Abstract Mineralogical and chemical variations were studied in the upper half of a 1 m thick discontinuous bentonite bed interlaminated in the Lower Cenomanian sedimentary formations of the northern Aquitaine basin (France). X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the <2 μm fraction in the Ca and K-saturated states were decomposed and compared to those calculated from decomposition parameters. They revealed the presence of two highly expandable illite-expandable (I-Exp) mixed-layer minerals (MLMs). The relative proportions of the two MLMs evolve steadily with depth leading to the decrease of the cation exchange capacity and of the (Na + Ca) content towards the centre of the bentonite bed. However, the system is essentially isochemical and Mg, Al, Si, K and Fe are roughly constant in the bulk samples. It is thought that the mineralogical zonation results from the initial stages of the smectite formation in an ash layer. In the Ca-saturated state, the expandable component of these MLMs was for the most part homogeneous with the presence of 2 sheets of ethylene glycol molecules in the interlayer. However, the heterogeneous hydration behaviour of these expandable layers was enhanced by the K-saturation test. From this test, the presence of three layer types with contrasting layer charge was evidenced from their contrasting swelling abilities. The C12-alkylammonium saturation test applied to samples in which the octahedral charge had previously been neutralized (Hofmann-Klemen treatment) showed that the tetrahedral charge is located on specific layers. These layers are responsible for the heterogeneous hydration behaviour. Low-charge smectite layers are mostly octahedrally substituted, whereas for intermediate- and high-charge layers this montmorillonitic charge is complemented by additional tetrahedral substitutions (0.30 and 0.35-0.40 charge per O10(OH)2, respectively).


With the increasing complexity of in-car communication architectures, their diagnostics have become essential for automotive development and maintenance. In order to help engineers to detect and analyze the potential sources and consequences of errors, it is crucial to provide both comprehensive and detailed insight into the communication processes and their contexts. Two important aspects of these are the dependencies and correlations between onboard functions. In this paper we present a dual-view visualization for exploring the functional dependency chains of in-car communication processes. One view presents the dependencies of hardware components using a space filling approach similar to a treemap, whereas the other view displays the functional correlations as an interactive sequence chart. The views are coupled via color coding and show the dependencies of an interactively selectable functional unit. In an expert evaluation, we assessed the benefits of using this visualization technique for in-car communication diagnostics with very positive results.


The Lilloise intrusion is one of the major Tertiary plutonic complexes in east Greenland, The intrusion is composed of layered cumulates, beginning with a great thickness of feldspar-free peridotitic rocks and passing upwards into olivine pyroxene plagioclase cumulates in which small scale rhythmic layering is well developed. The mineral assemblage and composition of the Ca-rich pyroxenes is indicative of an alkali basalt parent magma. The layered rocks are cut by numerous veins and dykes of cognate syenitic material. The most voluminous and advanced stages of differentiation contain aegirine augite and annite-rich mica, while the intermediate members are characterized by kaersutite. These late stage veins and dykes are comparable to the products of differentiation of alkali basalt magma as found elsewhere in shallow intrusive bodies. Major layered ultrabasic or gabbroic intrusions of alkali basalt parentage are rare, indeed none are unequivocally recorded in the recent summary by Wager and Brown (1968). The Lilloise intrusion, which is one of the major Tertiary plutonic complexes in east Greenland, is such a body. From morainic material collected by Wager (1934) the intrusion was previously believed to be an undersaturated syenite and is recorded as such on published maps. The syenite specimens collected by Wager almost certainly originated in the Borgtinderne complex rather than in the Lilloise.


Iconicity consists of mimetic relations between form and meaning. This article is based on the notion of 'spatial thinking' and it is argued that there is no form without meaning, and that all meaning has some sort of form. Two fundamental distinctions are used. The first is Charles Sanders Peirce's well-known division into three types of iconicity: image, diagram, and metaphor, which is extended to include 'weak' and 'strong diagrams'. The second is a distinction between ontologically different appearances of signs: visual material signs, auditory material signs, and complex cognitive signs. A two-dimensional model illustrating the relations between these two distinctions is presented. The model is based on the assumption that iconicity, to a certain extent, is gradable, and it shows that the field of iconicity includes many phenomena that are not generally seen as related, but that nevertheless can be systematically compared. It also shows, among other things, that the 'metaphor' and the 'weak diagram' are singled out by the capacity of miming across the borders both between the visual and the auditory, and between the material and the mental. The main argument of the article is that iconicity should be understood not only as "form miming meaning and form miming form", but also as "meaning miming meaning and meaning miming form".


The pearl oyster industry is a growing multibillion dollar sector of mollusc aquaculture. Pearl farming occurs throughout Australasia, the Middle East and South America. Few species of molluscs possess the ability to produce pearls of gem quality. The South Sea pearl oyster is one of them. Pearl production in the wild is an unpredictable and uncontrolled event which human intervention, through pearl culture, has progressively overcome by improving culture practices. Farming mother-of-pearls shares commonalties with edible mollusc aquaculture. However, the endproduct, pearl production, is unique to this sector. In aquatic production, heal issues are of utmost importance; pearl production is based entirely upon health. The pearl itself is a product of the oyster's immune defences as a response to soft-tissue irritation. Exploited stocks receive frequent handling stresses which often predispose farmed animals to infection and diseases. Therefore, the importance of health management for pearl oysters is paramount. Today, most disease problems are caused by opportunistic pathogens taking advantage of oysters weakened by the stress of handling, including pearl surgery and sub-optimal growing conditions. Except for the mass mortalities experienced in Japan, the pearl oyster industry have not yet faced the types of epizootics which has impacted mollusc culture elsewhere in the world. Development of the industry will, inevitably, lead to increased risk of disease introduction, spread or emergence. Against such an unwanted future, health management is the critical defence line. The objectives of this technical paper are to: (i) review pearl oyster mortalities and disease problems in order to help design programmes aimed at reducing the risks from diseases; and (ii) provide technical guidance to pearl oyster farmers and the industry on management of pearl oyster health so that sector development will be sustainable not only in providing huge employment to communities where pearl farms are located but also contributing to maintain environmental integrity. Pearl oyster farming can serve as environmental sentinels recognizing the fact that pearl oysters thrive only in pristine environment. This publication contains three parts. Part 1 consists of pearl oyster health — the current interest in it and an overview of the cultured marine pearl industry. Pan 2 on pearl oyster health management consists of seven sections, namely: (a) introduction; (b) general information on husbandry and handling, hatchery production, introductions and transfers; (c) disease diagnostic protocols dealing with field collections of samples, gross external examination, gross internal examination and laboratory protocols; (d) health zonation; (e) disease outbreak protocols; (f) national strategies on aquatic animal health; and (g) references. Certain countries in the pearl oyster producing regions have acquired a great deal of experience in health management of cultured species. Experiences from Australia, the Cook Islands, Japan, the French Polynesia, the Philippines, China, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea are included in Part 3 which also contains a general review of pearl oyster mortalities and disease problems. [Book Synopsis]


This study is based on the general problem of learning mathematics in primary school, the learning activities most of the questions do boring exercises. To overcome the problem developed Koper Matik (an abbreviation (in Indonesia language) of Mathematics Realistik Game Box), that is a set of the mathematics physic appliance equiped by worsheet realictic mathematics and its use designed in form a game. The aim of this research is create PAKEM learning through implementation of Koper Matik. Population of this research is student of SDN 44 Ampenan, with sampel is student of class IV, V and VI of year of teaching 2009/2010 selected with technique of sampling purposive. Setting the classroom using cooperative model, four students in a groups learning as play props and fill out worksheets that contain planting concepts and challenges realistic mathematical problems. The result of research indicated that PAKEM learning can created through Koper Matik. Student attitude to Koper Matik learning is very support, that are 95,7% of students enjoy learning with props, 92,1% enjoy learning in groups and use worksheet, and 79,7% of students who believe themselves to presentation in front of the class. Efectivity of Koper Matik learning pertained high, that are the results of learning mathematics part of understanding of concept reach score 80,7 while achieving a realistic problem solving reach score 74,6. These results indicate that the implementation of Koper Matik at SDN 44 Ampenan can create students become more active, creative, efective and joyful (PAKEM) learning in mathematics.


Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a new entity in power systems which possesses or manages a group of DGs, Energy Storage devices and curtailable loads. This paper presents a novel approach for optimum operation of a VPP in both energy and secondary frequency control (SFC) markets; considering reliability worth of DGs. DGs in the VPP can operate both in peak shaving or standby mode. Operating the DG in peak shaving mode will reduce the VPP's cost while standby operation of the DG may reduce the customers' interruption cost. The reliability worth and the energy cost evaluations are needed to determine whether DG should be operated in peak shaving mode or as standby power. By applying the Monte Carlo simulation method the effect of reliability worth is taken into account precisely. A combined cost function is proposed and solved using linear programming method. The proposed approach in this paper determines the optimum hourly operating strategy of the DG. It creates a single operating profile from a composite of the parameters characterizing each distributed energy resource (DER) in the VPP. Based on this decision, the VPP bids to the market.


We examined fragmentation reactions of (E)- and (Z)-2-methylbuten-1-yl(aryl)iodonium triflates (aryl = C6H5-, 4-(CF3)C6H4, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H4-) to afford aryl idodides and six enol triflates. Four of these vinyl triflates involve alkyl migrations followed by triflate trapping of secondary vinyl cations whereas two do not involve migrations. Fragmentation rates in dry, neutral CDCl3 were determined as were the distributions of enol triflate products. The ratios of rate constants for the (E)-/(Z)- isomers ranged between 5.0 and 8.5 and, in all salts, the rearranged enol triflate derived from migration of the alkyl moiety trans- to the aryliodonio- nucleofuge was observed in the greatest quantities. These data indicate that the fragmentation rates are significantly determined by the migratory aptitude of the trans-β-alkyl substituent and departure of the aryliodonionucleofuge occurs by anchimeric assistance. The ratios of inverted "unrearranged" enol triflate products were greater for the (Z)-isomers of the iodonium salt precursors indicating that steric effects play a role and implies that these inverted, unrearranged products are derived from inplane (σ*) SN2 reaction. The presence of the remaining, retained, unrearranged enol triflate can be explained by a ligand coupling mechanism (π* SN2) and the fragmentation mechanism(s) do not require the intermediacy of a primary vinyl cation.


For a child to learn through Problem‑Solving in Serious games, the game scaffolding mechanism has to be effective. Scaffolding is based on the Vygotzkian Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) concept which refers to the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers. Scaffolds in serious games are learning stimulators. The effectiveness of these learning stimulators lies in the way they are managed or regulated. Scaffolds that are not regulated could lead to expertise‑reversal effect or redundancy effect which inhibits learning. In the current classroom application of serious games, the game‑based learning stimulators remain the same for everyone ("blanket scaffolding") – the learning stimulators are not managed or regulated. In order to make scaffolding in serious games more effective for classroom use, the calibration of the game's learning stimulators has to be enabled – this would help in meeting the changing needs of the learners. The concept of fading which is critical to scaffolding is introduced to serious games, to facilitate the fine‑tuning of the learning stimulators to the changing needs of the learners. This paper seeks to address the issues in the design and implementation of a Fine‑Tuning System for serious games based on the fading concept. Also discussed in this paper are the factors to be considered in the implementation of the Fine‑Tuning System in serious games. These include fading decisions; fading and learning rates; optimal scaffolding distance; classroom culture and collaborative learning. The adverse effects of neglecting fading such as expertise‑reversal effect and redundancy effect are also discussed.


Wellbore instability is caused by the radical change in the mechanical strength as well as chemical and physical alterations when exposed to drilling fluids. A set of unexpected events associated with wellbore instability in shales account for more than 10% of drilling cost, which is estimated to one billion dollars per annum. Understanding shale-drilling fluid interaction plays a key role in minimizing drilling problems in unconventional resources. The need for efficient inhibitive drilling fluid system for drilling operations in unconventional resources is growing. This study analyzes different drilling fluid systems and their compatibility in unconventional drilling to improve wellbore stability.
 A set of inhibitive drilling muds including cesium formate, potassium formate, and diesel-based mud were tested on shale samples with drilling concerns due to high-clay content. An innovative high-pressure high temperature (HPHT) drilling simulator set-up was used to test the mud systems. The results from the test provides reliable data that will be used to capture more effective drilling fluid systems for treating reactive shales and optimizing unconventional drilling.
 This paper describes the use of an innovative drilling simulator for testing inhibitive mud systems for reactive shale. The effectiveness of inhibitive muds in high-clay shale was investigated. Their impact on a combination of problems, such high torque and drag, high friction factor, and lubricity was also assessed. Finally, the paper evaluates the sealing ability of some designed lost circulation material (LCM) muds in a high pressure high temperature environment.


Background: In October 1997 the Department of Health agreed to fund evaluations of 13 weight management projects and offer research training and support for the successful applicants.

Aims: To help the projects develop focused and relevant research questions for their evaluations; to encourage the use of appropriate methods to answer these research questions; and to help the projects set realistic timetables and budgets. A 2-day seminar was held in Oxford and follow up support was available from the seminar tutors.

Methods: A process evaluation was conducted. Semistructured telephone interviews with all seminar participants took place 2 weeks after the seminar and again after the completion of the evaluation reports. An independent assessor compared the original proposals with the final reports.

Results: Eleven projects sent representatives to the seminar. All of the 11 projects that sent representatives to the seminar had subsequent contact with the tutors and submitted final reports in February 1998. The independent assessor concluded that for six projects there was improvement in the research questions and methods which were used and no change for the other five.

Conclusions: Recommendations include amending the selection procedure for funding evaluations and specific suggestions to improve the organization and content of the research training seminar and follow-up support.


This paper defines a parametric threat model for tropospheric duct anomalies based on ten years of tropospheric data. It is shown that tropospheric ducts can produce differential ranging errors on the order of 10 cm. Furthermore, the probability of occurrence of tropospheric duct anomalies (up to 90% in certain locations) is much higher than the integrity and continuity risk requirements used in aviation applications. Because tropospheric ducts are not particularly rare and can cause non-negligible ranging errors, they are potential threats to navigation integrity for high accuracy and integrity applications. The impact of tropospheric duct anomalies on the integrity risk and accuracy are quantified and evaluated on an example carrier phase differential navigation system. In doing so, dynamic error modeling and probabilistic bounding approaches are used to evaluate the integrity risk resulting from the developed threat model.

The troposphere is the lower part of the earth's atmosphere, extending from earth surface to about 16 km altitude. It is made of electrically neutral gases that are not uniform in composition, including water vapor and dry gases. Refraction in the troposphere delays the transmission of satellite signals. The tropospheric delay consists of a largely predictable dry component, and of a wet component that varies with latitude, altitude, season, and weather condition but represents a much smaller fraction of the error. Therefore, the majority of the tropospheric delay can be removed by troposphere modeling (e.g., using a Modified Hopfield Model). Several models exist that describe the tropospheric delay under nominal conditions. Although some of these models exploit regularly updated weather parameters, they do not account for anomalous conditions. Recent work acknowledged that a tropospheric threat model must be defined and means for bounding the potential errors be derived [3]. In that work, a preliminary analysis with the aim of evaluating the impact of anomalous troposphere on GBAS was presented.

Two types of tropospheric anomalies impact high accuracy navigation systems: severe weather fronts and tropospheric ducts. A weather front is characterized by an abrupt change in refractivity (measured by variations in temperature, pressure, and relative humidity) over short horizontal distances. Published research reports experimental observations of tropospheric delays of up to 40 cm over a 5-km distance [1]. Further published work, with application to ground based augmentation systems (GBAS), assumed a 'weather-wall' model to investigate the impact of high stationary fronts on differential ranging measurements (between a user and a local reference station) [2]. This paper focuses on tropospheric duct anomalies.

Under nominal conditions, pressure drops exponentially with height, and temperature decreases with altitude at an approximate rate of 1K/100m (over the first few kilometers above sea level). As a result, the computed refractivity gradient with respect to altitude is approximately -40 /km. However, this standard behavior does not apply under anomalous atmospheric conditions, and tropospheric ducts can be generated. Ducts tend to form when either temperature is increasing, or water vapor concentration is decreasing with height (due to climatologic mechanisms such as temperature inversion, evaporation ducts, air subsidence and air advection). Published literature shows that ducts appear at varying altitudes with likelihood of occurrence depending on location. Severe refractivity gradients (up to two orders of magnitude larger than nominal) were observed in localized layers of the troposphere at various altitudes and with different thicknesses. In a previous work [4], as a preliminary study on tropospheric ducts, duct thickness, altitude and refractivity gradient statistics were quantified and their probability of occurrence was established for a worldwide grid of 1 degree resolution. However, it was shown that a threat model using the worst case value of each of these parameters was overly conservative.

In this work, ten years of data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was analyzed. Since tight integrity and accuracy requirements are usually required during final approach and landing phases and the differential measurements are influenced by portions of the tropospheric duct located between the aircraft altitude and the reference receiver antenna height, the ECMWF data is screened for ducts occurring at altitudes lower than 200 m and 500 m (below the aircraft decision height). Each time there was a duct incident reported with a height of less than 200m (or 500m), the tropospheric zenith error due to duct was computed by subtracting the integrated delay introduced due to the duct from the nominal tropospheric model. This zenith duct error is then quantified with respect to the probability of occurrence for a worldwide grid of 1 degree resolution. Using this data, a distribution of the zenith duct error is established that can be used to provide a stochastic bound. This stochastic bound is then used to quantify the impact of ducts on differential ranging measurements for a benchmark aviation application using various methods such as inflating the measurement error standard deviation, deriving a robust dynamic model of the duct error profile (to be incorporated in the position estimation process), and bounding the positioning error in protection level and integrity risk computation.

References:

[1] Huang, Jidong, van Graas, Frank, Cohenour, Curtis, "Characterization of Tropospheric Spatial Decorrelation Errors Over a 5-km Baseline", NAVIGATION, Vol. 55, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 39-53.

[2] van Graas, F., Zhu, Z., "Tropospheric Delay Threats for the Ground Based Augmentation System," Proceedings of the 2011 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, January 2011, pp. 959-964.

[3] Guilbert, A., "Non-Nominal Troposphere Reassessment for Meeting CAT II/III with MC/MF GBAS," Proceedings of the 28th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2015), Tampa, Florida, September 2015, pp. 1526-1537.

[4] Khanafseh, S., Joerger, M., Pervan, B., Von Engeln, A., "Accounting for Tropospheric Anomalies in High Integrity and High Accuracy Positioning Applications," Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2011), Portland, OR, September 2011, pp. 513-522.


A search is presented for the associated production of a standard model Higgs boson with a top quark-antiquark pair (ttH), in which the Higgs boson decays into a b quark-antiquark pair, in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy √s = 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb^(−1) recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. Candidate ttH events are selected that contain either one or two electrons or muons from the tt decays and are categorised according to the number of jets. Multivariate techniques are employed to further classify the events and eventually discriminate between signal and background. The results are characterised by an observed ttH signal strength relative to the standard model cross section, μ = σ/σ_(SM), under the assumption of a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV. A combined fit of multivariate discriminant distributions in all categories results in an observed (expected) upper limit on μ of 1.5 (0.9) at 95% confidence level, and a best fit value of 0.72 ± 0.24(stat) ± 0.38(syst), corresponding to an observed (expected) signal significance of 1.6 (2.2) standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis.


This submission is to the Committee of Experts on a Data Protection Framework for India on its White Paper, structured around the 'Provisional Views' set out by the Committee in each Chapter of the White Paper. A few of the main points made in the Submission are as follows.
The White Paper mistakenly assumes 'that there are two distinct models in the field of data protection', an EU model, and a US model, whereas in fact over 120 countries have enacted data privacy laws, and the current global standard of data privacy laws even outside Europe, is closer to the EU Directive than the OECD Guidelines. There is one global standard – and then there is the US, increasingly isolated.
As a result of the Supreme Court's Puttaswamy decision, India's position is, in general, the same as the EU's position: privacy is a fundamental inalienable right, with the ability of governments to derogate from it requiring considerable justification. There are many other reasons why India should adopt a global 'gold standard' data privacy law, but Puttaswamy also adds an element of necessity. In addition, a new data protection law for India, coupled with Puttaswamy's implications, will create a completely new opportunity to obtain a positive 'adequacy' finding from the EU.
More specific submissions concerning the White Paper's approach include the following:
• The White Paper is deficient in not sufficiently recognizing the role of privacy by design and default.
• Indian governments need to allocate sufficient resources to fund data protection authorities (DPAs) with 'sufficient capacity' to effectively administer data protection at both national and state levels.
• India should assert jurisdiction where goods and services are offered remotely to those in India, or where there is a business with an establishment in India, and consider including processing which involves monitoring activities of persons in India, from outside India.
• Some limited exemptions from the law, in both the public and private sectors, should apply but should have to meet the tests set out in Puttaswamy.
• The standard international definition of 'personal data', based on identifiability, needs to be extended somewhat to provide protection against technologies which include information enabling interactions with the person on the basis of their personal characteristics, even without identifiability.
• Extra protection for categories of 'sensitive information' should apply to biometic data, and any identifiers of general application (including Aadhaar).
• India should deal with data export limitations in a way similar to the EU's 'adequacy' approach, with its DPA having the ability to determine which countries meet such criteria. An Indian DPA could also decide to trust the decisions concerning adequacy that are made by one or more other international data protection authorities (e.g., under EU or Council of Europe instruments).
• Data minimisation ('the practice of limiting the collection of personal information to that which is necessary to accomplish a specified purpose') has not been made irrelevant by technological developments, and should be re-asserted.
• If a 'reasonable expectations' test is used as means of determining what are compatible / incompatible proposed additional uses of data, it is important these do not include 'expectations' that are formed because of what data controllers say they intend to do with data, irrespective of whether data subjects wish such uses to be made.
• Both (i) automatic deletion or de-identification, and (ii) deletion on request are now recognised as normal rights of data subjects, and should be part of India's law.
• Data portability is a necessary new right, with social networks, and with any other online systems where individuals have invested a considerable amount of time in curating information produced by themselves (UGC, user-generated content).
• The White Paper is mistaken in its support for co-regulatory models, which have had little successful take-up anywhere in the world. 'Flexibility' can be achieved by other means.
• Adjudication officers (AOs) under the IT Act do not have the necessary independence to investigate government, and the existing system has been a complete failure in relation to privacy issues.
• It is reasonable to require data subjects to complain first to data controllers only when those data subjects have an easily identifiable Data Protection Officer (DPO) or grievance redressal officer. Otherwise, data subjects should have the option to approach the DPA directly.
• Data subjects should always have the right to appeal to a court/tribunal against the actions of a DPA, even when the DPA has not made a formal 'decision'.
• Where the DPA takes suo moto (on its own motion) action it is essential that the DPA can exercise all of the same remedial actions it can take when it receives a complaint.
• The Indian government needs to give sufficient resources and independence not only to its DPA, but also to the body that hears appeals from the DPA. The Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appeals Tribunal (TDSAT) is a dubious choice.
• Both civil penalties and compensation are now part of most modern data privacy laws.
• There is no reason why the DPA itself cannot award compensation, with a right of appeal to a court or tribunal. It will not help India to develop good data protection policies, and consistent remedies, if initial investigation of some complaints is done by the DPA, and others by the NCDRC.
• The preferable approach to civil penalties (fines) is that the DPA set fines subject to an upper limit linked to a variable parameter such as a percentage of the annual turnover of the defaulting data controller.


Background: Music therapy began in the United States after World War II when community musicians went to veterans' hospitals to provide live music to those experiencing post-war trauma. Music therapy programs continue to utilize community musicians who provide live music to patients in treatment centers to supplement formal music therapy sessions by credentialed professionals. Little evidence has been gathered regarding the potential ability of these live music performances to decrease the anxiety levels of oncology patients during chemotherapy treatments. Purpose: To determine if listening to live music performed by community musicians decreases oncology patient anxiety levels during chemotherapy treatments in an outpatient infusion center. Method: This quasi-experimental study involved an experimental group who listened to live music by community musicians and a control group who did not listen to live music during a single chemotherapy treatment for 30 minutes. Pre- and post-test measures of blood pressure, pulse, respiration per minute, and responses to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (ie, common measures of anxiety) were collected by a registered nurse on all participants. The sample included 60 participants (30 control and 30 experimental). Demographic information for the participants was: (1) 60% were male and 40% were female; (2) 73% were Caucasian and 27% were African American; (3) the mean age was 62 years; and (4) 100% had a cancer diagnosis. Results: Independent sample t-test was conducted to determine if there were differences in the amount of change for dependent variables. Significance was set at P<.05. Results revealed a significantly higher score difference in the experimental group when compared to the control group for pulse, respiration per minute, and systolic blood pressure (Table 1). Conclusion: Listening to live music by community musicians can decrease oncology patient anxiety levels during chemotherapy treatments as evidenced by significant decreases in pulse, respiration per minute, and systolic blood pressure. Additional studies may examine if greater decreases in anxiety levels are achieved by the implementation of formal music therapy sessions by credentialed professionals.


Noise has been identified as a major stressor in hospitals,1 ,2 with ambient noise frequently exceeding recommended levels set by the WHO3 and reportedly as high as alarm clocks.4 ,5 Although hospitals frequently attempt to reduce noise through traditional methods such as shielding the patient (eg, closing doors), moving equipment or altering staff behaviours, these approaches disrupt workflow and ignore the realities of sound generation required in modern hospitals, which potentially limits their impact on quality and patient safety. An unexplored method of reducing hospital noise borrowed from other industries is to use sound acoustic panels that diffuse noise rather than attempt to eliminate it.6 We performed a pilot study to determine whether strategically placed, sound acoustic panels applied in hospitals would acutely reduce noise in hallways adjacent to patient rooms. If true, this option could serve as an architectural design solution to enhance patient care and experience during hospitalisation.

We conducted an observational, controlled study assessing sound levels on an active inpatient telemetry unit. Due to physical nature of sound acoustic panels, patients and staff were not blinded. Placement of panels and acoustic equipment met all institutional building management policies and national codes (figure 1). The inpatient telemetry unit is organised as two central parallel hallways with architecturally identical patient rooms on both sides. Walls and floors were hard surfaces designed for ease …


A typical function of a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Proxy is to insert a Record-Route header into initial, dialog-creating requests in order to make subsequent, in-dialog requests pass through it. This header contains a SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) or SIPS (secure SIP) URI indicating where and how the subsequent requests should be sent to reach the proxy. These SIP or SIPS URIs can contain IPv4 or IPv6 addresses and URI parameters that could influence the routing such as the transport parameter (for example, transport=tcp), or a compression indication like "comp=sigcomp". When a proxy has to change some of those parameters between its incoming and outgoing interfaces (multi-homed proxies, transport protocol switching, or IPv4 to IPv6 scenarios, etc.), the question arises on what should be put in Record-Route header(s). It is not possible to make one header have the characteristics of both interfaces at the same time. This document aims to clarify these scenarios and fix bugs already identified on this topic; it formally recommends the use of the double Record-Route technique as an alternative to the current RFC 3261 text, which describes only a Record-Route rewriting solution.


The automation of business processes is of vital importance for organizations to speed up their business and to lower costs. Due to emerging technologies in the field of Internet of Things, changing situations can be recognized automatically, which provides the basis for an automated adaptation of process executions in order to react to changing circumstances. Although approaches exist that enable creating self-adapting workflows, a systematic modelling approach that supports the specification of situational dependencies directly in workflow models is missing. In this paper, we tackle this issue by presenting a modelling extension called SitME that defines (i) an extensible Situation Event type, (ii) the concept of Situational Scopes, and (iii) a visual notation. As the introduced extension is language-independent, we apply the approach to BPEL to validate its practical feasibility.


Organisations, as part of their ongoing commitment to improve their bottom line will often focus marketing activities on feedback from their external customers and suppliers. The internal customer can also play an important role in providing vital commentary via suggestions or ideas that could enhance company performance. The authors studied organisations in New Zealand to see how their suggestion systems operated and how effective they were from both a managerial and an employee perspective. It was found that management at all levels needed to be properly trained in implementing an effective Ideas Generation Programme and that software should be used to administer and to manage the process. A diagram was developed by the authors to assist with the generating of the ideas system. Line managers should authorise implementation of suggestions that the internal customers put forth. In rewarding staff for their contributions, it was generally found that due to financial issues, higher level approval was needed for some form of remuneration. It was found that managers will always play a pivotal role in the success or demise of a suggestion system.


Nancy absolutely adores stars. She loves how they sparkle in the sky, and she can even name the constellations. Nancy can hardly wait for her class visit to the planetarium!Young readers will delight in this newest addition to the Fancy Nancy I Can Read series, sharing in Nancy's anticipation and disappointment when the trip doesn't go as planned. But with her trademark panache, Nancy manages to make even this frustrating situation fun--and, of course, fancy.


The stegosaurs are some of the most easily recognizable dinosaurs, but are surprisingly rare as fossils. Consequently much remains unknown about their palaeobiology, and every new stegosaurian find contributes to our understanding of the evolution of the clade. Since the last attempt to examine the evolutionary relationships of Stegosauria, new specimens have come to light, including the most complete individual of Stegosaurus ever found, new taxa have been described and, perhaps most importantly, new methods for analysis of cladistic datasets have been produced. In the light of these new data and technological advances, the phylogenetic relationships of the stegosaurs and basal armoured dinosaurs are investigated. The inclusion of continuous data results in much better resolution than was previously obtained, and the resulting single most parsimonious tree supports re‐erection of the genera Miragaia and Hesperosaurus, which had previously been synonymized with Dacentrurus and Stegosaurus respectively. The recently described genus Alcovasaurus is resolved as a basal thyreophoran, but this is most likely a consequence of a very high degree of missing data and the questionable ontogenetic stage of the specimen. Examination of the effects of continuous data on the analysis suggest that while it contains a phylogenetic signal congruent with that of discrete data and provides better resolution than discrete data alone, it can affect topologies in unpredictable ways, particularly in areas of the tree where there are large amounts of missing data. The phylogeny presented here will form the basis for future work on the palaeobiology of the plated dinosaurs.


Executive information systems (EIS) are a computer-based technology designed in response to the specific needs of executives. Web-based technologies are causing a revisit to existing information technology implementation models, including those for EIS. To survey EIS implementations in KwaZulu-Natal, the authors developed a questionnaire and report on the current EIS situation in 31 well-established organizations in KwaZulu-Natal, which successfully implemented EIS. The results are compared with EIS studies conducted in Australia, Spain and Taiwan.


One of the essential components in rotating machinery are Rolling element bearings and their failure proved to be one of the most common reasons behind machine breakdown. Acoustic Emission (AE), a passive listening technique, has evolved as a significant opportunity to diagnose and monitor the mechanical integrity of rolling element bearings. The investigation reported in this paper mainly focuses on the application of the AE technology for detecting the defect on a radially loaded bearing. In order to undertake this task, a special purpose test-rig was designed so that defect could be seeded onto the outer race of a test bearing using an electrical engraver. By applying varying rotating speed and radial load, twenty tests were carried out. The structure mechanism allows locating an AE sensor directly on the bearing outer race. The AE wave signal has been analyzed in time and frequency domain. It was concluded that the AE can provide good indications of bearing defects. Moreover, it has been noted that the amplitude, absolute energy, and RMS provided indications of bearing condition.


In this paper, we study the current security standards in multihop WiMAX networks and their security issues. For secured communications, hop-by-hop authentication is necessary for any multihop wireless networks [5][6]. WiMAX multihop networks provide default hop-by-hop authentication in a distributed security mode only. Apart from this, the multihop standards should consider the existing security issues in mobile WiMAX standard [4]. The new multihop standard IEEE 802.16m has improved functionalities and security support. It provides the solution for medium access control (MAC) - control message issues. At the same time, network coding is used for enhanced-multicast broadcast service (E-MBS) retransmission to improve the performance of MBS. However, the standard IEEE 802.16m/D4 fails to consider the security threats for network coding, multihop support and initial ranging. For the above issues, we propose a distributed security architecture using the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange protocol. Our proposed architecture solves the network coding and other multihop security issues with the help of neighbor authentication/security association (SA), distributed security architecture and ECDH protocol.


Abstract A method has been developed to synthesize organo-hectorite clays directly from a Mg-silicate gel containing organic or organometallic molecules that are expected to be incorporated within the interlayer space. Complete crystallization occurs upon aqueous reflux for 48 h. The progress of clay layer formation was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal gravimetry (DTG), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Evidence of clay XRD peaks occurs after just 4 h of hydrothermal treatment, and Mg(OH)2 is no longer observable after 14 h. Observable changes in DTG and IR occur at about this time as well. Warren line-shape analysis of the 110 reflection indicates that when growth is complete the clay lamellae are on average ~50% and 25% of the size of natural hectorites and montmorillonites, respectively. The N2 BET surface areas for all materials are also compared. Small angle neutron scattering shows that addition of tetraethyl ammonium (TEA) ions does not alter the structural integrity over that of the purely inorganic form of Li-hectorite, but that use of a cationic polymer does significantly alter the microstructure. The effect of temperature is critical, for at room temperature only the layered Mg hydroxide mineral brucite crystallizes unless very long time scales are used. The crystallizations carried out at room temperature show that clay will form after about 3 months, but that the presence of organics (at least TEA) acts to hinder this process greatly. The role of the organic molecules on silicate clay layer formation is compared with the role of organics in zeolite synthesis.


Tensegrity structures are self-stressed pin-jointed structures composed of cables and struts. They are advantageous systems for transformable applications since structural elements and active elements can be combined. A transformable "hollow-rope" tensegrity system that has been found viable for a deployable footbridge application is explored in this paper. Its deployment requires employing active cables to simultaneously adjust several degrees of freedom. However, active elements can also be used to enhance performance during deployment and service. Although deployment is found to be feasible with a single actuation step for all actuated cables, obtaining a desired shape requires independent cable actuation. Actuation steps are thus identified with the combination of the dynamic relaxation algorithm and a stochastic search algorithm. Moreover, an experimental study was conducted on a near-full-scale physical model to validate the feasibility of the transformable tensegrity system. The scale was motivated by studying a model representative of a real civil structure having practical challenges that are similar to full-scale issues such as actuation-device constraints, joint eccentricities and friction. Although the numerical studies with dynamic relaxation reflect correctly the behavior of the idealized model, transformation of the near-full-scale transformable tensegrity model is limited by eccentricities in the joints, unwanted joint movements and friction. These results highlight the potential of this system and underline the importance of combining analytical models with large-scale physical models in the development of novel transformable structures.


This article explores the potential for comparative research across different migrant groups. Research on migration is often weakened by the marked tendency to use a single ethnic/national group as the unit of analysis. Analysing migration from the experiences of a particular ethnic group may exaggerate ethnic exceptionalism and understate the extent to which experiences are shared across different migrant groups. My recent experiences on a range of research projects with diverse migrants to London made me think about similarities with the Irish, but each in different ways. However, there is a dearth of comparative analysis in relation to the Irish experience in Britain. On the one hand, there are many studies of Irish migrants, but these tend to focus solely on the Irish or else examine the relationship between Irish migrants and the 'native' British population. There has been little work on how the Irish relate to other migrant groups within British society. On the other hand, studies of other migrant communities rarely refer to the Irish as a comparative group. The article explores the reasons for the dearth of comparative work involving Irish migrants in Britain. In so doing, it considers some of the benefits and challenges of going beyond the 'ethnic lens'. What would be gained but also lost by viewing Irish migration to Britain through a more comparative perspective? I explore how such comparative analysis might contribute, firstly, to a wider understanding of migration processes, experiences and inter-migrant relations, and, secondly, to a fuller appreciation of varied dimensions of migratory experiences in Britain. These issues are considered through a comparison of Polish and Irish migration to Britain.


Abstract A reentrant cone concept for efficient heating of high-density plasmas has been studied as an advanced fast ignition scheme. The roles of the reentrant cone, as indicated by particle-in-cell (PIC) code simulations and confirmed by basic experiments, are reviewed, particularly the efficient collection and guidance of the laser light into the cone tip and the direction of the energetic electrons into the high-density region. It has been shown that the energetic electrons converge to the tip of the cone as a result of the surface electron flow guided by self-generated quasi-static magnetic fields and electrostatic sheath fields. As a result, the energetic electron density at the tip is locally greater than the case of using an open geometry such as a normal flat foil target. Using these advantageous properties of the reentrant cone, efficient fast heating of imploded high-density plasmas has been demonstrated in integrated fast ignition experiments. A hybrid PIC code (LSP) has been used to understand the relativistic electron beam thermalization and subsequent heating of highly compressed plasmas. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the integrated experiments. Anomalous stopping appears to be present and is created by the growth and saturation of an electromagnetic filamentation mode that generates a strong back-electromagnetic force impeding energetic electrons.


Society, globally, has entered into what might be called the "service economy." Services now constitute the largest share of GDP in most countries and provide the major source of employment in both developed and developing countries. Services permeate all aspects of peoples' lives and are becoming inseparable from most aspects of economic activity. "Quality management" has been a dominating managerial practice since World War II. With quality management initially associated with manufacturing industries, one might assume the relevance of quality management might decrease with the emergence of the service economy. To the contrary, the emergence of the service economy strengthened the importance of quality issues, which no longer are associated only with manufacturing industries but are increasingly applied in all service sectors, as well. Today, we talk not only about product or service quality but have even expanded the framework of quality to quality of life and quality of environment. Thus, quality and services have emerged in parallel as closely interrelated fields. The Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy explores such relevant questions as: What are the characteristics, nature, and definitions of quality and services? How do we define quality of products, quality of services, or quality of life? How are services distinguished from goods? How do we measure various aspects of quality and services? How can products and service quality be managed most effectively and efficiently? What is the role of customers in creation of values? These questions and more are explored within the pages of this two-volume, A-to-Z reference work.


Free-living nematodes play an important role in nutrient cycling. The study was designed to characterize insect-associated free-living soil nematodes in Rhabditida order from Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey using their 28S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 105 soil samples were taken from different habitats. Galleria baiting technique was used to obtain free-living nematodes. The nematodes were harvested from cadavers of last instar Galleria mellonella larvaeafter trapping process. Free-living soil nematodes were detected in 14 soil samples (13.3%). PCR products obtained from 28S rDNA of isolates were sequenced and phylogenetic trees created. BLASTN homology searches and phylogenetic tree results constructed by Neighbour Joining and Bootstrap Tree methods. Results showed that these insect-associated isolates were determined as species belonging to Rhabditidae (Rhabditis terricola and Mesorhabditis sp.), Chambersiellidae (Macrolaimus sp.) and Cephalobidae (Cephalobus sp., Pseudacrobeles sp. and Acrobeloides sp.) families in Rhabditida. Free-living nematodes interact with many arthropods and other invertebrate species. These interactions are also important for their use in biological control program. In this study, these interactions between free-living nematodeinsect,–arthropod and–invertebrate are discussed.


Objective: Conventional adenoidectomy is usually performed with either a curette or an adenotome under blind or indirect visualization. The possibility of injury to the Eustachian tube or posterior choanae can not be excluede during surgery. We present a safe and more effective technique, which can be performed using endoscopic direct visualization during the whole procedure. Patients and Methods: Between January 1995 and December 1999, 105 children underwent this new surgical procedure under general anesthesia. All procedures were performed under endoscopic direct visualization. Using guidance via a 4.0 mm or 2.7 mm 70 endoscope, there was a clear operative field transorally. The adenoid curette was applied transorally to the nasopharynx to remove the main bulk of the adenoids and a 90 Blakesley forceps was also used to perform a peritubal adenoidectomy under intraoral visualization. To remove any residual adenoid tissue obstructing the orifice of the Eustachian tube or posterior choanae, we adopted a transnasal approach with a 45 or straight Blakesley forceps using a 4.0 mm or 2.7 mm 0 or 30 endoscope for guidance. Epinephrine-and H2O2-rinsed gauze was packed in the nasopharynx for post-operative hemostasis. Results: The method was successfully applied in all patients. None of the 105 patients had complications, such as post-operative nasopharyngeal hemorrhage or injury to the Eustachian tube or posterior choanae.Conclusions: the combined method of a transoral 70 and transnasal 0 or 30 endoscopic approach offered a clear and stable operative field. The surgical procedures were all performed under direct visualization. Damage to the Eustachian tube or posterior choanae was not a problem. This method has the potential to become the procedure of choice for adenoidectomy.


Purpose - Men and women are now being admitted to membership of the major UK professional accountancy bodies in approximately equal numbers. This trend has focused attention on the ways in which professional accountants combine careers and family life, particularly when women have children. Recognising the limitations inherent in the widely-used term "work-life balance" that polarises life and work, this paper instead seeks to consider the "work-lifestyle choices" made by female accountants. Work-lifestyle choices refer to the ways in which people place different emphases on the work and private spheres, according to their individual circumstances. Feminist researchers have argued that women's work-lifestyle choices have been limited by structural constraints. Over the past decade, a newer argument, preference theory, has emerged, suggesting that women's choices owe less to inequalities in the workplace and more to the preferences of individuals, particularly, but not exclusively, women. The purpose of this paper is to explore the work-lifestyle choices made by female members of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS), in terms of both structural constraints and preferences, in order to present a more holistic understanding of the work-lifestyle choices made by this particular group of well-educated, middle-class women. Design/methodology/approach - The paper combines feminist theory and preference theory in the context of the results of a questionnaire survey of female members of ICAS and 14 interviews with female members of ICAS. Findings - The responses of these accountants suggest that, while structural constraints are evident, many work-lifestyle choices were driven by a desire to spend more time with children, and by women's perceptions of their mothering role. Most women, while recognising the opportunities forgone, were nonetheless happy with the choices that they had made. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the literature by examining the voices of female accountants in order to explore how perceived gender roles impact on career decisions and work-lifestyle choices.


The goals of the present study were twofold. First, we wished to investigate the neural correlates of aware and unaware emotional face perception after characterizing each subject's behavioral performance via signal detection theory methods. Second, we wished to investigate the extent to which amygdala responses to fearful faces depend on the physical characteristics of the stimulus independently of the percept. We show that amygdala responses depend on visual awareness. Under conditions in which subjects were not aware of fearful faces flashed for 33 ms, no differential activation was observed in the amygdala. On the other hand, differential activation was observed for 67 ms fearful targets that the subjects could reliably detect. When trials were divided into hits, misses, correct rejects, and false alarms, we show that target visibility is an important factor in determining amygdala responses to fearful faces. Taken together, our results further challenge the view that amygdala responses occur automatically.


In this thesis we have analysed the Norwegian housing market. On the basis of our examination of possible factors affecting the housing market, we have estimated a model to explain the Norwegian housing prices. Especially, we wanted to test if the state of the economy, categorized by the different phases in a business cycle, had a significant effect on the housing prices We have estimated a short-term dynamic and a long-term solution, where we show the different factors' affect on housing prices. We start by presenting the development in the Norwegian economy, and the peculiarities of the housing market. To create a basic understanding of housing models and previous research, we present the two main models for housing prices conducted in Norway the last 15 years. We then presented the variables we believed to affect the housing prices and the statistical methods used. The final model was estimated and tested, and proved to be good at both explaining and predicting the housing prices in the period from 1986 to 2011. In our final model, we could not find any significant effects from the different states in the business cycle. We found that the short-term dynamic in the housing market are affected by the change in housing prices in earlier periods, and the long-term solution is affected by the development in households' real disposable income, housing stock and real interest rate. We also tested the models ability to predict housing prices. In general the predictions were fairly decent, which indicates that the variables have a consistent economic grounding throughout the period. There will although be problems with using the model to predict future housing prices, since the development in the variables are uncertain and often subject of revising in retrospect.


Parents have pampered children for many years. Alfred Adler"s Adlerian theory understands the significance of pampering children and the difficulties that arise later in life for these children. Overindulgence, overpermissive, overdomineering, overnurture, and overprotection describe five different categories of pampering. The definitions of the pampering categories vary and often overlap the categories of parenting styles. Parents intend to parent effectively but external and internal influences can influence them to pamper their children. The effects of these pampering styles inadequately prepare children to handle life situations. Authoritative parenting style combined with Adlerian influences creates effective parenting without pampering.


lIgObjective:l/Ig There are a number of physiological changes which occur in astronauts in both short- and long-duration space missions, including nausea and spatial disorientation, orthostatic hypotension, muscle atrophy, bone loss, increased cancer risk from space radiation, and many others. This review examines the procedures and methods, also called countermeasures, used to moderate these changes. Data sources:l/Ig The information in this paper is taken from a review of articles and book chapters (Source: PubMed and MEDLINE, years covered 1995-2005).
lbrglIgConclusions:l/Ig The countermeasures currently adopted to counteract the effects of microgravity conditions on board space missions aim at stimulating a particular physiological system: the treadmill, the cycle ergometer and the interim resistive exercise device primarily for muscles and bones, intermittent venous pooling and fluid loading for cardiovascular responses, and pharmacological manipulations for space motion sickness. However, all have only limited success. Indeed, despite extensive in-flight exercise, most astronauts experience difficulties in standing, walking and getting oriented for several days after landing. This poses a serious problem in case of an emergency landing on Earth or a landing on Mars after a long-duration spaceflight. Studies are being conducted for the search of more effective countermeasures that address all physiological systems across the board, such as artificial gravity generated by short-arm centrifugation.


Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging is a unique series that aims to document the most innovative technologies in all fields within diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology, thereby informing the physician in practice of the latest advances in diagnostic imaging and percutaneous image-guided minimally invasive procedures.  The contents are intended to cover all organs, and all modern imaging techniques and image-guided treatment modalities, with special emphasis on applications in clinical practice.  Each volume is a comprehensive reference book on a topical theme, and the editors are always experts of high international standing. Contributions are included from both clinicians and researchers, ensuring wide appeal.


CONTEXT
Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of cardiovascular risk in adults. Patterns and determinants of CRP in adolescents have not been well described.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine how CRP varies by age, gender, Tanner stage, and body fat composition in rural Chinese adolescents and to what degree adiposity-CRP associations are attributable to shared genetic and environmental factors.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Data were derived from an ongoing study of metabolic syndrome in a large community-based twin cohort enrolled in Anqing, China.

PARTICIPANTS
The study sample included 1180 adolescent twins aged 13-21 yr.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Plasma CRP concentrations were measured by sandwich immunoassay using flow metric xMAP technology. Body fat composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

RESULTS
CRP levels linearly increased across age and Tanner stage in males (P ≤ 0.0001), but in females, CRP exhibited no trend after adjusting for fat mass (P > 0.05). For males, the most explanatory measure was body mass index (partial r(2) = 5.2%), whereas percent body fat (partial r(2) = 8.8%) was more explanatory in females. Of the phenotypic correlations between adiposity measures and CRP (0.25-0.28), 86-89% were attributed to shared genetic factors and 11-14% to common unique environmental factors in both sexes.

CONCLUSIONS
Adiposity is a strong determinant of CRP even in this relatively lean Chinese population. There is notable gender difference for the CRP pattern and the relationship of CRP with adiposity during adolescence. To a large degree, common genetic factors may underlie the observed adiposity-CRP-phenotypic correlations.


We compare theoretical and empirical forecasts computed by rational agents living in a model economy to those produced by professional forecasters. We focus on the variance of the prediction errors as a function of the forecast horizon and analyze the speed with which it converges to a constant (which can be seen as a measure of the speed of convergence of the economy to the steady state). We look at a standard sticky-prices-wages model, concluding that it delivers a strong theoretical forecastability of the variables under scrutiny, at odds with the data (professional forecasts). The flexible prices-wages version delivers a forecastability closer to the data and performs relatively better empirically (with actual data), but mainly because forecasts deviate little from the unconditional mean. These results can be interpreted in at least two ways: first, actual deviations from the steady-state are not persistent, in which case the implications of the specific formulation of nominal rigidities for short-run dynamics are unrealistic; second, and still looking through the lens of a model, exogenous (or unmodelled) steady-state shifts attributable to, e.g., changes in monetary-policy, taxation, regulation or in the growth of the technological frontier, occur in such a way as to strongly limit the performance of professional forecasters.


Water quality in the Delaware River, USA, has improved significantly since the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), Clean Water Act of 1972, and authorization of the Delaware River Basin Commission Compact in 1961. Initial economic analysis by the Federal Water Pollution Administration in 1966 concluded the multimillion dollar pollution abatement programme would generate $350 million in annual benefits by improving dissolved oxygen levels to fishable standards in the Delaware River. Although water quality in the Delaware has improved substantially, scientists have called for raising the 1960s dissolved oxygen criteria from 3.5 mg/L to 5.0 mg/L to ensure year‐round propagation of anadromous American shad and Atlantic sturgeon. This higher level would also mitigate atmospheric warming resulting in increased water temperatures and sea water incursion, both of which would lead to reductions in dissolved oxygen saturation in the river. Additional economic valuation of this water quality improvement shows direct use benefits in the Delaware River to range from $371 million to $1.1 billion per year. Other economic sectors benefiting from improved water quality include recreational boating ($46–$334 million), recreational fishing ($129–$202 million), agriculture ($8–$188 million), nonuse value ($76–$115 million), viewing/boating/fishing ($55–$68 million), bird watching ($15–$33 million), property value ($13–27 million), water supply ($12–$24 million), commercial fishing (up to $17 million), and navigation ($7–$16 million). Future economic research is needed in the Delaware River watershed to more precisely measure nonuse benefits by public willingness to pay for improved water quality.


In this paper we present an analysis of Spanish heritage speakers' oral production of gender agreement outside the DP as an innovative source of support for the Interface Hypothesis (Sorace & Filiaci 2006). We demonstrate that, besides commonly known factors such as the gender, animacy and morphology of the antecedent, the interface domain in which gender agreement takes place also seems to play a role in how accurately heritage speakers apply gender agreement. Pronominal reference, located at the external syntax-discourse interface, turns out to be more problematic than adjectival predication, which pertains to the internal morpho-syntax interface. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that, besides the amount of input heritage speakers receive, the quality of this input may also play a role in their gender agreement accuracy, given that the heritage speakers' error pattern with respect to linguistic factors is very similar to that of first generation immigrants.


This chapter reviews contemporary understanding of insomnia disorder. Specifically, it examines insomnia prevalence and associated morbidity, clinical approaches to the evaluation of insomnia, and models of insomnia development and maintenance. Recent evolution of insomnia classification is emphasised, alongside novel perspectives on the role of insomnia in conferring risk for mental and physical disease. It is concluded that development of theoretical models that integrate both psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis will provide a fuller understanding of insomnia pathophysiology and subsequently guide treatment innovation.


Information Systems (IS) design research tends to emphasise the development of new methods (normative research), while addressing the evaluation of methods in only a limited fashion. A possible reason for this is the philosophical and methodological problems involved in validating methods ("knowledge how") as opposed to theses ("knowledge that"). "Knowledge that" has been the major focus of scientific research, which is generally about establishing the truth of particular propositions (hypotheses). However an entirely different approach is required to validate methodological knowledge. This paper proposes a theoretical model and associated measurement instrument for evaluating IS design methods. The model is based on two previously unrelated areas of theory: the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) from the IS success literature and Methodological Pragmatism from the philosophy of science. The resulting theoretical model combines two different but related dimensions of method "success": actual effectiveness and adoption in practice. The model is applicable to all types of IS design methods as well as methods used in other domains. A laboratory experiment and a field experiment are conducted to test the model. The paper also presents some interesting findings about the use of undergraduate students in experimental studies.


Substance use disorders (SUDs) take a heavy toll on those who have them and on society more broadly. These disorders are often difficult to treat, and relapse is common. Perhaps, because of these factors, these disorders are highly stigmatized worldwide. The purpose of this study is to examine empirical work intended to determine the impact of perceived social stigma and self-stigma on the process of recovering from SUDs with the assistance of formal treatment services. Qualitative studies confirmed that stigma experiences are common among those with these disorders and that these experiences can negatively impact feelings and beliefs about treatment. One quantitative study provided good statistical support for a direct effect of stigma on outcomes, but this was contradicted by other longitudinal data. In general, quantitative articles suggested an indirect effect of stigma on treatment outcomes, via negative emotions and cognitive mechanisms such as feelings of self-efficacy. However, it was notable that there was little consistency in the literature as to definitions and measurement of the constructs of recovery, perceived social stigma, and self-stigma. Future work should focus on bringing clarity, and validated measures, to this problem in order to better determine the nature of these relationships.


We use Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to investigate the linkage between the volatility of ethanol security prices and the uncertainty surrounding the profitability of ethanol production and the price variations of non-ethanol energy securities. The joint evolution of return and volatility is modeled as a stochastic process that incorporates jumps in both return and volatility. While a strong and significant correlation is found between the volatility of ethanol securities and profit uncertainty from June 2005 to July 2008, the dynamic pattern of ethanol stock volatility is strikingly similar to that of the S&P 500 energy sector index in the more recent period. Our evidence lends support to the findings in the literature on rational learning from uncertainty in determining the equity price and volatility during the adoption and development of a technological innovation.


We study to what extent quantum algorithms can speed up solving convex optimization problems. Following the classical literature we assume access to a convex set via various oracles, and we examine the efficiency of reductions between the different oracles. In particular, we show how a separation oracle can be implemented using O~(1) quantum queries to a membership oracle, which is an exponential quantum speed-up over the Ω(n) membership queries that are needed classically. We show that a quantum computer can very efficiently compute an approximate subgradient of a convex Lipschitz function. Combining this with a simplification of recent classical work of Lee, Sidford, and Vempala gives our efficient separation oracle. This in turn implies, via a known algorithm, that O~(n) quantum queries to a membership oracle suffice to implement an optimization oracle (the best known classical upper bound on the number of membership queries is quadratic). We also prove several lower bounds: Ω(n) quantum separation (or membership) queries are needed for optimization if the algorithm knows an interior point of the convex set, and Ω(n) quantum separation queries are needed if it does not.


Existing privacy controls based on access control techniques do not prevent massive dissemination of private data by malevolent acquaintances of social network, unauthorized duplication of files or personal messages, or persistence of some files in third-party operated storage beyond their deletion by their owners. We suggest a usage control enforcement scheme that allows users to gain control over their data during its entire lifetime and the way it is disseminated in outsourced distributed data storage. The scheme is based on a peer-to-peer architecture whereby a different set of peers is randomly selected for data assignment. Usage control is achieved based on the assumption that at least t out of any set of n peers will not behave maliciously. Such a system would still suffer from re-injection attacks whereby attackers can gain ownership of data and the usage policy thereof by simply re-storing data after slight modification of the content. In order to cope with re-injection attacks the scheme relies on a similarity detection mechanism based on special hash functions. The robustness of the scheme has been evaluated in an experimental setting using a variety of re-injection attacks.


This article explores the possibility of using mix of reclaim rubber as reinforcement in styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR). Mix of reclaim rubber used in this research to enhancement some of the mechanical properties of SBR as additives or fillers. Six different compound was prepared from SBR (100 pphr) and loading level from Reclaim rubber (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250) pphr in series while the hardness, tensile strength, tear resistance, elongation, elastic modulus and specific gravity have been studied in this research. We found that some of these properties are increasing with the increment of mix of reclaim rubber loading, such as tensile strength, elongation, tear resistance, specific gravity from other hand hardness, elastic modulus, were decreased with increment reclaim rubber loading %.


Query authentication has been extensively studied to ensure the integrity of query results for outsourced databases, which are often not fully trusted. However, access control, another important security concern, is largely ignored by existing works. Notably, recent breakthroughs in cryptography have enabled fine-grained access control over outsourced data. In this paper, we take the first step toward studying the problem of authenticating relational queries with fine-grained access control. The key challenge is how to protect information confidentiality during query authentication, which is essential to many critical applications. To address this challenge, we propose a novel access-policy-preserving (APP) signature as the primitive authenticated data structure. A useful property of the APP signature is that it can be used to derive customized signatures for unauthorized users to prove the inaccessibility while achieving the zero-knowledge confidentiality. We also propose a grid-index-based tree structure that can aggregate APP signatures for efficient range and join query authentication. In addition to this, a number of optimization techniques are proposed to further improve the authentication performance. Security analysis and performance evaluation show that the proposed solutions and techniques are robust and efficient under various system settings.


With the recent release of the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) data from the International Comparison Program (ICP), analysts and institutions are confronted with the question of whether and how to use them for global poverty estimation. The previous round of PPP data from 2005 led to a large increase in the estimated number of poor in the world. The 2011 price data suggest that developing countries' incomes in PPP-adjusted dollars are significantly higher than indicated by the 2005 PPP data. This has created the anticipation that the new PPP data will decrease significantly the count of poor people in the world. This paper presents evidence that if the global poverty line is updated with the 2011 PPP data based on the same set of national poverty lines that define the $1.25 line in 2005 PPPs, and if the 2011 PPP conversion factors are used without adjustments to selected countries, the 2011 poverty rate is within half a percentage point of the current global estimate based on 2005 PPPs. The analysis also indicates that the goal of 'ending' extreme poverty by 2030 continues to be an ambitious one.


How does transnational legal order emerge, develop and solidify? This chapter focuses on how and why actors come to define an issue as one requiring transnational legal intervention of a specific kind. Specifically, we focus on how and why states have increasingly constructed and acceded to international legal norms relating to human trafficking. Empirically, human trafficking has been on the international and transnational agenda for nearly a century. However, relatively recently – and fairly swiftly in the 2000s – governments have committed themselves to criminalize human trafficking in international as well as regional and domestic law. Our paper tries to explain this process of norm convergence. We hypothesize that swift convergence on norms against human trafficking and on a particular legal solution – criminalization – is the result of a specific set of conditions related to globalization and the collapse of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. We argue that a broad coalition of states had much to gain by choosing a prosecutorial model over one that makes human rights or victim protection its top priority. We explore the framing of human trafficking through computerized textual analysis of United Nations resolutions – the central forum for debates over the nature of human trafficking and what to do about it. We look for evidence of how the framing of human trafficking has shifted over time, and how the normative pressure as reflected in these documents has waxed and waned. We will argue that a binding legal instrument became possible because of the normative convergence solidified by linking human trafficking to transnational crime more generally.


As the traffic on roads becomes increasingly heavy, driving safety has widely become a concern. Thus, an advanced driving-assistance system (ADAS) becomes much more important, because it can improve driving safety. It is composed of a human driver and an automated system called a copilot. To make it effective, they should properly cooperate. Hence, it is very important to define and model their cooperation behavior such that an ADAS can effectively be designed and realized. This paper presents the colored hybrid Petri net (CHPN) model to describe their cooperation behavior. It shows how switch between the driver and the copilot should be done to control the vehicle. The model is shown to be deadlock-free and conflict-free. Therefore, it is useful for ADAS design, analysis, and simulation.


Rapid cooling events deduced from thermochronologic data are often interpreted to be coincident with the age of extensional denudation in metamorphic core complexes. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data for mylonitic and nonmylonitic footwall rocks from the Bitterroot core complex, Idaho-Montana, United States, challenge this view. Previous work brackets the age of the principal detachment in this area, the Bitterroot mylonite zone, between 48 ± 1 and 46.4 ± 0.8 Ma. Newly obtained hornblende 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages for samples collected from the mylonite zone are within this age range, consistent with mylonitization at amphibolite facies conditions. However, muscovite, biotite, and potassium feldspar 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of ∼45-40 Ma for rocks from the same area define a rapid cooling event that is significantly younger than the Bitterroot mylonite zone. If the 45-40 Ma event is related to tectonic denudation by movement on the detachment, then we can infer a time lag of ∼1-3 m.y. between the age of unroofing and the time of thermal reequilibration. These data suggest caution in the use of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data from the footwalls of metamorphic core complexes to suggest the precise age of tectonic denudation.


We study the specification of access control policy in large-scale distributed systems. We present Cassandra, a language and system for expressing policy, and the results of a substantial case study, a security policy for a national electronic health record system, based on the requirements for the ongoing UK National Health Service procurement exercise. Cassandra policies are expressed in a language based on Datalog with constraints. The expressiveness of the language (and its computational complexity) can be tuned by choosing an appropriate constraint domain. Cassandra is role-based; it supports credential-based access control (e.g. between administrative domains); and rules can refer to remote policies (for automatic credential retrieval and trust negotiation). Moreover, the policy language is small, and it has a formal semantics for query evaluation and for the access control engine. For the case study we choose a constraint domain C/sub 0/ that is sufficiently expressive to encode many policy idioms. The case study turns out to require many subtle variants of these; it is important to express this variety smoothly, rather than add them as ad hoc features. By ensuring only a constraint compact fragment of C/sub 0/ is used, we guarantee a finite and computable fixed-point model. We use a top-down evaluation algorithm, for efficiency and to guarantee termination. The case study (with some 310 rules and 58 roles) demonstrates that this language is expressive enough for a real-world application; preliminary results suggest that the performance should be acceptable.


Steve Fuller has argued that a scientific discovery will not be recognized unless it can be justified within the history of the relevant science. He cites Mendel's work on genetics, which was not recognized until thirty-five years after its publication, as an example. This essay argues that Mendel's work comes out of the tradition of work by both agricultural breeders and academics in nineteenth century Austria. Thus, Fuller is mistaken, and one must look elsewhere for the neglect of Mendel's work. This essay also places Mendel's work within the philosophy of Jan Comenius, whose work was very likely known to Mendel.


Natural selection can drive rapid evolutionary change, particularly in human-altered habitats. Rapid adaptation to global change requires standing genetic variation for ecologically important traits, but at present little is known about how much relevant genetic variation most populations possess. With this in mind, we began a long term study of genome-wide molecular evolution in a series of natural butterfly populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) in 2012 to quantify the contribution of environment-dependent natural selection to evolution in these butterfly populations, and determine whether selection varies enough across space and time to maintain variation that could facilitate adaptation to global change. In 2018, we visited 11 focal populations to collect samples for DNA, estimate population sizes (using distance sampling and mark-release-recapture methods), and survey arthropod communities at the sites. Our analyses are ongoing, and this is a preliminary report, but thus far we have found that census population sizes are much higher than contemporary effective population sizes (though these metrics are highly correlated), and that both are independent of genetic diversity levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that selection plays a central role in eco-evolutionary dynamics in this system.

Featured photo from Figure 1 in report.


Background Patients with myeloma experience substantial delays in their diagnosis, which can adversely affect their prognosis. Aim To generate a clinical prediction rule to identify primary care patients who are at highest risk of myeloma. Design and setting Retrospective open cohort study using electronic health records data from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2014. Method Patients from the CPRD were included in the study if they were aged ≥40 years, had two full blood counts within a year, and had no previous diagnosis of myeloma. Cases of myeloma were identified in the following 2 years. Derivation and external validation datasets were created based on geographical region. Prediction equations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models including patient characteristics, symptoms, and blood test results. Calibration, discrimination, and clinical utility were evaluated in the validation set. Results Of 1 281 926 eligible patients, 737 (0.06%) were diagnosed with myeloma within 2 years. Independent predictors of myeloma included: older age; male sex; back, chest and rib pain; nosebleeds; low haemoglobin, platelets, and white cell count; and raised mean corpuscular volume, calcium, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A model including symptoms and full blood count had an area under the curve of 0.84 (95% CI = 0.81 to 0.87) and sensitivity of 62% (95% CI = 55% to 68%) at the highest risk decile. The corresponding statistics for a second model, which also included calcium and inflammatory markers, were an area under the curve of 0.87 (95% CI = 0.84 to 0.90) and sensitivity of 72% (95% CI = 66% to 78%). Conclusion The implementation of these prediction rules would highlight the possibility of myeloma in patients where GPs do not suspect myeloma. Future research should focus on the prospective evaluation of further external validity and the impact on clinical practice.


This study demonstrates a comprehensive method for linking expert musicians9 interpretive choices and associated performances to listeners9 perceptions of emotionality. In Phase 1 of the study, 10 expert
 pianists recorded their prepared interpretations of a highly emotional piece of music (F. Chopin9s Prelude op. 28, no. 4). They were also interviewed about their deliberate interpretive choices. In Phase
 2, 28 musicians listened to the interpretations and provided postperformance ratings of expressivity and other performance aspects. During listening, subjects moved a mouse pointer on a continuous response
 computer interface, rating the moment-to-moment (concurrent) level of perceived emotionality. The correlation between postperformance ratings of expressivity and mean concurrent ratings was moderate (.50).
 In general, musical structure and the trajectory (trace) of concurrent emotionality ratings corresponded strongly. Statistically reliable trace divergences between individual performances and the grand
 mean performance demonstrated systematic relationships between emotionality ratings and performance data (loudness, timing). Increases in emotionality appear to be caused by specific local deviations from
 the performance characteristics of an average performance. Interpretive choices clustered at musical phrase boundaries. Many of the analyzed divergences were reflected in performers9 interpretive intentions
 as revealed in interview data.


A study of the age, growth and population structure of Acanthocardia tuberculata from the eastern Adriatic Sea was carried out. The condition index analysis identified one reproductive peak, which occurred between April and May, for a population of A. tuberculata in the Cetina River estuary with uni-modal recruitment. Annual growth rings on the external shell surface consisted of a dark ring deposited during the summer-autumn period and a light ring deposited during winter-spring. This was validated by acetate peels of shell sections and marginal increment analysis. Shell lengths of aged specimens ranged from 19.7 to 62.9 mm (mean = 41.21±8.96 mm). Estimated ages ranged from 5 months to 11 years, with mean values of 2.1, 2.4 and 3.1 years for Rab Island, Pag Bay and the Cetina River estuary respectively. Shell deposition is fastest during the first two years of life and significantly decreases after the 4th year. The growth parameters L∞ and k were estimated using the Gulland-Holt method and by fitting length at age data to a von Bertalanffy growth curve. Values of L∞ ranged from 52.6 mm (Rab Island) to 59.7 mm (Pag Bay). The growth constant k showed greater variations (0.49 to 0.77 year-1), while growth performance index values (o') ranged from 3.13 to 3.36.


Abstract We examined differences in microhabitat use between Boreal (Poecile hudsonicus) and Black-capped chickadees (P. atricapillus) where they co-occur near Marquette, Michigan, USA. Twenty-four Boreal and 37 Black-capped chickadees were followed during 60 hrs of field observation. Boreal Chickadees foraged only in three conifer species, 76% of which were black spruce (Picea mariana), while Black-capped Chickadees foraged widely across six coniferous and three deciduous tree species. Analysis of foraging data categorized by zones within conifer trees indicated high niche overlap (0.676) between Boreal and Black-capped chickadees across all foraging zones. Individual comparisons on a zone-by-zone basis revealed a significant difference in foraging occupancy in the medial portion of the crowns of conifer trees (P  =  0.0002). Our results indicate exclusive use by Boreal Chickadees of dense medial foliage within the top 3 m of conifer crowns.


The major part of the Polish Plain (central Europe) was shaped during the last glaciation and so far has been considered to be poor in groundwater outflows. The present study aimed to map the groundwater outflows and to analyse their water properties in the Lubuska Upland, western Polish Plain. The mapping of the groundwater outflows was supplemented by hydrochemical analyses (major ions and trace metals) of selected outflows. Altogether, approximately 600 groundwater outflows were recorded, of which 45% were springs. The outflow water discharges ranged from 0.001 to 45 L s−1. Most of them were located at the bottom of the slopes of river valleys. The water was neutral (pH 6.9 to 8.11), with electrical conductivity from 261 to 652 μS cm−1 and average temperature ~10 °C. The most common water type was dominated by bicarbonate, sulphates and calcium ions. The waters often exceeded the quality limits for total Fe and Mn2+. This study revealed that groundwater outflows are a common feature of the areas shaped by former glaciations and are most likely supplied by shallow aquifers.


Blood samples on filter-paper and plasma from two groups of psittacine birds were tested for anti-psittacine circovirus antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Antibody titres of filter-paper blood samples eluted with 100 μL of buffer were not significantly different to those of plasma. The filter-paper method allowed the collection and processing of smaller volumes of blood than required for preparation of serum or plasma. Special equipment or storage conditions were not required for transport of filter-paper samples to the laboratory, and fewer technical steps and time were involved in antibody detection. The use and interpretation of the test in relation to other methods currently available for diagnosing psittacine beak and feather disease is reviewed.


Leaders are rightfully concerned about the role they play in achieving an organization's desired outcomes. For leaders in learning organizations, these outcomes are often demonstrated by academic achievement. Recent research has suggested that the selfregulated learning model is an effective way to achieve desired academic outcomes in various learning environments from kindergarten classrooms to corporate training and development departments. This dissertation addressed the leadership role in facilitating self-regulated learning in learning organizations by employing qualitative research to investigate the following research question: how do administrators in schools that support the self-regulated learning model encourage and equip teachers to facilitate self-regulated learning in the classroom? This research examined two schools with case study methodology using on-site observations, open-ended interviews with leaders and staff, and document reviews to provide a robust evidential base for data analysis. The results explain how leaders support the self-regulated learning model, and the subsequent discussions address the need for change in current pedagogical approaches to better the educational experiences of the learners we serve.


DNA biosensors are becoming ubiquitous at current scale-level of nanotechnology; but still remain in research laboratory. The project objective is accessing feasibility for a commercial off-the-shelf optimally designed versatile handheld DNA biosensor. Therefore, thorough understandings of the principles behind design of DNA biosensor during biophysical interfacial transduction were explored. The Grahame equation was graphically solved at the electrolyte insulator interface of the DNA biosensor. Ion selective field-effect transistor (ISFET), integrated into nanotechnology, presents a suitable transduction platform to implement the benchmark protocol of DNA biosensors. Moreover, the identification or extraction of the optimal intrinsic and extrinsic parameters may in essence lead to stable, selective, sensitive, and a reliable optimally applicable DNA biosensor. This paper focuses on the simulation of essential mathematical and literature circuit equivalent models of interfacial DNA hybridisation. Model transfer functions were derived and the tools of control system theory were implemented for their usefulness to design an optimal nano-scaled DNA biosensor.


We explored rates and stoichiometry (C:N: P ratios) of sinking particles in a temperate reservoir during a 2‐yr period. Plankton was sampled weekly, and a sediment trap placed below the metalimnion collected sinking particles. There were no significant relationships between the stoichiometry of entrapped material and seston or zooplankton stoichiometry. However the differences in the entrapped C: P and N: P ratios between consecutive trap samplings were negatively correlated with the time variations of the zooplankton C: P and N: P ratios. Zooplankton C: P and N: P ratios were positively correlated with the percentage of copepod biomass in total zooplankton biomass >250 µm and negatively correlated with the percentage of cladocerans. Zooplankton biomass >250 µm reduced the fraction of N and P primary production lost to sinking (export ratio). The residuals of the N export ratio versus zooplankton biomass relationship were negatively correlated with the zooplankton N: P ratio, whereas there was a positive relationship with the residuals of the P export ratio relationship. These observations support the hypothesis that the regulation of elemental homeostasis in the herbivorous zooplankton consumers occurs at least partly at the assimilation/egestion level. Elements ingested in excess—P for the herbivorous copepods and N for many cladocerans— are concentrated into sinking feces, whereas the deficient elements are captured into biomass.


Optimization in online advertising typically involves feedback control as a critical component. Here we propose a control system that maximizes the return on investment (ROI) for an advertiser and paces the budget delivery. It consists of an integral controller with periodic feedforward compensation of the set-point and persistent excitation. We derive stability conditions for the controller.


We present an evolutionary robotics investigation into the metabolism constrained homeostatic dynamics of a simulated robot. Unlike existing research that has focused on either energy or motivation autonomy the robot described here is considered in terms of energy-motivation autonomy. This stipulation is made according to a requirement of autonomous systems to spatiotemporally integrate environmental and physiological sensed information. In our experiment, the latter is generated by a simulated artificial metabolism (a microbial fuel cell batch) and its integration with the former is determined by an E-GasNet-active vision interface. The investigation centres on robot performance in a three-dimensional simulator on a stereotyped two-resource problem. Motivationlike states emerge according to periodic dynamics identifiable for two viable sensorimotor strategies. Robot adaptivity is found to be sensitive to experimenter-manipulated deviations from evolved metabolic constraints. Deviations detrimentally affect the viability of cognitive (anticipatory) capacities even where constraints are significantly lessened. These results support the hypothesis that grounding motivationally autonomous robots is critical to adaptivity and cognition.