaller, particle size...


Multiple sclerosis is a common cause of neurological disability in the young adult, but, at present, disease modifying medication may have little, if any, effect upon long term clinical impairment. For this reason, there is a continuing need to understand the mechanisms that lead to long term disability and - in the context of clinical trials - to develop reliable surrogate markers of disease progression. It may be especially useful to describe the early evolution of abnormality within normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and grey matter firstly because pathology in early MS may be a key determinant of later disability, and secondly because there is only a modest relationship between white matter lesion load and clinical impairment. This thesis presents a series of studies, investigating NAWM and grey matter abnormality in a cohort of patients with early relapsing-remitting MS. A key question was whether MRI measures were able to detect accumulating abnormality in NAWM and grey matter early in the clinical course. An initial investigation, using Ti relaxation time estimation, did not detect strong evidence for a net change over time. Attention was therefore turned to the magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) and results from a series of studies, investigating NAWM, grey matter and thalamic MTR abnormalities in early relapsing-remitting MS are presented. Of note, a clinically relevant reduction in grey matter MTR was apparent, and there was evidence for increasing MTR abnormality in the grey matter, NAWM and the thalamus over a two year follow-up period. In part three of this thesis, a model for the MT effect is used to estimate two underlying MT parameters - the semi-solid proton fraction (/) and the semi-solid T2 (T2B) in sixty patients with clinically-definite MS. The aim was to assess the clinical relevance of these novel parameters.


Since the end of the Second World War and the subsequent success of constitutional judicial review, one particular model of constitutional rights has had remarkable success, first in Europe and now globally. This global model of constitutional rights is characterized by an extremely broad approach to the scope of rights (sometimes referred to as 'rights inflation'), the acceptance of horizontal effect of rights, positive obligations, and increasingly also socio-economic rights, and the use of the doctrines of balancing and proportionality to determine the permissible limitations of rights. Drawing on analyses of a broad range of cases from the UK, the European Court of Human Rights, Germany, Canada, the US, and South Africa, this book provides the first substantive moral, reconstructive theory of the global model. It shows that it is based on a coherent conception of constitutional rights which connects to attractive accounts of judicial review, democracy and the separation of powers. The first part of the book develops a theory of the scope of rights under the global model. It defends the idea of a general right to personal autonomy: a right to everything which, according to the agent's self-conception, is in his or her interest. The function of this right is to acknowledge that every act by a public authority which places a burden on a person's autonomy requires justification. The second part of the book proposes a theory of the structure of this justification which offers original and useful accounts of the important doctrines of balancing and proportionality.


This study is an analytical comparison among perspectives about English as a nonnative language and its function in Senegal, West Africa and the U.S. Midwest. The purpose of this study is to establish a better understanding of the effects of globalization in both countries by focusing on the increasing use of the English language (Crystal, 2003) and how it is used within diverse societies. Globalization can be defined as "the interconnections of global economic, political, cultural and environmental processes that continually transform present conditions" (Steger, 2003, p.7-8).Within the context of globalization, this topic allows for a broader understanding of the attitudes regarding the English language and its function not only in the United States, but also in another continent. Using the ethnomethodology theoretical framework, the researcher conducted a literature review, observations, and ethnographic interviews in order to answer the following research questions: (1): How has globalization affected the perceptions of the process of English language learning in Senegal and the U.S. Midwest? (2) What are the perceived functions of English as a nonnative language relating to accessibility of education? The data collected from the current study were analyzed and it was concluded that English is used as an instrument to communicate across the globalized world, and that knowledge of English provides individuals with additional educational opportunities. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON ENGLISH 3


Aims : Knowledge of properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere is important for predicting the lifetime of low-orbit spacecraft as well as for planning operation of space instruments whose data may be distorted by atmospheric effects. The accuracy of the models commonly used for simulating the structure of the atmosphere is limited by the scarcity of the observations they are based on, so improvement of these models requires validation under different atmospheric conditions. Measurements of the absorption of the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation in the upper atmosphere below 500 km by instruments operating on low-Earth orbits (LEO) satellites provide efficient means for such validation as well as for continuous monitoring of the upper atmosphere and for studying its response to the solar and geomagnetic activity. Method : This paper presents results of measurements of the solar EUV radiation in the 17 nm wavelength band made with the SPIRIT and TESIS telescopes on board the CORONAS satellites and the SWAP telescope on board the PROBA2 satellite in the occulted parts of the satellite orbits. The transmittance profiles of the atmosphere at altitudes between 150 and 500 km were derived from different phases of solar activity during solar cycles 23 and 24 in the quiet state of the magnetosphere and during the development of a geomagnetic storm. We developed a mathematical procedure based on the Tikhonov regularization method for solution of ill-posed problems in order to retrieve extinction coefficients from the transmittance profiles. The transmittance profiles derived from the data and the retrieved extinction coefficients are compared with simulations carried out with the NRLMSISE-00 atmosphere model maintained by Naval Research Laboratory (USA) and the DTM-2013 model developed at CNES in the framework of the FP7 project ATMOP. Results : Under quiet and slightly disturbed magnetospheric conditions during high and low solar activity the extinction coefficients calculated by both models agreed with the measurements within the data errors. The NRLMSISE-00 model was not able to predict the enhancement of extinction above 300 km observed after 14 h from the beginning of a geomagnetic storm whereas the DTM-2013 model described this variation with good accuracy.


A novel image fusion algorithm based on wavelet-based contourlet transform (WBCT) and principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed. The PCA method is adopted for the low-frequency components. Using the proposed algorithm to choose the greater of the active measures, the region consistency test is performed for the high-frequency components. Experiments show that the proposed method works better in preserving the edge and texture information than wavelet transform method and Laplacian pyramid (LP) method do in image fusion. Four indicators for the fusion image are given to compare the proposed method with other methods.


Effective enforcement is essential to the protection of intellectual property rights. Without enforcement, these rights will be of little value. Although intellectual property enforcement has been around for as long as intellectual property rights have existed, this topic has not caught much attention from intellectual property commentators and instructors until the past decade. Today, there remains a dearth of theoretical literature on intellectual property enforcement, and specialized courses on this topic remain rare. Even when enforcement is covered as part of an intellectual property course, the topic tends to be discussed either at the end of the course or in conjunction with infringements. This chapter begins by identifying four different types of enforcement issues that intellectual property commentators and instructors usually explore. It then discusses why enforcement remains a neglected child in the intellectual property family. It further suggests two different tracks — the digital track and the global track — to help integrate enforcement back into its larger family. The chapter concludes with a cautiously optimistic view on the prospects of such integration.


To adequately respond to crises, adaptive governance is crucial, but sometimes institutional adaptation is constrained, even when a society is faced with acute hazards. We hypothesize that economic inequality, defined as unequal ownership of wealth and access to resources, crucially interacts with the way institutions function and are adapted or not. Because the time span for societal responses may be lengthy, we use the historical record as a laboratory to test our hypothesis. In doing so, we focus on floods and water management infrastructure. The test area is one where flood hazards were very evident—the Low Countries (present-day Netherlands and Belgium) in the premodern period (1300–1800)—and we employ comparative analysis of three regions within this geographical area. We draw two conclusions: first, both equitable and inequitable societies can demonstrate resilience in the face of floods, but only if the institutions employed to deal with the hazard are suited to the distributive context. Institutions must change parallel to any changes in inequality. Second, we show that institutional adaptation was not inevitable, but also sometimes failed to occur. Institutional adaptation was never inevitably triggered by stimulus of a hazard, but dependent on socio-political context. Even when vital for the community under threat, adaptation only tended to occur when the vested interests of those with wealth, resources, and power were directly hit.


As part of the annual plan for professional development and training at the Faculty of Pharmacy for the academic year 2018/2019, the Faculty's Recruitment and Training Committee has overseen the implementation of a series of workshops during the past three weeks. The workshops have tackled the following topics: writing learning objectives, methods for writing exam questions, and modern methods in teaching and learning. The targets of these workshops are teaching staff members from various specialties at the Faculty of Pharmacy. The teaching staff members were very Keen to attend the workshops and the accompanied trainings and activities. The teaching staff members at Faculty of Pharmacy, have expressed their gratitude to the distinguished lecturer Dr. Rafiq Al Mahdawi who has prepared and implemented the complete series of workshops. They also expressed their gratitude to the Faculty's administration for providing such a valuable opportunity to develop their academic skills.


This study addresses the issue of politeness in compliment responses (CRs) among Iranian female university students. Using naturally occurring talk, 235 compliment-response exchanges were recorded during focus group interviews. The findings revealed that to mitigate impoliteness the interviewees displayed five extreme culture-specific politeness strategies as (1) tarof, (2) shekasteh-nafsi, (3) hyperreciprocation, (4) sha'n, and (5) double positive response. In female-female CR exchanges, interviewees attempted to foster a good impression by resorting to politeness strategies of tarof, hyperreciprocation, and double positive response whereas in male-female CR exchanges, interviewees tried to undermine the appraised impression imposed by the opposite-sex compliments through politeness strategies that are anchored in sha'n and shekasteh-nafsi. This article concludes that Iranian women respond diversely to compliments by virtue of interaction among integrated components: the compliment topic, the complimenter's sex, and cultural burdens.


As socio-technical processes related to digital innovation are increasingly connected and distributed across ge-ographical, organisational, and temporal boundaries, the methods we use to study them must be adapted to ac-commodate the greater detail and scope of the phenomenon. Specifically, there is a need to operationalise methods for generating inductive theory of distributed digital innovation from digital trace data. An emerging stream of IS research on computationally intensive inductive theorising lays the groundwork for such methods. This paper builds on this foundation to develop a hands-on approach to operationalising grounded theorizing in computational analysis of digital trace data. The paper first conceptualises trace data of digital innovation as a new research context before articulating an approach to operationalising grounded theory in computational analysis of digital innovation. The application of the grounded computational analysis approach is then briefly illustrated in the context of digital trace data from an online social network before possible directions for further research are laid out.


The importance of spatial coherence of a pulsed ruby laser beam is pointed out. The spatial and temporal coherences of light are defined. Spatial coherence of the beams from a ruby laser, operating in either the Q-switched or normal lasing modes, is deduced from the degree of visibility of fringes formed by a Michelson interferometer in which the laser beam interferes with itself after being rotated 180 degrees . The results are physically and analytically interpreted.


The purpose of this study was to appraise the level of organizational learning of the agricultural and natural recourses campus (ANRC) of University of Tehran as the oldest higher education institute in Iran. A questionnaire as survey instrument was developed to quantify managerial practices at campus relative to the integral components of organizational learning. The surveys obtained the subjective opinions of faculty members in ANRC of University of Tehran. The numbers of faculty members were 120, randomly drawn from the selected population. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and mean. Results indicate that the majority of the respondents (90% faculty members) had highly agreements about meeting institutions of higher education of agriculture as learning organization. Results also indicate that those faculty members might also agree which component of systems thinking is the most important dimension of organizational learning.


Posterior transversus abdominis plane blocks have been reported to be an effective method of providing analgesia after lower abdominal surgery. We compared the efficacy of a novel technique of providing continuous transversus abdominis plane analgesia with epidural analgesia in patients on an enhanced recovery programme following laparoscopic colorectal surgery. A non‐inferiority comparison was used. Adult patients undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery were randomly assigned to receive continuous transversus abdominis plane analgesia (n = 35) vs epidural analgesia (n = 35), in addition to a postoperative analgesic regimen comprising regular paracetamol, regular diclofenac and tramadol as required. Sixty‐one patients completed the study. The transversus group received four‐quadrant transversus abdominis plane blocks and bilateral posterior transversus abdominis plane catheters that were infused with levobupivacaine 0.25% for 48 h. The epidural group received an infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. The primary outcome measure was visual analogue scale pain score on coughing at 24 h after surgery. We found no significant difference in median (IQR [range]) visual analogue scores during coughing at 24 h between the transversus group 2.5 (1.0–3.0 [0–5.5]) and the epidural group 2.5 (1.0–5.0 [0–6.0]). The one‐sided 97.5% CI was a 0.0 (∞–1.0) difference in means, establishing non‐inferiority. There were no significant differences between the groups for tramadol consumption. Success rate was 28/30 (93%) in the transversus group vs 27/31 (87%) in the epidural group. Continuous transversus abdominis plane infusion was non‐inferior to epidural infusion in providing analgesia after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.


This paper presents some improvements on the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method to overcome the common drawbacks of conventional P&O method. The main advantage of this modified algorithm is its simplicity with higher accuracy results, compared to the conventional methods. The operation of the entire solar Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system was observed through two different approaches, which are through MATLAB/Simulink simulation and hardware implementation. A small scale of hardware design, which consists of solar PV cell, boost converter and Arduino Mega2560 microcontroller had been utilized for further verification on the simulation results. The simulation results that was carried out by this modified P&O algorithm showed improvement and a promising performance: faster convergence speed of 0.67s, small oscillation at steady state region and promising efficiency of 95.23%. Besides, from the hardware results, the convergence time of the power curve was able to maintain at 0.2s and give almost zero oscillation during steady state. It is envisaged that the method is useful in future research of Photovoltaic (PV) system.


Background This article examines the contemporary implications of the Milliken v. Bradley (1974) decision for educational inequality between school districts in U.S. metropolitan areas. We focus upon four metropolitan areas that were highly segregated in the 1970s but which met different fates in court: We first examine Detroit and Philadelphia, where plaintiffs sought but ultimately failed to obtain a metropolitan-wide desegregation ruling. We then examine St. Louis, where a court imposed a metropolitan desegregation remedy. We finally include Jefferson County, where the court order resulted in a merger of city and suburban schools. Objective Through this comparative analysis we seek to tease out the effects of the ruling on patterns of inequity between urban and suburban school districts over time. We specifically examine how districts within these metro areas differed over time in terms of patterns of school segregation, fiscal resources, and academic performance. Research Design We employed qualitative case study methodology. We purposively selected three case study districts within each of the four metro areas (total of 12 school districts) based on their contextual status in 1970, i.e., whether they were in each of these three categories: urban, segregated suburban, or affluent suburban. We compared them along three dimensions: patterns of segregation, academic outcomes, and fiscal resources. Conclusions We found that the segregated and high poverty districts in the three metro areas where courts left districts intact (Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis) have been, since Milliken, increasingly hemmed in by their boundaries: struggling with growing concentrations of need, low resources to meet those needs, and as a result falling into fiscal and academic decline. In contrast, the maintenance of district boundaries by the courts has allowed the affluent suburbs in these contexts, over time, to benefit from a number of policies and practices that allowed them to accrue and protect advantage through exclusionary zoning policies and housing discrimination. Together, these policies have promoted and protected the affluence and advantage in each of these contexts, which has in turn attracted investment and allowed these districts to maintain strong financial standing over time. Our study suggests that socially constructed political boundaries, like school district boundary lines, by carving up political geography along the lines of race and class, can take on an active role in the reproduction of inequality.


A key challenge to transferring knowledge between species is that different species have fundamentally different genetic architectures. Initial computational approaches to transfer knowledge across species have relied on measures of heredity such as genetic homology, but these approaches suffer from limitations. First, only a small subset of genes have homologs, limiting the amount of knowledge that can be transferred, and second, genes change or repurpose functions, complicating the transfer of knowledge. Many approaches address this problem by expanding the notion of homology by leveraging high-throughput genomic and proteomic measurements, such as through network alignment. In this work, we take a new approach to transferring knowledge across species by expanding the notion of homology through explicit measures of functional similarity between proteins in different species. Specifically, our kernel-based method, HANDL (Homology Assessment across Networks using Diffusion and Landmarks), integrates sequence and network structure to create a functional embedding in which proteins from different species are embedded in the same vector space. We show that inner products in this space and the vectors themselves capture functional similarity across species, and are useful for a variety of functional tasks. We perform the first whole-genome method for predicting phenologs, generating many that were previously identified, but also predicting new phenologs supported from the biological literature. We also demonstrate the HANDL embedding captures pairwise gene function, in that gene pairs with synthetic lethal interactions are significantly separated in HANDL space, and the direction of separation is conserved across species. (Software for the HANDL algorithm is available at http://bit.ly/lrgr-handl.)


As wireless networks evolve to 3G and data services take off, the bandwidth to be backhauled from the cell site to the mobile switching center increases very rapidly. A large number of technologies and services can potentially be used for the backhaul. Many parameters such as the tariff rates and structure for leased lines, sensitivity of these tariffs to distance and total bandwidth, availability of fiber at or near the cell site, interfaces at the cell site and the mobile switching center (MSC) etc, determine which technology is the most economical over a period of time. This presentation will discuss the business drivers and characteristics for each solution, and the parameters that affect the economics. We modeled the backhaul networks using various technologies (Optical, ATM, Pseudowire, Microwave, IP/Ethernet, ...) and services (voice, packet data, ...). Parameters describing these models were varied to identify the ones that have the most impact on the cost of the network. Examples are presented to compare the leased T1/E1 lines solution to several backhaul technologies


Information shared is exposed to threats of confidentiality, integrity and availability needed for decision making in organizations. A case study was carried out at Kabale District local Government where interviews and questionnaires were administered to purposively selected elements of the study. The findings revealed that the information shared within the organization is exposed to potential threats that can put the organization's information at a risk of being accessed by unauthorized users. The following factors for securing information were identified and used in the development of a secure application for information sharing in organizations. These factors include; denying unauthorized staff and other individuals from gaining access to personal data, passwords to be treated as private to the individual, secure disposal of information, paper files to store in secure locations and only accessed by those who need to use them. In this application, the information is encoded using crypto-graphical methods that cannot be easily intercepted, such that only the intended recipient is able to receive it in its original format for decoding. This makes information shared secure. The application was tested and validated by a range of stakeholders and it was found secure. For the future work, a survey will be carried out in a range of organizations in order to develop an improved application for information sharing.


We describe a force feedback scheme that is able to provide for haptic depth percep- tion for use during the static 2d viewing of 3d an- giograms. The scheme returns 2d horizontal forces that bear some analogy with forces that would be needed to glide a virtual proxy on the vessel center- lines. The display system was evaluated by asking subjects to determine the relative depth of ran- domly selected points on vessel segments. The re- sults indicate that subjects were able to discrim- inate the relative depth in an average time of 12 seconds and with an accuracy of 95%.


As one of the earliest astronomers in China, Gan De (Kan Te) in the 4th century B.C. had made a lot of observations about heavenly bodies, particularly about Jupiter, which was then called "Sui Xing" (The Year-star). He had written two books: The "Sui Xing Jing" (Treatise on Jupiter) as well as the "Tian Wen Xing Zhan" (Astronomical Star Prognostication). Unfortunately these books were lost at some early time, only some portions of it were left in the "Kai Yuan Zhan Jing" (The Kai Yuan Treatise on Astrology) compiled between 718 and 726 A.D. From the 23rd chapter of "Kai Yuan Zhan Jing" we find out an astonishing passage:'' Gan De Said, in the year of chan yan... Jupiter was very large and bright, it looked like having a small reddish ('Chi') star attached to it, and this was called league".League was a usual term in the Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) and Warring States (475-221 B.C.). At that time two or several countries united together for a common purpose was called a league. Here it means a system consisting of Jupiter and the small star. The latter is a subsidary star of Jupiter and its colour as was mentioned is in accordance with that of Jupiter's four principal satellites: reddish or yellow. Obviously, such a record is an evidence of the earlier discovery of Jovian satellite by Gan De. But up to now no one has mentioned it.According to "Astrophysical Quantities" codified by C.A. Allen, at mean opposition the distance of the four main satellites' distance from Jupiter and their magnitude is 2'18", 3'40", 5'51", 10'18"and 4.m9, 5.m3, 4.m6, 5.m6 respectively. These data show that they are visible under good conditions by the naked eye on rare occasions. We have entrasted an imitative observation to the comrades working at Beijing Planetarium. As a result, when a satellite with 5.m5 is 5' away from a planet with-2m (brightness of Jupiter varying between -2.m5 and-1.m4), it can be seen by good eyes, so we believe that Gan De had discoveried J Ⅲ or J Ⅳ. Of the two, J Ⅲ is more possible than J Ⅳ, for the former is brighter than the latter and is the largest satellite in the solar system."The year of chan-yan" is a second year of chronology according to the Jupiter's cycle (adopting 12 years, actually 11.86 years). Jupiter's positions during 12 years were systematically described in this section of "Kai Yuan Zhan Jing". Comparing this section with the "planetary, Lunar, and Solar position from 601 B.C. to A.D. 1" made by B. Tuckerman, we confirm that this discovery was in the summer of 364 B.C. when Jupiter was moving in lunar mansion Wei (Aquarius)-almost 2,000 years before Galileo's discovery of Jovian satellites.


1 Overview Social media (i.e., Twitter, Facebook, Flickr, YouTube) and other tools and services with usergenerated content have made a staggering amount of information (and misinformation) available. Some government officials seek to leverage these resources to improve services and communication with citizens, especially during crises and emergencies. Yet, the sheer volume of social data streams generates substantial noise that must be filtered. Potential exists to rapidly identify issues of concern for emergency management by detecting meaningful patterns or trends in the stream of messages and information flow. Similarly, monitoring these patterns and themes over time could provide officials with insights into the perceptions and mood of the community that cannot be collected through traditional methods (e.g., phone or mail surveys) due to their substantive costs, especially in light of reduced and shrinking budgets of governments at all levels. We conducted a pilot study in 2010 with government officials in Arlington, Virginia (and to a lesser extent representatives of groups from Alexandria and Fairfax, Virginia) with a view to contributing to a general understanding of the use of social media by government officials as well as community organizations, businesses and the public. We were especially interested in gaining greater insight into social media use in crisis situations (whether severe or fairly routine crises, such as traffic or weather disruptions). Our findings from the pilot study fall into three main areas: 1) local government agencies use social media without knowing its costs and benefits, or who their actual audience is, who in their organization should monitor communications, how and when they should be responding, and what effect their social media communications have on the public; 2) new tools are needed to help government and citizens make sense of the overwhelming amount of data that is being generated, to model the flow of information, and to identify patterns over time; and 3) digital libraries are needed to archive and curate generated content, especially for crisis and social convergence situations, but also for analyses that cover longer time frames. Our work also builds on a larger set of studies carried out by a Virginia Tech team funded by NSF (IIS-0916733) with the overarching goal of building a Crisis, Tragedy and Recovery Network (CTRnet) (http://www.ctrnet.net).


Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) has engaged the interest of social and personality psychologists as it has deep implications for the psychology of intergroup conflict, particularly regarding factors such as prejudice and discrimination, as well as international conflict resolution. Nevertheless, few studies have directly assessed how SDO relates to intergroup reconciliation. This study (effective N = 819) measured participants' SDO along with their attitudes toward various governmental apologies to test the hypothesis that SDO is associated with unwillingness to issue intergroup apologies. The results showed that SDO was negatively correlated with supportive attitudes toward government-issued international apologies. This negative correlation remained intact after controlling for the effects of political conservatism and militarism.


Several local groundwater studies within the EU project AquaTerra in the Basins of the Meuse, Elbe point at significant influences of groundwater on surface water, while the Brevilles Catchment shows a distinct problematic of pesticide loading to groundwater. Further modeling studies are currently being developed. In the Danube Basin no specific groundwater studies were carried out in the framework of AquaTerra. However on larger scales geochemical proxies such as strontium isotope ratios can give an insight into groundwater contributions to the river that reflects an integral signal of the environmental status of the Basin. Future local groundwater studies should be further correlated to the environmental status of rivers nearby.


This paper investigates the effect of heat generation on a variable viscosity reactive hydrodynamic Couette flow through a channel where viscosity is temperature dependent. The non – linear equations of momentum and energy governing the flow system are solved using Adomian Decomposition Method. Graphical results for velocity and temperature profiles are presented and discussed.


Abstract:When the United States and its NATO allies helped insurgents overthrow Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, the belief was that the intervention prevented a humanitarian catastrophe and that a post-Gaddafi Libya would be stable and democratic. Instead, Libya became a cauldron of chaos and human suffering. Rival, mostly Islamist militias vie for power in a multisided civil war. There is a vast flow of desperate refugees trying to get across the Mediterranean to Europe, many of whom perish in the attempt. Libya is a case study in how good intentions are not enough in foreign policy.


We address here the issue of congestion in the modeling of crowd
motion, in the non-smooth framework: contacts between people are not
anticipated and avoided, they actually occur, and they are explicitly taken into account in the model.
We limit our approach to very basic principles in terms of behavior, to focus on the particular problems raised by the non-smooth character of the models. We consider that individuals tend to move according to a desired, or spontaneous, velocity. We account for congestion by assuming that the evolution realizes at each time an instantaneous balance between individual tendencies and global constraints (overlapping is forbidden):
the actual velocity is defined as the closest to the desired velocity among all admissible ones, in a least square sense.
We develop those principles in the microscopic and macroscopic settings, and we present how the framework of Wasserstein distance between measures allows to recover the sweeping process nature of the problem on the macroscopic level, which makes it possible to obtain existence results in spite of the non-smooth character of the evolution process. Micro and macro approaches are compared, and we investigate the similarities together with deep differences of those two levels of description.


Abstract—Determination of 90Sr in environmental samples has been widely developed with several radioanlytical methods and radiation measurement techniques since 90Sr is one of the most hazardous radionuclides produced from nuclear reactors. Liquid extraction technique using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) to separate and purify 90Y and Cherenkov counting using liquid scintillation counter to determine 90Y in secular equilibrium to 90Sr was developed and performed at our institute, the Office of Atoms for Peace. The approach is inexpensive, non-laborious, and fast to analyse 90Sr in environmental samples. To validate our analytical performance for the accurate and precise criteria, determination of 90Sr using the IAEA-TEL-2016-04 ALMERA proficiency test samples were performed for statistical evaluation. The experiment used two spiked tap water samples and one naturally contaminated spruce needles sample from Austria collected shortly after the Chernobyl accident. Results showed that all three analyses were successfully passed in terms of both accuracy and precision criteria, obtaining "Accepted" statuses. The two water samples obtained the measured results of 15.54 Bq/kg and 19.76 Bq/kg, which had relative bias 5.68% and -3.63% for the Maximum Acceptable Relative Bias (MARB) 15% and 20%, respectively. And the spruce needles sample obtained the measured results of 21.04 Bq/kg, which had relative bias 23.78% for the MARB 30%. These results confirm our analytical performance of 90Sr determination in water and spruce needles samples using the same developed method.


Javan Langur Center (JLC) is a rehabilitation center that located in coban talun, Batu, East Java. It is a part of the Javan Primate Project.  The main activity is treating, training behavioral and also habituation and forest classes (soft release) by placing the animal in habituation cage at certain period of time (1). The habituation cage consists of 3 cages namely treatment, quarantine and socialization. But before sending the animal to the cage, it must be free of disease before grouped with other Lutung Jawa. For this reason, a series of medical examination process is conducted. Healthy animals will be sent to habituation cages for intensive training and adaptation in the forest. While the sick animals will undergo the process of therapy and treatment at the treatment cage. This medical examination is an important initial step to determine the next rehabilitation action so it is necessary to perform the procedure appropriately.The purpose of this study was understanding the series of medical examination activities conducted at the JLC rehabilitation center and also aware of the Lutung Jawa physiology status in the time medical examination was held.


What does value rationality consist in and how does it relate to instrumental rationality? Can these problems be elucidated if coordination among social actors in non-market activities is understood to be founded on values, and if values are understood to be what allows for defining the common good? This article challenges that approach, recently reformulated in the French school known as economics of conventions. Using the same procedures as those developed in that school of thought–close analysis of procedural rationality, analysis of coordination and collective devices– we seek to answer the question more effectively, analyzing how norms and normativity themselves develop. Refusing to separate the field of argumentation (in the sense of Habermas's "communicative action") from that of interests, strategies and power relations, we analyze the aspect of collective action which cannot be reduced to individual action, an approach that allows for understanding the very nature of normativity.


He was one of the hardest, most controversial footballers of his generation: the GBP20million man who became the first professional player to go to jail for an offence committed on the field of play. He was the fans' hero who disappeared. Duncan Ferguson was an old-fashioned Scottish centre-forward who went from a boarding house in Dundee to the marble staircase of Rangers in a record-breaking transfer. His GBP4m move from Dundee United to Ibrox made him British football's most expensive native player. But he would also become one of the most notorious footballers in the land. Sent to prison after head-butting an opponent during a Scottish Premier Division match between Rangers and Raith Rovers, Ferguson made history all over again. He served half of a three-month sentence in Glasgow's infamous Barlinnie Prison. A twelve-match ban from the Scottish Football Association was later overturned following a long appeal process. Bruised by the experience, he turned his back on Scotland's national team and the media. Ferguson reaped the riches of the Sky era. He was a folk hero at Everton, where he spent ten years either side of an injury-hit spell at Newcastle United. Although the game made him a millionaire, he rejected its new culture of celebrity and remained a fiery figure, racking up a Premiership record of eight red cards. And then, after scoring in the final minute of the last game of his career, he turned his back on football completely - or so it seemed.


The article deals with some interaction principles between administrative and corporate law. The first part of the article emphasizes the purpose of administrative legal regulation to ensure human rights. It is evident that administrative legal regulation aims to ensure public interest. However, the problem arises while trying to define and distinguish private and public interest. Recently the integration between the latter legal categories has been discussed. Furthermore, some of human rights are ensured for legal entities including corporations. The most significant reason with regard to interaction between administrative and corporate law is the fundamental requirements for the protection of the individual's property rights. If economic and social property aspects are not formalized within the system of property rights, transferring of property into the market becomes complicated. Therefore transferring of tangible property into capital (stock) requires integrated and complex process. The formal system of property rights starts with the description and organizing of economic and social property aspects. The information due to property must be ensured and protected by registry system while the title is to be fixed as well. Furthermore, the state's effective intervention by administrative means could be useful. For example, the state could ensure information about the company's availability and transparency. Thereby the property rights of shareholders, creditors and consumers are protected. The second part of the article analyses the legal principles of administrative legal regulation while assuring the rights of shareholders. It deals with the attitude towards the corporation as a 'public' entity. Lately the question dealing with object of administrative legal regulations and its interaction with corporate legal regulation remains debatable. As the range of the object of administrative legal regulation expands, the administrative costs increase meanwhile the individual's rights become limited. For that reason issuing of the legal acts requires evaluation of the obtainable effect, of the administrative costs and consequences unavoidably including the adequacy principle.


The architectural forms associated with the aesthetic phenomenon that has come to be known as mudéjar and visual elements tied to Iberian and Islamic architectural traditions more broadly have been interpreted across modern Latin America in various modes. A wide array of buildings spanning from the colonial era into the twentieth century engage with this architectural legacy and distinctly stand out within the urban fabric of the continent's major capitals today. Whether reflected in the intricately geometric woodwork of colonial-era ceilings known as carpentería de lo blanco or via the mashrabiya-inspired screened breezeways that punctuate modern Brazilian pavilions, such architectonic techniques and design criteria evoke imaginaries tied to South America's colonial past via references to an Ibero-Islamic aesthetic. Recent calls to reexamine diverse historiographic and architectonic interpretations of the so-called mudéjar or other revivalist forms associated with the Islamic world in Latin America, along with their connections to nationalism and orientalism, invite a critical reconsideration of these constructions from a decolonial perspective within this regional context. Responding to these inquiries, this dialectical collection of essays spans diverse geographies and periods to expand upon contemporary interrogations of modern historiographic and design interpretations of the built forms associated with the mudéjar and Ibero-Islamic architectural traditions in modern Latin America. Together, they present fresh case studies and perspectives while asserting that a strategic reading of the stylistic phenomenon and its architectural echoes in Latin America is not simply the result of an external influence in the region but part of a broader complex discourse of modernity.


This investigation was conducted as a part of a general research on fuel-injection engines for aircraft. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effects of fuel and cylinder gas densities with several characteristics of fuel sprays for oil engines. The start, growth, and cut-off of single fuel sprays produced by automatic injection valves were recorded on photographic film by means of special high-speed motion-picture apparatus. This equipment, which has been described in previous reports, is capable of taking twenty-five consecutive pictures of the moving spray at the rate of 4,000 per second. The penetrations of the fuel sprays increased and the cone angles and relative distributions decreased with increase in the specific gravity of the fuel. The density of the gas into which the fuel sprays were injected controlled their penetration. This was the only characteristic of the chamber gas that had a measurable effect upon the fuel sprays. Application of fuel-spray penetration data to the case of an engine, in which the pressure is rising during injection, indicated that fuel sprays may penetrate considerably farther than when injected into a gas at a density equal to that of the gas in an engine cylinder at top center.


Environmental factors regulate biodiversity through species sorting processes. Species distributions in communities affect ecosystem processes and environmental factors. These dynamics are determined by the properties (traits) of species in the community. The optimal temperatures for growth, the minimal amount of resource that sustains positive mass balance, and the amount of energy allocated to predator defenses are examples of such traits. Over time, the trait distributions in communities may change in response to environmental changes, which, in turn, changes the processes and consequently the structure of the system. The result of such processes is the focus of complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory. This paper gives an overview of how CAS theory can contribute to understanding the role of biodiversity on the ability of functional groups that make up the ecosystem to change their species compositions in response to changes in the environment. Any trait that requires investment of energy, mass, or time is subjected to a tradeoff for alternative use of this resource. Such interspecies tradeoff relationships can be used to make predictions about past environmental conditions, as well as the response of the properties of a group of species, e.g., total productivity and species distributions, to future changes in the environment. The trait based framework presented here makes explicit predictions regarding the relation between the environment, trait distributions, and ecosystem processes. Trait variance, a measure of the width of the distribution of traits in the community, is proportional to the rate at which species within functional groups can replace each other in response to environmental changes. This adaptive capacity is crucial for the ecosystem's ability to maintain certain processes under times of change. Examples of empirical tradeoffs are given as well as how to formalize them to use in the CAS framework.


Fuzzy patent claim boundaries undermine the functioning of the patent system by making it difficult for inventors and competitors to assess freedom to operate in many technology marketplaces, especially those relating to computer software and business methods. This commentary advocates the use of a detailed, electronic, claim application form to address this problem. By placing greater responsibility on patent applicants to delineate the precise boundaries of their claims -- by, for example, specifically indicating whether they intend to invoke the means-plus-function claim format by checking a box -- patent examiners could more easily evaluate what is being claimed, competitors could more easily know contested intellectual territory, and courts could more easily construe patent claims.


Oleomargarine was invented in 1869 in France as an inexpensive alternative to butter. Those with a financial interest in the production of butter immediately saw oleomargarine as a threat. In the United States, initial political action took the form of state laws, acts that ranged from outright prohibition to some form of restriction. State acts prior to 1886 were found to be insufficient and so a remedy was sought at the federal level. This thesis will look closely at the 1886 debates in the House and Senate, as reported in the Congressional Record, which led to the passage of the 1886 Oleomargarine Act. The debates in Congress that took place in 1886 can be better understood as debates within a sequence of debates. In particular, the debates show the issue in the context of the following transcendent historic political themes: food and drug regulation; the internal revenue system; the size and role of the federal government; interstate commerce; protectionism; and regional and party differences on these issues. The procedural path the bill followed is also an important contextual component, grounding this analysis in the political reality of 1886. The language used in the debates illustrates an argument over contested meanings, with appeals to the agrarian heart of the country, and cries against the corrupt practices of the oleomargarine industry and profiteering speculators. These debates demonstrate how socially constructed definitions not only have real political consequences, but that the political process plays an important role in shaping those definitions. The 1886 Oleomargarine Act is one event in an almost 100 year history of state and federal legislation to regulate oleomargarine and protect butter in the United States. The 1886 Act, which originally included a prohibitive rate of taxation for all oleomargarine, was significantly watered down in Congress. The result was not destruction but consolidation of the oleomargarine industry. The use of taxation to address the problem, however, was altered and not abandoned in subsequent legislative revisions. Oleomargarine was seen as taxable because of its low cultural status. The other products that were taxed at the time were alcohol and tobacco, soon to be joined by playing cards in 1895. These were moral taxes designed to regulate what people consume. The result of the 1886 Act was, in effect, the sanctioning of the stigmatization of oleomargarine by the United States Government.


Abstract Drawing on writing from a first-year composition class, this article explores how White students approach racial literacy in a segregated, rural college setting in the United States. I argue for the importance of understanding how emotions inform and propel students' responses to what I believe needs to be understood as the ethical challenge of racial literacy. White students who defended a color-blind stance of ethical judgment seemed to accept the emotional schooling, the accompanying beliefs, and innocent identities linked to their home communities. In contrast, other White students, adopting a stance of ethical awareness, engaged critically with their emotions so that emotions functioned as a site of ethical inquiry. Rather than defending a stable innocent identity, they began to interrogate an implicated, unstable, racialized identity within the context of their relationships with other Whites. In contrast to research that understands White students' emotions primarily as a manifestation of resistance, my approach uses critical emotion studies to consider how emotions might function as a site of engagement and possibility. I conclude that we should develop a critical vocabulary for analyzing emotions in our classrooms and that we need to develop new strategies for addressing the embodied nature of emotion and belief.


Top management teams frequently overemphasize efforts to exploit the current product portfolio, even in the face of the strong need to step up exploration activities. This mismanagement of the balance between explorative R&D activities and exploitation of the current product portfolio can result in the so-called 'success trap', the situation where explorative activities are fully suppressed. The success trap constitutes a serious threat to the long-term viability of a firm. Recent studies of publicly owned corporations suggest the suppression of exploration arises from the interplay between the executive team's myopic forces, the board of directors as gatekeeper of the capital market, and the exploitation-exploration investments and their outcomes. In this paper, system dynamics modeling serves to identify and test ways in which top management teams can counteract this suppression process. For instance, we find that when the executive board is getting stuck in the success trap, the board of directors can intervene by constraining exploration (in case of a rather stable environment) or by encouraging exploration (in case of a turbulent environment).


Abstract : The Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE) method, developed at the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, provides a systematic way to identify security requirements in a software development project. This report describes SQUARE and then describes other methods used for identifying security requirements, such as the Comprehensive, Lightweight Application Security Process, the Security Requirements Engineering Process, and Tropos, and compares them with SQUARE. The report concludes with some guidelines for selecting a method and a look at some related trends in requirements engineering.


This chapter provides an overview of tetradentate platinum(II) emitters as a promising class of metal-organic phosphorescent dopants for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Tetradentate platinum(II) emitters showing blue, green, and red light emissions, which are essential for full color displays as well as white light emission, are reviewed and discussed in the context of molecular design and photophysical and electroluminescent properties. Emphasis is placed on the molecular structures, the nature of emissive excited states [including ligand-centered (LC), intra-ligand charge transfer (ILCT), metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT), and excimeric and oligomeric metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT)], the intermolecular interactions impacting photophysical attributes (e.g., emission energies, quantum yields, and decay times), and OLED device performances.


In "Feet First, " America's foremost reflexology spokesperson on radio and TV -- and in publications from "The New York Times" to Cosmopolitan -- explains how to relieve physical problems -- from headaches and insomnia to high blood pressure and weight loss -- with this easily accessible and popular holistic technique. Showing how everyone can use reflexology to reduce stress, revitalize energy, strengthen the immune system, stimulate creativity, and enhance relationships, Norman also includes: * descriptions of the reflex points, the six basic techniques, and easy-to-learn specialized and master routines. * 32 foot-relaxation techniques, most of them unique to Norman's program * specific chapters and techniques for stress, sports injuries, addiction problems, the terminally ill, women, and couples * visualizations, affirmations, and children's games to use with the routines * a chart of ailments and reflexology aids for them "Feet First" is the only reflexology guide designed for everyday situations and people -- from office workers on a lunch break to families caring for an aged relative. This special kind of "touch therapy" strengthens the bonds between those who use it together.


Abstract The Hegelian insight that subjectivity depends on recognition has been taken up by two competing traditions: Post-Hegelian theories (Honneth, Brandom) take recognition to be a precondition for a critical stance of subjects towards society. In contrast, theories of subjection (Althusser, Butler) take the dependency of subjects on subordinating relations of recognition as undermining their capacity for critique. I argue that this worry has not been taken seriously enough by the post-Hegelian tradition, especially by its model of immanent critique. However, theories of subjection ignore that the very structure of recognitive relations supports critical capacities that can never be fully effaced by ideology.


We address the problem of state estimation of the power system for the Smart Grid. We assume that the monitoring of the electrical grid is done by a network of agents with both computing and communication capabilities. We propose a security mechanism aimed at protecting the state estimation process against false data injections originating from faulty equipment or cyber-attacks. Our approach is based on a multi-agent filtering scheme, where in addition to taking measurements, the agents are also computing local estimates based on their own measurements and on the estimates of the neighboring agents. We combine the multi-agent filtering scheme with a trust-based mechanism under which each agent associates a trust metric to each of its neighbors. These trust metrics are taken into account in the filtering scheme so that information transmitted from agents with low trust is disregarded. In addition, a mechanism for the trust metric update is also introduced, which ensures that agents that diverge considerably from their expected behavior have their trust values lowered.


The ictal increase of regional cerebral blood flow has yet to be fully utilised in the investigation of focal seizures. Although single photon emission tomography (SPECT) is being increasingly used in the localisation of epileptic foci, the evolution and time courses of the peri-ictal perfusion changes have yet to be clarified. We performed serial SPECT studies in the interictal, ictal and immediate postictal states in 12 patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy to define the patterns and duration of peri-ictal cerebral blood flow changes. Visual analysis showed a constant pattern of unilateral global increases in temporal lobe perfusion during seizures which suddenly switched to a pattern of relative mesial temporal (hippocampal) hyperperfusion and lateral temporal hypoperfusion in the immediate postictal period. Quantitative analysis confirmed the visual assessment. Lateral temporal cortex ictal/normal side to side ratios were increased by mean 35.1% (95% confidence interval 21.8% to 48.4%) more in the ictal studies than in the interictal studies and mesial temporal cortex ratios increased by mean 30.8% (22.4% to 39.2%). In the postictal state, however, lateral temporal ratios were reduced by mean 7.7% (-15.8% to 0.4%) compared with interictal values, whereas mesial temporal perfusion was maintained compared with the interictal studies. These observations provide critical information for interpreting scans which can be used in the localisation of epileptic foci. This postictal switch in blood flow patterns may reflect the underlying metabolic processes of neuronal activation and recovery and have implications for understanding the neurobiology of human epileptic seizures.


Binary diffing is the process of reverse engineering two programs, when source code is not available, in order to study their syntactic and semantic differences. For large programs, binary diffing can be performed by function matching which, in turn, is reduced to a graph isomorphism problem between the compared programs' CFGs (Control Flow Graphs) and/or CGs (Call Graphs). In this paper we provide a set of carefully chosen features, extracted from a binary's CG and CFG, which can be used by BinDiff algorithm variants to, first, build a set of initial exact matches with minimal false positives (by scanning for unique perfect matches) and, second, propagate approximate matching information using, for example, a nearest-neighbor scheme. Furthermore, we investigate the benefits of applying Markov lumping techniques to function CFGs (to our knowledge, this technique has not been previously studied). The proposed function features are evaluated in a series of experiments on various versions of the Linux kernel (Intel64), the OpenSSH server (Intel64) and Firefox's xul.dll (IA-32). Our prototype system is also compared to Diaphora, the current state-of-the-art binary diffing software.


Despite the large number of psychotropic medications currently available, effective management of mental disorders continues to be a challenging task. Although monotherapy may be desirable, most patients require combinations of two or more psychotropic drugs. Polypharmacy aims to address different aspects of treatment resistance, especially insufficient response of positive and negative symptoms, cognitive disturbances, affective comorbidity, obsessive-compulsive syndromes and side-effects of antipsychotic agents. At the same time, evidence based guidelines in support of polypharmacy, and augmentative strategies are scant. This two-volume collection is the first comprehensive, clinically oriented, reference text on polypharmacy (co-administration of more than one medication) or the use of multiple preparations to treat psychotic, cognitive, mood and anxiety disorders. This collection is divided into four parts. Volume I contains two parts including chapters that serve as an introduction and overview of conceptual issues. Key topics include: rational polypharmacy, receptor binding targets, drug interactions, preclinical and clinical investigations in this field, dosing regimens, multiple medication use in forensic psychiatry, a naturalistic trial, adjunctive strategies, and multiple medication use for the treatment of somatic symptom disorders. Volume II contains two parts that focus on antipsychotic polypharmacy for schizophrenia, and clinical practice in the USA, Czech Republic, Ukraine, and Italy, polypharmacy and associated phenomena, clozapine combinations and the metabolic syndrome. The authors discuss combination therapy for bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive syndromes in schizophrenia, and potentially inappropriate medication use among elderly patients with dementia. Finally, each volume includes Appendix contains 'Annotated bibliography on polypharmacy' and 'List of Psychotropic Medications'.


The lottery ticket hypothesis questions the role of overparameterization in supervised deep learning. But how is the performance of winning lottery tickets affected by the distributional shift inherent to reinforcement learning problems? In this work, we address this question by comparing sparse agents who have to address the non-stationarity of the exploration-exploitation problem with supervised agents trained to imitate an expert. We show that feed-forward networks trained with behavioural cloning compared to reinforcement learning can be pruned to higher levels of sparsity without performance degradation. This suggests that in order to solve the RL-specific distributional shift agents require more degrees of freedom. Using a set of carefully designed baseline conditions, we find that the majority of the lottery ticket effect in both learning paradigms can be attributed to the identified mask rather than the weight initialization. The input layer mask selectively prunes entire input dimensions that turn out to be irrelevant for the task at hand. At a moderate level of sparsity the mask identified by iterative magnitude pruning yields minimal task-relevant representations, i.e., an interpretable inductive bias. Finally, we propose a simple initialization rescaling which promotes the robust identification of sparse task representations in low-dimensional control tasks.


Machine learning is being integrated into a growing number of critical systems with far-reaching impacts on society. Unexpected behaviour and unfair decision processes are coming under increasing scrutiny due to this widespread use and its theoretical considerations. Individuals, as well as organisations, notice, test, and criticize unfair results to hold model designers and deployers accountable. We offer a framework that assists these groups in mitigating unfair representations stemming from the training datasets. Our framework relies on two inter-operating adversaries to improve fairness. First, a model is trained with the goal of preventing the guessing of protected attributes' values while limiting utility losses. This first step optimizes the model's parameters for fairness. Second, the framework leverages evasion attacks from adversarial machine learning to generate new examples that will be misclassified. These new examples are then used to retrain and improve the model in the first step. These two steps are iteratively applied until a significant improvement in fairness is obtained. We evaluated our framework on well-studied datasets in the fairness literature - including COMPAS - where it can surpass other approaches concerning demographic parity, equality of opportunity and also the model's utility. We investigated the trade-offs between these targets in terms of model hyperparameters and also illustrated our findings on the subtle difficulties when mitigating unfairness and highlight how our framework can assist model designers.


This research investigated the biosorption of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) from aqueous solutions by six highly characterised peats. Samples of the peats were tested both in unaltered condition and after being treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to free up any occupied exchange sites. Other variables tested were sample dose, contact time, mixing temperature, and the concentrations and pH of the CrVI solution. Desorption studies were also performed, and tests were done to determine whether the peats could be re-used for CrVI biosorption. The results indicate that all six peat types biosorb CrVI from aqueous solution well (42– 100 % removal) and that their CrVI removal capacities are affected by manipulation of the various factors. The two factors that had the greatest impact on the CrVI removal capacities of the peats were the concentrations and pH of the CrVI solution. As the CrVI solution concentration and pH were increased, the percent of CrVI removed decreased dramatically (33–56 % decrease for concentration increase; 36–45 % decrease for pH increase with four of the six peat types). The desorption results indicate that it may be possible to recover up to 5 % of the removed CrVI. All of the peat types tested can be repeatedly re-used for additional CrVI biosorption cycles. Hence, their disposal should not become a hazardous waste problem.


The guessing game introduced by Riis [Electron. J. Combin. 2007] is a variant of the "guessing your own hats" game and can be played on any simple directed graph $G$ on $n$ vertices. For each digraph $G$, it is proved that there exists a unique guessing number $\mathrm{gn}(G)$ associated to the guessing game played on $G$. When we consider the directed edge to be bidirected, in other words, the graph $G$ is undirected, Christofides and Markstr o m [Electron. J. Combin. 2011] introduced a method to bound the value of the guessing number from below using the fractional clique cover number $\kappa_f(G)$. In particular they showed $\mathrm{gn}(G) \geq |V(G)| - \kappa_f(G)$. Moreover, it is pointed out that equality holds in this bound if the underlying undirected graph  $G$ falls into one of the following categories: perfect graphs, cycle graphs or their complement. In this paper, we show that there are triangle-free graphs that have guessing numbers which do not meet the fractional clique cover bound. In particular, the famous triangle-free Higman-Sims graph has guessing number at least $77$ and at most $78$, while the bound given by fractional clique cover is $50$.


The co-kneader is well known for its superior mixing performance and its exact temperature control capabilities. Therefore it is widely used in the polymer industry for the compounding of shear and temperature sensitive materials like PVC or high filled compounds. In contrast to the considerable amount of scientific work that deals with investigation, modeling or simulation of the process behavior of single and twin screw extruders there are only few publications about the co-kneader. Due to increased quality requirements and the trend for cost reduction by process optimization, this is increasingly becoming a problem for plant
construction and processing companies.
To address this problem, experimental investigations of the melting behavior of polymer materials in the co-kneader had been conducted. In order to determine the melting degree along the extruder length a special barrel was used which can be opened in axial direction. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical consideration for co-kneaders that are
operated as plastification extruders is proposed. At first the relevant process is divided into three parts consisting of solid conveying, melting initiation and melting propagation. The solid conveying is described by the Archimedes solid conveying model. In order to estimate the melting initiation the solid particles temperature increase is used for partially filled
sections. Furthermore, it is assumed that the melting cannot start later than at the point where the extruder flow channels are fully filled for the first time. The melting propagation is described by a modified disperse melting model. The developed models are implemented into
a simulation tool. A comparison between simulated results and experimental data shows a descent agreement.


Fourier transform (FT) Raman studies of 40 tissue samples from the human stomach, including 22 normal and 18 malignant tissue samples, were performed. These stomach tissue samples had been classified as normal or malignant on the basis of pathological studies and biopsy detection. The results indicate that a series of major bands in the FT-Raman spectrum can be used to distinguish the malignant tissue from the normal tissue. Subtraction spectra support the result of the spectroscopic identification. Statistical analysis is also in agreement with the FT-Raman measurements.


Background/aims Documentation of conjunctival forniceal foreshortening in cases of progressive cicatrising conjunctivitis (PCC) is important in ascertaining disease stage and progression. Lower fornix shortening is often documented subjectively or semi-objectively, whereas upper forniceal obliteration is seldom quantified. Although tools such as fornix depth measurers (FDMs) have been described, their designs limit upper fornix measurement. The purpose of this study was to custom-design a FDM to evaluate the upper fornix and to assess variability in gauging fornix depth. Methods A polymethylmethacrylate FDM was constructed using industry-standard jewellery computer software and machinery. Two observers undertook a prospective independent evaluation of central lower fornix depth in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with clinically normal and abnormal conjunctival fornices both subjectively and by using the FDM (in mm). Upper central fornix depth was also measured. Agreement was assessed using Bland–Altman plots. Results Fifty-one eyes were evaluated. There was 100% intraobserver agreement to within 1 mm for each observer for lower fornix measurement. The mean difference in fornix depth loss using the FDM between observer 1 and 2 was 1.19%, with 95% confidence of agreement (±2SD) of −15% to +20%. In total, 86% (44/51) of measurements taken by the two observers agreed to within 10% of total lower fornix depth (ie, ±1 mm) versus only 63% (32/51) of the subjective measurements. Mean upper fornix difference was 0.57 mm, with 95% confidence of agreement of between −2 and +3 mm. Conclusions This custom-designed FDM is well tolerated by patients and shows low intraobserver and interobserver variability. This enables repeatable and reproducible measurement of upper and lower fornix depths, facilitating improved rates of detection and better monitoring of progression of conjunctival scarring.