The cryptocurrency Ethereum is the most widely used execution platform for smart contracts. Smart contracts are distributed applications, which govern financial assets and, hence, can implement advanced financial instruments, such as decentralized exchanges or autonomous organizations (DAOs). Their financial nature makes smart contracts an attractive attack target, as demonstrated by numerous exploits on popular contracts resulting in financial damage of millions of dollars. This omnipresent attack hazard motivates the need for sound static analysis tools, which assist smart contract developers in eliminating contract vulnerabilities a priori to deployment. Vulnerability assessment that is sound and insightful for EVM contracts is a formidable challenge because contracts execute low-level bytecode in a largely unknown and potentially hostile execution environment. So far, there exists no provably sound automated analyzer that allows for the verification of security properties based on program dependencies, even though prevalent attack classes fall into this category. In this work, we present HoRStify, the first automated analyzer for dependency properties of Ethereum smart contracts based on sound static analysis. HoRStify grounds its soundness proof on a formal proof framework for static program slicing that we instantiate to the semantics of EVM bytecode. We demonstrate that HoRStify is flexible enough to soundly verify the absence of famous attack classes such as timestamp dependency and, at the same time, performant enough to analyze real-world smart contracts.


Earnings inequality declined rapidly in Argentina, Brazil and Chile during the 2000s. A reduction in the experience premium is a fundamental driver of declines in upper-tail (90/50) inequality, while a decline in the education premium is the primary determinant of the evolution of lower-tail (50/10) inequality. Relative labor supply is important for explaining changes in the skill premiums. Relative demand trends favored high-skilled workers during the 1990s, shifting in favor of low-skilled workers during the 2000s. Changes in the minimum wage, and more importantly, commodity-led terms of trade improvements are key factors behind these relative skill demand trends.


FinTech innovation has thrived in China in the past decade. As one leading sector of FinTech innovation, the P2P lending market has experienced an unparalleled growth in China with the Chinese market acceding to be the largest market in the world. This rapid development, while it satisfies the financing need, has brought about industrial risks and regulatory challenges. This article starts with an empirical survey of the explosive development of the P2P lending industry in China followed by an examination of its underlying economic, institutional and technological driving forces. The second part of this article then turns to inspecting, comparatively, several features of regulatory approaches as adopted by the newly established regulatory regime. The third part interrogates two critical challenges which have not been resolved by the new regulatory regimes. The final part concludes.
The tentative conclusion is that the newly established regime is a welcome regulatory development. Not only has it provided comprehensive legal protection for participants of the P2P lending market in China; it may also contribute a new model to the global regulatory map for the sustainable growth of the P2P lending market, and the FinTech industry in general.


Expokit provides a set of routines aimed at computing matrix exponentials. More precisely, it computes either a small matrix exponential in full, the action of a large sparse matrix exponential on an operand vector, or the solution of a system of linear OBEs with constant inhomogeneity. The backbone of the sparse routines consists of matrix-free Krylov subspace projection methods (Arnoldi and Lanczos processes), and that is why the toolkit is capable of coping with sparse matrices of large dimension. The software handles real and complex matrices and provides specific routines for symmetric and Hermitian matrices. The computation of matrix exponentials is a numerical issue of critical importance in the area of Markov chains and furthermore, the computed solution is subject to probabilistic constraints. In addition to addressing general matrix exponentials, a distinct attention is assigned to the computation of transient states of Markov chains.


The war on cancer started in earnest in 1971 when Richard Nixon empowered the National Cancer Institute to eradicate cancer. Forty years later, after spending close on a trillion dollars and involving approximately 100 000 cancer researchers, roughly 50% of the cancer problem remains to be solved. Achieving this could take another 40 years.


Background: Cellular remodeling in rotator cuff muscles following a massive rotator cuff tear is poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to provide histological evidence to elucidate the mode of muscle loss in advanced human rotator cuff disease and to assess tissue-level changes in relation to findings on noninvasive imaging. Methods: Rotator cuff muscle biopsy samples were taken from the scapular fossae from 23 consecutive patients undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in order to evaluate muscle composition in severe rotator cuff disease. Markers of vascularity; inflammation; fat distribution; and muscle atrophy, degeneration, and regeneration were quantified. Results: The samples primarily consisted of dense, organized connective tissue (48.2% ± 19.1%) and disorganized, loose connective tissue (36.9% ± 15.9%), with substantially smaller fractions of muscle (10.4% ± 22.0%) and fat (6.5% ± 11.6%). Only 25.8% of the biopsy pool contained any muscle fibers at all. Increased inflammatory cell counts (111.3 ± 81.5 macrophages/mm2) and increased vascularization (66.6 ± 38.0 vessels/mm2) were observed across biopsies. Muscle fiber degeneration was observed in 90.0% ± 15.6% of observable muscle fascicles, and the percentage of centrally nucleated muscle fibers was pathologically elevated (11.3% ± 6.3%). Fat accumulation was noted in both perifascicular (60.7% ± 41.4%) and intrafascicular (42.2% ± 33.6%) spaces, with evidence that lipid may replace contractile elements without altering muscle organization. Conclusions: Dramatic degeneration and inflammation of the rotator cuff muscles are characteristics of the most chronic and severe rotator cuff disease states, suggesting that muscle loss is more complicated than, and distinct from, the simple atrophy found in less severe cases. Clinical Relevance: In order to address degenerative muscle loss, alternative therapeutic approaches directed at muscle regeneration must be considered if muscle function is to be restored in late-stage rotator cuff disease.


Defected circular resonators laterally confined by a metal layer with a flat side as an emitting window are numerically investigated based on the boundary element method for realizing unidirectional emission microlasers. The results indicate that Fabry-Pérot (FP) modes become high Q confined modes in the defected circular resonator with a metallic layer. The mode coupling between the FP mode and chaotic-like mode can result in high Q confined mode for unidirectional emission with a narrow far field pattern.


A recurrent but relatively unquestioned element in the canonisation of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is that the novel is about securing a meaningful way forward for the American child. The sense is that the novel deserves to live and to have a future because it is about a child, and tied in with the need for the young nation to project and to determine its future. This might seem, to apply the terms of queer debate, to lend weight to 'reproductive futurism': the child and 'American family values' are to the fore, while sexual minorities and alternative social models are excluded. The present essay re-reads Huckleberry Finn and Twain's other Huck narratives, using the coordinates of queer theory. The result is a more equivocal picture. Twain does use Huck to assert the rights of the white American family, but he also uses him to explore alternative ideas of social organisation. More fundamentally, Twain increasingly finds that the idea of the child is no longer a sufficient motive for believing in and projecting a future. Rather, his writing leads the reader towards the impossibility of the future, both for the nation and its child.


Abstract: In response to massive oil spills that damaged America's waters, devastated local economies, killed wildlife, and cost taxpayers millions in clean-up costs, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The Act amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to allow for criminal prosecution of negligent oil discharges. This Comment argues that although the plain language of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act's negligent discharge provision is silent regarding corporate vicarious criminal liability, courts should give full effect to Congress's intent-to protect the health and safety of the public and the environment and to stop corporations from accepting oils spills as just another cost of doing business-and construe the negligent discharge provision to allow for vicarious liability. Doing so will not violate the due process rights of corporations because they are on notice of the stringent regulations surrounding oil pollution. Moreover, corporations are in the best position to prevent and deter negligent employee behavior that leads to oils spills in the first place. INTRODUCTION A thick layer of fog covered the San Francisco Bay area1 on November 7, 2007(2) when a bay pilot, Captain John Cota, boarded the Cosco Busan, a container ship operated by Fleet Management, Limited (Fleet).3 Cota and Fleet allegedly failed to prepare and review a passage plan prior to departure4 and guided the vessel out of the bay in visibility of less than a quarter mile.5 According to the third superseding indictment, the ship proceeded too quickly, and Cota and Fleet, in addition to making other navigational errors, failed to use the vessel's radar and electronic chart system properly.6 As a result, they "failed to navigate an allision free course,"7 and the vessel allided with a tower of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge,8 splitting open fuel tanks and spilling more than 50,000 gallons of diesel fuel and oil into the bay.9 The spill killed thousands of birds10 and left forty miles of beaches and shore contaminated. ' ' The National Transportation Safety Board estimated the cost of clean up at $70 million, ship repairs at $2.1 million and bridge repairs at $1.5 million.12 As a result of the spill, both Cota and Fleet were charged with negligent discharge of oil into navigable waters of the United States under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, commonly known as the Clean Water Act (CWA).13 In prosecuting Fleet, the U.S. Government has relied on the civil negligence standard - failure to take due care applicable under the CWA negligent discharge provision in order to incorporate the agency principle of negligent supervision.14 Trial is scheduled for September 2009. 15 Fleet originally faced a maximum $200,000 fine for its CWA violations or twice the gross gain or loss caused by the violations under the Alternative Fines Act.16 Now, after a third superseding indictment alleging "approximately $20 million in pecuniary losses," Fleet faces a $40 million fine.17 Although the Government proceeded under a direct liability theory against Fleet, courts should also recognize a respondeat superior theory, which would hold corporations vicariously criminally liable for negligent oil discharges by their employees. The negligent discharge provision does not explicitly call for vicarious liability. However, the legislative intent behind the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 9O),18 which amended the CWA, and the public welfare nature of the legislation support such an interpretation.19 Allowing prosecution under vicarious criminal liability would mean that when employees, such as crew members, are found guilty of negligent discharge of oil under the CWA, corporations, such as ship management corporations, vessel owners, and demise charterers, could also be subject to liability.20 Part I of this Comment briefly describes the CWA negligent discharge provision and examines the legislative history of the provision, as amended by OPA 90, including its public welfare nature and Congress's interest in holding corporations liable for oil spills. …


Abstract The symbols and special characters used in the original abstract could not be transcribed due
to technical problems. Please use the PDF version to read the abstract.
Research activities at terahertz (THz) frequencies are the result of relatively recent developments. In spite of the hurdles associated to both theory and technical methods in THz generation and detection, THz technology has recently became a fertile ground for spectroscopy due to its capability in recognizing the composition of materials from the absorption spectra. By far, most of the applications exploiting THz radiation can be categorized into THz spectroscopy and imaging. The performance of THz imaging is severely restricted by the diffraction limit according to the so-called Rayleigh criterion, according to which the spatial resolution is limited by the relatively long radiation wavelength. For this reason, several near-field techniques have been developed to exceed the diffraction limit, i.e. aperture-based approaches (e.g. sub-wavelength (sub-λλ) apertures [1,2] and optical gating beams [3,4]), apertureless-based approaches (e.g. metal tips [5-7]) and illumination with highly localized sources via optical rectification (OR) [8-10]. The latter technique has been the subject of an intense development within the framework of this thesis. In particular, a precise implementation of the imaging protocol is essential for properly performing time-resolved THz imaging. In the following chapters we will show that sub-λ sources interact in a non-trivial way with certain samples. The complete understanding of this interaction is fundamental in image reconstruction (even in other electromagnetic spectral regions). This interaction significantly affects the source-field reconstruction via the knife-edge (KE) measurement technique [11-13].
The research activity presented here was aimed at developing an in-depth understanding in the characterization of sub-λ THz sources, including the inherent features arising from the interaction of sub-λ source objects and the exact extraction of the sub-λ THz source profile. It will be appreciated that the resulting reconstruction accuracy fundamentally exceeds the state-of-the-art (background) associated to this investigation.
I will discuss the fundamental origin of the inherent aberrations in the KE characterization of sub-? sources (i.e. non-separable space-time nature of the dependence between source and field), also casting the proper Green-function of the imaging system that enables an aberration-free reconstruction. In addition, extensive experimental evidence will be introduced in support of those concepts. It will be also highlighted how this specific aberration is always present in the optical KE approach where the detection is usually performed monitoring the transmitted power only (as normally performed in the optical realm).
Building-up on the previous concepts, the investigation will extend towards other inherent limitations of the KE technique. In usual implementations, the KE is a mechanical technique based on an opaque sharp blade (usually metallic) progressively clipping portions of a propagating field. The precise characterization of a source is inherently limited by the physical distance between the blade and the source generation plane. Within the framework of this thesis, a novel all-optical KE (AOKE) technique is then demonstrated. It relies on an ultra-thin layer of photo-excited free carriers exploited as the virtual blade at the output facet of a THz generation crystal. This is a completely optical solution and eliminates the need of a mechanical shield, placing the actual blade practically "inside" the generation crystal. The time-resolved sub-λ imaging of a source rich of sub-? features will be experimentally proved.
In the last part of this thesis the bandwidth limitation of common THz solid-state detection means will be addressed. Time resolved detection of large bandwidth THz pulses is a key technology that finds applications in a variety of different fields, such as medical imaging, security and quality control. Taking inspiration from common forms of broadband THz detection operating only in gaseous media, this thesis will introduce the first demonstration of a solid state device exploiting electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) in an electrically biased thin silica (SiO2) sample, free from the number of fundamental bandwidth limitations normally found in nonlinear detecting crystals or photo-conductive antennas.
To conclude, I believe that the main contribution of this thesis is the possibility of exploring new approaches towards the characterization and beam profiling of coherent THz radiation, with potential impact in all those fields (e.g. in microscopy) where the diffraction limit and spectral bandwidth of current THz probing technologies lead to significant practical hurdles.


Abstract The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa, H.B.K.) originating from the Amazon region is one of the richest known sources of selenium (Se), a micronutrient that is essential and required for optimal physiological functioning. This mineral presents several health benefits, including improvement of the redox cellular status and maintenance of genomic stability. Knowing that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is strongly linked to oxidative stress and consequently DNA damage, the aim of this study was to assess the ex vivo antioxidative effects of Se through Brazil nut consumption and its potential in preventing oxidative DNA damage induced by H2O2. In order to accomplish this, the Comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) was used to measure DNA damage in peripheral blood cells harvested before and after supplementation with Brazil nut. Comet assay was also applied ex vivo to measure the potential of Se to prevent oxidative damage to DNA induced by H2O2 in blood of type 2 diabetes patients collected before and after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut. We found that supplementation with Brazil nuts significantly increased serum Se levels. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in fasting blood glucose after six months of consuming Brazil nuts; however, no significant effect was observed on the levels of glycated hemoglobin. Finally, we noticed that the cells were more resistant to H2O2-induced DNA damage after six months of supplementation with Brazil nut. Thus, consumption of Brazil nuts could decrease oxidative DNA damage in T2D patients, probably through the antioxidative effects of Se.


[1] We present observations of periodic magnetospheric substorms and corresponding ionospheric disturbances. Since the periodic substorms occur during a stable interplanetary magnetic field, we are able to identify which ionospheric signatures are caused solely by substorms. We find that the low-latitude ionospheric electric field perturbation after substorm onsets is eastward on the dayside and westward on the nightside and that the ground magnetometer northward (H) deviations at middle and low latitudes show an increase (a positive bay) after each substorm onset, no matter whether the magnetometers are located on the dayside or on the nightside. The nightside magnetometer H deviations are closely correlated with the inner magnetospheric magnetic field Bz component during the dipolarization process. The Dst index shows a significant increase of 20–40 nT after each substorm onset. We propose that the increase in the magnetometer H field and Dst index in response to substorm onsets is related to the field dipolarization. In this scenario the nightside magnetosphere earthward of the near-Earth neutral line is highly compressed during the dipolarization, and the magnetic flux density within the inner magnetosphere is greatly enhanced, resulting in an increase in the ground magnetometer H component and in Dst.


Summary: We investigate stratification patterns and topographical variations in the blubber of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) to gain insights into its regionally-specific functions. We collected blubber from 10 stranded striped dolphins (5 females and 5 males) from the eastern coast of Spain in 2007-2009, at 11 body positions. Histological measurements (adipocyte number and area) and blubber lipid content were analysed for each position. Histological measurements revealed stratification of blubber into outer, middle, and inner layers. Both the adipocyte number and area were largest in the middle layer. The adipocyte number was higher in the outer than the inner layer, whereas the adipocyte area was higher in the inner than the outer layer. The ventral anterior position did not follow this pattern, likely due to its proximity to the acoustic blubber, which is known to have a different biochemical composition. The stratification in morphological blubber characteristics most likely reflects functional differences. The outer layer may provide structural support and act as a mechanical barrier with a minor role in energy storage. The middle layer may be responsible for thermoregulation, and the inner layer could be responsible for energy mobilization, which is favoured by its proximity to the body core and a higher vascularization. In addition, an increasing gradient from dorsal to ventral positions was observed in the mean number of adipocytes and lipid content, with the exception of the caudal region. Although both ventral and dorsal blubber can have insulator and buoyancy functions, the ventral blubber may mainly serve as an energy reserve.


The design of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to accurately process sequential inputs with long-time dependencies is very challenging on account of the exploding and vanishing gradient problem. To overcome this, we propose a novel RNN architecture which is based on a structure preserving discretization of a Hamiltonian system of second-order ordinary differential equations that models networks of oscillators. The resulting RNN is fast, invertible (in time), memory efficient and we derive rigorous bounds on the hidden state gradients to prove the mitigation of the exploding and vanishing gradient problem. A suite of experiments are presented to demonstrate that the proposed RNN provides state of the art performance on a variety of learning tasks with (very) long-time dependencies.


Infancy is a time of rapid physiological (e.g. anthropometric, immunological and neurological) development. Hence, during this period of life nutritional requirements are at their highest in relation to body mass. There is a paucity of data with respect to the nutritional quality of complementary foods manufactured in the UK for infants and young children. The primary objective of this study was to examine the nutritional value of 'ready to feed' complementary infant foods on the UK market in order to ascertain their suitability, relative to dietary guidelines, for the target group.

Quantitative analysis was conducted on eight different products representing four popular commercial brands (meat and vegetable based) currently on sale in the UK for infants aged between 6-12 months. The chemical analyses conducted included Kjeldhal for protein, acid hydrolysis and extraction for fat, phenol sulphuric acid for carbohydrate and AOAC 985.29 for fibre. The results of these studies were referenced to the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) values for 6 to 9 months old children, and a listing of the entire daily intake of nutrients was composed taking into consideration the nutrient and energy intake from milk consumption in order to (1) accurately estimate the daily intake of these nutrients derived from commercial infant food consumption, and (2) ascertain their nutritional suitability relative to dietary guidelines for the 6-9 month age group. The only significant difference found between different product varieties (meat and vegetable-based) was with respect to the protein content (p = 0.04) per 100 g of food. The experimentally determined concentrations of macronutrients (g/100 kcal) were compared to the declared values provided by the manufacturers on the product labels and, despite some variations, the values obtained comply with regulatory requirements (Commission Directive 2006/125/EC). The total daily intake of fat (27.0 g/day), based on the menu composed from commercial complementary food, is suggested to exceed the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for fat (31%), if the intake of snacks and desserts are incorporated. The aforementioned results imply that the formulations of the recipes, based on a standard commercial menu, are of significant importance in relation to the nutritional quality of the diet of infants.

In terms of elemental analysis, the concentrations of up to twenty (essential and non-essential) elements in a selected range of sixteen different products representing meat, poultry, fish and vegetable base varieties were established by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Six major essential elements, namely: calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc were measured by ICP-OES. The concentrations of six essential trace elements (selenium, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, chromium, manganese) and eight non-essential, potentially toxic, elements (arsenic, barium, nickel, cadmium, antimony, lead, mercury, aluminium) in chicken and fish-based varieties were determined by ICP-MS due to the higher sensitivity required.

Based on the results of elemental analysis, there was also some evidence of a lack of attention to micro-nutrient interactions in food. With reference to the guidelines, the RNI values for 6 to 9 month olds, all samples provided less than 20% of RNI values except for potassium (20%). In terms of the risk of exposure to toxicity, the concentration of non-essential elements in ready to feed products analysed were not considered to be of concern.

With regard to the analyses of vitamins, a novel assay for the simultaneous quantitative determination of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6) has been developed. The method involves a mild hydrolysis step, extraction of the supernatant by centrifugation followed by quantitative analysis using UHPLC. Separation of the two water soluble vitamins achieved is excellent and rapid - within one minute whilst the resultant sample is also LC-MS compatible.

With respect to vitamin B analyses, despite wide individual differences between brands (p = 6.5e-12), no significant differences were observed in the levels of vitamin B6 between the meat and vegetable-based varieties (p = 0.7) per 100 g of commercial infant food. Vitamin B2 was not detected in any of the samples, where the detection limit was below 0.07μg/mL. In terms of the RNI of vitamin B6 for 6 - 9 month old infants, the complementary infant meal products analysed herein provided less than 15% of the RNI values with mean (SD) values of 12.87 (±4.46) % and 13.88 (±4.97) % for the meat- and vegetable-based recipes, respectively. The estimated total daily intake of vitamins B2 and B6 from the consumption of commercial complementary food was found to be satisfactory and in accordance with the DRVs. The intake of both vitamin B2 and B6 was estimated to be mainly derived from the consumption of formula milk which could be a cause of concern if the quality of an infant's milk diet is compromised by an inadequate or lack of supplemented milk intake. All the foregoing results suggest that commercial complementary infant foods on the UK market may not contain minimum levels of micronutrients required for labelling declaration of micronutrient content (Commission Directive 2006/125/EC).

An attempt, therefore, was made to optimise the formulated version of the meat based infant food as a baseline and measure the post-process retention of its nutrient content after being subjected to different processing condition in terms of a combination of temperature and time. This was achieved by quantitative analysis of the post-process values of the nutrients in the optimised formula using the aforementioned analytical techniques. The results of this study indicates that careful formulation of the recipes, in the context of new product development, is important; the selection of high quality ingredients and the ratios in which they are used have a direct effect on the nutrient content of the final product. It also indicates that a carefully controlled temperature-time combination, pH, pressure and macroscopic conditions of processing (e.g. controlled leaching) are very important in reducing heat loss and improving the nutritional quality of the food product. This provides opportunities and scope for product optimisation, of ready to eat to eat infant foods, in order to improve their nutritional value.


The objective was to identify differences between manufacturing firms in Nigeria that have undertaken HIV/AIDS prevention activities and those that have not as a step toward improving the targeting of HIV policies and interventions. A survey of a representative sample of registered manufacturing firms in Nigeria stratified by location workforce size and industrial sector. The survey was administered to managers of 232 firms representing most major industrial areas and sectors in March-April 2001. 45.3 percent of the firms' managers received information about HIV/AIDS from a source outside the firm in 2000; 7.7 percent knew of an employee who was HIV positive at the time of the survey; and 13.6 percent knew of an employee who had left the firm and/or died in service due to AIDS. Only 31.7 percent of firms took any action to prevent HIV among employees in 2000 and 23.9 percent had discussed the epidemic as a potential business concern. The best correlates of having taken action on HIV were knowledge of an HIV-positive employee or having lost an employee to AIDS (odds ratio [OR] 6.36 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30 17.57) and receiving information about the disease from an outside source (OR 7.83 95% CI: 3.46 17.69). Despite a nationwide HIV seroprevalence of 5.8 percent as of 2001 most Nigerian manufacturing firm managers did not regard HIV/AIDS as a serious problem and had neither taken any action on it nor discussed it as a business issue. Providing managers with accurate relevant information about the epidemic and practical prevention interventions might strengthen the business response to AIDS in countries like Nigeria. (authors)


a. Thalamita bilobata n. sp. One male, collected February 1913 by Mr. Edw. Jacobson at Sinabang, on the island of Simalur, east coast of Sumatra. This species belongs to the Section I. B of the Key to the Indian species of the genus Thalamita in Prof. Alcock's "Materials for a Carcinological Fauna of India, N0. 4. The Brachyura Cyclometopa. Part II. Calcutta 1899, p. 73" and the nearest allied forms are Thal, quadrilobata Miers from the Seychelles, Thal. Admete (Herbst) var. intermedia Borr. from the Maldive Islands and Thal. pilumnoides Borr. from the lagoon at Minikoi. The carapace presents its greatest breadth of 18,5 mm. (Fig. 1) at the level of the marginal teeth of the 2nd pair, the external orbital angles are 17,75 mm. distant, the distance between the teeth of the 5th pair 18 mm.; the length, measured near the median incision of the front, exclusive of the abdomen, amounts to 11,75 mm., so that the carapace appears one and a half as broad as long. Upper surface depressed, flat, sloping slightly down towards the antero-lateral borders, towards the front, and, as usual, more strongly towards the postero-lateral borders. It is crossed transversely by fine, faint granular ridges, one, broken by the cervical groove, between the last spines of the antero-lateral borders, one, interrupted in the middle, across the middle of the gastric region, which anteriorly is defined on each side by three short ridges, an anterior pair separated only by the narrow frontal furrow, a second pair widely distant from one another, one and a half as far distant from the ridge across the middle of the gastric region than from the anterior pair, while a


Production scheduling which is a part of the planning and control of production units lies at the heart of the performance of manufacturing organizations. Production scheduling determines organizational performance. The need for efficient scheduling has greatly increased in recent decades owing to market demands for product quality, flexibility and order flow times, and other measures. However, although scheduling research activities have in the same period moved from purely academic exercises to serious attempts to solve practical problems in companies, successful implementations of scheduling techniques in practice are still scarce [1-6] and less attempt on solving the same from an economic perspective. In many companies, scheduling is still a typically human domain. However, the task of scheduling production units can become very complex. Humans are not very well equipped to barely control or optimize large and complex systems without computational tools, and the relations between actions and effects are difficult to assess. This paper will focus on problems that are related to the complexity of scheduling in practice. Scheduling based on this technique is often changed by the scheduler due to random disruptions or are not carried out exactly as preplanned on the shop floor. Because of the complex production processes, schedules are often difficult to assess mainly in terms of production cost. This paper takes a leap approach by assessing production performance in terms of cost. A new criterion of optimality is also proposed and used. This criterion is termed "total opportunity cost" and takes into account the different single criterion in a weighed term.


Lucy Mvubelo's career as one of the foremost black feminist trade union leaders stretched from 1942 to 1987. In a first article on her role in the trade unions the authors stressed the importance of her leadership qualities and her remarkable potential in establishing the SA Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) and Federation of Free African Trade Unions (FOFATUSA). During these later years of her career she remained instrumental in the development of the South African trade unions. She still worked in close cooperation with Anna Scheepers and Johanna Cornelius. Labour legislation of the apartheid government, however, hampered their work. Mvubelo nevertheless fought for the dignity of all workers. Till 1987 Mvubelo, Scheepers and Cornelius ensured that legislation was changed to give all workers the opportunity for better housing, education and equal pay for equal work. Bread-and-butter issues were of utmost importance in Mvubelo's struggle for a better dispensation for all workers. When she retired in 1987 she was regarded as instrumental in bringing about phenomenal changes in the black trade union movement. In this second article the authors focus on her role in the SA trade unions between 1960 and 1974.


The recent correspondence to the Editor of Nature Methods by Schaefer et. al. has garnered significant attention since its publication as a result of its strong conclusions contradicting numerous publications in the field using similar analytical approaches and methods. The authors suggest that the CRISPR-Cas9 system is highly mutagenic in genomic regions not expected to be targeted by the gRNA. Based on experimental design and a re-analysis of the primary data, we believe that the conclusions drawn from this study are unsubstantiated by the disclosed experiments as they were designed and carried out. Further, it is impossible to ascribe the observed differences in the subject mice to the effects of CRISPR per se. The genetic differences seen in this comparative analysis were likely present prior to editing with CRISPR.


Cities generate negative, as well as positive, externalities; addressing those externalities requires both infrastructure and institutions. Providing clean water and removing refuse requires water and sewer pipes, but the urban poor are often unwilling to pay for the costs of that piping. Standard welfare economics teaches us that either subsidies or Pigouvian fines can solve that problem, but both solution are problematic when institutions are weak. Subsidies lead to waste and corruption; fines lead to extortion of the innocent. Zambia has attempted to solve its problem with subsidies alone, but the subsidies have been too small to solve the "last-mile problem" and so most poor households remain unconnected to the water and sewer system. In nineteenth-century New York, subsidies also proved insufficient and were largely replaced by a penalty-based system. We present a model that illustrates the complementarity between infrastructure and institutions and provides conditions for whether fines, subsidies or a combination of both are the optimal response. One point of the model is that the optimal fine is often not a draconian penalty, but a mild charge that is small enough to avoid extortion.


Siberian Yupik (SY) is considered a classical agglutinative polysynthetic language. Linguists often regard agglutination as more cumbersome but structurally less complicated than other morphological types. Consequently, in agglutinative languages, grammatical meanings are expected to be expressed by elements of a single level: standard morphemes. However, agglutinative morphemes occupy different ranks (orders) in the word structure, and display differences in their morphological and morphophonemic behavior. These features can be indicators of different origin and/or different time of origin for morphemes of different classes. Rank (order) analysis turns out to be "too powerful": while designed to yield synchronic description, it "smuggles in" diachronic information. In this paper, this is illustrated by (1) a brief example of rules of the morphophonemic behavior of SY derivational suffixes, and (2) a more detailed analysis of the structure of the so-called "double tense" forms.


The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) has been a key theory in financial economics since the 1960s. One of its main contributions is to attempt to identify how the risk of a particular stock is related to the risk of the overall stock market using the risk measure Beta. If the relationship between an individual stock's returns and the returns of the market exhibit heteroskedasticity, then the estimates of Beta for different quantiles of the relationship can be quite different. The behavioral ideas first proposed by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), which they called prospect theory, postulate that: (i) people exhibit "loss-aversion" in a gain frame; and (ii) people exhibit "risk-seeking" in a loss frame. If this is true, people could prefer lower Beta stocks after they have experienced a gain and higher Beta stocks after they have experienced a loss. Stocks that exhibit converging heteroskedasticity (22.2% of our sample) should be preferred by investors, and stocks that exhibit diverging heteroskedasticity (12.6% of our sample) should not be preferred. Investors may be able to benefit by choosing portfolios that are more closely aligned with their preferences.


We live in a time of great uncertainty about relationships. We search for " The One ," but find ourselves staying single because nobody measures up. The reality of our relationships is not what we expected, and it becomes hard to balance it with all the other things that we want out of life. At the same time that marriage shows itself to be the one 'recession proof' industry; the rates of separation and break-up soar ever higher.

 Rewriting the Rules is a friendly guide through the complicated - and often contradictory - rules of love: the advice that is given about attraction and sex, monogamy and conflict, gender and commitment. It asks questions such as: which to choose from all the rules on offer? Do we stick to the old rules we learnt growing up, or do we try something new and risk being out on our own?

This book considers how the rules are being 'rewritten' in various ways, for example the 'new monogamy', alternative commitment ceremonies, different ways of understanding gender, and new ideas for managing conflict and break-up where economics and child-care make complete separation a problem. In this way Rewriting the Rules gives the power to the reader to find the approach which fits their situation.


Managing rice straw (in term of K source) is essential if sustainability is to be
achieved with a small amount of inorganic K fertilizer. About 80 % K taken up by
rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) is in the straw. To increase efficiency of K utilization
from the rice straw, it is essential to know the K supplying characteristic and crop
available K from the straw. Information of this kind may also help in a better
understanding of K cycling in soil--crop system.
Two experiments were conducted in a glasshouse. The first experiment, composting
of rice straw, was to study the changes in tensile load of rice straw during rice straw
composting, its possibility as an indicator for the state of decomposition and K
released. The second experiment, a pot experiment using com (Zea mays L.) variety
of PJ-58 as test crop for K uptake planted on Bungor series soil (Typic PaleuduJt),
was firstly to evaluate the crop available K from composted (CRS) and uncomposted
(UCRS) rice straw compared to that from Muriate of Potash (MOP) as standard K fertilizer and secondly to evaluate the use of tensile load of rice straw as an indicator
to predict K released from UCRS incorporated in the soil, the crop K uptake and leaf
K concentration.
The results indicated that during composting of rice straw, the individual
relationships between the percentage of organic matter remaining, the contents of
total and water soluble K of decomposing rice straw with the tensile load of indicator
rice straw are highly significant (P :s 0.01) with linear correlation coefficients of
0.97, - 0.96 and - 0.94, respectively. Therefore, tensile load of indicator rice straw
can possibly be used as an alternative indicator for the state of decomposition of rice
straw and to predict K released. Applications of MOP, CRS and VCRS to the soil
increased K accumulated in com crop, total and exchangeable K contents of the soil,
but their increase depends on the crop growth period, the K rate and availability of
fertilizer applied. Compared to MOP and VCRS, the use of CRS is more beneficial
in increasing the crop K, P and ea uptake and results in better crop growth. As a
source of K, the K availability from CRS was more readily available than that from
UCRS and MOP; however at 56 days after planting (tasseling stage) and a rate of
3 60 mg K porI (90 kg K ha-I), the crop available (uptake) K from the three K
fertilizer sources were similar, ranging from 90.48 to 109.25 %. Tensile load of
indicator rice straw can also possibly be used as indicator to predict K released from
UCRS incorporated into the soil based on the correlation of tensile load and K
content in the decomposing rice straw during composting. The trends are less
applicable as indicator to predict the crop K uptake and leaf K concentration of com.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of immediate initiation of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) versus the initiation of PPV with PEEP only after hypoxemia ensued following severe smoke inhalation injury.

METHODS
We prospectively evaluated chronically instrumented adult sheep treated with immediate versus delayed PPV with PEEP and compared oxygen requirements, hemodynamics, pleural fluid formation, postinjury survival, and tracheobronchial pathologic processes among groups. The immediate group (group I; smoke, n = 6; sham, n = 2) underwent tracheostomy and bilateral chest tube placement before they received inhalation injury. They were then immediately placed on PPV with PEEP (12 cm H2O). The animals in the delayed group (group D) (n = 6) were placed on PPV with PEEP when arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 < 80 mm Hg [11.2 kPa] on 0.4 FIO2) or respiratory distress developed.

RESULTS
Groups were matched for smoke exposure and peak carboxyhemoglobin. Both groups developed a characteristic decrease in PaO2/FIO2 ratio. Initiation of PPV + PEEP improved PaO2 in the delayed group (69 +/- 7 to 126 +/- 21 mm Hg [9.2 +/- 0.9 to 16.7 +/- 2.8 kPa]). Pleural fluid output was greater in the immediate group compared with the delayed group (1559 +/- 415 vs. 426 +/- 236 mL). At 96 hours after injury five of six animals in the delayed group had died. In contrast, six of six animals in the immediate smoke group survived 96 hours (p < 0.05 versus delayed group). The immediate group had fewer and less extensive tracheobronchial casts at necropsy.

CONCLUSIONS
Immediate PPV + PEEP did not prevent the development of hypoxia and was associated with increased pleural fluid formation. Death within 96 hours in the delayed group was the result of respiratory failure aggravated by bronchial cast formation despite vigorous pulmonary toilet. Early positive pressure ventilation with PEEP, preferably initiated immediately after the inhalation insult, significantly increases short-term survival and is associated with decreased tracheobronchial cast formation in this ovine model of severe smoke inhalation injury.


Background Norepinephrine (NE) modulates the responsiveness of macrophages to proinflammatory stimuli through the activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs). Being part of the stress response, early increases of NE in sepsis sustain adverse systemic inflammatory responses. The intestine is an important source of NE release in the early stage of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats, which then stimulates TNF-α production in Kupffer cells (KCs) through the activation of the α2-AR. It is important to know which of the three α2-AR subtypes (i.e., α2A, α2B or α2C) is responsible for the upregulation of TNF-α production. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of α2A-AR in this process. Methodology/Principal Findings Adult male rats underwent CLP and KCs were isolated 2 h later. Gene expression of α2A-AR was determined. In additional experiments, cultured KCs were incubated with NE with or without BRL-44408 maleate, a specific α2A-AR antagonist, and intraportal infusion of NE for 2 h with or without BRL-44408 maleate was carried out in normal animals. Finally, the impact of α2A-AR activation by NE was investigated under inflammatory conditions (i.e., endotoxemia and CLP). Gene expression of the α2A-AR subtype was significantly upregulated after CLP. NE increased the release of TNF-α in cultured KCs, which was specifically inhibited by the α2A-AR antagonist BRL-44408. Equally, intraportal NE infusion increased TNF-α gene expression in KCs and plasma TNF-α which was also abrogated by co-administration of BRL-44408. NE also potentiated LPS-induced TNF-α release via the α2A-AR in vitro and in vivo. This potentiation of TNF-α release by NE was mediated through the α2A-AR coupled Gαi protein and the activation of the p38 MAP kinase. Treatment of septic animals with BRL-44408 suppressed TNF-α, prevented multiple organ injury and significantly improved survival from 45% to 75%. Conclusions/Significance Our novel finding is that hyperresponsiveness to α2-AR stimulation observed in sepsis is primarily due to an increase in α2A-AR expression in KCs. This appears to be in part responsible for the increased proinflammatory response and ensuing organ injury in sepsis. These findings provide important feasibility information for further developing the α2A-AR antagonist as a new therapy for sepsis.


Pyrrole functionalized polystyrene (PStPy) was copolymerized with pyrrole to obtain a conducting copolymer, P(PStPy‐co‐Py) which is used as the immobilization matrix. Glucose oxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes were immobilized via the entrapment method by electrochemical polymerization. Enzyme electrodes were prepared by electrolysis at a constant potential using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the supporting electrolyte during the copolymerization of PStPy with pyrrole. Maximum reaction rates (Vmax) and enzyme affinities (Michaelis‐Menten constants, Km) were determined for the enzyme entrapped both in polypyrrole (PPy) and P(PStPy‐co‐Py) matrices. Optimizations of enzyme electrodes were done by examining the effects of temperature and pH on enzymes' activities along with the shelf life and operational stability investigations. Glucose oxidase enzyme electrodes were used for human serum analysis and glucose determination in two brands of orange juices. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme electrodes were used for the determination of phenolics in red wines of Turkey.


The PERFORMS self-assessment scheme measures individuals skills in identifying key mammographic features on sets of known cases. One aspect of this is that it allows radiologists' skills to be trained, based on their data from this scheme. Consequently, a new strategy is introduced to provide revision training based on mammographic features that the radiologist has had difficulty with in these sets. To do this requires a lot of random cases to provide dynamic, unique, and up-to-date training modules for each individual. We propose GIMI (Generic Infrastructure in Medical Informatics) middleware as the solution to harvest cases from distributed grid servers. The GIMI middleware enables existing and legacy data to support healthcare delivery, research, and training. It is technology-agnostic, data-agnostic, and has a security policy. The trainee examines each case, indicating the location of regions of interest, and completes an evaluation form, to determine mammographic feature labelling, diagnosis, and decisions. For feedback, the trainee can choose to have immediate feedback after examining each case or batch feedback after examining a number of cases. All the trainees' result are recorded in a database which also contains their trainee profile. A full report can be prepared for the trainee after they have completed their training. This project demonstrates the practicality of a grid-based individualised training strategy and the efficacy in generating dynamic training modules within the coverage/outreach of the GIMI middleware. The advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed together with future plans.


When do states impose sanctions on their rivals? We develop a formal model of domestic power consolidation, threats, escalation, and imposition of sanctions. With complete information, the target regime's consolidation of power determines the result—leaders with stable control can weather sanctions and thus deter their imposition, while vulnerable leaders concede the issue. However, when an imposer is uncertain of a foreign leader's consolidation, vulnerable types have incentive to bluff strength. Foreign powers sometimes respond by imposing sanctions, even though the parties would have resolved the crisis earlier with complete information. We then hypothesize that opponents of newer leaders—particularly in autocracies—are more likely to suffer from this information problem. Employing the Threat and Imposition of Sanctions (TIES) data set and carefully addressing selection problems common to the sanctions literature, we show that sanctioners are indeed more likely to follow through on threats against such leaders.


Deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease increased by 41.7% from 1990 to 2013. This is primarily due to an increase in the aged population, however, research on cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been overlooking aging, a well-documented contributor to CVD. The field heavily depends on the use of young animals due to lower costs and ready availability, despite the prominent differences between young and aged heart structure and function. Here we present the first human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (iCM)-based, in vitro aged myocardial tissue model as an alternative research platform. Within 4 months, iCMs go through accelerated senescence and show cellular characteristics of aging. Furthermore, the model tissues fabricated using these aged iCMs, with stiffness resembling that of aged human heart, show functional and pharmacological deterioration specific to aged myocardium. Our novel tissue model with age-appropriate physiology and pathology presents a promising new platform for investigating CVD or other age-related diseases.


Background: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a multifactorial disease in which different environmental factors may trigger the already carried genetic susceptibility in affected individuals. One of the involved theories in the progression of autoimmune disorders is the impairment of immunomodulatory activities of vitamin D or its receptors. The gene polymorphism of vitamin D receptor was reported as an associate of numerous autoimmune diseases including Addison's disease or type I diabetes mellitus. The association between vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms and risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis was not analyzed in our community yet. Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 182 Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients visiting the Al-Hussein teaching hospital in Al-Nasiriah city and Al-Sadder medical city in Al-Najaf in addition to 200 healthy individuals as a control group. Serum vitamin D3, FT3, FT4, TSH, anti-TG and anti TPO concentrations were determined by Electrochemiluminescence methods using Cobas e411 from Roche Company. The genotyping of VDR gene (TaqI and FokI) was achieved by PCR-RFLP method in all participants. Results: Dominant homozygous genotype (FF) were significantly higher in the Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients compared with those of the control group (OR= 2.22; P=0.0002), while the OR for the heterozygous Ff genotype (0.63; p=0.029) and recessive homozygous ff genotype were (0.40; p=0.017) suggesting that the individuals carrying homozygous dominant FF genotype were two times more susceptible for development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis than individuals carrying the ff or Ff genotypes which were more protective from disease. In addition, results regarding VDR-TaqI polymorphism showed that individuals carrying dominant homozygous TT genotype or T allele have higher risks to develop Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR= 2.64 and OR=1.78 respectively). Conclusion: The current study data of VDR gene polymorphisms suggesting that Iraqi individuals carrying dominant homozygous FF of rs2228570 SNP and dominant homozygous TT of rs731236 SNP were more susceptible for development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis while individuals carrying the ff homozygous or Ff heterozygous of rs2228570 SNP and heterozygous Tt of rs731236 SNP were more protective from disease. However, such associations were not related to vitamin D status of the studied Hashimoto's thyroiditis population.


Abstract Non-human models of neurodegenerative diseases have potential for the identification of key pathways in pathogenesis and for the more rapid assessment of therapeutic candidates. While there are legitimate concerns about the physiological differences between the rodent and human motor systems, mice expressing the 'G93A' superoxide dismutase-1 gene mutation are a predictable and robustly-characterized model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This model has provided evidence for an important role of inflammatory processes during the pre-clinical phase, a stage currently inaccessible for human study in what is largely a sporadic disease. While magnetic resonance imaging is now an established and leading modality for the identification of ALS biomarkers in humans, it can also be increasingly applied to rodent models to probe structural, functional and biochemical changes throughout the course of the disease, with additional potential to generate surrogate markers for the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Targeted MRI contrast agents, through tagging of various cell types and even individual molecules, will deliver an era of in vivo molecular neuroimaging, with greater specificity for the most relevant pathological processes. These are potentially important steps towards the ultimate goal of human therapeutic translation.


Layout Design Rules have been scaled very aggressively to enable the 7nm technology node without EUV. As a result, achieving acceptable performance and yield in High Volume Manufacturing (HVM) has become an extremely challenging task. Systematic yield and parametric variabilities have become quite significant. Moreover, due to overlay tolerance requirements and diminishing process windows, reliability risks due to soft shorts/leakages and soft opens for both FEOL and BEOL have also increased to a critical level. Introduction of EUV at the second wave of 7nm and 5nm will not help significantly due to increased detectivity and significant increases in Local Edge Roughness. New characterization techniques are necessary to identify the yield and reliability risks. After reviewing the evolution of design rules and classifying the yield and reliability risks, we will present examples from Design-For-Inspection™ (DFI™) and the novel VarScan methodology to "detect the undetectable" defects and characterize variability for both FEOL and BEOL 7nm and below technologies.


Drawing on his work in two previous articles, Christopher Peters contends that uncertainty about substantive moral norms cannot justify a presumption of equal treatment. Arguments for equal treatment in the face of uncertainty are types of consequentialist claims; they are not claims of what Peters calls prescriptive equality, that is, for treating likes alike merely because they are alike. Peters contends that the consequentialist case for equal treatment as a response to uncertainty fails in two respects. First, it fails to demonstrate that equal treatment is likely to be a more satisfactory response to moral uncertainty than unequal treatment. Second, it is logically incoherent because it simultaneously relies upon and denies the possibility of confidence in moral judgment. Peters concludes that no valid case can be made for defaulting to equal treatment in the face of moral uncertainty.


Worldwide production of biodiesel is growing at a rapid pace. Arguably, the European Union (EU) is the global leader in biodiesel production, but the United States has recently expanded its production. The growth of the biodiesel industry in both regions has been fueled by a series of government-provided financial incentives. However, the timing of the growth and incentive provisions, the nature of the main incentives, and the market conditions differ across regions. This article provides a comparative analysis of the EU and U.S. biodiesel industries, highlighting market and policy aspects that are leading to a rapid but distinct growth.


This paper describes a method of projecting interference fringes as one of the most accessible techniques for measuring the coordinates of objects and scenes that can be used when solving inverse problems in dynamic holographic display, where the coordinates need to be measured in order to compute diffraction structures when reconstructing three-dimensional images. A comparative analysis is presented of the experimental results obtained with successive projections of interference patterns with two different periods, using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in coherent light and a micromirror projector with digital generation of fringes in white light. The use of the method is limited by the size of the objects and scenes. The possibilities of using more refined methods, including the holographic approach to phase reconstruction, are discussed.


In the fifty years since publication of Festinger9s When Prophecy Fails (1956), scholars have reduced the reliability of this study to one statement, namely, that Festinger holds true if, and only if, failed prophecy results in believers actively proselytizing others. This essay takes a different tack. Rather than offer yet another modification to the Festinger thesis, it is the purpose of this essay to suggest additional lines of inquiry that have heretofore been overlooked. After an assessment of a small but representative sample of the research that Festinger has inspired, this essay will outline three alternative research trajectories that interested scholars might fruitfully follow, each related to the original focus of Festinger on prophecy and dissonance. First, dissonance seeking consonance might account for why people join prophetic movements. Second, the resolution of cognitive dissonance might be the occasion for a prophetic utterance rather than the result of a failed prophecy. Third, the existence of multiple prophets within a movement and the rivalries that result appear to heighten dissonance, sometimes undermining the confidence of committed followers.


The concept of community policing dominates the law enforcement profession today. One would be hard pressed to find an advertisement for a police chief's position that does not require a thorough understanding of this method of policing. Like the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment and the Rand report on the criminal investigation process, the call for community policing has led to dramatic changes in the way that police carry out their responsibilities. In spite of its popularity, there have been a number of challenges to community policing from social scientists who are particularly concerned about the 'broken windows' model of policing. These challenges have not been received well by the law enforcement community, which argues that sociologists are wedded to the idea that crime is caused by the structural features of capitalist society, including economic injustice, racism, and poverty. The purpose of this article is to bridge the gap between these two positions. Yes, there is a place for community policing, and, yes, social problems do contribute to crime. The article starts by reviewing the development of community policing in the United States. An analysis of the theoretical constructs that support community policing then follows. Finally, we argue that there is sound theoretical evidence to support community policing, particularly those programmes that improve citizen satisfaction with the manner in which police carry out their responsibilities.


We determined source depths of 6 major events of the 2006 Pingtung Earthquake sequence by comparing the observed array beams at teleseismic distances with synthetic seismograms for a range of depths. A simple but robust procedure to identify the depth of a seismic event has was developed and successfully demonstrated through its application to the Pingtung Earthquake sequence. This method is theoretically based on the fact that adopting the surface-reflected waveforms at teleseismic distances can eliminate the tradeoff relationship between the source depth and epicenter determination. Accordingly, we utilized high quality seismic records of the Yellowknife Array with our method and found that we did obtain reasonable results; the depths of 6 events previously determined by CWBSN were overestimated except a second large event. This event was a complex source rupture, which occurred on December 26, 12:34 UTC (Mw = 6.9), based upon a detailed examination of near source strong motion seismograms. Combining analyses from near source and teleseismic observations, we suggest that the shallow fault plane rupture progressed deeper during the event. Investigations based on teleseismic and local observations identified different portions of the rupture fault, wherein the CWBSN data constrained the initial onset and the Yellowknife Array resolved the centroid of the rupture.


The purpose of this article is to confront some of the theoretical and conceptual difficulties in understanding the meaning and relevance of notions of access to justice and rights for victims in the context of international sentencing. In particular, it suggests the need for such conceptualizations to engage with the nature of international sentencing process as a transformative mechanism where fact and value are negotiated to correspond with the moral ideologies of the powerful. It is argued that for international penality to progress beyond partisan ideology, rhetorical symbolism and the dynamics of retribution and vindictiveness require us to recognize and understand how moral values and moral action are linked through process and the significance of this for the legitimacy of punishment. For victims and victim communities in international conflict this means conceiving of participation and rights as processual reality and a recognition that any constructive engagement with notions of truth and justice must be grounded in context.


High dimensional data and systems with many degrees of freedom are often characterized by covariance matrices. In this paper, we consider the problem of simultaneously estimating the dimension of the principal (dominant) subspace of these covariance matrices and obtaining an approximation to the subspace. This problem arises in the popular principal component analysis (PCA), and in many applications of machine learning, data analysis, signal and image processing, and others. We first present a novel method for estimating the dimension of the principal subspace. We then show how this method can be coupled with a Krylov subspace method to simultaneously estimate the dimension and obtain an approximation to the subspace. The dimension estimation is achieved at no additional cost. The proposed method operates on a model selection framework, where the novel selection criterion is derived based on random matrix perturbation theory ideas. We present theoretical analyses which (a) show that the proposed method achieves strong consistency (i.e., yields optimal solution as the number of data-points $n\rightarrow \infty$), and (b) analyze conditions for exact dimension estimation in the finite $n$ case. Using recent results, we show that our algorithm also yields near optimal PCA. The proposed method avoids forming the sample covariance matrix (associated with the data) explicitly and computing the complete eigen-decomposition. Therefore, the method is inexpensive, which is particularly advantageous in modern data applications where the covariance matrices can be very large. Numerical experiments illustrate the performance of the proposed method in various applications.


The beginning of every software analysis and visualization process is data acquisition. However, there are various sources of data about a software system. The methods used to extract the relevant data are as diverse as the sources are. Furthermore, integration and storage of heterogeneous data from different software artifacts to form a unified data source are very challenging. In this paper, we introduce an extensible open source stack to take the first step to solve these challenges. We show its feasibility by analyzing and visualizing JUnit and provide answers regarding the schema, selection, and implementation of software artifacts' data.


Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) will be part of ESA's Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite platform scheduled for launch in 2015. TROPOMI will monitor methane and carbon monoxide concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere by measuring spectra of back-scattered sunlight in the short-wave infrared (SWIR). S5P will be the first satellite mission to rely uniquely on the spectral window at 4190–4340 cm−1 (2.3 μm) to retrieve CH4 and CO. In this study, we investigated if the absorption features of the three relevant molecules CH4, CO, and H2O are adequately known. To this end, we retrieved total columns of CH4, CO, and H2O from absorption spectra measured by two ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers that are part of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The retrieval results from the 4190–4340 cm−1 range at the TROPOMI resolution (0.45 cm−1) were then compared to the CH4 results obtained from the 6000 cm−1 region, and the CO results obtained from the 4190–4340 cm−1 region at the higher TCCON resolution (0.02 cm−1). For TROPOMI-like settings, we were able to reproduce the CH4 columns to an accuracy of 0.3% apart from a constant bias of 1%. The CO retrieval accuracy was, through interference, systematically influenced by the shortcomings of the CH4 and H2O spectroscopy. In contrast to CH4, the CO column error also varied significantly with atmospheric H2O content. Unaddressed, this would introduce seasonal and latitudinal biases to the CO columns retrieved from TROPOMI measurements. We therefore recommend further effort from the spectroscopic community to be directed at the H2O and CH4 spectroscopy in the 4190–4340 cm−1 region.


Prices of commodities, including metals, energy and agricultural products, rose markedly over the 2009–2010 period. Some observers have attributed a significant part of this increase in commodity prices to the U.S. Federal Reserve's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) programs. Using event-study methodologies, this paper investigates whether the announcement and subsequent implementation of the Fed's LSAPs, and communication of the tapering of these purchases, affected commodity prices. Our empirical results suggest that LSAP announcements did not lead to higher commodity prices. However, there is some evidence that the currencies of commodity exporters appreciated and that their stock markets posted gains. The results suggest that other factors, such as supply constraints and robust demand from emerging-market economies, were the likely drivers behind the increase in commodity prices. Last, the paper finds that commodity prices have become more sensitive to macroeconomic news when monetary policy is at the effective lower bound.


The current system of criminal liability for children in Indonesia is characterized as individual point of view, which has several disadvantages, such as the imposition of a stigma against a child as a criminal. This stigma will affect the growth of children so that children cannot grow like a child who behaves normally. On the other hand, deviation behavior done by children is not all because of the child but there are factors outside the child that causes children to commit crime. In the context of integrating crime, there is a need for structural criminal responsibility that can be held accountable to other parties that are structurally related to the occurrence of a criminal act even if the facts are not involved in a criminal act. This also needs the involvement of parties of parents, schools, community and the government. Based on the criminal liability of substitute, then the parties can be accounted for by criminal in the form of criminal fine, criminal oversight or compensation to the victim.


Hutchinson provides the first definitive biography of Justice Byron 'Whizzer' White -- this century's most famous scholar-athlete -- who served on the Supreme Court for 31 years and was the author of the famous dissenting opinion in 'Roe vs. Wade.' Byron White was not only one of the longest serving Supreme Court Justices in history; he was also one of the last in an elite group of classic American heroes. Born to near-poverty, he became a college football sensation at the University of Colorado, where he earned the nickname 'Whizzer' White and carried his obscure team to the Cotton Bowl.White went on to become a Rhodes scholar, one of the most brilliant students in the history of Yale Law School, the highest paid rookie in professional football, a World War II hero, and a deeply principled and influential Supreme Court Justice.Written by a former clerk of White's and a distinguished Constitutional historian, this exemplary, flesh-and-blood portrait is based on extensive archival work and scores of interviews with White's former colleagues. Richard Posner calls it one of 'the two best judicial biographies [ever written]...difficult to put down.' Capturing the essence of a principled justice who spent his post-college life dodging the 'Whizzer' myth, this beautifully written biography will stand for years as a model of its genre.


Abstract Maps have been compiled of indicators of uplift, denudation, sedimentation rates, igneous activity and climate over South Atlantic margins in order to develop the most consistent interpretation of the development of topography, climate and sediment supply through time. Continental margin uplifts and associated topography are concentrated in the Late Cretaceous and Oligocene–Recent periods, with the rates of sediment supply from these dependent on the occurrence of wet or rapidly changing climate. An irregular bimodality is seen on several aspects of African and Brazilian margin geology through time, particularly on periods of sediment progradation, high sedimentation rates and turbidite reservoir development, with peaks of "each centred on the Santonian and Miocene. Some regions show only one of these sedimentation rate peaks and the bimodal pattern, in general, is weaker for the Brazil margin, attributed to continuing uplift of southern Brazilian margins in the early Palaeogene. A crude relationship is observed between sedimentation rate and reserves in turbidite reservoirs. Sedimentary rate mapping can thus be used to identify turbidite fairways of different ages, tied in turn to drainage catchments containing a combination of high topography and wet climate. Additional implications for source rock development and burial history are also explored. Supplementary material: The published papers and electronic sources used for the construction of sedimentation rate profiles (Excel and ArcGIS files of calculated sedimentation rates) are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/SUP18520.


Motivation: Large-scale rearrangements and copy number changes combined with different modes of clonal evolution create extensive somatic genome diversity, making it difficult to develop versatile and scalable variant calling tools and create well-calibrated benchmarks. Results: We developed a new simulation framework tHapMix that enables the creation of tumour samples with different ploidy, purity and polyclonality features. It easily scales to simulation of hundreds of somatic genomes, while re-use of real read data preserves noise and biases present in sequencing platforms. We further demonstrate tHapMix utility by creating a simulated set of 140 somatic genomes and showing how it can be used in training and testing of somatic copy number variant calling tools. Availability and implementation: tHapMix is distributed under an open source license and can be downloaded from https://github.com/Illumina/tHapMix .


In fission yeast, the length of interphase microtubule (iMT) arrays are adapted to cell length so as to maintain cell polarity and to help centre the nucleus and cell division ring. Here we show that length regulation of iMTs is dictated by spatially-regulated competition between MT-stabilising Tea2/Tip1/Mal3 (Kinesin-7) and MT-destabilising Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1 (Kinesin-8) complexes at iMT plus tips. During MT growth, the Tea2/Tip1/Mal3 complex remains bound to the plus tips of iMT bundles and restricts access to the plus tips by Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1, which accumulates behind it. At cell ends, Klp5/Klp6/Mcp1 invades the space occupied by the Tea2/Tip1/Tea1 kinesin complex triggering its displacement from iMT plus tips and MT catastrophe. These data show that in vivo, whilst the "antenna model" for iMT length- and age-dependent catastrophase accumulation has validity, length control is an emergent property reflecting spatially-regulated competition between multiple complexes at the MT plus tip.


Visualization of mass transfer is a powerful tool to improve understanding of local phenomenon. The use of an oxygen-sensitive dye (colorimetric technique1) has showed its relevancy for locally visualizing and characterizing gas-liquid mass transfer at different scales2,3. At present, the occurrence of a possible enhancement of the gas-liquid mass transfer by this reaction has not been yet demonstrated. This paper aims at filling this gap by evaluating the Hatta number Ha and the enhancement factor E associated with the oxygen colorimetric reaction when implementing in milli/micro channels. For that, as data on the kinetic of the colorimetric reaction are seldom in the literature, the reaction characteristic time was firstly estimated by carrying out experiments in a microchannel equipped with a micromixer. The diffusion coefficients of dihydroresorufin and O2 were then determined by implementing two original optical methods in a specific coflow microchannel device, coupled with theoretical modelling. The knowledge of these parameters enabled at last to demonstrate that no enhancement of the gas-liquid mass transfer by this colorimetric reaction existed. Complementary information about the reliability of the colorimetric technique to characterize the gas-liquid mass transfer in milli/micro systems was also given


Using data from an outcrop characterization of a sandstone-rich turbidite channel fill (the so-called Quarry outcrop in the Ainsa basin), several stochastic facies models were constructed at bed-scale resolution (cells 2.5 m [8 ft] wide and 0.05 m [2 in.] thick). Several industry-standard reservoir-modeling algorithms were employed: truncated Gaussian simulation, sequential indicator simulation, multiple-point geostatistics, and object-based methods with varying degrees of complexity. The degree of similarity (i.e., realism) between realizations and the outcrop characterization was quantified through the use of several responses: (1) static connectivity, (2) effective permeability, and (3) recovery efficiency from waterflood simulations. Differences in the responses measured from the outcrop and facies models were observed: these are mostly algorithm related, instead of caused by soft data or different stochastic realizations. Differences increase greatly when the permeability of the heterolithic packages and mudstone beds (Ht-M) decreases and reflect the methods' ability to model the inclined and undulating Ht-M packages and beds that occur in the outcrop. These packages and beds can drape scours and sandstone beds with depositional topography and pinch-outs, producing sandstone thinning and dead ends. Object-based methods capable of introducing highly undulating Ht-M beds provided the most realistic models. Variogram-based and simple object-based methods failed to capture and reproduce the whole length of undulating beds. Multiple-point geostatistics provided realizations with responses intermediate between variogram-based and simple object-based methods and the more successful advanced object-based methods. The conditioning-to-hard-data capabilities of multiple-point geostatistics are higher than those of the object-based methods, which give them an added advantage.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the association between implicit rationing of nursing care and selected patient outcomes in Swiss hospitals, adjusting for major organizational variables, including the quality of the nurse practice environment and the level of nurse staffing. Rationing was measured using the newly developed Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care (BERNCA) instrument. Additional data were collected using an adapted version of the International Hospital Outcomes Study questionnaire.

DESIGN
Multi-hospital cross-sectional surveys of patients and nurses.

SETTING
Eight Swiss acute care hospitals

PARTICIPANTS
Nurses (1338) and patients (779) on 118 medical, surgical and gynecological units.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Patient satisfaction, nurse-reported medication errors, patient falls, nosocomial infections, pressure ulcers and critical incidents involving patients over the previous year.

RESULTS
Generally, nurses reported rarely having omitted any of the 20 nursing tasks listed in the BERNCA over their last 7 working days. However, despite relatively low levels, implicit rationing of nursing care was a significant predictor of all six patient outcomes studied. Although the adequacy of nursing resources was a significant predictor for most of the patient outcomes in unadjusted models, it was not an independent predictor in the adjusted models. Low nursing resource adequacy ratings were a significant predictor for five of the six patient outcomes in the unadjusted models, but not in the adjusted ones.

CONCLUSION
As a system factor in acute general hospitals, implicit rationing of nursing care is an important new predictor of patient outcomes and merits further study.


Many Iron Age sites on the flood plain of the Mun River in northeast Thailand are encircled by channels commonly known as "moats." Also, the sites are closely associated with complex paleochannels of the river. A comparison between the seemingly human‐constructed moats and paleochannels provided an opportunity to assess the relationship between prehistoric human settlement and paleohydrological conditions. In this study, the results of physical, sedimentological, and geochemical analyses are used to characterize sediments deposited within the channels around the Iron Age site of Ban Non Wat and within a paleochannel at nearby Ban Non Ngiu. This allowed us to test the results of previous research that has suggested significant changes in the floodplain hydrology and the geoarchaeologically important conclusion that Iron Age human activity was associated with one particular paleohydrological phase. Our analyses broadly confirm the results of previous stratigraphic studies, but add detail regarding sedimentation processes. The evidence indicates that there are significant sedimentological differences within the complex of archaeological channel features, differences that provide critical evidence for the formation and sedimentation processes of the channels. More importantly, comparison between the archaeological features and the natural channel fills highlights the relationships between the archaeological sites and landscape. Drawing also on previously published chronological, geomorphological, and stratigraphical data, it is possible to place the sites into a floodplain hydrological regime that may have been unique to the Iron Age. Specifically, the moats may have been constructed in response to enhanced water availability on the floodplain. The sites, therefore, may reflect a human response to increased availability of water beyond the main river channels. This water supply, however, appears to have been short‐lived (centuries at most), and with its loss, the human adaptation to this enhanced natural resource became unviable. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Farmland loss is considered a serious problem by the public, and it is in part addressed by government initiatives to preserve farmland through the use of conservation easement programs. In order to prioritize which tracts are protected with these programs, it is important to understand and measure the non-market benefits of agricultural land. The contribution of this work is to provide national-level estimates of benefits as well as examine the possibility of geographic heterogeneity in preferences across states. This study uses choice experiment data on farmland attributes in the US, Georgia, Ohio and Maine. Sample selection was tested for and rejected. A random parameters logit model was estimated and significant preference heterogeneity was confirmed. This result indicates that although some variables may seem insignificant, they may actually be important to many individuals, but those individuals simply don't agree on the value of those attributes. Consequently, a broad-based funding mechanism such as taxes may be less popular than more targeted mechanisms. After testing for scale and parameter equality, it was found that the US and Maine had different underlying parameters, which indicates that federal-level policy may be inappropriate, as some states may have different preferences for which farmland attributes should be prioritized.


The emission of electrical signals during application of mechanical stress to brittle geo-materials (the so-called pressure-stimulated current; PSC) can provide significant information regarding the mechanical status of a studied rock sample. PSCs originate as a result of the opening of cracks and microfractures in rock. In this study, such electrical signal emissions are detected and studied when rock samples are subjected to step-wise mechanical stress, increased from low stress levels vL up to higher stress levels vH. This increase is performed at high stress rates and consequently the stress is maintained practically constant for a long period. During this time, the applied stress reaches its maximum value, and the emitted PSC decays gradually and relaxes back to a minimum value. The conducted experiments suggest that the characteristics of the relaxation processes of the PSC depend directly on the high level of the applied stress that is maintained constant after the application of each stress step. Analysis of the macroscopic parameters that characterize the relaxation phenomenon of the PSC provides clear information regarding the proximity of the applied stress to the fracture limit of the rock sample.


What role do state and non-state actors play in the in the negotiation process on the protection of human rights in the Southeast Asian region? Is there an interaction between both types of players or is the ASEM Dialogue still dominated by state parties? And does the discussion of human rights within the ASEM Dialogue actually lead to more protection of these rights within the region of Southeast Asia?

These are the research questions I have tried to answer in this paper on the ASEM Dialogue as an example of multilateral, international negotiation. Human rights are a controversial issue and have caused a sometimes troublesome relation between the European and East Asia continents. The case of Burma/Myanmar is a clear example in which both sides were, more or less, clear opponents. The reason for this is that the East Asian states have tried to keep the issue of human rights off the official ASEM agenda, while the European states were in favour of dealing with the issue in the Summits. Nonstate actors, like non-governmental organisations have held parallel sessions on general issues on the ASEM agenda, but have also organised specific meetings on human rights issues. Asian states have tried to prevent these parallel sessions from taking place, and have limited the possible role of non-governmental organisations in general, using a similar argument as for preventing the human rights dialogue. Despite these restraints, a slow increase in the role that NGOs can play in the region is occurring. The ASEM Summit can function as a legitimization for these non-state actors to increase their influence. And the European states should use this trend to get the issue of human rights discussed during the Summits, by letting the NGOs lobby for it. Through this interaction with European states, NGOs can increase their effectiveness and hopefully increase the level of human rights protection.


PURPOSE: In radiotherapy treatment planning systems, structures of interest such as targets and organs at risk are stored as 2D contours on evenly spaced planes. In order to be used in various algorithms, contours must be converted into binary labelmap volumes using voxelization. The voxelization process results in lost information, which has little effect on the volume of large structures, but has significant impact on small structures, which contain few voxels. Volume differences for segmented structures affects metrics such as dose volume histograms (DVH), which are used for treatment planning. Our goal is to evaluate the impact of voxelization on segmented structures, as well as how factors like voxel size affects metrics, such as DVH. METHODS: We create a series of implicit functions, which represent simulated structures. These structures are sampled at varying resolutions, and compared to labelmaps with high sub-millimeter resolutions. We generate DVH and evaluate voxelization error for the same structures at different resolutions by calculating the agreement acceptance percentage between the DVH. RESULTS: We implemented tools for analysis as modules in the SlicerRT toolkit based on the 3D Slicer platform. We found that there were large DVH variation from the baseline for small structures or for structures located in regions with a high dose gradient, potentially leading to the creation of suboptimal treatment plans. CONCLUSION: This work demonstrates that labelmap and dose volume voxel size is an important factor in DVH accuracy, which must be accounted for in order to ensure the development of accurate treatment plans.


A major goal of air traffic management is to strategically control the flow of traffic so that the demand at an airport meets but does not exceed the operational capacity in a dynamic environment. This paper uses the concept of receding horizon control (RHC) to conduct real-time planning for airport capacity management (ACM). It is shown that RHC provides a generic and flexible framework for developing real-time allocation algorithms for airport capacity in a dynamic and uncertain environment, and existing approaches such as the one step ahead adjustment can be considered as special cases of this approach. Robustness against the change of the environment and demands and computational efficiency are two advantages when applying RHC to the ACM problem, which are illustrated by a case study.


This paper analyses the complexity of intermedial iconicity through the analysis of Laurie Anderson's piece White Lily . It reveals the media aesthetic strategies by which Anderson enacts the abstract concept of time through the iconic use of language as well as through iconicity in music, gesture and computer animation. The performer's multimodal enactment of time experience demonstrates the integration of iconic, indexical and symbolic forms of representation. The semiotic analysis of the example is based on Sebeok and Danesi's modeling systems theory and the concept of "embodied cognition" brought forth by authors like Varela, Thompson and Rosch and Lakoff and Johnson. Thus, Anderson's performance illustrates the tenets of a corporeal media theory that introduces the body as the founding medium of semiosis.


Decades from now, we will remember 2010 for the BP oil spill and the year 2011 because of a slow recovery from the steepest economic downturn since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Nevertheless, it is reasonably certain that intellectual property (IP) lawyers will still remember some of the remarkable copyright cases included in this roundup of cyberspace-related cases. For the past two decades, copyright law has been accommodating to the digital age. While the World Wide Web did not become part of mainstream American culture until the mid-1990s, the widespread use of the Internet dramatically changed the course of copyright law. The World Wide Web continues to enable copyright infringement on a scale unfathomable in the 1980s and 1990s. In October 2011, the U.S. Copyright Office released its strategic plan that prioritized its activities for the next two years. One Copyright Office priority is the "feasibility and facilitation of the mass digitization of books, outside the context of Google's private effort." Google Book Search already enables users around the world to access millions of books from the world's finest libraries at the click of a mouse. Among the U.S. Copyright Office's call for legislative action is to find new ways to deter "rogue websites" that enable widespread copyright infringement of copyrighted works, "particularly motion pictures, television programs, books, and software." Another legislative priority is to ramp up "criminal penalties for unauthorized online streaming of content." The U.S. Copyright Office also calls for "amending federal law to give librarians and archivists more support in their efforts to deal with digital content." The priority of restraining widespread infringement on the Internet is a top priority for copyright owners around the world. This Article is a roundup of how Internet-related cases decided in the past two years continue to reshape the contours of copyright law.


Scientists have recently learned of many surprising roles played by human emotion - especially in cognitive processes such as perception, decision making, memory, judgement, and more. Moreover, psychologists have redefined human intelligence to include emotional intelligence, especially the ability to accurately recognise and express affective information. This paper suggests that 'affective intelligence', the communication and management of affective information in human/computer interaction, is a key link that is missing in telepresence environments and other technologies that mediate human/human communication. This paper discusses new research in affective intelligence, and how it can impact upon and enhance the communication process, allowing the delivery of the more natural interaction that is critical for a true sense of telepresence.


Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism that often proves a difficult diagnosis for the both the clinician and pathologist largely because of its low incidence and variable presentations. There have been few studies detailing the histopathological features of hepatic specimens in patients with Wilson's disease and fewer correlating these features with clinical presentation. When left untreated, the disease is ultimately fatal, thus good diagnostic criteria that take into account the histopathological features of the disease is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological features of hepatectomy and biopsy specimens in patients with Wilson's disease and correlate these features with the clinical parameters of these patients. Twelve biopsy and hepatectomy specimens from patients with Wilson's disease were reviewed and placed into three categories: (A) Near normal/mild, (B) Chronic hepatitis and (C) Acute injury on chronic hepatitis/decompensated cirrhosis. The clinical presentations were reviewed and any correlation between clinical parameters and anatomic features reported. Histopathological features consistent with previous findings in the early stages of Wilson's disease were found in group A with clinical findings in this category of mild elevation of transaminases. In group B, while typical markers of chronic hepatitis were found, glycogenated nuclei, a feature often reported as prominent in specimens with Wilson's disease hepatitis was absent. There was one patient with relevant laboratory data in this group, which was notable for mild elevations of transaminases. In group C, features of acute on chronic injury were found. Regarding clinical parameters, transaminases and bilirubin levels were increased, and alkaline phosphatase:total bilirubin ratio was consistent with previously reported findings of fulminant hepatic failure in Wilson's disease. Urinary copper levels increased with increasing levels of histopathological injury. Staining for copper proved to be an unreliable method of diagnosis. This characterization of the histopathological and clinical features of Wilson's disease further elucidates the challenge of Wilson's disease but also serves to provide some guidance to both clinician and pathologist as to how recognizing the variable presentations of the disease may help in establishing a diagnosis.


EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A novel approach to evaluating the impact of nonprofit organizations is proposed, combining social network and linguistic analysis. The authors examined data from nonprofit organizations' websites and site hyperlinks to other organizations. They identified 369 sites of organizations that measure social impact and captured inbound and outbound weblinks to construct a relational structure. Keywords from the sites were categorized as reflecting scientific, civil society or managerial domains and located the entity in a triangular semantic space. While most organizations fell into one of the three communities, some were in an interstitial space spanning these domains. The interstitial organizations used a mix of terminology, were densely interconnected and connected extensively to organizations across domains, but there were few direct connections among the three domains. The resulting map integrates cultural and relational dimensions and reveals hidden patterns and clusters. The approach can be used with other social systems combining rich text with relational data.


The frequencies of notes made by a musical instrument are determined by the physical properties of the instrument. Consequently, by measuring the frequency of a note, one can infer information about the instrument's physical properties. In this work, we show that by modifying a musical instrument to contain a sample and analyzing the instrument's pitch, we can make precision measurements of the physical properties of the sample. We used the mbira, a 3000-year-old African musical instrument that consists of metal tines attached to a wooden board; these tines are plucked to play musical notes. By replacing the mbira's tines with bent steel tubing, filling the tubing with a sample, using a smartphone to record the sound while plucking the tubing, and measuring the frequency of the sound using a free software tool on our website, we can measure the density of the sample with a resolution of about 0.012 g/mL. Unlike existing tools for measuring density, the mbira sensor can be made and used by virtually anyone in the world. To demonstrate the mbira sensor's capabilities, we used it to successfully distinguish diethylene glycol and glycerol, two similar chemicals that are sometimes mistaken for each other in pharmaceutical manufacturing (leading to hundreds of deaths). We also show that consumers could use mbira sensors to detect counterfeit and adulterated medications (which represent around 10% of all medications in low- and middle-income countries). We expect that many other musical instruments can function as sensors and find important and lifesaving applications.