1. Biological pest control has become one of the central principles of ecological intensification in agriculture. However, invertebrate natural enemies within agricultural ecosystems are exposed to a myriad of different pesticides at both lethal and sub-lethal doses, that may limit their capacity to carry out pest control. An important question is how underlying diversity in invertebrate predator species,
linked to their unique susceptibility to insecticides, can act to increase the resilience of natural pest control.

2. We explore this issue by assessing the effects of sub-lethal insecticide exposure on the predation rates of 12 generalist predators feeding on the aphid Sitobion
avenae (Aphididae). Predation rates within a 24-hr period were assessed (predation assessment) for each species after receiving one of the following treatments:
(a) no prior deltamethrin exposure before the predation assessment (control); (b) deltamethrin exposure immediately before the predation assessment (resistance) and
(c) deltamethrin exposure 5 days before the predation assessment (recovery). Extrapolating from these species-specific measures of resistance and recovery, we predicted the resilience of community level predation to insecticide exposure for predator communities associated with 256 arable fields in the UK.

3. There was large variation in sub-lethal effects of the insecticide between even closely related species. This ranged from species showing no change in predation rates following sub-lethal insecticide exposure (high resistance), species showing only immediate depressed feeding rates after 24
hr (high recovery) or those with depressed feeding rates after 5 days (low resistance and recovery).

4. The community level analysis showed that resistance and recovery of natural
pest control was predicted by both community phylogenetic diversity (positively)
and weighted mean body mass (negatively). However, the removal of numerically
dominant species from the analysis modified these effects.

5. Synthesis and applications: Our results highlight the role of community diversity in maintaining the resilience of natural pest control following insecticide use.
Importantly, less diverse assemblages dominated by predator species that show low resilience to insecticide exposure, may show a greater depression in pest control than diverse assemblages under insecticide based farmland management.


Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLP) of Haynes 282 was performed to study the influence of process parameters on TLP joint microstructure in the newly developed superalloy. Insufficient holding time for complete isothermal solidification of liquated insert caused formation of eutectic-type microconstituent along the joint centerline region. In contrast to general expectation, an increase in bonding temperature above a certain temperature resulted in a decrease in isothermal solidification rate and formation of the centreline eutectic that was avoided with same holding time at a lower temperature. Application of finite element numerical simulation showed that the anomalous behaviour can be explained by deviation from parabolic relationship between solid/liquid interface migration and holding time induced by reduction in solute concentration gradient in the solid substrate below a critical value. Comparison of the present experimental results in Haynes 282 with those in other nickel based superalloys, like IN 738, shows that the undesirable reduction in isothermal solidification rate is significantly less pronounced in the Haynes 282. This is attributable to a more extensive formation of interface Mo-rich borides in the new alloy, which can relieve boron saturation in the matrix phase and, thus, lessens the occurrence of the deviation phenomenon.


This essay is the story about Carte Blanche Dance Company from Jennifer Day started the Company in 1984 in Oslo and up to when they left Oslo in 1989. There is also little about the crises before they moved to Bergen and also when they were in Bergen. There is nearly anything written about this period in Oslo so the essay is built up around intervjues from the dancers that were in the Company at that time. The method that was used in the intervjues was the qualitative method. When the dancers were intervjued they spoke their history from their memories, so it has been difficult to put it together to a story.In chapter three it's about the 80 in Norway and the Dance Company that were in Norway at that time. This is for inspiration to write the essay and to get an impression what was going on at that time when Carte Blanche started. There is also a chapter about where you can find material about Carte Blanche today and what is says. There is hardly any material at all written about the period of time in Oslo. Then the history to Carte Blanche from before it began, how it started, the dancers in the company, the performances, the conflicts, the economy, and so on. It is also a chapter about Bergen and how it was for them in the company to move. The story to Carte Blanche today is also in the essay. In the last chapter it's a summary where I tried to get my thoughts together and put it down on paper.The thing that was important for all the dancers to tell through the interviews was what a woman Jennifer Day was. The inspiration she gave to everybody around her. What a charisma she had and the gift to see talent early. How important it was for her to bring out the jazz dance to the people.


In this study, we aim to assess the degree to which English-language Wikipedia is successful in addressing harmful speech with a particular focus on the removal of deleterious content. We have conducted qualitative interviews with Wikipedians and carried out a text analysis using machine learning classifiers trained to identify several variations of problematic speech. Overall, we conclude that Wikipedia is largely successful at identifying and quickly removing a vast majority of harmful content despite the large scale of the project. The evidence suggests that efforts to remove malicious content are faster and more effective on Wikipedia articles compared to removal efforts on article talk and user talk pages.

Over time, Wikipedia has developed a multi-layered system for discovering and addressing harmful speech. The system relies most heavily on active patrols of editors looking for damaging content and is complemented by automated tools. This combination of tools and human review of new text enables Wikipedia to quickly take down the most obvious and egregious cases of harmful speech. The Wikipedia approach is decentralized and defers much of the judgement about what is permissible or not to its many editors and administrators. Unlike some social media platforms, which strive to clearly articulate what speech is acceptable or not, Wikipedia has no concise summary of what is acceptable and not. Empowering individuals to make judgement about content, which extends to content and conduct that some would deem harmful, naturally leads to variation across editors in the way that Wikipedia's guidelines and policies are interpreted and implemented. The general consensus among those editors interviewed for this project was that Wikipedia's many editors make different judgement about addressing harmful speech. The interviewees also generally agreed that efforts to enforce greater uniformity in editorial choices would not be fruitful.

To understand the prevalence and modalities of harmful speech on Wikipedia, it is important to recognize that Wikipedia is comprised of several distinct, parallel regimes. The governance structures and standards that shape the decisions of Wikipedia articles are significantly different from the processes that govern behavior on article talk pages, user pages, and user talk pages.

Compared to talk pages, Wikipedia articles receive a majority of the negative attention from vandals and trolls. They are also the most carefully monitored. The very nature of the encyclopedia-building enterprise and the intensity of vigilance employed to fight vandals who target articles means that Wikipedia is very effective at removing harmful speech from articles. Talk pages, the publicly viewable but behind-the-scenes discussion pages where editors debate changes, are often the location of heated and bitter debates over what belongs in Wikipedia.

Removal of harmful content from articles, particularly when done quickly, is most likely a deterrent for bad behavior. It is also an effective remedy for the problem. If seen by very few readers, the fleeting presence of damaging content results in proportionately small harm. On the other hand, the personal attacks on other Wikipedians — frequently on talk pages — is not as easily mitigated. Taking down the offending content is helpful but does not entirely erase the negative impact on the individual and community. Governing discourse among Wikipedians continues to be a major challenge for Wikipedia and one not fixed by content removal alone.

This study, which builds upon prior research and tools, focuses on the removal of harmful content. A related and arguably more consequential question is the effectiveness of efforts to inhibit and prevent harmful speech from occurring on the platform in the first place by dissuading this behavior ex ante rather than mopping up after the fact. Future research could adopt similar tools and approaches to this report to track the incidence of harmful speech over time and to test the effectiveness of different interventions to foster pro-social behavior.

The sophisticated and multi-layer mechanisms for addressing harmful speech developed and employed by Wikipedia that we describe in this report arguably represent the most successful large-scale effort to moderate harmful content, despite the ongoing challenges and innumerable contentious debates that shape the system and outcomes we observe. The approaches and strategies employed by Wikipedia provide valuable lessons to other community-reliant online platforms. Broader applicability is limited as the decentralized decision-making and emergent norms of Wikipedia constrain the transferability of these approaches and lessons to commercial platforms.


We investigated whether nutrient limitations of primary producers act upward through food webs only in terms of density effects or if there is a second pathway for nutrient limitation signals channelled upward to higher trophic levels. We used tritrophic food chains to assess the effects of nutrient‐limited phytoplankters (the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina) on herbivorous zooplankters (the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa) and finally zooplanktivores (larval herring Clupea harengus) living on the herbivores. The primary producers' food quality had a significant effect on fish condition. Our experimental phosphorus‐limited food chain resulted in larval fish with a significantly poorer condition than their counterparts reared under nitrogen‐limited or nutrient‐sufficient conditions. Our results show that mineral nutrient requirements of consumers have to be satisfied first before fatty acids can promote further growth. This challenges the match/mismatch hypothesis, which links larval fish survival probability solely to prey availability, and could imply that reduced nutrient releases into the environment may affect fish stocks even more severely than previously believed.


Objective The Massachusetts Access Program is a statewide, centralised referral and case management program created to address barriers to later second-trimester abortions. This study outlines the scope of, describes provider experiences with, and evaluates provider acceptability of the Program. Study design We invited physicians, nurses and staff working in hospitals within the later abortion provider referral network to participate in a mixed-methods study that included a web-based quantitative survey and/or a semi-structured qualitative interview. We used descriptive statistics to analyse survey data and inductive coding methods to analyse interview data. Results From 2007–2012, 15–28% of abortions performed in Massachusetts at 19 weeks or greater gestational age annually were scheduled through the Access Program. We received 16 completed surveys and conducted seven interviews with providers who routinely receive referrals for later abortions through the Program. Providers overall reported positive experiences with the Program and found it highly acceptable. They described that the transportation, accommodation and financial assistance enabled patients access to care. The specialised and updated knowledge of the Access Coordinator in regards to abortion care also allowed her to act as a resource for providers. Conclusions The Access Program, through its referral and case management network, was a valuable resource both to patients seeking later second-trimester abortions and providers involved in abortion care. It acts as one example of an effective, highly acceptable and potentially replicable intervention to reduce barriers to obtaining later second-trimester abortions.


Introduction: Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) refers to specialized knowledge resulting from the practice and experience of the teacher in the classroom. It is necessary to make progress in the understanding of the pedagogical knowledge of the university professor who teaches human physiology. Objective: To explore the types of contents, knowledge of the students, teaching strategies and representations, assessment and pedagogical guidelines used by university professors who teach physiology of the respiratory system. Materials and methods: Multiple case study conducted in four physiology professors of a medical program. A self-directed content representation questionnaire was applied, physiology classes related to the respiratory system were videotaped, and a record of evidence protocol for PCK was used. Results: The population consisted of four subjects: two expert and two novice professors. The way in which they understood the learning processes of the students, the knowledge they have about the strategies and representations they use and about the different approaches to evaluate learning were characterized. Each professor showed a different vision and teaching purpose. Conclusions: Studying PCK components is necessary to make visible the pedagogy and didactics used by professors who teach human physiology.


Introduction: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are two relatively common forms of atypical parkinsonism seen in movement disorder clinics. This study provides an insight into the cognitive dysfunction in these two diseases. Aims: This study aims at assessing the cognitive and executive dysfunction and investigating the relationship between age, education, Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA), and frontal assessment battery (FAB) score in a group of Indian patients with MSA and PSP. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based observational study with the recruitment of patients of MSA and PSP based on consensus criteria and The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy criteria, respectively. A total of 50 patients of MSA and PSP admitted or attending outpatient department in the Department of Neurology, SMS hospital, Jaipur, were analyzed for cognitive and executive functions between December 2016 and December 2018 using MOCA and FAB. The Student's t-test was used. The level of significance was determined as itsP value withP < 0.05 taken as statistically significant. Results: On MOCA, impairment was observed in 24% of cases of MSA and 92% of cases of PSP. On FAB, impairment was observed in 20% of cases of MSA and 72% of cases of PSP. Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction is a major finding in PSP and MSA patients. Thus, cognitive dysfunction in a patient does not rule out MSA as considered in the previous literature and is an important diagnostic finding in PSP; yet requires future research on a larger scale.


ABSTRACT The Notch signal pathway plays multifaceted roles to promote or suppress tumorigenesis. The Notch1 receptor intracellular domain (N1IC), the activated form of the Notch1 receptor, activates the c-myc proto-oncogene. The complex of N1IC and transcription factor YY1 binds to the human c-myc promoter to enhance c-myc expression in a CBF1-independent manner. Here we demonstrated that N1IC interacted with the c-Myc-regulating proteins α-enolase and c-myc promoter binding protein 1 (MBP-1). Both α-enolase and MBP-1 suppressed the N1IC-enhanced activity of the c-myc promoter in a CBF1-independent manner. The YY1 response element in front of the P2 c-myc promoter was essential and sufficient for the modulation of c-myc by N1IC and α-enolase or MBP-1. Furthermore, N1IC, YY1, and α-enolase or MBP-1 but not CBF1 bound to the c-myc promoter through associating with the YY1 response element. Hemin-induced erythroid differentiation was suppressed by N1IC in K562 cells. This suppression was relieved by the expression of α-enolase and MBP-1. In addition, both α-enolase and MBP-1 suppressed the N1IC-enhanced colony-forming ability through c-myc. These results indicate that the activated Notch1 receptor and α-enolase or MBP-1 cooperate in controlling c-myc expression through binding the YY1 response element of the c-myc promoter to regulate tumorigenesis.


As regions become a center of attraction for people looking for diversity, it is important to increase the diversity of tourist  products and to create alternative tourism centers. The tourism sector contributes economically, socially and culturally to the  economies of developing or developing countries with the creation of new tourism areas. One of the most important principles  of rural tourism is to ensure that the producer and the consumer are together and that the consumer is part of the production.  Rural tourism perception generally makes the monotonous life style of the people living in the built-in city meaningful. In  recent years, viticulture and wine-making tourism, which is on the agenda of rural tourism, has become a tourist activity  demanded in many countries around the world. Although Turkey is among the most important wine countries, viticulture is still  very new in terms of tourism. Viticulture tourism in our country is more developed around Cappadocia, Marmara, Thrace and  Izmir. On the other hand, the vineyard festivals, which have been organized in different provinces and district centers in recent  years, are being carried out more and more each year and contributing local tourism. Increasing such an tourism activities will  contribute to the development of our viticulture as well as to the increase of our vineyards and will be improve their economic  level of the people. The increasing agricultural production will ensure that the land and buildings that are not used in the region  become active and that the industry will grow together with traditional production (molasses, vinegar, etc.).


Innuence of external pressure on phase transitions and dielectric properties of kdp family crystals. Abstract. Within the four-particle cluster approximation for the proton ordering model, we study eeects of external pressures which do not lower the crystals symmetry on deuterated ferroelectrics and antiferroelectrics of KH2PO4 family. The theory provides a satisfactory description of the available experimental data for transition temperature and static dielectric properties of the crystals and the experimentally observed universality of the transition temperature vs D-site distance dependence. Importance of the D-site distance in the phase transition and dielectric response of the hydrogen bonded crystals is shown.


Abstract "Race" and ethnicity have emerged as "grand narratives of European modernity", and in the process have become reified and essentialised. However, sociological evidence attests to the socially constructed nature of these phenomena, and to the manner in which this "fabrication" has been realised in co-construction with the grand narratives of gender and sexuality. Historical and sociological research points to a racialisation and ethnicisation of sexuality, and a reciprocal sexualisation of "race" and ethnicity. Occupying a central location within this production process has been sexual science and medicine. But we know very little about the ways in which "race" and ethnicity have in practice become worked into sexual scientific and therapeutic readings of sexuality and sexual problems today. This paper is concerned with outlining some of the principle contours taken by sex therapeutic attributions pertaining to the nature of "race" and ethnicity, as they are seen to impact upon sexuality and sexual dysfunction. Understanding the attributions produced in the name of "race" and ethnicity within sex therapy, and their significance for sexuality and sexual dysfunction, enables us to understand how social subjects (and hence clients) may acquire their "racial"/ethnic identities within the context provided by a particular therapeutic apparatus that communicates to clients something about who they are in "racial"/ethnic terms.


The demand for stingless bees' products (pot-honey and pot-pollen) has increased. No formal quality standards have been defined, which is very complex, because of the variety of species and types of honey specific to each region. For this reason, it is important to deepen the understanding of stingless bees' honey characteristics. From the above, the aim of this chapter is to present the advances in the characterization of botanical origin of stingless bees' honey, and the analysis of their physicochemical properties in the Alto Balsas, Michoacán, Mexico, as a way to contribute to the strengthening of new local economic strategies, generating information on the quality of the honey produced in the region.


This paper will focus on the citation analysis of graduate masters theses from Carleton University's Biology Department with implications for library collection management decisions. Twenty-five masters theses were studied to determine citation types and percentages, ranking of journals by frequency of citation and by number of authors citing, and by age range of journal citations. The researcher examined what percentages of journals were accessible through the local catalogue and conducted further analysis of specifics regarding unavailability. Journals were also ranked by subject specialty. Results indicate that although the library has many of the journal articles cited, knowing why a citation was unavailable is useful for establishing future purchasing needs. Although journal rankings are traditionally performed using total number of citations, the ranking by number of authors citing a source can make a difference when compiling core journal lists. The researcher concludes by discussing implications for collection development in times of fiscal constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


We build a model of administrative barriers to trade to understand how they aect trade volumes, shipping decisions and welfare. Because administrative costs are incurred with every shipment, exporters have to decide how to break up total trade into individual shipments. Consumers value frequent shipments, because they enable them to consume close to their preferred dates. Hence per-shipment costs create a welfare loss. We derive a gravity equation in our model and show that administrative costs can be expressed as bilateral ad-valorem trade costs. We estimate the ad-valorem equivalent in Spanish shipment-level export data and nd it to be large. A 50 percent reduction in per-shipment costs is equivalent to a 9 percentage point reduction in taris. Our model and estimates help explain


Lincoln/Net (http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu), a product of the Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project at Northern Illinois University Libraries, represents a new type of historically oriented digital library resource. Like many other digital libraries, it contains a large amount of searchable primary source materials. Like a number of other historically oriented online resources, project staff have organized Lincoln/Net around a specific topic, in this case Abraham Lincoln's life and times in antebellum Illinois. In addition to Lincoln's own papers, the project's databases contain resources shedding light on his context, including letters, diaries, and publications prepared by his peers. Unlike most historically oriented digital libraries however, the project Web site also includes a wealth of multimedia materials, including image, sound, video, and interactive map resources. But Lincoln/Net is perhaps most unique in that it furnishes its users with an extensive set of interpretive materials. This approach suggests that historians may play an expanding role in the development of digital libraries. It can also provide them with a badly-needed means of communicating with an audience beyond their own scholarly community and students. This communication can facilitate what one digital history pioneer has described as the "democratization of history," as defined by an expanded user group enjoying primary source materials and using them to engage in historical thinking [Ayers 1999, 1].


It has long been recognized that economic inequality may undermine the principle of equal responsiveness that lies at the core of democratic governance. A recent wave of scholarship has highlighted an acute degree of political inequality in contemporary democracies in North America and Europe. In contrast to the view that unequal responsiveness in favor of the affluent is nearly inevitable when income inequality is high, we argue that organized labor can be an effective source of political equality. Focusing on the paradigmatic case of the U.S. House of Representatives, our novel dataset combines income-specific estimates of constituency preferences based on 223,000 survey respondents matched to roll-call votes with a measure of district-level union strength drawn from administrative records. We find that local unions significantly dampen unequal responsiveness to high incomes: a standard deviation increase in union membership increases legislative responsiveness towards the poor by about six to eight percentage points. As a result, in districts with relatively strong unions legislators are about equally responsive to rich and poor Americans. We rule out alternative explanations using flexible controls for policies, institutions, and economic structure, as well as a novel instrumental variable for unionization based on history and geography. We also show that the impact of unions operates via campaign contributions and partisan selection.


Introduction Occupational injuries as a workforce's health problem are very important in large-scale workplaces. Analysis and modeling the health-threatening factors are good ways to promote the workforce's health and a fundamental step in developing health programs. The purpose of this study was ANN modeling of the severity of occupational injuries to determine the health-threatening factors and to introduce a model to predict the severity of occupational injuries. Methods This analytical chain study was conducted in 10 large construction industries during a 10-year period (2005–2014). Nine hundred sixty occupational injuries were analyzed and modeled based on feature weighting by the rough set theory and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Two analytical software programs, i.e., RSES and MATLAB 2014 were used in the study. Results The severity of occupational injuries was calculated as 557.47 ± 397.87 days. The findings of both models showed that the injuries' severity as a health problem resulted in various factors, including individual, organizational, health and safety (H&S) training, and risk management factors, which could be considered as causal and predictive factors of accident severity rate (ASR). Conclusion The results indicated that ANNs were a reliable tool that can be used to analyze and model the severity of occupational injuries as one of the important health problems in large-scale workplaces. Additionally, the combination of rough set and ANNs is a good and proper chain approach to modeling the factors that threaten the health of workforces and other H&S problems.


We use the Pearson cross-correlation statistic proposed by Liu and Jackson [1], and employed by Creswell et al. [2], to look for statistically significant correlations between the LIGO Hanford and Livingston detectors at the time of the binary black hole merger GW150914. We compute this statistic for the calibrated strain data released by LIGO, using both the residuals provided by LIGO and using our own subtraction of a maximum-likelihood waveform that is constructed to model binary black hole mergers in general relativity. To assign a significance to the values obtained, we calculate the cross-correlation of both simulated Gaussian noise and data from the LIGO detectors at times during which no detection of gravitational waves has been claimed. We find that after subtracting the maximum likelihood waveform there are no statistically significant correlations between the residuals of the two detectors at the time of GW150914.


Over the past 20 years, numerous scholars have called upon social scientists to consider the colonial contexts within which sociology, anthropology and ethnology were institutionalised in Europe and beyond. We explain how historical sociologists and historians of international law, sociology and anthropology can develop a global intellectual history of what we call the 'sciences of the international' by paying attention to the political ideas of the Durkheimian school of sociology. We situate the political ideas of the central figures explored in this special issue—Émile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss, Bronisław Malinowski and Alfred Métraux—in their broader context, analysing their convergence and differences. We also reinterpret the calls made by historians of ideas to 'provincialise Europe' or move to a 'global history', by studying how epistemologies and political imaginaries continued by sociologists and ethnologists after the colonial era related to imperialist ways of thinking.


In an effort to reduce harmful pollutants emitted by medium and heavy duty diesel engines, stringent emission regulations have been imposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Effective aftertreatment thermal management is critical for controlling tail pipe outlevels of NOx and soot, while improved fuel efficiency is also necessary to meet greenhouse gas emissions standards and customer expectations. Engine manufacturers have developed and implemented several engine and non-engine based techniques for emission reduction, a few examples being: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), use of delayed in-cylinder injections, exhaust throttling, electric heaters and hydrocarbon dosers. This work elaborates the use of variable valve actuation strategies for improved aftertreatment system (ATS) thermal management of a modern medium-duty diesel engine while presenting opportunities for simplification of engine air handling architecture.Experimental results at curb idle demonstrate that exhaust valve profile modulation enables effective ATS warm-up without requiring exhaust manifold pressure
(EMP) control. Early exhaust valve opening with internal exhaust gas recirculation
(EEVO+iEGR) resulted in 8% lower fuel consumption and reduction in engine out
emissions. Late exhaust valve opening with internal EGR in the absence of EMP
control was able to reach exhaust temperature of 287◦C, without a penalty in fuel
consumption or emissions compared to conventional thermal management. LEVO combined with EMP control could reach turbine outlet temperature of nearly 460◦C
at curb idle.LEVO was studied at higher speeds and loads to assess thermal management
benefits of LEVO in the absence of EMP control, with an observation that LEVO
can maintain desirable thermal management performance up to certain speed/load
conditions, and reduction in exhaust flow rate is observed at higher loads due to the
inability of LEVO to compensate for loss of boost associated with absence of EMP
control.Cylinder deactivation (CDA) combined with additional valvetrain flexibility results in low emission, fuel-efficient solutions to maintain temperatures of a warmed-up
ATS. Late intake valve closing, internal EGR and early exhaust valve opening were
studied with both three cylinder and two cylinder operation. Some of these strategies showed additional benefits such as ability to use earlier injections, elimination
of external EGR and operation in the absence of exhaust manifold pressure control. Three cylinder operation with LIVC and iEGR is capable of reaching exhaust
temperatures in excess of 230◦C with atleast 9% lower fuel consumption than three
cylinder operation without VVA. Three cylinder operation with early exhaust valve
opening resulted in exhaust temperature of nearly 340◦C, suitable for extended idling
operation. Two cylinder operation with and without the use of valve train flexibility
also resulted in turbine outlet temperature relevant for extended idling (and low load
operation), while reducing fuel consumption by 40% compared to the conventional
thermal management strategy.A study comparing the relative merits of internal EGR via reinduction and negative valve overlap (NVO) is presented in order to assess trade-offs between fuel efficient
stay-warm operation and engine out emissions. This study develops an understanding
of the optimal valve profiles for achieving reinduction/NVO and presents VVA strategies that are not cylinder deactivation based for fuel efficient stay-warm operation.
Internal EGR via reinduction is demonstrated to be a more fuel efficient strategy for ATS stay-warm. An analysis of in-cylinder content shows that NOx emissions are
more strongly affected by in-cylinder O2 content than by method of internal EGR.


We introduce ReFinED, an efficient end-to-end entity linking model which uses fine-grained entity types and entity descriptions to perform linking. The model performs mention detection, fine-grained entity typing, and entity disambiguation for all mentions within a document in a single forward pass, making it more than 60 times faster than competitive existing approaches. ReFinED also surpasses state-of-the-art performance on standard entity linking datasets by an average of 3.7 F1. The model is capable of generalising to large-scale knowledge bases such as Wikidata (which has 15 times more entities than Wikipedia) and of zero-shot entity linking. The combination of speed, accuracy and scale makes ReFinED an effective and cost-efficient system for extracting entities from web-scale datasets, for which the model has been successfully deployed.


This study was conducted after water scarcity and droughts in recent years in Isfahan Province, Iran. The aim of the study was to compare peoples , knowledge, attitude, practice and other risk factors toward foodborne poisoning. A knowledge,attitudes, and practice (KAP) survey study was conducted from January to December 2013 enrolling 580 subjects who were referred to health centers for health care, anonymously (response rate: 100%). The questionnaire included the following four parts: (a) general characteristics such a gender, education level, (b)16 questions on knowledge (min=0, max=32); (c) 10 questions on attitude (min=0,max=20); and (d) nine questions on practice (min=0, max=36). The overall mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice was 26.48 (SD=3.66), 14.23 (SD=2.47), and 28.01 (SD=3.80), respectively. KAP of food -borne outbreaks was significantly higher in people who worked in health system (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). KAP of food -borne outbreaks was significantly higher among people who had university education (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.006 respectively). According to adjusted linear regression analysis, practice of food and water-borne disease increased 0.16% per one unit increase in the score of knowledge (p<0.001) and 0.55% per one unit increase in the score of attitude (p<0.001). Such studies can be performed to identify groups at risk and might need more training about health are.


Reliability is a key challenge to be understood to turn the vision of exascale supercomputing into reality. Inevitably, large-scale supercomputing systems, especially those at the peta/exascale levels, must tolerate failures, by incorporating fault-tolerance mechanisms to improve their reliability and availability. As the benefits of fault-tolerance mechanisms rarely come without associated time and/or capital costs, reliability will limit the scalability of parallel applications. This paper introduces for the first time the concept of "Reliability Wall" to highlight the significance of achieving scalable performance in peta/exascale supercomputing with fault tolerance. We quantify the effects of reliability on scalability, by proposing a reliability speedup, defining quantitatively the reliability wall, giving an existence theorem for the reliability wall, and categorizing a given system according to the time overhead incurred by fault tolerance. We also generalize these results into a general reliability speedup/wall framework by considering not only speedup but also costup. We analyze and extrapolate the existence of the reliability wall using two representative supercomputers, Intrepid and ASCI White, both employing checkpointing for fault tolerance, and have also studied the general reliability wall using Intrepid. These case studies provide insights on how to mitigate reliability-wall effects in system design and through hardware/software optimizations in peta/exascale supercomputing.


Input and training signals are presented to recurrent artificial neural networks in an inherently sequential manner. However, of the two broad categories of practical problems to which recurrent neural networks are applied, signal prediction/reproduction and supervised signal classification, the information necessary to construct a training signal that can be presented over the full length of the input signal is usually only present in the first category. It is this absence of information in the second group that gives rise to differing problems, techniques and nomenclature in what could be otherwise be considered a subset of the signal prediction problem.
The only information usually available for use as a training signal with classification tasks is the desired final classification of each training example. Normal practice is to present this piece of information, as a training signal of length one, concurrently with the last piece of input data, ignoring the possibility of providing a training signal prior to that point. The sequential nature of the training signal for classification tasks has been, to all intents and purposes, forgotten.
This work explores the deficiency by examining the nature of suitable values, whether or not they can be constructed from the available information, and whether or not standard neural network training algorithms can be (or need to be) modified to make use of such values. It finds that methods do exist and develops a family of such methods, signal melding, which demonstrates the usefulness and possibilities inherent in filling in the missing values in the training signal. The signal melding technique makes use of the dynamic information seen at a network's outputs during the presentation of input. As a benefit, this information offers some important clues about the diversity of examples within an apparently homogeneous class.
To make full use of these values, a modification to back propagation through time is developed, attentive back propagation through time, which shows clear advantages over the standard algorithm when using training signals over the full length of the input signal. Simulations taking over three years of run-time are presented which show that on simple classification tasks, when signal melding and attentive back propagation through time are combined, performance levels at least comparable with existing methods are achieved, together with much improved stability.


Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in integrating cell structure improvements on the cell front side into mass production, such as, e.g., selective emitters. With these improvements, the large-area aluminum back-surface field clearly limits the efficiency of typical industrial cells. Dielectric passivation of the cell rear side provides a means for significant improvement. However, it needs to be adapted to different wafer materials and cell structures in order to obtain economic efficiency, allowing for its implementation in mass production. In this paper, we report on our cost-effective passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) technology that easily adapts to various wafer materials, such as multicrystalline, quasi-monocrystalline, and Czochralski-grown monocrystalline material. It is suitable for wafer thicknesses down to 120 µm and all base resistivities in the range from 1 to 3.5 Ω·cm. Additionally, we investigate the compatibility with homogeneous and selective emitters on the cell front side. For commercially available Czochralski wafers, we present an efficiency gain of more than 1.0% absolute in cell efficiency with a peak cell efficiency of up to 20.2%. The usability of our PERC solar cells in modules is demonstrated with a 289-W module containing 60 PERC cells. To emphasize the efficacy of high-performance cells in modules, a simple cell-to-module factor calculation is presented.


Geographic space demonstrates scaling or hierarchy, implying that there are far more small things than large ones. The scaling pattern of geographic space, if visualized properly (i.e., based on the head/tail breaks classification), can evoke a sense of beauty. This is our central argument. This beauty is a new type of aesthetic at a deeper structural level and differs in essence from an intuitive sense of harmony, perceived in terms of color, shape, texture, and ratio. This new kind of beauty was initially defined and discovered by Christopher Alexander, and promoted in his master work The Nature of Order. To paraphrase Mandelbrot, this is beauty for the sake of science rather than for art's sake or for the sake of commerce. Throughout the article, we attempt to argue and illustrate that the scaling of geographic space possesses this new kind of beauty, which has a positive impact on human well-being. The article further draws on the previous work of Nikos Salingaros and Richard Taylor on the beauty in architecture and arts to support our argument.


Groundwater monitoring studies of the Cold Lake-Beaver River (CLBR) basin in Alberta have linked increases in arsenic concentration to subsurface heat release caused by in-situ thermal recovery operations. Aquifer sediments that are exposed to localized elevated temperature conditions undergo increased rates of water-rock interactions have the potential to liberate contaminants in potable groundwater sources at near-neutral pH levels. Preliminary laboratory experiments and field investigations have shown an increased rate of reaction at temperatures >80°C with respect to mineral dissolution and the release of contaminants. In this study, three heated column experiments were carried out using different mineralogical compositions of saturated aquifer materials, while exposing the materials to temperatures up to 90°C and monitoring water geochemistry. Aquifer materials that were used in the three experiments included: quartz sand; quartz sand with pyrite; and sediments collected from the CLBR region.


Sin firms engage in alcohol, tobacco, and game-related business activities. Using a sample of initial public offerings (IPOs), the authors examine the performance of sin and non-sin firm IPOs. The authors find that sin firm IPOs are more underpriced than non-sin firm IPOs after controlling for pre-issuance firm and issuance characteristics, such as asset size, firm age, lead underwriter's reputation rank, listing exchange, and issuance size, providing further confirming evidence to the shunned-stock hypothesis and reasons for increased interest in alternative investments. The research enriches the current literature on sin firms and IPOs. TOPICS: Portfolio theory, portfolio construction Key Findings • Sin firms have a unique return characteristic, which may be the result of investment firms' focusing on more socially acceptable firms. • As the general sentiment surrounding socially responsible (or acceptable) investments continues to gain strength, investors who are willing to provide capital to sin firms may be able to obtain a reputational risk premium. • As social norms and the legal environment (e.g., cannabis and sports gambling legalization) continue to evolve, asset managers need to be aware of the potential return characteristics of new equity offerings from nontraditional firms.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between handedness, and the risk of malignant and benign brain tumors. Handedness has been hypothesized to serve as a behavioral marker of prenatal hormonal exposures or other factors that influence subsequent cancer risk. A case-control study was conducted at hospitals in three United States cities between 1994 and 1998. The cases were adult patients newly diagnosed with glioma (n = 489), meningioma (n = 197), or acoustic neuroma (n = 96), and the 799 frequency-matched controls were patients admitted to the same hospitals for a variety of nonmalignant conditions. Handedness was determined by interview. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and calculate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Persons who described themselves as left-handed or ambidextrous appeared to be at reduced risk of glioma relative to those who described themselves as right-handed (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9). The association was similar for men and women, and for left-sided and right-sided tumors. Neither meningioma (OR, 0.9; CI, 0.6-1.5) nor acoustic neuroma (OR, 0.9; CI, 0.5-1.7) showed significant associations with handedness. These findings require confirmation but raise the possibility that early neurodevelopmental events or genetic factors related to handedness also influence the risk of glioma among adults.


In its natural framework, genetic information is embedded within a geographic context. Plants and animals are directly influenced by the specific characteristics of their surrounding environment. Therefore, spatial information is a potentially important element to be considered in trying to understand genetic resources. For many years, Geographical Information Science (GIScience) turned toward environmental modelling, generally to demonstrate how GIS basic features could be efficiently applied to fields related to the natural sciences. However, despite its current predominance in life sciences and its direct application to concerns of public society (health, food), genetics had heretofore remained outside the scope of research by the GIScience community while biologists were developing approaches based on GIS, which conducted to the elaboration of "landscape genetics". The present GIScience approach to linking genetics and geographics obviously places emphasis on geographic information, unlike most studies in this domain. This perspective is developed through an application to two case studies to assess the potential contribution of GIScience to conservation biology. The main one is provided by Econogene, a European research project aiming at promoting the sustainable conservation of genetic resources in sheep and goats. These small ruminants have considerable economic importance in marginal agrosystems in Europe. The surveying of their genetic resources makes it possible to highlight endangered breeds having high distinctiveness and priority for conservation. The second case study is complementary and supplies wild species data to demonstrate how genetic information is used to assess conservation measures applied to the endangered Scandinavian Brown Bear. Advanced molecular technologies make it possible to efficiently measure genetic information. In parallel, considerable advancements in computer science have led to the development of sophisticated GIS software and methods. The joining of molecular biology and GIScience enables novel and complementary methods of tackling some of the challenging issues related to evolutionary processes. This tentative application of diverse facets of GIScience to molecular biology addresses three distinct issues. Firstly, considering the vast quantity of information collected within the Econogene project, exploratory data analysis methods are applied to extract useful information from large spatially explicit genetic data sets. This category of GIS tools facilitates investigations to understand the geographic distribution of genetic diversity among sheep and goat breeds as well as its variation according to environmental parameters. Secondly, a review of population genetics literature having revealed weaknesses about the way spatial genetic data are generally represented on maps, the semiology of graphics is used to produce improved thematic maps representing patterns of genetic diversity. The recourse to high-performance cartography improves the interpretation of data, and facilitates the transmission of the results as well as their communication between researchers, or between researchers and the general public. Thirdly, this combination of GIScience with molecular biology mainly leads to the development of a spatial analysis method to detect signatures of natural selection within the genome. The method is adapted to a precise conception of environmental modelling, advocating the implementation of simple models in order to better grasp the functioning of natural processes, and recognizing an inescapable uncertainty. To find out these signatures, spatial analysis takes advantage of the evolution of genetics toward genomics and of the subsequent availability of large data sets generated by large genome scans. This permits to compute many simultaneous univariate logistic regression models and to identify specific regions of the genome which are selected by environmental parameters. These are identical to the ones detected by a standard approach developed in population genomics.


OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography (CT) is used often in the evaluation of orbital infections to identify children who are most likely to benefit from surgical intervention. Our objective was to identify predictors for intraorbital or intracranial abscess among children who present with signs or symptoms of periorbital infection. These predictors could be used to better target patients for emergent CT. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to an urban pediatric tertiary care emergency department between 1995 and 2008. We included otherwise healthy patients with suspected acute clinical periorbital or orbital cellulitis without a history of craniofacial surgery, trauma, or external source of infection. Immunocompromised patients and patients with noninfectious causes of periorbital swelling were excluded. Variables analyzed included age, duration of symptoms, highest recorded temperature, previous antibiotic therapy, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and interpretation of imaging. CT scans of the orbit were reread by a neuroradiologist. RESULTS: Nine hundred eighteen patients were included; 298 underwent a CT scan, and of those, 111 were shown to have an abscess. Although proptosis, pain with external ocular movement, and ophthalmoplegia were associated with presence of an abscess, 56 (50.5%) patients with abscess did not experience these symptoms. Other variables associated with the presence of an abscess in multivariate analysis were a peripheral blood neutrophil count greater than 10 000/μL, absence of infectious conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, age greater than 3 years, and previous antibiotic therapy (P < .05 for all). Our recursive partitioning model identified all high-risk (44%) patients as well as a low-risk (0.4%–2%) group (Rsq = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that patients with proptosis and/or pain or limitation of extraocular movements are at high risk for intraorbital abscess, yet many do not have these predictors. Other features can identify patients who do not have such obvious predictors but do have significant risk of disease. A recursive partitioning model is presented.


In this paper a numerical method for computations of electromagnetic fields is presented, which has been developed by the authors and their colleagues since 1978 under the name of the multiple multipole (MMP) method. In the meantime several groups are working independently on similar methods (with sometimes different approaches and different names). The majority of them agreed to use the name generalized multipole technique (GMT) in the future (Ludwig, 1989). The main advantages are as follows: (1) Only the boundaries of the domains have to be discretized (even in the case of lossy bodies). (2) No integrals have to be solved numerically which reduces the computation time and simplifies the codes. (3) Plotting errors on the boundaries and fields allows an excellent control of the results. (4) The fields may be computed accurately in the near-field region and even on boundaries for closed and open problems. (5) Efficient programs including graphic input and output routines (also animated pictures) are available even for personal computers.


There has been a significant interest on a theoretical level in the application of supergames to oligopoly behavior. Implications for pricing behavior in trigger-strategy models in response to aggregate demand are of particular importance for public policy considerations. We contrast the predictions for the movements of industry prices over the business cycle of two such models -- put forth by Edward Green and Robert Porter and by Julio Rotemberg and Garth Saloner -- and test the predictions using a panel data set of U.S. manufacturing industries. Our principal findings are four. First, the levels of price-cost margins of concentrated, homogeneous-goods industries, while higher than those of unconcentrated counterparts, appear to be closer to those predicted by a single-period Cournot-Nash equilibrium than monopoly. Second, there is little evidence to support the idea that price-cost margins of these industries have different cyclical patterns from other industries apart from effects by level of industry concentration. Maximum price declines for concentrated industries give little support for the occurrence of price wars during either recessions or booms. Finally, consistent with the predictions of the Rotemberg-Saloner model, the industries with high price-cost margins have more countercyclical price movements than those exhibited by other industries. That gradual price adjustment is quantitatively important for those industries, suggests, however, that other factors may lie behind the apparent rigidity of prices.


Systematic sequencing of environmental SSU rDNA genes amplified from different marine ecosystems has uncovered novel eukaryotic lineages, in particular within the alveolate and stramenopile radiations. The ecological and geographic distribution of 2 novel alveolate lineages (called Group I and II in previous papers) is inferred from the analysis of 62 different environmental clone libraries from freshwater and marine habitats. These 2 lineages have been, up to now, retrieved exclusively from marine ecosystems, including oceanic and coastal waters, sediments, hydrothermal vents, and perma- nent anoxic deep waters and usually represent the most abundant eukaryotic lineages in environmen- tal genetic libraries. While Group I is only composed of environmental sequences (118 clones), Group II contains, besides environmental sequences (158 clones), sequences from described genera (8) (Hema- todinium and Amoebophrya) that belong to the Syndiniales, an atypical order of dinoflagellates exclu- sively composed of marine parasites. This suggests that Group II could correspond to Syndiniales, al- though this should be confirmed in the future by examining the morphology of cells from Group II. Group II appears to be abundant in coastal and oceanic ecosystems, whereas permanent anoxic waters and hy- drothermal ecosystems are usually dominated by Group I. Based upon the similarity of partial sequences, we organized these 2 groups into clusters. The diversity of Group II (16 clusters) is wider than that of Group I (5 clusters). Two clusters from Group I have a widespread distribution and are found in all ex- plored marine habitats. In contrast, all other clusters seem to be limited to specific marine habitats. For example, some clusters belonging to Group I and Group II are only detected in extreme environments (anoxic and hydrothermal vents), whereas many clusters from Group II have only been retrieved from coastal waters. We determined near-complete SSU rRNA gene sequences for 26 environmental clones, selected in order to obtain at least one complete sequence per cluster. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian reconstruction) based upon complete sequences all concurred to place both Group I and II as sister lineages of dinoflagellates. This result contradicts several published studies, which placed both groups within dinoflagellates.


Affect detection from open-ended text-based dialogue and contextual profiles is challenging but essential for the building of effective intelligent user interfaces. In this paper, we report updated developments of an affect detection model from text, including affect detection from two particular types of metaphorical affective expressions (food and cooking metaphors) and affect detection based on context. We use Markov chains and dynamic algorithm to simulate the improvisational mood of a particular character for contextual affect analysis and explore an alternative approach for emotional context modelling in a comparatively complex story context. The overall affect detection model has been embedded in an intelligent conversational AI agent interacting with human users under loose scenarios. Evaluation for the updated affect detection component is also provided. Our work contributes to the journal themes on human-agent interaction, affective computing and dialogue based systems.


The debate on indigenous rights has revealed some serious difficulties for current international law, posed mainly by different understandings of important concepts. This book explores the extent to which indigenous claims, as recorded in the United Nations fora, can be accommodated by current international law. By doing so, it also highlights how the indigenous debate has stretched the contours andultimately evolved international human rights standards. The book first reflects on the international law responses to the theoretical arguments on cultural membership. After a comprehensive analysis of the existing instruments on indigenous rights, the discussion turns to self-determination. Different views are assessed and a fresh perspective on the right to self-determination is outlined. Ultimately, the author refuses to shy away from difficult questions and challenging issues and offers a comprehensive discussion of indigenous rights and their contribution to international law.


The effects of global change are particularly serious in areas where range shifts
of species are physically constrained such as the Ligurian Sea, which is one of
the coldest sectors of the Mediterranean. In this basin, historical information
on water temperature (from the sea surface down to 75 m depth) dates back
to the 1950s. Early studies also recorded warm-water species occurrence.
Thanks to these data we provide the first detailed characterization of water
temperature variation from 1958 up to 2010 in the layer 0–75 m depth. We
coupled this analysis with the available information on rocky reef epibenthic
communities (literature review from 1955 to 1964 and field data from 1980 to
2010). The analysis of water temperature revealed several patterns of variation:
a cooling phase from 1958 to 1980, a phase of rapid warming from 1980 to
1990 and a phase of slower warming from 1990 to 2010. Inter-annual variation
in temperature increased over the entire period for the water layer down to
20 m. Warm-water native and alien species richness increased during the
warming phases. Literature estimates suggest a decrease in warm-water native
species richness during the cooling phase. The analysis of quantitative data collected
in the early 1990s and late 2000s indicated a decrease in the cover of
warm-water native species on shallow rocky reefs and an increase in deeper
waters. We argue that increased inter-annual variation in water temperature
may disadvantage native warm-water species in shallow waters. Our results
indicate that the effect of temperature rises in cold, constrained basins may be
more complex than the simple prediction of species changing their geographical
range according to their thermal limits.


The rapid economic growth of China in recent years has had spillover effects on male/female relationships and on the Chinese family. To examine some of the subjective meanings of these developments, in depth interviews were conducted with 55 middle-aged women living in urban areas. Since most of these women were coming into early adulthood during the Cultural Revolution, generational effects played a big part in their responses to the increased commitments of young people to personal freedom and hedonistic values. With the increased emphasis on personal preference and rational choice, dramatic changes occurred in intimate relationships within a relatively short period of time. Economic prosperity and personal freedom have been accompanied by increases in divorce, marital infidelity, cohabitation, and premarital sexuality. These developments are examined within the framework of Durkheim's conception of sexual anomie.


This paper studies Work Place Health Promotion at two international corporations as an example of an unobtrusive control that targets employees' lifestyles. It uses Michel Foucault's concepts of neoliberal governmentality and post-disciplinary control to show how Work Place Health Promotion breaks with the disciplinary logic of control most commonly associated with studies of unobtrusive controls in organizations. While discipline is centripetal, correcting employees' misconduct so that they freely keep within prescribed norms, Work Place Health Promotion is centrifugal, targeting employees' lifestyles and promoting those existing faculties and inclinations that may increase their activity, performance and their health. It hereby emerges as less restrictive than organizational discipline, but also as more discriminating. For not only does it subject employees' lifestyles to an economic logic of investment and disinvestment, it also contributes to an exclusion of employees that fail in this regard in the name of their lack of health.


A study was carried out to further evaluate the practicability of viral depuration by assaying individual shellfish. The Northern quahaug and a strain of the type 1 attenuated poliovirus were used as the working model. Two types of depuration systems were employed: the small experimental tanks and a pilot-size tank with a capacity of approximately 24 bushels (836 liters) of shellfish. Volumes of the individual shellfish samples were found uniform throughout the experiments when a prior selection for the weight of the shellfish was made. There was also no significant difference in volumes of the individual samples during the course of depuration (24 to 96 hr). Under controlled hydrographic conditions, however, the uptake of virus in individual shellfish varied considerably. In general, the individual variability reached 10- to 100-fold. This wide variation would explain the variability of viral contents obtained in pooled samples during depuration as reported previously. During a later phase of depuration, although a great majority of shellfish were free of the virus, a few still harbored minimal amounts of contaminants. The presence of virus in some of the shellfish after various periods of depuration would, theoretically, be obscured by the pooling of the sampled shellfish. Further examination of the negative samples by assaying larger quantities than those routinely used revealed that a few still contained virus. To simulate naturally polluted shellfish as closely as technically possible, shellfish were polluted with minimal amounts of virus. The shellfish were cleansed more rapidly by the depuration process than were those polluted with more virus. Since the naturally polluted shellfish were shown to contain less virus than those studied in the laboratory, it is anticipated that the former type of shellfish may be cleansed more readily by this process within a reasonable period of time. Justification for a field trial of depuration in this country is presented.


The poems of Charles Baudelaire are filled with explicit and unsettling imagery, depicting with intensity every day subjects ignored by French literary conventions of his time. "Tableaux parisiens" portrays the brutal life of Paris' thieves, drunkards and prostitutes amid the debris of factories and poorhouses. In love poems such as "Le Beau Navire", flights of lyricism entwine with languorous eroticism, while prose poems such as "La Chambre Double" deal with the agonies of artistic creation and mortality. With their startling combination of harsh reality and sublime beauty, formal ingenuity and revolutionary poetic language, these poems, including a generous selection from "Les Fleurs du Mal", show Baudelaire as one of the most influential poets of the nineteenth century.


The creation of language tests is, and should be, a craft that is accessible and practical not only by a few language test experts, but also by many others who are involved in second/foreign language education, say the authors of this clear and timely book. Fred Davidson and Brian Lynch offer language educators a how-to guide for creating tests that reliably measure exactly what they are intended to measure. Classroom teachers, language administrators, and professors of language testing courses will find in this book an easy and flexible approach to language testing as well as the tools they need to develop tests appropriate to their individual needs. Davidson and Lynch explain criterion-related language test development, a process that focuses on the early stages of test development when the criterion to be tested is defined, specifications are established, and items and tasks are written. This process helps clarify the description of what is being measured by a test and enables teachers to give input on test design in any instructional setting. Informed by extensive research in criterion-referenced measurement, this book invites all language educators to participate in the craft of test development and shows them how to go about it.


The hydrothermal system in Yellowstone National Park has created altered rock and hot-spring deposits that were mapped using AVIRIS (airborne visible and infrared imaging spectrometer) data. The mapped minerals are indicative of the geologic processes and environments that controlled their formation. Ongoing volcanic activity is expressed at the surface by geothermal features, earthquakes, and geologically recent caldera formation. Precipitated minerals such as siliceous sinter and travertine on the surface are derived from chloride-rich alkaline solutions that are leaching silica and calcite from the underlying country rock. Siliceous sinter and montmorillonite are associated with hydrothermal systems abundant in hot water, whereas kaolinite and alunite are associated with acidic-vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems.


The importance of foreign remittances in the economy of Bangladesh is widely recognised and requires little reiteration. Along with the readymade garment (RMG) sector and non-farm activities in the agricultural sector, remittances have been identified as one of the three key factors that have been responsible for reducing the overall incidence of poverty in Bangladesh (Osmani 2004). The volume of remittances from Bangladeshi migrant workers exceeded USD 4 billion in early 2007 (the Daily Star, 27 February 2007), a figure which dwarfs the amount of yearly foreign direct assistance received by the country.


Developing countries face challenges of massive poverty, slow GDP growth, high mortality rates from illnesses, and low levels of education. The governments in these countries do not have sufficient financial resources to fight these challenges effectively. Foreign aid has played an instrumental role in the implementation of development programs to combat poverty. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether foreign aid has a positive impact on development. Development in this paper is measured using the human development index that incorporates a knowledge index, health index, and standard of living index. Social aid is used to capture foreign aid towards development purposes. The hypothesis that foreign aid has a positive effect on HDI is tested using ordinary least squares regression. Regression results show that foreign aid has a negative relationship with development. The findings of the study indicate that foreign direct investment and domestic investment playa significant role in a country's development.


In the first half of the twentieth century, supporters of the eugenics movement offered an image of a racially transformed America by curtailing the reproduction of "unfit" members of society. Through institutionalization, compulsory sterilization, the restriction of immigration and marriages, and other methods, eugenicists promised to improve the population - a policy agenda that was embraced by many leading intellectuals and public figures. But Catholic activists and thinkers across the United States opposed many of these measures, asserting that "every man, even a lunatic, is an image of God, not a mere animal." In "An Image of God", Sharon M. Leon examines the efforts of American Catholics to thwart eugenic policies, illuminating the ways in which Catholic thought transformed the public conversation about individual rights, the role of the state, and the intersections of race, community, and family. Through an examination of the broader questions raised in this debate, Leon casts new light on major issues that remain central in American political life today: the institution of marriage, the role of government, and the separation of church and state. This is essential reading in the history of religion, science, politics, and human rights.


This paper proposes a rate-distortion optimal a posteriori quantization scheme for matching pursuit (MP) coefficients. The a posteriori quantization applies to an MP expansion that has been generated offline and cannot benefit of any feedback loop to the encoder in order to compensate for the quantization noise. The redundancy of the MP dictionary provides an indicator of the relative importance of coefficients and atom indices and, subsequently, on the quantization error. It is used to define a universal upper bound on the decay of the coefficients, sorted in decreasing order of magnitude. A new quantization scheme is then derived, where this bound is used as an Oracle for the design of an optimal a posteriori quantizer. The latter turns the exponentially distributed coefficient entropy-constrained quantization problem into a simple uniform quantization problem. Using simulations with random dictionaries, we show that the proposed exponentially upper bounded quantization (EUQ) clearly outperforms classical schemes. Stepping on the ideal Oracle-based approach, a suboptimal adaptive scheme is then designed that approximates the EUQ but still outperforms competing quantization methods in terms of rate-distortion characteristics. Finally, the proposed quantization method is studied in the context of image coding. It performs similarly to state-of-the-art coding methods (and even better at low rates) while interestingly providing a progressive stream that is very easy to transcode and adapt to changing rate constraints.


We propose a simple hydrogen detection scheme based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer formed with a pair of palladium-coated long-period fiber gratings (LPGs). Since an LPG pair offered a fine-structured interference fringe in its transmission spectrum, the resolution as a sensor could be appreciably enhanced compared to that of a single LPG. As the palladium layer absorbed hydrogen, the effective refractive indices of the cladding modes were increased so that the interference spectrum was blue-shifted up to 2.3 nm with a wavelength sensitivity of -0.29 nm/min for 4% of hydrogen concentration.


Paul Kennedy suggests that it was in times of war that the early European state took on its obviously modern features. 'It was war' Kennedy writes, 'and the consequences of war', that provided a much more urgent and continuous pressure toward 'nation building than ... philosophical considerations and slowly evolving social tendencies'. Charles Tilly puts it even more succinctly : "War made the state and the state made war".


Interprocessor communication is a vital part of any multiprocessor system. This work focuses on integration of an asynchronous message passing mechanism and a message notification support in the form of limited hardware queues. To fulfill requirements the interprocessor communication must be predictable, efficient, maintain memory integrity, and use the semantics of the available message passing mechanism. Various solution possibilities are identified, evaluated and compared, resulting in a design recommendation. The design uses memory restriction to build a firewall between the processors, using pointers to avoid message copying. The message queue is in the form of an array ring that can piggyback acknowledgement information. The design is general and applicable by a real-time operating systems using asynchronous message passing with explicit buffering, and has hardware support in the form of limited interrupt generating queues.


We used the microarray technology to develop chips containing a comprehensive set of proteins and peptides covering the proteome of HIV-1 clade C, which is the HIV-1 subtype that causes the majority of infections worldwide. We demonstrate that the HIV microarray allows simultaneous, sensitive and specific detection of antibody responses for the major immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE) and subclasses (IgG1-4) with minute amounts of serum samples towards a large number of HIV antigens and peptides. Furthermore, we show that the HIV chip can be used for the monitoring of antibody responses during the course of the disease and during treatment. The HIV microarray should be useful to study antibody responses to multiple HIV antigens and epitopes in HIV-infected patients to explore pathomechanisms of the disease, for diagnosis and for monitoring of treatment and of vaccine trials.


We analyze the spectrum of harmonic flow, ${v}_{n}({p}_{T})$ for $n=0\char21{}5$, in event-by-event hydrodynamic simulations of Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider ($\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=2.76\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$) with principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA procedure finds two dominant contributions to the two-particle correlation function. The leading component is identified with the event plane ${v}_{n}({p}_{T})$, while the subleading component is responsible for factorization breaking in hydrodynamics. For ${v}_{0}, {v}_{1}$, and ${v}_{3}$ the subleading flow is a response to the radial excitation of the corresponding eccentricity. By contrast, for ${v}_{2}$ the subleading flow in peripheral collisions is dominated by the nonlinear mixing between the leading elliptic flow and radial flow fluctuations. In the ${v}_{2}$ case, the sub-sub-leading mode more closely reflects the response to the radial excitation of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{2}$. A consequence of this picture is that the elliptic flow fluctuations and factorization breaking change rapidly with centrality, and in central collisions (where the leading ${v}_{2}$ is small and nonlinear effects can be neglected) the sub-sub-leading mode becomes important. Radial flow fluctuations and nonlinear mixing also play a significant role in the factorization breaking of ${v}_{4}$ and ${v}_{5}$. We construct good geometric predictors for the orientation and magnitudes of the leading and subleading flows based on a linear response to the geometry, and a quadratic mixing between the leading principal components. Finally, we suggest a set of measurements involving three point correlations which can experimentally corroborate the nonlinear mixing of radial and elliptic flow and its important contribution to factorization breaking as a function of centrality.


Abstract To examine the labour process of teachers in further education we constructed a time-log diary in which lecturers recorded time spent on various activities undertaken during a week. In this article the authors explore the development of the time log, its use, and forms of analysis that arose as they sought to make sense of the data. The authors' interest in this article is not so much in their findings but rather in an exploration of the way in which they sought to gather, analyse and interpret the data so as to illuminate the social conditions of lecturers' labour. Their initial intent was to gather 'hard' statistical data, however the tension generated between over-specification of categories within the log and the different interpretations of participants led to alternative forms of analysis, in particular the cameo. This led the authors to consider refining the diary and using it alongside a series of cameos which would enable us to gather 'hard' statistical data whilst at the same time being able to set these against in-depth qualitative data. Such an approach enables the development of a richer understanding of the changing nature of work and the lived experience of those involved in further education.


'Justice' is a historical phenomenon: legal institutions and cultural attitudes (along with their various languages) vary across geography and time. At the same time, enduring elements of human psychology and recurring patterns in social structures provide continuities which allow the past to speak to contemporary issues. To understand the 'experience of justice', the historical tension between continuity and change and the many factors influencing the perceived boundaries of acceptable behaviour must be addressed. One approach involves examining specific experiences of victimisation, which is particularly important in the case of those who have traditionally been socially, legally and politically disadvantaged, such as women. However, while it is primarily an admission of powerlessness, 'victimhood' - the active claiming of victim status - can also be a source of social power. Only 'victims', after all, are in the position to claim some form of justice, whether retributive or restorative. However, one of the main problems with gaining a historical perspective on female victims of domestic violence is that their voices have relatively rarely survived in the public record. A valuable exception is the case of Beatrice Annie Pace. The wife of a Gloucestershire quarryman and sheep farmer, she was tried and acquitted for murdering her husband with arsenic in 1928. Extensive pre-trial hearings had revealed the horrifying extent of the dead man's physical and psychological brutality throughout eighteen-years of marriage. The dramatic twists and unexpected developments in the case were eagerly picked up by the voracious newspaper media, making the trial a sensation. 'Mrs. Pace', as she was known, achieved celebrity status; no longer simply an individual, she also became a popular and sympathetic media persona. This chapter explores the issue of justice by looking at the languages surrounding the Pace case. While legal issues raised in the trial (such as the accused's treatment by the police and coroner's jury) even led to questions being asked in Parliament, Pace was not only talked about but also received the rare opportunity to present her own version of events to the public which had so eagerly supported her. Following her acquittal, she sold her story to a tabloid, and the married 'martyrdom' which she revealed in a serialised memoir riveted newspaper readers across Britain. In this context, she had a great deal to say about her experience of abuse, the nature of married life and her treatment by the British legal system. The result is an invaluable resource for examining not only how one woman came to grips with her experience but also to compare her own views with those of other observers of the case. For some, Pace's suffering was evidence of serious shortcomings in British society and law. Pace's own commentary is both more personal and, ultimately, more ambiguous about the meaning of her victimisation and ultimate vindication. Thus, this case allows a unique, historically aware consideration of the complicated nature of the ways in which one woman created justice and resisted injustice through one of the only vehicles available to her: language.


We propose a novel method of procedurally generating climbing plants using L-systems. The goal of this research is to generate geometry and textures for 3D-modelers, where procedurally generated content is used as a base for the final design. The algorithm is fast and efficiently simulates external tropisms such as gravitropism, heliotropism and other pseudo-tropisms. The structure of the generated climbing plants is discretized into strings of particles expressed using L-systems. The tips of the plant extend the branches by adding particles in its path, forming internodes. The tip holds the growth direction of an internode, and is affected by external factors such as scene objects and tropisms. A climbing heuristic has been developed that uses the environment as leverage when the plant is climbing, and effectively covers objects on which it grows. A fast method that sprouts leaves on the surface on which the plant is growing has also been developed, along with a heuristic that simulates the decrease in length, radius and leaf size.


Nitrous oxide (N2O) is important to Earth's climate because it is a strong absorber of radiation and an important ozone depletion agent. Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen input into the marine environment, especially to coastal waters, has led to increasing N2O emissions. Identifying the nitrogen compounds that serve as substrates for N2O production in coastal waters reveals important pathways and helps us understand their control by environmental factors. In this study, sediments were collected from a long-term fertilization site in Great Sippewissett Marsh, Falmouth, Massachusetts. The 15N tracer incubation time course experiments were conducted and analyzed for potential N2O production and consumption rates. The two nitrogen substrates of N2O production, ammonium and nitrate, correspond to the two production pathways, nitrification and denitrification, respectively. When measurable nitrate was present, despite ambient high ammonium concentrations, denitrification was the major N2O production pathway. When nitrate was absent, ammonium became the dominant substrate for N2O production, via nitrification and coupled nitrification-denitrification. Net N2O consumption was enhanced under low oxygen and nitrate conditions. N2O production and consumption rates increased with increasing levels of nitrogen fertilization in long-term experimental plots. These results indicate that increasing anthropogenic nitrogen input to salt marshes can stimulate sedimentary N2O production via both nitrification and denitrification, whereas episodic oxygen depletion results in net N2O consumption.


This document explains the terminology and concepts used in OSPF
benchmarking. Although some of these terms may be defined elsewhere
(and we will refer the reader to those definitions in some cases) we
include discussions concerning these terms, as they relate
specifically to the tasks involved in benchmarking the OSPF protocol.
This memo provides information for the Internet community.


With 2016 providing arguably the most politically tumultuous year in recent history, the need for vigilance in the marketplace has never been greater. The proximity to the recent Financial Crisis means that any undeserved leniency now may have dramatic and irreversible effects. In this short article, the focus will be on the opportunity that the rise in automobile securitization is offering the credit rating agencies to transgress like in the 2000s. The article will discuss the dramatic rise in personal financing and the subsequent securitization and will ultimately suggest that action needs to be taken sooner rather than later, with the abiding caveat being that there must be a political appetite to do this – whether or not this appetite exists will be discussed.


Introduction: The present study was planned to determine the utility of distal tibial dimensions in estimation of the length of the tibia in a Kenyan population. Materials and methods: A total of 156 tibiae were obtained for the present study from the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi and the osteology collection of the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi. Measurements were taken directly from the bone using a digital pair of vernier calipers (Sealey Professional Tools TM ). Morphometric data were analyzed and measurements were expressed in means ± standard deviation. For those dimensions that showed a linear association with the length of the tibia, Pearson's correlation test was carried out. Linear regression to derive equations for estimation of the length of the tibia was carried out. Results: The height of the fibular incisura, breadth of the medial malleolus and the length and width of the tibial plafond displayed moderate linear association with the length of the tibia. The linear regression models generated for length estimation yielded low coefficients of determination. Conclusion: Though, it is possible to estimate the length of the tibia from its distal dimensions, caution should be observed when using these dimensions because the estimates from the equations incorporating them have low accuracy.


This article presents a display manipulation designed to support search tasks in which the location of the target is unknown and changes over time. The problem is analogous to that of a naval search task when there is an initial sighting and then the naval force must guide its search vehicles to reestablish contact with the fleeing target. The display manipulation visualizes a dynamic constraint on the area where a fleeing target can be found and adjusts its shape to the environment and to the search efforts. Forty participants without prior knowledge of search tactics completed 12 trials in an experiment that compared performance with and without the visualization aid and controlled for learning effects. The results suggest that this visualization improves performance in the dynamic search task. They further suggest that the visualization was easy to learn but that the learning effect did not transfer to a condition without visualization. The results have practical utility for both military and civil search tasks, and they are consistent with other research that emphasizes that control interfaces should make constraints in the task environment perceptually available.


Phytosanitary treatments for logs and barked wood products are needed to mitigate the spread of thousand cankers disease through the movement of these commodities. The disease threatens eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) populations in the United States. It is caused by repeated attacks by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) and subsequent canker development caused by the fungal pathogen Geosmithia morbida M. Kolařík et al. Methyl bromide (MB) fumigations were evaluated for efficacy against P. juglandis and G. morbida in J. nigra bolts. Fumigation with 82 mg/L MB for 24 h at 4.5° C eliminated P. juglandis in J. nigra, but was ineffective against G. morbida. Subsequent experiments focused on eliminating G. morbida, but results were inconclusive because of low rates of pathogen recovery from naturally infested control bolts. Final experiments used J. nigra bolts artificially inoculated with G. morbida. Fumigations with 240 and 320 mg/L MB for 72 h at 10° C were effective in eliminating G. morbida from J. nigra bolts. Results confirm that the USDA fumigation treatment schedule for logs with the oak wilt pathogen will also mitigate the risk of spreading the thousand cankers disease vector and pathogen by movement of walnut bolts and wood products.


Today's acoustic guitars are getting increasingly expensive due to the worsening availability of the highest quality woods. Composites show great promise in replacing wood in acoustic guitars as they are lightweight, are not as sensitive to environmental effects and are much stronger. Current composite guitars however do not sound as good as their wooden counterparts. Therefore this thesis research has been set-up to create a composite material that can match wood acoustically and therefore have all the benefits in terms of environmental sensitivity and strength while not compromising the sound quality of the instrument. A new composite is developed and extensively tested. This composite consists of a carbon fibre reinforced polyurethane foam and has a comparable acoustic response to high quality spruce used for guitar soundboards. With this new composite a complete composite guitar is designed, manufactured and tested. The psychoacoustic analysis performed showed that the new composite guitar is considerably more wood like in its sound compared to current carbon fibre acoustic guitars.


Knowledge of habitat use and selection is essential to managing ungulate populations. This study assesses habitat use by elephant (Loxodonta Africana), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) and impala (Aepyceros melampus) in Thanda Private Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal. Firstly, I examine the effects of body size dimorphism, sexual segregation and predation on habitat selection and resource partitioning by ungulates. The mechanisms driving resource partitioning strategies were studied at three environmental scales, namely broader habitat (using habitat preference ratios), local environment (using Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) and Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM)) and plant (feeding heights using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Regression analyses). At the habitat level, ungulates show distinct habitat preferences, independent of body size, which did not overlap, thus promote resource partitioning. Habitat selection, at the local environment level, varied among species but not between sexes. Therefore, body size class may influence selection for particular environmental characteristics. At the plant level, resource partitioning was evident among the larger species (giraffe and elephant) versus the smaller species (nyala and impala), but there was no apparent segregation among the sexes within species. Therefore, resource partitioning was strongest at the habitat level, bit less noticeable at the intermediate and finer plant scale. Secondly, I assessed the antipredator behaviour of multi-species assemblage in an experimental context (before vs. after lion reintroduction). I examined herbivore responses in terms of aggregation (forming safer groups), predator avoidance (selecting areas that predators avoid), and habitat selection in terms of habitat structure (selecting areas where capture is less likely), in response to lion reintroduction. Ungulates shifted habitats to avoid lion presence, i.e. into habitats least preferred by lion, and dominant species (based on body size) forced subordinate species into suboptimal habitats. However, counter predictions, ungulates did not increase their group size after lion were released. With the development of small private game reserves, intensive management is essential to maintain ecological heterogeneity, in this case through trophic cascades which promote coexistence. Managing ungulates as ecologically different according to body size will accommodate differences among herbivore populations. Long-term studies of habitat use by ungulates and predators will provide management with information to manipulate factors affecting habitat selection and predation, and thus sustainability of ungulate populations.


Steven John Metsker explains how to use C# as an object-oriented language, using design patterns to create clean code while taking advantage of the extensive Microsoft(R) .NET Framework Class Libraries.For all 23 classic "Gang of Four" design patterns, Metsker offers detailed code examples utilizing C# and the .NET Framework--as well as programming exercises crafted to help you rapidly build expertise. His exercises and explanations make extensive use of the Unified Modeling Language, helping you build your skills in this standard notation.Design patterns covered include: Interfaces: Adapter, Facade, Composite, and Bridge Responsibility: Singleton, Observer, Mediator, Proxy, Chain of Responsibility, and Flyweight Construction: Builder, Factory Method, Abstract Factory, Prototype, and Memento Extensions: Decorator, Iterator, and VisitorIf you've already used design patterns in other languages, Design Patterns in C# will deepen your understanding, build your confidence, and help you apply them to any C# project. If you're a Microsoft programmer who's new to design patterns, this book will be an ideal practical introduction.www.awprofessional.com/patterns/


Modern airports are a potpourri of indoor and outdoor spaces serving commercial and public demands much like small cities. These include: administration; ticketing and baggage handling; lounges and waiting areas; hotels, restaurants, and shops; air traffic control; surface transportation; and aircraft maintenance. These facilities experience environmental challenges from a variety of volatile, particulate, and microbial air contaminants arising from natural and human sources. These contaminants affect comfort and health aspects of indoor air environments. They include general pollutants (smoke, dust, pollen, odors), specific chemicals (unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide), and microbials (bacteria, molds). The objectives for environmental management of indoor air systems at airports are multiple: minimizing pollutant sources, providing good air handling, and improving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Treating air contaminants depends upon the nature of the contaminants, relative concentrations, technical approaches used, and results to be achieved. Technologies involve filtration, adsorption, and electronic processes. Electronic devices, including bipolar air ionizers, electrostatic precipitators, and ozone generators, are functionally related, but have distinct differences in their modes of operation. Bipolar air ionization involves creation of clusters of negative and positive ions by applying electrical energy to air molecules without heating the bulk gas. Reactive species are created that oxidize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and agglomerate fine particulate matter (PMx). Demands for more complete treatment of indoor air environments has led to the development of practical engineered systems based upon bipolar air ionization. Air ionization units are tailored to particular facilities depending upon sources and strengths of VOCs and PMx. Air ionization modules are fitted directly into central air handling units to treat entire airflows to meet challenges from external sources. Modules also can be fitted into existing ductwork immediately downstream of central HVAC systems. Freestanding devices can also be placed in individual room spaces to meet immediate demands from internal sources. Field applications of bipolar air ionization systems require optimization of up to eight process variables of the physical air handling system and the air quality demand. The central process control unit is programmed for fixed situation design parameters (ion level, power capacity, and airflow area), and for monitored demand parameters (airflow, humidity, outside and return air quality, and ozone). Case histories, including ticketing and baggage handling facilities at a major international airport, several FAA control towers, and a number of passenger lounges, will be discussed in terms of process design, unit performance, and IAQ evaluation.


Parkinson's disease is a growing neurological disorder. The gastrointestinal dysfunction [1] of Parkinson's disease manifest most prominently in form of Constipation. It is estimated that more than half-a-million people are suffering from this dreadful neurodegenerative disorder in US alone. A recent study conducted by University of Iowa shows that Parkinson's disease is related to gut [2]. It is seen that various complications including constipation along with digestive dysfunction occurs at various stages of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, researchers were also able to link a poison named rotenone which when exposed to roundworms leads to killing of neurons whose death is related to Parkinson's [3]. Apart from that, it has also been found that Parkinson's disease initiates in the gut along with the onset of central motor symptoms [4]. Moreover, it has been found that occurrence of gut inflammation leads to central nigrostriatal neurodegeneration which causes bowel neuromotor abnormalities along with oxidative stress and tissue inflammations. Overall, it has been observed that the gut microbiota may be involved in the process of spreading the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson's disease to the brain [5].