This thesis examines the IMF approach to macroeconomic
adjustment in Egypt with, firstly, an empirical assessment of
the analytical foundations of this approach and, secondly, the
construction and estimation of a small macroeconomic model of
the Egyptian economy over the period 1952-86.
Following an overall appraisal of Egyptian macroeconomic
performance, with and without the application of Fund
financial-supported adjustment programmes (conditionality),
the main part of the thesis provides empirical evidence on the
determinants of aggregate foreign trade, money supply and
money demand and inflation.
Examination of determinants of foreign trade shows that demand
for exports is price-elastic, while demand for imports is
income-elastic. However, it appears that Egypt's export
supply is constrained by capacity. Consequently, devaluation
may not play a substantial role towards improving the trade
account.
Study of the monetary sector reveals that the money supply is
best regarded as endogenous, contrary to the assumption made
in the Fund approach. Assuming an endogenous money supply,
both stock adjustment-expectations and error correction models
of money demand behaviour reveal a well-fitting function.
The IMF view of inflation in LDCs is that it is essentially
a monetary phenomenon, i.e. caused by an excess supply of
money. Evidence is provided to show that, in addition to
money supply growth, structural bottlenecks and expectations
are also influential in the inflation process in Egypt and the
basic IMF view of inflation should be modified accordingly.
Finally, in order to explain changes in income, prices and
balance of payments in Egypt, a small aggregate macroeconomic
model is constructed and estimated. Unlike the conventional
IMF model, real output is not taken to be predetermined.
Estimates of the structural parameters as well as model
simulations suggest that the model performs well in tracking
the historical values of the dependent variables.


BACKGROUND
Non-nutritive sucking is used during gavage feeding and in the transition from gavage to breast/bottle feeding in preterm infants. The rationale for this intervention is that non-nutritive sucking facilitates the development of sucking behaviour and improves digestion of enteral feedings. Non-nutritive sucking has been considered to be a benign intervention, although it has the potential to have a negative effect on breastfeeding or on the incidence of later oral aversion.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether non-nutritive sucking (NNS) in preterm infants influences: a) weight gain, b) energy intake, c) heart rate, d) oxygen saturation, e) length of hospital stay, f) intestinal transit time, g) age at full oral feeds, or h) any other clinically relevant outcomes.

SEARCH STRATEGY
MEDLINE and CINAHL databases back to 1976 and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2005) were searched. The EMBASE database was added to the search strategy for 2005. Reference lists/bibliographies of relevant articles and reviews were also searched. A comprehensive list of relevant articles was sent to two major authors in this area. They were asked if they knew of any other published or unpublished studies relevant to the area that had not been included in the original list.

SELECTION CRITERIA
All trials utilizing experimental or quasi-experimental designs in which non-nutritive sucking in preterm infants was compared to no provision of non-nutritive sucking. Measured clinically relevant outcomes. Reports were in English or a language for which a translator was available.Computerized searches were conducted by both reviewers. All potentially relevant titles and abstracts identified by either reviewer were extracted. All retrieved articles were assessed for relevance independently by each reviewer, based on a pre-determined set of criteria. The reference lists/bibliographies of each article were reviewed independently for additional relevant titles and were also retrieved and assessed for relevance. Articles that met all relevance criteria were then assessed for methodologic quality based on a predetermined set of criteria. Those articles judged to have the appropriate quality by both reviewers were included in the analysis.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data were extracted independently by the two authors. No subgroup analyses were performed because of the small number of studies related to the relevant outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS
This review consisted of 21 studies, 15 of which were randomized controlled trials. NNS was found to decrease significantly the length of hospital stay in preterm infants. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables (weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intestinal transit time, age at full oral feeds and behavioral state). The review identified other positive clinical outcomes of NNS: transition from tube to bottle feeds and better bottle feeding performance. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
This review found a significant decrease in length of stay in preterm infants receiving a NNS intervention. The review did not reveal a consistent benefit of NNS with respect to other major clinical variables (weight gain, energy intake, heart rate, oxygen saturation, intestinal transit time, age at full oral feeds and behavioral state). The review identified other positive clinical outcomes of NNS: transition from tube to bottle feeds and better bottle feeding performance. No negative outcomes were reported in any of the studies. There were also a number of limitations of the presently available evidence related to the design of the studies, outcome variability, and lack of long-term data. Based on the available evidence, NNS in preterm infants would appear to have some clinical benefit. It does not appear to have any short-term negative effects. In view of the fact that there are no long-term data, further investigations are recommended. In order to facilitate meta-analysis of these data, future research in this area should involve outcome measures consistent with those used in previous studies. In addition, published reports should include all relevant data.


During a survey of the Hakon Mosby mud volcano (HMMV), located on the Bear Island fan in the southwest Barents Sea at ∼1250 m water depth, different habitats inside the volcano caldera and outside it were photographed using a towed camera platform, an Ocean Floor Observation System (OFOS). Three transects were performed across the caldera and one outside, in the background area, each transect was ∼2 km in length. We compared the density, taxa richness and diversity of nonsymbiotrophic megafauna in areas inside the volcano caldera with different bacterial mat and pogonophoran tubeworm cover. Significant variations in megafaunal composition, density and distribution were found between considered areas. Total megafaunal density was highest in areas of dense pogonophoran populations (mean 52.9 ind. m −2 ) followed by areas of plain light-coloured sediment that were devoid of bacterial mats and tube worms (mean 37.7 ind. m −2 ). The lowest densities were recorded in areas of dense bacterial mats (mean ≤1.4 ind. m −2 ). Five taxa contributed to most of the observed variation: the ophiuroid Ophiocten gracilis , lysianassid amphipods, the pycnogonid Nymphon macronix , the caprellid Metacaprella horrida and the fish Lycodes squamiventer . In agreement with previous studies, three zones within the HMMV caldera were distinguished, based on different habitats and megafaunal composition: "bacterial mats", "pogonophoran fields" and "plain light-coloured sediments". The zones were arranged almost concentrically around the central part of the caldera that was devoid of visible megafauna. The total number of taxa showed little variation inside (24 spp.) and outside the caldera (26 spp.). The density, diversity and composition of megafauna varied substantially between plain light-coloured sediment areas inside the caldera and the HMMV background. Megafaunal density was lower in the background (mean 25.3 ind. m −2 ) compared to areas of plain light-coloured sediments inside the caldera. So the effect of the mud-volcano environment on benthic communities is expressed in increasing of biomass, changing of taxa composition and proportions of most taxonomic groups.


This paper discusses evaluation research conducted by TERC, Inc. in classrooms with students in grades 9–12 who are deaf or hard of hearing and who communicate in sign language. The primary purpose was to begin to establish effectiveness in terms of the kinds of learning gains that are possible with use of Web and app versions of a Signing Life Science Dictionary and a Signing Physical Science Dictionary. A secondary purpose was to find out about usability, use of the universally designed interactive features, and teachers' and students' satisfaction with the dictionaries as assistive tools for accessing science content. Developed by TERC and Vcom3D, each dictionary includes approximately 750 standards-based science terms, definitions, and illustrations; each is intended to enable increased access to life science and physical science content through individualized use. While results of this research reflect the experiences of students who used the dictionaries and do not include comparison with a group that did not use them, the data strongly support the assertion that the signing dictionaries provide the intended audience with assistive tools that add value to their learning experience when used during science classes.


Eta Carinae is one of the most massive and luminous binary systems known. Due to their luminosity both stars posses powerful stellar winds. These winds collide and the combination of their strength and the orbital motion determines the 3D structure of the gas. The interaction of the ionizing photons emitted by the stars with the gas is the topic of this thesis. We use the SimpleX algorithm for radiative transfer to post process hydrodynamic simulations of the wind interaction in Eta Carinae. We show that SimpleX is suitable to investigate the ionization structure of colliding wind binaries. Knowing where the gas is ionized allows us to identify the areas where observed emission and absorption lines might form. This has important implications
for several properties of the system, such as the line of sight and the physical parameters of the stars, such as the temperature or mass-loss rate. We also printed 3D models of the interaction region of the two winds and investigated the usage of 3D interactive figures in scientific publications. These tools not only allow for better visualization and understanding of the system, but are also of great help when presenting complex simulation results to non experts


Background: Treatment of unreconstructible comminuted fractures of the radial head remains controversial. There is limited information on the outcome of management of these injuries with arthroplasty with a metal radial head implant. Methods: The functional outcomes of arthroplasties with a metal radial head implant for the treatment of twenty‐five displaced, unreconstructible fractures of the radial head in twenty‐four consecutive patients (mean age, fifty-four years) were evaluated at a mean of thirty‐nine months (minimum, two years). There were ten Mason type-III and fifteen Mason‐Johnston type-IV injuries. Two of these injuries were isolated, and twenty‐three were associated with other elbow fractures and/or ligamentous injuries. Results: At the time of follow-up, Short Form-36 (SF‐36) summary scores suggested that overall health-related quality of life was within the normal range (physical component = 47 ± 10, and mental component = 49 ± 13). Other outcome scales indicated mild disability of the upper extremity (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score = 17 ± 19), wrist (Patient‐Rated Wrist Evaluation score = 17 ± 21 and Wrist Outcome Score = 60 ± 10), and elbow (Mayo Elbow Performance Index = 80 ± 16). According to the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, three results were graded as poor; five, as fair; and seventeen, as good or excellent. The poor and fair outcomes were associated with concomitant injury in two patients, a history of a psychiatric disorder in three, comorbidity in two, a Workers' Compensation claim in two, and litigation in one. Subjective patient satisfaction averaged 9.2 on a scale of 1 to 10. Elbow flexion of the injured extremity averaged 140° ± 9°; extension, -8° ± 7°; pronation, 78° ± 9°; and supination, 68° ± 10°. A significant loss of elbow flexion and extension and of forearm supination occurred in the affected extremity, which also had significantly less strength of isometric forearm pronation (17%) and supination (18%) as well as significantly less grip strength (p < 0.05). Asymptomatic bone lucencies surrounded the stem of the implant in seventeen of the twenty-five elbows. Valgus stability was restored, and proximal radial migration did not occur. Complications, all of which resolved, included one complex regional pain syndrome, one ulnar neuropathy, one posterior interosseous nerve palsy, one episode of elbow stiffness, and one wound infection. Conclusions: Patients treated with a metal radial head implant for a severely comminuted radial head fracture will have mild-to-moderate impairment of the physical capability of the elbow and wrist. At the time of short-term follow-up, arthroplasty with a metal radial head implant was found to have been a safe and effective treatment option for patients with an unreconstructible radial head fracture; however, long‐term follow‐up is still needed.


Severe virus-like symptoms consisting of mosaic, distortion, yellowing, and brittleness were observed on papaya plants in a 20-ha orchard in South Texas during the 2014-15 growing season. Incidence of symptomatic plants increased from ∼40 to 100% within 6 months of the outbreak; the most severely affected plants were stunted, and fruit yield and quality were reduced compared with asymptomatic plants. The orchard papaya plant virome was explored using the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform and results were validated by Sanger DNA sequencing of complete viral genomes obtained by PCR amplification. The combined results revealed the presence of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV; Potyvirus), Lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV; Crinivirus), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL (TYLCV-IL; Begomovirus). The RT-PCR analyses of leaves from 51 randomly sampled papaya plants indicated the presence of PRSV, LCV, and TYLCV-IL in 100, 39.2, and 15.7% of the samples, respectively. Plants infected with PRSV, in combination with LCV and/or TYLCV-IL, exhibited more severe symptoms compared with plants infected with PRSV alone. Furthermore, successful whitefly-mediated transmission of TYLCV-IL and LCV was accomplished by exposing virus-free papaya seedlings to viruliferous Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) under greenhouse conditions. The results of this study document a new host record for LCV and the first successful whitefly-mediated transmission of TYLCV-IL and LCV to papaya. As a perennial crop, infected papaya serving as an over-seasoning reservoir for TYLCV-IL and LCV, presents a new challenge to viral disease management in papaya orchards.


Prior studies reported that the time needed to manually convert a point cloud to an as-is geometric model using cutting edge modelling software is ten times greater than the time needed to obtain the point cloud. The laborious nature of manually modelling infrastructure such as bridges is the reason behind the significant cost of modelling which impedes the proliferation of the usage of Bridge Information Models (BrIM) in Bridge Management Systems. Existing commercial solutions can automatically recognize geometric shapes embedded in segmented point cloud data (PCD) and generate the corresponding IFC objects. Researchers have taken further studies and have additionally automated surface reconstruction through generating parametric surface-based primitives in order to automate the segmentation process. However, surface-based segmentation for bridge modelling is an unsolved problem, which is neither straightforward nor consistent, thus hinders the automation of BrIM.This paper presents a top-down PCD detection solution that follows a knowledge-based heuristic approach for BrIM generation that can semi-automatically segment a bridge point cloud recursively. We leverage bridge domain knowledge as strong priors through a histogram-based algorithm to conduct the tasks of segmentation and classification. We implemented this solution and tested on one highway bridge. The experimental results indicated that the detection precision of this solution is 92%.


In classic decision theory, the different alternatives in a decision situation are merely objects of choice, and it is assumed that a decision maker can assign precise numerical values corresponding to the true value of each consequence, as well as precise numerical probabilities for their occurrences. However, in real-life situations, the ordering of alternatives from most to least preferred is often a delicate matter and an adequate mathematical representation is crucial. In attempting to address real-life problems, where uncertainty about data prevails, some kind of representation of imprecise information is important and several have been proposed. In particular, 1st order representations, such as sets of probability measures, upper and lower probabilities as well as interval probabilities and utilities of various kinds, have been suggested for enabling a better representation of the input sentences for a subsequent decision analysis. There are, however, problems with all the above approaches that are difficult to discuss in their own terminology.This thesis presents a family of methods and procedures for representing and analysing imprecise, vague, and incomplete probabilistic decision and risk problems. In particular, we suggest methods for stating and analysing probabilities and values (utilities) with belief distributions over them as well as optimization procedures for fast evaluation of decision rules with respect to such statements. We have extended the classical risk and decision evaluation process by the integration of procedures for handling qualitative, vague, and numerically imprecise probabilities and utilities. The shortcomings of the principle of maximising the expected utility, and of utility theory in general, have in part been compensated for by the introduction of various kinds of alternative decision rules. We have given a theoretical motivation for the methodology required for such evaluations involving vague and numerically imprecise data. There is also a need for a general discussion of interval decision methods, and such a discussion is included using an analytic method based on higher-order representations (e.g. a distribution over a probability distribution). A side effect is that the representation capability has increased by the inclusion of distributions over classes of probability and utility measures over sets of outcomes. Regarding this, we have investigated how local distributions, i.e. distributions over projections, can be derived from global distributions and investigated consistency measures expressing the extent into which user-asserted local distributions can be used for defining global distributions. The approach provides a decision-maker with the means for expressing varying degrees of imprecision in the input sentences.


Hand eczema is a frequent dermatosis with severe health and financial consequences to patients and society. It follows a chronic course and persists up to 15 years after onset. Early detection of an exacerbation followed by the application of specific drugs for a few days can considerably reduce disease activity and avoid temporary disability. However, dermatitis patients usually rely on their own perception in assessing their skin condition and therefore often miss the time point for effective treatment. In this paper we present a prototype-based feasibility study of automated detection and quantification of hand eczema using texton-based imaging and machine-learning techniques.


Epoxy resin-based monoliths, possessing a bicontinuous structure that consists of a porous channel and a resin skeleton, have a broad range of applications such as chromatography; however, the preparation of spherical particles has been limited so far. This is the first report on a versatile and facile preparation method for surface-skinless monolithic particles with micrometer diameters by polymerization-induced phase separation in an oil-in-oil emulsion system. The key to success is the addition of a well-defined block copolymer surfactant, compatible for both the dispersed and continuous phases in suspension polymerization. In essence, the volume ratio and length of the block copolymers are crucial to control the stability of the emulsion and the suppression of the unwanted skin layer on the surface of the produced particles. The present work represents a new direction for versatile and large-scale preparation of monolithic particles, including silicates and polyacrylates, with several surface properties.


The central questions in sonar system design concern the limits of coherent processing and are: What is the optimum frequency range and bandwidth?; How large of a receiving aperture is required?; What is the achievable detection range? These questions are determined by the propagation and scattering of sound. In the shallow water channel, under downward refraction, the bottom is the determinant factor. A parametric sonar equation under reverberation limited conditions shows two factors are important, the effective bottom back scatter strength and the coherent signal gain. A parametric analysis is presented that focuses on the frequency‐dependent characteristics of the bottom backscattering strength and the effect of coherence on receiving array aperture. Several recent reverberation and signal coherence measurements are presented and the needs for future studies are delineated. The backscattering strength is shown to be strongly frequency dependent and to depend on the depositional sediment layer. The coherence is also found to depend on frequency and range as determined by signal gain measurements.


The success of on-line review websites has led to an overwhelming number of on-line consumer reviews. These reviews have become an important tool for consumers when making a decision to purchase a product. This growth has led to the need for applications that enable this information to be presented in a way that is meaningful. These applications often rely on domain specific semantic lexicons which are both expensive and time consuming to make. The following thesis proposes an unsupervised approach for product aspect discovery in on-line consumer reviews. We apply a two step hierarchical clustering process in which we first cluster based on the semantic similarity of the contexts of terms and then on the similarity of the hypernyms of the cluster members. The method also includes a process for assigning class labels to each of the clusters. Finally an experiment showing how the proposed methods can be used to measure aspect based sentiment is performed. The methods proposed in this thesis are evaluated on a set of 157,865 reviews from a major commercial website and found that the two-step clustering process increases cluster F-scores over a single round of clustering. Finally, the proposed methods are compared to a state of the art topic modelling approach by Titov and McDonald (2008).


Objective This paper explores how hospital complaints managers react to recommendations for systemic quality reforms by health complaints commissions in response to complaints by patients in Queensland and New South Wales. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with complaints managers in 17 hospitals. Interview transcripts were then thematically analysed and data on responses to health complaint commissions was organised in relation to Valerie Braithwaite's typology of motivational postures. Results Respondents supported involvement by an independent authority where patients had serious complaints about the services they received in hospital, but wanted more negotiation with commissions on service improvement recommendations. Conclusions Hospital complaints managers mostly responded as virtuous or rational actors to the symbolic power of complaints commissions. This may be context dependent because Australian health commissions operate within a pro-reform context as a result of recent publicity around health system failures. What is known about the topic? Little is known about regulatory relationships between complaints commissions and hospitals. There has been no Australian research considering how complaints managers respond to commission recommendations for quality improvements and reforms to hospital services. What does the paper add? The paper uses a novel theoretical framework based on regulatory theory to understand and describe the reactions of complaints managers to commission recommendations. What are the implications for practitioners? Commissions should seek commentary from complaints managers through open dialogue before making final recommendations. This will ease the progress of reforms and make recommendations more acceptable and 'genuine' in the specific context of the hospital.


This Article, which brings together two series by the author on financial regulation and the global financial architecture, respectively, retrieves and updates J. M. Keynes's original International Clearing Union plan for what ultimately became the International Monetary Fund ("IMF," "Fund"). Its motives are not antiquarian. The Article argues that our current domestic and global financial and macroeconomic troubles are best viewed as products of our not having gone something more like that original Keynesian route with the Fund. Part I tells the tale of Keynes's original Clearing Union plan. It emphasizes the plan's basic structure and motivations, as decisively rooted in Keynes's financially oriented re-conception of what subsequently came to be known as "macroeconomic" theory. It highlights in particular the Clearing Union's projected role as an institutional lever through which trading nations could jointly prevent financial-stability-imperiling global imbalances in the form of persistent trade surpluses and deficits, hence ensure stable investment, sustained consumer demand, and thus full employment globally as Keynes's earlier work had shown possible to manage domestically. Part II traces our and the wider world's recent financial and macroeconomic troubles to our not having adopted something more like the Keynesian IMF. In particular, building on earlier papers, it models our recent spate of recession-inducing asset price bubbles and busts as collective action problems rooted in chronic, uncontrolled, and apparently uncontrollable tendencies toward excess credit-money in the American financial economy. That oversupply in turn stems in significant measure from an excess of global credit-money. And the latter is rooted in massive and still growing industrial overcapacity and consequent trade surpluses enjoyed by a small number of state actors that act "as if" playing by mercantilist monetary rules even when doing so for legitimate prudential reasons – reasons that a Keynesian IMF would preempt. Part III sketches an updated version of Keynes's Clearing Union arrangement suitable for today's international monetary and financial order. In effect, it serves as rough blueprint for a new IMF – a Fund more like the "old" one we never gave a go. It does so, moreover, in a manner that makes optimal, albeit modified, use of the principal pillars of the global financial architecture we already have. It also emphasizes that something like this new IMF will be prerequisite to global monetary and financial stability, hence to continued "globalization" itself. The Article concludes with a look ahead to next steps in the direction of fully instituting the revived Global Clearing Union plan that it proposes.


We develop a structural option price model in which individuals choose among competing risk-mitigating programs to alter their probability of experiencing future years in various degraded health states. The novel aspects of this model include separate estimates of the marginal utilities of avoiding years of morbidity and lost life-years. With these marginal utilities, we may evaluate a broad spectrum of probabilistic health outcomes over any period of an individualÂ's future life. The model also reduces potential biases associated with singleperiod, single-risk models typically used to produce estimates of the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) by allowing individuals to substitute risk mitigation across competing sources of risk and across future years of their lives. We evaluate this model using data from a national survey that contains a choice experiment on demand for the mitigation of illness-specific risks.


This article presents a conceptual framework that was developed to guide a national evaluation of the American Legacy Foundation's (Legacy) Statewide Youth Movement Against Tobacco Use (SYMATU) program. This program was designed to develop youth-led, youth-directed initiatives within local communities. Two evaluation studies were designed and implemented from 2000 through 2003: a cross-site study that collected standard data elements across all 17 programs and a case study of five programs that collected formative data on variables thought to affect program implementation. In developing the youth empowerment (YE) conceptual framework, the authors started by reviewing literature to identify the concepts necessary for these types of initiatives and present a summary of their findings here. This article focuses on the development of the authors'overarching conceptual framework used to guide their evaluation studies. Other articles contained within this special issue present results from each of the SYMATU evaluation studies.


The Pratiques culturelles des Francais (French cultural practices) survey has been carried out by the Ministry of Culture and Communication since 1973 and measures penetration rates within the French population of the main forms of access to culture. Comparing thirty-five years' worth of sociological surveys conducted at ten-year intervals requires several methodological precautions to be put in place before data can be analysed. One must consider structural changes in society at demographic, economic and social level, and also identify the effects of era, generation and supply. Furthermore, cultural practices themselves and, more generally, means of accessing culture have changed over the last thirty five years, influenced particularly by technological innovations. Finally, this document revisits the interpretation of the processes often used in analysing the evolution of cultural practices, such as feminisation, elitisation or democratisation and juvenilisation.


Generation and texturing of building models is a fast developing field of research. Several techniques have been developed to extract building geometry and textures from multiple images and image sequences. In this paper, these techniques are discussed and extended to automatically add new textures from infrared (IR) image sequences to existing building models. In contrast to existing work, geometry and textures are not generated together from the same dataset but the textures are extracted from the image sequence and matched to an existing geo-referenced 3D building model. The texture generation is divided in two main parts. The first part deals with the estimation and refinement of the exterior camera orientation. Feature points are extracted in the images and used as tie points in the sequence. A recorded exterior orientation of the camera s added to these homologous points and a bundle adjustment is performed starting on image pairs and combining the hole sequence. A given 3d model of the observed building is additionally added to introduce further constraint as ground control points in the bundle adjustment. The second part includes the extraction of textures from the images and the combination of textures from different images of the sequence. Using the reconstructed exterior camera orientation for every image of the sequence, the visible facades are projected into the image and texture is extracted. These textures normally contain only parts of the facade. The partial textures extracted from all images are combined to one facade texture. This texture is stored with a 3D reference to the corresponding facade. This allows searching for features in textures and localising those features in 3D space. It will be shown, that the proposed strategy allows texture extraction and mapping even for big building complexes with restricted viewing possibilities and for images with low optical resolution.


BACKGROUND
Access to information on the features and outcomes associated with the various models of maternity care available in Australia is vital for women's informed decision-making. This study sought to identify women's preferences for information access and decision-making involvement, as well as their priority information needs, for model of care decision-making.

METHODS
A convenience sample of adult women of childbearing age in Queensland, Australia were recruited to complete an online survey assessing their model of care decision support needs. Knowledge on models of care and socio-demographic characteristics were also assessed.

RESULTS
Altogether, 641 women provided usable survey data. Of these women, 26.7 percent had heard of all available models of care before starting the survey. Most women wanted access to information on models of care (90.4%) and an active role in decision-making (99.0%). Nine priority information needs were identified: cost, access to choice of mode of birth and care provider, after hours provider contact, continuity of carer in labor/birth, mobility during labor, discussion of the pros/cons of medical procedures, rates of skin-to-skin contact after birth, and availability at a preferred birth location. This information encompassed the priority needs of women across age, birth history, and insurance status subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates Australian women's unmet needs for information that supports them to effectively compare available options for model of maternity care. Findings provide clear direction on what information should be prioritized and ideal channels for information access to support quality decision-making in practice.


This is the ninth part of the facsimile reprint series of the leading English newspaper published in Yokohama throughout the Meiji era. It represents a complete collection, provided by the Yokohama Archives of History and other institutions. Playing an important role for Meiji Japan's exchange with western society, the journal contains articles on politics, commerce, and economics, and also on the cultural activities of early Japanologists and the Asiatic Society of Japan. Contributors include George Aston, Ernest Satow, Basil Hall Chamberlain, F. V. Dickins, Henry Dyer, William Anderson, Lafcadio Hearn and many others. It is an indispensable primary source for any scholar of Modern Japan. The Japan Weekly Mail published during this period is in particular important for its coverage of Japanese foreign activities following the Anglo-Japanese Treaty. The collection is a vital primary source for all scholars and students seeking to make sense of Japan's military movements in the early twentieth century.


Later in her career Mary Cassatt often painted the theme of a little girl wearing an oversized hat in poses similar to this one. However this child's serious expression sets the painting apart from other portraits. Most of the girls in Cassatt's paintings of children in hats appear to be willing and happy models; they smile and wear elaborate bonnets and frilly dresses. In Child in a Straw Hat, the little girl wears a plain, gray pinafore and a large, simple straw hat. Her furrowed brow and protruding upper lip suggest that she is impatient; she may have been taken away from her play in order to pose. (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., website; 2/4/2004)


This paper assesses the determinants of European outward and inward processing trade. Thereby, it distinguishes between size, relative factor endowment, (other) cost factors and infrastructure variables. Using a large panel of bilateral processing trade flows of the EU12 countries at the aggregate level over the period 1988-1999, we find that infrastructure variables, relative factor endowments and other cost variables are important determinants for the EU's outward processing trade. Costs also play a key role for the EU's inward processing trade. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2005.


The reorientation dynamics of the director, which affects the optical response of a dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal under the action of an electric field in cells with hybrid-oriented twist structure, has been studied in the framework of continuum theory. The proposed model makes it possible to find the angular distribution of the director for arbitrary values of both the elastic constants and the initial tilt angles. Hydrodynamic flow was neglected in the calculations. It is shown that, for a specific liquid crystal, the turn-on and turn-off times of the cell can be equal when sinusoidal signal pulses with low and high frequencies are applied to it at definite voltages.


We introduce a feature scattering-based adversarial training approach for improving model robustness against adversarial attacks. Conventional adversarial training approaches leverage a supervised scheme (either targeted or non-targeted) in generating attacks for training, which typically suffer from issues such as label leaking as noted in recent works. Differently, the proposed approach generates adversarial images for training through feature scattering in the latent space, which is unsupervised in nature and avoids label leaking. More importantly, this new approach generates perturbed images in a collaborative fashion, taking the inter-sample relationships into consideration. We conduct analysis on model robustness and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach through extensively experiments on different datasets compared with state-of-the-art approaches.


This collection of 26 essays range over the history of working men and women between the late 18th century and the present day, and brings back into print a selection of this celebrated historian's pioneering studies into labour history, together with more recent reflections previously unpublished in book form. Eric Hobsbawm's penetrating essays on labour history and social protest opened up a new field of study and set standards of wide-ranging, evocative, incisive analysis. Essays in this collection include the formation of the British working class; labour custom and traditions; the political radicalism of 19th century shoemakers; male and female images in revolutionary movements; revolution and sex; peasants and politics; and the common-sense of Tom Paine. More recent essays include meditations on the May Day holiday; the Vietnam War; socialism and the avantgarde; Mario Puzo, the Mafia and the Sicilian bandit Salvatore Giuliano; and the cultural consequences of Christopher Columbus. Throughout these essays runs a passionate concern for the lives and struggles of ordinary men and women - uncommon people, all of them.


country in which scabies has been reported for many decades. The present study is based on 850,629 cases reported between 1900 and 1975. The incidence of scabies showed pronounced peaks around 1918 and 1945. Since the end of the 1960s, a new increase in incidence has been observed. The rates were high and rather uniform among infants, children, and young adults. Before puberty, the rate for girls was on an average 1.4 times higher than for boys. Scabies showed the same incidence in the capital as in the provinces, and marked seasonal variations occurred, with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. No single factor could be identified to explain the cyclic occurrence in time, the sex and age pattern, and the seasonal variation. These patterns probably have a multifactorial genesis! (Arch Dermatol 114:747-750, 1978)


Abstract. Urban environments are more or less characterized by active travel modes, including the bicycle usage. Present transport infrastructure for bicyclists can often not serve the high traffic volumes, especially in rush hours. Therefore, introducing novel and specific traffic control strategies for bicyclists might serve as supportive element for improving bicycle traffic efficiency and safety. We evaluate a traffic control strategy implying countdown timer displays for bicyclists with one device being permanently installed in Munich (Germany) by (1) extracting cyclist trajectories from video observations before and after the installations, and, (2) introducing a bicycle simulator scenario via a map design approach. The latter includes a sequence of fictional and real road intersections and goes beyond evaluating the present countdown timers in VR, since different other countdown timer display designs are being tested. The whole bicycle simulator study consists of test rides and subsequent questionnaires with test subjects. We explain the design of the first simulator study and show selected results, which imply significant new insights resulting from the first 30 test rides and questionnaires.


Drag tests were conducted in the N.A.C.A. full-scale wind tunnel on full-scale models of two Army Air Corps type A-6 landing lamps mounted on an 8 by 48 foot airfoil. Drag measurements were made with the lamps in the leading edge and attached to the lower surface at the 5 and 10 percent chord positions. The drag of the lamps when faired into the airfoil was also measured. The results show that at 100 miles per hour and at the angle of minimum drag of the airfoil the unaired lamps in the leading edge produced an increase in drag of 5.5 pounds and that the unaired lamps on the lower surface at either position increased the airfoil drag 22.5 pounds. These increases represent 6 and 24 percent of the minimum drag of the airfoil, respectively. Fairing the lamps into the airfoil reduced the drag of the lamps about 50 percent for the leading-edge position and about 60 percent for the two lower surface positions.


"This manual is intended for national trainers on environmental crime in Eastern and Southern Africa. It seeks to enable such trainers to equip police officers and other actors involved in fighting environmental crimes with knowledge and understanding of the nature of environmental crimes, environmental inspection and investigation, and prosecution of environmental crimes. Its methods are based specifically on a participant-centred learning approach to facilitate optimum participation of learners."


NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has transitioned to operationally use the second generation of their coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐land model, the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), with advanced physics, increased resolution and refined initialization to improve the seasonal climate forecasts. We present a first look at the capability of CFSv2 on surface air temperature and precipitation predictions based on analyzing the 28‐year (1982–2009) reforecasts. These variables are primary inputs to hydrological seasonal forecast procedures. Averaged globally, the CFSv2 increases the predictive skill for month‐1 land surface air temperature and precipitation from the CFSv1 by 37% and 29%, respectively. The CFSv2 has comparable performance to the latest ECMWF model, the best among the current European seasonal forecast models. The soil moisture produced by CFSv2 also provides useful information in identifying several major drought events, especially over tropical regions. Though there is limited skill beyond month‐1, the CFSv2 does show promising features for advancing hydrological forecast and application studies.


Missing values are a major problem in all econometric applications based on survey data. A standard approach assumes data are missing at random and uses imputation methods or even listwise deletion. This approach is justified if item nonresponse does not depend on the potentially missing variables' realization. However, assuming missingness at random may introduce bias if nonresponse is, in fact, selective. Relevant applications range from financial or strategic firm-level data to individual-level data on income or privacy-sensitive behaviors. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to deal with selective item nonresponse in the model's dependent variable. Our approach is based on instrumental variables that affect selection only through a partially observed outcome variable. In addition, we allow for endogenous regressors. We establish identification of the structural parameter and propose a simple two-step estimation procedure for it. Our estimator is consistent and robust against biases that would prevail when assuming missingness at random. We implement the estimation procedure using firm-level survey data and a binary instrumental variable to estimate the effect of outsourcing on productivity.


ABSTRACT The energy dependence of the forward-angle pion double charge exchange cross section on nuclei is studied in the energy range from 0 to 300 MeV. The most striking feature seen in the data is a peak around 50 MeV. It has been claimed that this peak provides evidence for the existence of a dibaryon at this energy [1]. In this work we show that such a peak is a natural consequence of the distorted waves representing the pion propagation in the sequential process. In the present calculations we use realistic pion elastic scattering wave functions obtained by adding a correction for the pion true absorption to the potential, increasing the number of independent partial wave ranges from 2 (which had been usually used in the past) to 6 and fitting the remaining parameters to measured elastic scattering and reaction cross sections. Since the short-range behavior of the double charge exchange operator can influence the dependence of the cross section on energy, the inclusion of a crude approximation to a one-gluon-exchange interaction is made in order to estimate the size of such corrections. A considerable sensitivity to the strength of the strong coupling constant is found. The overall predictions from this theory are in good agreement with the existing data at low energies both for elastic scattering for


Though there has been much study of information leakage channels exploiting shared hardware resources (memory, cache, and disk) in cloud environments, there has been less study of the exploitability of shared software resources. In this paper, we analyze the exploitability of cloud networking services (which are shared among cloud tenants) and introduce a practical method for building information leakage channels by monitoring workloads on the cloud networking services through the virtual firewall. We also demonstrate the practicality of this attack by implementing two different covert channels in OpenStack as well as a new class of side channels that can eavesdrop on infrastructure-level events. By utilizing a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network model, our side channel attack could detect infrastructure level VM creation/termination events with 93.3% accuracy.


The purpose of this paper is to determine the gender responsiveness of the present mental health delivery system in the Philippines. According to the 1995 Census of the Population, 4.2 percent of the disabled population are mentally ill. In numerical terms, this is about 38,675 of 919,332 persons with disabilities. Of these, 52.64 percent are female while 47.36 percent are male. Most of those afflicted are in the 25-39 age group. The study is based on interviews with selected mental health care givers in an NGO clinic and in a government hospital and on observations of interactions between patients and care givers. At present, interest in mental illness among women is focused on domestic workers or overseas Filipino workers in foreign countries. While studies on psychiatric morbidity may be useful, these do not reflect the need to understand the social construction of gender in society. What is needed are studies that will constribute to changes in institutional treatment and policy development geared towards gender-responsive practices in mental health care settings.


Background & Objectives: Infertility (abortion & stillbirth) is one of the most common medical problems during pregnancy. Approximately 10-15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies are lost before the birth. Pregnancy loss is a multifactorial phenomenon. This study was an attempt to analysis the cytogenetic abnormalities of the parents with frequent spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. Methods: In this study, the samples were analyzed by GTG-banding technique. Results: From a total of 200 reviewed blood samples, 188 persons (94%) had natural karyotype and 12 persons (6%) had chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomal aberrations were found in 5 (2.5%) females and 7 (3.5%) males. The prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities was as follows: 5(41.6%) pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, 3 (25%) polymorphism 15p+, 1(8.3%) translocation, 1 (8.3%) polymorphism 15ps+, 1 (8.3%) polymorphism 1qh+ and 1 (8.3%) unknown chromophil band on the short arm of chromosome 21. Conclusion: Chromosomal analysis is an important etiological investigation in couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions and stillbirth, and genetic counseling helps to make a correct decision on further options of reproduction.


We have developed an ontology based framework that evaluates compatibility between processing modules within an end user development framework, using MIT Lincoln Laboratory's Composable Analytics environment [1] as a test case. In particular, we focus on inter-module semantic compatibility as well as compatibility between data and modules. Our framework includes a core ontology that provides an extendible vocabulary that can describe module attributes, module input and output requirements and preferences, and data characteristics that are pertinent to selecting appropriate modules in a given situation. Based on the ontological description of the modules and data, we first present a framework that takes a rule based approach in measuring semantic compatibility. Later, we extend the rule based approach to a flexible fuzzy logic based semantic compatibility evaluator. We have built an initial simulator to test module compatibility under varying situations. The simulator takes in the ontological description of the modules and data and calculates semantic compatibility. We believe the framework and simulation environment together will help both the developers test new modules they create as well as support end users in composing new capabilities. In this paper, we describe the details of the framework, the simulation environment, and our iterative process in developing the module ontology.


A survey on continuous, semidiscrete and discrete well-posedness and scale-space results for a class of nonlinear diiusion lters is presented. This class does not require any monotony assumption (comparison principle) and, thus, allows image restoration as well. The theoretical results include existence , uniqueness, continuous dependence on the initial image, maximum-minimum principles, average grey level invariance, smoothing Lyapunov functionals, and convergence to a constant steady state.


Cyberbullying is a socially aggressive and has powerful negative effects for individuals, specifically adolescents and youngsters. Cyberbullying allows the offender to mask his or her identity behind a computer. This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victim's physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on today's youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditional face-to-face bullying situation. In the recent times many methods for automatic thoughts of mining in the online data are becoming increasingly important, to increase the safety parameter of the people. This framework is proposed to extract Cyberbully polarity from the Forum using Fuzzy logic technique. At first, the given input is pre-processed and the useful content is gathered. Subsequently, the pre -processed data will be sent to the features extraction method. Probabilities of the words are calculated by using Fuzzy Decision Tree Method. Fuzzy rules can be applied in all these features to extract the certain set of cyberbully words like bad words, insulting words,threatening words and terrorism words from the given input, hence we use text mining here. Finally this method will return the reduced and accurate cyberbully words. This method is performed by human annotation using the existing methods like Mamdani Fuzzy System and Naive Bayes classifier. Extensive experiments are performed by using fuzzy logic on crime debate forum and the results show that this proposed approach is better than the traditional one. Aggressive text detection in social networks allows identifying offenses and misbehavior, and leverages tasks such as cyberbullying detection. Social media became a very useful platform to express ourselves. The expressions have adverse reactions as well. We intend to take data from these platforms and make use of it to improve on the safety parameter. For the development of the system we take the data available on Twitter and filter all the useful contents.


In Revolutionary Suicide and Other Desperate Measures , Adrienne Carey Hurley examines how child abuse and youth violence are understood, manufactured, and represented, but still disavowed, in Japan and the United States. Through analysis of autobiographical fiction, journalism, film, and clinical case studies, she charts a "culture of child abuse" extending from the home to the classroom, the marketplace, and the streets in both countries. Hurley served as a court-appointed special advocate for abused children, and she brings that perspective to bear as she interprets texts. Undertaking close reading as a form of advocacy, she exposes how late-capitalist societies abuse and exploit youth, while at the same time blaming them for their own vulnerability and violence. She objects to rote designations of youth violence as "inexplicable," arguing that such formulaic responses forestall understanding and intervention. Hurley foregrounds theories of youth violence that locate its origins in childhood trauma, considers what happens when young people are denied opportunities to develop a political analysis to explain their rage, and explores how the chance to engage in such an analysis affects the occurrence and meaning of youth violence.


This paper looks at the effects of political volatility in transition economies to ascertain how nascent political institutions affect fledgling capital markets. Asymmetric (GJR) GARCH modeling of monthly data was taken for 21 transition economies on financial volatility, political volatility, and monetary policy to test the drivers of financial volatility in transition. The key implication from these results is that political stability needs to be tended to both in the formal realm and the informal realm in order to avoid potentially damaging financial volatility. The need for consistent political institutions remains in transition economies as much as in developed countries.


The exigencies of World War II resulted in a massive expansion of travel opportunities for American women, both civilian and military, that formed an essential ingredient of their wartime experience. As enforced tourists, the geographical centres and states of knowledge of American women were greatly expanded as they travelled to distant and remote areas, met new people, took on new jobs, encountered different cultures and ways of life, and established themselves and their families in unknown locations. The far-reaching consequences of enforced wartime travel played an important role in transforming the way American women thought about themselves and their world, and the legacy of the war continues to reverberate in women's lives. Much has been written about how major wars have given rise to postwar pilgrimages, battlefield tours, and the establishment of commemorative memorials and museums, but the significance of enforced tourists who travelled during wartime itself has not been fully explored. The far-reaching consequences of wartime travel and the extent to which it transforms the lives of enforced tourists – both women and men, civilian and military – is a largely uncharted topic worthy of considerable attention by scholars.


ABSTRACT Transitional justice faces growing expectations about its ability to support democratisation processes in countries transitioning from conflict and/or authoritarian rule. Empirical research investigating these claims, however, remains divided on its effects. Certain aspects also remain underexplored, such as transitional justice's impact on the security forces, despite broad recognition that the latter's transformation is key to supporting transitions. This paper seeks to fill this gap by undertaking a structured comparative analysis of four countries – Brazil, Chile, Sierra Leone and Uganda – to critically examine some of the commonly postulated pathways through which transitional justice is expected to impact the security forces: reform, removal, narrative reframing and resistance. We find there is little evidence of transitional justice having had a distinctly positive or negative effect.Where there was impact, this was often discrete, time-bound and accompanied by broader societal and political dynamics that simultaneously drove processes of change within the security forces.


Philippe Apeloig's design career began in 1985 at the Musee dOrsay when he designed the poster for the Museums first exhibition, Chicago, Birth of a Metropolis. He is noted for his posters, many of which are in the collection of MoMA, and his typography, including the typefaces Octobre and Drop. This exhibition and book surveys and explores the entirety of Apeloig's graphic design process and philosophy. His posters, logos, visual identities, books and animations are reproduced along with the steps in their development, and the major influences that fuel his work.


Samples of Todaropsis eblanae from throughout the species range in east Atlantic and Mediterranean waters were screened for genetic variability at 1 minisatellite and 4 microsatellite loci. Extremely high levels of variability were observed within samples at all loci, with the mean observed heterozygosity per locus ranging from 0.82 to 0.91. Tests of allele frequency heterogeneity and measures of F ST (Wright's fixation index) suggest that significant genetic differentiation occurs between samples taken in African waters and those taken in European waters (overall F ST = 0.014, p < 0.001). Furthermore, significant differentiation was evident between the samples taken from South African waters and those taken from off Mauritania (between sample F ST = 0.012, p < 0.001). More subtle structuring was suggested within the European samples, largely attributable to differences between the Mediterranean sample and Atlantic samples (within Europe F ST = 0.002, p < 0.03). However, the high levels of heterozygosity associated with the examined loci means that biological implications of marginally significant statistical results must be considered. One consistent aspect of the observed variation is that the Mauritanian sample is more genetically differentiated from European samples than from the more geographically isolated South African sample. Homoplasy and historical events such as climatic cycles and post-glacial recolonisation are considered as possible explanations for the observed patterns of variation. In terms of stock structure, the findings suggest the presence of at least 3 genetically isolated populations in the east Atlantic, which has important implications for management and sustainability of this resource.


The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine what effective teaching with technology looked like in practice within middle grade Social Studies' classrooms. An additional purpose was to understand how teachers' combine content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and technological knowledge when making decisions about their curriculum. Guiding this study was a conceptual framework that suggests effective teaching with technology comes from technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), a knowledge that is created by combining content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and technological knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2006). Lakeside Middle School was selected for this study due to both its commitment to technology integration and its implementation of a school wide 1:1 laptop initiative. Three middle grade Social Studies' teachers at Lakeside were selected, one each from 6th, 7th, and 8th grade classrooms. A multiple case study methodology was used in this study. An observation protocol, designed specifically to capture TPACK moments during observations, was developed. Multiple data sources (interviews, observations, focus group, and artifacts) were collected and analyzed for emerging themes about the TPACK practices of each teacher. Using the data collected, a descriptive case study was written for each teacher. These descriptive case studies identified examples, grouped thematically, of TPACK in practice. These descriptive case studies also recorded each teacher's beliefs about teaching, technology in education, and their own placement within the TPACK framework. Data analysis suggested that that TPACK is developed uniquely in each teacher, shaped by their beliefs and strengths in teaching. Analysis of the data also suggested that the TPACK framework may need to be rethought, in order to fully capture TPACK in practice. Included in this are discussions about how the TPACK framework model fails to account for any of the three teachers' TPACK practices, discussions about the model's failure to differentiate between depth and breadth of TPACK knowledge, and discussions about other factors that influence TPACK in practice, including students and teaching environment. The study findings have implications for teacher educators, teachers, and policy makers. Specifically, teacher education courses need to be developed to address the lack of TPACK knowledge that preservice teachers have. Additionally, new professional development sessions are needed for practicing teachers that focus on developing both the depth and breadth of their TPACK practices.


Crises can have significant effects on the method of policy creation and on the content of the resulting policy itself. This paper investigates the method of policy creation employed in response to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. In particular, this paper looks at the creation and implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act that attempted to address the causes of the crisis and minimize the likelihood and severity of future crises. By using a rational choice theory and a transaction cost analysis framework to investigate the actions taken by political actors as they responded to the unfolding crisis, this paper investigated the method of policy creation and the motivations that determined it.

 A close reading of the actions of the legislative branch during the crisis and post-crisis period investigating whether the actions were consistent with the results predicted by delegation theory literature found considerable support for the abdication hypothesis during this crisis. It also became apparent that a few key constraints including time limits and consultation requirements were used extensively by congress during this period to control the actions of agents that were delegated power whereas some other sorts of constraints. By way of comparison, other constraint types were used sparingly. Congress also appears to have had specific motivations for the choice of agent to delegate to which were present for most of the acts of delegation. These included ensuring agency independence, ensuring coordination, leveraging agency expertise, and ensuring constant and long-term attention to an issue.

 Along with congress' explicit delegation of power to the administration, there were considerable amounts of implicit delegation in which executive branch actors asserted powers that were not explicitly delegated. The instances of implicit delegation decreased later in the crisis as the focus of policy creation shifted from mitigating the current crisis to forestalling future crises.

 During the crisis, the president primarily relied on the power to persuade and largely avoided using executive actions to create policy. In addition, minimal power and authority was delegated by congress directly to the president during this financial crisis.


Maternal diet can affect fetal gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Wilson disease (WD), which is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in ATP7B encoding a biliary copper transporter, is characterized by excessive hepatic copper accumulation, but variability in disease severity. We tested the hypothesis that gestational supply of dietary methyl groups modifies fetal DNA methylation and expression of genes involved in methionine and lipid metabolism that are impaired prior to hepatic steatosis in the toxic milk (tx-j) mouse model of WD. Female C3H control and tx-j mice were fed control (choline 8 mmol/Kg of diet) or choline-supplemented (choline 36 mmol/Kg of diet) diets for 2 weeks throughout mating and pregnancy to gestation day 17. A second group of C3H females, half of which were used to cross foster tx-j pups, received the same diet treatments that extended during lactation to 21 d postpartum. Compared with C3H, fetal tx-j livers had significantly lower copper concentrations and significantly lower transcript levels of Cyclin D1 and genes related to methionine and lipid metabolism. Maternal choline supplementation prevented the transcriptional deficits in fetal tx-j liver for multiple genes related to cell growth and metabolism. Global DNA methylation was increased by 17% in tx-j fetal livers after maternal choline treatment (P < 0.05). Maternal dietary choline rescued the lower body weight of 21 d tx-j mice. Our results suggest that WD pathogenesis is modified by maternal in utero factors, including dietary choline.


The two decades prior to the American Civil War were years of staggering social and cultural transition, whose details nevertheless tend to be glossed over in the broader historical surveys of American music. A chronology of significant events during those years might include the following: 1838 Boston admits music into the curriculum of its public schools, under the direction of Lowell Mason. 1839 First appearance in the United States (at the Apollo Theater) by the Rainer Family Singers from the Tyrol, inspiring the formation of several such American groups, notably the Hutchinsons. 1842 Founding of the New York Philharmonic Society, not the first, but America's oldest extant orchestra. 1843 The great Norwegian violinist Ole Bull makes the first of five American tours. 1840s Mason's followers begin spreading musical academies west as far as Ohio, eager to improve the cultured tradition.(1) Early in the decade, blackface minstrelsy becomes popular as public entertainment. Crop failures in Europe and wars of 1848 result in massive immigration - particularly of Germans, including German musicians. American musicians in turn begin studying in Germany and bringing back the influence of German romanticism. 1840s and 1850s The numerous ballads of Rochester's Henry Russell and Pittsburgh's Stephen Foster achieve their peak in popularity, while William Henry Fry and George Bristow write operas and symphonies based on continental European models. 1850s The Swedish soprano Jenny Lind makes many tours, beginning in 1850; the German soprano Henriette Sontag tours from 1852 to 1854; pianists Henri Herz and Sigismond Thalberg tour from 1845 to 1851 and from 1856 to 1857, respectively, resulting in much greater emphasis on the virtuoso performer and a consequent fissure between professional and amateur music-making and between concert and popular music. 1850s The number of pianos manufactured in America rises from 9,000 in 1851 to 21,000 in 1860. This decade sees the establishment of the Steinway and Mason & Hamlin piano companies, the phenomenal growth of parlor piano music, and the height of Louis Moreau Gottschalk's fame (last tour in 1862). Recent cultural history of this period, particularly by Lawrence Levine and Michael Broyles,(2) suggests a division of musical activities at this time into the cultured and popular traditions, or to use Levine's terms, "highbrow" and "lowbrow." There was a simultaneous transition from the transcendentalists' concept of music as the composer's expression of the feelings (equivalent to the essayist's expression of thought) to Mason and his followers' writings about music as a science. The trends cited by these and other historians might all be derived from the contemporary periodical literature, but are they? Broyles, for example, cites only one music periodical from these two decades; his other sources are all mainstream literary journals - the same ones cited by Lowens in his index of music subjects in general periodicals devoted to transcendental thought of the time.(3) Why then are music periodicals so infrequently cited in current research in American music? It is not as though we lack bibliographic access to them - quite the contrary. There are excellent lists by Imogen Fellinger, chronologically arranged - most recently the one appended to the article "Periodicals" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.(4) John Shepard revised the portion of her article devoted to the United States, providing examples and illustrations from American periodicals and updating the bibliography for The New Grove Dictionary of American Music.(5) There are also a number of comprehensive dissertations and theses that profile nineteenth-century American music periodicals, provide statistical overviews, and track every aspect - financial as well as literary - of their publication history. These dissertations are excellent guides to contents and editorial views and should be on the shelves of every research music library. …


Over the past decade, tens of thousands of refugees and asylum seekers have entered Israel through the Sinai Peninsula. While en route to Israel, thousands of them were kidnapped and traded as commodities within organized-crime networks. These networks shared one main purpose: holding victims hostage in "camps" and torturing them until a friend or family member paid a ransom for their release. This practice of kidnapping refugees and asylum seekers ("Ransom Kidnapping") has also taken hold in other parts of the world and is becoming increasingly common. Looking at the experiences of Eritrean and Sudanese asylum seekers in Sinai torture camps as a case study, this Article explores the nexus between Ransom Kidnapping and the legal framework surrounding human trafficking. Despite deep similarities, most legal systems and international actors do not consider Ransom Kidnapping to be a form of human trafficking. Instead, they consider Ransom Kidnapping a species of human smuggling. This classification adversely affects the rights and entitlements of survivors. For instance, in Israel, only a small fraction of those who survived the Sinai torture camps have been recognized as victims of human trafficking. Those recognized as victims of human trafficking were granted a visa and exemption from detention, free legal aid, and a room at a designated shelter. Meanwhile, those not recognized as victims of human trafficking experienced detention and were denied suitable treatment. Almost 20 years after the signing of the United Nations' Trafficking Protocol and the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), and in light of the rise of Ransom Kidnapping and other forms of exploitation, the legal framework surrounding human trafficking must be revisited. This Article suggests a critical outlook on these mechanisms and examines how they respond to current realities on the ground.


Background: Caring is central to the practice of physiotherapy. However, explicit components of caring required for South African physiotherapy practice within a model of primary healthcare are not detailed. Method: Employing a narrative enquiry as the selected methodology, data were produced through multiple methods to obtain multiple perspectives and orientation on how caring was facilitated in the physiotherapy curriculum and in practice. Data production, involving student physiotherapists, physiotherapy academics and practising physiotherapists, included in-depth focus group interviews, individual interviews, journal entries and open-ended questionnaires. Initially, the data were analysed separately for each group of research participants, followed by a cross-sectional analysis. Results: Components of caring were identified from the interactions of student physiotherapists with patients, academics, practising physiotherapists and among the students themselves. Emerging expressions of caring were grouped as collegiality and valuing; listening, and showing empathy and nurturing; being an expert practitioner; having interdisciplinary knowledge and utilising biopsychosocial intervention; having cultural and language competence; and community and human-interconnectedness. Conclusion: This paper identifies the components of caring that are important for physiotherapy across multiple sectors. The findings are significant for physiotherapy development and may be considered within other health science professions.


Addressing transnational pollution requires both international and domestic law. Transnational pollution is an international problem that demands and deserves the attention of international legal mechanisms such as treaties, agreements, arbitration, and international management and governance. At the same time, transnational pollution problems can often be addressed more effectively and efficiently through the domestic legal system. An ideal approach is to harmonize transnational pollution management and dispute resolution under international and domestic law. This article seeks to provide pragmatic, feasible, and politically realistic solutions to transnational pollution by harmonizing international and domestic law. However, given the diversity in geography, domestic legal systems, and political realities that frame transnational pollution problems around the world, a specific pragmatic solution in one region may be useless or impossible in another region. Thus, this article focuses on transnational pollution problems and harmonizing the relevant international and domestic laws of one transnational region, the United States-Canada border, with the hope that it may provide lessons and potential models that will be valuable to policy makers and scholars elsewhere.


Cloud vertical distributions across extratropical warm and cold fronts are obtained using two consecutive winters of CloudSat‐Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) observations and National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis atmospheric state parameters over the Northern and Southern Hemisphere oceans (308‐708N/S) between November 2006 and September 2008. These distributions generally resemble those from the original model introduced by the Bergen School in the 1920s, with the following exceptions: 1) substantial low cloudiness, which is present behind and ahead of the warm and cold fronts; 2) ubiquitous high cloudiness, some of it very thin, throughout the warm-frontal region; and 3) upright convective cloudiness near and behind some warm fronts. One winter of GISS general circulation model simulations of Northern and Southern Hemisphere warm and cold fronts at 2 83 2.5 83 32 levels resolution gives similar cloud distributions but with much lower cloud fraction, a shallower depth of cloudiness, and a shorter extent of tilted warm-frontal cloud cover on the cold air side of the surface frontal position. A close examination of the relationship between the cloudiness and relative humidity fields indicates that water vapor is not lifted enough in modeled midlatitude cyclones and this is related to weak vertical velocities in the model. The model also produces too little cloudiness for a given value of vertical velocity or relative humidity. For global climate models run at scales coarser than tens of kilometers, the authors suggest that the current underestimate of modeled cloud cover in the storm track regions, and in particular the 508‐608S band of the Southern Oceans, could be reduced with the implementation of a slantwise convection parameterization.


How important are regional foci in a world that is defined by transfers and
mobilities? This issue of Transfers features a special section that addresses this
question and provides varied answers on the role regions play in the understanding
of modernity, power, and practices of moving. The call for the special
section, "Asia on the Move," went out in spring 2017. Since then, questions of
mobilities, migration, and transfers have not only gained increasing attention
and importance, they have also been met with resistance by local groups, in
politics and social development—often, in the global point of view, from quite
unexpected directions, as in the case of Myanmar and Rohinga migration in
2018.


Feature Issue on Transmission in Optically Transparent Core NetworksOne of the difficulties of optical packet-switched (OPS) networks is buffering optical packets in the network. O(1) reading operation is not possible in the optical domain, because there is no equivalent optical RAM available for storing packets. Currently, the only available solution that can be used for buffering in the optical domain is using long fiber lines called fiber delay lines (FDL). However, FDLs have important limitations and may cause high packet drop rates due to the burstiness of Internet traffic. We propose an architecture using an explicit congestion control protocol (XCP) based utilization control algorithm designed for OPS wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks with pacing at the edge nodes for decreasing the buffer requirements at core nodes. We evaluate the FDL requirements on a meshed network with multiple-hop paths and show how FDL requirements change with slot size, utilization, FDL granularity, scheduling, and packet size distribution.


The sef gene is one of a group of genes activated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8. Sef is a transmembrane protein that can interact with Xenopus FGF receptors when expressed in transfected cells. Fürthauer et al. used zebrafish to investigate the role of Sef in Fgf8 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In zebrafish embryos treated to increase FGF signaling or to enhance activation of the MAPK pathway, enhanced sef expression suppressed the phenotypes, suggesting that Sef is an antagonist of MAPK signaling. Sef rescued phenotypes associated either with activation of the pathway mediated by hyperactivation of the receptor tyrosine kinase or with forced hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway, independent of the growth factor receptor. Sef inhibited phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Thus, Sef joins Sprouty as an inhibitor of the Ras-to-MAPK kinase cascade. The mechanism of inhibition may be quite different, because Sef can inhibit ERK phosphorylation in response to activated receptor tyrosine kinase, activated Ras, activated Raf, and activated MEK (the kinase immediately upstream of ERK); whereas Sprouty2 appears to act at the level of Raf. M. Fürthauer, W. Lin, S.-L. Ang, B. Thisse, C. Thisse, Sef is a feedback-induced antagonist of Ras/MAPK-mediated FGF signalling. Nature Cell Biol. 4, 170-174 (2002). [Online Journal] P. Yusoff, D.-H. Lao, S. H. Ong, E. S. M. Wong, J. Lim, T. L. Lo, H. F. Leong, C. W. Fong, G. R. Guy, Sprouty2 inhibits the Ras/MAP Kinase pathway by inhibiting the activation of Raf. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 3195-3201 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The decapod dendrobranchiate shrimps of the family Luciferidae De Haan, 1849 under the
superfamily Sergestoidea Dana, 1852 were studied comprehensively to prepare a taxonomic
monograph and thus to record the taxonomic placement, diagnostic characters and the distribution
of each species of the family in the seas around India. The zooplankton samples of the first 44
cruises of FORV Sagar Sampada in the Indian EEZ and the collections made from the coastal sea
off Cochin for a period of one year constituted the database of this investigation. These
holoplanktonic pelagic shrimps were chosen for a detailed taxonomic study due to its importance
in the coastal food web and the abundance in planktonic state throughout the year exhibiting peak
dominance during the southwest monsoon and immediate postmonsoon months. The study brought
to light the presence of all the seven world species of the genus Lucifer in the Indian EEZ and thus
added three more new records, namely, L. chacei Bowman, 1967; L. intermedius Hansen, 1919
and L. orientalis Hansen, 1919 to the already known four species from Indian waters, viz., L.
typus H.Milne Edwards, 1837; L. hanseni Nobili, 1905; L. penicillifer Hansen, 1919 and L. faxoni
Borradaile1915. L.penicillifer Hansen, 1919 is the predominant species in the Arabian Sea and
Bay of Bengal while L.typus H.Milne Edwards, 1837 in the island ecosystems. The neretic region
of the Indian EEZ up to the 50 m depth support 51 % of these shrimps, mid shelf between 50 and
100m harbour 29%, whereas 12 % occur in the outer shelf between 100 and 200 m and 8 % in the
deep zone beyond 200 m. In the fishery environment off Cochin up to 30 m depth zone L.hanseni
is found to be the predominant species followed by three more species namely, L.typus H.Milne
Edwards, 1837; L.penicillifer Hansen, 1919 and L. chacei Bowman, 1967 of which the last two are
new records for the coastal area.
Keys of the family and species of the genus are given. Each species is treated in detail giving
prime importance to its taxonomic placement, diagnostic characters and distribution supported by
descriptions and adequate illustrations in a simple manner making the identification process an
easy task. Comparisons are made wherever possible followed by references from the Indian authors
and the world over. Schematic representations of a penaeid prawn and its appendages are adapted
and given with a view to get familiarized with the usage of updated terminology. References
included in this monograph are those of a review nature, relating to a new geographic area of
occurrence of the species or giving a link to the diagnosis and distribution of the species.
The taxonomic placement of the family Luciferidae De Haan, 1849 under the superfamily
Sergestoidea Dana, 1852 was under debate but Farfante & Kensley (1997) treated it as a separate
family Luciferidae closely related to Sergestidae under the superfamily Sergestoidea and this pattern
has been followed in this monograph.


Inborn errors of metabolism are generally categorized as rare diseases. Their presentations are often so subtle and insidious as to cause daunting diagnostic challenges for even the most astute clinicians. Thus, irreversible morbidity and preventable mortality have been unavoidable until recent decades because of delayed diagnoses. This unfortunate circumstance has led to newborn screening programs worldwide for 40 or more hereditary metabolic disorders beginning with the dramatic improvements for patients with phenylketonuria in the 1960's. Increasingly sophisticated testing procedures such as tandem mass spectrometry and other multiplex technologies applied to dried blood spot specimens are now having greater impact without raising costs significantly. The advent of next generation sequencing methods is likely to stimulate further progress and lead to whole genome or exome sequencing as prenatal and neonatal screening expands further. With early diagnosis through screening and expedited therapies better outcomes are routinely possible, and even preventive therapies amounting to "cures" can be anticipated through research.


Herein, we report the first continuous-flow hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol with molecular hydrogen, as a reducing agent. This reaction converts a known pollutant into a high value product with only water as a by product, which is also the solvent. We employed Ag nanoparticles (<5 nm) supported on alumina, which were synthesized directly on low surface area alumina, avoiding the need for catalyst post-processing to confer the required nominal size for flow applications.


—Multilevel Differential Amplitude and Phase-Shift Keying (DAPSK) schemes do not require any channel estimation, which results in low complexity. In this treatise we derive the soft-output probability formulas required for a soft-decision based demodulation of high-order DAPSK, in order to facilitate iterative detection by exchanging extrinsic information with an outer Turbo Code (TC). Furthermore, when the TC block size is increased, the system operates closer to the channel capacity. Compared to the identical-throughput TC assisted 64-ary Differential Phase-Shift Keying (64-DPSK) scheme, the 4-ring based TC assisted 64-ary DAPSK arrangement has a power-efficiency improvement of 2.3 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of 10 −5. Furthermore, when the TC block size is increased, the system operates closer to the channel capacity. More specifically, when using a TC block length of 400 modulated symbols, the 64 DAPSK (4, 16) scheme is 7.56 dB away from its capacity curve, while it had a reduced gap as low as 2.25 dB, when using a longer TC block length of 40 000 modulated symbols. Finally, as a novel application example, the soft-decision M-DAPSK scheme was incorporated into an Amplify-and-Forward (AF) based cooperative communication system, which attains another 4.5 dB SNR improvement for a TC block length of 40 000 modulated symbols.


Abstract. We present trajectory-based estimates of Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for very short-lived halogenated source gases as a function of surface emission location. The ODPs are determined by the fraction of source gas and its degradation products which reach the stratosphere, depending primarily on tropospheric transport and chemistry, and the effect of the resulting reactive halogen in the stratosphere, which is determined by stratospheric transport and chemistry, in particular by stratospheric residence time. Reflecting the different timescales and physico-chemical processes in the troposphere and stratosphere, the estimates are based on calculation of separate ensembles of trajectories for the troposphere and stratosphere. A methodology is described by which information from the two ensembles can be combined to give the ODPs. The ODP estimates for a species with a fixed 20 d lifetime, representing a compound like n-propyl bromide, are presented as an example. The estimated ODPs show strong geographical and seasonal variation, particularly within the tropics. The values of the ODPs are sensitive to the inclusion of a convective parametrization in the trajectory calculations, but the relative spatial and seasonal variation is not. The results imply that ODPs are largest for emissions from south and south-east Asia during Northern Hemisphere summer and from the western Pacific during Northern Hemisphere winter. Large ODPs are also estimated for emissions throughout the tropics with non-negligible values also extending into northern mid-latitudes, particularly in the summer. These first estimates, whilst made under some simplifying assumptions, show larger ODPs for certain emission regions, particularly south Asia in NH summer, than have typically been reported by previous studies which used emissions distributed evenly over land surfaces.


The Internet has profoundly changed the technical infrastructure for the publishing of scientific peer reviewed journals. The traditional business model of selling the content to subscribers is increasingly being challenged by Open Access journals, which are either run at low cost by voluntary academics or which sell dissemination services to authors. In addition authors in many fields are taking advantage of the legal possibilities of uploading free manuscript versions to institutional or subject-based repositories, in order to increase readership and impact. Construction Management is lagging behind many other fields in utilising the potential of the web for efficient dissemination results, in particular to academics outside the leading universities in industrialised countries. This study looks closer at the current publishing situation in construction management and related fields and compares empirical data about 16 OA journals and 16 traditional subscription journals. Of the articles published in 2011 in the subscription journals only 9 % could be found as OA copies. The overall OA availability (including article in OA journals) was 14 % for Construction Management and Economics and 29 for construction IT scholarship.


AIDS is not simply a concern for scientists, doctors and medical researchers, it has important social dimensions too. These include cultural, individual and media responses to HIV/AIDS, stigmatization and discrimination, perceptions of risk, and issues to do with counselling, care and health promotion. This series of books brings together work from many disciplines including psychology, sociology, cultural and media studies, anthropology, education and history. It also contains anthologies of papers given at recent conferences concerned with the social aspects of AIDS/HIV. Many of the titles offer insight into contemporary research priorities and identify some of the opportunities open to those involved in care and health promotion. The series will be of interest to those involved in education and social research as well as scientific and medical researchers who want to examine the social aspects of AIDS.


There is scientific evidence that the presence of a therapy dog can positively impact on the performance of cognitive tasks (e.g.
 Gee et al., 2010
 ). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a therapy dog on reading performance. Twelve children in second grade, aged 6 to 7 years old, were randomly assigned to two groups in a cross-over design. Six boys and six girls read a text in the presence of a dog and, in another session, a similar text in the presence of a human confederate. Several parameters of the reading performance and human-dog interaction were assessed. In our study a therapy dog rather than a friendly female student improved the reading performance of children in three out of four task parameters: correct word recognitions, correct recognitions of punctuation marks, and correct line breaks. There was no significant influence of the dog on reading time. The four reading parameters did not show significant correlations with the total length of eye or body contact with the dog. Results in this study are consistent with previous research that documented a positive impact on the performance of cognitive tasks in preschoolers due to the presence of a therapy dog (e.g.
 Gee et al., 2012
 ). Our results add two new aspects. Firstly, data indicate that the presence of a dog can also be beneficial for older children. Secondly, the promotion of performance also applies to reading.


This piece excavates the history of the Millionaire's Amendment, a short-lived provision of campaign finance law that played a significant role in Barack Obama's successful 2004 Senate campaign. It argues that beyond the Amendment's role in that single, fateful race, it supplies a useful test case for examining competing paradigms for regulating money in politics.


This study proposes that health beliefs and selfefficacy are related to condom use among college students. An anonymous survey, developed to pursue correlates of condom use, was administered to 370 college students. The survey consisted of a variety of single-item measures of demographics and sexual behaviors, as well as measures which assessed self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers of condom use, and perceived susceptibility and severity of HIV/AIDS. Correlation and regression analysis was conducted to test the relationship between these variables and condom use. The results show that certain dimensions of self-efficacy were positively related to condom use. Measures assessing perceived barriers to condom use were negatively related to condom use. Scale development issues, implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are presented.


Accurate measurements of crop production in smallholder farming systems are critical to the understanding of yield constraints and, thus, setting the appropriate agronomic investments and policies for improving food security and reducing poverty. Nevertheless, mapping the yields of smallholder farms is challenging because of factors such as small field sizes and heterogeneous landscapes. Recent advances in fine-resolution satellite sensors offer promise for monitoring and characterizing the production of smallholder farms. In this study, we investigated the utility of different sensors, including the commercial Skysat and RapidEye satellites and the publicly accessible Sentinel-2, for tracking smallholder maize yield variation throughout a ~40,000 km2 western Kenya region. We tested the potential of two types of multiple regression models for predicting yield: (i) a "calibrated model", which required ground-measured yield and weather data for calibration, and (ii) an "uncalibrated model", which used a process-based crop model to generate daily vegetation index and end-of-season biomass and/or yield as pseudo training samples. Model performance was evaluated at the field, division, and district scales using a combination of farmer surveys and crop cuts across thousands of smallholder plots in western Kenya. Results show that the "calibrated" approach captured a significant fraction (R2 between 0.3 and 0.6) of yield variations at aggregated administrative units (e.g., districts and divisions), while the "uncalibrated" approach performed only slightly worse. For both approaches, we found that predictions using the MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), which included the red edge band available in RapidEye and Sentinel-2, were superior to those made using other commonly used vegetation indices. We also found that multiple refinements to the crop simulation procedures led to improvements in the "uncalibrated" approach. We identified the prevalence of small field sizes, intercropping management, and cloudy satellite images as major challenges to improve the model performance. Overall, this study suggested that high-resolution satellite imagery can be used to map yields of smallholder farming systems, and the methodology presented in this study could serve as a good foundation for other smallholder farming systems in the world.


We explore the role of face-to-face meetings in the life of distributed teams using data from Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams. Such distributed teams are part of many organizations' new vision of management in the 21st century. Practitioner research has suggested the need for face-to-face meetings when a team is formed, but few studies have considered the role of face-to-face meetings during a team's life. Based on a qualitative inductive analysis of data from interviews and observations at FLOSS conferences, we identify a variety of settings in which FLOSS developers meet face-to-face, activities performed in these settings and benefits obtained. Contrary to prior research, we find that FLOSS developers generally do not meet until the project is well under way. We also find that an additional benefit of face-to-face meetings is time away from a regular job. We conclude by noting limitations in our data collection due to a focus on core developers in large projects and with directions for further research.


Mortality of young Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas associated with the ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is occurring worldwide. Here, we examined for the first time the effect of salinity on OsHV-1 transmission and disease-related mortality of C. gigas, as well as salinity-related effects on the pathogen itself. To obtain donors for OsHV-1 transmission, we transferred laboratory-raised oysters to an estuary during a disease outbreak and then back to the laboratory. Oysters that tested OsHV-1 positive were placed in seawater tanks (35‰, 21°C). Water from these tanks was used to infect naive oysters in 2 experimental setups: (1) oysters acclimated or non-acclimated to a salinity of 10, 15, 25 and 35‰ and (2) oysters acclimated to a salinity of 25‰; the latter were exposed to OsHV-1 water diluted to a salinity of 10 or 25‰. The survival of oysters exposed to OsHV-1 water and acclimated to a salinity of 10‰ was 95%, compared to only 43 to 73% survival in oysters acclimated to higher salinities (Expt 1), reflecting differences in the levels of OsHV-1 DNA and viral gene expression (Expts 1 and 2). However, the survival of their non-acclimated counterparts was only 23% (Expt 2), and the levels of OsHV-1 DNA and the expression of 4 viral genes were low (Expt 1). Thus, OsHV-1 may not have been the ultimate cause of mortality in non-acclimated oysters weakened by a salinity shock. It appears that reducing disease risk by means of low salinity is unlikely in the field.