Abstract This article discusses in-kind food transfers and whether such transfers should be interpreted as a sign of the failure of grain markets to meet the food demands of the poor. The article elucidates on aspects of both consumption and in-kind transfers of maize against a backdrop of poorly functioning markets. It adds to the theoretical understanding of household based linkages and provides a documentation of in-kind commodity flows missing in many discussions of such linkages. The purpose of the article is twofold: first, it sheds light on the phenomenon of in-kind transfers of staple crops in the Kenyan context; secondly, it assesses the wider reciprocal and livelihood implications for the transferring households. The article relies on three sets of data with respect to methodology. It uses quantitative data collected at the household level in 2008, qualitative data collected at the village level in 2002 and 2008, as well as qualitative household level data gathered through in-depth interviews with 30 heads of household and farm managers in Western Kenya in June and July 2006. The survey found that 38% of the households transferred maize to their relatives. The explanations for in-kind transfers are not primarily related to poor price incentives, but the functioning of household support systems across space. In-kind transfers therefore at times drain the food resources of sending households while constituting important sources of food security for receiving households. While the focus in the literature is generally on rural–urban linkages, the direction of maize transfers was primarily rural-to-rural. The article concludes that existence of food transfers underpins the necessity of improving commercial incentives for maize and other foodstuffs and eliminating physical barriers to free movement of foodstuffs across the national space.


Fatty acids are the chemical moieties that are thought to stimulate oral nutrient sensors, which detect the fat content of foods. In animals, oral hypersensitivity to fatty acids is associated with decreased fat intake and body weight. The aims of the present study were to investigate oral fatty acid sensitivity, food selection and BMI in human subjects. The study included two parts; study 1 established in thirty-one subjects (29 (sem 1·4) years, 22·8 (sem 0·5) kg/m2) taste thresholds using 3-AFC (3-Alternate Forced Choice Methodology) for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids, and quantified oral lipase activity. During study 2, fifty-four subjects (20 (sem 0·3) years, 21·5 (sem 0·4) kg/m2) were screened for oral fatty acid sensitivity using oleic acid (1·4 mm), and they were defined as hypo- or hypersensitive via triplicate triangle tests. Habitual energy and macronutrient intakes were quantified from 2 d diet records, and BMI was calculated from height and weight. Subjects also completed a fat ranking task using custard containing varying amounts (0, 2, 6 and 10 %) of fat. Study 1 reported median lipase activity as 2 μmol fatty acids/min per l, and detection thresholds for oleic, linoleic and lauric acids were 2·2 (sem 0·1), 1·5 (sem 0·1) and 2·6 (sem 0·3) mm. Study 2 identified twelve hypersensitive subjects, and hypersensitivity was associated with lower energy and fat intakes, lower BMI (P < 0·05) and an increased ability to rank custards based on fat content (P < 0·05). Sensitivity to oleic acid was correlated to performance in the fat ranking task (r 0·4, P < 0·05). These data suggest that oral fatty acid hypersensitivity is associated with lower energy and fat intakes and BMI, and it may serve as a factor that influences fat consumption in human subjects.


Policy making is a political struggle over values and ideas. By exposing the paradoxes that underlie even seemingly straightforward policy decisions, Policy Paradox shows students that politics cannot be cleansed from the process in favor of "rationality." Author Deborah Stone has fully revised and updated this popular text, which now includes many paradoxes that have arisen since September 11. Examples throughout the book have been updated, and the prose has been streamlined to make a great read even better.


Purpose - This paper aims to examine how small, grass-roots non-governmental organisations (NGOs) account for their actions and expenditures and how this accountability is discharged to, and benefits, the citizens they serve. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on social capital theory to inform an interpretive analysis of documentary and interview evidence. The empirical material is derived from CHAI policy and project documents, coupled with interviews with 75 participants at the national, district and community levels of the CHAI programme. An illustrative case study is presented of an NGO that delivers welfare services to a Ugandan community affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Findings - The research finds that, by harnessing the attributes of social capital, grass-roots NGOs can supplement formal accountability obligations to funders with effective "bottom-up" accountability to an often overlooked NGO stakeholder group – the service beneficiaries, with positive outcomes for social services delivery. Research limitations/implications - The research examines a single community-led public welfare initiative (the Ugandan CHAI), with a particular focus on one illustrative grass-roots NGO within that programme. Nevertheless, it offers insights into how accountability mechanisms can be reconceptualised to suit the context of developing countries where smaller NGOs increasingly operate. Practical implications - The potential for less formal, "bottom-up" accountability mechanisms is illustrated using the case of the Ugandan community-led HIV/AIDS initiative (CHAI), a programme for delivering social services to communities ravaged by the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Originality/value - This research addresses the lack of empirical studies of smaller, grass-roots NGOs in the accounting literature. It also contributes to the under-researched area of how NGOs can appropriately discharge their accountability obligations to beneficiaries. The use of social capital theory to inform the study is also a novel contribution of this paper.


A network multicomputer is a multiprocessor in which the processors are connected by general-purpose networking technology, in contrast to current distributed memory multiprocessors where a dedicated special-purpose interconnect is used. The advent of high-speed general-purpose networks provides the impetus for a new look at the network multiprocessor model, by removing the bottleneck of current slow networks. However, major software issues remain unsolved. It is pointed out that a convenient machine abstraction must be developed that hides from the application programmer low-level details such as message passing or machine failures. Use is made of distributed shared memory as a programming abstraction, and rollback recovery through consistent checkpointing to provide fault tolerance. Measurements of the authors' implementations of distributed shared memory and consistent checkpointing show that these abstractions can be implemented efficiently.<<ETX>>


For more than half a century, the field of Newton studies was characterized by a long and "exciting chase," as Richard H. Popkin aptly described the painstaking process of reading, transcribing, attempting to date, understand and interpret the multitude of Newton's manuscripts.1 Sometimes, the chase brought remarkable discoveries; but quite often it ended in puzzles, paradoxes and unanswered questions. Take, for example, one decade of Newton's life, from 1670 to 1680. In these years Newton undertook extensive research in optics and published his first paper on light and colors; he engaged in extensive controversies over refraction, the nature of light and colors and the role of experiment in natural philosophical demonstrations; he wrote (and published) an extensive paper on light sometimes characterized as "alchemical cosmology"2; he worked on advanced mathematics, corresponded with Boyle on the nature of chemical bonding, corrected and rethought his initial theory of the aether; corresponded (and quarrelled) with Robert Hooke over the nature of (a force of) gravitation. And yet, if one judges by the sheer bulk of manuscripts coming from the same decade, Newton was not really concerned with any of these issues. His major projects were quite different: they involved nothing short of rewriting the prophetic history, clarifying (and perhaps correcting) the corrupted history of Christianity; finding the "original of religion" and the psychological and political mechanism of idolatry. A sidetrack project involved extensive alchemical experimentation and the reformulation of the entire alchemical vocabulary. None of these major projects was published during Newton's lifetime. Indeed, until quite recently scholars seemed to agree with Richard S. Westfall that none of these major investigations was ever finished. In a well-known passage of his intellectual biography of Newton, Westfall appraised the achievement of the Principia with the following words:


The 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommended that individuals consume around 25 grams of dietary fiber per person per day. Yet despite these recommendations, consumers do not purchase enough foods high in dietary fiber. To investigate the factors behind this behavior, we use the Nielsen Homescan data to create a quarterly panel from 2004 through 2014 of 9,896 households from across the United States. This research contributes to the literature by simultaneously investigating per capita purchases of products containing fiber: (1) bread (2) pasta, (3) tortilla, (4) fresh fruit, (5) fresh vegetables and beans, (6) frozen fruit, (7) frozen vegetables and beans, (8) canned fruit, (9) canned vegetables and beans. We perform the estimation using a random effects panel Tobit model in order to account for the censored nature of the available data. Preliminary results suggest that those with a higher income or education report more consumption of fiber from fresh and frozen vegetables and less from pasta. Those living below 130 percent and 185 percent of the poverty level do not seem to purchase significantly less fiber per capita relative to those above these poverty levels. A test of the effectiveness of fiber consumption promotion in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines seems to show mixed results


Hypothesis testing for graphs has been an important tool in applied research fields for more than two decades, and still remains a challenging problem as one often needs to draw inference from few replicates of large graphs. Recent studies in statistics and learning theory have provided some theoretical insights about such high-dimensional graph testing problems, but the practicality of the developed theoretical methods remains an open question. In this paper, we consider the problem of two-sample testing of large graphs. We demonstrate the practical merits and limitations of existing theoretical tests and their bootstrapped variants. We also propose two new tests based on asymptotic distributions. We show that these tests are computationally less expensive and, in some cases, more reliable than the existing methods.


: The importance of communications on social change increasingly recognized in both academic and popular works. The effect and presence of communications are felt in all aspects of human life and these tools are usually considered to have significant effects on human activities in the social, political and cultural spheres. Harold A. Innis is one of the first scholar who studied and paid attention to that aspect of communications and came with one of the most original and provocative theory about media and communication systems. Innis's theoretical legacy is particularly important nowadays as the use of these tools in life is increasing. However, there is not even one single article devoted to present his opinion in Turkish and this is an important missing part for the literature. Innis examined the communication tools on the basis of their relation with time and space. He examined them under two main categories: time-bias communications and space bias communications. He tried to understand what these communications mean today and what they have meant for civilizations throughout history. According to him, the means of communication have many cognitive and social effects and the history of civilization can only be understood when these effects are taken into account. In this article, his theories about technologies, communications and social change will be discussed and evaluated. In this context, the article has two main aims. First, to examine Innis's works and his Theory in the context of his time. Second, to shortly summarize how communications affect society and human beings by giving some historical and contemporary examples. The article argues that communications are incrisingly becoming both time and space bieas and thus it becomes difficult to understand their effect. That recuires more field work to see all dimentions of the changes they cause.


Motivated by poor network connectivity from moving vehicles, we develop a new loss recovery method called opportunistic erasure coding (OEC). Unlike existing erasure codingmethods, which are oblivious to the level of spare capacity along a path, OEC transmits coded packets only during instantaneous openings in a path's spare capacity. This transmission strategy ensures that coded packets provide as much protection as the level of spare capacity allows, without delaying or stealing capacity fromdata packets. OEC uses a novel encoding that greedily maximizes the amount of new data recovered by the receiver with each coded packet. We design and implement a system called PluriBus that uses OEC in the vehicular context. We deploy it on two buses for two months and show that PluriBus reduces the mean flow completion time by a factor of 4 for a realistic workload. We also show that OEC outperforms existing loss recovery methods in a range of lossy environments.


To investigate photoacclimation of phytoplankton adapted to different aquatic light regimes, a physiologically explicit phytoplankton optimality model was applied in two contrasting environments: constant irradiance vs. dynamic irradiance associated with oceanic mixed layers. Nitrogen was assumed to be partitioned between cellular components associated with light harvesting, carbon fixation, biosynthesis, and photoprotection. The model was used to predict how resources are (re)distributed to optimize growth in the different environments. Optimal intracellular nitrogen allocation in dynamic environments was associated with constitutive investment in Calvin cycle enzymes; in contrast, in the static environment Calvin cycle allocation was reduced at low light. Furthermore, reduced allocation to components associated with photoprotection in static environments led to heavily inhibited photosynthesis‐irradiance response consistent with that of Prochlorococcus adapted to relatively stable oligotrophic gyres. In contrast, photosynthetic response in the diatom Skeletonema costatum was better explained by maintenance of photoprotection components across a range of integrated light doses. Limited range of chlorophyll : C in Thalassiosira pseudonana was consistent with optimization of resource allocation to light‐harvesting components in dynamic environments, in contrast to the relatively wide range in allocation to light harvesting predicted by the model in static environments and chlorophyll cell−1 observed in high‐light‐adapted Prochlorococcus. The model was used to explain variability of the photosynthesis‐irradiance response of samples from the Celtic and Irish Seas. Photoacclimation state is a consequence of optimization of resource allocation to the set of environmental parameters (e.g., surface irradiance, depth of mixing, and light attenuation) that influence light variability.


Entry into mitosis is driven by the coordinated phosphorylation of thousands of proteins. For the cell to complete mitosis and divide into two identical daughter cells it must regulate dephosphorylation of these proteins in a highly ordered, temporal manner. There is currently a lack of a complete understanding of the phosphorylation changes that occur during the initial stages of mitotic exit in human cells. Therefore, we performed a large unbiased, global analysis to map the very first dephosphorylation events that occur as cells exit mitosis. We identified and quantified the modification of >16,000 phosphosites on >3300 unique proteins during early mitotic exit, providing up to eightfold greater resolution than previous studies. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001559. Only a small fraction (∼10%) of phosphorylation sites were dephosphorylated during early mitotic exit and these occurred on proteins involved in critical early exit events, including organization of the mitotic spindle, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and reformation of the nuclear envelope. Surprisingly this enrichment was observed across all kinase consensus motifs, indicating that it is independent of the upstream phosphorylating kinase. Therefore, dephosphorylation of these sites is likely determined by the specificity of phosphatase/s rather than the activity of kinase/s. Dephosphorylation was significantly affected by the amino acids at and surrounding the phosphorylation site, with several unique evolutionarily conserved amino acids correlating strongly with phosphorylation status. These data provide a potential mechanism for the specificity of phosphatases, and how they co-ordinate the ordered events of mitotic exit. In summary, our results provide a global overview of the phosphorylation changes that occur during the very first stages of mitotic exit, providing novel mechanistic insight into how phosphatase/s specifically regulate this critical transition.


This article explores user reading activities and user preferences in the formats of Web-based academic articles by using the data from 2 online surveys. Researchers use the Web as a resource for academic articles. Despite this popular use, no generally agreed format exists on the Web. The Web environments of distributed users encourage the use of online remote evaluation. We applied an e-mail-based survey and a Web-based survey to the evaluation of some concepts for Web-based academic articles. The participants of the surveys were researchers in information technology and related areas. Our survey results show that readers take an overview of a Web-based academic article from the screen, print it out, and then read the printed article. The results also show that the formats employed by most of the Web sites for academic articles are against readers' preferences. The simple 2-frame format among the 5 given formats was most preferred by 47% of our respondents, but the cascaded page-windows format was regarded as the worst by 65% because of its high visual complexity on the screen. An interesting result is that 26% of the respondents regarded the paperlike format as the worst, but this format is widely used for Web-based articles. In addition, the importance of interactive examples embedded in a Web-based questionnaire was revealed from the 2 consecutive surveys. Details are discussed in this article. In the online remote surveys, the issues of Web-based academic articles were successfully addressed. The methods used in the surveys would be useful for usability tests of various concepts of other Web genres at an early design or redesign stage.


Although vascular calcification (VC) is prevalent in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Neither is it known whether T2DM confers calcific potential (CP) on serum, enabling it to induce VC outside the disease milieu. We, therefore, investigated the CP of serum from controls and subjects with T2DM with and without in vivo VC. Samples from 20 healthy controls and 44 age- and sex-matched patients with T2DM with modification of diet in renal disease estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD-4 eGFR) > 60 ml·min−1 were analysed for CP using rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro. CT scans of femoral arteries identified individuals with in vivo calcification. Serum from subjects with T2DM revealed significantly greater CP than controls. This was further enhanced in the presence of in vivo VC. Addition of β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) plus CaCl2 increased the CP of T2DM serum but not of controls. Along with age, CP was an independent predictor of the presence of VC. In receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis, CP was a significant predictor of femoral arterial VC (C-statistic 0.70: P=0.009). The distribution of CP was bimodal around a cutoff of 100 nmoles of Ca2+ protein mg−1, with a higher proportion of Type 2 diabetes subjects with in vivo calcification (T2DM+) sera above the cutoff value. This group also showed elevated levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and matrix Gla protein (MGP). Diabetes confers CP on the serum which is enhanced by the presence of in vivo VC. The CP acquired may be dependent on levels of OPG and MGP. These findings may be clinically relevant for early identification of individuals at risk of VC and for informing therapeutic strategies.


We study prediction of future outcomes with supervised models that use privileged information during learning. The privileged information comprises samples of time series observed between the baseline time of prediction and the future outcome; this information is only available at training time which differs from the traditional supervised learning. Our question is when using this privileged data leads to more sample-efficient learning of models that use only baseline data for predictions at test time. We give an algorithm for this setting and prove that when the time series are drawn from a non-stationary Gaussian-linear dynamical system of fixed horizon, learning with privileged information is more efficient than learning without it. On synthetic data, we test the limits of our algorithm and theory, both when our assumptions hold and when they are violated. On three diverse real-world datasets, we show that our approach is generally preferable to classical learning, particularly when data is scarce. Finally, we relate our estimator to a distillation approach both theoretically and empirically.


This research examines how people respond when a commercial brand they identify with is threatened. Across four studies, the authors found that among participants who identified with a brand, a threat to the brand elicited the same responses as a threat to the self. Specifically, participants with low implicit self-esteem defended the brand when the self was activated, unlike their high implicit self-esteem counterparts. In addition, brand defense was reduced when individuals had the opportunity to affirm a valued aspect of their self-concept. These findings suggest that when a brand that people identify with is threatened, they may defend the brand to preserve the integrity of the self. More broadly, these findings are consistent with the notion that brands may be included into the extended self-concept, which supports William James's original ideas concerning the breadth and heterogeneity of the self.


Ocean drilling data show that the large trench-breaching rupture of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake occurred along a thin and weak fault zone. Why did the plate boundary fault at the Japan Trench slip tens of meters to generate a devastating tsunami in the Tohoku–Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011? Does the large slip in the shallow part of the fault represent a common process in subduction zones, or does it reflect site-specific geological conditions? Using the scientific drilling vessel Chikyu and working at the limit of drilling technology, researchers of the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST) have retrieved rock samples and made measurements in the culprit fault zone to seek answers. Their findings are reported in three papers in this issue. Based on different types of observations, Chester et al. on page 1208 (1), Fulton et al. on page 1214 (2), and Ujiie et al. on page 1211 (3) show that an important reason for the large slip is that the shallow fault zone is thin and weak.


The global export of principlism forms part of broader international flows of capital, students and academics, as well as knowledge and ideology. The impact of global capital has had a long-standing effect on research ethics governance. Pharmaceutical companies have sought to open up new markets and take advantage of cheaper sites for multi-centre drug trials. Multinational research teams have looked to those countries with lower risks of litigation, low labour costs, pharmacologically 'naive' participants, weak ethics review and the absence of other regulatory processes. As a result, research in low- and middle- income countries has burgeoned. As developing countries struggle to keep pace, the Helsinki and UNESCO Declarations have created regulatory templates for those without the infrastructure to create their own, and a range of capacity-building initiatives in research ethics have encouraged researcher s in many developing countries to follow these models. Increasing student and academic mobility and international research collaboration between the global North and South may also ease international transfer of a range of research and education policies that favour universalist approaches to research ethics. Contemporary regulations in countries such as South Africa have shadowed developments in the North and have extended biomedical regulation to all forms of research. However, in some pa rts of the global South and the Fourth World, there is an emerging distrust and a critique of the motivation for some of the funding for capacity- building in research ethics. For many, opposition to universalist claims is not simply targeted at insensitivity in application but draws on critical ethical traditions such as indigenous, postmodern and postcolonial ethics to challenge the universal basis for principlism, and calls for a deeper understanding of and engagement with how different societies, cultures, peoples and disciplines understand ethics, research and ethical research.


Tumour-like swellings in the pseudobranchial region have been described to occur in gadidae of many marine areas. They are associated with the presence of X-cells of unknown origin. Their occurrence in cod Gadus morhua L in the North Sea has regularly been studied since 1982, and additionally from 1991 to 1993 in Icelandic nearshore waters. Histologically, the lesions found in Icelandic cod were identical to those previously described for North Sea cod. In Icelandic cod, lytic or disintegrating stages were more frequent than previously described. For the North Sea, a considerable long-term variability of the prevalence of X-cell disease in cod was recorded ranging from 0 to 4.6%, with a maximum in January 1989. The variability was different in different areas of the North Sea, and was compared with the fluctuations of numbers of cod caught per hour. Lengths of cod afflicted with the d~sease in the North Sea do not normally exceed 40 to 50 cm (predominantly age classes I1 and I11 are affected). No such restriction was found in lcelandic waters where cod up to 100 cm length were found to be affected. In lcelandic waters, affected fishes were significantly smaller than their healthy compatriots at a given age. There was no density dependence for the infestation of cod in the material tested for the North Sea There is a need for further studies on the impact of the disease on the growth of cod, and the etiology of X-cell diseases needs to be elucidated.


Formal and informal recommendations for professional standards on end-of-life care have been made by several specialty boards and organizations, including the American College of Cardiology (1–3). The problem of inadequate care at the end of life is an important and complex one. However, one may safely assert that the limited training that clinicians receive in this area is a major reason (4). Undoubtedly, the textbooks used to train these clinicians also contribute to the problem. Our research has unearthed the scarcity of end-of-life content in 50 best-selling medical textbooks, including four best-selling cardiology textbooks (5). On average, these four texts were found to contain helpful information for only 23.9% of expected end-of-life content. More than onehalf (52.4%) of expected end-of-life care content was missing from the cardiology textbooks. Unfortunately, individual chapters that focused on end-of-life care were completely absent from all of these texts. Given such documented deficiencies, we have begun efforts to encourage publishers, editors, and authors to improve their textbooks' end-of-life content, including addition of book chapters, expanded cross-referencing, and improved indexing of relevant terms (6). In follow-up to these efforts, we recently surveyed book publishers and editors to evaluate their progress in revising their texts. It is encouraging for us to be able to report a positive initial response. Overall, 23 editors (including editors of one-half of the cardiology textbooks) and 19 publishers of 50 topselling medical textbooks responded to the follow-up survey. They reported planned or completed expansion of end-of-life content in the next editions of 22 textbooks, including 17 textbooks with new end-oflife care chapters, 17 with revised indexes, and 11 with expanded cross-referencing. Therefore, among the 50 textbooks, more than a third are expanding their next edition's content devoted to end-of-life care. Finally, we have received supportive letters from six publishers and editors, including a poignant letter from one editor who was himself dying of metastatic melanoma at the time he wrote to us. Recently, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation honored those textbook publishers and editors who have worked to make important changes in their texts. At an awards ceremony on February 21, 2001, at the Last Acts Project National Meeting in Washington, DC, the authors presented four awards: one to a medical textbook publisher (Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins) and three to the editors of textbooks (Emergency Medicine, 5th ed., editor-in-chief: Judith Tintinalli; Textbook of Primary Care Medicine, 3rd ed., senior editor: John Noble; and Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 16th ed., editors: Richard Behrman, Robert Kliegman, and Hal Jensen). And yet, there is more headway to be made. Most of these best-selling textbooks have not yet responded to specialty boards, readers, or ultimately the patients and families to improve content relating to care of patients at the end of life. We plan to continue to monitor these textbooks for the next several years, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation plans to continue to offer awards to those publishers, editors, and authors who work to improve their books' end-of-life content. It is critical that the ongoing research in palliative care published in journals such as this one quickly diffuse into our cardiology textbooks. Michael W. Rabow, MD Stephen J. McPhee, MD Department of Medicine University of California, San Francisco 400 Parnassus Avenue, A-405 San Francisco, CA 94143-0320 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com E-mail: email@example.com


Gregg College Keyboarding and Document Processing (GDP), Word 2007 Update, 10e by Ober, Johnson, and Zimmerly provides a highly flexible, complete learning system. Building from a strong foundation, this version of GDP focuses on adding flexibility for the instructor, along with updating the program to be compatible with the new Microsoft Word 2007 software. Multiple software enhancements and flexible Instructor Management, both LAN and Web-based, support the program's strong content. Instructors will appreciate the flexibility of using a program that can be successfully implemented in a variety of classroom environments and that can be accessed from any Internet-connected computer—regardless of where the program was installed.


Introduction: Casing Cronulla: The media headlines had carried expressions of 'bad blood', 'hate' and 'revenge raids'. The reports testified to incidents of assault, smashed shops, wrecked cars, mobs of young men armed with guns and crowbars, and isolated stabbings. The television images were often those of young male Anglo-Celts seeking to protect their patch in a predominantly white area of Sydney known as 'The Shire'. The SMS messages and the radio shock jocks had declared that this was only 'the start of the war'. It was now time to 'reclaim the beach' at Cronulla from those caricatured as 'Lebs' and 'wogs' from nearby suburbs. (1) The Australian flag was pictured curled around bare chested bodies adorned with slogans like: 'we crew here; you flew here, Cronulla 2230'.Some T-shirts were altogether more blasphemous: 'love 'nulla; f..k Allah'. Others declared their owners belonged to an 'ethnic cleansing unit'. (2) Here and there were bursts of Waltzing Matilda, the national anthem, and the familiar sports chant, 'Aussie, Aussie, Aussie! Oi, oi, oi' (3). The megaphones screamed 'Get the Lebs off the beach'. Right wing groups like Australia First, the Patriotic Youth League and a skinhead group, Blood and Honour, appeared in order to grab a soundbyte and solicit new recruits. Convoys of Lebanese youth armed with baseball bats, stones and iron bars headed for Cronulla. The level of police presence was unprecedented. The state government was called back in order to extend police powers to include the locking down of trouble spots, the authority to seize cars, and shut down access to alcohol. The enveloping rhetoric of the fortnight in question was sufficient to shock the city out of any complacency. How could this turn of events happen in what Jock Collins described as 'one of the great immigrant cities of the world'? (4) The New South Wales state government was reckoned to be stunned. Ken Moroney, the Police Commissioner, declared the riots were 'amongst the worst violence' that he had seen in forty years of service. (5) The recurring themes from commentators were of 'shame' and a 'darker, nastier side' of the self-professed 'Lucky Country' being exposed for a wider world to note. (6) Bernard O'Riordan from The Observer (London) reckoned these events would leave a 'nasty blot on Australia's reputation'. (7) And the tourist operators worried lest overseas visitors cancelled during the high season. Would the beaches now be closed? Would the cafes and restaurants recover lost business? In the midst of this turmoil of anxiety Michael Leunig published a cartoon in The Sydney Morning Herald on Christmas Eve. The setting was an angel visiting shepherds proclaiming that a saviour was to be born; he would be found lying in a manger. The caption read 'he will be of Middle Eastern appearance'. (8) Interpreting Cronulla The Cronulla race riots had their immediate origins in a relatively minor flashpoint. It began with a confrontation between two or three teenage lifeguards and a Lebanese gang on the 4th December. There was a mix of racist taunting, bad language, and serious injury to one of the lifesavers. The actual details of what transpired would subsequently become contested and confused in the bid to assign blame. Within the span of one week the situation had escalated to become the worst such incident in Australian history. The dilemma this kind of effusion of feeling and practice of violence presents is how should it then be interpreted. It was evidently not like a race riot in the way in which this designation has been applied in the United Kingdom, the United States and France. For Scott Poynting Cronulla 'represented a violent attack by members of a dominant ethnic group against a minority, in order to put them back in their place'. (9) For John Hartley and Joshua Green it was, likewise, not a riot in the more normal manner of being 'directed against establishment institutions or state forces'. …


Wagering mechanisms are one-shot betting mechanisms that elicit agents' predictions of an event. For deterministic wagering mechanisms, an existing impossibility result has shown incompatibility of some desirable theoretical properties. In particular, Pareto optimality (no profitable side bet before allocation) can not be achieved together with weak incentive compatibility, weak budget balance and individual rationality. In this paper, we expand the design space of wagering mechanisms to allow randomization and ask whether there are randomized wagering mechanisms that can achieve all previously considered desirable properties, including Pareto optimality. We answer this question positively with two classes of randomized wagering mechanisms: i) one simple randomized lottery-type implementation of existing deterministic wagering mechanisms, and ii) another family of randomized wagering mechanisms, named surrogate wagering mechanisms, which are robust to noisy ground truth. Surrogate wagering mechanisms are inspired by an idea of learning with noisy labels (Natarajan et al. 2013) as well as a recent extension of this idea to the information elicitation without verification setting (Liu and Chen 2018). We show that a broad set of randomized wagering mechanisms satisfy all desirable theoretical properties.


Post-harvest losses of paddy in Sri Lanka are as high as 15 percent of total production. Of this, about 24 percent of losses occur during the threshing and cleaning stage with tractor treading being the most common paddy threshing method. In order to overcome these deficiencies, recently small and combined threshers have been introduced. This study attempted to determine the efficiency of different paddy threshing methods, and to estimate the profitability of small and combined thresher ownership. The level of adaptability of mechanical threshing methods (i.e., tractor treading, small and combined threshers) and the factors that influence the adoption of paddy threshers were also investigated. Multi-stage random sampling was adopted to collect primary data based on a structured questionnaire from Pollonnaruwa district, one of the major rice growing areas in the country. Financial analysis was employed to find the profitability of thresher ownership. An empirical model was estimated to evaluate the efficiency of mechanical threshing methods based on the savings of labour and material. Logit model was fitted to identify the factors affecting thresher adoption. The study revealed that on average, small and combined threshers increase the net income per ha by Rs.6, 345 and Rs.9, 071 respectively, compared to tractor treading. Combined thresher ownership was found to be more profitable than small thresher ownership. The minimum economic operational area for tractor treading, small thresher and combined thresher were 41.78 ha/yr, 3.47 ha/yr and 20.97 ha/yr, respectively. Monthly income, wealth, cultivated extent and farming experiences were significantly related to the adoption of both small and combined threshers. Since replacing tractor treading by threshing machines reduces the post-harvest losses and increases the net income it is recommended that the availability of both types of threshers to be increased depending on farmer resource endowment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjae.v6i1.3470 SJAE 2004; 6(1): 51-66


The service sector is evolving. New services and new modes of delivering existing services have increased the complexities of services negotiations in the WTO and in FTAs. The WTO negotiations focus on market access but FTAs tend to go beyond market access to seeking regulatory commitments from trading partners. India is a proponent of services liberalisation both in the WTO and through bilateral/regional agreements. In this context, this paper examines how new service sectors like express delivery services (EDS) are addressed in WTO/FTAs and its implications for India. Express delivery services are one of the fastest growing sectors in India. It plays a crucial role in trade facilitation and in enhancing the global competitiveness of Indian industries. At present, there are no FDI restrictions and the country can undertake market access commitments in WTO and in its FTAs. The proponents of liberalisation of express delivery services also seek commitments in complementary services like transport and warehousing. The study found that since the autonomous liberalisation is more than Indias offers in the Doha Round of the WTO negotiations, India is in a position to broaden its commitments in the WTO. One of the core issues for India is that domestic regulation of postal services is evolving. India Post offers courier/EDS services. The Department of Posts is in the process of framing a new regulation that is likely to affect the courier/EDS industry. Based on a primary survey, this study found that the regulation should be transparent and fair; it should clearly define the reserved area and distinguish between Universal Service Obligation (USO) and competitive services. It should also mention how the USO will be funded. The regulation should encompass global best practices like removal of cross-subsidisation and should facilitate competition. The need for a postal regulatory regime will arise if the public postal service provider is privatised. The regulator should be independent. The objective of the new regulation should be to lay down a reform path for India Post and the primary role of the regulator should be to monitor the USO.


A dynamic biasing scheme that reduces the average DC power of channel-select filters in wireless receivers is presented. A blocker detection technique makes it possible to automatically adjust the power dissipation depending on the absence of presence of blockers, with low overhead in power consumption and circuit complexity. The scheme achieves a fast ramp-up, avoiding diminution of the desired signal response that could otherwise be caused by abruptly appearing large blockers. To ensure the stability of the dynamically biased class-AB opamp employed, a cascode Miller/feedforward compensation technique is used. A fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter with adaptive IIP3 and adaptive power dissipation is demonstrated, with a test chip implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process with a 1.8-V supply. The filter quiescent current is 1.2 mA in the absence of blockers, with a -5 dBV out-of-channel IIP3. The current increases to 2.7 mA, with the IIP3 of +20 dBV, when the blocker level rises to -13 dBV


Murdering of police officials in South Africa have become endemic during the nineties. Each year since 1993 more than 200 killing occurred. This is in sharp contrast with the average of 67 murders of police officials in the United States of America, calculated over a period of 50 years, starting from 1945 through 1994 (Chapman 1998:3). Furthermore, the continuous killing of police officials since the inauguration of the democratic political dispensation in South Africa, did not make sense at all. Before the new democratic dispensation one could have argued, as many did, that the police officials are the strong arm of the oppressive government. One has to agree with Chapman's (1998: 73) statement that attacks on police officials are in fact attacks on the governmental authority because they are the visible and accessible representatives of the government. During September 1999, the then Minister of Safety and Security, then Sydney Mufamdi, appointed a multi-disciplinary research team to conduct research regarding these killings. This report reflects on those findings referring to the victims who have survived these attacks.


A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to determine whether cyclosporin enhances remission of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) through the 1st yr after diagnosis. Dosage with insulin was minimized with target control of blood glucose levels ≤7.8 mM (140 mg/dl) before meals. Metabolic control was evaluated by serial determinations of glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and endogenous secretion of insulin was evaluated by determination of the levels of glucagon-stimulated insulin-connecting peptide (CP) in the plasma at 3-mo intervals. A compound definition of remission required a glucagon-stimulated CP level in plasma ≥0.6 nM or a non-insulin-receiving state (NIR) in which target control of glycemia was maintained without administration of insulin. A clinical definition of remission required only the NIR state as defined. One hundred eighty-eight patients aged 10–35 yr entered the study within 6 wk of initiation of insulin therapy and within 14 wk of onset of symptoms and were studied for 1 yr. There were no significant differences in metabolic control between the two treatment groups during the study. The anticipated adverse effects of cyclosporin were not more frequent or severe than in other experience with the drug, but histological changes attributable to cyclosporin were present in some kidney biopsies obtained from selected patients after 1 yr. At 1 yr, by the compound definition, 33% of the cyclosporin-group and 21% of the placebo-group patients were in remission, when the corresponding rates for NIR remissions were 24 and 10%. With adjustment for differences in the baseline variables, the differences in rates between the treatment groups were statistically significant in all comparisons, and the relative odds for NIR remission at 1 yr were increased approximately five times in the cyclosporin-treated group. Furthermore, a relatively short duration of diabetes (entry ≤6 wk after onset of symptoms, with ≤2 wk of insulin therapy) was associated with greater efficacy of cyclosporin. The mean glucagon-stimulated CP levels in the plasma in cyclosporin-treated patients exceeded those in placebo-treated patients after 3 mo and were maintained through 12 mo, in contrast to a decline after 3 mo in the placebo group. Thus, the results show that cyclosporin treatment initiated soon after diagnosis increases the rate of remission and enhances β-cell function during the 1st yr of IDDM. We conclude that a continuing search for clinically beneficial immunomodulatory therapies designed to prevent or ameliorate the disease is feasible and worthwhile.


In contemplating the future and how this might look, it is architects who give us the built landscapes...from the pages of science fiction, the stuff of dreams and imagination, their designs are exciting and awe-inspiring, taking building beyond the limits of perception and previous understanding of how metal, glass and stone come together. Meeting the challenges posed by an increasing global population and the impact that this has on the natural environment and resources, requires creativity and vision; balancing ecology with technology and competing needs is the architecture of the future. Futuristic presents designs by more than forty architectural firms, all of them as impressive as they are surprising, their work organized into 'Urban', 'Towers', 'Atmosphere', 'Green', 'Water', and 'Bionics'. The visionary potential of this volume offers a positive message, that sustainability is achievable, that it looks and feels good, that with the right skill it is possible to achieve the impossible and create the tangible utopias of tomorrow....today! Text in English and German.


In December 2013, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) published the International Integrated Reporting Framework . The aim of the Framework is to provide the guiding principles and the content elements of an integrated report. The integrated report constitutes an evolutionary step in the corporate's financial and non-financial communication, moving from the social responsibility reporting to the integrated reporting. This practice is at the beginning in Europe and especially in Italy, where only a few listed companies have decided to face the multitude of challenges the integrated report implies. Considering the relevance of such a new form of communication, the paper examines the main steps carried out by an Italian listed company moving towards the integrated report. The research has been conducted by adopting a qualitative case study approach, by focusing on Sabaf S.p.a, an Italian listed medium sized company belonging to the Star Segment . This company has been selected, because it was one of the first adopters of the integrated report among the Italian listed companies. The study is built on data gathered through sites visits, structured interviews and company materials. The paper examines Sabaf's transition from the corporate social responsibility report to the integrated report, aiming at answering the following research question: Why has Sabaf moved to integrated reporting? Which are Sabaf's main steps towars the integrated report? How is the Sabaf's integrated reporting process going? The findings should be of interest to a number of parties including standard setters, firms, financial advisors, auditors and users of non-financial statements.


Satellite remote sensing can be used to estimate and monitor the chlorophyll content of vegetation canopies which are a key and dynamic component of global terrestrial ecosystems. The red-edge algorithm can be used to estimate chlorophyll content from remotely sensed data but is unsuitable for use with most satellite sensor imagery. To overcome this problem, the new Envisat MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll index (MTCI) has been developed. It is the only operational satellite chlorophyll index and MTCI data are available as a Level 2 product from the European Space Agency. However, there is a need to 'validate' the MTCI over a wide range of environmental conditions. This paper reports on research that attempts to validate the MTCI using Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) imagery and ground data of chlorophyll content. The study site was predominantly woodland in the south of England (New Forest National Park) and had a wide range of chlorophyll contents. A transfer function derived from CASI data was used to produce a reference map of chlorophyll content, when aggregated it was compared to MERIS MTCI data and used to derive the MTCI – chlorophyll content relationship (R squared = 0.56).


Abstract. The objective of image fusion (or sometimes pan sharpening) is to produce a single image containing the best aspects of the source images. Some desirable aspects are high spatial resolution and high spectral resolution. With the development of space borne imaging sensors, a unified image fusion approach suitable for all employed imaging sources becomes necessary. Among various image fusion methods, intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) and Brovey Transforms (BT) can quickly merge huge amounts of imagery. However they often face color distortion problems with fused images. The SFIM fusion is one of the most frequently employed approaches in practice to control the tradeoff between the spatial and spectral information. In addition it preserves more spectral information but suffer more spatial information loss. Its effectiveness is heavily depends on the filter design. In this work, two modifications were tested to improve the spectral quality of the images and also investigating class-based fusion results. First, a Generalized Intensity-Hue-Saturation (GIHS), Brovey Transform (BT) and smoothing-filter based intensity modulation (SFIM) approach was implemented. This kind of algorithm has shown computational advantages among other fusion methods like wavelet, and can be extended to different number of bands as in literature discussed. The used IHS-BT-SFIM algorithm incorporates IHS, IHS-BT, BT, BT-SFIM and SFIM methods by two adjustable parameters. Second, a method was proposed to plus edge information in previous GIHS_BT_SFIM and edge enhancement by panchromatic image. Adding panchromatic data to images had no much improvement. Third, an edge adaptive GIHS_BT_SFIM was proposed to enforce fidelity away from the edges. Using MS image off edges has shown spectral improvement in some fusion methods. Fourth, a class based fusion was tested, which tests different coefficients for each method due to its class. The best parameters for vegetated areas was k1 = 0.6, k2 = 0.8; and for urban region it was k1 = 0.4, k2 = 0.4. Results might be useful for future studies on fusion methods and their generalization.


Of recent interest in automatic target recognition (ATR) is the problem of combining the merits of multiple classifiers. This is commonly done by "fusing" the soft-outputs of several classifiers into making a single decision. We observe that the improvement in recognition rates afforded by these approaches is due to the complementary yet correlated information captured by different features/signal representations that these individual classifiers employ. We present the use of probabilistic graphical models in modeling and capturing feature dependencies that are crucial for target classification. In particular, we develop a two-stage target recognition framework that combines the merits of distinct and sparse signal representations with discriminatively learnt graphical models. The first stage designs multiple projections yielding M > 1 sparse representations, while the second stage models each individual representation using graphs and combines these initially disjoint and simple graphical models into a thicker probabilistic graphical model. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the art target classification techniques in terms of recognition rates. The use of graphical models is particularly meritorious when feature dimensionality is high and training is limited - a commonly observed constraint in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery based target recognition.


Adaptive optics (AO) methods are widely used in microscopes to improve image quality through correction of phase aberrations. A range of wavefront-sensorless AO schemes exist, such as modal, pupil segmentation zonal, and pixelated piston-based methods. Each of these has a different physical implementation that makes direct comparisons difficult. Here, we propose a framework that fits in all sensorless AO methods and facilitates systematic comparisons among them. We introduce a general model for the aberration representation that encompasses many existing methods. Through modeling and experimental verification in a two-photon microscope, we compared sensorless AO schemes with a range of aberration representations to correct both simulated and sample induced aberrations. The results show that different representations can provide a better basis for correction in different experimental scenarios, which can inform the choice of sensorless AO schemes for a particular application.


The BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal stem cell derived malignancies, which include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF). The MPNs are characterized by dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling pathways. PV and ET are associated with an increased risk of thrombo-hemorrhagic complications, risk of progression to MF and leukemia. Presentation of patients with PV and ET is variable and usually as a result of abnormal full blood count indices (raised hemoglobin and hematocrit, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis). Presentation with thrombosis or splenomegaly occurs in ~30% of patients. Historically thought of as indolent compared with MF, patients with PV and ET have significant disease symptom burden which does not directly correlate to the current clinical prognostic classifications. The mainstay of therapy is reserved for patients with high-risk disease and thus excludes a population of patients with significant symptom related morbidity impacting their quality-of-life and survival. Recent treatment strategies have aimed to incorporate disease burden assessment into the selection of therapeutic interventions such as JAK2 inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors. We will review the advances in the field of MPN symptom assessment and symptom burden experienced by ET and PV patients. We will also discuss the risk-stratified management of ET and PV patients alongside symptom assessment and the impact of potential novel therapies, for patients who fail to respond to conventional treatment.


Why do some children excel in mathematics while others struggle? A large body of work has shown positive correlations between children's Approximate Number System (ANS) and school-taught symbolic mathematical skills, but the mechanism explaining this link remains unknown. One potential mediator of this relationship might be children's numerical metacognition: children's ability to evaluate how sure or unsure they are in understanding and manipulating numbers. While previous work has shown that children's math abilities are uniquely predicted by symbolic numerical metacognition, we focus on the extent to which children's non-symbolic/ANS numerical metacognition, in particular sensitivity to certainty, might be predictive of math ability, and might mediate the relationship between the ANS and symbolic math. A total of 72 children aged 4–6 years completed measures of ANS precision, ANS metacognition sensitivity, and the Test of Early Mathematical Ability (TEMA-3). Our results replicate many established findings in the literature, including the correlation between ANS precision and the TEMA-3, particularly on the Informal subtype questions. However, we did not find that ANS metacognition sensitivity was related to TEMA-3 performance, nor that it mediated the relationship between the ANS and the TEMA-3. These findings suggest either that metacognitive calibration may play a larger role than metacognitive sensitivity, or that metacognitive differences in the non-symbolic number perception do not robustly contribute to symbolic math performance.


An unprecedented base-catalysed reductive relay hydroboration of allylic alcohols is described. Commercially available nBuLi was found to be a robust transition metal-free initiator for this protocol, affording various boronic esters in high yield and selectivity. Mechanistically, this methodology involves a one-pot three-step successive process (dehydrocoupling/allylic hydride substitution/anti-Markovnikov hydroboration).


UV irradiation is a major insult to the skin. We have shown previously that exogenous vitamin C (ascorbate) accumulates in HaCaT keratinocytes, thus conferring the ability to prevent radical formation and cell death elicited by UV-B. Here, we have investigated the potential mechanisms accounting for the cytoprotective effects exerted by this antioxidant. Using a cDNA microarray hybridization, we identified several genes whose expression was up-regulated by ascorbate. We focused on the fra-1 gene, a member of the Fos family of transcription factors that down-regulates activator protein-1 (AP-1) target genes. Both in HaCaT and in normal human epidermal keratinocytes, we found Fra-1 mRNA induction as early as 2 h after ascorbate loading. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and antibody supershift analysis revealed that ascorbate modulates AP-1 DNA-binding activity and that Fra-1 is in AP-1 complexes in treated cells. Furthermore, transient-transfection studies, using an AP-1 reporter construct, showed that ascorbate was able to inhibit both basal and UV-B-induced AP-1-dependent transcription. Ascorbate also modulates UV-B-induced AP-1 activity by preventing the phosphorylation and activation of the upstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), thus inhibiting phosphorylation of the endogenous c-Jun protein. These data suggest that ascorbate mediates cellular responses aimed at counteracting UV-mediated cell damage and cell death by interfering at multiple levels with the activity of the JNK/AP-1 pathway and modulating the expression of AP-1-regulated genes.


Knowledge about consumer perception and preferences on solid wood, wood-based panels, and wood-based composites is important for product development and marketing. The aim of this study was to identify attributes and associations that people use to describe different types of wood materials and to explore how they relate to preferences. The study involved nine samples that were evaluated with the Kelly's repertory grid technique and content analysis. Based on respondents' answers. 19 core categories reflecting sample attributes were extracted. General preferences for each sample were also recorded. Principal component analysis generated two factors describing 1) naturalness, wood-likeness, softness, unprocessed origin, living, pleasant, and high value; and 2) solid and homogeneous impression. A third, preliminary factor included categories describing irregular pattern,sleekness, and smoothness. The wood samples were most liked, whereas composites and panels were not appreciated. Preferred core categories were naturalness, wood-likeness, smoothness, living impression, and value. The least liked core categories were processed, hard, and high weigh. The implications of the results for product development and marketing are discussed.


Butterflies, ice-cream, writing at night, playing word games...in this witty, intimate and delicious book Anne Fadiman ruminates on her passions, both literary and everyday. From mourning the demise of letter-writing to revealing a monumental crush on Charles Lamb, from Balzac's coffee addiction to making ice-cream from Liquid Nitrogen, she draws us into a world of hedonistic pleasures and literary delights. This is the perfect book for life's ardent obsessives.


A short but cardinal passage of Goethe's Faust is the rhymed dialogue between Faust and Helen at their first encounter: the depiction of the very idealistic encounter consists of the process by which the ancient Greek mythical figure Helen learns about the difference and charm of the German poetic language, as well as its formal practices explained and guided by Faust. This passage is not only a description of the meeting of Helen and Faust but also, at the same time, verses on poetry and poetics.
This remarkable passage leads us to look into other cases in world literature. With this inquiry I have found out many similar cases in the literature of my own country and of other East Asian countries, Japan and China. As an example, here is presented a highly sublime poetic dialogue, drawn from an outstanding work of premodern Korean literature, the very first Korean "novel" Kumo-shinhwa, from the mid-fifteenth century: an exchange of ekphrasis, verses of picture description. With its perfect, more than perfect, rhyme, the poetic dialogue presents the symbolized union of two persons as a matter of course. By means of this poetic dialogue it will be pointed out how a standard canon does not remain itself but finds its incessant dialogues on behalf of other rather hidden works. Or in short: how the margin shifts itself through exchanges and translations.


Two papers discuss the role of the p85 subunit of phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) that is independent of its role in activating the catalytic subunit of the kinase. González-García et al. showed that the p85 subunit was essential for assembling the ribosomal kinase p70S6K into a complex with the FKBP-12 rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP). This interaction promoted the persistent activation of the ribosomal kinase by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of the kinase by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The impaired activation of p70S6K in the presence of the p85 mutant was blocked by inhibitors of PP2A or by expression of a FRAP-resistant mutant of p70S6K. The experiments with p70S6K and p85 were performed with mutants of p85 that were missing various protein interaction domains, although that did not disrupt the ability of p85 to interact with and to activate the PI3K catalytic subunit. The second paper showed that a mutant of p85 that was unable to interact with the PI3K catalytic subunit constitutively activated an interleukin-2 (IL-2) reporter gene in a transfected T cell hybridoma cell line. Dominant-negative mutants of the guanosine triphosphatase Rac or deletion of the Rac-binding BH domain of p85 inhibited transcriptional activation of the reporter gene. In T cells, a small amount of p85 was detected in a complex with Rac that did not include the catalytic PI3K subunit, suggesting that p85 may exist in separate signaling pools. Thus, p85 appears to serve multiple roles in signaling pathways and maybe should be considered a molecular adaptor rather than a subunit of PI3K (see the STKE Perspective by Okkenhaug and Vanhaesebroeck). A. González-García, E. Garrido, C. Hernández, B. Alvarez, C. Jiménez, D. A. Cantrell, N. Pullen, A. C. Carrera, A new role for the p85-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit linking FRAP to p70 S6 kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1500-1508 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text] H. Kang, H. Schneider, C. E. Rudd, Phosphatidylinsositol 3-kinase p85 adaptor function in T-cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 912-921 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text] K. Okkenhaug, B. Vanhaesebroeck, New responsibilities for the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α. Science's STKE (2001), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/65/pe1. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today's older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer , editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women's later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women's labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers.


Zooplankton are incredibly important for marine ecosystem as they play a pivotal role in
marine food web dynamics. (Almeda 201). Zooplankton are not a single type of organism, but
rather refers to organisms that 'drift' in the ocean, comprised of invertebrates and fish larvae.
For these organisms, size is no indication of value, as they are at the foundation of the marine
food web, and an important source of protein in the ocean. According to Banse (1995),
'zooplankton play a key role in marine pelagic ecosystems as grazers on phytoplankton and
microzooplankton, exporters of carbon and nutrients from surface waters, and vectors for
carbon and toxins to higher trophic levels'. Zooplankton are incredibly important in marine
pelagic ecosystems (Cohen et al. 2014). There are micro-& meso-zooplankton (depend on size),
and they do a number of things. Zooplankton will graze on the phytoplankton and smaller
zooplankton, making these available for higher trophic levels. While all zooplankton are
important, I will be focusing on type of mesozooplankton called 'copepods'. These are often
dominant in zooplankton food web, and are key sources of energy for other organisms.
Furthermore, there have been many studies performed on this group of organisms, particularly
in terms of what effects oil spills might have on them. Copepods are a dominant group of
mesozooplankton that form calcium carbonate shells.
The effects of oil spills on copepods are not taken into account in environmental
assessments. However, as will be demonstrated, impacts on these copepods could have farreaching
effects in the ecosystem, some that cannot be predicted. There is limited information
available on this subject. Because they are so small and numerous, impacts on them are expected to be negligible. But this might be a false assumption, and could prove to be dangerous since effects on zooplankton could have an impact on the higher trophic levels that feed on it. For instance, there many organisms that feed on zooplankton, such as cod, particularly in the early stages of life, and so impacts on zooplankton could inadvertently harm these other organisms.
Data was missing for the west coast in terms of what zooplankton we have here. I looked at different areas of the gulf and obtained data on the type of zooplankton located there. The study I found recorded data for areas in the southwest as well as the Northwest Gulf of St-Lawrence (name these two areas). I also looked at information of zooplankton along the eastern coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, and in general of types of zooplankton in the Northern Atlantic. Oil spills can affect these buggers in a number of ways, not just from the immediate physical effects, but also in terms of the dispersants and the myriad of toxic compounds that they contain, and longer term effects, and sub-lethal effects that are often glossed over.
Since there is growing interest in oil development in the Gulf of St-Lawrence, and along the west coast of Newfoundland, this research comes at an important time. Also given that such oil spills as the Exxon Valdez spill, which we will touch upon later, and the BP oil spill, have proven to have catastrophic events. I will be seeking to answer the following questions:
-1) What is the role of copepods in the Gulf of St. Lawrence marine environment?
-2) What are the major aspects of oil and gas development in the gulf that could affect copepods and what are the implications of these factors?


Coastal ecosystems provide numerous services, such as nutrient cycling, climate change amelioration, and habitat provision for commercially valuable organisms. Ecosystem functions and processes are modified by human activities locally and globally, with degradation of coastal ecosystems by development and climate change occurring at unprecedented rates. The demand for coastal defense strategies against storms and sea-level rise has increased with human population growth and development along coastlines world-wide, even while that population growth has reduced natural buffering of shorelines. Shoreline hardening, a common coastal defense strategy that includes the use of seawalls and bulkheads (vertical walls constructed of concrete, wood, vinyl, or steel), is resulting in a "coastal squeeze" on estuarine habitats. In contrast to hardening, living shorelines, which range from vegetation plantings to a combination of hard structures and plantings, can be deployed to restore or enhance multiple ecosystem services normally delivered by naturally vegetated shores. Although hundreds of living shoreline projects have been implemented in the United States alone, few studies have evaluated their effectiveness in sustaining or enhancing ecosystem services relative to naturally vegetated shorelines and hardened shorelines. We quantified the effectiveness of (1) sills with landward marsh (a type of living shoreline that combines marsh plantings with an offshore low-profile breakwater), (2) natural salt marsh shorelines (control marshes), and (3) unvegetated bulkheaded shores in providing habitat for fish and crustaceans (nekton). Sills supported higher abundances and species diversity of fishes than unvegetated habitat adjacent to bulkheads, and even control marshes. Sills also supported higher cover of filter-feeding bivalves (a food resource and refuge habitat for nekton) than bulkheads or control marshes. These ecosystem-service enhancements were detected on shores with sills three or more years after construction, but not before. Sills provide added structure and may provide better refuges from predation and greater opportunity to use available food resources for nekton than unvegetated bulkheaded shores or control marshes. Our study shows that unlike shoreline hardening, living shorelines can enhance some ecosystem services provided by marshes, such as provision of nursery habitat.


Introduction: Treatment and follow up of patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is mainly based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, endoscopic and histologic findings. However these findings fail to reflect the patients' subjective experience of health. Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) is an important outcome measure in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). We aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Anglicised PedsQlTM core module for children with IBD.

Methods: Children aged 8-18 years (N=56) who fulfilled national IBD definitions of Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis and 50 of their parents completed the self report and proxy version of the PedsQlTM core module, along with an established HRQL measure specific to IBD (IMPACT III). An assessment of disease activity was made using severity ratings for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's Disease. PedsQlTM patient and parent scores were compared to those of healthy children (N=561) and their parents (N=272) and the questionnaires psychometric properties were tested as described below.

Results: Alpha co-efficients for self and proxy report scales ranged from 0.70 to 0.94 confirming the scales' internal reliability. PedsQlTM scores showed significant correlation with scores on IMPACT (Pearson's R ranged from 0.32-0.76, P<0.05 for the different subscales) and with a rating of disease activity (e.g. Pearson's R = 0.38 and 0.30, P<0.05 for self-report and proxy report respectively on Total score) establishing construct validity. IBD patients and their parents reported significantly lower PedsQlTM scores than healthy children and parents, establishing the measure's discriminant validity. Good concordance between child and parent forms confirmed that the two reports were measuring the same construct (Pearson's R ranged from 0.68-0.84, P<0.05 for the different subscales).

Conclusion: PedsQlTM has been recommended as one of the more promising paediatric HRQL measurement systems currently available. Its advantages include brevity, the availability of age appropriate versions, and parallel forms for child and parent. Its generic core dimensions also match those described by WHO. The work reported here confirms the reliability and validity of the Anglicised measure for a group of UK children with IBD. PedsQlTM will provide a useful outcome measure for research and clinical practice involving paediatric patients with IBD.


The crystallographic textures of the free-standing diamond films which were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a CH4/H2/Ar gas mixtures have been investigated. Texture components of the diamond films are analyzed with pole figures and orientation distribution function (ODF). The surface morphology of the diamond films grown at different substrate temperatures as well as different gas concentrations is observed with scanning electron microscopy.(SEM). The experimental results indicate that the intensity of {110} fibre texture becomes much higher with the increase of the substrate temperature. It is considered that the higher multiplicity of <110> crystallographic direction in diamond octahedron leads to the higher appearance possibility of {110} fibre texture and the final texture components of the diamond films depend upon the CVD deposition parameters.


COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms similar to other common illnesses. Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable. To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. We then compared the progression of these symptoms in COVID-19 to other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, SARS, and MERS, to observe if the diseases present differently. Our model predicts that influenza initiates with cough, whereas COVID-19 like other coronavirus-related diseases initiates with fever. However, COVID-19 differs from SARS and MERS in the order of gastrointestinal symptoms. Our results support the notion that fever should be used to screen for entry into facilities as regions begin to reopen after the outbreak of Spring 2020. Additionally, our findings suggest that good clinical practice should involve recording the order of symptom occurrence in COVID-19 and other diseases. If such a systemic clinical practice had been standard since ancient diseases, perhaps the transition from local outbreak to pandemic could have been avoided.


This essay, a contribution to a symposium on Religious Legal Theory, compares Islamic and Christian conceptions of law and suggests implications for contemporary debates about religious dispute settlement. Both Islam and Christianity begin with faith, but they express that faith differently – and the difference relates to law. In Islam, a comprehensive body of law, fiqh, sacralizes daily life and connects believers to God. In Christianity, by contrast, law serves an auxiliary function; it is facilitative, not constitutive, of believers' relationship to God. Moreover, unlike classical fiqh, canon law has a limited scope and is not exegetical. This essay explores these differences and shows how they influence the ways in which Muslims and Christians view religious tribunals today, as evidenced by recent controversies over Islamic family and commercial law arbitration in Canada and the United Kingdom.


Multifiber renal afferent nerve activity responds to volume expansion in sea level rats but not in chronically hypoxic (high altitude) rats. We performed single-unit recordings of renal afferent nerve activity to characterize renal sensory receptors and their responses to volume expansion in these animals. Hypoxia was induced by placing Wistar rats in an altitude chamber (380 Torr, 5,500 m) for 4 wk. Spontaneously firing renal R2 chemoreceptor and arterial, ureteropelvic, and venous mechanoreceptors were identified. The basal activity of each receptor was similar among these rats. In response to specific stimulus, the increasing impulse of R2 chemoreceptor was similar between two groups of rats, but the increasing activity of each mechanoreceptor was less in hypoxic rats. When challenged with saline load, R2 chemoreceptor activity decreased, but all mechanoreceptors activated in all rats. Despite similar increases of arterial, renal ureteropelvic, and venous pressure during saline load, the increasing activity of each mechanoreceptor was significantly less in hypoxic rats. These results indicated chronic hypoxia attenuates the sensitivity of renal mechanoreceptors in response to the stimulation of saline load.


New actors, actants, and activities have entered journalism's spaces in recent years. While this has raised the potential for the disruption of existing social orders, such heterogeneous assemblages also provide fruitful grounds for substantive innovation within "trading zones." This article explores one such potential zone, the code-sharing platform GitHub, delineating the primary actors oriented around the boundary object of "news," the objectives of their projects, the nature of their collaborations, and their use of software licenses. The analysis examines attributes of 88,776 news-oriented project repositories, with a smaller subsample subjected to a manual content analysis. Findings show that this trading zone consisted primarily of journalistic outsiders; repositories focused on technological solutions to distributional challenges and efforts that made journalism more transparent; that there was limited direct trade via the use of collaborative affordances on the platform; and that only a minority of repositories employed a permissive license favored by open-source advocates. This leads to a broader conclusion that while GitHub may be discursively important within journalism and certainly provides an avenue for actors to enter journalism's periphery, it offers a limited pathway for those peripheral actors to move closer to the center of journalism. That, in turn, impacts the platform's—and its users'—ability to reconfigure if not spur a reimagining of journalism's meanings, conventions, and allocations of different forms of capital.


We study the combined polarization decoherence experienced by entangled photons due to time- and space-related dephasing processes in a metal hole array. These processes are implemented when the entangled photons are sent through a birefringent delay and are focused on the array. In particular, we demonstrate that compensating the temporal separation of the two polarizations after passage through the array can only partly recover the original coherence. This, surprisingly, shows a coupling between the temporal and spatial decoherence channels; we ascribe this coupling to transverse propagation of surface plasmons.


Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS) rapidly detect the initiation of earthquakes and issue warning alerts of possible forthcoming ground shaking. Currently, public warning systems exist in Japan and Mexico, and the development of other EEWS are ongoing in many other regions of the world including the U.S. West Coast (Allen et al. , 2009). Probing the way business and the public actively use early warning information is a crucial factor in early warning system design (Aktas et al. , 2010; Kuyuk, 2010; Kuyuk et al. , 2008; Nakamura, 1988). During the 2011 M  9 Tohoku‐oki, Japan, earthquake, an earthquake warning was successfully issued although the magnitude was underestimated (Hoshiba et al. , 2011). To determine the usefulness of the alerts, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) conducted a public survey (JMA, 2012). Results from the ∼2000 people who answered the survey indicated that most people want two main pieces of information from an EEW message: the time when strong shaking is expected to begin at their location and the estimated shaking intensity. The survey also showed that although the JMA warnings provide additional information about the earthquake location, magnitude, and depth, people are less interested in this information and more interested in the potential impending dangers the large earthquake might cause at their location.

Many factors contribute to the time between the issued earthquake warning and the subsequent ground shaking at a given location. In this paper, we refer to this period as the warning time. The warning‐time duration is dictated by many factors, of which the most important are the proximity of stations to the earthquake epicenter, data telemetry speed, data processing time, and the time needed to disseminate the warning. Once an …


To date, scholars have tended to view Black Israelites as mercenary, derivative, or imitative. However, this microhistorical reading of the public, partial, and hidden transcripts of New York Rabbi Wentworth Arthur Matthew9s beliefs and ritual practices demonstrates that Black Israelites did not simply imitate Jews, but rather they were bricoleurs who constructed a polycultural religion that creatively reworked threads from religious faiths, secret societies, and magical grimoires. Black Israelite religious identity was imagined and performed in sidewalk lectures and in Marcus Garvey9s Liberty Hall; it was embodied through Caribbean pageants, and acted out in parades. Black Israelism was lived through secret Spiritualist and Kabbalistic rituals, and taught openly through Sunday Schools and Masonic affiliates. Finally, it was an identity that was formed and performed in a mixture of Sanctified and Judaic rites. Print culture, performance, and complex social networks were all important to the imagination and realization of this new Israelite religious identity. Recognizing the subversive quality of this bricolage and the complexity of its partial and hidden transcripts belies attempts to exclude esoteric African American new religious movements from the categories of protest religion and black religion. When one combines the study of Black Israelism with similar studies of African American NRM9s of the 1920s, it is possible to appreciate a remarkable wave of overlapping esoteric religious creativity that accompanied the much more famous artistic creativity of the Harlem Renaissance.


This article explores basic issues in the status dynamics of psychotherapy and supervision. Self-presentation and status markers create a dynamic that affects the participants in psychotherapy and in its supervision. "Political correctness" at times, makes it difficult for trainees to discuss their feelings and observations about status differences with their supervisors. One of the roles of supervision is the rite of passage, involving moving the trainee from the world of nonpsychologist to membership in the community of psychologists. During supervision, the supervisor's self-disclosure of relevant autobiographical details and problematic thoughts and feeling is recommended as useful, even though such revelations in psychotherapy practice might be inappropriate or hazardous.


Bite force is a significant component of chewing and masticatory function. The literature lacks studies that compare bite force values of implant-supported fixed bridges to natural dentition within same subjects. The objective of the study was to assess maximum occlusal bite force (MBF) among patients with an implant-supported fixed prosthesis and compare it to their opposite dentate side and also to determine the effect of gender, age and Body Mass Index (BMI) on maximum occlusal bite force. Forty patients (20 males and 20 females, mean age = 42.7 ± 9.6 years) with an implant-supported fixed prosthetic rehabilitation on one side and dentate on the other side were recruited into this study. Participants' MBF were measured bilaterally at the first molar region using a digital hydraulic occlusal force gauge (GM10). The measurements were repeated three times (with 45 s intervals between times) for each side, and the highest value of the bite force (MBF) was recorded for each side. The mean MBF was 577.9 N at the implant-supported prosthesis side and 595.1 N at the dentate side. The average MBF was higher at the dentulous side (P < 0.05). Maximum occlusal bite force was higher in males and participants with higher weight and height. However, BMI was not significantly related to MBF values. Maximum occlusal bite force values at the dentate side were slightly (3%) but significantly higher than MBF at implant-supported prosthesis side. Males, taller patients and patients with higher weights had higher MBF values. Body mass index was not significantly related to MBF values.


In recent years, crowdsourcing has become a powerful tool to bring human intelligence into information processing. This is especially important forWeb data which in contrast to well-maintained databases is almost always incomplete and may be distributed over a variety of sources. Crowdsourcing allows to tackle many problems which are not yet attainable using machine-based algorithms alone: in particular, it allows to perform database operators on incomplete data as human workers can be used to provide values during runtime. As this can become costly quickly, elaborate optimization is required. In this paper, we showcase how such optimizations can be performed for the popular skyline operator for preference queries. We present some heuristics-based approaches and compare them to crowdsourcing-based approaches using sophisticated optimization techniques while especially focusing on result correctness.


Part 1 THE ELEMENTS OF GOOD WRITING Chapter 1 : Getting Ready to Write Chapter 2: Writing Paragraphs Chapter 3: Revising and Editing Chapter 4: Writing Essays Part 2 TYPES OF ESSAYS Chapter 5: Process Essays Chapter 6: Division and Classification Essays Chapter 7: Cause and Effect Essays Chapter 8: Comparison and Contrast Essays Chapter 9: Problem-Solution Essays Part 3 WRITING FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES Chapter 10: Writing Summaries Chapter 11: Expressing Your Opinions Chapter 12: Writing Undergraduate and Graduate School Application Essays Appendix: Application for Undergraduate Admission You Be The Editor Answer Key


It is an unequivocal fact that to date the automatic or semi-automatic transformation of huge amounts of multisource multi-resolution remote sensing (RS) imagery into useful information (such as biophysical variables, categorical maps, etc.) still remains far more problematic than might be reasonably expected. To invert this trend, a novel two-stage stratified hierarchical hybrid remote sensing image understanding system (RS-IUS) was presented in recent literature to encompass the four levels of analysis of an information processing device, namely, computational theory (system architecture), knowledge/information representation, algorithm design and implementation. The proposed original RS-IUS architecture comprises: (i) a first-stage pixel-based application-independent top-down (deductive, physical model-driven, prior knowledge-based) preliminary classifier and (ii) a second-stage battery of stratified hierarchical context-sensitive application-dependent modules for class-specific feature extraction and classification. The proposed implementation of the prior knowledge-based preliminary classification first stage of a two-stage stratified hierarchical hybrid RS-IUS consists of the original Satellite Image Automatic MapperTM (SIAMTM, University of Maryland Invention Disclosure No. IS-2010-103, patent pending, © Andrea Baraldi & University of Maryland). SIAMTM is an operational automatic (turnkey, good-to-go, press-and-go) software button (executable) for unsupervised near real-time per-pixel multi-source multiresolution application-independent spectral rule-based decision-tree classification of spaceborne multi-spectral imagery. The goal of this patent review is to highlight the several degrees of novelty and operational advantages of the proposed two-stage hybrid RS-IUS employing SIAMTM as its preliminary classification first stage in comparison with alternative approaches, such as two-stage object-based RS-IUSs which, in spite of their lack of consensus and research, have recently gained widespread popularity in both scientific and commercial RS image applications.


The aim of our study is to provide a holistic representation of pedagogical skills closely related with current approaches in the field of professional competence for the teaching career. The paper covers three dimensions from the perspective of pedagogical competences. The first dimension is on the definition of pedagogical competence. The concept of pedagogical competence tends to be used with the meaning of minimum professional standard, often specified by law, which should raise a person in fulfilling a particular role of the teaching profession. The second dimension is based on representative taxonomies and highlights current pedagogical competences. The taxonomic classification, which we provide below only refers to the basic competences involved in the based role of a teacher to lead one of the educational activities with students. The third dimension is represented by a proposal in a narrow framework of a holistic representation of pedagogical competences for the teaching career. In the holistic view, we delineate two broad categories of pedagogical competences in accord with current approaches: general pedagogical competence and special pedagogical competence. After analyzing the pedagogical competences taxonomies, we obtained a comprehensive and actual representation. This representation allows a better understanding of the general and secondary categories of pedagogical competences. The study was unfolded in CNCSIS – TE 282/July 2010 "INOVACOM – Curricular innovations for the development of the pedagogical competencies of teachers of Romanian Language and communication through initial training programmes for teachers".


: The nano crystals were synthesized by two different routes such as thermal reduction process and coprecipitation process and the difference in morphology of NiSe:Zn was studied. Zn doped nickel selenide was synthesized from the reaction of nickel chloride (NiCl 2 .6H 2 O), sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3 ) and anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) using poly- N -Vinyl-2- pyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agent and hydrazine hydrate (N 2 H 4 . H 2 O) as reductant in thermal reduction process (method-1). In coprecipitation process it was prepared by the reaction of NiCl 2 .6H 2 O, Na 2 SeO 3 and anhydrous ZnCl 2 using certain amount of PVP which acts as reductant as well as capping agent (method-2). The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transform Infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Visible Ultra violet spectroscopy (UV) and Photoluminescence (PL) techniques.


Analysis of company financial statements is a topic that is well covered in the financial literature. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the analysis is often neglected as a scientific approach to interpretation seems to be elusive. This paper attempts to provide a methodology whereby insight into the financial performance of a company can be obtained by proposing the "proportion model†. The model recalculates certain financial statement figures to what it could have been, had the company been managed in a balanced position. By comparing the actual financial statement to the recalculated figures, an opinion regarding the financial performance is obtained. As an example, the model is applied to the 1999 Enron financial figures.


Changing Anticipated Mathematics Teaching Style and Reducing Anxiety for Teaching Mathematics among Pre-service Elementary School Teachers1 Prior to participating in a mathematics methods course, pre-service elementary school teachers reported anxiety about their ability to teach mathematics effectively and anticipated teaching mathematics using the same methods that were used during their education. Since the professional education of pre-service teachers provides an ideal opportunity both to reduce anxiety for teaching mathematics and to introduce alternative instructional approaches, this study examined the relationship between anticipated teaching style and anxiety for teaching mathematics. Twenty-eight pre-service elementary school teachers completed questionnaires measuring anticipated mathematics teaching style and anxiety for teaching mathematics at the beginning and completion of a mathematics methods course. Anticipated teaching style was categorized as Teacher-Oriented or Student-Oriented. Lowest initial levels of anxiety for teaching mathematics were found among those who anticipated teaching mathematics using a Student-Oriented style. There was a significant decrease in anxiety for teaching mathematics at the conclusion of the course with the largest decrease among those who changed their anticipated teaching style from Teacher-Oriented to Student-Oriented. Implications for improving teacher education are discussed. Improving mathematics education is of major concern among educators. While mathematics education has focused on the content to be taught, current educational reform emphasizes the way mathematics is taught, in addition to the mathematical content itself (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 1989, 1991). By considering both teacher and student, this shift in focus highlights the importance of motivational factors impacting the learning environment. In particular, anxiety for teaching mathematics may be related to the way in which mathematics is taught. Teaching actions, reflected in mathematics teaching style, are viewed as components of mathematics instructional quality (Koehler and Grouws, 1992). Implicit in mathematics teaching style is a conception of the nature of the content and how it is learned (Ernest, 1989; Thompson, 1992). A Teacher-Oriented style reflects "instrumental understanding" (Skemp, 1978) which presents a view of mathematics as a finite domain of facts and rules, with teacher or text as both its source and transmitter. In contrast, a Student-Oriented style reflects "relational understanding" (Skemp, 1978), which views mathematics as comprised of dynamic concepts and procedures that are actively learned and become resources for future situations. A Student-Oriented style rather than a Teacher-- Oriented style of teaching mathematics is recommended by mathematics educators (Lampert, 1988; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989; National Research Council, 1989). One of the sources of mathematics teaching style is the style by which teachers were taught in their own elementary school experience (Levine, 1993). Choice of teaching style also appears to be related to affective teacher characteristics. In particular, anxious teachers are more likely to teach using a whole-class format focusing on skills rather than concepts, and are less likely to welcome student questions (Bush, 1989). This classroom description resembles a Teacher-Oriented teaching style. Teachers with higher anxiety for teaching mathematics are likely to employ a Teacher-Oriented style. Anxiety for teaching mathematics (ATM) is an example of the general concern elementary school teachers report regarding their inadequate knowledge about content and their inability to present it effectively to students (Romeo, 1987). One recent study found a significant decrease in anxiety for teaching mathematics among preservice teachers who participated in a mathematics methods course taught in a Student-Oriented teaching style (Westerback, Levine, and Primavera, 1993). …