The importance of reducing energy costs, reducing CO2 emissions, and protecting the environment are leading to an increased focus on green, energy-efficient approaches to the design of next-generation wireless networks. Presenting state-of-the-art research on green radio communications and networking technology by leaders in the field, this book is invaluable for researchers and professionals working in wireless communication. Summarizing existing and ongoing research, the book explores communication architectures and models, physical communications techniques, base station powermanagement techniques, wireless access techniques for green radio networks, and green radio test-bed, experimental results, and standardization activities. Throughout, theoretical results are blended with practical insights and coverage of deployment issues. It serves as a one-stop reference for key concepts and design techniques for energy-efficient communications and networking, and provides information essential for the design of future-generation cellular wireless systems.


Driven by the massive growth in communications data traffic as well as flourishing users' demands, we need to fully utilize the existing scarce spectrum resource. However, there have been several studies and reports over the years showing that a large portion of licensed spectrum is actually underutilized in both temporal and spatial domains. Moreover, aiming at facing the dilemma among the fixed spectrum allocation, the ever enormous increasing traffic demand and the limited spectrum resource, cognitive radio (CR) was proposed by Mitola to alleviate the under usage of spectrum. Thus, cognitive radio networking (CRN) has emerged as a promising paradigm to improve the spectrum efficiency and utilization by allowing secondary users (SUs) to utilize the spectrum hole of primary users (PUs). By using spectrum sensing, SUs can opportunistically access spectrum holes for secondary transmission without interfering the transmissions of the PUs and efficient spectrum utilization by multiple PUs and SUs requires reliable detection of PUs. Nevertheless, sensing errors such as false alarm and misdetection are inevitable in practical networks. Hence, the assumption that SUs always obtain the exact channel availability information is unreasonable. In addition, spectrum sensing must be carried out continuously and the SU must terminate its transmission as soon as it senses the re-occupancy by a PU. As a better alternative of spectrum sensing, cooperation has been leveraged in CRN, which is referred as cooperative cognitive radio networking (CCRN). In CCRN, in order to obtain the transmission opportunities, SUs negotiate with the PUs for accessing the spectrum by providing tangible service for PUs. In this thesis, we study cluster based spectrum sharing mechanism for CCRN, and investigate on exploiting the cooperative technique in heterogeneous network. First, we develop cooperation protocols for CRN. Simultaneous transmission can be realized through quadrature signalling method in our proposed cooperation protocol. The optimal power allocation has been analyzed and closed-form solution has been derived for amplify iv and forward mode. Second, we study a cluster based spectrum sharing mechanism. The spectrum sharing is formulated as a combinatorial non-linear optimization problem which is NP-hard. Afterwards, we solve this problem by decomposing it into cluster allocation and time assignment, and we show that the result is close to the optimal solution. Third, we propose a macrocell-femtocell network cooperation scheme for heterogeneous networks under closed access mode. The cooperation between the femtocell network and macrocell network is investigated. By implementing the cooperation, not only the macrocell users' (MUEs') and femtocell users' (FUEs') utility can be improved compared with the noncooperation case, but also the energy consumption as well as the interference from the femtocell network to the macrocell network can be reduced.


Seminars in Hearing is a quarterly review journal that publishes topic-specific issues in the field of audiology including areas such as hearing loss, auditory disorders and psychoacoustics. The journal presents the latest clinical data, new screening and assessment techniques, along with suggestions for improving patient care in a concise and readable forum. Technological advances with regards to new auditory devices are also featured. The journal's content is an ideal reference for both the practicing audiologist as well as an excellent educational tool for students who require the latest information on emerging techniques and areas of interest in the field. Seminars in Hearing is accredited by the American Speech and Language-Hearing Association and the American Academy of Audiology for CEU credits.


Information on the effects of branch diameter on branch occlusion is necessary for building models capable of forecasting the effect of management decisions on tree or log grade. We investigated the relationship between branch size and subsequent branch occlusion through diameter growth with special attention toward the development of a simple single regressor equation for use in future hardwood stem quality models. Data were obtained from 21 boards representing 3 logs of the first 21 feet of one cherrybark oak originating from a planted stand north of Vicksburg, MS. Double cross-validation methods were used to evaluate fitted models. A non-linear model form (Y = a*BKmax b, where Y = overwood, BKmax = maximum branch-knot diameter and a and b are parameters) provided the best fit. The model explained approximately 50 percent of the variation in overwood.


Knowing Home attempts to capture the creative vision of Indigenous scientific knowledge and technology that is derived from an ecology of a home place. The traditional wisdom component of Indigenous Science—the values and ways of decision-making—assists humans in their relationship with each other, the land and water, and all of creation. Indigenous perspectives have the potential to give insight and guidance to the kind of environmental ethics and deep understanding that we must gain as we attempt to solve the increasingly complex problems of the 21st century.Braiding Indigenous Science and Western Science is a metaphor used to establish a particular relationship. Linked by braiding, there is a certain reciprocity. Each strand remains a separate entity, but all strands come together to form the whole. When we braid Indigenous Science with Western Science we acknowledge that both ways of knowing are legitimate forms of knowledge.The book provides a window into the vast storehouse of innovations and technologies of the Indigenous peoples who live in Northwestern North America. It is our hope that the Indigenous Science examples, research and curriculum models will inspire deep reflection regarding the under-representation of Aboriginal students in the sciences. It is intended that the rich examples and cases, combined with the resources listed in the appendices, will enable teachers and students to explore Indigenous Science examples in the classroom, and in addition, support the development of curriculum projects in home places.


This dissertation contributes to practice and literature by studying how organizations can effectively contract and sell uncertain performance outcomes. In Chapter 2, I study whether supplier shirking in response to outcome uncertainty can be mitigated by combining performance and behavior specification and evaluation. Based on the findings of this study, I advise purchasing managers to invest in the evaluation of performance and behavior to contain suppliers' opportunistic behavior. In Chapter 3, I study what causes performance achievement to be uncertain, and how buyers can attenuate the effects. Based on the findings, I explain that outcome uncertainty is related to the roles and activities of buying organizations in the service exchange. To remedy the negative effects, I advise buyers to coordinate relevant activities of their organization with suppliers. In Chapter 4, I study how emotions, which are triggered by a failure to achieve performance outcomes, affect suppliers' future motivation. Based on the findings, I advise purchasing managers to take into account the context specific factors and resulting emotions in determining when and how to use performance-based contracting. In Chapter 5, I study the supply chain-wide implications of acquiring property rights and obligations associated with selling performance outcomes. Based on the findings, I advise manufacturers to minimize the subsequent financial risks by investing resources in the alignment of incentives and operations across supply chain actors. Overall, this dissertation makes important theoretical advancements concerning goal alignment across supply chain actors through the use of contractual controls and distributions of property rights. In addition, the highlighted recommendations for practitioners, provide buyers and suppliers with detailed insights about how to effectively contract and sell uncertain performance outcomes.


The electricity sector is undergoing rapid and dramatic change. The momentum of sustainable energy technologies and business model innovation is giving rise to a "polycentric" framework of policy innovation and action organized by institutions that support customer choice and give customers the means to become electricity generators and service providers in their own right. These local experiments will have to deliver transformative change, flexibly address the electricity sector's legacy of political and administrative complexity, achieve scale and financial sustainability, and enable greater and wider stakeholder participation and choice. This article reviews the evidence to date of the importance of these experiments and examines three innovators—municipal utilities, community choice aggregators, and the sustainable energy utility—to gauge the capacity of pioneers to address climate‐driven and other challenges in the electricity market.


Those that backed the 2005 bankruptcy reform law argued that it would protect creditors from consumer abuse and lack of financial responsibility. The substantial increase in the number of bankruptcies over the last decade combined with the perception of system-wide abuse apparently convinced legislators from both political parties that the backers had a point. Thus, Congress enacted amendments to the Bankruptcy Code that - if effective - would fundamentally change the core policies underlying the consumer bankruptcy system in this country. The rhetoric surrounding the reform debates pressed the idea that if borrowers had to repay more of their debts, creditors would achieve savings that - through pressures of competition - would be passed on to consumers in the form of lower interest rates and improved access to credit. This essay addresses some of the problems with this justification and considers what else creditors (and particularly credit card issuers) could have expected to achieve with the new law. I argue that the new law will benefit issuers substantially, though not for reasons commonly discussed in the negotiation and drafting of the statute. Means testing alone will not return enough in increased bankruptcy payouts to justify the lobbying expenditures and campaign contributions that led to the statute's enactment. Rather, the most important effect will be to facilitate the card lending business model, by slowing the time of inevitable filings by the deeply distressed and allowing issuers to earn greater revenues from those individuals. In a nutshell, the new law does little for creditors once they reach the courthouse. Its most important effect will be to enable issuers to profit from debt servicing revenues paid by distressed borrowers who are not yet in bankruptcy. For issuers that depend on debt revenues, the benefits of the law could be dramatic.


The aim of this study is to determine the opinions of the second grade music teachers at the elementary schools regarding the music lesson curriculum in 2006 and the problems encountered during application. The view of the second grade music teachers were taken by using the steps of the context, input, process and product (CIPP) programme evaluation model in this research. Qualitative research method was used in the study. The participants of the study are 14 music teachers who work with second graders in the elementary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education. They were selected from elemenary schools in the Dosemealti, Konyaalti, Aksu, Muratpasa and Kepez districts, which are among the central districts of Antalya Province by means of availability sampling method, also known as convenience sampling. The data were obtained through the interview forms developed by the researcher, and the descriptive analysis method was used for the analysis of the data. Depending on the data regarding the context, input, process and product dimensions of the programme, obtained from the music teachers; with regards to the context dimension of the programme, it is concluded that the music teachers find the programme insufficient in terms of musical principle, concept and information and that the subjects in the educational attainments are not prepared in accordance with the levels of the students. As to the input dimension of the programme, it is seen that the materials utilized in the programme have a positive effect on the students but the teachers still have problems in terms of equipment deficiency at the schools they are in charge. With regards to the process dimension of the programme; it is found out that the teachers deem the activities aimed for educational attainments sufficient however they cannot teach their lessons efficiently due to the limited time of the lesson. In terms of product dimension; it is inferred that the information and songs to help the students in their daily lives and to attract their attention are not included in the programme. Keywords: Music lesson curriculum, Music lesson teacher, Context, Input, Process, Products.


Limit computable functions can be characterized by Turing jumps on the input side or limits on the output side. As a monad of this pair of adjoint operations we obtain a problem that characterizes the low functions and dually to this another problem that characterizes the functions that are computable relative to the halting problem. Correspondingly, these two classes are the largest classes of functions that can be pre or post composed to limit computable functions without leaving the class of limit computable functions. We transfer these observations to the lattice of represented spaces where it leads to a formal Galois connection. We also formulate a version of this result for computable metric spaces. Limit computability and computability relative to the halting problem are notions that coincide for points and sequences, but even restricted to continuous functions the former class is strictly larger than the latter. On computable metric spaces we can characterize the functions that are computable relative to the halting problem as those functions that are limit computable with a modulus of continuity that is computable relative to the halting problem. As a consequence of this result we obtain, for instance, that Lipschitz continuous functions that are limit computable are automatically computable relative to the halting problem. We also discuss 1-generic points as the canonical points of continuity of limit computable functions, and we prove that restricted to these points limit computable functions are computable relative to the halting problem. Finally, we demonstrate how these results can be applied in computable analysis.


It seems to be accepted that intelligence—artificial or otherwise—and 'the singularity' are inseparable concepts: 'The singularity' will apparently arise from AI reaching a, supposedly particular, but actually poorly-defined, level of sophistication; and an empowered combination of hardware and software will take it from there (and take over from us). However, such wisdom and debate are simplistic in a number of ways: firstly, this is a poor definition of the singularity; secondly, it muddles various notions of intelligence; thirdly, competing arguments are rarely based on shared axioms, so are frequently pointless; fourthly, our models for trying to discuss these concepts at all are often inconsistent; and finally, our attempts at describing any 'post-singularity' world are almost always limited by anthropomorphism. In all of these respects, professional 'futurists' often appear as confused as storytellers who, through freer licence, may conceivably have the clearer view: perhaps then, that becomes a reasonable place to start. There is no attempt in this paper to propose, or evaluate, any research hypothesis; rather simply to challenge conventions. Using examples from science fiction to illustrate various assumptions behind the AI/singularity debate, this essay seeks to encourage discussion on a number of possible futures based on different underlying metaphysical philosophies. Although properly grounded in science, it eventually looks beyond the technology for answers and, ultimately, beyond the Earth itself.


The Handbook on the Economics and Theory of the Firm explores both the economics of the firm and the theory of the firm, two areas which were traditionally treated separately in the literature. On the one hand, the former refers to the structure, organization and boundaries of the firm, while the latter is devoted to the analysis of behaviours and strategies in particular market contexts. The novel concept underpinning this authoritative volume is that these two areas closely interact, and that a framework must be articulated in order to illustrate how linkages can be created. This introduction is dedicated to comprehensively develop this interpretative framework.


The Thesis analyses and evaluates how Gavin Douglas (Eneados, 1513) has refocused Virgil's Aeneid, principally by giving more emphasis to the serial particularity inherent in the story, loosening the narrative structure and involving the reader in its retelling. Chapter I pieces together (from the evidence not merely of what Douglas explicitly says, but of what his words imply) what for him a "text" in general is, and what accordingly it means for a translator or a reader to be engaged with it. This sets the scene for what follows. The next four Chapters look in turn at how he re-expresses important (metaphysical) characteristics of the story. In Chapter II his handling of time is discussed, and compared with Virgil's: the Chapter sets out in detail how Douglas consistently refocuses temporal predicates, foregrounding their disjunctiveness and making them differently felt. In Chapter III spatial position and distance are analysed, and Douglas' way of dealing with space is found to display parallels with his treatment of time: networks are loosened and nodal points are accentuated. In Chapter IV the way in which he presents individuals is compared with Virgil's, and a similar repatterning and shift reveals itself: Douglas provides his persons with firmer boundaries. Chapter V deals with fate, where Douglas encounters special difficulties but maintains his characteristic way of handling the story. The aim of these four Chapters is to characterise formally how Douglas concretises and vivifies the tale of Aeneas, engaging his readers throughout in the retelling. Finally, Chapter VI looks at certain general principles of translation theory (notably connected with the ideas of faithfulness and accuracy) and argues for a way in which Douglas' translation can be fairly experienced by the reader and fairly evaluated as a lively retelling which (albeit distinctive) is fundamentally faithful to Virgil.


This article uses the term "psychological reality" in this sense: the extent to which the constructs of linguistic theory can be taken to have a basis in the human mind, i.e., to somehow be reflected in human cognitive structures. This article explores the human cognitive structures in which the constructs of phonetic theory may be reflected. The last section is a critique of the psychological reality of sound patterns in Baudelaire's "Les Chats", as discussed in three earlier articles. In physical terms, it defines "resonant" as "tending to reinforce or prolong sounds, especially by synchronous vibration". In phonetic terms it defines "resonant" as "where intense precategorical auditory information lingers in short-term memory". The effect of rhyme in poetry is carried by similar overtones vibrating in the rhyme fellows, resonating like similar overtones on the piano. In either case, we do not compare overtones item by item, just hear their synchronous vibration. I contrast this conception to three approaches: one that points out similar sounds of "internal rhymes", irrespective of whether they may be contained within the span of short-term memory (i.e., whether they may have psychological relit); one that claims that syntactic complexity may cancel the psychological reality of "internal rhymes" (whereas I claim that it merely backgrounds rhyme); and one that found through an eye-tracking experiment that readers fixate longer on verse-final rhymes than on other words, assuming regressive eye-movement (I claim that rhyme is an acoustic not visual phenomenon; and that there is a tendency to indicate discontinuation by prolonging the last sounds in ordinary speech and blank verse too, as well as in music — where no rhyme is involved).


Providing the ability to increase or decrease allocated resources on demand as the transactional load varies is essential for database management systems (DBMS) deployed on today's computing platforms, such as the cloud. The need to maintain consistency of the database, at very large scales, while providing high performance and reliability makes elasticity particularly challenging. In this thesis, we exploit data partitioning as a way to provide elastic DBMS scalability. We assert that the flexibility provided by a partitioned, shared-nothing parallel DBMS can be used to implement elasticity. Our idea is to start with a small number of servers that manage all the partitions, and to elastically scale out by dynamically adding new servers and redistributing database partitions among these servers as the load varies. Implementing this approach requires (a) efficient mechanisms for addition/removal of servers and migration of partitions, and (b) policies to efficiently determine the optimal placement of partitions on the given servers as well as plans for partition migration. This thesis presents Elasca, a system that implements both these features in an existing shared-nothing DBMS (namely VoltDB) to provide automatic elastic scalability. Elasca consists of a mechanism for enabling elastic scalability, and a workload-aware optimizer for determining optimal partition placement and migration plans. Our optimizer minimizes computing resources required and balances load effectively without compromising system performance, even in the presence of variations in intensity and skew of the load. The results of our experiments show that Elasca is able to achieve performance close to a fully provisioned system while saving 35% resources on average. Furthermore, Elasca's workload-aware optimizer performs up to 79% less data movement than a greedy approach to resource minimization, and also balance load much more effectively.


Abstract The Scaglia Rossa of central and northern Italy yields a late Cretaceous bathyal echinoid fauna. Comparison with Jurassic and Cenozoic bathyal faunas highlights that (i) there have been at least three phases of colonization of bathyal settings from the continental shelves, with successive faunas replacing the earlier; and (ii) bathyal echinoid faunas encompass an increasing range of feeding strategies and greater diversity of taxa through time, paralleling increasing nutrification of the oceans. A new Santonian deep-sea spatangoid, Bathyovulaster disjunctus gen. et sp. nov., is described from sediments deposited at > 1500 m water depth at Gubbio, Umbria–Marche region, Italy.


This manual explains what GDP and GNI and their components are and what they mean. It shows how they are used and what they are used for. And it does this in an easily understood way. Opening with a chapter showing how national accounts concepts relate to macroeconomics, the books goes on to systematically deal with volume and prices, international comparability, production, final uses, household accounts, business accounts, government accounts, and financial accounts. It also has chapter on how national accounts data are gathered and the history of the national accounts system. Three special chapters examine national accounts in China, India, and the United States. Previously published only in French, this manual has been revised and expanded to have a truly global perspective.


Acidovorax citrulli causes seedling blight and bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. Previous reports demonstrated the contribution of type IV pili (T4P) to A. citrulli virulence and to systemic infection of melon seedlings. Microfluidic flow-chamber assays demonstrated the involvement of T4P in surface adhesion and biofilm formation, whereas polar flagella did not appear to contribute to either of these features. On the other hand, a transposon mutant impaired in the biosynthesis of polar flagella was identified in screens for reduced virulence of an A. citrulli mutant library. Further characterization of polar flagellum mutants confirmed that A. citrulli requires a polar flagellum for full virulence on melon plants. Foliage and stem inoculation experiments revealed that polar flagella contribute to A. citrulli virulence and growth in planta at both pre- and post-host-tissue penetration. Interestingly, light microscope observations revealed that almost all A. citrulli wild-type cells extracted from the xylem sap of stem-inoculated melon seedlings remained motile, supporting the importance of this organelle in virulence and colonization of the host vascular system. We also report a negative effect of polar flagellum impairment on T4P-mediated twitching motility of A. citrulli and discuss a possible co-regulation of these two motility machineries in this bacterium.


The Neoproterozoic (early Riphean) Moine Supergroup crops out extensively in the Scottish Caledonides north of the Great Glen and is characterized by structural complexity and monotonous siliciclastic lithology with a lack of biostratigraphic control. Despite these problems, it has become possible to combine locally defined successions into a regional stratigraphic framework. This permits an evaluation of the tectonic setting of Moine deposition, in a subsiding tract that became the Scottish part of the Laurentian margin when Iapetus opened in the Vendian. Two major rift-basins are inferred, each of half-graben type, controlled by east-facing normal faults. The earlier Morar Group basin received a thick fill of dominantly shallow-marine arkosic sandstones, the Upper Morar Psammite forming a major regressive sequence. The Glenfinnan Group consists of mixed and muddy deposits that are interpreted partly as distal equivalents of the Morar Group, partly as a post-Morar transgressive thermal re-equilibration sequence. The Loch Eil Group, dominated by shallow marine arkosic and siliceous psammites, was deposited in a second, more easterly rift-basin that was subsequently juxtaposed with the Morar basin during Caledonian thrusting. Sediment dispersal in the major sandy sequences was northwards, and there is some evidence that provenance was, at least in part, from a mid-Proterozoic basement terrain to the south. The extension-dominated depositional setting of the Moine Supergroup, and basin geometry, are similar to those inferred for the other major Riphean clastic sequences of Scotland, the 'Torridonian' of the foreland and the Grampian Group to the southeast. The latter is followed by Upper Riphean transgressive strata of the Appin Group. Scottish Riphean stratigraphy records a major pre-Iapetan cycle of lithospheric extension and thermal recovery, with no regional scale unconformities yet identified that might constitute evidence for contemporary orogenesis.


Individuals committed to exclusive relationships often evaluate attractive, opposite-sex targets less favorably than do less committed individuals. This devaluative distortion of alternatives has been interpreted as relationship maintenance by exclusive daters. Two experiments evaluated an alternative hypothesis: Less committed individuals may more favorably evaluate attractive, other-sex targets because they are seeking a relationship. In Experiment 1, exclusive and nonexclusive daters imagined a scenario in which an attractive stranger showed interest in the participant (high threat/high opportunity) or in his or her best friend (low threat/low opportunity). In Experiment 2, exclusive and nonexclusive daters anticipated interacting with an attractive target who was either available/seeking a relationship (high threat/high opportunity) or unavailable for a relationship (low threat/low opportunity). As predicted, nonexclusive daters evaluated available targets more favorably than unavailable ones, showing clear evidence of relationship-seeking motives. However, exclusive daters showed little evidence of devaluing available targets in the interest of relationship maintenance.


This essay analyzes Bruce Springsteen's 1984 hit song "Born in the U.S.A." as a history and commentary on working-class identity. The article discusses the song's narrative elements and its oppositional chorus as they each relate to the social, economic, political, and cultural history of post-Vietnam America. Beginning with an overview of white, male working-class political identity since the 1930s, the essay then turns to the era covered by the song itself—the 1970s and early 1980s. Three main themes are then explored through an intertextual analysis. First is the unique musical structure of song—the anthemic chorus contrasted with the verses' desperate narrative. The tension between the two is foundational for any understanding of the song's poetics. Next is the Vietnam/hometown metonymy, in which it is argued that the Vietnam War serves as a collection of symbols relating not simply to the war itself but to the social and economic siege of American blue-collar communities. Finally, the essay turns directly to the song's theme of economic devastation, which uproots the material basis of working-class identity only to replant it in the acidic soil of nationalism.A close reading of these themes—and the cultural and political forces that gave rise to them—points toward an understanding of both working-class identity and community under siege in what can best be understood as a guerrilla war at home and abroad. Springsteen reveals blue-collar America separated from an economic identity, sheltered only by the empty shell of a failed social patriotism, contained in a hometown under attack, and fighting in little but isolation and silence. The economic foundations of the industrial working class were disappearing, the politics that once offered some protection had all but disappeared, and what remained was a deafening but hollow national pride—"Born in the USA." The essay concludes with a brief exploration of the ways in which the themes of the song reverberate well into twenty-first century.


This document provides requirements for a service that allows client applications to subscribe to updates of a YANG datastore. Based on criteria negotiated as part of a subscription, updates will be pushed to targeted recipients. Such a capability eliminates the need for periodic polling of YANG datastores by applications and fills a functional gap in existing YANG transports (i.e., Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) and RESTCONF). Such a service can be summarized as a "pub/sub" service for YANG datastore updates. Beyond a set of basic requirements for the service, various refinements are addressed. These refinements include: periodicity of object updates, filtering out of objects underneath a requested a subtree, and delivery QoS guarantees.


In semi-arid rural Kenya, most households travel long distances to access food markets. This has negative effects on food consumption and the use of market facilities. Over70 % of farmers in Tharaka Constituency lack access to formal markets often relying on contracted middlemen who buy at farm gate for traders in major urban centres. Studies on intra-variation in accessibility to market services remains scanty, yet market purchases account for most food consumed across urban and rural areas. Distance defines accessibility and performance of market facilities in most areas where food insecurity and malnutrition are common. This study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to measure physical accessibility to open air markets within semi-arid Tharaka, a constituency where vulnerability to acute food shortage is comparatively high. Normative, administrative and geospatial datasets were used in the analysis. Results showed that geographic accessibility to local market centres vary spatially across the villages. In terms of market accessibility, 40.4% of the total population live in areas with high inaccessibility risks while 36.1% are found in places with low inaccessibility risks and only 23.5% of the population exists in areas with moderate inaccessibility risks. This means a large proportion of deprived population live in villages within high to very high inaccessibility risk areas. This spatial inequity has implications on household food security and explains the chronic problems of hunger and malnutrition experienced in the area. Therefore, markets within high inaccessibility risk areas should be upgraded and infrastructure thereof improved to enable food mobility across these areas.


Vehicle routing problems occur in many practical situations where the pickup and/or delivery of goods is required. In this context, the present research aims to contribute to the study of logistic operations that arise in companies that deliver products on a regular basis to customers in densely populated urban areas. The problem consists in designing minimal cost daily routes serving the maximal number of customers. To this end, the crew of each vehicle comprise multiple deliverymen as means to reduce service times. Based on a case study in a drinks producer and distributor in the state of São Paulo, it is proposed a mixed integer linear programming model that comprise costs with own and chartered vehicles and the number of deliverymen, and various operational constraints such as time windows in customers, multiple daily trips, time limitations for the circulation of some vehicle types in specific areas, compatibility between vehicles and customers, maximum load in each vehicle, maximum route time and minimum load for the realization of a second trip. Results obtained by solving the model with real instances through exact (branch&cut), heuristic (constructive, local search, GRASP and Simulated Annealing) and hybrid (GRASP and branch&cut) approaches demonstrate the good quality of the generated solutions, and indicate the potential of application of some of these methods in practice. Palavras-chave. Vehicle routing problem. Multiple deliverymen. Multi-trip. Heuristics and Metaheuristics approaches. Mixed integer linear programming. Combinatorial optimization.


Back ground of the study: Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercise, were done priory in some studies. A study of core stability and athletic Performance was described in other studies. The aim of this study is to find out the effectiveness of core muscle strengthening for basketball players by using the traditional core exercises and Swiss ball exercises to improve their performance level. Methodology: A total of 30 male subjects were divided into two groups A and B, selected for this study. Among them in group 'A' assigned to follow the traditional method and in other group 'B' were to follow the Swiss ball exercises, in which both the groups were to concentrate on core strengthening program. The exercises included 10 repetition, 3 to 4 set, everyday for 5 weeks program, along with their routine warm ups and stretching. Statistical tool used in this study is t-test. Results: The pre and post test values of mean table values shows that group B exercises DLLT, t-test for swiss ball exercises having better result than DLLT for traditional core exercises and t-test for traditional core exercises in group A. Conclusion: The result of this comparative study indicates that Swiss ball core exercises are more beneficial than traditional core exercises among basketball players. Overall this study show that core strengthening and agility training method are improving not only the strength and agility but also improves the performance level among basketball players.


Talking the Walk in Cognitive Stylistics Jonathan Culpeper, Language and Characterisation: People in Plays and Other Texts. London: Longman/Pearson Education, 2001. 328 pp. No price. Jonathan Culpeper has made a significant contribution to the study of literary character in drama by blending some basic characterological assumptions with what has come to be known as cognitive stylistics. Although three of the six chapters have already seen the light of day in other venues, this work, taken as a whole, comprises a useful introduction to the ongoing relationships between language study and the holistic understanding of character conversations in dramatic texts. My only quibble with Culpeper's approach is his general reluctance to discuss "non-verbal features-the features that constitute a performance," because they "are specified, to a degree, within the text." In this, he agrees with his former mentor, Mick Short ("Discourse," "From Dramatic Text") that "we should study the text rather than the performance" because "variability is a particular problem in studying performance" (41 ). Well, yes it is, in the same way that losing one's keys in the dark would thus require looking in the light by the street-lamp, whether that's where they were dropped or not, since searching in the dark remains "a particular problem." Culpeper does soften this claim briefly by noting the potential differences in "perceptual salience" between readers and playgoing spectators, but states that it is "not an area [he has] the space to develop within this book" although he will look to "eye-dialect" as suggested by "non-standard writing" (42). Hence, little mention is made of the nonverbal elements such as physical movement in drama, perhaps one of the key differences between a completely verbal medium like the novel and a mixed mode like the theater. Of course, Culpeper would, I am sure, counter by arguing that his focus was deliberately aimed at the uses of written language in the theater and at the reader's or spectator's processes of understanding characters; if any reviewer wants a different sort of book, let him/her write his/her own damn book! Fair enough. However, that does not change the fact that theatrical performances (and the texts they are based upon) include, among many things, the actors' movements in time and in three-dimensional space as such physical actions help stage-goers directly (and readers imaginatively) create their impressions of the characters they are viewing/reading. Nonetheless, although Culpeper's book may not include all that I wish it had, what it does deliver is well worth the attention of the readers of Style. Each chapter is usefully subdivided into at least three levels of analysis. In chapter one, Culpeper begins by asking three large questions: "1) How does the reader's prior knowledge contribute to characterization? 2) How does the reader infer characteristics from the text? 3) What are the textual cues in characterization?" He goes on to say that the "dialogue of plays is the primary focus of this book," and then surveys earlier analyzes of literary character, mentioning among other works the special issues on character in Poetics Today (Theory of Character), and of course the one edited by this reviewer in Style (Literary Character), but correctly laments that in both issues, "only one article addressed the issue of character in drama" (1). Indeed, one could say that much postmodern theorizing has had difficulties in transforming purely textual analyzes into studies of the collaborative medium of the drama (Knapp 2), and it is within this lacunae that Culpeper makes a large contribution-albeit by focusing primarily on written verbal elements. But, half a linguistic loaf is better than no theater loaf at all, so he and I will have to agree to disagree; I therefore turn now to his arguments. In the initial chapter, Culpeper's major interest is in what he calls the process of character formation-"how we form impressions of characters in our minds-not just characters themselves or their personalities. …


Background: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) contributes to heart allograft loss. However, an important knowledge gap remains in terms of the pathophysiology of AMR and how detection of immune activity, injury degree, and stage could be improved by intragraft gene expression profiling. Methods: We prospectively monitored 617 heart transplant recipients referred from 4 French transplant centers (January 1, 2006–January 1, 2011) for AMR. We compared patients with AMR (n=55) with a matched control group of 55 patients without AMR. We characterized all patients using histopathology (ISHLT [International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation] 2013 grades), immunostaining, and circulating anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies at the time of biopsy, together with systematic gene expression assessments of the allograft tissue, using microarrays. Effector cells were evaluated with in vitro human cell cultures. We studied a validation cohort of 98 heart recipients transplanted in Edmonton, AB, Canada, including 27 cases of AMR and 71 controls. Results: A total of 240 heart transplant endomyocardial biopsies were assessed. AMR showed a distinct pattern of injury characterized by endothelial activation with microcirculatory inflammation by monocytes/macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. We also observed selective changes in endothelial/angiogenesis and NK cell transcripts, including CD16A signaling and interferon-&ggr;–inducible genes. The AMR-selective gene sets accurately discriminated patients with AMR from those without and included NK transcripts (area under the curve=0.87), endothelial activation transcripts (area under the curve=0.80), macrophage transcripts (area under the curve=0.86), and interferon-&ggr; transcripts (area under the curve=0.84; P<0.0001 for all comparisons). These 4 gene sets showed increased expression with increasing pathological AMR (pAMR) International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade (P<0.001) and association with donor-specific antibody levels. The unsupervised principal components analysis demonstrated a high proportion of molecularly inactive pAMR1(I+), and there was significant molecular overlap between pAMR1(H+) and full-blown pAMR2/3 cases. Endothelial activation transcripts, interferon-&ggr;, and NK transcripts showed association with chronic allograft vasculopathy. The molecular architecture and selective AMR transcripts, together with gene set discrimination capacity for AMR identified in the discovery set, were reproduced in the validation cohort. Conclusions: Tissue-based measurements of specific pathogenesis-based transcripts reflecting NK burden, endothelial activation, macrophage burden, and interferon-&ggr; effects accurately classify AMR and correlate with degree of injury and disease activity. This study illustrates the clinical potential of a tissue-based analysis of gene transcripts to refine diagnosis of heart transplant rejection.


The most underdiagnosed water-borne bacterial zoonosis in the world is Leptospirosis which especially impacts tropical and humid regions. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the number of human cases is not known precisely. Available reports showed that worldwide incidences vary from 0.1-1 per 100 000 per year in temperate climates to 10-100 per 100 000 in the humid tropics. Pathogenic bacteria that is spread by the urines of rats is the main reason of water and soil infections. Rice field farmers who are in contact with infected water or soil, contain the most burden of leptospirosis prevalence. In recent years, this zoonotic disease have been occurred in north of Iran endemically. Guilan as the second rice production province (average=750 000 000 Kg, 40% of country production) after Mazandaran, has one of the most rural population (Male=487 679, Female=496 022) and rice workers (47 621 insured workers) among Iran provinces. The main objectives of this study were to analyse yearly spatial distribution and the possible spatial clusters of leptospirosis to better understand epidemiological aspects of them in the province. Survey was performed during the period of 2009–2013 at rural district level throughout the study area. Global clustering methods including the average nearest neighbour distance, Moran's I and General G indices were utilized to investigate the annual spatial distribution of diseases. At the end, significant spatial clusters have been detected with the objective of informing priority areas for public health planning and resource allocation.


The ability to trace request execution paths is critical for diagnosing performance faults in large-scale distributed systems. Previous black-box and white-box approaches are either inaccurate or invasive. We present a novel semantics-assisted gray-box tracing approach, called Rake, which can accurately trace individual request by observing network traffic. Rake infers the causality between messages by identifying polymorphic IDs in messages according to application semantics. To make Rake universally applicable, we design a Rake language so that users can easily describe necessary semantics of their applications while reusing the core Rake component. We evaluate Rake using a few popular distributed applications, including web search, distributed computing cluster, content provider network, and online chatting. Our results demonstrate Rake is much more accurate than the black-box approaches while requiring no modification to OS/applications. In the CoralCDN (a content distributed network) experiments, Rake links messages with much higher accuracy than WAP5, a state-of-the-art black-box approach. In the Hadoop (a distributed computing cluster platform) experiments, Rake helps reveal several previously unknown issues that may lead to performance degradation, including a RPC (Remote Procedure Call) abusing problem.


The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products to drive a mesoscale hydrologic model (mHM) in a poorly gauged basin. Other remotely sensed products such as LandSat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) were also used to complement the local geoinformation. For this purpose, three data blending techniques that combine satellite with in situ observations were implemented and evaluated in the Mod basin (512 km2) in India. The climate of the basin is semi-arid and monsoon-dominated. The rainfall gauging network comprised six stations with daily records spanning 9 years. Daily discharge time series was only 4 years long and incomplete. Lumped and distributed versions of mHM were evaluated. Parameters of the lumped version were obtained through calibration. A multiscale regionalization technique was used to parameterize the distributed version using global parameters from other gauged basins. Both mHM versions were evaluated during six monsoon seasons. Results of numerical experiments indicated that driving mHM with satellite-based products is possible and promising. The distributed model with regionalized parameters was at least 20% more efficient than that of its lumped version. Initialization conditions must be carefully considered when the model is only driven by remotely sensed inputs.


Metal hydrides (MHs) are promising candidates as thermal energy storage (TES) materials for concentrated solar thermal applications. A key requirement for this technology is a high temperature heat transfer fluid (HTF) that can deliver heat to the MHs for storage during the day, and remove heat at night time to produce electricity. In this study, supercritical water was used as a HTF to heat a prototype thermochemical heat storage reactor filled with MgH2 powder during H2 sorption, rather than electrical heating of the MH reactor. This is beneficial as the HTF flows through a coil of tubing embedded within the MH bed and is hence in better contact with the MgH2 powder. This internal heating mode produces a more uniform temperature distribution within the reactor by increasing the heat exchange surface area and reducing the characteristic heat exchange distances. Moreover, supercritical water can be implemented as a heat carrier for the entire thermal energy system within a concentrating solar thermal plant, from the receiver, through the heat storage system, and also within a conventional turbine-driven electric power generation system. Thus, the total system energy efficiency can be improved by minimising HTF heat exchangers.


Approximate inference in complex probabilistic models such as deep Gaussian processes requires the optimisation of doubly stochastic objective functions. These objectives incorporate randomness both from mini-batch subsampling of the data and from Monte Carlo estimation of expectations. If the gradient variance is high, the stochastic optimisation problem becomes difficult with a slow rate of convergence. Control variates can be used to reduce the variance, but past approaches do not take into account how mini-batch stochasticity affects sampling stochasticity, resulting in sub-optimal variance reduction. We propose a new approach in which we use a recognition network to cheaply approximate the optimal control variate for each mini-batch, with no additional model gradient computations. We illustrate the properties of this proposal and test its performance on logistic regression and deep Gaussian processes.


Simulation of tunnelling spectra obtained from semiconductor surfaces permits quantitative evaluation of nanoscale electronic properties of the surface. Band offsets associated with quantum wells or quantum dots can thus be evaluated, as can be electronic properties associated with particular point defects within the material. An overview of the methods employed for the analysis is given, emphasizing the critical requirements of both the experiment and theory that must be fulfilled for a realistic determination of electronic properties.


As the challenges facing the Norwegian healthcare system are growing in scale and complexity, cross-disciplinary collaboration is needed between public and private sectors to rethink how we design services for care. Service design has emerged as a fruitful area of design practice and research that can support cross-disciplinary collaboration. It may do so by providing effective co-design communication tools that bridge the evidence-based culture of the medical world with working cultures, perspectives and languages of other fields. Despite the documented use of such tools, few examples in the literature describe the actual design process of developing three-dimensional communication tools and how designed attributes of tools may impact on their effectiveness and influence collaboration. This paper presents examples of tool prototyping as part of an ongoing PhD research. It includes three cases that are taken up to explore how to design context appropriate tools. This is done through the application of an analytical framework that draws on the use of metaphors and affordances in physical objects to offer an account of how tangible tools may be developed and implemented to support collaboration in the co-design of healthcare services.


What is the nature of a court? In this article I argue that we need to know what a court is supposed to do in order to understand what it is. I argue against two conceptions of a court which I call 'minimalist' and 'essentialist'. The former holds that a court is simply a body empowered to make binding resolutions of disputes by applying existing laws. I argue that this conception is incomplete. The latter identifies further essential features of courts, such as the use of fair processes. I argue that the essentialist conception lacks explanatory power. Drawing on the central case methodology in legal philosophy, I introduce a conception that I call the 'paradigm case conception'. I argue that paradigm courts are not merely empowered to apply the law but equipped to do so, by virtue of possessing features that assist them to resolve legal disputes accurately and effectively (ie, with the public's acceptance). Courts that do not possess all of these features or possess them to a limited degree are not 'non-courts' but defective courts. I explain why the paradigm case conception is theoretically and practically superior to the other conceptions.


The hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) is a wide-ranging, often migratory bat that probably occurs in all 50 of the United States (1). Blair (2) provided the first published record of the hoary bat in Oklahoma and believed that the species rarely occurred in the state. According to Glass and Halloran (3) L. cinereus is found throughout Oklahoma in summer. In Kansas, the species is widely distributed but more numerous in the eastern part of the state (4). Findley and Jones (5) found that hoary bats exhibit a distinct seasonal, sexual, and geographic distribution in North and South America. Museum and reliable sight records were compiled to determine the status of L. cinereus in Oklahoma. Figure 1 shows the distribution based on these records, the majority of which are from central and extreme western Oklahoma. Of particular interest is the distribution of the sexes. Females have been taken primarily in the central and eastern portions of the state and constitute 63 percent of the specimens for which the sex is known, whereas the less common males were found most often in the Panhandle. This sexual segregation in Oklahoma agrees with the findings of Findley and Jones (5) which indicated that females occupied an eastern summering ground but that males were more prevalent in the montane West. They theorized that the more eastern areas of parturition were unoccupied by adult males and that most males recorded in these localities would be young-of-the-year. This theory is supported by the fact that one of only two males from central Oklahoma is a newly fledged juvenile (see Table 1). Records of occurrence by season for the hoary bat in Oklahoma are presented in Table 1. Thirty-five percent of the specimens were taken in June or July, with scattered records from earlier in spring and in autumn. Findley and Jones (5) also found L. cinereus to be most abundant in New Mexico in June and July. The late summer and autumn (August, September, and October) and spring (April and May) records probably represent migrating individuals. Except for one, all records from the Panhandle occurred between August and October. This could suggest that L. cinereus does not reside there during summer, or merely that little collecting takes place then. The hoary bat in Oklahoma is seemingly a migrant statewide. Summer residents are dominated by females in central and eastern Oklahoma. Females, pregnant prior to beginning their northward spring migration, probably bear young in Oklahoma in May and June. Our present understanding of the distribution of Lasiurus cinereus in the state may be biased by times and locations of sampling and by lack of adequate collection.


This paper examines the hypothesis that manufacturing industries in Japan that have been exposed to import competition from China experience greater skill upgrading by increasing demand for skilled workers. Using an industry panel dataset over the period 1980–2010, we exploit variations of workers' skill categories by occupation, paired with information and communication technology (ICT) investment data in the employment share regression. We find that while import competition from China have shifted from labour intensive to more capital-intensive products, this has not resulted in substituting skilled workers in Japanese manufacturing. Rather, it has had the profound positive effect of raising overall demand for skilled workers. Most of the competition effects were felt among production workers, leaving middle-skilled workers largely unaffected.


" This volume of twelve original essays is the first comprehensive study of feminist issues in Restoration drama. The late seventeenth century marks a pivotal era in the history of feminism, when Renaissance assumptions about gender and patriarchy were being directly challenged. For the first time, women appeared onstage as actresses, made their presence felt as spectators and patrons, and wrote a number of the plays produced in theaters. Ina n unusually direct and probing way, drama of the Restoration period raised radical questions about the place of women in the family and in society, and about the essential nature of men and women. The essays examine feminist issues from a variety of historical and theoretical approaches across a spectrum of plays-comedies, tragedies, tragicomedies, and heroic drama. By addressing the acute questions of gender raised in the drama, Broken Boundaries presents a vivid portrait of the uncertainties and changing perceptions in all areas of intellectual, political, and social life during the last decades of the seventeenth century.


This dissertation presents a new approach for achieving group rendezvous with a coordinator node towards forming a Cognitive Personal Area Network (CPAN) by an arbitrary number of nodes. We propose a protocol for the time to form CPAN in which the nodes join the coordinator simultaneously instead of sequentially. Specifically, we develop an analytical model and derive the distribution of time to form CPAN under the considerations of random arrivals of nodes and their random times to rendezvous with coordinator. We also investigate the CPAN formation time by considering the random activity of primary user (PU).
Besides operating in a CPAN, the nodes may have traffic destined to the nodes of other CPAN. In this dissertation, we also propose a bridging protocol in which a shared (bridge) node routes the inter-CPAN traffic between two CPANs. As the bridge node shares its time between two CPANs, the bridge traffic gets priority over that of ordinary nodes in
both CPANs. We consider a single, unidirectional bridge because the traffic in the opposite direction can easily be accommodated by having another bridge node. We develop an analytical model based on probabilistic modeling and queueing theory to evaluate the performance of the bridging protocol. We validate the network performance by analyzing the waiting time of local and non-local packets and how the node or bridge transmission is affected by the collision with primary source activity.
Finally, we propose a low-overhead two-way bridging scheme for two-hop CPANs, which is more realistic and can be used a basis for routing inter-CPAN traffic in a multihop network. In this advance bringing protocol, the bridge switches between the CPANs without any predefined arrangement, which resulted in simplified bridge scheduling and increased fairness for all nodes. We also analyze its performance through probabilistic analysis and renewal theory. We show that the CPANs are indeed decoupled in terms of synchronization, however the performance of both local and non-local traffic in either CPAN depends on the traffic intensity in both CPANs as well as on the portion of traffic targeting non-local destinations


This is the last of four papers that present the detailed measnrements and results that led to the acceptance by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry of Secondary Infrared Absorption Intensity Standards for liquids. In this paper accurate infrared absorption intensities of liquid dichloromethane at 25°C are presented. The accuracy was estimated from the ±1.5% average agreement of integrated intensities over specific wavenumber ranges between spectra measured by five spectroscopists in four laboratories. The use of data from different instruments in different laboratories has significantly included the effect of systematic instrumental errors. The spectra from the different spectroscopists have been averaged, unweighted, to give intensity spectra of dichloromethane that are presented as the best available. The results obtained agree with the only measurements that have been made against a primary standard, the estimated accuracy of which is about 5.5%. The spectra of the molar absorption coefficient and or the real and imaginary refractive indices are reported as tables and graphs between 6500 and 800 cm−1. Also reported are the peak heights and the areas under band groups in the molar absorption coefficient and imaginary refractive index spectra. The imaginary refractive index, k(ν˜), and molar absorption coefficient, Em(ν˜), values are believed to be accurate to an average ±2.3% over the 36 measured bands. The baseline k(ν˜) values are believed to be accurate to ∼8% below 6000 cm−1, ∼1% below 4500 cm−1, and ∼25% above 6000 cm−1, where the absorption is extremely weak. The areas under band groups in the k(ν˜) and Em(ν˜) spectra are believed to be accurate to 1.5% averaged over the 15 measured band groups and to 1.0% over the 10 band groups below 3600 cm−1. The real refractive index, n(ν˜), values are believed to be accurate to 0.2%.


This paper reports the theoretical and empirical evidence on the distributional effects of Express Lanes. It also provides evidence of how they affect congestion, both in the Express Lanes themselves and in the parallel general-purpose lanes. The paper also helps put Express Lanes in context by discussing the merits of alternative approaches to managing congestion such as ramp metering, permits, and vehicle-kilometres travelled charges.


Extracting semantic relations among entities is an important first step in various tasks in Web mining and natural language processing such as information extraction, relation detection, and social network mining. A relation can be expressed extensionally by stating all the instances of that relation or intensionally by defining all the paraphrases of that relation. For example, consider the ACQUISITION relation between two companies. An extensional definition of ACQUISITION contains all pairs of companies in which one company is acquired by another (e.g. (YouTube, Google) or (Powerset, Microsoft)). On the other hand we can intensionally define ACQUISITION as the relation described by lexical patterns such as X is acquired by Y, or Y purchased X, where X and Y denote two companies. We use this dual representation of semantic relations to propose a novel sequential co-clustering algorithm that can extract numerous relations efficiently from unlabeled data. We provide an efficient heuristic to find the parameters of the proposed coclustering algorithm. Using the clusters produced by the algorithm, we train an L1 regularized logistic regression model to identify the representative patterns that describe the relation expressed by each cluster. We evaluate the proposed method in three different tasks: measuring relational similarity between entity pairs, open information extraction (Open IE), and classifying relations in a social network system. Experiments conducted using a benchmark dataset show that the proposed method improves existing relational similarity measures. Moreover, the proposed method significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art Open IE systems in terms of both precision and recall. The proposed method correctly classifies 53 relation types in an online social network containing 470; 671 nodes and 35; 652; 475 edges, thereby demonstrating its efficacy in real-world relation detection tasks.


The Sanrafaelic remagnetization of Precordillera in the Permian: New evidence. A paleomagnetic study, carried out on 9 sites of the La Flecha Formation (facies Los Sapitos, Upper Cambrian, Marjuman-Steptoean) exposed along the la Angostura creek, Precordillera of La Rioja (29.5°S, 68.7°W), permitted to determine two magnetic components. One is postectonic and of low coercivities and unblocking temperatures (A, Dec: 7.5°, Inc: -40.3°, a95: 10.1°, N: 6), being interpreted as a recent remanence of probable viscous origin. A second, pretectonic, component was isolated in seven sites with opposite polarities and is likely carried by magnetite (B, Dec: 206.9°, Inc: 63.3°, a95: 12.8°, N: 7). The paleomagnetic pole position for this component (Lat: 63.8°S, Long: 244.6°E, dp: 15.9°, dm: 20.2°) suggests that the remanence was acquired by the end of the Permian and it is interpreted as produced by the regional remagnetization associated with the San Rafael orogenic phase found in other units of the Precordillera. An analysis of pole positions, type of magnetizations, polarities and geographic distribution of the remagnetized units suggests a pattern of time-space migration of the remagnetization from west to east, between the Early Permian and the Permian-Triassic. This pattern is consistent with a model of remagnetization by migration of fluids expelled from the orogenic area that reached rocks not involved directly in the deformation. The pole position obtained for La Flecha Formation also suggests the lack of major tectonic rotations in the study area since the Permian.


Abstract: This article examines the current debate about the nature of democracy and discusses the main theses of the approach called 'deliberative democracy' in its two main versions, the one put forward by John Rawls, and the other one put forwardby Jurgen Habermas. While agreeing with them as regards to the need to develop a more of democracy than the one offered by the 'aggregative' model, I submit that they do not provide an adequate understanding of the main task of democracy. No doubt, by stating that democracy cannot be reduced to a question of procedures to mediate among conflicting interests, deliberative democrats defend a conception of democracy that presents a richer conception of politics. But, albeit in a different way thanthe view they criticize, their vision is also a rationalist one which leaves aside the crucial role played by 'passions' and collective forms of identifications in the field of politics. Moreover, in their attempt to reconcile the liberal tradition with the democratic one, deliberative democrats tend to erase the tension that exist between liberalism and democracy and they are therefore unable to come to terms with the conflictual nature of democratic politics. The main thesis that I put forward in this article is that democratic theory needs to acknowledge the ineradicability of antagonism and the impossibility of achieving a fully inclusive rational consensus. I argue that a model of democracy in terms of 'agonistic pluralism' can help us to better envisage the main challenge facing democratic politics today: how to create democratic forms of identifications that will contribute to mobilize passions towards democratic designs.;


Objective: The Hilo Women's Health Survey was designed and administered to gather baseline data on women's health in Hilo, HI. This randomized, cross-sectional study allowed for a focus on ethnic differences in symptom reporting. The results presented here focus on hot flash and night sweat experience among Japanese-American and European-American women. Design: Survey packets were mailed to street addresses associated with parcel numbers pulled randomly from Hilo tax maps. Of the 6,401 survey packets delivered to households, 1,824 questionnaires were completed and returned. The results reported here are based on 869 women aged 40 to 60, of whom 249 described themselves to be 100% Japanese and 203 described themselves to be 100% European-American. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine whether the relationship between ethnicity and vasomotor symptoms persisted after controlling for other variables. Results: European-American participants were more likely to have ever experienced a hot flash as compared with Japanese-American participants (72% vs 53%, P < 0.01). During the 2 weeks before the survey, European-American participants were more likely to have experienced hot flashes (P < 0.05) and night sweats (P < 0.01). In logistic regression analyses, after controlling for age, body mass index, menopause status, level of education, financial comfort, smoking habits, alcohol intake, exercise, use of hormone therapy, and soy intake, European-American women were still significantly more likely to have experienced hot flashes (odds ratio = 1.858) and night sweats (odds ratio = 2.672). Conclusions: The results, based on self-reporting of menopausal symptoms, indicate that Japanese-American women report fewer hot flashes and night sweats than European-American women. Japanese-American women reported a higher intake of soy, but soy intake was not associated with fewer vasomotor symptoms.


We use heterogeneity in the timing of television's introduction to different local markets to identify the effect of preschool television exposure on standardized test scores later in life. Our preferred point estimate indicates that an additional year of preschool television exposure raises average test scores by about .02 standard deviations. We are able to reject negative effects larger than about .03 standard deviations per year of television exposure. For reading and general knowledge scores, the positive effects we find are marginally statistically significant, and these effects are largest for children from households where English is not the primary language, for children whose mothers have less than a high school education, and for non-white children. To capture more general effects on human capital, we also study the effect of childhood television exposure on school completion and subsequent labor market earnings, and again find no evidence of a negative effect.


We present a new numerical model of cascaded Raman fiber lasers that takes into account the chromatic dispersion of the fiber and includes the full spectrum of the intracavity field. This model explains and describes remarkably well a new operating regime found experimentally and reveals that chromatic dispersion is truly a new degree of freedom in the design of cascaded Raman lasers.


We describe: (i) the architecture of an optical burst switched (OBS) demonstration network overlaying the ATDnet transparent all-optical testbed, and (ii) experiments underway in the testbed. The OBS overlay uses a simple hardware-based protocol embedded in OBS network controllers to manage commercial off-the-shelf DWDM switches. Data paths are all-optical and completely transparent, and can carry analog or digital traffic in any format, data rate, and modulation scheme. Experiments with latency- and jitter-sensitive HDTV transmission, petabyte file transfers, and immersive real time visualization of satellite imagery over the OBS network are ongoing. Parallel research on transport protocols, QoS-aware routing protocols, adaptors for an OBS LAN, and network management architecture are applied as completed. This is the first just-in-time (JIT) OBS field trial known to the authors.


PURPOSE
Recurrently mutated genes in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are pathogenic drivers and powerfully associated with clinical phenotype and prognosis. Whether these types of mutations predict outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with MDS is not known.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We used massively parallel sequencing to examine tumor samples collected from 87 patients with MDS before HSCT for coding mutations in 40 recurrently mutated MDS genes.

RESULTS
Mutations were identified in 92% of patients, most frequently in the ASXL1 (29%), TP53 (21%), DNMT3A (18%), and RUNX1 (16%) genes. In univariable analyses, only TP53 mutations were associated with shorter overall (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 3.74; P < .001) and progression-free survival (HR, 3.97; P < .001). After adjustment for clinical variables associated with these end points, mutations in TP53 (HR, 2.30; P = .027), TET2 (HR, 2.40; P = .033), and DNMT3A (HR, 2.08; P = .049) were associated with decreased OS. In multivariable analysis including clinical variables, complex karyotype status, and candidate genes, mutations in TP53 (HR, 4.22; P ≤ .001) and TET2 (HR, 1.68; P = .037) were each independently associated with shorter OS. Nearly one half of patients (46%) carried a mutation in TP53, DNMT3A, or TET2 and accounted for 64% of deaths. Three-year OS in patients without these mutations was 59% (95% CI, 43% to 72%), versus 19% (95% CI, 9% to 33%) in patients with these mutations.

CONCLUSION
Mutations in TP53, TET2, or DNMT3A identify patients with MDS with shorter OS after HSCT.


Synchrony, the natural time-dependence of behavior in human interaction, is a pervasive feature of communication. However, most studies of synchrony have focused on dyadic interaction. In the current work, we explore synchrony in three-person teams using immersive virtual reality. Participants spent about two hours collaborating on four separate design tasks. The tracking data from the VR system allowed precise measurement of head and hand movements, facilitating calculation of synchrony. Results replicated previous work that found nonverbal synchrony in dyads in immersive VR. Moreover, we manipulated the context of the task environment, an informal garage or a traditional conference room. The environment for the task influenced synchrony, with higher levels occurring in the conference room than the garage. We also explored different methods of extending synchrony from dyads to triads, and explore the relationship of synchrony to turn taking and gaze. This paper provides theoretical insights about nonverbal synchrony and how design work functions in triads and provides suggestions for designers of VR to support good collaboration.


Background: Barringtonia racemosa (B. racemosa) is used medicinally in treatment of diarrhoea, asthma, coughs, jaundice. It is also used as an analgesic and antipyretic. This plant has also significant anti-tumor activity. However, systematic evaluation of its immunomodulatory effects has not been reported. In present study the hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of B. racemosa has been evaluated for its immunomodulatory properties in animal models.
Methods: Extract of Fruits of B. racemosa was prepared from fruit powder and methanol by macerations and filtration. Healthy albino Wistar rats of either sex having 110-160 g body weight were used for this study. 1. Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) using Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs): After immunization with SRBC effect of cyclophosphamide and hydroalcoholic extract of B. racemosa was seen on paw volume changes in rats challenged with SRBC by using digital Plethysmometer. 2. Humoral antibody response to SRBC: Animas were immunized with SRBC and treated with cyclophosphamide and hydroalcoholic extract of B. racemosa. Serum of these animals was observed for haemagglutination titer.
Results: Fruits extract at the dose of 5 mg/kg i.p. showed significant decrease in DTH response as compared to that of control group animals. However, the effect of extract was less potent as compared to that of cyclophosphamide treated group. In haemagglutination titer assay, antibody titer in case naive control, SRBC treated, cyclophosphamide treated and extract treated groups was 1:1, 1:32, 1:8 and 1:16 respectively.
Conclusions: The hydroalcoholic extract of this fruits was found to inhibit SRBCs induced DTH in rats. Similarly, SRBCs induced antibody titer was also reduced.


In the eighteenth century, the Western world viewed circumcision as an embarrassing disfigurement peculiar to Jews. A century later, British doctors urged parents to circumcise their sons as a routine precaution against every imaginable sexual dysfunction, from syphilis and phimosis to masturbation and bed-wetting. Thirty years later the procedure again came under hostile scrutiny, culminating in its disappearance during the 1960s. Why Britain adopted a practice it had traditionally abhorred and then abandoned it after only two generations is the subject of A Surgical Temptation. Robert Darby reveals that circumcision has always been related to the question of how to control male sexuality. This study explores the process by which the male genitals, and the foreskin especially, were pathologized, while offering glimpses into the lives of such figures as James Boswell, John Maynard Keynes and W. H. Auden. Examining the development of knowledge about genital anatomy, concepts of health, sexual morality, the rise of the medical profession, and the nature of disease, Darby shows how these factors transformed attitudes toward the male body and its management and played a vital role in the emergence of modern medicine.


Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the impact of economic space diversity on economic development processes. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper uses the method of literature studies. The data underwent quantitative analysis with the use of descriptive and parametric (r-Pearson correlation index) statistics. The study analysed the structure, dynamics and intensity indices, as well as the r-Pearson correlation index. Findings: The paper identifies the features of space (i.e. limitation, resistance and diversification). Space can influence development processes by influencing sales revenues and production costs of enterprises. Space is created by places of varied value for people, therefore the economy develops unevenly in space. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used by decision-makers to shape public aid instruments. The results of the conducted research indicate that in the next programming period there will be a further reduction in the maximum intensity of regional investment aid for Polish regions, which creates the need to seek new development impulses. Originality/Value: The paper shows the simultaneous existence of two processes, i.e. narrowing of the development gap between Polish and EU regions and deepening of regional development disparities in Poland. There is no consensus in the literature on the existence and nature of a link between public aid and economic development processes. This study shows that other factors had a stronger impact on the pace of regional development in Poland than the maximum regional aid intensity.


Waterways can contribute to the beauty and livelihood of urban areas, but maintaining their hydro-ecosystem health is challenging because they are often recipients of contaminated water from stormwater runoff and other discharges. Public awareness of local waterways' health and community impacts to these waterways is usually poor due to of lack of easily available information. To improve community awareness of water quality in urban waterways in New Zealand, a web portal was developed featuring a real-time waterways monitoring system, a public forum, historical data, interactive maps, contaminant modelling scenarios, mitigation recommendations, and a prototype contamination alert system. The monitoring system featured in the web portal is unique in the use of wireless mesh network technology, direct integration with online modelling, and a clear target of public engagement. The modelling aims to show the origin of contaminants within the local catchment and to help the community prioritize mitigation efforts to improve water quality in local waterways. The contamination alert system aims to keep managers and community members better informed and to provide a more timely response opportunity to avert any unplanned or accidental contamination of the waterways. Preliminary feedback has been positive and is being supported by local and regional authorities. The system was developed in a cost-effective manner providing a community focussed solution for quantifying and mitigating key contaminants in urban catchments and is applicable and transferable to other cities with similar stormwater challenges.


Introduction Jutta Heckhausen and Carol S. Dweck Part I. Regulation of the Self, Action, and Development: 1. Decomposing self-regulation and self-control: the volitional components inventory Julius Kuhl and Arno Fuhrmann 2. Developmental regulation in adulthood: selection and compensation via primary and secondary control Jutta Heckhausen and Richard Schulz 3. Development of regulatory focus: promotion and prevention as ways of living E. Tory Higgins and Israela Loeb 4. Commentary: human psychological needs and the issues of volition, control, and outcome focus Richard M. Ryan Part II. Social Determinants of Motivation: 5. Social motivation and perceived responsibility in others: attributions and behavior of African-American boys labeled as aggressive Sandra Graham 6. A multidimensional perspective of social control: implications for the development of sex differences in self-valuation and depression Eva Pomerantz and Diane Ruble 7. The functional regulation of adolescent dating relationships and sexual behavior: an interaction of goals, strategies, and situations Nancy Cantor and Catherine A. Sanderson 8. Commentary: strategies for studying social influences on motivation Ellen A. Skinner Part III. Functional and Dysfunctional Control-Related Behavior in Childhood: 9. Ruminative coping with depression Susan Nolen-Hoeksema 10. The development of early self-conceptions: their relevance for motivational purposes Carol S. Dweck 11. Sociocultural influences on the development of children's action-control beliefs Todd D. Little 12. Commentary: self-regulation, motivation and developmental psychopathology John R. Weisz Part IV. Developmental Goals in Adulthood: 13. A life-span approach to social motivation Laura L. Carstensen 14. Maintaining self-integrity and efficacy in later life: the adaptive functions of assimilative persistence and accommodative flexibility Jochen Brandtstadter 15. The willful pursuit of identity Peter M. Gollwitzer and Oliver Kirchhof 16. Commentary: motivation through the life course Richard Schulz.


I. INTRODUCTION The degree to which prosecution history estoppel limits the doctrine of equivalents has long been the subject of much debate among patent owners, competitors, and the courts. In Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.,1 the Supreme Court attempted to provide guidance on the issue by establishing that whenever patent claims are narrowed by amendment, a rebuttable presumption arises that prosecution history estoppel bars all equivalents.2 However, the Court's decision may have done more harm than good by introducing a foreseeability element into the requirements for rebutting the presumption. The state of the law prior to Festo was unclear at best. In 1997, the Supreme Court held that prosecution history estoppel was a flexible, not an absolute, bar to the doctrine of equivalents in patent infringement cases, meaning that some, but not all, claims of equivalence would be barred.3 In 2000, the Federal Circuit departed from the flexible-bar rule by holding that whenever a patentee amends claims in order to obtain a patent, prosecution history estoppel acts as an absolute bar to the doctrine of equivalents with respect to the amended elements.4 The Federal Circuit justified its harsh, absolute-bar rule on the grounds that the flexible-bar approach had proven "unworkable" and that an absolute bar would IMAGE FORMULA3 provide desired certainty in determining the scope of an amended patent claim.5 The Federal Circuit's decision was the source of great concern to thousands of patentees because it significantly limited the range of subject matter against which a patentee could successfully assert a claim of infringement by equivalence.6 Patent claims narrowed by amendment during patent prosecution-and many claims are-- would be limited to their literal language for all amended elements, thereby depriving patentees of protection against competitors' devices falling just outside the literal language. Patentees who amended their claims with a flexible-bar rule in mind were understandably concerned that the Federal Circuit's absolute bar devalued their already-issued patents by effectively granting a much narrower monopoly. Concerned patent holders were relieved when, on May 28, 2002, the Supreme Court vacated the Federal Circuit's decision and reinstituted a flexible-bar rule.7 In re-instituting a flexible-bar rule, the Supreme Court held that a presumption exists that prosecution history estoppel bars all equivalents but that the patent owner may rebut the presumption under certain circumstances.8 The difference, therefore, between the Supreme Court's flexible bar and the Federal Circuit's absolute bar lies in the fact that the presumption is rebuttable. The problem with the Supreme Court's decision is that it sets forth contradictory standards for how rebuttal is to be accomplished and it creates incentives that undercut the goals of the patent system. This Note will discuss the tension between the doctrine of equivalents and prosecution history estoppel and how the Supreme Court attempted to resolve that tension in its Festo decision. Part II will briefly explain several basic patent law principles and outline the state of the law in 1997 as set forth in Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.,9 against which the Federal Circuit's IMAGE FORMULA5 decision and its subsequent vacation by the Supreme Court were set. Part III will follow with a description of the facts of the Festo case and a brief synopsis of the holdings of the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court. Part IV will analyze the Supreme Court's Festo decision vacating the Federal Circuit and assert that while the Court correctly reaffirmed estoppel as a flexible, not an absolute, bar to the doctrine of equivalents, the Court undercut some of the most basic policies of the patent system by introducing foreseeability as a component of the flexible bar. …


The economic evaluation of health care programs can be carried out from two diferent perspectives: the hospital´s narrow perspective and the social perspective, which includes all costs. It is well known that, depending on the perspective, the economic evaluation may lead to discrepant recommendations. In this paper we present an example of this situation by reporting an economic evaluation of the screening procedures to detect congenital hearing impairment in newborns. We obtain that from the hospital´s perspective a targeted procedure, based on a previous high-risk criterion, is preferred, whereas from the social perspective a universal procedure is preferred


Abstract:This article consists of an introduction by Patricia Sieber and six short essays on translation approaches together with actual translations of sanqu songs by Mario De Grandis, Ke Wang, Hui Yao, Jingying Gao and Ian McNally, Xu Yichun, and Jenn Marie Nunes. The introduction provides a short history of the translation of sanqu songs into English, followed by a reflection on which distinctive features of the genre beg for attention in the translation process. In particular, it argues that the different sonic features of sanqu merit close consideration, the loss of the notational contours of the original tunes notwithstanding. Rather than bemoaning the absence of the underlying music, it suggests that, in keeping with Walter Benjamin's vision of the "task of the translator," translation into another language can be an opportunity to reinvent that musicality in different ways. The six short essays that follow consider sanqu songs from the corpus of diasporic writers from the Yuan dynasty, with a view toward enriching the repertoire of translation strategies for sanqu in terms of musicality and other salient features of the genre. The six essays discuss, respectively, pronouns, rhyme, punctuation, language registers, allusion, and citational practice. In contextualizing such strategies theoretically and illustrating them with examples, the short essays seek to contribute more broadly to the theory and practice of the literary translation of Chinese poetic forms.


Background Individualized education is emerging as an innovative model for physician training. This requires faculty coaching to guide learners' achievements in academic performance, competency development, and career progression. In addition, coaching can foster self-reflection and self-monitoring using a data-guided approach to support lifelong learning. Context Coaching differs from mentoring or advising, and its application in medical education is novel. Because of this, definitions of the concept and the constructs of coaching as applied to medical education are needed to accurately assess the coaching relationship and coaching processes. These can then be linked to learner outcomes to inform how coaching serves as a modifier of academic and competency achievement and career satisfaction. Innovation We developed definitions and constructs for academic coaching in medical education based on review of existing education and non-education coaching literature. These constructs focus on 1) establishing relationship principles, 2) conducting learner assessments, 3) developing and implementing an action plan, and 4) assessing results and revising plans accordingly. Implication Coaching is emerging as an important construct in the context of medical education. This article lays the vital groundwork needed for evaluation of coaching programs aimed at producing outstanding physicians.


In Between Gaia and Ground Elizabeth A. Povinelli theorizes the climatic, environmental, viral, and social catastrophe present as an ancestral catastrophe through which that Indigenous and colonized peoples have been suffering for centuries. In this way, the violence and philosophies the West relies on now threaten the West itself. Engaging with the work of Glissant, Deleuze and Guattari, Césaire, and Arendt, Povinelli highlights four axioms of existence—the entanglement of existence, the unequal distribution of power, the collapse of the event as essential to political thought, and the legacies of racial and colonial histories. She traces these axioms' inspiration in anticolonial struggles against the dispossession and extraction that have ruined the lived conditions for many on the planet. By examining the dynamic and unfolding forms of late liberal violence, Povinelli attends to a vital set of questions about changing environmental conditions, the legacies of violence, and the limits of inherited Western social theory. Between Gaia and Ground also includes a glossary of the keywords and concepts that Povinelli has developed throughout her work.


For all the recent federal attention to regulating - and differentiating - corporate officer and director functions, a curious fact remains: state fiduciary duty law makes no distinction between the fiduciary duties of these two groups. Instead, courts and commentators routinely describe the duties of directors and officers together, and in identical terms. To lump officers and directors together as generic fiduciaries with no distinction being made between them, suggests - as patently is not the case - that their institutional function and legal roles within the corporation are the same. Such a view, consequently, undermines efforts more sharply to distinguish, not blur, the governance responsibilities of these two groups. Failure to differentiate the duties of officers, who daily manage corporate operations, from directors, who more remotely monitor corporate affairs, stems from a puzzling failure to address an even deeper issue in corporate law: What exactly is the theoretical and conceptual basis for the widespread claim that corporate officers owe fiduciary duties to a corporation and its stockholders? Hardly a week goes by without yet another Delaware decision addressing the subject of director duties. Yet, surprisingly, no Delaware decision ever has clearly articulated the subject of officer duties and judicial standards for reviewing their discharge. For persons occupying such central places of power in corporations, senior officers largely have succeeded in eluding the distinctive attention of state corporation law. The thesis of this article is that corporate officers are fiduciaries because they are agents. The argument is not that agency principles should be introduced formalistically or uncritically into corporate governance. Rather, the claim is that drawing on the fiduciary duties of agents for guidance in fashioning modern understandings of corporate officer duties - and differentiating those duties from those of directors - can provide much-needed structure to what otherwise threatens to be an ad hoc enterprise. There are at least three benefits of our thesis. First, by understanding officer duties and director-officer interaction in this way it can be seen that state law remains the primary source for establishing the basic framework of corporate governance relations, both through corporate statutes and through judge-made fiduciary duty law. With a more highly differentiated state law model of director-officer relations, recent efforts of Congress, the SEC, the NYSE and Nasdaq to impose new responsibilities on directors - in an effort to improve their vital role in monitoring corporate officers - can be seen as congruent with, rather than at odds with, the underlying state framework. The current emphasis on director independence and the special focus on various board committees - audit, nominating/governance and compensation - can be seen as an effort to develop mechanisms to aid the board both in detaching from management and in divvying up the board's key monitoring functions. Moreover, efforts by Congress and the SEC to place additional and different functions on senior officers also can be seen as supplementing, rather than displacing, existing state law-based fiduciary duties of officers. As a second benefit, our thesis clarifies immensely why courts can and should more closely scrutinize officer conduct than they now review director performance - i.e., the fiduciary duties of agents are more demanding than those of directors, especially the duty of care, and officers rightly face a greater risk of personal liability for misconduct. Heightened review of officer performance is especially fitting given that many of the recent corporate scandals involved wrongdoing at the officer level, and given that state law has been eerily silent about why officers owe duties at all, much less holding them to account. It also is important in light of the fact that recent federal initiatives aimed at improving officer performance eventually will be translated into, and will heavily influence, state fiduciary duty analysis. At a theoretical level, the third payoff, our thesis has several implications. These include our belief that we are entering an era when, due to heavier corporate regulation, the entity conception of the firm will be strengthened, as positive law, including agency law, still builds on that understanding of corporate relations. This period follows a span of perhaps twenty years when a highly disaggregated conception of corporate relations - the nexus of contracts theory - has predominated. We also believe that in the policy arguments for and against strong fiduciary duties over the years, virtually no attention has been given to distinguishing whether what is fitting for outside directors in the fiduciary duty area - relatively slack duties - is also fitting for corporate officers. Moreover, although agency law suggests greater liability for officers than directors, widespread (and longstanding) failure to understand officers in those terms means corporate law cannot as confidently assume that existing liability outcomes for officers are optimal, as might be the case with rules governing directors. We believe that, from a policy perspective, the fiduciary duties and liability rules for officers should be analyzed separately from those for outside directors. Contemporary corporate law and fiduciary discourse do not do so, however, thereby hindering attention to this subject. In the terms recently used by Professors Black, Cheffins and Klaussner to describe the state of law governing outside directors, we believe the window of liability risk for inside directors - i.e., officers - is in fact wide open, but it is thought, wrongly, to be virtually shut.


The objective of this paper is to investigate links between the strength
 and type of social networks, as a collective or community characteristic, and private forest
 conservation activity in rural Nepal. Using rural household data from the Nepal Living Standards
 Survey, this paper tests the effects of alternative social network (SN) indices on the number of
 trees planted on private land. To handle excess zeros and overdispersion in the data, we use the
 zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model, while testing and correcting for endogeneity in
 the SN indices. Findings are consistent with the theory that social networks, such as community
 forest user groups, can have positive effects not just on community forest management but also
 spillovers or externality effects that enhance private conservation effort. This generalization
 requires careful qualification. Social networks directly related to conservation activities
 increase tree planting on private land. Whereas, social networks not related to conservation
 activities exhibit rivalry. While there has been considerable discussion in the planning and
 development literature about building and enhancing social networks, the policy implication is
 that not all social networks are created equal when it comes to enhancing critical conservation
 activities.