This article compares the work of fashion models and "new media workers" (those who work in the relatively new medium of the Internet as dot-com workers) in order to highlight the processes of entrepreneurial labor in culture industries. Based on interviews and participant-observation in New York City, we trace how entrepreneurial labor becomes intertwined with work identities in cultural industries both on and off the job. While workers are drawn to the autonomy, creativity and excitement that jobs in these media industries can provide, they have also come to accept as normal the high risks associated with this work. Diffused through media images, this normalization of risk serves as a model for how workers in other industries should behave under flexible employment conditions. Using interview data from within the fashion media and the dot-com world, we discuss eight forces that give rise to the phenomenon of entrepreneurial labor: the cultural quality of cool, creativity, autonomy, self-investment, compulsory networking, portfolio evaluations, international competition, and foreshortened careers. We also provide a model of what constitutes the hierarchy of "good work" in cultural industries, and we conclude with implications of what entrepreneurial labor means for theories of work.


The remarks on the legal character of the directive of the punishment for the series of crimesThe article considers the problem of punishment for the series of crimes. It raises the legal character of the rule of tightening the criminal responsibility as a consequence of committing crimes remaining in a confluence of events connected with the buckle of continuity. The main doubt accompanying such evaluation is connected with the answer to the question if the legal effects within the scope of punishment resulting from the art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code express ordinary or extraordinary punishment. The dispute about the legal nature of the consequences resulting from that regulation has not only the theoretical-legal dimension. Accepting one of those options causes far-reaching legal consequences within the sphere of the application of the law practice. It decides about the scope of the legal responsibility and determines the relations with other statutory premises that modify its limits. In this context there are also the remarks considering the conditions of accepting the set of principles, resulting from art. 57 of the Penal Code, reforming those limits with the rule of punishment for the series of crimes. The analysis taken in the elaboration takes up the problem of the punishment for the continuous act defined in art. 12 of the Penal Code. Taking into consideration that this institution derives from the same, as the series of crimes, structure of the continuous act of crime that was in the Penal Code from 1969 the basis of the extraordinary tightening the punishment, there comes the question, whether resigning from modifying the principles of legal responsibility for the continuous act of crime can lead to an impression of the dissymmetry of penalty of both structures is the reasonable and rational solution.


ABSTRACT During infection of host cells, a number of enveloped animal viruses are known to produce soluble forms of viral membrane glycoproteins lacking the transmembrane domain. The roles of such soluble glycoproteins in viral life cycles are incompletely understood, but in several cases they are believed to modulate host immune response and viral pathogenesis. Semliki Forest virus (SFV) is an enveloped alphavirus that infects cells through low-pH-dependent fusion and buds from the plasma membrane. Fusion is mediated by the E1 subunit of the SFV spike protein. Previous studies described the in vivo generation of E1s, a truncated soluble form of E1, under conditions in which budding is inhibited in mammalian host cells. We have here examined the properties of E1s generation and the biological activity of E1s. E1s cleavage required spike protein transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum and was independent of virus infection. Cell surface E1 efficiently acted as a precursor for E1s. E1s generation was strongly pH dependent in BHK cells, with optimal cleavage at a pH of ≤7.0, conditions that inhibited the budding of SFV but not the budding of the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. The pH dependence of E1s production and SFV budding was unaffected by the stability of the spike protein dimer but was a function of the host cell. Similar to the intact virus and in vitro-generated E1 ectodomain, treatment of E1s at low pH in the presence of target membranes triggered specific acid-dependent conformational changes. Thus, under a variety of conditions, SFV-infected cells can produce a soluble form of E1 that is biologically active.


Your own strengths, style, and personality - and the steps found in this book - can revitalize your trading program! "Van's book gets directly to the heart of what it takes to be a successful trader. It's the best book I've read on trading successfully; not fluff or hype like so many others." - Tom Basso, President, Trendstat Capital Management, Inc. "The trading public owes Dr. Tharp a debt of gratitude for this insightful masterpiece." - Edward Dobson, President, Traders Press, Inc.


Abstract This conceptual paper analyses the role of collaborative-based HRM practices in supporting open innovation. There is already an extensive literature that investigates the impact of HRM practices on organizations' innovation performance. As organizational boundaries become increasingly permeable and knowledge flows more freely, open innovation continues to receive close attention in management studies. However, relationships between HRM practices and open innovation have still not been examined. From a knowledge management perspective, we identify three kinds of barrier that may deter or impede open innovation. These relate to cognitive biases, concerns about transaction costs, and shortfalls in terms of organization capability. We also discuss the role of four types of collaboration-oriented HRM practices (i.e., teamwork-based recruitment, training in teamwork skills, team-based appraisals and rewards, and rotational job design) in reducing barriers to open innovation. Based on our analyses, we envisage future research directions about the role of collaborative-based HRM practices in supporting open innovation.


We provide a tractable model of competition in rank-order contests with general prize structures. A leading example of such a situation is the competition between fund managers whose compensation depends on how well they performed relative to their peers. We analyze their trading behavior In a dynamic financial market model a la Black Scholes. In the unique symmetric equilibrium, fund managers use randomized trading strategies which endogenously create risk. This risk is unrelated to the uncertainty generated by the assets traded in the underlying financial market. Furthermore, this risk is excessive as there exists a trading strategy that dominates the equilibrium return distribution in the sense of second-order stochastic dominance. This trading strategy takes the form of a simple index strategy. Excessive risk-taking of fund managers leads to welfare losses if investors are risk-averse. Numerical examples indicate that welfare losses are substantial. Finally, we show that fund managers use more risky strategies, in the sense of second-order stochastic dominance, when competition between the agents increases.


Two brothers with glycogen storage disease of the liver are reported. The clinical symptoms were hepatomegaly and a slight muscle hypotonia; hypoglycaemic symptoms seldom occurred. There was deficient activity of phosphorylase and normal phosphorylase b kinase activity in the leucocytes and in the liver. Three aspects of carbohydrate metabolism were investigated. Glycogenolysis was studied by glucagon tests, either performed after an overnight fast or postprandially; the ensuing glucose curves were flat or almost flat. Glycolysis was investigated by oral tolerance tests with glucose, galactose, or fructose; the ensuing blood lactate curves showed a significant lactate increase. Gluconeogenesis was investigated by tolerance tests with l-alanine or glycerol administered intravenously, and dihydroxyacetone administered orally; the ensuing plasma glucose curves were characterized by a rapid conspicuous glucose increase. A screening method is described to diagnose tentatively a phosphorylase deficiency on the basis of hexose and glucagon tolerance tests.


Biologicals revolutionized the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). The targeted suppression of key inflammatory pathways involved in joint inflammation and destruction allows better disease control, which, however, comes at the price of an elevated infection risk due to relative immunosuppression. The disease-related infection risk and the infection risk associated with the use of TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab and certolizumab pegol), rituximab, abatacept and tocilizumab are discussed. Risk factors clinicians need to take into account when selecting the most appropriate biologic therapy for RA patients, as well as precautions and screening concerning a number of specific infections, such as tuberculosis, intracellular bacterial infections, reactivation of chronic viral infections and HIV are reviewed.


Neuronal oscillations allow for temporal segmentation of neuronal spikes. Interdependent oscillators can integrate multiple layers of information. We examined phase–phase coupling of theta and gamma oscillators in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus during maze exploration and rapid eye movement sleep. Hippocampal theta waves were asymmetric, and estimation of the spatial position of the animal was improved by identifying the waveform-based phase of spiking, compared to traditional methods used for phase estimation. Using the waveform-based theta phase, three distinct gamma bands were identified: slow gammaS (gammaS; 30–50 Hz), midfrequency gammaM (gammaM; 50–90 Hz), and fast gammaF (gammaF; 90–150 Hz or epsilon band). The amplitude of each sub-band was modulated by the theta phase. In addition, we found reliable phase–phase coupling between theta and both gammaS and gammaM but not gammaF oscillators. We suggest that cross-frequency phase coupling can support multiple time-scale control of neuronal spikes within and across structures.


With the installation of No Child Left Behind, teachers, particularly those who serve marginalized students, have increasingly been told what and how to teach. Previous research demonstrates that teachers can act as mediators between policy and practice, even within coercive environments such as those generated by high-stakes accountability systems. Yet we know little about how teachers who have been specially prepared to serve marginalized populations respond to accountability demands within tightly controlled contexts, such as those commonly found in "underperforming" schools. This study draws on social learning and activity theories to examine the specific factors that support equity-minded teachers to navigate accountability-driven language arts reforms, the specific barriers that might hinder teachers from serving marginalized students—particularly English Learners—in an era of accountability, and how particular contextual factors mediate teachers' responses to accountability pressures. The study was conducted in three different "underperforming" schools in California, predominately comprised of Spanish-speaking English Learners. Three upper-elementary teachers, who earned their bilingual (Spanish/English) teaching credentials and Master's degrees from three different equity-focused teacher preparation programs. The research design is qualitative case study. Data collection took place between September 2003 and December 2004 and consisted of teacher interviews, classroom observations, principal interviews, and focus group interviews. Using the constant comparative method, data analysis was ongoing. Initial coding identified patterns in teachers' technical, normative, and political responses to accountability-related pressures in the area of language arts. Further analyses illuminated variations in teachers' responses and emphasized how contextual factors, especially local leadership, mediated teacher learning and agency in the context of school change. Specifically, when principals provided teachers with opportunities to grapple with reforms they found objectionable and to apply innovations to their classroom practice, a "productive tension" led the teachers towards important professional learning and instructional improvement. Findings underscore the importance of balanced leadership in an era of high- stakes accountability, particularly as it relates to teacher professionalism, learning, and agency.


Women's Movements in Asia is a comprehensive study of women's activism across Asia. With chapters written by leading international experts, it provides a full overview of the history of feminism, as well as the current context of the women's movement in 12 countries: the Philippines, China, Indonesia, Japan, Burma, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Korea, India and Pakistan.

For each of these countries the manner in which feminism changes according to cultural, political, economic and religious factors is explored. The contributors investigate how national feminisms are influenced by transnational factors, such as the women's movements in other countries, colonialism and international agencies. Each chapter also considers what Asian feminists have contributed to global theoretical debates on the woman question, the key successes and failures of the movements and what needs to be addressed in the future.

This breadth of coverage, together with suggestions for further reading and watching, and an integrated cross-national timeline makes Women's Movements in Asia ideal for use on courses looking at women and feminism in Asia. It will appeal both to students and specialists in the fields of gender, women's and Asian studies.


Various indices have been utilised as a measure of dune vulnerability both to natural and anthropogenic forces. To date most have had little success with respect to quantitatively assessing the vulnerability of a dune system and the effectiveness of protection measures. A checklist system has been devised that attempts to overcome this problem, and a study of 11 dune systems in the South West peninsula, UK, provided an opportunity to field test the methodology. Analyses consisted of assessing the physical site features, dune morphology and surface condition, beach condition, and pressure of use, in order to arrive at a dune vulnerability index. Recent protection measures were also assessed and results compared to the vulnerability index. All calculated values were expressed as percentages. Site morphology percentages varied from 90.6% at Porthcothan to 46.9% at Braunton Burrows, averaging 73.3%; beach condition values ranged from 52.8% at Woolacombe to 30.6% at Reen Sands, averaging 41.7%; dune surface characteristics varied from 52.1% at Croyde Bay to 8.3% at Blea Hill, averaging 42.7%, and pressure of use varied from 67.9% at Honeywell Bay to 3.6% at Blea Hill, averaging 30.2%. The total vulnerability range was from 57.6% at Holywell Bay to 23.8% at Blea Hill, averaging 43.9% and protection value varied from 86.4% at Woolacombe to 22.7% at Blea Hill, averaging 57.2%. Scores need careful interpretation as low protection indices do not necessarily mean inappropriate management strategies. In several instances vulnerability and protection values were out of phase, but examination of the sub sets enumerated above proved adequate in explaining the apparent anomalies. It is suggested that this new approach should be incorporated into current dune management strategies as it achieves a more objective and scientifically based assessment methodology.


The importance of the Social Web is now being widely accepted for those working in organisations such as higher educational institutions and public libraries. It might now be argued that the advocacy work of the early adopters, who made use of Social Web platforms hosted in The Cloud, has been vindicated and that such pioneering work can be migrated to a secure and managed environment provided within the institution. This paper, however, argues that the examples provided by early adopters who have been successful in maintaining their Social Web services over a number of years and developing a community of readers and contributors demonstrates that effective services in-house services can be deployed outside the traditional institutional environment. The paper goes on to suggest that such approaches are particularly relevant at a time of cuts across the public sector. However it is acknowledged that there are legitimate concerns regarding the content and sustainability of such services. The paper concludes by proposing a policy framework which seeks to ensure that authors can exploit Cloud Services to engage with their audiences in a professional and authentic manner whilst addressing the concerns of their host institution.


Importance The prevalence of alcohol misuse increased substantially over a decade in adults, particularly in those aged 65 years or older. Ramifications for brain structural integrity are significant, especially in older adults. Objectives To combine cross-sectional, longitudinal data to test age-alcoholism interactions and examine the association between prevalent comorbidities (drug dependence and hepatitis C virus [HCV] infection) and cortical volume deficits in alcohol dependence. Design, Setting, and Participants During 14 years, 826 structural magnetic resonance images were acquired in 222 individuals with alcohol dependence and 199 age-matched control participants (aged 25-75 years at initial study), parcellated with a common atlas, and adjusted for brain volume. Longitudinal data were available on 116 participants with alcoholism and 96 control participants. DSM-IV criteria determined alcohol and drug diagnoses; serology testing determined HCV status. The study was conducted at SRI International and Stanford University School of Medicine from April 11, 2003, to March 3, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Magnetic resonance imaging–derived regional cortical volumes corrected for supratentorial volume and sex. Results Of the 222 participants with alcoholism, 156 (70.3%) were men; mean (SD) age was 48.0 (10.0) years; the mean age for the 199 control participants was 47.6 (14.0) years. Participants with alcohol dependence had volume deficits in frontal (t = −5.732, P < .001), temporal (t = −3.151, P = .002), parietal (t = −5.063, P < .001), cingulate (t = −3.170, P = .002), and insular (t = −4.920, P < .001) cortices; deficits were prominent in frontal subregions and were not sex dependent. Accelerated aging occurred in frontal cortex (t = −3.019, P < .02) and precentral (t = −2.691, P < .05) and superior gyri (t = −2.763, P < .05) and could not be attributed to the amount of alcohol consumed, which was greater in younger-onset than older-onset participants with alcoholism (t = 6.1191, P < .001). Given the high drug-dependence incidence (54.5%) in the alcoholism group, analysis examined drug subgroups (cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, opiates) compared with drug-dependence–free alcoholism and control groups. Although the alcohol plus cocaine (t = −2.310, P = .04) and alcohol plus opiate (t = −2.424, P = .04) groups had smaller frontal volumes than the drug-dependence–free alcoholism group, deficits in precentral (t = −2.575, P = .01), supplementary motor (t = −2.532, P = .01), and medial (t = −2.800, P = .01) volumes endured in drug-dependence–free participants with alcoholism compared with control participants. Those with HCV infection had greater deficits than those without HCV infection in frontal (t = 3.468, P = .01), precentral (t = 2.513, P = .03), superior (t = 2.533, P = .03), and orbital (t = 2.506, P = .03) volumes, yet total frontal (t = 2.660, P = .02), insular (t = 3.526, P = .003), parietal (t = 2.414, P = .03), temporal (t = 3.221, P = .005), and precentral (t = 3.180, P = .01) volume deficits persisted in the uninfected participants with alcoholism compared with control participants with known HCV status. Conclusions and Relevance Drug dependence and HCV infection compounded deleterious effects of alcohol dependence on frontal cortical volumes but could not account for the frontally distributed volume deficits in the drug-free participants with alcoholism. We speculate that age-alcohol interactions notable in frontal cortex put older adults at heightened risk for age-associated neurocompromise even if alcohol misuse is initiated later in life.


This study aims to identify the current status of information literacy among the students at Sultan Qaboos University in their final year through using the Big6 model for solving information problems. The study utilizes self-assessment survey approach, with the questionnaire as a tool for data collection. It surveyed undergraduate students of Sultan Qaboos University, enrolled in their final year for the academic year 2010/2011. Collected data from 550 valid questionnaires were processed using SPSS. The results indicated high rates of information literacy skills. Among the Big6 skills synthesis, including the ability of respondents in summarizing, combining and linking, using consistent style of organization, and using a variety of ways to display information was ranked first, while the skill of location and access scored the lowest. Significant statistical differences attributed to specialization, gender, English fluency, and computer skills were also indicated at minor levels. The amount of literature relating to information literacy in the Arab World is comparatively less than that in the developed countries. No empirical studies that investigate the competencies of information literacy among university students have previously been conducted in Oman.


The disruptive effect of digital technology poses particular challenges to the publishing sector. Publishers react to these challenges by developing new business models that embrace digital technology and seek to seize opportunities for new ways of content distribution. Creating digital platforms for the distribution of content, publishers can establish a network that is attractive to contributors (authors) and customers alike. Substantial profit can be derived from the network if it attracts content providers because the database already has a large number of customers and, at the same time, attracts customers because of the large number of content providers. For a profitable digital business model in the publishing sector, it is decisive to trigger this self-reinforcing process of a growing network. To achieve this goal, the traditional focus on marketing decisions based on supply-side factors must be abandoned. It is no longer the successful pre-selection of content and clever bargaining with printers that guarantees a profit, but the creation of a content platform capable of generating the described network effect. Hence, the demand side becomes more important. For the growth of the network, it is indispensable to attract customers as well as content providers. The publisher must create a match between the two groups. As a result, new business models broaden the range of a publisher's activities. Instead of focusing on the commercialization of individual publications, new business models require a strategy that uses publications strategically to build a user community around the offer of information products. This implies that publishers with new business models become media entrepreneurs with a broad spectrum of information offers and communication channels. The publication of a newspaper, magazine, journal or book no longer constitutes an end in itself. It is only the starting point for a broader offer of related products and services.Considering the initiatives taken by publishers to adapt their traditional business models to the digital environment, the question arises which amalgam of legal protection regimes should be applied to provide a sufficient incentive and reward for the transition to platform-based business models in the publishing sector. Insofar as new business models are not primarily based on the commercialization of individual content but on the exploitation of a publisher's particular reputation or concept for an information database with added value, this question must not be confined to traditional copyright protection of individual literary and artistic works. By contrast, additional protection regimes in the field of intellectual property enter the picture, in particular trade mark protection and sui generis database rights.


This thesis investigates issues central to population ageing in Australia. A principal policy concern is financing the retirement incomes of an increasing number of aged retirees from a shrinking working age population. The investigation has two primary aims. The first is to measure the budgetary savings that alternative social security reforms may yield, and the implications of these reforms for the economic wellbeing of the elderly. The second is to examine how the aged can become more self sufficient through an exploration of the potential role of home equity conversion, an understanding of why the labour force participation of mature age Australians is low, and how labour force participation may be promoted as retirement approaches.

A microsimulation model is employed to conduct empirical analyses in the context of the new tax system introduced in July 2000. The main microsimulation exercises include measurement of the impacts of potential social security reforms and home equity conversion on the economic well-being of the elderly, and estimation of work disincentive measures, that is, effective marginal tax rates and replacement rates. The Replacement rate estimates are then used in econometric models of labour force participation. Innovative approaches are developed to overcome methodological problems that have prevented the inclusion of replacement rates in previous models.

The major findings are that reforms motivated by budgetary savings can have sizeable adverse impacts on the economic well-being of the elderly. Home equity conversion can promote financial independence, but significant risks are borne by elderly homeowners in those states and regions with less buoyant house prices. Blunt work incentives are experienced by specific mature age socio-economic groups, in particular persons whose partners' incomes help to cushion their economic position on quitting employment. The replacement rate is found to have a significant impact on the participation decision of mature age persons.


New treatments for tuberculosis infection are critical to combat the emergence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We report the characterization of a diphenylether-modified adamantyl 1,2-diamine that we refer to as TBL-140, which has a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC99) of 1.2 μg/mL. TBL-140 is effective against drug-resistant Mtb and nonreplicating bacteria. In addition, TBL-140 eliminates expansion of Mtb in cell culture infection assays at its MIC. To define the mechanism of action of this compound, we performed a spontaneous mutant screen and biochemical assays. We determined that TBL-140 treatment affects the proton motive force (PMF) by perturbing the transmembrane potential (ΔΨ), consistent with a target in the electron transport chain (ETC). As a result, treated bacteria have reduced intracellular ATP levels. We show that TBL-140 exhibits greater metabolic stability than SQ109, a structurally similar compound in clinical trials for treatment of MDR-TB infections. Combined, these results suggest that TBL-140 should be investigated further to assess its potential as an improved therapeutic lead against Mtb.


Design and Optimization of a Miniature Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna for 2.4 GHz Band and a Dual Tuned Birdcage Coil for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Manoj Adhikari Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Master of Science This thesis describes development of a miniature reconfigurable antenna and optimization of a dual tuned birdcage coil. The design goals for the miniature reconfigurable antennas are resonance center frequency of 2.44 GHz, bandwidth of 2.4 GHz 2.48 GHz, size of 0.8cm x 1.2cm, radiation efficiency of 70%, pattern correlation coefficient of 0.3 and input impedance of 50 Ω. The main goals to be achieved from the birdcage coil are the better homogeneity and higher signal to noise ratio than the existing coil. The design and optimization of both antenna and birdcage coil were done using simulation software and MATLAB. Wireless communications have progressed rapidly in last decade and communication devices are becoming smaller and smaller. With miniaturization of devices, dimensions of antennas need to be reduced accordingly. In recent years engineers have not only focused on miniaturization but also on the reconfigurability of the antenna. The functionality and performance of an antenna can be greatly improved by a reconfigurable antenna. However, designing such an antenna can be a tricky task. This thesis addresses issues that are faced during design of such miniature reconfigurable antenna. It also describes design and optimization of such an antenna. The modeled and measured results for the miniature reconfigurable antennas were very close except the built antenna requires frequency tuning and better switching technique. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging modality that provides high quality images. Radio frequency (RF) coils play an important role in MRI. RF coils act like an antenna that transmits RF energy and receives energy as well. The most commonly-used RF coil for volume imaging is the birdcage coil. This thesis describes an optimization of a birdcage coil that is dual tuned for sodium and hydrogen frequencies. The modeled coil has better performance compared to the existing coil.


Overlay networks have emerged as a powerful and highly flexible method for delivering content. We study how to optimize throughput of large transfers across richly connected, adaptive overlay networks, focusing on the potential of collaborative transfers between peers to supplement ongoing downloads. First, we make the case for an erasure-resilient encoding of the content. Using the digital fountain encoding approach, end hosts can efficiently reconstruct the original content of size n from a subset of any n symbols drawn from a large universe of encoding symbols. Such an approach affords reliability and a substantial degree of application-level flexibility, as it seamlessly accommodates connection migration and parallel transfers while providing resilience to packet loss. However, since the sets of encoding symbols acquired by peers during downloads may overlap substantially, care must be taken to enable them to collaborate effectively. Our main contribution is a collection of useful algorithmic tools for efficient summarization and approximate reconciliation of sets of symbols between pairs of collaborating peers, all of which keep message complexity and computation to a minimum. Through simulations and experiments on a prototype implementation, we demonstrate the performance benefits of our informed content-delivery mechanisms and how they complement existing overlay network architectures.


Executive coaching is increasingly being used to develop leaders in organisations and this study explores how a coaching intervention has been used to develop female leaders in a global organisation. This case study research was undertaken from a social constructionist and interpretivist perspective and used semi-structured interviews and thematic analyses to identify the experiences of the women leaders who participated in coaching. The methodological choices made are identified, and the findings of the experiences are reported. The discussion highlights the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of the research as well as the implications for practice and further research.


Abstract : In most working and proposed multi-agent systems, the problem of identifying and locating agents that can provide specific services is a major problem of concern. A broker or matchmaker service is often proposed as a solution. These systems use keywords drawn from application domain ontologies to specify agent services, usually framed within some sort of knowledge representation language. However, the authors believe that keywords and ontologies cannot be defined and interpreted precisely enough to make brokering or matchmaking among agents sufficiently robust in a truly distributed, heterogeneous, multi-agent computing environment. This creates matching conflicts between a client agent's requested functionality and a service agent's actual functionality. They propose a new form of interagent communication, called functional validation, which is specifically designed to solve such matching conflicts. In this paper, they introduce the functional validation concept, analyze the possible situations that can arise in validation problems, and formalize the mathematical framework around which further work can be done.


1. Recent declines in honeybee populations have focused attention on the potential for unmanaged insects to replace them as pollinators of food crops. The capacity of unmanaged pollinators to replace services currently provided by honeybees depends on the spatial and temporal variability of these services, but few quantitative assessments currently exist.

2. We investigated spatial variation in pollinator importance by comparing pollinator efficiency and effectiveness in stigmatic pollen loads, stigmatic contact and visitation rate between honeybees and the seven most abundant unmanaged taxa in 2007. We assessed temporal variability in pollinator visitation using floral visits recorded three times a day over four consecutive years (2005–2008) in 43 'Pak Choi'Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis mass flowering fields in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Further, we compared the aggregate effect of the unmanaged pollinator assemblage to the managed honeybee.

3. Pak Choi was visited by many insect species that vary in abundance and effectiveness as pollen transfer agents. There was spatial variation in the four measures of pollinator importance. Pollen deposited on stigmas and flower visits per minute were not significantly different comparing the unmanaged assemblage to honeybees, although stigmatic contact and visitor abundance per number of open flowers were greater in honeybees.

4. Unmanaged taxa were frequent visitors to the crop in all 4 years. The pooled services provided by the unmanaged assemblage did not differ within a day and were equal to or greater than those provided by honeybees in 2 of the 4 years. Pollinator importance changed little irrespective of the spatial and temporal variations among taxa.

5. Synthesis and applications. The results of this study suggest that some unmanaged insect taxa are capable of providing consistent pollination services over a 4-year period in a commercial mass flowering crop. As these taxa already contribute substantially to the pollination of food crops, they offer a safety net in the case of sudden collapse of managed honeybee hives. To optimize pollination services, we recommend pollinator-specific farm management practices that consider the needs of both managed and unmanaged pollinator taxa.


Significance Trial-and-error learning requires variation in successive trials, but the source of such variability is unknown. We describe a unique striatal glutamatergic neuron in the zebra finch. This neuron exerts a potent, dopamine-regulated action on pallidal output neurons that modifies neuronal firing statistics in the circuit known to contribute to vocal variability. A simple model reveals how this microcircuit could be influenced by social context and striatal dopamine to switch between firing patterns that modify song variability essential for vocal learning. Learning and maintenance of skilled movements require exploration of motor space and selection of appropriate actions. Vocal learning and social context-dependent plasticity in songbirds depend on a basal ganglia circuit, which actively generates vocal variability. Dopamine in the basal ganglia reduces trial-to-trial neural variability when the bird engages in courtship song. Here, we present evidence for a unique, tonically active, excitatory interneuron in the songbird basal ganglia that makes strong synaptic connections onto output pallidal neurons, often linked in time with inhibitory events. Dopamine receptor activity modulates the coupling of these excitatory and inhibitory events in vitro, which results in a dynamic change in the synchrony of a modeled population of basal ganglia output neurons receiving excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The excitatory interneuron thus serves as one biophysical mechanism for the introduction or modulation of neural variability in this circuit.


The 3G iPhone was the first consumer device to provide a seamless integration of three positioning technologies: Assisted GPS (A‐GPS), WiFi positioning and cellular network positioning. This study presents an evaluation of the accuracy of locations obtained using these three positioning modes on the 3G iPhone. A‐GPS locations were validated using surveyed benchmarks and compared to a traditional low‐cost GPS receiver running simultaneously. WiFi and cellular positions for indoor locations were validated using high resolution orthophotography. Results indicate that A‐GPS locations obtained using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate than those from regular autonomous GPS units (average median error of 8 m for ten 20‐minute field tests) but appear sufficient for most Location Based Services (LBS). WiFi locations using the 3G iPhone are much less accurate (median error of 74 m for 58 observations) and fail to meet the published accuracy specifications. Positional errors in WiFi also reveal erratic spatial patterns resulting from the design of the calibration effort underlying the WiFi positioning system. Cellular positioning using the 3G iPhone is the least accurate positioning method (median error of 600 m for 64 observations), consistent with previous studies. Pros and cons of the three positioning technologies are presented in terms of coverage, accuracy and reliability, followed by a discussion of the implications for LBS using the 3G iPhone and similar mobile devices.


Background: We report on the establishment of a web-based Cancer Epidemiology Descriptive Cohort Database (CEDCD). The CEDCD's goals are to enhance awareness of resources, facilitate interdisciplinary research collaborations, and support existing cohorts for the study of cancer-related outcomes. Methods: Comprehensive descriptive data were collected from large cohorts established to study cancer as primary outcome using a newly developed questionnaire. These included an inventory of baseline and follow-up data, biospecimens, genomics, policies, and protocols. Additional descriptive data extracted from publicly available sources were also collected. This information was entered in a searchable and publicly accessible database. We summarized the descriptive data across cohorts and reported the characteristics of this resource. Results: As of December 2015, the CEDCD includes data from 46 cohorts representing more than 6.5 million individuals (29% ethnic/racial minorities). Overall, 78% of the cohorts have collected blood at least once, 57% at multiple time points, and 46% collected tissue samples. Genotyping has been performed by 67% of the cohorts, while 46% have performed whole-genome or exome sequencing in subsets of enrolled individuals. Information on medical conditions other than cancer has been collected in more than 50% of the cohorts. More than 600,000 incident cancer cases and more than 40,000 prevalent cases are reported, with 24 cancer sites represented. Conclusions: The CEDCD assembles detailed descriptive information on a large number of cancer cohorts in a searchable database. Impact: Information from the CEDCD may assist the interdisciplinary research community by facilitating identification of well-established population resources and large-scale collaborative and integrative research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(10); 1392–401. ©2016 AACR.


The number of channels of digital television is increasing, particularly the number that are free-to-air. However due to the nature of broadcasting, this morass of information is not, for the main part, organized---it is principally a succession of images and sound transmitted as multiplexed streams of data. Compare this deluge that terrestrially bombards our homes with the information available in the digital libraries we access over the Internet---stored using software purpose built to help organize carefully curated sets of documents. This project brings together these two seemingly incompatible concepts to develop a software environment that concurrently captures all the available live television channels---so a user does not need to proactively choose what to record---and segments them into files which are then imported into a digital video library with a user interface designed to work from a multimedia remote control. A shifting time-based "window" of all recordings is maintained---we settled on from the last two weeks so as to be practicably operable on a regular desktop PC. The system leverages off the information contained in the electronic program guide and the video recordings to generate metadata suitable for the digital library. A user evaluation of the developed prototype showed a high level of participant satisfaction across a range of attributes, notably date-based searching.


The following note from the editors presents a summary of the term uberveillance, as it was originally presented by the primary author in May 2006. Uberveillance is an above and beyond, an exaggerated, an almost omnipresent 24/7 electronic surveillance. It is a surveillance that is not only "always on" but "always with you" (it is ubiquitous) because the technology that facilitates it, in its ultimate implementation, is embedded within the human body. The problem with this kind of bodily invasive surveillance is that omnipresence in the 'material' world will not always equate with omniscience, hence the real concern for misinformation, misinterpretation, and information manipulation.


Situational understanding (SU) requires a combination of insight — the ability to accurately perceive an existing situation — and foresight — the ability to anticipate how an existing situation may develop in the future. SU involves information fusion as well as model representation and inference. Commonly, heterogenous data sources must be exploited in the fusion process: often including both hard and soft data products. In a coalition context, data and processing resources will also be distributed and subjected to restrictions on information sharing. It will often be necessary for a human to be in the loop in SU processes, to provide key input and guidance, and to interpret outputs in a way that necessitates a degree of transparency in the processing: systems cannot be "black boxes". In this paper, we characterize the Coalition Situational Understanding (CSU) problem in terms of fusion, temporal, distributed, and human requirements. There is currently significant interest in deep learning (DL) approaches for processing both hard and soft data. We analyze the state-of-the-art in DL in relation to these requirements for CSU, and identify areas where there is currently considerable promise, and key gaps.


The Athenian democracy developed striking institutions that, taken together and separately, have long engaged the attention of theorists in law, politics, and history. We will offer a unifying account of the major institutions of the Athenian constitutional order, attempting both to put them in their best light and to provide criteria for evaluating their successes and failures. Our account is that Athenian institutions are best understood as an illustration of precautionary constitutionalism: roughly, the idea that institutions should be designed to safeguard against political risks, limiting the downside and barring worst-case political scenarios, even at the price of limiting the upside potential of the constitutional order. We use this framework to illuminate some of the distinctive features of the Athenian democracy: selection of officials by lot, rotation of office, collegiality, ostracism, and the graphe paranomon (the procedure for overturning an unconstitutional decree). Under some circumstances, precautionary constitutionalism is a useful strategy of institutional design. Under other circumstances, however, precautionary constitutionalism can go wrong in characteristic ways – by perversely exacerbating the very risks it seeks to prevent, by jeopardizing other values and thereby imposing excessive costs, or simply by creating futile precautions that fail the test of incentive-compatibility. We evaluate the precautionary institutions of the Athenian democracy in this light, and suggest that some failed while others succeeded. While selection by lot, rotation, and collegiality proved to be enduring and incentive-compatible institutions, ostracism perversely exacerbated the risks of tyranny and political domination it was intended to prevent, and the graphe paronomon collapsed into futility.


Overwhelming evidence suggests that 90% of children with a hearing loss are born to hearing parents. Research indicates that often these hearing parents are ill-informed about the cause and type of hearing loss their child has, leading the hearing parents to feelings of grief and disempowerment. Many hearing parents at the time of the diagnosis experience emotional turmoil as the diagnosis is often unexpected, resulting in a plethora of questions asked. The research approach for the study was qualitative in nature as it set out to explore and describe the experiences of hearing parents of their child's hearing loss. A phenomenological strategy of design was employed to capture the lived experience from the hearing parents. Data was collected by means of unstructured individual in-depth interviews with 11 hearing parents. Volunteer and snowball sampling were implemented so as to access hearing parents whose children had been diagnosed with hearing loss. Data was analysed according to Creswell (2007) and Klenke (2008) and the trustworthiness of the qualitative study was evaluated against the criteria that Guba described in Krefting (1991). Ethical considerations, such as voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, no harm done and debriefing, were adhered to. After the conclusion of the research analysis, the findings of the research were discussed and recommendations were made. The findings of the recommendations spoke to the better understanding of the emotions and challenges of hearing parents as well as putting forward suggestions for supportive coping mechanisms to be put in place to support hearing parents whose children have been diagnosed with a hearing loss.


A new type of efficient CO2 absorbent with improved thermal stability is synthesized via self‐assembly between 2D inorganic nanosheets and two kinds of 0D inorganic nanoclusters. In these self‐assembled nanohybrids, the nanoclusters of CdO and Cr2O3 are commonly interstratified with layered titanate nanosheets, leading to the formation of highly microporous pillared structure with increased basicity of pore wall. The co‐pillaring of basic CdO with Cr2O3 is fairly effective at increasing a proportion of micropores and reactivity for CO2 molecules and at improving the thermal stability of the resulting porous structure. Of prime importance is that the present inorganic‐pillared nanohybrids show highly efficient CO2 adsorption capacity, which is much superior to those of many other absorbents and compatible to those of CO2 adsorbing metal−organic framework (MOF) compounds. Taking into account an excellent thermal stability of the present nanohybrids, these materials are very promising CO2 adsorbents usable at elevated temperature. This is the first example of efficient CO2 adsorbent from pillared materials. The co‐pillaring of basic metal oxide nanoclusters employed in this study can provide a very powerful way of developing thermally stable CO2 adsorbents from many known pillared systems.


Fundulus heteroclitus embryos were exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during early development using nanoinjection or water bath exposure. TCDD caused developmental abnormalities that included hemorrhaging, loss of vascular integrity, edema, stunted development and death. The LC50 and LD50 of TCDD for Fundulus embryos were 19.799.5 pg TCDD/ml (water bath) and 0.2590.09 ng TCDD/g embryo (nanoinjection). To identify a possible cause for these developmental abnormalities we analyzed the effects of TCDD on apoptotic cell death and cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression in the embryos. TCDD exposure increased apoptotic cell death in several tissues including brain, eye, gill, kidney, tail, intestine, heart, and vascular tissue. CYP1A expression was also increased in the TCDD-exposed embryos predominantly in liver, kidney, gill, heart, intestine, and in vascular tissues throughout the embryo. There was co-occurrence of TCDD-induced apoptosis and CYP1A expression in some, but not all, cell types. In addition the dose response relationships for apoptosis and mortality were similar, while CYP1A expression appeared more sensitive to TCDD induction. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


The Federal Reserve's current large-scale asset purchase program, dubbed "QE2," has a precedent in a 1961 initiative by the Kennedy Administration and the Federal Reserve known as "Operation Twist." An analysis finds that four of six potentially market-moving Operation Twist announcements had statistically significant effects and that the program cumulatively caused a significant but moderate 0.15 percentage point reduction in longer-term Treasury yields. These results can be used to estimate QE2's effects.


Drosophila melanogaster, the vinegar fly, has been utilised as a genetic amenable model organism for more than 100 years. In recent years, its use in modelling human cancer has been greatly expanding. In this article, an update of the recent advances in Drosophila research towards understanding cancer development is provided. Genetic analysis in Drosophila has provided considerable insight into the mechanisms controlling tissue growth and cell invasion/metastasis during tumourigenesis, as well as the importance of stem cells in tissue regeneration and cancer, and how genes cooperate in tumourigenesis. Several evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways are emerging as playing key roles in many of these processes, including the Jun kinase, Notch, Wnt, Jak/Stat and the Hippo tissue growth control pathway. Drosophila has also been specifically utilised to model certain human cancers, by expression of the human versions of cancer-causing genes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, glioblastoma and acute myeloid leukaemia. Finally, the use of Drosophila as a vehicle for anticancer drug discovery is beginning to make an important impact in combating human cancer.

Key Concepts:

Drosophila is a useful system for modelling human cancer due to the high conservation of critical cancer-causing genes between humans and flies.

Many signalling pathways contribute to tissue growth; however, the Hippo growth control pathway is emerging as playing a major role.

The Jun kinase signalling pathway plays a context-dependent role in invasion/metastasis.

Cell polarity and differentiation factors play important roles in controlling the behaviour of stem cells, which can be usurped in cancer.

Cell competition mechanisms are important in removing damaged cells, and the perturbation of this control contributes to tumourigenesis.

Cancer is a cooperative process and Drosophila research has revealed many cooperating oncogenes and tumour suppressors.

Drosophila provides a useful model system to investigate specific human cancers including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, glioblastoma and acute myeloid leukaemia.

Drosophila can be utilised to screen for anticancer drugs.

Keywords:

Drosophila;
cancer;
cell polarity;
proliferation;
survival;
differentiation;
invasion/metastasis;
cell competition;
tumour microenvironment;
chemical screening


The risk of fatal distal limb fractures in thoroughbreds racing in the UK was calculated and shown to vary considerably between the different types of race. Flat turf racing was associated with the lowest risk (0-4 per 1000 starts) and national hunt flat racing was associated with the highest risk (2.2 per 1000 starts). The types of fracture were classified by detailed radiographic and postmortem examinations of all the cases recorded over two years, and the distribution of the different types of fracture in the five main types of racing was examined. Overall, lateral condylar fractures of the third metacarpus were the most common, and they were also the most common in national hunt-type races (hurdle, steeplechase and national hunt flat races). In all-weather flat racing biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures were most common, and in turf flat racing fractures of the first phalanx were most common. The risk of fractures of more than one bone was greater in national hunt-type races.


We estimate the private value of Apple's iPhone by observing abnormal stock market reactions to news announcements and patent publications related to the innovation. Our estimate of the lower bound on the market valuation of iPhone is fairly high, at minimum 30 billion U.S. (event day) dollars. We find that patentable technology explains about 25% of that total value. We also find a weak negative reaction among Apple's rivals to the news about iPhone but no significant reaction to the publication of patent documents concerning iPhone can be observed. The evidence suggests that the value of iPhone primarily stems from Apple's management and marketing abilities and efforts rather than from underlying "hard" technologies and intellectual property.


Early diagnosis of treatable diseases is essential for improving healthcare, and many diseases' onsets are predictable from annual lab tests and their temporal trends. We introduce a multi-resolution convolutional neural network for early detection of multiple diseases from irregularly measured sparse lab values. Our novel architecture takes as input both an imputed version of the data and a binary observation matrix. For imputing the temporal sparse observations, we develop a flexible, fast to train method for differentiable multivariate kernel regression. Our experiments on data from 298K individuals over 8 years, 18 common lab measurements, and 171 diseases show that the temporal signatures learned via convolution are significantly more predictive than baselines commonly used for early disease diagnosis.


These files are compressed versions of input files, model code, and output used for two publications:

Moriarty, J. M., Harris, C. K., and Hadfield, M. G. (2014). A hydrodynamic and sediment transport model for the Waipaoa Shelf, New Zealand: Sensitivity of fluxes to spatially-varying erodibility and model nesting. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2 (2): 336-369. Doi:10.3390/jmse2020336

Moriarty, J. M., Harris, C. K., and Hadfield, M. G. (2015). Event-to-seasonal sediment dispersal on the Waipaoa River Shelf, New Zealand: A numerical modeling study. Continental Shelf Research, 110: 108-123. Doi: 10.1016/j.csr2015.10.005

Compressed files with the .gz file extension can be opened with Gzip GNU software (open source). Compressed files with the .tar file extension can be opened with Gzip Tar software (open source). Many of the input / output files use the NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) file format. These have "nc" as a file extension and can be read using a variety of open source tools: see http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/ . For information about the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), its model code and input / output, see www.myroms.org .


In response to hypoxic stress, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1a is a critical transcription factor regulating fundamental cellular processes, and its elevated expression level and activity are associated with poor outcomes in most malignancies. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is an important negative regulator of the tumor suppressor factor p53. However, the role of YY1 under tumor hypoxic condition is poorly understood. Herein, we show that inhibition of YY1 reduced the accumulation of HIF-1a and its activity under hypoxic condition, and consequently downregulated the expression of HIF-1a target genes. Interestingly, our results revealed that the downregulation of HIF-1a by inhibiting YY1 is p53-independent. Functionally, the in vivo experiments revealed that inhibition of YY1 significantly suppressed growth of metastatic cancer cells and lung colonization and also attenuated angiogenesis in a p53-null tumor. Collectively, our findings unraveled a novel mechanism by which YY1 inhibition disrupts hypoxia-stimulated HIF-1a stabilization in a p53-independent manner. Therefore, YY1 inhibition could be considered as a potential tumor therapeutic strategy to give consistent clinical outcomes independent of p53 status. Cancer Res; 73(6); 1–13. 2012 AACR.


We all make decisions every day. Most of them are pretty straightforward, but every so often there are some really tough calls. In business the choices that executives are sometimes faced with can make the difference between acclaimed success and ongoing prosperity, and failure and financial disaster. In Tough Calls, leading businessman Allan Leighton focuses on specific decisions he has made in the course of his career - at ASDA, Royal Mail and elsewhere - and describes the thought processes behind them. He also talks to many others in the know, from Sir Stuart Rose and Sir Terry Leahy to Adam Crozier at ITV and Stephen Hester at RBS. Taking into account facts that were known to them at the time, as well as other interrelated factors and potentially high-risk consequences, this line-up of top executives outline their approaches to breaking down often highly complex problems into achievable solutions. All Allan Leighton's royalties from this book will be donated to Breast Cancer Care (Registered charity: England and Wales 1017658, Scotland SC038104)


This paper presents a biography of Antonio Millo, the sailor and cartographer. He was born in the early 16th century on the Greek island of Milos. He spent most of his life sailing in the Mediterranean. In Venice, he learned cartography skills. Between 1557 and 1591, he produced and published portolan charts, portolan atlases and isolarios. Nine of his works are known, and this paper describes three of his related isolarios, in which maps appear accompanied by descriptions of the Croatian islands. These isolarios are kept in the National Library of St Mark's (Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana) in Venice and the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, in London, while a facsimile edition based on Millo's manuscript copy of his 1582 isolario is kept in the private collection of Sylvia Ioannou. A comparison of all three isolarios and the contents of maps of Croatian islands in them is given, along with descriptions. The dedication to the Marquis Sforza Pallavicino from the facsimile edition of the isolario is translated into Croatian. A comparative analysis established similarities and differences in the depiction of the island of Hvar on maps from all three isolarios, and the description of the island from a facsimile edition of an isolario published in 1582, for which a translation in Croatian is provided. By comparing the contents of Millo's isolarios and those of his predecessors, and a comparative analysis of maps of the island of Hvar, Millo's contribution to the knowledge and depiction of the Croatian islands was confirmed.


Two of the greatest financial fiascos of all time took place at the same time and were instigated by two acquaintances: the Mississippi Bubble, on which John Law at first made a vast fortune and gained sway over French finances; and the South Sea Bubble, launched by Law and Thomas Pitt, Jr., Lord Londonderry, his main partner in England. This book tells the story of these two financial schemes from the letters and accounts of two leading personalities. Larry Neal, a distinguished economic historian, highlights the rationality of each person and also finds that the primitive exchanges of the day, though informal and completely unregulated, actually performed reasonably well.


Consumers who want to express themselves by wearing contemporary clothing styles should not have to choose between expensive brands and counterfeit products. There should be a clear distinction in trademark law between illegal, counterfeit goods and perfectly legal (at least with respect to trademark law) 'knockoffs,' in which design attributes have been copied but trademarks have not. Toward that end, as a normative matter the aesthetic features of products should not be registrable or protectable as trademarks or trade dress, regardless of whether they have secondary meaning, just as functional attributes of a utilitarian nature are not eligible for Lanham Act protection. With enough advertising, any product feature can acquire distinctiveness. Only the assertive deployment of functionality bars by courts can prevent the illegitimate and costly construction of trademark-based product monopolies. The purported trademark related harms that stem from the production and distribution of noncounterfeit knockoffs are, in reality, the effects of legitimate competition based on attributes such as price, quality, consumer appeal, and availability, with which trademark law should not interfere. Repressing or illegalizing knockoffs illegitimately prevents lower income people from procuring and enjoying goods with aesthetic attributes that are not properly monopolized through trademark law, and probably perversely increases the demand for counterfeit items.


We invert geodetic measurements of coseismic surface displacements to determine a dislocation model for the April 25, 1992, M = 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake. The orientation of the model slip vector, which nearly parallels North America-Juan de Fuca relative plate convergence, and the location and orientation of the model fault relative to the offshore Cascadia megathrust, suggest that the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake is the first well-recorded event to relieve strain associated with the Cascadia subduction zone. We use data from three geodetic techniques: (1) the horizontal and vertical displacements of 13 monuments surveyed with the Global Positioning System, corrected for observed horizontal interseismic strain accumulation, (2) 88 section-elevation differences between leveling monuments, and (3) the uplift of 12 coastal sites observed from the die-off of intertidal marine organisms. Maximum observed displacements are 0.4 m of horizontal movement and 1.5 m of uplift along the coast. We use Monte Carlo techniques to estimate an optimal uniform slip rectangular fault geometry and its uncertainties. The optimal model using all the data resolves 4.9 m of slip on a 14 by 15 km fault that dips 28° SE. The fault extends from 1.5 to 8.7 km in depth and the main-shock hypocenter is close to the downdip projection of the fault. The shallowly dipping fault plane is consistent with the observed aftershock locations, and the estimated geodetic moment is 3.1 × 1019 N m, 70% of the seismic moment. Other models that exclude leveling data collected in 1935 and 1942 are more consistent with seismological estimates of the fault geometry. If the earthquake is characteristic for this segment, the estimated horizontal slip vector compared with plate convergence rates suggests a recurrence interval of 140 years, with a 95% confidence range of 100–670 years. The coseismic uplift occurred in a region that also has high Quaternary uplift rates determined from marine terrace studies. If repeated ruptures of this southernmost segment of the Cascadia megathrust are responsible for the Quaternary uplift, a comparison of the coseismic uplift with coastal uplift rates suggests a recurrence interval of 200–400 years. Thus comparing horizontal and vertical coseismic to long-term deformation suggests a recurrence interval of about 100–300 years for M = 7 events at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust.


Extraction methods are determined by the nature of the matrix, the drug to be isolated and the availability of equipment, staff and economic resources. This review critically describes the main extraction techniques commonly known as 'Liquid-Liquid' (LLE), those using modified Infusorial Earth (IE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and Supercritical Fluids Extraction (SFE). Technical, economic, staff training and equipment-related aspects are assessed. All of them have advantages and limitations in their application. Generally, each technique, if properly chosen, meets the aim of isolating the analyte of interest. Nowadays, the techniques most often used are the LLE, the IE and the SPE, the use of which is growing day by day. The most recently developed technique, the SPME, is being more frequently used in recent years owing to the development of new fibres, leaving the SFE as the least used, mainly due to the equipment requirements.


We present a large sample of 166 fully self‐consistent hydrodynamical N‐body/Tree‐SPH simulations of isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxies [1]. It has enabled us to identify the key physical parameters and mechanisms at the origin of the observed variety in the Local Group dSph properties. Using the recent data of the ESO Large Programme DART, we have constrained the star formation history of four Milky Way dSphs, Sextans, Carina, Sculptor and Fornax. For the first time, [Mg/Fe] vs [Fe/H] diagrams derived from high‐resolution spectroscopy of hundreds of individual stars are confronted with model predictions. Global relations of dSph are successfully reproduced. Our study shows that the total initial mass of these systems is the main driver of their evolution and explains the diversity in luminosity and metallicity observed in the Local Group dSphs.


Vision Transformers (ViTs) have triggered the most recent and significant breakthroughs in computer vision. Their efficient designs are mostly guided by the indirect metric of computational complexity, i.e., FLOPs, which however has a clear gap with the direct metric such as throughput. Thus, we propose to use the direct speed evaluation on the target platform as the design principle for efficient ViTs. Particularly, we introduce LITv2, a simple and effective ViT which performs favourably against the existing state-of-the-art methods across a spectrum of different model sizes with faster speed. At the core of LITv2 is a novel self-attention mechanism, which we dub HiLo. HiLo is inspired by the insight that high frequencies in an image capture local fine details and low frequencies focus on global structures, whereas a multi-head self-attention layer neglects the characteristic of different frequencies. Therefore, we propose to disentangle the high/low frequency patterns in an attention layer by separating the heads into two groups, where one group encodes high frequencies via self-attention within each local window, and another group encodes low frequencies by performing global attention between the average-pooled low-frequency keys and values from each window and each query position in the input feature map. Benefiting from the efficient design for both groups, we show that HiLo is superior to the existing attention mechanisms by comprehensively benchmarking FLOPs, speed and memory consumption on GPUs and CPUs. For example, HiLo is 1.4x faster than spatial reduction attention and 1.6x faster than local window attention on CPUs. Powered by HiLo, LITv2 serves as a strong backbone for mainstream vision tasks including image classification, dense detection and segmentation. Code is available at https://github.com/ziplab/LITv2.


The experience of the Philippines in the continuing efforts to address graft and corruption, red tape, and inefficiencies in the bureaucracy is the basis in designing a framework for reform to promote accountability and transparency. The following are the areas of reform: (1) reforms in institutions and structures, including reforms in organizations, processes, and procedures; (2) reforms in mindsets, paradigms, and behavior; (3) reforms in leadership (at various levels); and (4) reforms in citizens, i.e., citizens' engagement and/or citizens' participation. The authors begin with the contextualization of corruption in the Philippines, along with its causes and effects, and a discussion of issues and challenges of corruption. They examine how the four imperatives of reform can contribute in minimizing if not to totally eradicating corruption and in promoting good governance in the country.


Background There is a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) in HIV antiretroviral programmes in Africa. However, few studies have looked at predictors of incident TB while on Truvada-based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens. Methods We estimated TB incidence among individuals enrolled into an observational cohort evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of Truvada-based cART in Gaborone, Botswana between 2008 and 2011. We used Cox proportional hazards regressions to determine predictors of incident TB. Results Of 300 participants enrolled, 45 (15%) had a diagnosis of TB at baseline. During 428 person-years (py) of follow-up, the incidence rate of TB was 3.04/100py (95% CI, 1.69–5.06), with 60% of the cases occurring within 3 months of ART initiation. Incident cases had low baseline CD4+ T cell counts (153cells/mm3 [Q1, Q3: 82, 242]; p = 0.69) and hemoglobin levels (9.2g/dl [Q1, Q3: 8.5,10.1]; p<0.01). In univariate analysis, low BMI (HR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.58–0.91; p = 0.01) and hemoglobin levels <8 g/dl (HR = 10.84; 95%CI: 2.99–40.06; p<0.01) were risk factors for TB. Time to incident TB diagnosis was significantly reduced in patients with poor immunological recovery (p = 0.04). There was no association between baseline viral load and risk of TB (HR = 1.75; 95%CI: 0.70–4.37). Conclusion Low hemoglobin levels prior to initiation of ART are significant predictors of incident tuberculosis. Therefore, there is potential utility of iron biomarkers to identify patients at risk of TB prior to initiation on ART. Furthermore, additional strategies are required for patients with poor immunological recovery to reduce excess risk of TB while on ART.


This paper reviews research on the social functions of prisoner-family ties. Three areas are examined: the preservation of marital units and parent-child bonds; the individual well-being of prisoners, children and other family members; and the prisoner's post-release success. The literature indicates that the maintenance of family ties during imprisonment is desirable, but difficult. Benefits suggested by empirical findings include decreased rates of recidivism following imprisonment, improved mental health of inmates and other family members, and an increased probability of reunification of the family household following imprisonment. The paper concludes with the identification of an agenda to guide future policy and program-oriented research.


This paper considers the ways in which library/information services can contribute to the sharing of knowledge over the next two decades. It builds on the imaginative thoughts of several commentators who have considered future scenarios, while including the implications of recent events. These latter include the current world economic problems, which are already affecting library/information services, sometimes in surprising ways. They also include the result of the steady move towards a largely digital information world. Within this, we should note particularly the introduction of 'cloud' computing, which offers a way to share knowledge and information, as well as music, movies and so on, 'on demand', avoiding the idea of 'ownership' or 'collection'.

Three possible views of the future are presented.

The first is a continuation of the current situation, with library/information services continuing, and perhaps growing in importance, in something very similar to their current form.

The second is a change to the current situation, with some forms of library/information service diminishing, or even disappearing, and others expanding, and changing their nature considerably.

The third, and most radical, sees the disappearance of most current forms of library/information service, and their replacement by a very different 'information landscape.'

The likelihood of these views prevailing, and their consequences for library / information specialists, and for the sharing of knowledge generally, are discussed.


Professional sports leagues, franchises, and civic boosters, have used the promise of an all star game or league championship as an incentive for host cities to construct new stadiums or arenas at considerable public expense. Past league-sponsored studies have estimated that Super Bowls, All-Star games and other sports mega-events increase economic activity by hundreds of millions of dollars in host cities. Our analysis fails to support these claims. Our detailed regression analysis of taxable sales in Florida over the period 1980 to 2004 reveals that on, average, mega-events ranging from the World Cup to the World Series have been associated with reductions in taxable sales in host regions of $5 to $10 million per month. Likewise, strikes in Major League Baseball, the National Hockey League, and the National Basketball League, each of which has resulted in the cancellation of large parts of entire seasons, appear to have also had no demonstrable negative effect on taxable sales in host cities. Length: 31 pages


Training deep neural networks requires many training samples, but in practice, training labels are expensive to obtain and may be of varying quality, as some may be from trusted expert labelers while others might be from heuristics or other sources of weak supervision such as crowd-sourcing. This creates a fundamental quality-versus quantity trade-off in the learning process. Do we learn from the small amount of high-quality data or the potentially large amount of weakly-labeled data? We argue that if the learner could somehow know and take the label-quality into account when learning the data representation, we could get the best of both worlds. To this end, we introduce "fidelity-weighted learning" (FWL), a semi-supervised student-teacher approach for training deep neural networks using weakly-labeled data. FWL modulates the parameter updates to a student network (trained on the task we care about) on a per-sample basis according to the posterior confidence of its label-quality estimated by a teacher (who has access to the high-quality labels). Both student and teacher are learned from the data. We evaluate FWL on document ranking where we outperform state-of-the-art alternative semi-supervised methods.


We report a study of the atomic and electronic structures of the ordered Ag2Ge surface alloy containing ⅓ monolayer of Ge. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) data reveal a symmetry breaking of the expected √3 × √3 periodicity, which is established for other Ag2M alloys (M = Bi, Sb, Pb, and Sn). The deviation from a simple √3 × √3 structure manifests itself as a splitting of diffraction spots in LEED, as a striped structure with a 6× periodicity including a distortion of the local hexagonal structure in STM, and as a complex surface band structure in ARPES that is quite different from those of the other Ag2M alloys. These results are interesting in view of the differences in the atomic and electronic structures exhibited by different group IV elements interacting with Ag(111). Pb and Sn form √3 × √3 surface alloys on Ag(111), of which Ag2Pb shows a surface band structure with a clear spin-orbit split. Si and C form silicene and graphene structures, respectively, with linear band dispersions and the formation of Dirac cones as reported for graphene. The finding that Ag2Ge deviates from the ideal (√3 × √3) Ag2Sn and Ag2Pb surface alloys makes Ge an interesting "link" between the heavy group IV elements (Sn, Pb) and the light group IV elements (Si, C).


We theoretically revisit the proton diffusivity in yttrium-doped barium zirconate (Y-doped BaZrO3) with realistic dopant configurations under processing conditions. In a recent study employing the replica exchange Monte Carlo method, the equilibrium Y configurations at typical sintering temperatures were shown to deviate from the random configuration assumed in earlier theoretical studies. In the present study, we took this observation into account and evaluated the effect of the Y configuration on the proton diffusivity. Using the master equation approach based on local diffusion barriers calculated from first principles, the proton diffusivities under realistic Y configurations were estimated to be higher than those in the random configuration. This is explained by the fact that realistic Y configurations have fewer trap sites with deep potential wells compared to the random configuration due to the isolation trend of Y dopants. In addition, the effects of proton-proton interaction and the abundance of preferential conduction pathways are discussed; it is found that both are relatively minor factors compared to the trap site effect in determining the dependence of the proton diffusivity on the Y configurations.


"Make a fist and hold it," the friendly young nurse says to me as she pumps up the blood pressure cuff. It tightens around my bicep, and she slides a needle into my rising vein. When she does the same to my other arm, I smile up at her in her bright red scrubs realizing that the Red Cross staff members no longer say things like, "OK, you'll feel a little sting" or ask if I'm ready. They know that I know the drill.On the first anniversary of my brother David's death, now nearly ten years ago, I decided to give blood for the first time at a local donation drive. David had been a doctor, and I figured he'd have appreciated my tribute.


The spionid polychaete Pygospio elegans Claparede (1863) is a small, tube-building opportunist. On the intertidal sandflat Drum Sands, Firth of Forth, Scotland, this species is numerically dominant and forms areas of increased density or 'patches'.

Grid surveys, together with mapping and spatial autocorrelation analysis, revealed that these patches were areas of statistically significant higher numbers of P. elegans
compared with surrounding areas where this species was present in very low numbers. These patches, 1-1.5m2, could be seen as areas of smooth, raised sediment within an
otherwise wave-rippled sandflat. The majority of the other macrobenthic invertebrate species also exhibited small- or meso-scale patchiness, but none of these patches were
spatially coincident with those of P. elegans.

Although life history characteristics and disturbance have previously been postulated as being responsible for the generation of spionid patches, these have never been
explicitly tested. The P. elegans population on Drum Sands was studied with respect to its population structure and reproductive biology and its response to macroalgal mat
establishment and sediment disturbance. The possible role of these in the formation of small-scale patches of P. elegans are discussed.

The P. elegans population on Drum Sands displayed reproductive activity for the majority of the year although intense larval recruitment was confined to two acute
periods, April/May and November/December. P. elegans reproduced exclusively via planktotrophic larvae: no evidence of asexual proliferation or benthic larval production
was found. This life history provides a large larval availability for patch formation.

The role of macroalgal mat establishment in structuring the spatial distribution of P. elegans was investigated by a controlled, weed-implantation experiment and a
comparative survey. Implanted Enteromorpha prolifera and naturally establishing Vaucheria subsimplex caused underlying sediments to have increased silt/clay
fractions, increased organic and water contents and increased sorting coefficients andmedium grain size. The sediment below these macroalgal mats also became
significantly more reduced. While the communities under E. prolifera mats became dominated by C. capitata, those under V. subsimplex mats were dominated by P. elegans.

The effect of sediment disturbance on the faunal communities of Drum Sands was investigated by studying the initial colonisation of defaunated sediments. P. elegans
numerically dominated the early stages of succession only during periods of high larval availability, C. capitata dominated at other times. Furthermore, P. elegans larval recruitment and adult immigration to defaunated sediments within P. elegans patches were higher compared with non-patch defaunated sediments.

The micro-scale spatial distribution of P. elegans within small-scale patches was examined. P. elegans was found to be non-randomly distributed throughout the year, patches formed were commonly less than 3cm square. Correlation analyses implied that these micro-scale patches may have been generated and maintained by adult-juvenile
interactions and/or sediment heterogeneity.

Small-scale P. elegans patches were found to be distinct ecological areas when compared with surrounding sediments. Sediment properties and invertebrate
community structure of P. elegans patches were significantly different to those of nonpatch areas. These findings emphasise the ecological importance of patches of tubebuilding spionid polychaetes in allowing certain species to occur in habitats where they would otherwise be unable to survive.


PURPOSE
To develop a real-time applicator position monitoring system (RAPS) for intracavitary brachytherapy using an infrared camera and reflective markers.

METHODS
3D imaging-guided brachytherapy requires high accuracy of applicator localization; however, applicator displacement can happen during patient transfer for imaging and treatment delivery. No continuous applicator position monitoring system is currently available. The RAPS system was developed for continuous applicator position monitoring without additional radiation dose to patients. The RAPS system includes an infrared camera, reflective markers, an infrared illuminator, and image processing software. After reflective markers are firmly attached to the applicator and patient body, applicator displacement are measured by computing the relative change in distance between the markers. The reflective markers are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible, suitable for MRI-guided conformal HDR brachytherapy paradigm. In our prototype, a Microsoft Kinect sensor with a resolution of 640 by 480 was used as an infrared camera. A phantom study was carried out to compare RAPS' measurements with known displacements ranging from -15 mm to +15mm. A reproducibility test was also conducted.

RESULTS
The RAPS can achieve 4 frames per second using a laptop with Intel Core 2 dual CPU. When the pixel size was 0.95 mm, the difference between RAPS' measurements and known shifts ranged from 0 to 0.8 mm, with the mean value of 0.1 mm and a standard deviation of 0.44 mm. The system reproducibility was within 0.6 mm after 10 reposition trials. At SAD of 60 cm, 7 cm camera position uncertainty in vertical direction introduced 1.0 mm measurement uncertainty.

CONCLUSION
This work demonstrates the feasibility of a real-time infrared camera based brachytherapy applicator monitoring system. Less than 1mm accuracy was achieved when using an off-the-shelf low resolution infrared camera.


Aircraft noise and other environmental externality effects have gained significant public attention in Thailand since Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport opened in 2006. Residential areas around the airport are expanding rapidly and local residents are protesting about the noise and air pollution from the airport. This study employed Stated Choice to elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) values to reduce aircraft noise and air pollution. The novelty of the research arises from the fact that it explores monetary values of externalities not only for those who suffer from the pollution (residents) but also those who have some responsibility for the externalities that are created (i.e. air passengers). Results indicate that passengers and residents have different priorities in terms of aviation externalities. As might be anticipated, residents place a higher value on aircraft noise nuisance than passengers at 104.76 USD and 70.63 USD per year respectively to halve aircraft noise levels. In terms of air pollution, passengers had a higher WTP at 151.18 USD against residents' WTP of 86.52 USD per year to halve local air pollution created by aircraft. Passengers are willing to pay 41.69 USD per year to offset carbon emissions. The study found that aviation growth at Suvarnabhumi was underestimated and there is an urgent need to implement environmental mitigation policies to address the issue.


The lack of a convenient high-resolution strain-typing method has hampered the application of molecular epidemiology to the surveillance of bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, particularly the monitoring of strains of Mycobacterium bovis. With the recent availability of genome sequences for strains of the M. tuberculosis complex, novel PCR-based M. tuberculosis-typing methods have been developed, which target the variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) of minisatellite-like mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs), or exact tandem repeats (ETRs). This paper describes the identification of seven VNTR loci in M. tuberculosis H37Rv, the copy number of which varies in other strains of the M. tuberculosis complex. Six of these VNTRs were applied to a panel of 100 different M. bovis isolates, and their discrimination and correlation with spoligotyping and an established set of ETRs were assessed. The number of alleles varied from three to seven at the novel VNTR loci, which differed markedly in their discrimination index. There was positive correlation between spoligotyping, ETR- and VNTR-typing. VNTR-PCR discriminates well between M. bovis strains. Thirty-three allele profiles were identified by the novel VNTRs, 22 for the ETRs and 29 for spoligotyping. When VNTR- and ETR-typing results were combined, a total of 51 different profiles were identified. Digital nomenclature and databasing were intuitive. VNTRs were located both in intergenic regions and annotated ORFs, including PPE (novel glycine-asparigine-rich) proteins, a proposed source of antigenic variation, where VNTRs potentially code repeating amino acid motifs. VNTR-PCR is a valuable tool for strain typing and for the study of the global molecular epidemiology of the M. tuberculosis complex. The novel VNTR targets identified in this study should additionally increase the power of this approach.


The goal of path-sensitive analysis (PSA) is to achieve accuracy by accounting precisely for the execution behavior along each path of a control flow graph (CFG). A practical adoption of PSA is hampered by two roadblocks: (a) the exponential growth of the number of CFG paths, and (b) the exponential complexity of a path feasibility check. We introduce projected control graph (PCG) as an optimal mathematical abstraction to address these roadblocks.The PCG follows from the simple observation that for any given analysis problem, the number of distinct relevant execution behaviors may be much smaller than the number of CFG paths. The PCG is a projection of the CFG to retain only the relevant execution behaviors and elide duplicate paths with identical execution behavior. A mathematical definition of PCG and an efficient algorithm to transform CFG to PCG are presented.We present an empirical study for three major versions of the Linux kernel to assess the practical benefit of using the optimal mathematical abstraction. As a measure of the efficiency gain, the study reports the reduction from CFG to PCG graphs for all relevant functions for pairing Lock and Unlock on all feasible execution paths. We built a tool to compute these graphs for 66,609 Lock instances. The CFG and PCG graphs with their source correspondence are posted on a website. We used these PCG graphs in a classroom project to audit the results of Lock and Unlock pairing done by the Linux Driver Verification (LDV) tool, the top-rated formal verification tool for the Linux kernel. Our audit has revealed complex Linux bugs missed by LDV.


In carbonate rocks, especially in those with high primary porosity such as most Cenozoic carbonates, the interaction between deeply derived rising flow through sub-vertical fracture-controlled conduits and intrastratal matrix flow of shallower systems can invoke mixing corrosion and result in prominent speleogenetic effects. This paper outlines a conceptual model of such interaction and provides instructive field examples of relevant morphological effects from two different regions within the Prichernomorsky (north Black Sea) basin, where karst features are developed in lower Pliocene, Eocene and Paleocene limestones. In the Crimean fore-mountain region, extensive steep to vertical limestone scarps formed through recent exposure of hypogenic fracture-controlled conduits provide outstanding possibilities to directly examine details of the original karstic porosity. The morphological effects of the conduit/matrix interaction, documented in both caves and exposed scarps, include lateral widening of sub-vertical conduits within the interaction intervals (formation of lateral notches and niches) and the development of side bedding-parallel conduits, pockets and vuggy-spongework zones. Natural convection circulation, invoked by interaction of the two flow systems, spreads the morphological effects throughout the conduit space above the interaction interval. Where the interaction of the two flow systems is particularly strongly localized, such as along junctions of two vertical fracture sets, the resultant morphological effect can take the form of isolated chambers. The variety of speleogenetic features developed through the conduit/matrix interaction, can be broadly grouped into two categories: 1) variously shaped swells of the major fracture conduit itself (morphological features of its walls – niches and pockets), and 2) features of the vuggy-spongework halo surrounding the conduit. This halo includes clustered and stratiform cavities, spongework zones and lateral side conduits. The speleogenetic features due to conduit/matrix flow interaction, especially the halo forms, often demonstrate distinct asymmetry between opposite walls of the conduits. The prominent phenomenon of the vuggy-spongework halo around fracture-controlled conduits has important hydrogeological implications. A comparison of karst features in different regions and rock formations clearly shows that in spite of some distinctions imposed by local structural, sedimentological and paleo-hydrogeological peculiarities, hypogenic speleoforms in limestones of different age and of different degree of diagenetic maturity demonstrate remarkable similarities.


Cross sections for the coherent photoproduction of $\rho^{0}$ vector mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}= 5.02$ TeV are reported. The measurements, which rely on the $\pi^+\pi^-$ decay channel, are presented in three regions of rapidity covering the range $|y|<0.8$. For each rapidity interval, cross sections are shown for different nuclear-breakup classes defined according to the presence of neutrons measured in the zero-degree calorimeters. The results are compared with predictions based on different models of nuclear shadowing. Finally, the observation of a coherently produced resonance-like structure with a mass around 1.7 GeV/$c^2$ and a width of about 140 MeV/$c^2$ is reported and compared with similar observations from other experiments.


This paper uses Walter Fisher's narrative paradigm to examine Israel's efforts to shape the narrative of the violent confrontation and loss of life of activists aboard the Mavi Marmara, part of the Gaza "Freedom Flotilla," in May 2010. In an exploratory application of Fisher's narrative paradigm to cyber-diplomacy, this research argues that Israel could not shift blame largely because its concerted and sustained YouTube campaign failed the tests of narrative logic: narrative probability and narrative fidelity. Viewed through the lens of narrative logic, Israel's cyber-diplomacy rhetoric failed in three main claims: that there is no humanitarian crisis in Gaza; that acting against the Flotilla was a "last resort"; and that the Mavi Marmara was filled with terrorists or "terrorist sympathizers". As a result, Israel's narrative failure may have exacerbated an already damaging public relations crisis, adversely affecting the public support of even its staunchest ally, the Unites States. This paper demonstrates the value of the narrative paradigm as an effective rhetorical frame for foreign policy crises and public/cyber diplomacy and as an alternative to foreign policy evaluation based solely on rational logic.


The paper focuses on forensic psychological examination and its general functions. The global notion "a functions of psychological examination" is distinguished from the notion "specific tasks" of specific examinations and interpreted as more global goal, which is searched accomplishing an examination. Three functions are selected as the most general ones: assessment of one"s abilities, general psychological examination, and psychological prognosis. It is shown that just functions (and not specific tasks) determines the most important features of a specific examination: examination methods and tools, ways to formulate the conclusions, a role during pre-trial and trial proceedings, ways, how the conclusion of an examination is used in the decision of court.


Structural Geology is a groundbreaking reference that introduces you to the concepts of nonlinear solid mechanics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics in metamorphic geology, offering a fresh perspective on rock structure and its potential for new interpretations of geological evolution. This book stands alone in unifying deformation and metamorphism and the development of the mineralogical fabrics and the structures that we see in the field. This reflects the thermodynamics of systems not at equilibrium within the framework of modern nonlinear solid mechanics. The thermodynamic approach enables the various mechanical, thermal, hydrological and chemical processes to be rigorously coupled through the second law of thermodynamics, invariably leading to nonlinear behavior. The book also differs from others in emphasizing the implications of this nonlinear behavior with respect to the development of the diverse, complex, even fractal, range of structures in deformed metamorphic rocks. Building on the fundamentals of structural geology by discussing the nonlinear processes that operate during the deformation and metamorphism of rocks in the Earth's crust, the book's concepts help geoscientists and graduate-level students understand how these processes control or influence the structures and metamorphic fabrics-providing applications in hydrocarbon exploration, ore mineral exploration, and architectural engineering. * Authored by two of the world's foremost experts in structural geology, representing more than 70 years of experience in research and instruction* Nearly 300 figures, illustrations, working examples, and photographs reinforce key concepts and underscore major advances in structural geology


The subjective, physiological and behavioral effects of morphine, pentazocine and ciramadol, an opioid agonist/antagonist, were studied in adult male nondependent opioid abusers living on a clinical research ward. Fifteen subjects were assigned randomly to one of three groups. Each group received, by i.m. injection, placebo and three doses of one active drug, twice in randomized block order under double-blind conditions in 4.5-hr experimental sessions. Physiological measures did not differentiate between the three drugs. All three drugs decreased respiratory rate and pupil diameter and increased blood pressure. However, morphine, ciramadol and pentazocine produced different profiles on the subjective effect measures. All three drugs increased "liking," "good effects," "any effects" and "high" subjective effect scales. Pentazocine increased subjective "bad effects" scale scores and scales measuring dysphoria and sedation. Observers reported significant behavioral changes after administration of morphine and pentazocine, but not after ciramadol. Overall, the effects of morphine (7.5, 15 and 30 mg) and pentazocine (22.5, 45 and 90 mg) were dose-related. Although pentazocine produced increases in scales that indicated negative subjective effects, it also produced significant changes in most self-report measures that were increased by morphine, including liking and good effects scales. The effects of ciramadol were not dose-related, with all three doses (30, 60 and 120 mg) producing effects approximately equivalent to morphine 15 mg. Thus, ciramadol exhibited a ceiling effect typical of the opioid agonist/antagonist.