Using country-level data from 2000-2013, we test the relationship between life satisfaction (measured as how people evaluate their life as a whole rather than their current feelings) and the motivation to work (measured as aggregate hours of work). Our hypothesis is that even after controlling for average labor income tax rates in countries with high and low average hours worked, there is a significant negative association between the motivation to work and life satisfaction. The main findings of this paper are that the increase in the motivation to work per employee comes at the expense of life satisfaction, and differences in average tax rates on labor income cannot account for differences in time allocation. Once life satisfaction is included, the hypotheses of previous neoclassical economic studies are almost irrelevant in determining the response of market hours to higher average tax rates on labor income. In line with our assumption, we find a negative relationship between life satisfaction and the motivation to work in the cross-country examinations. In countries with the highest hours worked (Hungary, Estonia), wealth is generally preferred to leisure and in countries with the lowest hours worked (France, Germany), leisure is preferred to wealth.


Science and natural history documentaries can be an entertaining and effective way to teach the public about a scientific topic. The topic of climate change presents a unique set of problems that require that a successful climate change film must rethink how the science is presented. Climate change is unique in that it has been so politicized that not only is it controversial, but a whole segment of the population (including those in government) simply doesn't believe that climate change exists. So each climate change film must be seen as an argument, and as a political document, if its goal is to persuade a skeptic that climate change does exist and needs to be actively addressed by the public and by government. Aristotle's rhetoric is a valuable foundation for creating a persuasive climate change argument in a climate change film. Each of Aristotle's proofs provides a guideline for persuasion. But these proofs are not complete without knowing how to frame your argument. Framing is a valuable cognitive political tool, used by conservatives for decades, and because each climate change film is a political document, framing is a necessary tool for the climate change filmmaker to use.


This thesis is devoted to a study of supersymmetry preserving background solutions of N=2 supergravity in 4 dimensions. These models include arbitrary electric gaugings in the vector- and hypermultiplet sectors introduced in the beginning of the thesis. The main contents are divided into three major parts. In part 1 we consider vacua that can be fully analyzed by requiring preserved supersymmetry. We determine and analyze maximally supersymmetric configurations, preserving eight supercharges. We present several examples of such solutions and connect some of them to vacuum solutions of flux compactifications in string theory. We also provide a consistent truncation of the gauged theory based on integrating out massive supermultiplets of the gauged theory. The second part is devoted to the topic of supersymmetric black holes. These can be asymptotically flat or asymptotically AdS, and we analyze both cases in detail. We construct BPS black hole solutions in Minkowski space with charged hypermultiplets. We find solutions with vanishing scalar hair that resemble already known black holes, while the genuinely new solutions with hair that we find contain ghost modes. We also elaborate further on the static supersymmetric AdS black holes found in arXiv:0911.4926, investigating thoroughly the BPS constraints for spherical symmetry in N = 2 gauged supergravity. We find Killing spinors that preserve two of the original eight supercharges and investigate the conditions for genuine black holes free of naked singularities. The existence of a horizon is intimately related with the requirement that the scalars are not constant, but given in terms of harmonic functions in analogy to the attractor flow in ungauged supergravity. The third major topic of this thesis is BPS bounds, where we discuss asymptotically Minkowski and AdS solutions in full generality. We concentrate on asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes, and find that there exist two disconnected BPS ground states of the theory, depending on the presence of magnetic charge. Each of these ground states comes with a different superalgebra and a different BPS bound, which we derive. As a byproduct, we also demonstrate how the supersymmetry algebra has a built-in holographic renormalization method to define finite conserved charges. We derive the general form of the charges for all asymptotically flat, anti-de Sitter, and magnetic anti-de Sitter spacetimes. Some particular black hole examples from part 2 are considered to explicitly demonstrate how AdS and mAdS masses differ when solutions with non-trivial scalar profiles are considered


ABSTRACT The FAIR principles of Wilkinson et al. [1] are finding their way from research into application domains, one of which is the precise positioning with global satellite navigation systems (GNSS). Current GNSS users demand that data and services are findable online, accessible via open protocols (by both, machines and humans), interoperable with their legacy systems and reusable in various settings. Comprehensive metadata are essential in seamless communication between GNSS data and service providers and their users, and, for decades, geodetic and geospatial standards are efficiently implemented to support this. However, GNSS user community is transforming from precise positioning by highly specialised use by geodetic professionals to every-day precise positioning by autonomous vehicles or wellness obsessed citizens. Moreover, rapid technological developments allow alternative ways of offering data and services to their users. These transforming circumstances warrant a review whether metadata defined in generic geospatial and geodetic standards in use still support FAIR use of modern GNSS data and services across its novel user spectrum. This paper reports the results of current GNSS users' requirements in various application sectors on the way data, metadata and services are provided. We engaged with GNSS stakeholders to validate our findings and to gain understanding on their perception of the FAIR principles. Our results confirm that offering FAIR GNSS data and services is fundamental, but for a confident use of these, there is a need to review the way metadata are offered to the community. Defining standard compliant GNSS community metadata profile and providing relevant metadata with data on-demand, the approach outlined in this paper, is a way to manage current GNSS users' expectations and the way to improve FAIR GNSS data and service delivery for both humans and the machines.


Variations in the niobium/thorium ratio in basaltic rocks are thought to be related to the long-term extraction of continental crust from the mantle and the extent of sediment recycling and mixing in the mantle. However, basalts erupted between 13 and 3 Ma from a single volcanic center in the Cantal alkali massif (France) have Nb/Th of 10.5-18.7, a range encompassing nearly the entire basalt record. Cantal basalts are isotopically ho- mogeneous, ruling out variable sediment contamination of their mantle sources. Instead, the new data indicate a mineralogical control on Nb/Th in a veined mantle source. We postulate that the large Nb/Th variations are the result of a metasomatic process, called percolative fractional crystallization, that produced veins containing pyroxene and Nb- rich oxide within the upper mantle. Short-term metasomatic-induced variations in mantle Nb/Th may have occurred throughout the geologic record, and provide an alternative explanation to sediment recycling for Nb/Th heterogeneity in the upper mantle.


This paper presents the description of a project to develop an accessible indoor plan to help blind people to localize landmarks within a building from a pedagogical perspective. This project has been employed to foster engineering students to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to use technologies and tools to develop accessible engineering products within the context of a collaborative learning experience. This paper describe the step by step process followed to make an accessible indoor plan that complies with WCAG 2.0 accessibility guidelines. Also, conclusions and future work regarding the potentialities of the approach used in this project for generating collaborative learning experiences are presented.


In light of the recent increase of mineral exploration in the northern Cordillera, private, educational, and governmental agencies have been compelled to revisit and research areas of the Cordillera whose geologic evolution still remains enigmatic. The current study is concerned with better understanding how a region of the boundary zone separating the peri-Laurentian realm from the exotic, Insular realm evolved following deposition of the meta-sedimentary Kluane schist in the Late Cretaceous. The schist is a northwest striking 30 km wide and 160 km long belt of highly deformed greenschist to amphibolite facies meta-sedimentary rocks located east of Kluane Lake, southwestern Yukon Territory. These deformed sediments as well as numerous other deformed Jurassic-Cretaceous meta-sedimentary units present along the same boundary zone (north and south of the schist) represent important rocks that can help constrain how this part of the Cordillera has evolved since the mid-Mesozoic. To better understand how the Kluane schist evolved, detailed field mapping, petrography, and U-Pb geochronological studies were undertaken in the area encompassing the schist. This data is integrated with pre-existing and recently collected geologic databases from the region to propose a model for the tectonic and structural evolution of the Kluane schist. Conclusions drawn from this study indicate the Kluane sediments were likely deposited into a closing Late Cretaceous seaway from sources derived from Yukon-Tanana terrane (YTT) to the east. The basin into which the sediments were deposited represents a remnant ocean basin that was present between Insular terrane and YTT prior their amalgamation in the Jurassic. Thrusting of YTT over the Kluane schist basin resulted in burial, metamorphism, and ductile deformation of the schist. Contemporaneously, the early stages of the Ruby Range batholith (RRB) were intruding the schist as well as the schist/YTT contact. This batholith intruded synto post-tectonically from approximately ca. 77 Ma to 65 Ma and it is responsible for imparting a kilometer scale inverted contact metamophic aureole onto the Kluane schist wherein metamorphic grade decreases to the southwest. Subsequently, a gneissic sub-unit of the Kluane 'schist' was formed by partial melting of the RRB/Kluane schist contact. During this composite deformation event, the schist was transported to mid-crustal depths by an oblique sinistral shear zone. Shortly thereafter, the schist was exhumed and deformed by consistent northeast-over-southwest shearing. Regional scale, broad open folding of the schist ensued and likely occurred by flexural slip along foliation planes with low cohesion. Two synto posttectonic igneous phases associated with Hayden Lake intrusive suite have been dated to ca. 55 Ma. This timing likely correlates with broad, open folding and a 'late' synto post-kinematic


A Greek who lived in Asia Minor during the second century A.D., Pausanias traveled through Greece and wrote an invaluable description of its classical sites that is a treasure trove of information on archaeology, religion, history, and art. Although ignored during his own time, Pausanias is increasingly important in ours--to historians, tourists, and archaeologists. Christian Habicht offers a wide-ranging study of Pausanias' work and personality. He investigates his background, chronology, and methods, and also discusses Pausanias' value as a guide for modern scholars and travellers, his attitude toward the Roman world he lived in, and his reception among critics in modern times. A new preface summarizes the most recent scholarship.


Active and passive localization employing widely distributed sensors is a problem of interest in various fields. In active localization, such as in MIMO radar, transmitters emit signals that are reflected by the targets and collected by the receive sensors, whereas, in passive localization the sensors collect the signals emitted by the sources themselves. This dissertation studies optimization methods for high precision active and passive localization. In the case of active localization, multiple transmit elements illuminate the targets from different directions. The signals emitted by the transmitters may differ in power and bandwidth. Such resources are often limited and distributed uniformly among the transmitters. However, previous studies based on the well known Cramer-Rao lower bound have shown that the localization accuracy depends on the locations of the transmitters as well as the individual channel gains between different transmitters, targets and receivers. Thus, it is natural to ask whether localization accuracy may be improved by judiciously allocating such limited resources among the transmitters. Using the Cramer-Rao lower bound for target localization of multiple targets as a figure of merit, approximate solutions are proposed to the problems of optimal power, optimal bandwidth and optimal joint power and bandwidth allocation. These solutions are computed by minimizing a sequence of convex problems. The quality of these solutions is assessed through extensive numerical simulations and with the help of a lower-bound that certifies their optimality. Simulation results reveal that bandwidth allocation policies have a stronger impact on performance than power. Passive localization of radio frequency sources over multipath channels is a difficult problem arising in applications such as outdoor or indoor geolocation. Common approaches that combine ad-hoc methods for multipath mitigation with indirect localization relying on intermediary parameters such as time-of-arrivals, time difference of arrivals or received signal strengths, are unsatisfactory. This dissertation models the localization of known waveforms over unknown multipath channels in a sparse framework, and develops a direct approach in which multiple sources are localized jointly, directly from observations obtained at distributed sources. The proposed approach exploits channel properties that enable to distinguish line-of-sight (LOS) from non-LOS signal paths. Theoretical guarantees are established for correct recovery of the sources' locations by atomic norm minimization. A second-order-cone-based algorithm is developed to produce the optimal atomic decomposition, and it is shown to produce high accuracy location estimates over complex scenes, in which sources are subject to diverse multipath conditions, including lack of LOS.


The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a formal behavioral interface specification language for Java. It is used for detailed design documentation of Java program modules such as classes and interfaces. JML has been used extensively by many researchers across various projects and has a large and varied spectrum of tool support. It extends from runtime assertion checking (RAC) to theorem proving. Amongst these tools, RAC and ESC/Java has been used as a common tool for many research projects. RAC for JML is a tool that checks at runtime for possible violations of any specifications. However, lately there has been a problem for tool support. The problem lies in their ability to keep up with new features being introduced by Java. The inability to support Java 5 features such as generics has been reducing the user base, feedback and the impact of JML usage. Also, the JML2 compiler (jmlc) has a very slow compilation speed. On average, it is about nine times slower than a Java compiler such as javac. It is well understood that jmlc does more work than a Java compiler, hence it would be slower. The jmlc tool uses a double-round strategy for generating RAC code. The performance can be improved by optimizing compilation passes, in particular, by abandoning the double-round compilation strategy. In this thesis I propose a technique for optimizing compilation speed using a technique known as AST merging with potential performance gain than its predecessor. The jmlc tool parses the source files twice. In the first pass, it parses the source file whereas in the second the source file is parsed again along with the generated RAC code. This affects the performance of the JML compiler, as parsing is one of the most costly tasks in compilation. In this thesis, I show how I solved this problem. Also, discussed in this thesis is how the new JML compiler (jml4c) was built on the Eclipse platform. To reduce maintainability issues with regards to code base for current and future versions of Java, Eclipse was chosen as the base compiler. The code base to support new Java language constructs can now be then implicitly maintained by the Eclipse team, which is outside the JML community. Most of Level 0 and Level 1 features of JML have been implemented. These are the features that are most commonly used in JML specifications. Almost 3500 JUnit test cases were newly created and run. Test cases and sample files from jmlc were incorporated to check completeness of the implementation. A subset of the DaCapo benchmark was used to test the correctness and performance of the new compiler. Almost 1.5 million lines of code was compiled across 350 packages generating about 5000 class files which shows that the compiler built can be used for practical and industrial purposes. I observed that my proposed technique or the AST merging technique on an average is about about 1.6 times faster than the double-round strategy of jmlc;overall, jml4c was three times faster than jmlc. I also observed that this speedup increases with increase in lines of source code. As any industrial code or a sample code for which JML specification can be meaningfully used ranges in thousands of lines of code, our proposed technique will benefit from this. The implementation details showed the feasibility of the AST merging technique on the Eclipse platform which included front end support (lexing, parsing, type-checking) ii and back-end support (RAC generation and code generation). Several new features were also added that was either absent or partially implemented in jmlc. Some of them includes adding support for runtime specification inside inner classes, annotation for the enhancedfor loop, support for labeled statements, enhanced error messages and others.


TsVeTkoVa, V., 2014. Plasma metabolites in fattening pigs. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 238-242 The experiments are carried out with castrated male pigs fed individually from 20 kg to 100 kg live weight. The animals from the control group (12 pigs) are fed with standard soybean-corn feedstuff and these from the experimental group (12 pigs) – with soybean-barley mixture. The pigs are fed with rations equal in content of protein and energy. The objective of the inves tigation is to establish the level of the main plasma metabolites, participating in the cholesterol transport and the possibility to affect them in fattening pigs by the effect of barley included in the feed content. The blood plasma is analyzed for content of total protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, triacylglycerols and lipoprotein classes: chylomicrons, low density lipoproteins, very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. The obtained concentrations of the main plasma metabolites in the control and experimental group according to the bio logical norms and show a presence of a full value synthesis and secretion of liver proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, triacylglycerols and lipoproteins. The main lipoprotein classes in the blood plasma of both animal groups are in the physiological optimum range and don't show differences obligated to the feeding factor. The ratio high density lipoproteins/ low density lipoproteins for the two groups increases from 0.81 for 20 kg up to 1.04 and 1.18 for 50 kg and reaches values from 1.45 and 1.57 for 100 kg animals, for the control and experimental group respectively.


Information and communication technology (ICT) is continuously setting the pace for a changing, competitive and dynamic global marketplace and representing an enabling platform for business and socioeconomic development. The impact of ICT adoption, diffusion and adoption can go well beyond being a state-of the-art infrastructure; it can have concrete impact on development. ICT strategy development from start to finish, from design to implementation should cater to the different needs of the community whether it is societal, economic, business and political with an aim to realize universal access to optimize the impact in terms of scalability and sustainability. Building the ICT infrastructure and infostructure will not realize quantum leaps in the development process unless it is coupled with concrete projects and initiatives that engage the society at large with its multiple stakeholders from public, private, government and civil society organizations irrespective of their locations whether urban or remote, gender or background. This chapter describes the evolution of the ICT sector in Egypt with an emphasis on national ICT strategy development across its different design and implementation phases as an integral element of Egypt's overall development process within the context of an emerging economy.


Abstract This paper reviews results on the nature and thermo-tectonic interpretation of widespread pyrrhotite remagnetizations in the Himalaya. Throughout the last two decades a large dataset has been acquired, in particular from low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Tethyan Sedimentary Series (TSS). The nature of this magnetization is a thermoremanence when the peak metamorphic temperature Tmax exceeded the Curie temperature (Tc c. 325 °C) of pyrrhotite; in this case the remanence age can be related to last metamorphic cooling. For Tmax<Tc, the remanence can be of chemical, thermochemical or thermoremanent origin. Cooling ages show a systematic trend of c. 50–20 Ma from the western to the eastern Himalaya. The pyrrhotite remagnetizations post-date main Himalayan folding and record late orogenic long-wavelength rotations and tiltings around vertical and horizontal axes. Remanence directions in the western Himalaya are well matching with large-scale deformations of rotational shortening and oroclinal bending, while in the central and eastern Himalaya they are predominantly controlled by meso-scale effects due to crustal doming. Stable pyrrhotite remanences are especially typical for low-grade marly limestones in the TSS, but were also found in medium-grade rocks of the Lesser Himalaya, highly metamorphic rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline and diorite dykes intruding into the TSS.


In practice, data gathered by wireless sensor networks often belongs in a low-dimensional subspace, but it can present missing as well as corrupted values due to sensor malfunctioning and/or malicious attacks. We study the problem of Maximum Likelihood estimation of the low-rank factors of the underlying structure in such situation, and develop an Expectation-Maximization algorithm to this purpose, together with an effective initialization scheme. The proposed method outperforms previous schemes based on an initial faulty sensor identification stage, and is competitive in terms of complexity and performance with convex optimization-based matrix completion approaches.


ABSTRACT Background: Research with nondepressed adults suggests that social networks and social support are stable over the life course until very late age. This may not hold true for older adults with depression. We examined baseline status and trajectories of social networks and social support at the group and individual levels over five years. Methods: The sample consisted of 339 initially depressed adults aged 59 or older (M = 69 years) enrolled in a naturalistic study of depression. Measures of social ties, including social network size, frequency of interaction, instrumental support, and subjective support, were administered at baseline and yearly for five years. Results: Latent growth curve models were estimated for each aspect of social ties. On average, social network size and frequency of interaction were low at baseline and remained stable over time, whereas subjective and instrumental support were high at baseline yet increased over time. There was significant variation in the direction and rate of change over time, which was not predicted by demographic or clinical factors. Conclusions: Because increasing social networks may be ineffective and may not be possible for a portion of people who already receive maximal support, interventions to increase social support may only work for a portion of older depressed adults.


Over many decades, the transport sector has played a significant role in contributing to economic growth. Unfortunately, this sector has not only provided positive effects, but also has produced a number of negative impacts on society. These impacts are known as the external costs, and include traffic pollution, congestion and accident costs. Transport users rarely take these costs into consideration when they make travel decisions. As a result, the number of external costs is growing and is likely to continue to increase in parallel with the increase of urban mobility. This thesis proposes a novel recommendation system, known as the Agent-based Public-Friendly Route Recommendation (APF2R). The APF2R can help commuters make green, safe and less congested travel decisions, while supporting society to mitigate the external costs. A novel persuasive reward algorithm is introduced, which can be used by other researchers to balance two conflicted parties. This study demonstrates an agent-based model, which was used to evaluate the persuasiveness of recommendation systems. The result of the proposed system shows potential in addressing the problem of external costs. An analysis of the experimental results undertaken here, captures the evolution of the distance of users' ranks. These results indicate a means of persuasion in connection with behavioural change.


Colonoscopy of a 38-year-old woman with persistent diarrhea despite drug therapy revealed no inflammatory changes in the colonic mucosa, but a dark blue, elevated lesion with a diameter of 3 cm was incidentally discovered in the right colonic flexure (Fig. 1A). Computed tomography showed vascular lesions with a clear boundary, 3 cm in diameter, with a patchy contrast effect in the right colonic flexure. The late arterial phase of angiography revealed a scattered light cotton-like stain that was consistent with the location of the lesion and vein flow into the lesion was noticeable during the venous phase (Fig. 1B). According to the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification, this lesion was diagnosed as a venous malformation (formerly known as a cavernous hemangioma). Intervention therapy is not considered suitable for this type of vascular anomaly, but therapy such as endoscopic mucosal resection has been described for venous malformations. However, the size of the lesion and the shape of the base precluded endoscopic therapy. The patient was therefore treated by laparoscopic ascending colon resection. Histologically, vascular endothelial cells had proliferated from the submucosa through the muscle layer and subserosa, which was consistent with a venous malformation (Fig. 2).


Spleen and fetal liver B cells of normal mice synthesized idiotypes shared by anti-DNA autoantibodies of genetically autoimmune mice. Some of the idiotypes were specific for DNA; the majority, however, were not. The findings indicate that the autoantibody idiotypes are related to a conserved family of antibody variable regions that are present in normal animals.


On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and geodynamics. Contributions from LLR include the three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in accuracy in the lunar ephemeris, a several-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the measurement of the variations in the moon's rotation, and the verification of the principle of equivalence for massive bodies with unprecedented accuracy. Lunar laser ranging analysis has provided measurements of the Earth's precession, the moon's tidal acceleration, and lunar rotational dissipation. These scientific results, current technological developments, and prospects for the future are discussed here.


BACKGROUND
Nurses increasingly manage acute illness in United Kingdom (UK) general practice. Few data exist about patients routinely consulting with these nurses. There are concerns that providing this additional service will lower thresholds for consulting with an overall increase in workload. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is the commonest reason for consulting. Inappropriate antibiotics promote resistant bacteria. Nurse management of URTI is an ideal opportunity to promote self-care and nonantibiotic management.

AIMS
To describe the effects of a specially trained practice nurse managing URTI in a general practice in Cardiff, UK.

METHODS
Descriptive study.

RESULTS
Data were collected on 132 patients consulting with the nurse. We also collected data on 234 patients consulting general practitioners (GPs) in the same practice. Patients seen by the nurse were younger and less likely to be given antibiotics at the time of their index illness than those who saw GPs (7% vs. 93%; P < 0.001). During the year following the consultation with the nurse, patients consulted slightly less often and received antibiotics for URTI less often compared with the year preceding this consultation (P=0.02). Their consultation rate for all conditions did not change. The consultation rates for URTI of the patients managed by the GPs remained constant and consultations for all conditions increased (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Nurse management of URTI did not lower patients' threshold for future consulting, and patients who saw her were prescribed antibiotics less often.


The commonplaces about postmodernism are themselves burdensome commonplaces. They evacuate nuance and historical understanding, and to notice their performance in spheres both popular and academic is to cringe. (The "there is no truth" line is a prime example; other examples include the equation of "postmodernism" with intensive "irony," as if irony didn't exist until the twentieth-century. Then there is the converse, which is the casual, unelaborated bashing of terms like "humanism"--or even "totality"--seen to be postmodernism's opposite.) (1) If postmodernism's urgency as a category of analysis--as a condition (Jameson), or as a poetics (Hutcheon)--no longer carries the same relevance it did even ten years ago, then specificity, a modicum of precision, is yet enormously important, even if describing, as Bill Brown points out, a cultural logic "that evacuates or eradicates essence" (736). Looking through PMLA which is, after all, the official organ of our field--I discovered only three essays published with the words "postmodernism," "postmodernity," or "postmodern" in their titles since the turn of the twenty-first century: two in 2005, one in 2007. The shift this thinness represents (compared to seven essays overall in the period from 1989-1999) is typical of a shift away from postmodernism as appellation, its apparatus as nomenclature. This is a shift I can also track in my own work, which is about a subject many take as transparently "postmodern"--comics. (The form of comics is, broadly speaking, obviously relevant to postmodernism in that it is, unlike, say, the novel, itself an approximately twentieth-century form, and an inherently self-reflexive one that mixes high and mass modes.) (2) Yet if "postmodernism" dropped out of my primary critical vocabulary, central concepts and hermeneutics it sponsors or opens up, especially for exploring contemporary forms like comics, remain indispensable. What remains after anxieties about and even interest in taxonomy shed themselves? What is not exhausted even if we are not heralding it as "postmodernism" anymore? I was keenly interested in postmodernism in graduate school. I began graduate study in 1999, year of the millennial panic and The Matrix; one year before the traumatizing 2000 national election and two years before 9/11. All of my favorite courses had "postmodernism" in their titles. There was--from three different professors--"The 60s and Postmodernism," "Postmodern/Postsecular," and "Postmodern Theater and Performance." These courses shaped my thinking profoundly (then and to this day). In my Twentieth-Century Interest Group, of which I was the nominal organizer, we read and debated College English's "Twentieth-Century Literature in the New Century" (2001)--a special issue explicitly motivated by the matter of the usefulness of and connections between the categories "modern" and "postmodern." (3) When Orals came around, my methodology list, on feminist theory, had a subsection on "Postmodern Locations" that included works such as "Postmodern Blackness" (bell hooks), "Feminism and Postmodernism: In Lieu of an Ending" (Susan Suleiman), "The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism" (Craig Owens), books like Doing lime: Feminist Theory and Postmodern Culture (Rita Felski), and critical volumes such as Feminism/Postmodernism (ed. Linda Nicholson), which operated like a bible for me. My dissertation was heavily engaged with postmodernism, manifest in deep critical engagements with Linda Hutcheon and Fredric Jameson, among other famous articulators of postmodernism. It was about innovative narrative forms whose subject is history--specifically, it is about the possibilities of the medium of comics in this area and I remember thinking, ashamedly, to myself about Hutcheon's A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction (1988), that I wished my dissertation could simply argue that contemporary comics are "historiographic metafiction," Hutcheon's compelling assessment of what constitutes the poetics of postmodernism. …


We met only briefly at Derry Jeffares' home in Leeds in 1964 on the evening of the day Chinua read his paper 'The Novelist as Teacher'. We met again at Nsukka in the month preceding the separation of Biafra. Geoffrey Hill, the British poet, had come to Ibadan for a term on leave from Leeds. Desmond Maxwell, Dean of Arts at lbadan at the time, very kindly let us have the Peugeot 404 Faculty wagon for our journey. We trekked to Benin and then to Nsukka on a two-day hop. On the west of the Niger it was easy enough: after Asaba/Ontisha one had a portent of things to come. We found Nsukka, then a wonder of a University, aglow with health and enquiry and forwardness, everything that should exist to serve the nation with disinterested enquiry, helpful comment on nationhood. This serial is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol12/iss2/18


In this article, we use autoethnography to explore autobiographical narratives of being both people of colour and care leavers. The conversations were recorded (audio and transcription) and themes include identity, common emotional responses, perspectives, the challenges of being Asian and Black and in care, identifying as a care leaver in adulthood, race and racism. This article will explore the themes in detail while considering the differences in context of the lived experiences of the two authors, with one having been adopted by a white, British family and being of dual ethnicity, while the other being of South Asian ethnicity and having experienced foster care, including short-term foster placements. This article will explore not only experiences of childhood, but also of those faced in adulthood related to the two identifiers discussed. Although there will be some discussion on the outward, including society's response, challenges and outcomes, in particular regarding children in care and race, there will be a focus on the inward, the emotional and intellectual understanding of these issues.


Prefix deaggregation is recognized as a steady long-lived phenomenon at the interdomain level, despite its well-known negative effects for the community. The advertisement of more-specific prefixes provides network operators with a fine-grained method to control the interdomain ingress traffic. Moreover, customer networks combining this mechanism with selective advertisements may decrease their monthly transit traffic bill and potentially impact the business of their providers. In this paper, we develop a methodology for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to monitor new occurrences of prefix deaggregation within their customer base. Moreover, the ISPs can detect on their own when deaggregation may decrease the transit bill of their customer networks. We first examine the ISP's BGP routing data for new cases of prefix deaggregation generated by customers. Then, we check for selective advertisements of the newly generated prefixes using external routing data. We look beyond the incentives for deploying this type of strategy and instead we examine its economic impact. We exemplify the proposed methodology on a complete set of data including routing, traffic, topological and billing information provided by a major Japanese ISP and we discuss the implications of the obtained results.


Perceptions of mentors' practices related to primary science teaching were obtained from final year preservice teachers after a 4-week practicum. Responses to a survey (n=59), constructed through literature-based practices and attributes of effective mentors, identified perceived strengths and weaknesses in the area of mentoring preservice teachers of primary science. Through exploratory factor analysis, this pilot study also tested the unidimensionality of mentoring practices and attributes assigned to categories (factors) that may characterise mentoring in primary science teaching. These suggested factors, namely, personal attributes, system requirements, pedagogical knowledge, modelling, and feedback had Cronbach alpha coefficients of internal consistency reliability of 0.93, 0.78, 0.94, 0.90, and 0.81 respectively. Survey responses indicated that mentors generally do not provide specific mentoring in primary science teaching. It is argued that science education reform requires the identification of factors and associated attributes and practices of mentoring primary science in order to effectively develop preservice teachers in primary science teaching.


Do wealth shocks affect the health of the elderly in developed countries? The economic literature is sceptical about such effects which have so far only been found for poor retirees in poor countries. In this paper I show that wealth shocks also matter for the health of wealthy retirees in the US. I exploit the booms and busts in the US stock market as a natural experiment that generated considerable gains and losses in the wealth of stock-holding retirees. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study I construct wealth shocks as the interaction of stock holdings with stock market changes. These constructed wealth shocks are highly predictive of changes in reported wealth. And they strongly affect health outcomes. A 10% wealth shock leads to an improvement of 2-3% of a standard deviation in physical health, mental health and survival rates. Effects are heterogeneous across physical health conditions, with most pronounced effects for the incidence of high blood pressure, smaller effects for heart problems and no effects for arthritis, diabetes, lung diseases and cancer. The comparison with the cross-sectional relationship of wealth and health suggests that the estimated effects of wealth shocks are larger than the long-run wealth elasticity of health.


Background and Objectives: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is characterized by a pattern of video game playing that results in significant issues with daily life (e.g. problems with inter-personal relationships or poor academic/job performance), and where the gaming persists despite these negative outcomes. Here we tested the hypothesis that the prevalence of IGD depends on the types of games a child plays. Methods: A sample of 2,982 children from Singaporean primary and secondary schools were recruited for the current study. They filled out questionnaires related to IGD symptoms, general video game play habits, as well as other measures of daily life function. Games were categorized into five genres (Role-playing, Strategy, Action, Puzzle, Music) and the prevalence of IGD was examined as a function of each individual's favorite genre of game. Results: Not all genres were equally associated with IGD. The highest rates of IGD were associated with players of Role-playing games followed by players of Action, Music, Strategy, and Puzzle games, respectively. However, this pattern was only found in secondary school-age children with primary school-aged children showing no differentiation by genre. Conclusion: Consistent with previous work, respondents' favorite game genres predicted differential probabilities of IGD. However, this was only true in older children, not in younger children. Future work is needed to determine if this is because young children are not susceptible to the differential influence of various genres or because the games that young children play within these genres lack the critical ingredients that exist in these game types played by older children and adults.


Bacteria can undergo sporulation or competence (the ability to uptake DNA) in response to nutrient deprivation. Süel et al. monitored, in individual Bacillus subtilis cells, the expression of genes in the core signaling circuit that governs competence and analyzed the expression patterns using a mathematical model of a dynamical system that exhibits excitability (that is, small perturbations cause large changes, which eventually return to baseline). The transcription factor ComK is the master regulator of competence, and it stimulates transcription of multiple genes, including its own gene comK and the comG operon. Süel et al. define a core regulatory module "MecKS" for competence in terms of ComK, the MecA complex that degrades ComK, and ComS, which inhibits the MecA complex. They monitored activity of the promoters for the comK and comG genes (PcomK and PcomG) in single cells and also monitored sporulation or competence in the same cells. The activity of the PcomK and PcomG increased at the initiation of competence and declined as cells exited the competent state and returned to vegetative growth. When PcomG and PcomS were monitored simultaneously, the two promoters had an inverse relationship. In competent cells, PcomG increased and PcomS decreased, whereas when cells resumed vegetative growth, activity of PcomG decreased and that of PcomS increased. Using the dynamical model of the MeKS module (which incorporates noise and the positive feedback loop from ComK to itself and the negative feedback loop by which ComK inhibits ComS) to analyze the data, the authors showed that noise-triggered changes in the abundance of ComK or ComS can trigger a large change in what is called the "phase space," which reflects the ability of noise to trigger an increase in ComK and the decrease in ComS associated with acquisition of competence. The model also predicted that interference with the ComS negative feedback should produce a stable system such that the cells cannot exit from competence. The authors produced such a strain and proved this to be correct. The cells in which ComS did not decrease became competent with wild-type frequencies but failed to return to the vegetative state and ultimately died. G. M. Süel, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, L. M. Liberman, M. B. Elowitz, An excitable gene regulatory circuit induces transient cellular differentiation. Nature 440, 545-550 (2006). [PubMed]


Expectations about future inflation are an important factor determining current inflation and therefore the ability of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to meet its 2% inflation target. Households' inflation expectations are informed by recent perceptions of inflation, particularly at shorter horizons. Wider macroeconomic factors, including the inflation target, also inform households' inflation expectations, and more so at longer horizons.


Small spiny marine palynomorphs have been the focus of recent palynological studies since their high proportions in Antarctic Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic assemblages were noted. These palynomorphs were assigned to the dinoflagellate cyst Impletosphaeridium clavus and they were believed to have had an affinity with some modern round brown spiny cysts (RBSCs). Our study aims to analyse there together with potential modern analogues by comparing Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Antarctic specimens with some RBSCs recorded from the Holocene of southern Argentina. We confirm several features in common between these specimens, although differences in processes and the cyst wall are observed. The species could have been produced by dinoflagellates similar to those that generate some RBSCs. Their abundance in the Late Cretaceous may have occurred in response to short term cooling pulses without development of sea-ice cover. Cenozoic records are considered to be reworked, restricting the stratigraphical range of Impletosphaeridium clavus.


Background: In 2011, Stellenbosch University introduced a district hospital-based longitudinal integrated model for final-year students as part of its rural clinical school. The present study is an analysis of students' experiences during the first 3 years of the programme. Methods: All 13 students who started the programme between 2011 and 2013 were interviewed. Thematic networks linking recurrent issues were developed and transcripts were analysed against this framework using ATLAS.ti. Results: Two major themes emerged. These were 'preparation for being a doctor' and 'academic/exam preparation'. Students were overwhelmingly positive about the working atmosphere and their preparation for clinical practice and felt that their learning had been facilitated by the flexibility of the programme and the requirement to take responsibility. This contrasted with their academic ('book') learning, which was characterised by uncertainty about expectations, particularly regarding exams and parity with learning at the central teaching hospital. The flexibility of the integrated approach was seen as a problematic lack of structure when it came to academic learning. Negative academic emotions were compounded by some frustration about administrative issues early in the programme. Conclusions: The district hospital-based longitudinal integrated model has great potential as a teaching platform for final-year students; however, students remain concerned about academic learning. Potential strategies to reduce student anxiety include more opportunities for dialogue between rural students and specialist teaching platforms, clearly communicated expectations – both about what the students can expect from the programme and about what is expected from them – and administrative excellence.


Background/Context In response to a shortage of highly qualified teachers, states and school districts have enacted a number of policy innovations over the last two decades. While researchers have evaluated many of these reforms, little is known about the initial effectiveness of individuals with prior teaching assistant experience. We review existing literature related to teaching assistants and utilize administrative data to examine a number of characteristics of individuals who transition from work as teaching assistants to jobs as regular classroom teachers. Study Purpose Individuals who become classroom teachers after having prior experience in schools working as teaching assistants may perform differently than other teachers due to additional exposure to classroom practices. The purpose of this study is to identify differences in the characteristics, effectiveness, and persistence of teachers who work as teaching assistants prior to entering the classroom as regular classroom teachers. Population While the population of focus varies somewhat across research questions, we generally focus on teachers with less than five years of experience working in elementary and middle school grades in all North Carolina public schools from 2005–2006 to 2009–2010. Additional data on teaching assistants employed from 2000–2001 to 2009–2010 in North Carolina public schools allows identification of individuals who had prior experience as teaching assistants in the state. Research Design Using administrative data records, we utilize quantitative descriptions of teacher characteristics and persistence to identify differences between teachers who entered the classroom with prior teaching assistant experience and other groups of teachers. For effectiveness comparisons, we estimate value-added models to compare the effectiveness of teachers in the identified groups of interest. Findings/Results Overall, we find that teachers who began as teaching assistants are (1) older, more racially diverse, lower-scoring on licensure exams, and more likely to enter the profession alternatively; (2) more effective in elementary-grades math and reading; and (3) more likely to remain as classroom teachers in North Carolina public schools. Conclusions/Recommendations These findings indicate that former teaching assistants represent a quality and highly persistent labor source and call for continued research to understand how additional exposure to classrooms benefits early-career teacher performance.


Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot history schoolbooks adopted a similar model of ethnic nationalism focusing on the suffering of the Self and presenting an essentialist, unchanging view of national identity. However, the new books that recently appeared on the Turkish Cypriot side follow a social-constructivist model of history, which presents nationalism and national identity as emerging under specific historical conditions rather than as given. They avoid homogenizing assumptions by presenting internal differentiations, and indicate instances of internal violence and suffering of others. These changes have significant implications regarding notions of blame and trauma, and allow for identity to emerge as a political choice.


As reports in the popular press often illustrate, the fascination with monstrous births is still with us. Whether as objects of salacious curiosity, medical study, or as signs and portents, monstrous births have been studied throughout history, yet comparatively little has been written to explore this peculiar interest. In "Signs and Portents" , Wilson charts the changes in attitude to monstrous births from the Renaissance to the 19th century. Drawing on a wealth of printed sources throughout Europe, many of which are little known to scholars, he shows how monsters were interpreted in the 16th century as mysterious visitations from God, auguring bad times and bewitchment. Through the Enlightenment these ideas gradually changed to include the natural historian's curiosity in the strange and wondrous, before monsters increasingly came to be seen as problems for medicine to understand. Illustrated with quotations from an abundance of pamphlets and books, as well as including unfamiliar illustrations, "Signs and Portents" is the first full-length study of monstrous births for over half a century. This book should be of interest to undergraduates and postgraduates; history, history of medicine and history of ideas.


In our investigation on skin fungal flora associated with 9 different skin sites of 238 healthy people, including 119 males and 119 females, 3 Metschnikowia species were isolated. 2 of them were detected from the fingernail and the exile of an 87-year-old man and 1 of them was detected from the groin of a 76-years-old man. Collected samples were examined by culture on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar and then 3 yeast-like organisms with reddish pigment, were detected. For precise identification, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA region was sequenced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation reddish pigment producer Metschnikowia spp. as human cutaneous residents in Iran. According to the fact that the intensity of pigmentation is correlated with the antimicrobial activity, this rare yeast is a human colonizer that specially can turn into a human pathogen in immunocompromised patients.


The objective of this study was to estimate the potential effectiveness of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems using simulation of crashes drawn from Australian in-depth crash data. 104 crashes that occurred within 100 km of Adelaide, South Australia, were used to assess the potential effect of AEB systems. The crashes had been investigated at the scene, reconstructed to determine collision speeds, and in this study they were analyzed using simulation to estimate how collision speeds and injury risks would have been modified by each of several AEB systems considered. Crash types considered were rear-end, pedestrian, head-on, right angle, right turn and a proportion of hit-fixed-object crashes. Other crash types were thought to be less responsive to the effects of AEB and were not considered. The variation in AEB systems were described using several parameters: the range of the forward-looking zone, the angle or width of the forward-looking zone, the processing time for the system to respond to the road user or object in its path (latency), the time-to-collision (TTC) at which the system would intervene, and the strength of the intervention (the level of braking). The AEB simulation used information from the trajectory of vehicles in the 104 crash reconstructions to estimate what difference each system would have made to the collision speed in each case and for each AEB system considered. Injury risk curves were used to estimate changes in fatal and injury crash risk in each case. The reductions in risk were weighted according to the rate of crash involvement of vehicles, based on the patterns of crashes in New South Wales for years 1999-2009. The overall reductions in risk produced by the various AEB systems were substantial. Systems were predicted to reduce fatal crashes by 20-25% and injury crashes by 25-35%. Note that these estimates rely on assumptions about universal operability and reliability of systems.


SERS is well suited to detecting and fingerprinting environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls. For this reason, we have been investigating SERS for identifying and quantifying the individual components of mixtures of these and related compounds. Initially, very simple monosubstituted aromatic compounds are being studied. One of the simplest of these is 3-chloropyridine (CP). This compound has been found to give very intense NIR-SER spectra on copper colloids and on copper electrodes; these results have been previously reported. In this paper we report the NIR-SER spectrum of 3-picoline on a copper electrode as well as the NIR-SER spectra of a mixture of 3-picoline and 3-chloropyridine on a copper electrode at several different potentials. Electrode potential effects on SER spectra have been mentioned in many reports, but there have been very few studies that have dealt specifically with these effects, and fewer still that have dealt with the SER spectra of mixtures. Most of the qualitative features of SERS are explained by two models, an electromagnetic model and a charge-transfer model. Variation of SER spectra with electrode potential is predicted by the charge-transfer model and is a result of the shift of the energy of the charge-transfer band in the metal with respect to the photon energy from changes in the applied voltage. Therefore, for near-infrared excitation, the optimal electrode potential might be different from that for visible-wavelength excitation. Variation of electrode potential might also have analytical uses. We are investigating the use of electrode potential for obtaining additional information about the SER spectra of mixtures. Eventually, we hope to make these measurements in contaminated aquifers using optical fibers. Near-infrared excitation is being used for these studies because of its high transmission in optical fibers and because it minimizes fiber background fluorescence.


A new series of rigid rod protected and terminal dialkynes with extended π-conjugation through aromatic and hetero-aromatic linker units in the backbone, 2,5-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-1-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4-methoxybenzene 1a, 2,5-bis(ethynyl)-1-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4-methoxybenzene 1b, 5,8-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)quinoline 2a, 5,8-bis(ethynyl)quinoline 2b, 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)quinoxaline 3a, 2,3-diphenyl-5,8-bis(ethynyl)quinoxaline 3b, 4,7-bis(trimethysilylethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 4a and 4,7-bis(ethynyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole 4b, has been synthesised. Treatment of the complex trans-[Pt(Ph)(Cl)(Et3P)2] with half an equivalent of the diterminal alkynes 1b–4b in iPr2NH–CH2Cl2, in the presence of CuI, at room temperature, afforded the platinum(II) di-yne complexes trans-[(Et3P)2(Ph)Pt–CC–R–CC–Pt(Ph)(Et3P)2] [R = 1-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4-methoxybenzene-2,5-diyl 1c, quninoline-5,8-diyl 2c, 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline-5,8-diyl 3c, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl 4c] in good yields. The new acetylide-functionalised ligands and the platinum(II)
σ-acetylide complexes have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic methods and X-ray single crystal structure determinations for 2c–4c. The absorption spectra of the complexes 2c–4c show substantial donor–acceptor interaction between the platinum(II) centres and the conjugated ligands. The photoluminescence spectra of 1c–3c show characteristic singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) emissions. Both the singlet and triplet emissions as well as the absorption decrease in energy with increasing electronegativity of the spacer groups along the series 1c–4c.


This thesis presents an axiomatic method for proving certain correctness properties of parallel programs. Axioms and inference rules for partial correctness are given for two parallel programming languages: The General Parallel Language and the Restricted Parallel Language. The General Language is flexible enough to represent most standard synchronizers (e.g. semaphores, events), so that programs using these synchronizers may be verified using the GPL deductive system. However, proofs for GPL programs are in general quite complex. The Restricted Language reduces this complexity by requiring shared variables to be protected by critical sections, so that only one process at a time has access to them. This discipline does not significantly reduce the power of the language, and it greatly simplifies the process of program verification. Although the axioms and inference rules are primarily intended for proofs of partial correctness, there are a number of other important properties of parallel programs. We give some practical techniques which use information obtained from a partial correctness proof to derive other correctness properties, including program termination, mutual exclusion, and freedom from deadlock. A number of examples of such proofs are given. Finally, the axioms and inference rules are shown to be consistent and complete (in a special sense) with respect to an interpretive model of parallel execution. Thus the deductive system gives an accurate description of program execution and is powerful enough to yield a proof of any true partial correctness formula.


In the field of radiation protection, complex computationally expensive algorithms are used to predict radiation doses, to organs in the human body from exposure to internally deposited radionuclides. These algorithms contain many inputs, the true values of which are uncertain. Current methods for assessing the effects of the input uncertainties on the output of the algorithms are based on Monte Carlo analyses, i.e. sampling from subjective prior distributions that represent the uncertainty on each input, evaluating the output of the model and calculating sample statistics. For complex computationally expensive algorithms, it is often not possible to get a large enough sample for a meaningful uncertainty analysis. This thesis presents an alternative general theory for uncertainty analysis, based on the use of stochastic process models, in a Bayesian context. The measures provided by the Monte Carlo analysis are obtained, plus extra more informative measures, but using a far smaller sample. The theory is initially developed in a general form and then specifically for algorithms with inputs whose uncertainty can be characterised by independent normal distributions.
The Monte Carlo and Bayesian methodologies are then compared using two practical examples. The first example, is based on a simple model developed to calculate doses due to radioactive iodine. This model has two normally distributed uncertain parameters and due to its simplicity an independent measurement of the true uncertainty on the output is available for comparison. This exercise appears to show that the Bayesian methodology is superior in this simple case. The purpose of the second example is to determine if the methodology is practical in a 'real-life' situation and to compare it with a Monte Carlo analysis. A model for calculating doses due to plutonium contamination is used. This model is computationally expensive and has fourteen uncertain inputs. The Bayesian analysis compared favourably to the Monte Carlo, indicating that it has the potential to provide more accurate uncertainty analyses for the parameters of computationally expensive algorithms.


The fractionation of human plasma still essentially remains the only biotechnological approach to make several life-saving protein therapeutics required to treat several human diseases. Plasma products include a range of coagulation factors (such as factor VIII, factor IX, the prothrombin complex, Von Willebrand factor, or fibrinogen and several others), polyvalent and hyperimmune (such as anti-RhO, anti-hepatitis B, anti-rabies, or anti-tetanus) immunoglobulins (IgGs), protease inhibitors (such as alpha 1-antitrypsin and C1-inhibitor), anticoagulants (such as antithrombin), and albumin. Considering the therapeutic role played by these products at global level, it is essential that they are extracted from human plasma by applying properly regulated industrial processes capable to ensure optimal quality, safety, and recovery. The current plasma fractionation methods used by the pharmaceutical industry still derive from the cold ethanol precipitation process developed in the 1940's by Cohn and his collaborators. However, the technology, and the manufacturing practices used, have evolved dramatically in the last few years to provide optimized selective hemotherapy to patients, ensure optimal use of the plasma raw material limited resource, and last, but not least, introduce dedicated treatments to increase the safety margin and avoid virus transmissions. This review analyzes the current status of the plasma fractionation industry and its likely development in the foreseeable future.


Even though significant improvements have been made in sodium ion batteries, battery management mandates that all batteries in a pack are kept at an acceptable level of more than 80% capacity retention after a long cycle when it is tested for emergencies. Based on these realistic facts, the present study profitably exploits in situ grown reduced graphene oxide on 3D Na3V2 (PO4)3 matrices exhibiting a high rate performance and a specific discharge capacity of 117 mAh g−1. Unlike the earlier literature reports, it is demonstrated that the fabricated electrode shows >85% capacity retention after 6000 cycles at 10 C, the longest cycle life reported till date. The work also reasons in‐depth the outstanding sodiation/desodiation capabilities to the low hysteresis voltage and how these electrodes can be used for deep discharges by extending the potential window to 1.3–3.8 V (vs Na/Na+) resulting in a noteworthy specific capacity of ≈165.4 mAh g−1 at 1 C.


This chapter critically examines Mugabe's two speeches. The one he delivered at the United Nations (UN) climate change summit that was held in Copenhagen in 2009 and the other one he delivered at the 2008 Zimbabwean independence celebrations. The chapter argues that not only conversations with explicit participants can be regarded as argumentative (van Eemeren, 2010). Thus, to achieve the purpose, the pragma-dialectic theory of argumentation is employed. The analysis of the speeches show how Mugabe utilised the podium to dialogically interact with the audience, both outside and inside, persuasively inviting them to align with him (speaker) and disalign with the 'negative' voices. The analysis also confirms that stance taking and value positioning is a factor in argumentative discourse.


Objective: To study the prevalence and incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase -producing microorganisms, microbiological characteristics and antimicrobial-susceptibility patterns.
Methods: A prospective study involving all cases of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase -producing microorganisms among all bacteriological samples collected over a 1-year period from 11 November 2015 to 10 November 2016, in the Clinical and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms and antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles were done using automated Vitek 2 system. Clinical data such as recent use of antibiotics or invasive devices were investigated as risk factors for multidrug resistance.
Results: The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms was 5.4% (95% CI = 4.7% – 6.2%); for an incidence = 54 per 1,000 isolates-years. Distribution by species showed 70.0% Escherichia coli, 28.5% Klebsiella pneumoniae and 1.5% Proteus mirabilis. Vitek 2 system showed 6% of false positive ESBL detections by reference to confirmatory E-test. Antimicrobial- susceptibility tests showed that 86.5% of beta-lactamase-producing strains were resistant to ≥ 1 other antimicrobial class and 20% were multidrug resistant. Univariate logistic regression showed that the presence of multidrug resistance was significantly predicted by age (OR = 1.02; P = 0.026), use of urinary catheter (OR = 2.05; P = 0.046) and number of devices used (OR = 1.60; P = 0.046); only age (OR = 1.02; P = 0.022) was significant in the multivariate model.
Conclusion: Clinicians and microbiologists should maintain a high level of alertness and contribute for effective screening and adequate treatment of infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing organisms according to international guidelines and the local epidemiological picture.


Rivers carved into uplifted plateaus are commonly disrupted by discrete events from the surrounding landscape, such as lava flows or large mass movements. These disruptions are independent of slope, basin area, or channel discharge, and can dominate aspects of valley morphology and channel behavior for many kilometers. We document and assess the effects of one type of disruptive event, lava dams, on river valley morphology and incision rates at a variety of time scales, using examples from the Owyhee River in southeastern Oregon. Six sets of basaltic lava flows entered and dammed the river canyon during two periods in the late Cenozoic ca. 2 Ma–780 ka and 250–70 ka. The dams are strongly asymmetric, with steep, blunt escarpments facing up valley and long, low slopes down valley. None of the dams shows evidence of catastrophic failure; all blocked the river and diverted water over or around the dam crest. The net effect of the dams was therefore to inhibit rather than promote incision. Once incision resumed, most of the intracanyon flows were incised relatively rapidly and therefore did not exert a lasting impact on the river valley profile over time scales >10 6 yr. The net long-term incision rate from the time of the oldest documented lava dam, the Bogus Rim lava dam (≤1.7 Ma), to present was 0.18 mm/yr, but incision rates through or around individual lava dams were up to an order of magnitude greater. At least three lava dams (Bogus Rim, Saddle Butte, and West Crater) show evidence that incision initiated only after the impounded lakes filled completely with sediment and there was gravel transport across the dams. The most recent lava dam, formed by the West Crater lava flow around 70 ka, persisted for at least 25 k.y. before incision began, and the dam was largely removed within another 35 k.y. The time scale over which the lava dams inhibit incision is therefore directly affected by both the volume of lava forming the dam and the time required for sediment to fill the blocked valley. Variations in this primary process of incision through the lava dams could be influenced by additional independent factors such as regional uplift, drainage integration, or climate that affect the relative base level, discharge, and sediment yield within the watershed. By redirecting the river, tributaries, and subsequent lava flows to different parts of the canyon, lava dams create a distinct valley morphology of flat, broad basalt shelves capping steep cliffs of Tertiary sediment. This stratigraphy is conducive to landsliding and extends the effects of intracanyon lava flows on channel geomorphology beyond the lifetime of the dams.


With an increasingly diverse ageing population, we need to expand our understanding of how social divisions intersect to affect outcomes in later life.

This edited collection examines ageing, gender, and sexualities from multidisciplinary and geographically diverse perspectives and looks at how these factors combine with other social divisions to affect experiences of ageing. It draws on theory and empirical data to provide both conceptual knowledge and clear 'real-world' illustrations.

The book includes section introductions to guide the reader through the debates and ideas and a glossary offering clear definitions of key terms and concepts.


A multifunctional nano-heterostructured electrocatalyst of transition metal/metal oxide (nickel/nickel oxide) embedded on nitrogen-doped graphene is reported. The hybrid composite of N-doped graphene nanosheets with a high atomic percentage of nitrogen (8.2 at%) and embedded with highly distributed nickel/nickel oxide nanoparticles inside the graphene layers is synthesized by a one pot thermal annealing process. The resultant composite demonstrates excellent electrocatalytic activity utilizing the superior electrocatalytic properties of nickel/nickel oxide nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped graphene. The hybrid exhibits efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties comparable with state-of-the-art electrode Pt/C with a four-electron transfer pathway and superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared to the state-of-the-art electrode for the OER, Ru/C. Alternatively, this composite acts as an excellent electrode material for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) both in acidic and alkaline media. Nevertheless, this composite facilitates the hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction (HPOR) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which is crucial for developing reversible fuel cells and fuel cells with liquid oxidant.


Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, produced in the upper level of the atmosphere. It enters the water cycle after its oxidation and through the precipitation. The measurement of tritium concentration in rainwater is of great importance because it can be used for hydrology investigations such as the recharge mode or the vulnerability of aquifers. For this purpose, rainwater samples were collected for a period of 16 months from October 2002 to January 2004 from a sampling station at Ioannina, northwestern Greece. Each sample was filtered and measured without any further treatment for tritium activity, using a super low-level background, liquid scintillation analyzer. Five mL of the sample were mixed with 15 mL of scintillation cocktail, specially designed for low-level tritium measurements and its beta activity was measured for 500 min. Results show that during the sampling period, the tritium concentration varied up to two fold, increasing during the spring and summer months. The measured tritium concentrations in rainwater, which ranged from 9 ± 4 to 23 ± 5 TU, can be used for local hydrology studies.


The study analyses India's performance in science and technology (S&T), using publications data and different quantitative and qualitative measures. Its focuses on India's global publication share, growth rate, citation quality, international collaborative publications share, its publication share and distribution in various broad and narrow subjects using 15 years data from the Scopus international multidisciplinary database. The study suggests the need to increase the pace of Indian scientific research and also improve its quality compared with other developed and developing countries. It also suggests the need for India to build up its scientific capacity, competence and knowledge base to help bridging the scientific and technological gap with leading countries.


This paper begins by identifying the logic driving the evolving geography of business service networks in Norway. The paper explores the ways in which Norwegian SMEs access external knowledge provided by management consultants. The existing literature on business services has been dominated by studies of large economies. Nevertheless, interesting differences can be identified in the relationship between providers and consumers of knowledge in small economies and especially a country like Norway which has a difficult topography, small and scattered population and an economy not dominated by a global city. The paper draws upon 3 case studies of client firms; two of these case studies are informed by interviews with both the client and the consultant. The paper highlights the importance of three kinds of client/consultant relationship – local knowledge; dislocated knowledge and clients that are insensitive to distance. The importance of local business culture as well as forms of patriotic purchasing behaviour are identified as playing an important role in the decision to employ or not employ consultants. SME, Norway, production, consultants, closeness, distance


PURPOSE
To quantify in vivo GABA concentration levels using a novel parametric proton magnetic resonance signal quantification algorithm called the Fast Pade Transform.

METHODS
Single voxel MEGA-PRESS data were collected on a Siemens 3T Tim Trio system using 12-channel phased-array head coil (TE=68 ms, TR=2000 ms, Voxel size=30×30×30 mm3, Vector size=1024, NEX=64). Both water reference and water suppressed spectra were obtained. A total of three phantoms (containing NAA, Cr, Cho, GABA, and Lac) were created with different GABA concentration levels of 1 mMol, 2 mMol and 3 mMol. In vivo data were collected from the anterior cingulate cortex region in 5 human volunteers. The fast Pade transform algorithm was implemented in MATLAB. Spectral data were processed with this FPT program to obtain parametric information such as frequency, line-width, phase and amplitude. GABA concentration levels were calculated using the ratio of metabolite and water amplitude information, since signal amplitudes are directly proportional to the amount of protons present in the acquisition volume.

RESULTS
The results suggest that the Fast Pade Transform algorithm measured GABA concentrations in phantoms are very close to the actual known values. And this method is capable of quantifying in vivo MEGA-PRESS proton spectra in 5 human brain data with a mean measurement of 2.01 mMol, which agrees with literature reported human brain in vivo GABA concentration level.

CONCLUSION
This work demonstrates the potential of the fast Pade transform technique to quantify the GABA C-4 doublet resonance signals with the MEGA-PRESS acquisition. We plan to test this method with more in vivo data as well as with other MRS acquisition techniques in the future. NIH funding - R01MH092301.


The objective of this thesis was to investigate digestibility and metabolism in Icelandic horses fed forage differing in stage of maturity/harvesting date and at two feeding levels. Additional aims were to compare digestibility and metabolic plasma profile in Icelandic and Standardbred horses. Finally, one aim was to estimate the digestible energy (DE) and digestible crude protein (DCP) requirements of Icelandic horses and compare them to widely used recommendations based on estimates from other breeds. Four studies were performed as change-over arrangements and total collection of faeces was performed for 6 days. In addition, urine was collected in two studies to estimate energy and nitrogen losses. In studies I and II the effects of maturity and harvesting date on the nutritional value of different forages was estimated. Study I was performed on timothy haylage and study II on meadow haylage. In each study 4 horses were used. There was a negative relationship between harvesting date and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of all measured components. The lignin and acid detergent fibre contents were the main components affecting the CTTAD of organic matter (OM), while the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) had less influence. In study III, 8 horses were used and fed high-energy haylage at two feeding levels. The lower feeding level was set at 1.0 and the higher at 1.5 times maintenance energy intake. For all measured dietary components except crude protein (CP), the CTTAD was higher at the lower feeding level. In study IV, 6 Icelandic and 6 Standardbred horses were fed 2 different haylages. No overall breed differences were detected for the CTTAD of energy, CP and NDF. However, the Standarbred horses had higher CTTAD of OM. There were also differences between the breeds in total plasma protein, urea and insulin concentrations. The estimated DE and DCP requirements in sedentary maintenance fed Icelandic horses were comparable to minimum requirements found in general recommendations for horses.


Service oriented computing represents the convergence of technology with an understanding of cross-organizational business processes. A service license describes the terms and conditions for the use and access of the service in a machine interpretable way. Generally, a service provider defines individual services with corresponding service licenses which consumers have to follow. Often, service consumers are interested in selecting a service based on certain licensing terms and/or in composing individual services depending on their needs. Thus, consumer-specified licenses become pivotal in service composition as this allows consumers to make a preference on what their service licenses should be and whether they can compose certain services together in a composition satisfying their specified licensing terms. In this paper, we propose an approach allowing service consumers to specify service licensing terms and select services that match licenses and implement this approach within a semi-automated service composition framework. Furthermore, we present a directional matchmaking algorithm to compare a consumer-specified service license with provider-specified service licenses and produce a composite service license satisfying the consumer-specified license.


Interspousal tort immunity persists de facto through the mechanism of private insurance, the article explains. Although interspousal tort immunity has been eliminated as a doctrinal matter, it endures as a reality. Liability insurance is inseparable from tort liability and drives the tort litigation system in this as well as other contexts. The insurance family member exclusion and the insurance intentional acts exclusion operate together to ensure that interspousal tort claims such as domestic violence tort claims will not be brought. These are reasonably considered to be gender-specific harms and the exclusion of them from tort compensation is a failing of the existing torts system. The article, which ties torts and insurance to feminist theory, was written for a conference which asked participants to explore relational feminism as articulated by scholars such as Robin West and Mary Becker. A liberal feminist critique of family member exclusions, which forbid liability coverage of claims between family members, would claim that they are based on stereotyping about relationships and collusion between family members, and that they should be abolished. A relational feminist viewpoint, which posits that individuals value community and relationships above self-interest, might at first glance provide a justification for family member exclusions. But a broader relational feminist viewpoint might support broader loss-sharing across communities with a recognition that all policyholders should, as part of valuing community and relationships, help compensate through insurance premiums those injured by intentional torts of family members. Therefore, a relational feminist viewpoint might also support their abolition.


Previous studies have indicated that aerobic exercise could reduce age related decline in cognition and brain functioning. Here we investigated the effects of aerobic exercise on intrinsic brain activity. Sixty sedentary healthy males and females (64–78 years) were randomized into either an aerobic exercise group or an active control group. Both groups recieved supervised training, 3 days a week for 6 months. Multimodal brain imaging data was acquired before and after the intervention, including 10 min of resting state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL). Additionally, a comprehensive battery of cognitive tasks assessing, e.g., executive function and episodic memory was administered. Both the aerobic and the control group improved in aerobic capacity (VO2-peak) over 6 months, but a significant group by time interaction confirmed that the aerobic group improved more. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe any significant group by time interactions with regard to any measure of intrinsic activity. To further probe putative relationships between fitness and brain activity, we performed post hoc analyses disregarding group belongings. At baseline, VO2-peak was negativly related to BOLD-signal fluctuations (BOLDSTD) in mid temporal areas. Over 6 months, improvements in aerobic capacity were associated with decreased connectivity between left hippocampus and contralateral precentral gyrus, and positively to connectivity between right mid-temporal areas and frontal and parietal regions. Independent component analysis identified a VO2-related increase in coupling between the default mode network and left orbitofrontal cortex, as well as a decreased connectivity between the sensorimotor network and thalamus. Extensive exploratory data analyses of global efficiency, connectome wide multivariate pattern analysis (connectome-MVPA), as well as ASL, did not reveal any relationships between aerobic fitness and intrinsic brain activity. Moreover, fitness-predicted changes in functional connectivity did not relate to changes in cognition, which is likely due to absent cross-sectional or longitudinal relationships between VO2-peak and cognition. We conclude that the aerobic exercise intervention had limited influence on patterns of intrinsic brain activity, although post hoc analyses indicated that individual changes in aerobic capacity preferentially influenced mid-temporal brain areas.


Given a planar polygon (or chain) with a list of edges {e1, e2, e3, …, en-1, en}, we examine the effect of several operations that permute this edge list, resulting in the formation of a new polygon. The main operations that we consider are: reversals which involve inverting the order of a sublist, transpositions which involve interchanging subchains (sublists), and edge-swaps which are a special case and involve interchanging two consecutive edges. When each edge of the given polygon has also been assigned a direction we say that the polygon is signed. In this case any edge involved in a reversal changes direction. We show that a star-shaped polygon can be convexified using O(n2) edge-swaps, while maintaining simplicity, and that this is tight in the worst case. We show that determining whether a signed polygon P can be transformed to one that has rotational or mirror symmetry with P, using transpositions, takes Θ(n log n) time. We prove that the problem of deciding whether transpositions can modify a polygon to fit inside a rectangle is weakly NP-complete. Finally we give an O(n log n) time algorithm to compute the maximum endpoint distance for an oriented chain.


Positional races are frequently described as zero‐sum games implying that winners are exactly offset by losers. From the social welfare viewpoint, these races are wasteful. We develop several mechanisms allowing individuals to cope with the zero sum nature of rank games and possibly increase their happiness. We provide evidence to support the relevance of these mechanisms in real world settings. Several policy implications are drawn.


The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is intended to provide health insurance to all US citizens, but many people will likely continue to have gaps in their insurance coverage after reform. For this study, we used longitudinal survey data from Panel 11 (2006–2007) of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to examine the effect of gaps in insurance coverage on adults' receipt of preventive screening. We categorized individuals (n = 8,985) between the ages of 18 and 64 at baseline as continuously insured (private only or any public), intermittently insured, or continuously uninsured. Outcome measures were routine checkup, blood pressure check, cholesterol check, flu shot, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, mammogram, Pap smear, and an overall composite measure. Logistic regression models controlled for age, sex, race, limited English proficiency, education, urbanicity, census region, income, perceived health, and employment status. Crude rates of receiving preventive services were generally highest for those with public insurance and lowest for the continuously uninsured. In adjusted analyses, having intermittent coverage increased the odds of receiving no preventive services to 1.64 compared with continuous private insurance. Continuously lacking insurance increased the odds of receiving no preventive services to 4.41 compared with continuous private coverage. The effect of intermittent coverage was larger than the effect of race/ethnicity, education, where individuals lived, perceived health status, or employment status. Lack of continuous health insurance is a critical barrier to receiving appropriate health care services. Implementation of the ACA will be less successful if gaps in coverage are not prevented.


Complications of diabetes rather than the primary disease itself pose the most challenging aspects of diabetic patient management. Diabetic vascular dysfunction represents a problem of great clinical importance underlying the development of many of the complications including retinopathy, neuropathy and the increased risk of stroke, hypertension and myocardial infarction. Hyperglycaemia stimulates many cellular pathways, which result in oxidative stress, including increased production of advanced glycosylated end products, protein kinase C activation, and polyol pathway flux. Endothelial cells produce nitric oxide constitutively to regulate normal vascular tone; the combination of this nitric oxide with the hyperglycaemia-induced superoxide formation results in the production of reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite. This nitrosative stress results in many damaging cellular effects, but it is these effects on DNA, which are the most damaging to the cell function; nitrosative stress induces DNA single stand breaks and leads to over-activation of the DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP activation contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction and appears to be the central mediator in all the mechanisms by which hyperglycaemia-induces diabetic vascular dysfunction. This review focuses on the mechanism by which hyperglycaemia induces nitrosative stress and the role PARP activation plays in diabetic vascular dysfunction.


The Portuguese discoveries during the 15th and 16th centuries were dependend on the caravel. In it oceans were crossed and continents connected, to give Europeans a new dimension of the mystical East. The caravels were gradually adapted and improved to become the enormous trade carracks built in the East. Through combat and warfare Portuguese maritime control was established. Few or no consignment notes survived; consequently porcelain's worth as a trade commodity has been totally underestimated in existing literature. Today shipwrecks are one of the most important sources for researchers wanting to cast light on the content and size of ships' cargoes. There are nine Portuguese shipwrecks on the South African coast that yield large quantities of porcelain sherds. These can help to cast new light on the importance of porcelain as a trade commodity between 1552 and 1647 during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the first half of the Transitional period up 1647. The Transitional period spans the period between the Ming- and the Qing Dynasties, from 1644-1662.


In displacementbased design methods some demand considerations, starting from the first mode of vibration, are usually made. However, some authors have called the attention on the importance of taking the higher modes into account, due to their influence in the distribution and demand of both, moments and shears along the vertical elements, with significant effects. In this work, the method presented allows to consider, in a practical way, the effect of the higher modes on the seismic response of a structure. The proposal to achieve it, is a simplified model of Three Degree ofFredom developed from a mass concentration of four points equally distant along the building height. This method corresponds to an iterative process, in which the analysis and design procedures are carried out simultaneously, thus, avoiding considerations or suppositions on resistance and ductility values. This method has been applied to the structural walls of a 15storey building. The results obtained show the efficiency of the method in terms of the proposed objectives achievement and the fast converging of the iterative process involved. The effect of the higher modes is extremely noticeable in the distribution of shear stresses and the use of an initial predimensioning involving the reinforcement, allows consistency between the analysis and the structural design.


PURPOSE
To determine site and time of initiation of expression of the membrane-spanning mucin ASGP (rMuc4) and the goblet cell-specific, gel-forming mucin rMuc5AC by the developing rat ocular surface epithelium.

METHODS
Newborn Sprague-Dawley rat pups were killed at 1, 7, and 14 days after birth. Adult rats (weight, 200 g) were used as controls. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect ASGP mRNA using beta-actin as an internal control. Competitive RT-PCR was performed to quantitate rMuc5AC mRNA using an rMuc5AC-competitive reference standard (CRS) as an internal control. In situ hybridization was performed to localize ASGP and rMuc5AC mRNA. Goblet cells were detected by staining with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent.

RESULTS
ASGP mRNA was detected by RT-PCR at 1 day after birth. Compared with beta-actin, the amount of ASGP mRNA showed a progressive increase from 1 to 14 days of postnatal development. By in situ hybridization, the expression of ASGP was first clearly detected at 14 days after birth at the lid margin, where the most stratification of epithelium was seen, and along the adjacent palpebral conjunctiva. This pattern was seen in rat eyelids that were not yet open but appeared about to open. In rat eyelids already open at 14 days after birth, ASGP mRNA was diffusely spread in the apical cell layer of both conjunctival and corneal epithelia. The expression of rMuc5AC was detected by RT-PCR in ocular surface epithelium in rat pups 1 day after birth. Quantitative RT-PCR showed a low level of rMuc5AC RNA expression in conjunctiva of 1-, 7-, and 14-day-old rats followed by a large increase in expression between 14 days and adulthood. The expression of rMuc5AC was first detected by in situ hybridization in a few goblet cells at 7 days after birth. One or two labeled cells were present in the fornical area; some were on the palpebral side of the fornix; others were present on the bulbar side. The distribution and time of appearance of rMuc5AC correlated with that of PAS staining of goblet cells.

CONCLUSIONS
The developmental expression of the membrane-spanning mucin ASGP (rMuc4) and the gel-forming mucin rMuc5AC are regionally and temporally separated. Expression of the gel-forming mucin begins at the fornix at 7 days after birth and is correlated with the appearance of goblet cells, whereas, expression of the membrane-spanning mucin begins later at the lid margin at day 14. Expression of the membrane-spanning mucin correlates to eyelid opening.


Abstract This interpretive case study examines how undergraduate students enact visual literacies, focusing on transmediation from visual-embedded research papers into multimodal brochures, in an entry-level college writing course at a large research university in the U.S. Data sources included students' artifacts, interview transcripts, and field notes. A four-dimensional interpretation model for multimodal composing practices was used to analyze and interpret the data sources. Findings revealed that undergraduates shaped their understandings of multimodal representation of brochures through the process of noticing, conceptualizing, constructing, and conveying social meanings of multimodal assemblages. As iterating over the process through the six stages of teaching brochure composition in class, the undergraduates reshaped their multimodal understandings for a better representation and communication of multimodal social meanings of the brochures. The study has implications for the significance of the infusion of explicitly taught visual literacies into college preparatory writing for the growth and development of visual composers.


Little research has been undertaken into the management priorities of indigenous people who have exotic species forests planted on their ancestral land. This thesis investigates two case studies in the central North Island of New Zealand, where planted forest leases exist over large areas of tribal land. In both cases, Māori families have maintained collective ownership of the land but the forest management is undertaken by a third-party entity.

This thesis draws from four fields of knowledge to investigate the experiences of the Māori land owners: forestry science, New Zealand post-colonial history, social science and resilience thinking. The study uses document analysis and in-depth interviews to identify historical and contemporary perceptions of the forests, the existence of non-negotiable cultural values for land management, and the potential for improving the forest management practices to better meet land owners' aspirations. In both the case studies, Lake Taupō Forest Trust and Maraeroa C Incorporation, the land owners discuss the planted forest in terms of land management structure, forest management practices and non-negotiable values. The realisation of land management objectives is critically influenced by the governance, tenure and regulatory frameworks of their land. Forestry management practices are generally compatible with the land owners' non-negotiable cultural values for their land.

Applying a resilience framework provides insights into the effectiveness of land owners' resistance to land loss, their adaptations to land management approaches, and their contemporary goals for forest management. While the experiences of the land owners might have been expected to result in transformation, this, in fact, has not occurred and the communities have remained resilient. The concept of 'resilience pivots' is proposed to describe matters of fundamental and enduring importance central to cultural wellbeing which have been retained, around which other components have been adapted. The resilience pivot concept provides a novel approach for discussing resilience, adaptations and transformations of indigenous communities.

The findings of this research have been productive in several respects – in revealing the histories and lived experiences of a largely unexamined forestry sector; in developing an interview format with potentially wider application to other forest stakeholders; in proposing an extension to resilience thinking; and in recommending changes to forest management.


Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10–14 years of age), late adolescence (15–19 years of age), and young adulthood (20–24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image. Here, we describe the physiology, metabolism, and nutritional requirements for adolescents and pregnant adolescents, as well as nutrition‐related behavior and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We conclude with thoughts on the implications for nutrition interventions and priority areas that would require further investigation.