This thesis describes the preparation of some methyleneamino derivatives of beryllium, zinc, gallium and silicon. The structural, implications of their infra-red spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are discussed. As a background to the work, the characteristics of such compounds are discussed in the Introduction, and in greater detail in each chapter. Di-t-butylmethyleneaminolithium reacts with beryllium chloride giving dimeric di-t-butylmethyleneaminoberyllium chloride, (Bu(^t)(_2)C:NBeCl)(_2), and the lithium beryllates Li(_n)Be(N:CBu(^t)(_2))(_2+n) (n = 1,2). Bis(di-t-butylmethyl-eneamino)beryllium, [(Bu(^t)(_2)C:N)(_2)Be](_2) was inaccessible by this route but was prepared by reacting di-t-butylmethyleneamine with di-isobutylberyllium (2:1). The crystal structure of this compound shows that the terminal CNBe unit is nearly linear and that the Be-N bond is relatively short, appropriate for N →Be (p → p) π-bonding. The structure determination supports the postulate that a high azomethine stretching frequency, v(C=N) is indicative of a linear CNBe unit and Be-N multiple bonding. Attempts to prepare adducts with trimethylamine and tetramethylethylene-diamine were unsuccessful. Reaction between methyleneamines and dialkylberylliums afford the derivatives (R(^2)C:NBeR')(_2) (R = Bu(^2), Ph; R' = Bu(^i) and R = Ph; R' = Bu(^t)). A new monomeric compound, di-t-butylmethyleneamino-bis(trimethylsilyl)-aminoberyllium, Bu(^t)(_2)C:NBeN(SiMe(_3))(_2) was prepared and characterised. Reactions of zinc chloride with one or two moles of di-t-butylmethyl-eneaminolithium give dimeric iminozinc compounds, (Bu(^t)(_2)C:NZnCl)(_2) and [(Bu(^t)(_2)C:N)(_2)Zn](_2). A high azomethine stretching frequency in the latter compound is attributed to significant pπpπ interaction between zinc and nitrogen. Dimethylzinc reacts with one or two moles of di-t-butylmethyl-eneamine giving [(Bu(^t)(_2)CN)(_n)ZnMe(_2-n)])_2) (n = 1,2). Reaction between di-t-butylmethyleneaminolithium and gallium trichloride affords the compounds Li(_n)Ga(N: CBu(^t)(_2))(_3+n) (n = 0,1,2). Bis(di-t-butylmethyleneamino)gallium chloride could not be isolated, presumably through disproportionation to the mono- and tris-derivatives. A high azomethine stretching frequency, v(C=N), for (Bu(^t)(_2)C:N)(_3)Ga, is taken as evidence for a linear C=N-Ga skeleton with appreciable N=Ga π-bonding. The phenyl analogue (Ph(_2)C:N)(_3)Ga was prepared by a similar method. Equimolar proportions of diphenylmethyleneaminolithium and chlorosilanes Me(_n)SiCl(_4-n), (n = 0,1,2) afford the diphenylmethy1eneamino-silanes (Ph(_2)C:N)(_2)-SiM(_n)Cl(_3-n), apparently through disproportionation of the mono-substituted compounds Ph(_2)C:NSiMe(_n)Cl(_3-n), which could only be isolated when n = 2. The spectra of these compounds show that these may have bent C:NSi skeletons. Preliminary investigations into transition metal systems (R(_2)C:N)(_3)M (M = Fe; R = Bu(^t),Ph and M = Cr; R = Bu(^t)) are discussed in an appendix.


During kraft cooking a significant part of the wood material, especially lignin and hemicelluloses, is degraded and dissolved in the cooking liquor, rendering a broad range of degradation products with different molecular mass and functional groups. The main part of this thesis has been devoted to clarify the role of these dissolved wood components (DWC) during kraft cooking. The investigations have covered their influence on e.g. the delignification rate, pulp yield, point of defibration, unbleached pulp c olour and pulp bleachability, i.e. the amount of bleaching chemicals consumed per kappa number or lignin unit to reach a certain brightness. Both softwood (Picea Abies) and hardwood (Eucalyptus urograndis) have been studied. During kraft cooking, many reactions occur simultaneously. Therefore emphasis has been put on separating the effects of hydroxide ions, hydrogen sulphide ions, sodium ions and DWC. This has been enabled by the use of a so called constant-composition-cooking technique, which enables the use of almost constant concentrations of the cooking chemicals during the cook and also results in a very low concentration of DWC in the cooking liquor. The presence of DWC has been controlled by the addition of industrial black liquor. To further scrutinise the role of DWC, the effect of different molecular mass fractions were studied and representative model substances were used to clarify the origin of the observed effects. A kinetic study showed that the delignification rate was significantly affected by the presence of DWC in the cooking liquor and resulted in a rate increase in the part of the cook where the bulk phase dominates and a decreased delignification rate when the residual phase dominates. The increase in delignification rate was dependent on the concentration of DWC and was observed in softwood as well as hardwood kraft cooks. The rate increasing effect was investigated further by the use of ultra- and nanofiltra tion. This way the DWC was divided into fractions with different molecular mass distributions. The results showed that the increase in delignification rate related more strongly to the content of free phenolic groups in the DWC than on the total amount of DWC. By cooking in the presence of representative model substances the effect was further clarified. Aromatic structures with free phenolic groups gave a rate increasing effect while no visible effect could be seen from other structures. This supports the finding that the delignification rate relates to the amount of free phenols in the cooking liquor and shows that the phenolic functionality take active part in the delignification reactions. Free phenolic groups in the degraded lignin may explain a large part of the rate increasing effect seen from the presence of DWC. Further, the presence of DWC increased the point of defibration in a eucalyptus kraft cook and made it possible to terminate the cook at a higher kappa number with the same amount of reject. By terminating the cook at a higher kappa number it was possible to noticeably increase the fully bleached pulp yield. The content of hexenuronic acids (HexA) in the eucalyptus pulp depends on the H-factor and increases with delignification, providing that the bulk phase still dominates. Therefore, by increasing the rat e of delignification and terminating the cook at a higher kappa number it was possible to significantly decrease the amount of HexA in the pulp. The presence of DWC causes a darkening of the unbleached pulp. Bleachability in a D(EOP)DD sequence was negatively affected by the presence of DWC during pulping of softwood, while no effect was seen on the bleachability of hardwood


Through the Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research (LASER) program, NASA has supported an ongoing research program at the University of Maryland and Arizona State University on collaboration between humans in extravehicular activity (EVA) and robotic systems performing scientific exploration of planetary surfaces. These field tests have been named, with a nod to NASA's longstanding series of Desert Research and Technology Studies (RATS) tests, the Desert Field Lessons in Engineering And Science, or Desert FLEAS. This paper presents the results of the third set of field tests in this program, which consisted of a full week of field trials at SP Crater near Flagstaff, Arizona in June, 2012. Trained field geologists from Arizona State University served as test subjects for series of field exploration sorties. Each subject performed three similar sorties: one in shirtsleeves as a control; one in the MX-B pressure suit simulator to replicate the restrictions of an actual EVA; and one in MX-B directly assisted by RAVEN, including providing a ride for the suited test subjects to and from the science sites. Continual full-body biomechanics data was collected by a conformal body suit worn under the liquid cooling garment, which incorporated 18 inertial measurement units which document the motions of all major body joints throughout the sortie. Post-test subjective evaluations were collected based on the NASA task load index (TLX) protocol and Cooper-Harper ratings, along with an evaluation of the scientific exploration performance (in terms of noted observations, collected sample number and quality, and correct interpretation of data in real time) of the subject in each of the operating modes. These tests were performed both in daylight and in darkness, using lighting provided by the suits and the rover. The 2012 Desert FLEAS tests sought to provide rigorous quantitative data on the benefits and limitations of robotic augmentation of EVA for geological science data collection, including a statistically significant number of trained geologist test subjects. Following the presentation of these results, the paper briefly outlines the plans for the last two years of Desert FLEAS testing, which will focus on more extreme terrains, more advanced robotic systems, and multi-person, multi-robot exploration teams.


"The concept of 'employee' is arguably the most important one in labour law, defining, as it does, the scope of the discipline as a whole. This important new publication aims to develop a restatement of the concept of the employee in European labour law. The study identifies both problems and solutions that have emerged, clearly setting out comparisons between the different member states' approaches. The country reports explore both statutes and case law, tracking their contribution to legal doctrine. The objective of the restatement is to increase knowledge and gain a better understanding of one of the most crucial aspects of European labour law."


Enterprise architecture (EA) is an approach to improve the alignment between the organization's business and their information technologies. It attempts to capture the status of the organizations' business architecture, information resources, information systems, and technologies so that the gaps and weaknesses in their processes and infrastructures can be identified, and development directions planned. For this reason, EA has become a popular approach also in the public sector to increase their efficiency and ICT utilization. Yet researchers have largely ignored this context, and it seems that quite little is known about how EA is developed, implemented, or adapted in different countries and in the public sector. We thus conducted a systematic literature review to identify the major research topics and methods in studies focusing on public sector EA. We analyzed 71 identified articles from the past 15 years. Our analysis shows that the development viewpoint, case studies in developed countries, and local settings seem to form mainstream EA research in the public sector. Taken together, it seems that public sector EA is scattered, and there is no strong, single research stream. Instead the researchers conduct local case studies. This means the knowledge on EA development, implementation or adaptation, their challenges and best practices does not accumulate. There is consequently a need for more research in general, and targeted research in some specific segments.


Abstract Complex formation between halloysites, from soil and geological sources, and a series of amides has been investigated. All the amides used can be intercalated to give single-layer complexes with basal spacings between 10·4 Å (for formamide) and 12·4 Å (for N,N-dimethylacetamide). When the interlayer space of halloysite has already been expanded by water, as is the case with fully hydrated samples, the rate and extent of intercalation depend more on the properties of the organic species than on the mineralogy of the clay. With partially and completely dehydrated halloysite, however, complex formation is influenced by the particle size, crystallinity, and iron content of the mineral. A large particle size, a high degree of crystallinity, and a low iron content are all conducive to complex formation. The iron content of halloysite also appears to affect particle shape. Low structural iron contents are associated with long tubular particles, intermediate contents with short and/or wide tubes, and high contents with spheroidal and other non-tubular forms. Halloysites containing high amounts of extractable (non-structural) iron generally show a low intercalating ability.


BACKGROUND
The predominant hCG variant in urine, hCG β core fragment (hCGβcf), has been demonstrated to cause false-negative results in qualitative point-of-care (POC) hCG devices. This is a major concern for healthcare professionals using POC pregnancy tests. We developed a screening method to evaluate qualitative POC hCG devices for their susceptibility to inhibition by hCGβcf. Using this method, we evaluated the performance of 11 commonly used devices.

METHODS
A wide range of purified hCG and hCGβcf concentrations were mixed and tested on 2 POC devices. By use of those results, a screening method was defined and 9 additional POC devices were evaluated. Two solutions containing (a) 500 pmol/L (171 IU/L) intact hCG with 0 pmol/L hCGβcf and (b) 500 pmol/L intact hCG with 500 000 pmol/L hCGβcf were used to screen all POC devices.

RESULTS
The OSOM and Cen-Med Elite devices were found to be most susceptible to false-negative results due to hCGβcf. The BC Icon 20 and the Alere were the least susceptible. The remaining 7 were moderately affected. Devices that gave the strongest signal with hCGβcf alone were those that were least likely to show a hook effect.

CONCLUSIONS
The screening method put forth here can be used by device users and manufacturers to evaluate POC devices for inhibition by hCGβcf. Of 11 devices evaluated, only 2 have been identified that exhibit minimal to no susceptibility to hCGβcf.


Over the last years, kernel methods have established themselves as powerful tools for computer vision researchers as well as for practitioners. In this tutorial, we give an introduction to kernel methods in computer vision from a geometric perspective, introducing not only the ubiquitous support vector machines, but also less known techniques for regression, dimensionality reduction, outlier detection, and clustering. Additionally, we give an outlook on very recent, non-classical techniques for the prediction of structure data, for the estimation of statistical dependency, and for learning the kernel function itself. All methods are illustrated with examples of successful application from the recent computer vision research literature.


Rising of religiousness is a significant characteristic of Georgian society in post-communistic period. Revitalization of religion is vivid as on individual (increased amount of religious people) as well as on institutional (increased role and authority of the Church) level. Increased religiosity is manifested not only in a traditional form of piety (church attendness, observance of rituals), but also in expression if religion in new media (preaches of clerics on youtube, church bell as ringtones in mobile phone, picture of church as desktop photos). How is religion transferred on facebook? Is facebook a kind of space of public religiosity in contemporary Georgia? According to recent studies facebook is Georgia's most popular Internet platform. Facebook is a space, where people most widely and frequently discuss religious issues, whether it is orthodox religious opinions or critical understanding of religion. Most frequently users of facebook are young people. The paper seeks to understand how religion is present on facebook and how young people affiliate with religious issues. The paper deals with the question if " religious face" on facebook correlates with religious identity in life. Therefore the aim of proposed paper is to explore new tendencies of religiosity of young people, what kind of influence does religion have on facebook in construction of identity. Generally, the paper will try to explore the new forms of religiousness (for example asking forgiveness publicly on facebook on "day of forgiveness") - is it performance of traditional religion through new medium or are we dealing with profanation of religion?


The level of groundwater has fallen dramatically in the plain, and several obvious cones of depression in the groundwater surface around waterworks have expanded, because of groundwater over drafting in Beijing. This condition has led to reductions in available groundwater resources, and has even restricted the economic development of Beijing. However, an opportunity has been provided for groundwater recharge, since considerable storage space has been created by this overexploitation. At the beginning of the South-to-North Water Diversion, more water will be transferred to Beijing, because of the supporting infrastructure that is under construction in other cities. Therefore, the underground reservoir in Miyun, Huairou and Shunyi (MHS) district was taken as the study object, and geological exploration and GIS overlay techniques were used to determine the extent and storage capacity of this underground reservoir. The rivers in MHS district were investigated to identify which ones provide suitable places for recharge. Furthermore, a numerical model was built to forecast the groundwater flow field and water level, and an optimal storage program was proposed. The results of this study provide technical guidance for recharge, as well as the safe storage and rational use of the water provided by the South-to-North Water Diversion.


International trade and investment in telecommunications are governed by the World Trade Organization's (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and its Annex and Reference Paper (RP) on telecommunications. This paper discusses whether the 25-year old WTO framework is still fit for purpose. It makes two contributions to the literature. First, it offers a systematic comparison between the provisions in the RP, the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and EU common regulatory framework. GATS builds on an outdated classification of telecommunications which is repeated in the CETA. The RP obliges countries to regulate interconnection, which is also largely repeated in CETA, although regulatory forbearance is permitted. CETA does not offer new market access in telecommunications to either party. Second, the paper investigates empirically whether binding regulation in trade agreements strengthen market openness, measured by imports of telecommunications services, and finds that it does not. The paper concludes that trade agreements may not be suitable for international cooperation on telecommunications regulation. Trade agreements run the risk of making regulation hostage to unrelated trade policy issues while adopting the RP runs a risk of legal obligations to over-regulate telecommunications.


The rapidly increasing volume of information contained in relational databases places a strain on databases, performance, and maintainability: DBAs are under greater pressure than ever to optimize database structure for system performance and administration.

Physical Database Design discusses the concept of how physical structures of databases affect performance, including specific examples, guidelines, and best and worst practices for a variety of DBMSs and configurations. Something as simple as improving the table index design has a profound impact on performance. Every form of relational database, such as Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), Enterprise Resource Management (ERP), Data Mining (DM), or Management Resource Planning (MRP), can be improved using the methods provided in the book.

· The first complete treatment on physical database design, written by the authors of the seminal, Database Modeling and Design: Logical Design, 4th edition.
· Includes an introduction to the major concepts of physical database design as well as detailed examples, using methodologies and tools most popular for relational databases today: Oracle, DB2 (IBM), and SQL Server (Microsoft).
· Focuses on physical database design for exploiting B+tree indexing, clustered indexes, multidimensional clustering (MDC), range partitioning, shared nothing partitioning, shared disk data placement, materialized views, bitmap indexes, automated design tools, and more!


Objectives: To determine the willingness and barriers of community pharmacists to provide pain management and depression MTM services.
Methods: An anonymous, self-administered survey was distributed electronically to 350 licensed pharmacists in a supermarket pharmacy chain. The survey consisted of a 40 question, Likert-type scale, where strongly disagree was assigned a value of one and strongly agree a value of seven. Constructs measured included: MTM interest, comfort with MTM, confidence with appropriate medication use and adjustment, educational needs, training required, time constraints, and work-related factors. Demographic data was also collected.
Results: A total of 186 (53%) community pharmacists completed the survey. These pharmacists worked in an environment where MTM was currently being provided. Ninety percent of respondents averaged 0-5 MTM sessions per 4 week period. Pharmacists agreed that patients would benefit from MTM focused on pain (median 6 IR[5-7]) and/or depression (median 6 IR[5-7]) and agreed pharmacists can have positive interventions in these situations (pain: median 6 IR[5-7]; depression: median 6 IR[5-7]). Pharmacists surveyed were interested in continuing education and live presentation as preferred methods to improve knowledge of pain management and depression.
Conclusion: Pharmacists are interested in and believe patients would benefit from MTM specifically for pain management and depression. Barriers to MTM focused on pain and depression were pharmacist training and workflow issues with the MTM process.

Type: Original Research


There is a reality commonly ignored by the curriculum in most law schools: the largest segment of law graduates will eventually be solo or small firm practitioners. Even before the Great Recession, nearly two thirds of lawyers in the United States practiced in solo or small firms. Since 2008, trends show an increase in the number of recent law graduates that "hang a shingle." According to a 2012 report of the American Bar Association, about three-quarters of lawyers in the United States work in private practice. Of those attorneys, about seventy percent are in solo or small firms. Many find themselves in this practice setting soon after graduation. The National Association for Law Placement ("NALP") statistics for the class of 2013 show that 42% of graduates in private practice are working in firms with 2-10 lawyers; about 5% are already operating solo practices. In short, more than half of the attorneys in the United States are small business owners – they are operating, managing and growing a law practice. As framed by Professor Luz Herrera, they must become "lawyer-entrepreneurs." However, the law curriculum rarely presents students with opportunities to build the competencies necessary to operate a practice. As William Hornsby, staff counsel at the American Bar Association ("ABA"), has written: "Simply put, law school graduates are ill-prepared for the future they are most likely to pursue."A confluence of factors have brought solo and small practice to the forefront, including: the lagging job market for recent law graduates; the contracting of "biglaw" firm practice; the hope that regional and community practices will begin to fill the "justice gap" for low and middle income individuals; the entrepreneurial spirit of recent college graduates ("Millenials"), who long to be free agents and care deeply about their communities and work-life balance; and technological advances that have increased the efficiencies and decreased the overhead of operating a solo or small firm. Add to these factors that substantially decreasing law school enrollments have increased the pressure on law schools to innovate and recognize the realities of modern law practice.In law schools, from the "MacCrate Report" to the "Carnegie Report" to "Best Practices," to a number of familiar revisits to the "MacCrate Report," we have seen over 20 years of debate about the role of "practical skills training" in the law school curriculum. I do not intend to rehash those debates here. To the extent that law schools have introduced more opportunities for practical training, it is a step toward building a solo practice curriculum, but it does not go far enough. There is still a gap between the doctrinal knowledge and practical competencies taught in law school and those necessary to successfully operate a solo practice. While most law schools currently provide thorough instruction in doctrinal law and legal reasoning and some exposure to "skills" training, they do not provide guidance in the "diverse set of business, legal, and interpersonal skills" that operating a law practice requires.There is a small but growing chorus urging law schools to do more to prepare graduates who will operate their own practices. However, there have not yet been comprehensive or concrete proposals for the law school curriculum. To the extent law schools have responded to this need, they have done so by adding a Practice Management course and/or opening a post-graduate incubator or residency program. The Practice Management course is a key component of designing a solo practice curriculum but its two or three credits are far from a comprehensive exposure to the necessary competencies. Moreover, while post-graduate programs are important steps in assisting attorneys in gaining the competencies to operate their own practices, this education should be more widely available to all students and it should begin before graduation. The post-graduate programs should inform and supplement the curriculum but they cannot be the only answer to the disconnect between the curriculum and the way that law is actually practiced by such a great number of graduates.It is the responsibility of law schools – especially those with a regional focus – to offer a suite of courses designed to position students to manage and operate their own practices. Borrowing from my experience designing a solo practice curriculum at the Touro Law Center, this Article provides the contours of a suite of curricular offerings for those students who have an interest in operating their own practices. At Touro, we have created a Solo & Small Practice Concentration (the "Concentration"). While still a work in progress, the core courses that make up the Concentration are consciously intended to build the business and interpersonal skills necessary to operate a solo practice. Students who opt to declare the Concentration and complete all of its requirements receive a notation on their transcript.This Article begins by detailing the nature and goals of the core courses that we have identified as making up a solo and small practice curriculum. After describing the courses and their educational objectives, the Article identifies some of the hurdles in building the curriculum. It also identifies potential synergies between the curriculum and post-graduate programs. Finally, the Article concludes by briefly placing the solo and small practice curriculum within the current context: in light of a shifting legal landscape, law schools must recalibrate to better prepare graduates for the actual challenges of the legal market.


The rise of the Internet and social media in particular offer great opportunities for brand owners to increase business and brand recognition. While this has clearly been of benefit to brand owners, who have seen a consequent rise in the value of their brands, it simultaneously makes those brands more attractive for exploitation or attack by others. Brand risks can come in many different types and this book provides examples of how these risks can arise as well as providing quantitative estimates of the adverse impacts that can result from such risks. Brand owners need to be aware of the risks and of the need to develop strategies for identifying and managing them. This book details the process by which a brand owner can develop a brand risk management process to protect a brands reputation and value. Rather than prescribe a one-size-fits-all approach, the authors provide guidance on how a brand risk management process can be tailored to particular needs and circumstances. This approach is underpinned by drawing on examples of best practice in the fields of risk management, interaction design and engineering design. This combined approach relies on developing an understanding of the risks faced by a particular brand owner, the full context of those risks and also the brand owners capabilities for identifying and managing those risks. This book contains many real-world examples and interviews with a number of brand owning organisations ranging from small companies to large multinationals.


Stanley Kubrick, director of the acclaimed filmsPath of Glory, Spartacus, Lolita, Dr. Strangelove, 2001: Space Odyssey. A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Full Metal Jacket, is arguably one of the greatest American filmmakers. Yet, despite being hailed as "a giant" by Orson Welles, little is known about the reclusive director. Stanley Kubrick--the first full-length study of his life--is based on assiduous archival research as well as new interviews with friends, family, and colleagues.Film scholar Vincent LoBRutto provides a comprehensive portrait of the director, from his high school days, in the Bronx and his stint as a photographer for Look magazine, through the creation of his wide-ranging movies, including the long-awaited Eyes Wide Shut. The author provides behind-the-scenes details about writing, filming, financing, and reception of the director's entire output, paying close attention to the technical innovations and to his often contentious relationships with actors. This fascinating biography exposes the enigma that is Stanley Kubrick while placing him in context of film history.


The white mulberry, Morus alba L. has been used by several Asian societies for the treatment of infertility. However, there is no evidence that products of the plant can influence ovarian health. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Morus alba fruit extract on the ovarian function of nonpregnant and pregnant rats. The study showed that in rats Morus alba fruit extract stimulates follicular stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH), estrogen, and progesterone productions that peaked at 8 days of treatment. The effect was dose-dependent with hormone production increasing with increase in dose of the extract. The Graafian follicles were fully matured, and the number increased with increase in dose of the extract. The uterus of pregnant rats contained several embryos that gave birth to the full-term offspring without abortion or embryonic abnormalities. In conclusion, the Morus alba fruit extract can be used to induce superovulation to cause multiple pregnancies. Thus, the Morus alba fruit extract has potential to be developed into a compound for the treatment of female infertility.


This report presents the results of flight measurements of longitudinal stability and control characteristics made on a swept-wing jet aircraft to determine the origin of the pitch-up encountered in maneuvering flight at transonic speeds. For this purpose measurements were made of elevator angle, tail angle of attack, and wing-fuselage pitching moments (obtained from measurements of the balancing tail loads).


This paper aims to shed some light on the drivers of relatively small-scale ethno-communal violence within an ethnically diverse state, by quantitatively examining the relationship between horizontal inequalities and ethno-communal violence. Specifically it addresses the complexity in assessing the effect of Horizontal Inequality on ethno-communal conflict in Indonesia. The paper examines the case of Indonesia around the time of the downfall of the New Order regime and the first years of the reformasi roughly 1997-2003. Different HI indicators are constructed and a pooled time series cross-sectional probit regression is utilised, using deadly ethno-communal violence as a binary dummy dependent variable. The research measures HI indicators across five dimensions health, employment, education, housing and network connectivity, which are further subdivided into access and achievement variables. Results show that while horizontal inequalities can be considered a determinant for ethno-communal conflict, there are marked differences in the society for different groups, in this case linguistic versus religious groups. Preliminary results show that a common basis is formed by horizontal inequalities in malnutrition and water source. A main driver of the ethno-religious estimations has been adult educational attainment, pointing out to a narrative where schooling - and the career chances that come with it - is something for the privileged groups, leading to frustration among the disadvantaged. This study adds to the existing literature on horizontal inequalities and conflict by building on previous studies and looking further at a broad range of horizontal inequality indicators within the diverse context of Indonesia. We reflect on the notion that there is not a single dimension with a clearly stronger explanatory strength than another. Rather, it is the combination of different facets of horizontal inequality that enables us to uncover the variation in the data.


TODOROV, N., M. SIMEONOV and E. YILDIZ, 2016. Rumen degradability of dry matter and protein in four protein sources and their relationships with milk protein yield in dairy cows. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 278–285 This study evaluated the in situ ruminal degradability of sunfl ower meal (SFM), soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal, canola type (RSM) and dry distillers grain with solubles from maize (DDGS). The same feeds are used as a sole supplementary protein sources in rations of dairy cows to estimate their effect on true milk protein yield. In situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability was estimated following Orskov and McDonald (1979) method using three rumen-fi stulated cows at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h rumen incubation time for totally 6 samples of each feed and incubation interval. Ruminal disappearance of DM of SFM and DDGS was much slower, and after 8 h of rumen incubation differences were signifi cant (P < 0.05) compared to DM disappearance of SBM and RSM. Disappearance of DM of SBM and RSM was very similar and didn't differ signifi cantly at any time of rumen incubation. Disappearance of CP of DDGS was slower and after 8 h of incubation differences were signifi cant (P < 0.05) compared to other three protein feeds. SFM had faster (P < 0.05) protein degradability during the fi rst 8 hours of rumen incubation compared to the other three feeds. On the opposite, SBM and RSM protein degradability was slower than that of SFM for the fi rst 8 h of rumen incubation, but later SBM degradability was slightly better than that for SFM and RSM. There was no correlation between DM and CP values of the rapidly disappearing fraction a in different feeds. The rapidly degradable DM fraction a had higher value than protein fraction a in all tested feeds. SFM and DDGS had signifi cantly (P < 0.05) higher easily degradable CP fraction a, compared to SBM and RSM. Rate of degradation of DM and CP of DDGS was much lower (P < 0.05) than in other feeds. Effective degradability values independently of passage rate of rumen content of DM in SFM and DDGS were signifi cantly lower, than for SBM and RSM. Effective degradability of CP was signifi cantly lower (P < 0.05) for DDGS than for the other three feeds. Effective degradability of SFM was the highest, followed by SBM and RSM but the differences were not signifi cant (P > 0.05). There was a relatively high correlation between protein digestible into intestine (PDI) (equal to metabolizable protein) calculated from average data for degradability published in literature (r = 0.72) or from real degradability determined in this experiment (r = 0.75). Differences between two correlation coeffi cients were not signifi cant. Correlation coeffi cient between milk true protein yields and lysine digestible in small intestine, calculated from literature data for CP degradability into rumen was 0.57, whereas the value calculated from real rumen degradability of supplementary protein was 0.48. There was a big discrepancy between lysine supply to cows and milk protein yield especially for the diet with DDGS. Presumably microbial protein synthesis into rumen was increased when DDGS was used as source of protein in the ration. A second possibility is the better mammary extraction of amino acids which are in small shortage compared to requirements.


The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease according to guidelines issued by bodies such as the Global Initiative for Asthma. Effective control is dependent upon evaluation of symptoms, initiation of appropriate treatment and minimization of the progressive adverse effects of the disease and its therapies. Although individual outcome measures have been shown to correlate with asthma control, composite endpoints are preferred to enable more accurate and robust monitoring of the health of the individual patient. A number of validated instruments are utilized to capture these component endpoints; however, there is no consensus on the optimal instrument for use in clinical trials. The Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) has been shown to be a valid, reliable instrument that allows accurate and reproducible assessment of asthma control that compares favourably with other commonly used instruments. This analysis provides a summary of the use of ACQ in phase II, III and IV asthma trials. Comparisons between the ACQ and other instruments are also presented. Our analysis suggests that the ACQ is a valid and robust measure for use as a primary or secondary endpoint in future clinical trials.


Sapstreak disease is a potentially serious problem of sugarbushes and forest stands. It is caused by the fungus Ceratocystis virescens, which invades sapwood of roots and bases of stems through wounds created during logging, saphauling, or other activities. This publication describes the results of observations and experiments to learn more about the patterns of disease development and the factors that affect them, within individual trees and within representative forests and sugarbushes.


1. Tobacco is a major health hazard to children and adolescents.
 2. Maternal use of tobacco has significant adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal outcome.
 3. Exposure to ETS has major effects on the health and psychosocial well-being of children.
 4. Tobacco use by children is associated with chronic and recurrent medical problems as well as with increased risk for significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, tobacco use may be a marker for youth at risk for other behavioral problems.
 5. Nicotine is an addicting substance and may serve as a gateway drug for the subsequent use of illicit substances.
 6. Tobacco advertising is appealing to young people and may have a powerful effect in influencing them to begin tobacco experimentation.
 7. A tobacco-free environment is an imperative for the health of children and adolescents.


This book collects nearly thirty years of major work by noted writer and folklore scholar Kay Stone. In this enjoyable volume, Kay Stone has selected writings from her scholarly articles and books spanning 1975-2004 that contain reflections on the value of fairy tales as adult literature. The title "Some Day Your Witch Will Come" twists a Walt Disney lyric to challenge the typical fairy-tale framework and is a nod to Stone's innovative and sometimes unconventional perspective. As a whole, this collection is a fascinating look at both the evolution of a career and the recent history of fairy-tale scholarship.The volume is organized in three chronological sections, beginning with Stone's influential early work on women in fairy tales. The second section explores her developing interest in traditional tales told by contemporary tellers, and the final section focuses on Stone's more recent comparisons of dreams and folktales as artistic expressions. In addition to challenging the genres of folktales and storytelling, a distinctive feature of this work is the wealth of material from interviews, which bring readers' responses into conversation with the scholar's work. A preface by the author, a foreword by series editor Donald Haase, and brief introductions to each piece are also included."Some Day Your Witch Will Come" is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in Stone's writings. As such, it will be informative and entertaining for both general readers and scholars in a variety of fields, including folklore and fairy-tale studies, women's studies, psychology, cultural studies, and literature.


About 150 years ago, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a main component of intestinal gas in humans, with subsequent studies detailed its production by coliform bacteria of large intestine as a consequence of food fermentation.1–3 Being traditionally recognised as a biologically inert gas, endogenous H2 is either passed in flatus or absorbed by colon mucosa into the circulation and then released by the respiration outside the body. However, recent studies suggest that endogenous H2 has an associative effect in the human body, acting as an anti-inflammatory biomolecule that manifests cardioprotective effects or safeguards against tissue injury.4 ,5 These early evidences of the possible biological effects of H2 focus additional attention on H2 origin in the human body, with the gastrointestinal flora may not be an exclusive reservoir of endogenous …


Continuous assessment is a major national curriculum innovation in Ghana but has been subject to limited research. Current literature has shown that diagnostic and formative assessments which can be purposes for continuous assessment are powerful in improving student learning and learning outcomes. This study sampled 158 junior secondary science teachers in two education districts in Ghana and surveyed them to determine the status, purpose and quality of continuous assessment in junior secondary science. Interviews with students, teacher educators and education officers, and students' focus group meetings were used to corroborate findings from the teacher survey. A professional learning intervention was then trialled with 97 of the teachers from one education district to improve their assessment practice.


Muslim intellectuals may try to define something called British Islam, but the truth is that as the Muslim community of Britain has grown in size and religiosity, so too has the opportunity to found and run mosques which divide along ethnic and sectarian lines. Just as most churches in Britain are affiliated to one of the main Christian denominations, the vast majority of Britain's 1600 mosques are linked to wider sectarian networks: the Deobandi and Tablighi Jamaat movements with their origins in colonial India; the Salafi groups inspired by an austere form of Islam widely practiced in Saudi Arabia; the Islamist movements with links to religious political parties in the Middle East and South Asia; the Sufi movements that tend to emphasise spirituality rather than religious and political militancy; and the diverse Shi'ite sects which range from the orthodox disciples of Grand Ayatollah Sistani in Iraq to the Ismaili followers of the pragmatic and modernising Aga Khan. These affiliations are usually not apparent to outsiders, but inside Britain's Muslim communities sectarian divides are often fiercely guarded by religious leaders. This book, of which no equivalent volume yet exists, is a definitive guide to the ideological differences, organisational structures and international links of the main Islamic groups active in Britain today.


Non-arbitrage asset pricing has been an avenue of unending interest to financial academics and practitioners alike. With increased capital outflow being permitted by developing economies, investors now have easy access to securities issued by foreign firms. The issue investigated in this research is concerned with the persistent presence of arbitrage opportunities between depository receipts and domestic stocks of Indian firms during the recent financial crisis. Instead of being priced in parity with one another during the crisis, ADRs of Indian firms were overpriced by as much as 70% for months on end. This thesis investigates the reasons giving rise to this premium by analyzing causes like benefits from diversification and liquidity.


In order to gain experience in explosive pulsed power and to provide experimental data for modeling, a small high-explosive-driven helical magnetic flux-compression generator (FCG) was designed at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). The generator, of which three have been built, has an overall length of 300 mm and a diameter of 70 mm. It could serve as the energy source in a pulse-forming network to generate high power pulses for various loads. This paper presents the design of, and tests with, this helical FCG. The generator had an initial inductance of 23 muH and was operated into a load of 0.2 muH. The generator is charged with 0.27 kg of high explosives (PBXN-5). Various types of diagnostics were used to monitor the operation of the generator, including current probes, optical fibers, and piezo gauges. With seed currents of 5.7 and 11.2 kA, final currents of 269 and 436 kA were obtained, corresponding to current amplification factors of 47 and 39. The peak of the current was reached about 30 mus after the time of crowbar. The two generators showed only small losses in terms of 2pi-clocking. Using signals from optical fibers, the deflection angle of the armature could be determined to be 10 deg in good agreement with hydrodynamic simulations of the detonation process and the detonation velocity to be 8.7 km/s in agreement with tabulated value.


Cybersecurity in robotics is an emerging topic that has gained significant traction. Researchers have demonstrated some of the potentials and effects of cyber attacks on robots lately. This implies safety related adverse consequences causing human harm, death or lead to significant integrity loss clearly overcoming the privacy concerns in classical IT world. In cybersecurity research, the use of vulnerability databases is a very reliable tool to responsibly disclose vulnerabilities in software products and raise willingness of vendors to address these issues. In this paper we argue, that existing vulnerability databases are of insufficient information density and show some biased content with respect to vulnerabilities in robots. This paper presents the Robot Vulnerability Database (RVD), a directory for responsible disclosure of bugs, weaknesses and vulnerabilities in robots. This article aims to describe the design and process as well as the associated disclosure policy behind RVD. Furthermore the authors present preliminary selected vulnerabilities already contained in RVD and call to the robotics and security communities for contribution to the endeavour of eliminating zero-day vulnerabilities in robotics.


Abstract Archaeological research in the area of the chateau park uncovered the relic of the Gothic church of St. Elisabeth, dated to the second half of the 13th century. It is a single-nave building with a rectangular finish (length 25 m, boat width 13 m, presbytery width 10.5 m). The church probably had an older predecessor - a wooden structure on a stone foundation, dating from the mid-13th century. At the same time, the church site was a burial place: a grave of a young woman and a 1.5-year-old child, dated 13th/14th century were found outside the presbytery wall. In the presbytery, there were 3 graves of men dating back to the 14th century. It is very likely that these are the Lords of the Wallenstein family. Archaeological research in graves in the Church of St. Elisabeth unearthed a small collection of animal bone remains. The occurrence of bones of young and mature cattle and domestic fowls, which are abundant in the archaeozoological assemblage, indicates the prevailing meat consumption of these animals. The butchering marks on their bones document removal of meat from the carcasses.


Background. The Tip-Of-the-Tongue (TOT) state occurs when a person fails to retrieve a familiar word, e.g., a name, from long-term memory, while knowing perfectly well that the forgotten word exists in memory and being able to report some information about it (semantic associations, the first letter, the number of syllables, etc.). objective and method. In the present work, we studied the activation of brain structures during the TOT state. The participants (N = 20; age 21.5 ± 4.1) viewed portraits of movie stars whose names they were asked to remember. Event related potentials (ERP) were registered in three conditions: 1) the participant remembered the name; 2) the participant did not know the name; 3) the participant knew the name but could not remember it (TOT-state). The sources of cortical activation were computed (dSPM algorithm). Results. Time intervals demonstrating significant differences (t-test) in activation among the three conditions were calculated for each activated area, so that up to four different stages of processing could be delineated. According to our analysis, face perception involves activation of the visual cortex (left cuneus and right precuneus cortices), banks of the superior temporal sulci, poles of frontal and temporal lobes, and fusiform gyrus. The early activation does not depend on the successful retrieval of the name. A second increase in activation of the visual cortex is present at a later stage of processing, when name retrieval fails or if it is impeded. conclusion. We have shown that successful face recognition involves activation of the posterior cingulate cortex and the isthmus of the cingulate cortex in both hemispheres. Additionally, the parahippocampal gyrus is less active at the early stages and more active at the later stages of processing in the TOT-state, when name retrieval from the long-term memory fails.


The Desert Hot Springs earthquake of December 4, 1948, was one of the larger recorded earthquakes of southern California, and its aftershocks have continued into 1957. The assigned epicenter is 33° 56'.4 N, 116° 23'.1 W; origin time, 15:43:16.7 P.S.T.; magnitude 6 1/2. Arrival times at local and distant stations are consistent with existing travel-time curves, except for anomalous S – P intervals at very near-by temporary stations; these unexplained anomalies cannot be attributed to varying depth of focus.

Epicenters of the 72 aftershocks that have been accurately located are concentrated in a zone 18 km. long, parallel to the Mission Creek fault trace indicated by older scarps, but 5 km. north of it. Aftershock activity is markedly concentrated toward the two ends of this line. Location of the main shock suggests that fracturing started near the southeast end and progressed northwest-ward. The ground surface was not broken, except by landslides.

Offset of the line of seismic activity from the trace of the Mission Creek fault suggests that the fault plane dips north. This attitude is substantiated not only by field observations, but also by first motions at stations within 6° of the epicenter, which require a combination of thrust-slip and right lateral-slip on a fault dipping north less than 66°. Inasmuch as this fault is not parallel to regional San Andreas trend, such oblique displacement is reasonable and is consistent with the tectonic pattern of other faults in this region.

Five groups of earthquakes represent more than 85 per cent of the total strain release since 1933 in the 3,000 sq. km. area surrounding Desert Hot Springs. These earthquakes, in addition to the Desert Hot Springs shock, are: Morongo Valley (1947), Kitching Peak (1944), Covington Flat (1940), and San Gorgonio Mountain (1935); all are associated with known faults. The Morongo Valley earthquakes probably represent fracturing on the segment of the Mission Creek fault adjacent to that broken during the subsequent Desert Hot Springs shock.


Scientific research in bio-informatics is often data-driven and supported by numerous biological databases. A biological database contains factual information collected from scientific experiments and computational analyses about areas including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microarray gene expression and phylogenetics. Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization (both cellular and chromosomal), clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures. In a growing number of research projects, bio-informatics researchers like to ask combined ques- tions, i.e., questions that require the combination of information from more than one database. We have observed that most bio-informatics papers do not go into detail on the integration of different databases. It has been observed that roughly 30% of all tasks in bio-informatics workflows are data transformation tasks, a lot of time is used to integrate these databases (shown by [1]). As data sources are created and evolve, many design decisions made by their creators. Not all of these choices are documented. Some of such choices are made implicitly based on experience or preference of the creator. Other choices are mandated by the purpose of the data source, as well as inherent data quality issues such as imprecision in measurements, or ongoing scientific debates. Integrating multiple data sources can be difficult. We propose to approach the time-consuming problem of integrating multiple biological databases through the principles of 'pay-as-you-go' and 'good-is-good-enough'. By assisting the user in defin- ing a knowledge base of data mapping rules, schema alignment, trust information and other evidence we allow the user to focus on the work, and put in as little effort as is necessary for the integration to serve the purposes of the user. By using user feedback on query results and trust assessments, the integration can be improved upon over time. The research will be guided by a set of use cases. As the research is in its early stages, we have determined three use cases: Homologues, the representation and integration of groupings. Homology is the relationship between two characteristics that have descended, usually with divergence, from a common ancestral characteristic. A characteristic can be any genic, structural or behavioural feature of an organism Metabolomics integration, with a focus on the TCA cycle. The TCA cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle) is used by aerobic organism to generate energy from the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Bibliography integration and improvement, the correction and expansion of citation databases. [1] I. Wassink. Work flows in life science. PhD thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, January 2010.


Background: This thesis describes the results of the first longitudinal study of visual behaviour in patients with newly developed macular disease (MD). The study is of a natural history, case series design. Methods: Twenty patients with age-related macular disease and five with juvenile forms of MD were recruited. All patients had developed scotomas in their second affected eye within the previous two weeks. Patients were assessed five times over the next twelve months. In addition to clinical tests, fixation behaviour was assessed using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope, eye movements were measured using an infra-red eyetracker and reading speed was recorded. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to determine which factors limit reading speed and which variables lead to a change in reading speed. Results: All 25 patients developed a preferred retinal locus (PRL) within six months. Sixteen patients made an adaptation whereby they were unaware of using the PRL. By the end of the study, fifteen patients (60%) repeatedly made eye movements which displayed the characteristics of non-foveating saccades. Saccade efficiency reached normal levels in eight patients (32%). Over the course of the study, reading speed improved in four patients (16%), deteriorated in 7 patients (28%) and remained constant in the remaining 14 patients. Changes in reading speed were due to changes in fixation stability, non-awareness of using the PRL and developing a strategy of repeatedly using the same number of PRLs. The likelihood of a change in reading speed could not be predicted by disease type, visual acuity or scotoma size. Conclusions: It was not possible to predict which patients' reading speed will change from the measures used in this study. The conclusions of this thesis have implications for the counselling of patients with macular disease and the development of training programs for patients with this common, debilitating condition.


The U.S. pharmaceutical industry consumes almost $1 billion in energy annually. Energy efficiency improvement is an important way to reduce these costs and to increase predictable earnings, especially in times of high energy price volatility. There are a variety of opportunities available at individual plants in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry to reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner. This Energy Guide discusses energy efficiency practices and energy efficient technologies that can be implemented at the component, process, system, and organizational levels. A discussion of the trends, structure, and energy consumption characteristics of the U.S. pharmaceutical industry is provided along with a description of the major process steps in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Expected savings in energy and energy-related costs are given for many energy efficiency measures, based on case study data from real-world applications in pharmaceutical and related facilities worldwide. Typical measure payback periods and references to further information in the technical literature are also provided, when available. The information in this Energy Guide is intended to help energy and plant managers reduce energy consumption in a cost-effective manner while meeting regulatory requirements and maintaining the quality of products manufactured. At individual plants, further research on the economics of the measures?as well as their applicability to different production practices?is needed to assess potential implementation of selected technologies.


The racially tinged Confederate flag debate in South Carolina is viewed as a signifier of more popular struggles over the representation of "southern heritage" and under girds the social studies unit described in this paper. The unit was designed to teach the curriculum from a popular cultural, issues-oriented perspective using critical pedagogical techniques. Using the Confederate battle flag as an organizing theme, the unit's substantive components include critical and reflective exercises such as journaling, debating, writing essays, researching, and role-playing. Both traditional assessment strategies as well as alternative assessment strategies (e.g., portfolio development, free-writes, and performances) were used to determine students' learning and interests. The unit was taught in a conservative, rural, working-class, majority White, upstate South Carolina school setting. This approach enabled the students within the blue-collar population to think critically and reflectively about their own positions, privileges, attitudes, beliefs, and "heritages," as well as see that democracy in action is painful at times, messy, and even embarrassing, but necessary if society is to reach inclusive compromises.


Power systems are continuously subjected to various types of disturbances which in turn cause the problem of losing stability. As the problem of transient stability is a crucial issue, the tools for mitigating such a sensitive problem have an important significance. Static VAR Compensator (SVC) can control reactive power and therefore is used to improve transient stability as well as the voltage profile. In this paper the mathematical model of the power system equipped with an SVC is systematically derived and the parameters of the SVC are modeled into the power flow equations and used in the control strategy, the SVC is modeled in a 5-bus system and a 30-bus system and implemented in Newton-Raphson load flow algorithm in order to control the voltage of the bus to which the SVC is connected to in a MATLAB written program, the contribution of the SVC to transient stability was tested and verified.


I. INTRODUCTION II. PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY IN THE DESERT A. Threats to the Desert B. Protections in Place III. THE IDEA OF AN INTERNATIONAL "PEACE" PARK A. Peace Parks as Conservation Tools B. History of the Peace Park Movement C. History of the U.S.-Mexico Peace Park Idea D. Current Progress towards Creating a U.S.-Mexico Peace Park E. Precedent in Waterton-Glacier International Park F. Implementing a Park on the U.S.-Mexico Border IV. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Threats to species biodiversity are increasing at an alarming rate. (1) Presently, species extinctions are running at about 1,000 times the natural pace, a rate that has led some biologists to "contend that we are in the middle of the Earth's sixth great extinction." (2) What is unique about the current extinction is that it is largely anthropogenic in nature, while the previous five were caused by natural events like asteroid impacts. (3) Protecting biodiversity is important because it provides a wide range of "ecosystem services" that are of immense importance to humans. (4) These services include "detoxification and decomposition of wastes, purification of air and water, generation and renewal of soil and soil fertility, pollination of crops and natural vegetation, control of harmful agricultural pests, support of cultural activities, and the provision of aesthetic beauty and pleasure." (5) Additionally, the economic value alone of these ecosystem services has been calculated in the trillions of dollars, a fact in its own right that should give credence to protecting biodiversity. (6) Biodiversity protection is a massive project, but like others of a similar scale, can be tackled one step at a time. One place to start is with the Chihuahuan Desert (the "Desert"); an environment lying in our own backyard and containing one of the most important and diverse ecosystems in the world. (7) Encompassing millions of acres (8) of land, and housing thousands of plant and animal species, (9) the Chihuahuan Desert is one of the most biologically diverse desert eco-regions in the world. (10) Yet for all of its ecological richness, this area is lonely country. (11) Long known as "El Despoblado," the land of no people, humans are still outnumbered by the wildlife population there, (12) and for all of its natural beauty, distance between the desert and major population centers have kept it a secret, (13) and its landscapes "seldom grace calendars or coffee-table books." (14) Though rugged in nature, the Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem is fragile, (15) and despite its remoteness, it faces a number of threats. (16) Population encroachment, water scarcity, illegal immigration, narcotics smuggling, and air pollution are all challenges, (17) and a historical lack of funding and political willpower have made the fight against these threats an uphill battle. (18) In the face of these challenges, supporters of the Desert have shown resilience through their efforts to enact a number of protections for the environment. (19) Starting with the formation of Big Bend National Park in 1944, (20) the United States and Mexico have gradually set aside parcels of land in the name of conservation. (21) In addition to these conservation areas, both countries have enacted a number of environmental laws over the years to afford some legal protections over habitat and biodiversity. (22) Yet in spite of these protections, the Chihuahuan Desert remains at risk. (23) Lack of funding threatens protected areas in both the U.S. and Mexico, while the Mexican areas in general offer less than ideal protection due to the allowance of private activity and development along the border region. (24) Furthermore, while both nations' environmental laws offer some protection to habitat and biodiversity, no comprehensive legal framework exists to provide a complete safety net. (25) Hope may lie with the creation of a bi-national protected area to straddle the U. …


This paper investigates the extent of distortions in Russia's spatial economy that are inherited from the Soviet system. Using Canada as a benchmark for spatial dynamics of economic activity in a market economy, I construct the spatial allocation of population that would result in Russia, given its initial conditions and existing regional endowments, in the absence of Soviet location policy. The results show that Siberia and the Far East were overpopulated by about 14.5 million people by the end of the Soviet period. Overdevelopment of Siberia comes at the expense of the European area of the country. This discrepancy persists, even after adjusting the simulated counter- factual allocation for WWII.


This research is aimed at understanding fi rms' different types of ' networking behaviors ' , i.e., how and why fi rms affect their strategic network position by activities/routines/practices aimed not just at their business partners, but beyond such direct relationships. Thus, we adopt a network perspective to examine how fi rms exploit their webs of direct and indirect business relationships in order to assess and embrace the potential opportunities and constraints in the network. Based on the industrial network approach (INA), this exploratory research speci fi cally focuses on networking behaviors in the UK manufacturing sector. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews with executive managers from fi fteen fi rms were conducted. We identify four types of organizational networking behaviors by the way in which fi rms utilize their web of relationships to achieve certain goals. By using the concept of networking behaviors based on the INA as well as the strong-and-weak-tie argument in economic sociology, purposeful networking behaviors can be categorized into the following: information acquisition , opportunity enabling , strong-tie resource mobilization and weak-tie resource mobilization . These four ' types ' of organizational networking behaviors provide a deeper understanding of how fi rms operating in business-to-business exchanges relate to and exploit their webs of direct and indirect relationships, taking into consideration the embeddedness and interconnectedness of the network context. © Authors.


Purpose of reviewTransplantation of islets of Langerhans is an emerging treatment procedure for patients with severe type 1 diabetes, but despite recent progress the procedure is associated with massive tissue loss caused by an inflammatory reaction termed instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR). This reaction involves activation of the complement and coagulation cascades, ultimately resulting in clot formation and infiltration of leukocytes into the islets, which leads to disruption of islet integrity and islet destruction. Recent findingsIn this review we discuss basic mechanisms underlying the IBMIR and emerging strategies for therapeutic regulation of the IBMIR. These include the use of selective inhibitors of the coagulation and complement systems, different procedures to coat the surface of the islets as well as the development of composite islet-endothelial cell grafts. SummaryThe IBMIR is a major cause of tissue loss in clinical islet transplantation, and most likely in other cell therapies in which cells are exposed to blood. Thus, it is an obvious target for therapeutic intervention. Due to its complexity, it is necessary to use different strategies to control the IBMIR.


Spatial decision support systems are widely used throughout the retail industry. As a result of this, a competitive industry has developed in order to provide such systems. One such company is GMAP Ltd who provide information systems for companies such as WH Smith, Halifax Pic and Toyota. Due to the competitiveness of the market analysis industry it is necessary for companies such as GMAP to endeavour to continually improve their products in order to remain at the leading edge of the decision support industry. Research is required in order to discover methods of improving the performance of the spatial interaction models that GMAP have developed loi theii clients. This thesis looks at two case studies of modelling work undertaken by GMAP for clients, the WH Smith model and the model for Halifax Pic new mortgage sales and tries to improve the performance of these models through a variety of methods.
Each of the three components of spatial interaction models, demand, supply and interaction, are analysed in turn and attempts are made to improve the representation of these components in the case study models. I he demand component is investigated using the WH Smith model and different methods of estimating demand using alternative data sources are investigated in order to discover if improvements can be made to the existing demand estimation procedure used by GMAP. I he representation of the supply side is investigated by attempting to identify centre and store characteristics that influence the attractiveness of destinations and subsequently include such variables in the attractiveness calculation. Several aspects of the interaction component are investigated in order to determine if they can be improved. I he measurement of impedance and the form of the impedance function together with alternative measurements of accessibility are investigated to see whether interaction patterns can be predicted more accurately.
The conclusions that arise from the investigations undertaken are presented as a series of recommendations for GMAP Ltd that can be implemented to improve the performance of their models. The implications for the specification of spatial interaction models in other contexts are also identified.


Although the local geometry of Mo in Mo/HZSM-5 has been characterized before, we present a systematic way to manipulate the configuration of Mo and link it to its catalytic properties. The location and geometry of cationic Mo-complexes, the precursor of the active metal site for methane dehydroaromatization, are altered by directing the way they anchor to the framework of the zeolite. The feature used to direct the anchoring of Mo is the location of Al in the zeolite framework. According to DFT calculations, the local geometry of Mo should change, while UV-vis and pyridine FTIR spectroscopy indicated differences in the dispersion of Mo. Both aspects, however, did not influence the catalytic behavior of Mo/HZSM-5, indicating that as long as enough isolated Mo species are present inside the pores of the zeolite, the catalytic behavior is unaffected. This paves the way to better understand how the Mo oxo precursor transforms into the active phase under the reaction conditions.


Variable acoustic properties can be obtained at the diaphragm of a loudspeaker, with the help of very basic control strategies, among which is the simple electrical shunting of the transducer. These shunt techniques have been demonstrated to present singular similarities with active acoustic feedback strategies, dedicated to the control of the acoustic impedance of the loudspeaker. Based on this observation, an interesting strategy has been developped, intending at designing electric networks which, when connected to the loudspeaker, can make the latter reach a desired acoustic impedance over a certain frequency badnwidth. This paper presents a methodology for designing electric networks, that can be either passive or active, capable of achieving variable sound absorption at the loudspeaker diaphragm. In a first part, the theory underlying the concept of "electroacoustic absorber" is provided, highlighting formal equivalences between shunt and active feedback control, especially through the introduction of equivalent electric networks that mimic the performances of acoustic feedbacks. Simulated acoustic performances are presented, followed by discussions on the design of active electric shunts in view of active sound absorption. At last, experimental assessments of the studied configurations are presented, with general discussions on the potential improvements and applications.


Designing and debugging hardware components is challenging, especially when performance requirements demands a complex orchestra of cooperating and highly synchronized computation engines. New language-based solutions to this problem have the potential to revolutionize how we think about and build circuits. In this paper, we describe our languagebased approach to semi-formal co-design. Using examples, we will show how generative techniques, high-level interfaces, and refinement techniques like the worker/wrapper transformation can be used to take descriptions of specialized computation, and generate efficient circuits. Kansas Lava, our high-level hardware description language built on top of the functional language Haskell, acts as a bridge between these computational descriptions and synthesizable VHDL. Central to the whole approach is the use of Haskell types to express communication and timing choices between computational components. Design choices and engineering compromises during co-design become type-centric refinements, encouraging architectural exploration.


The author describes the construction of the U.S.-dollar-denominated zero-coupon curve for the supranational asset class from 1995 to 2010. He uses yield data from a cross-section of bonds issued by AAA-rated supranational entities to fit the Svensson (1995) term-structure model. Results show the expected pattern of interest rates over the U.S. business cycle. The author computes the spreads relative to the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yields data of Gurkaynak, Sack and Wright (2007). The average spread for this period is equal to 44 basis points; it increases during recessions and narrows during expansions. Also, the slope of the term structure of spreads shows a countercyclical pattern.


Rainfall variability over Indonesia and its relation to El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events were investigated using the Japanese 25-year reanalysis/Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Climate Data Assimilation System (JRA-25/ JCDAS). The JRA-25 data consistently depicts seasonal variation of Indonesian rainfall with a wet season that peaks at December-January and a dry season that peaks in July-August when the convection belt moved northward. Composite analysis of rainfall, sea surface temperature and low-level wind anomalies have shown that the impact of ENSO/IOD on rainfall variations in Indonesia is clearly dominant during dry season. Drought conditions typically occur during El Nino years when SST anomalies surrounding Indonesia are cool and walker circulation is weakened, resulting in anomalous surface easterlies across Indonesia. In contrast, in the wet season, the weakening of the relationship between ENSO and Indonesian rainfall is linked to the transition between surface southeasterlies to northwesterlies. At this time persistent surface easterly anomalies across Indonesia superimposed on the climatological mean winds during a warm phase of ENSO event acts to reduce the wind speed resulting reduced the negative DJF rainfall anomalies.


This paper examines the relationship between inequality and happiness through the lens of heterogeneous values, beliefs and inclinations. Drawing upon opinion data from the European Social Survey for twenty-three countries, we find that individual views on a wide range of themes can be effectively summarized by two orthogonal dimensions: moderation and inclusiveness. The former is defined as a tendency to take mild stands on issues rather than extreme ones; the latter is defined as the degree of support for a social model that grants equal rights and opportunities to everyone who willingly subscribes to a shared set of rules, regardless of background and circumstances. These traits matter when it comes to how inequality affects subjective well-being; specifically, those who are either more moderate or more inclusive than their average compatriot tend to dislike inequality. With reference to moderation, inequality aversion can be read in terms of a desire for stability: people who are reluctant to take strong stands probably dislike conflict, tension and unrest, which normally accompany inequalities. With reference to inclusiveness, the main element at play is likely to be distress accruing to a perception of unfairness.


The Jeans equations relate the second-order velocity moments to the density and potential of a stellar system. For general three-dimensional stellar systems, there are three equations, but these are not very helpful, as they contain six independent moments. By assuming that the potential is triaxial and of separable Stäckel form, the mixed moments vanish in confocal ellipsoidal coordinates. The three Jeans equations and three remaining non-vanishing moments form a closed system of three highly-symmetric coupled first-order partial differential equations in three variables. They were first derived by Lynden–Bell in 1960, but have resisted solution by standard methods. Here we present the general solution by superposition of singular solutions.


We assessed spatial variability in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations measured in nearly 2000 Swedish lakes. Inter‐lake variance peaked at two different scales, representing within‐region and between‐region variability. The variation between regions was greater than the variation among lakes within regions. We tested relationships between DOC and runoff, drainage ratio, and altitude for spatial heterogeneity using geographically weighted regression. Relationships varied geographically, but cluster analysis delineated two contiguous regions of similar relationships. Altitude had a significant inverse relationship with DOC in the highlands, and drainage ratio had a significant positive relationship with DOC in the lowlands. These heterogeneous relationships explained regional patterns in DOC concentrations. We conclude that regions, rather than individual lakes, are a key, emergent scale of spatial variability for DOC concentrations. This scale of variability reflects the intersection of environmental gradients (e.g., altitude) with spatially heterogeneous relationships (e.g., DOC—drainage ratio relationship). Regional‐scale structure in limnological patterns indicates that individual lakes are not independent from one another, but are emergent groups where DOC concentrations are a function of similar environmental patterns and processes.


Mathematical models of the human physiology allow both the identification of hidden patient parameters and the prediction of patient reactions towards changes in the therapy regime. The knowledge of hidden patient parameters allows a doctor to further evaluate a patient's stage of illness, while the prediction of patient reactions allows optimization of therapy settings to reach a desired therapy goal. Such physiological modeling might be applied to mechanically ventilated patients in order to optimize the applied ventilator settings. Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving routine therapy; however it bears the risk of further injuries if ventilator settings are not set properly. We have previously presented a simple model of human gas exchange that is able to predict the inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) to reach a desired level of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) in a patient. The model is calibrated using one blood gas measurement, thus measurement noise may strongly influence predictive quality. We therefore applied artificial and real patient data to determine the optimal calibration point where influence of measurement noise is minimal and prediction quality is optimal. Results show, that prediction quality strongly increases when calibration is done at 60% to 70% FiO2 or 150mmHg to 200mmHg PaO2, respectively.


In the landmark case of United States v. Jones, as many as five Supreme Court justices indicated that tracking the geolocation of a car for a month would be a Fourth Amendment search even though tracking the same car for a day would not be. This duration distinction is based on an influential theory of the Fourth Amendment, dubbed the mosaic theory, which posits that the aggregation of several non-searches of the same person might amount to a search. Jurists have justified the mosaic theory's duration-sensitivity by grounding it in their sense of "popular attitudes" regarding privacy expectations. Through an empirical examination of survey responses from three large nationally representative samples totaling over 2800 US citizens, we show that Americans' actual privacy expectations run directly counter to the mosaic theory. Where the mosaic theory says that tracking duration affects citizens' expectations of privacy, ordinary Americans overwhelmingly say it does not. Our data also reveal that younger Americans and those Americans holding the most firmly anti-authoritarian views have significantly greater expectations of privacy in geolocation information than their fellow citizens. Americans do say that longer duration surveillance is more intrusive than shorter duration surveillance, but the magnitude of this effect remains small.We explore the implications of these findings for the mosaic theory by considering the role of public opinion data in Fourth Amendment doctrine more generally. We ultimately propose a clarified approach to the classic Katz v. United States "reasonable expectations of privacy" framework that formalizes the role of public opinion by reframing the first prong of Katz to ask whether people in general expect privacy in a given context, and the question of what "society is prepared to recognize as reasonable" in Katz as one for which the perceived intrusiveness of a search is germane. To show how survey data could shed light on current Fourth Amendment controversies, we also provide contemporary data about American citizens' privacy expectations when faced with various scenarios. The paper presents new data on popular expectations of privacy with regard to police use of stingray devices, cell tower geolocation, email content analysis, hotel guest registry searches, and various sorts of surveillance cameras.


Existing proofs of the asymptotic validity of conventional methods of impulse response inference based on higher-order autoregressions are pointwise only. In this paper, we establish the uniform asymptotic validity of conventional asymptotic and bootstrap inference about individual impulse responses and vectors of impulse responses when the horizon is fixed with respect to the sample size. For inference about vectors of impulse responses based on Wald test statistics to be uniformly valid, lag-augmented autoregressions are required, whereas inference about individual impulse responses is uniformly valid under weak conditions even without lag augmentation. We introduce a new rank condition that ensures the uniform validity of inference on impulse responses and show that this condition holds under weak conditions. Simulations show that the highest finite-sample accuracy is achieved when bootstrapping the lag-augmented autoregression using the bias adjustments of Kilian (1999). The conventional bootstrap percentile interval for impulse responses based on this approach remains accurate even at long horizons. We provide a formal asymptotic justification for this result.


The rugged karst terrain developed on the dolostones of the Miocene Cayman Formation (Fm) on Grand Cayman includes numerous large cavities that formed through the activity of tree roots. The surfaces of those cavities are coated with laminated calcrete crusts up to 8 cm thick that are formed of an alteration zone, an accretionary zone, and final infill of the cavities. These crusts are formed of various laminae, including dolostone with root traces, alveolar septal structures, peloids, micritic and microsparitic laminae, micrite with bioclasts, and pisoliths. Features such as microborings, spores, needle-fiber calcite and micro-rods are common in all parts of the calcrete crust. Calcrete formation was initiated as the roots and associated microorganisms generated the cavities. Later on trapping and binding processes and organically induced precipitation of carbonate allowed the formation of the accretionary (mostly laminar) part of the calcrete. The last phases of crust formation took place when ponded waters filled the cavities. The calcrete crusts developed on the Cayman Formation dolostones record a very specific setting for calcrete formation and constitute a good example of non-horizontal calcrete crusts.


Introduction Understanding how bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance grow in the presence of antibiotics is critical for predicting the spread and evolution of drug resistance. Because drugs inhibit cell growth and a cell's growth state globally influences its gene expression, the expression of drug resistance is subject to an innate, growth-mediated feedback, leading to complex behaviors that affect both the characterization and the prevention of antibiotic resistance. We characterized the consequences of this feedback for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Fitness landscape and growth bistability. (A) This fitness landscape describes the fitness, or growth rates, of bacterial strains exposed to antibiotics (colored lines indicate the fitness of four example strains). Fitness drops abruptly at high drug concentrations. The shaded area shows a broad region of growth bistability, throughout which we observe that genetically identical cells possessing drug resistance are split into subpopulations of growing and nongrowing cells in response to antibiotics (B, top). Methods We studied the growth of Escherichia coli strains expressing resistance to translation-inhibiting antibiotics, by using both bulk and single-cell techniques. The growth of each strain was quantified in a broad range of drug concentrations by using time-lapse microscopy (to track the responses of individual cells to antibiotics inside a microfluidic chemostat) and by the enrichment of batch cultures for nongrowing cells. We formulated a quantitative phenomenological model to predict the growth rates of drug-resistant strains in the presence of drugs, based on the well-characterized biochemistry of drug and drug-resistance interactions and on bacterial growth laws that dictate relations between cell growth and gene expression. We tested the model predictions for various drugs and resistance mechanisms by constructing strains that constitutively express varying degrees of drug resistance. Results In strains expressing a moderate degree of drug resistance, growth rates dropped abruptly above a critical drug concentration, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), whose value increased linearly with the basal level of resistance expression (see figure below, panel A). Cells exhibited growth bistability over a broad range of drug concentrations below the MIC: Isogenic cells expressing drug resistance coexisted in growing and nongrowing states in a homogeneous environment (panel B). Our model accurately predicted the range of drug concentrations in which growth bistability occurred, as well as the growth rates of the growing subpopulation, without any ad hoc fitting parameters. These findings reveal a plateau-like fitness landscape (panel A), which can be used to study the evolution of drug resistance in environments with varying drug concentrations. Discussion The broad occurrence of growth bistability in drug-resistant bacteria challenges the common notions and measures of drug efficacy and resistance. And because growth bistability can arise without complex regulation when gene expression is coupled to the state of cell growth, similar physiological links may underlie the growth bistability implicated in causing bacterial persistence. The availability of quantitative, predictive models will facilitate the formulation of strategies to limit the efficacy and evolvability of drug resistance. Keeping Quiet Many bacteria overcome antibiotic treatment by expressing proteins that confer antibiotic resistance, for instance, efflux pumps. But when a strain that expresses these antibiotic resistance proteins encounters an environment containing the corresponding drug, the resistance against the drug may paradoxically become silenced in many cells. In this case, a fraction of a population of genetically identical cells will grow in the presence of antibiotics while other subpopulations fail to grow at all. Deris et al. (10.1126/science.1237435) show that this bistable response arises from a built-in global feedback originating in antibiotic-mediated inhibition of growth, which reduces the expression of proteins that protect against growth inhibition. The resulting populations of dormant cells can exceed 50%, among otherwise identical resistance-expressing cells. This is important for antimicrobial treatment strategies because many bacterial cells may remain vulnerable to an antibiotic even when they apparently display strong resistance to it. Identical bacteria can have low-level resistance to low concentrations of drugs that can flip subpopulations into dormancy. To predict the emergence of antibiotic resistance, quantitative relations must be established between the fitness of drug-resistant organisms and the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance. These relations are often unknown and may depend on the state of bacterial growth. To bridge this gap, we have investigated Escherichia coli strains expressing resistance to translation-inhibiting antibiotics. We show that resistance expression and drug inhibition are linked in a positive feedback loop arising from an innate, global effect of drug-inhibited growth on gene expression. A quantitative model of bacterial growth based on this innate feedback accurately predicts the rich phenomena observed: a plateau-shaped fitness landscape, with an abrupt drop in the growth rates of cultures at a threshold drug concentration, and the coexistence of growing and nongrowing populations, that is, growth bistability, below the threshold.


In radio systems linear power amplifiers (class A, B or AB) are usually used as a solution for the power amplifier stage. These amplifiers have high linearity, but suffer from low efficiency when the transmitted signal has low peak-to-average power ratio. The Kahn envelope elimination and restoration (EER) technique is used to enhance efficiency of RF transmitters, by combining highly efficient, nonlinear RF amplifier (class D or E) with a highly efficient envelope amplifier in order to obtain linear and highly efficient RF amplifier. This paper presents a solution for the envelope amplifier based on a combination of multilevel converter and linear regulator. The proposed solution can reproduce any signal with maximal spectral component of 2 MHz and give instantaneous maximal power of 50 W. The efficiency measurements show that when the signals with low average value are transmitted, it has up to 15% higher efficiency than linear regulator that is used as a conventional solution. Additionally, the algorithm for selection of voltage levels for the multilevel converter is explained, as well.


Abstract To investigate the hydrogen behavior in/on the Stainless Steel (SS)-304, the deuterium or heavy water was sorbed on the sample by various methods, such as water adsorption, ion irradiation and electrolysis, and the chemical states of iron, chromium, nickel and oxygen were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the metal oxide and oxyhydroxide, FeOOD or CrOOD, were formed on the surface of SS-304. The oxyhydroxide was dominant on the surface of the sample charged by electrolysis. However, metal oxide was observed on the surface of SS-304 after D2O water adsorption. The thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) was also applied to the evaluation of the thermal desoprtion behaviors of D2 and D2O from SS-304. It was found that three peaks were found in the sample charged with electrolysis. Among them, two peaks were also observed in the sample with water adsorption. The first peak, which was only found in the sample charged with electrolysis, suggests the D2 and D2O release by the decomposition of oxyhydroxide, and the second peak was induced by the decomposition of hydroxide or aquo-iron complexes. The third deuterium release would be induced by the desorption of the dissociative absorbed deuterium. It was concluded that the existence and chemical form of oxygen influence the retention of deuterium on/in SS-304.


Thick 6H-SiC epilayers were grown using the fast sublimation method on low-off-axis substrates. They were co-doped with N and B impurities of ≈1019 cm−3 and (4·1016–5·1018) cm−3 concentration, respectively. The epilayers exhibited donor-acceptor pair (DAP) photoluminescence. The micro-Raman spectroscopic study exposed a compensated n-6H-SiC epilayer of common quality with some 3C-SiC inclusions. The compensation ratio of B through 200 μm thick epilayer varied in 20-30% range. The free carrier diffusivity was studied by transient grating technique at high injection level. The determined ambipolar diffusion coefficient at RT was found to decrease from 1.15 cm2/s to virtually 0 cm2/s with boron concentration increasing by two orders.


Efficient 1-to-N and N-to-1 communication benefits numerous data center applications that require group communication by reducing network traffic and improving application throughput. Meanwhile, optical interconnection networks are emerging as a key enabling technology for future data center networking. Optical networks not only support higher bit-rates through optical links, but can also dynamically reconfigure the network topology and link capacities through the optical switch, providing substantial flexibility to various traffic patterns. Currently, there exists limited support for efficient 1-to-N and N-to-1 routing that leverages the advanced features of optical networks.
 In this paper, we propose a set of algorithms to support 1-to-N and N-to-1 traffic flows in optical networks. We base our work on top of the Optical Switching Architecture (OSA). Through extensive analytical simulations, we show that the proposed algorithms are effective in minimizing the number of optical links used for 1-to-N traffic, while eliminating link bottlenecks for N-to-1 traffic.


This book provides a phonetic and phonological analysis of the varieties spoken in the Reno basin between the Apennines and the city of Bologna. Besides the diachronic reconstruction, which is carried out in a comparative frame together with other Gallo-italic dialects (and also with Gallo-romance), new fieldwork data have been submitted to experimental analysis. These data show that the path from the mountains to the city corresponds to a linguistic history of Bolognese. Such path is analysed not only by observing the phonetic evolution of single vowel and consonant segments, but also especially by considering the whole word structure, through a framework which postulates that rhythmical patterns should be considered as crucial. A book, then, that could be addressed to researchers in Romance philology as much as to local culture enthusiasts.


There is an implicit blindly bubble situation behind the interest and enthusiasm towards the Internet entrepreneurship, so it is necessary for entrepreneurs to make scientific and reasonable assessment about the possible risks before the related decisions made. This research embarks from the perspective of entrepreneurs and focus on the risk factors of entrepreneurship in Internet industry based on the existing literature, two selected investors and three entrepreneurs were studied in this research with the grounded theory, after coding the interview datum, we established the model of risk factors that affect entrepreneurship in Internet industry with three dimensions of the systemic external risk, intermediate variable risk and the entrepreneurial process risk. Systemic external risks include the policy influence, social economic risk, industry risk and intellectual property, intermediate variable risks include the market risk and the entrepreneurs, the entrepreneurial process risks include the resources, team and model.


Aim: To evaluate prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in patients with heart failure in Indian population and analyse their possible predictors and risk factors.
Methods and Material: Patients with heart failure hospitalized in tertiary care centre between January 2011 to July 2011 were included in the study. Patients were given self-administered questionnaires viz. Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety scale for depression and anxiety assessment during hospitalization. Demographic data and physical history of patients were collected. Statistical analysis: Data obtained were assessed using one-way analysis of variance or Student's t-test wherever appropriate. Results: Of a total of 82 patients, 63 returned the questionnaires. Mean age of participants was 61 years. Mean depression and anxiety scores were 56.9 ± 1.48 and 54.5 ± 1.59 respectively. Depression was common in patients with class II and III heart failure, patients with multiple comorbid conditions and those with previous history of stroke or MI (p<0.05). Depression was found to be significant in patients who were on adjuvant beta blockers and statins (p<0.05) compared to patients on other medications. The main predictors of anxiety were presence of comorbidities and severity of disease. Conclusion: NYHA class II and III, advancing age, presence of comorbidities and previous history of MI showed a strong positive association with depression and anxiety scores. Patients on beta blockers and statins were reported to have higher levels of depression. Early diagnosis of mood disorders may aid in long-term management and better quality of life in heart failure patients.