This paper evaluates, using logistic and multiple regression analyses, the socio-economic factors that influence farmers' decisions to adopt rotational woodlot technology in the farming systems of Uganda, based on a household survey carried out between May and December 2004, involving 120 farmers in Kigorobya sub-county, Hoima district. The analyses demonstrate that farmers make decisions about woodlot technology based on the household and field characteristics. The factors that significantly influenced the decision to adopt rotational woodlot technology included: gender, tree tenure security, seed supply, contact with extension and research agencies, soil erosion index, size of landholding, fuelwood scarcity, and main source of family income. To promote greater adoption of rotational woodlot technology, particular attention should be placed on the use of appropriate socioeconomic characterization, to better target technologies to areas with greater adoption potential.


Background and Aim: Routine diagnostic methods of Vesicoureteral reflu x (VUR) are invasive and can cause exposure to radiat ion and may increase risk of urinary tract infections. Therefore, introducing re liable, non invasive methods might be more interested in pediatric nephrology. T he objective of this perospective case control study was to evaluate the prognostic value of urinary neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin (uNGAL) on antenatal hydronephrosis (AH) with and without VUR. Methods: A total of 50 patients diagnosed with AH; 78% males with mean age 5.71± 2.1 years, including 27 AH with VUR and 23 AH without VUR, and 19 normal healthy children; 78.9% males with mean age 5.63 ± 1.89 years, were enrolled in this study. Urinary NGAL levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There was a significant difference in uNGAL concentration between AH patients and controls (0.80 ± 0.26 and 0.29 ± 0. 27 ng/ml, p<0.0001). However, the levels of uNGAL was not significantly deviated between AH patients with VUR compared to those without VUR (0.84 ± 0.34 vs. 0.75 ± 0.13, p=0.419). Standardization of NGAL based on urinary creatinine (uNGAL/uCr) showed a significantly difference between AH neonates with VUR compared to those without VUR (2.43±1.61 vs. 1.91±0.79, p<0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed higher progn ostic power of uNGAL for identifying AH with a sensitivity; 95.7%, and speci ficity; 84.2%. Meanwhile, the levels of uNGAL or NGAL/uCr ratio did not correlate with reflux grade or laterality. Conclusions: The urinary level of NGAL and NGAL/Cr ratio might be a surrogate non invasive, reliable tool to distinguis h hydronephrosis.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent among older adults. Aqua-based exercise is often recommended as a therapeutic intervention. Limited evidence exists on the effectiveness of this form of exercise intervention. Perceptions of pain, mean, and maximum heart rate (HR) responses, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and subjective enjoyment to different forms of aqua-based exercise were investigated. Thirteen older adults with documented OA completed five aquatic exercise ses- sions: body-weight aqua-fitness (AF), body-weight aqua-jogging (AJ), resisted aqua-fitness (RAF), resisted aqua-jogging (RAJ), and hydrotherapy (HYD). HYD was rated most enjoyable with AF deemed as an acceptable alternative. Pain scores immediately postexercise were significantly lower than 24-hr postexercise for all exercises. Mean HR was higher during AJ than during AF and HYD, and higher during RAF than during HYD. Maximum HR was not significantly different during any sessions. SRPE was significantly higher for RAJ than for HYD, although similar for all other sessions. These data suggest similar pain and maximum HR responses to different modes of aqua-based exercise. AF may be an alternative to HYD as an enjoyable water-based exercise to remediate OA.


From January 2011 until December 2012, forty Family Group Conferences (FGCs) will be studied in the public mental health care (PMHC) setting in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. Research should yield an answer to whether FGCs are valuable for clients in PMHC as a means to generate social support, to prevent coercion and to elevate the work of professionals. The present study reports on two case studies in which shame and fear of rejection are designated as main causes for clients to avoid contact with their social network, resulting in isolated and marginalised living circumstances. Shame, on the other hand, is also a powerful engine in preventing clients from relapse into marginalised circumstances for which one needs to feel ashamed again. An FGC offers a forum where clients are able to discuss their shameful feelings with their social network; it generates support and helps breaking through vicious circles of marginalisation and social isolation. Findings of these case studies confirm an assumption from a previous study that a limited or broken social network is not a contraindication, but a reason for organising FGCs.


"Rome's transformation from a regional force in Latium into a Mediterranean superpower (4th to 1st centuries BCE) was accompanied by an accelerated change of economic realities. The persistent influx of vast natural and monetary resources from abroad deeply altered the basis of Rome's military. As income skyrocketed, the exercise of political influence at Rome became increasingly intertwined with issues of personal finance. Despite claims for frugality, the political power of senatorial families was always determined through the accumulation of wealth. By the 1st century BCE, the competition of these families for rank and recognition was dramatically wrapped up with access to monetary capital and economic resources. When the republic finally fell, this was also due to a financial crash that hit the very centre of Roman society. Examining monetary and financial assets, this volume discloses how economic power and 'real' capital augmented the nature of aristocratic power at Rome. Papers are grouped in three topical clusters: Currencies of Power, Money and State Action, Wealth and Status". (Tire de la quatrieme de couverture)


Much is made of Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection, but Bernard Stiegler has developed a theory of artificial selection that is arguably every bit as important for an understanding of human life, and the life of the mind and aesthetics, in particular. Building on work by the paleoanthropologist Andre Leroi-Gourhan, Stiegler argues that humans evolve biologically insofar as they are animals, but they become human only through technics. Through tools, we are able to take hold of our own future by reconstructing environments to which we are maladapted and by preserving values that we choose to privilege over and above adaptive fitness. These tools also transform the field of our experience, de- and refunctionalizing our biological organs in a way that enables the body to interpret and be interpreted differently. Perhaps the most prominent example of this transformation of the body by technics is to be found in the unconscious, which comes into existence through the reorganization of the plastic brain by cultural systems of tool use. Our aesthetic preferences are not simply biologically hardwired but stem from our unconscious inheritance of the culturally transmitted and artificially selected codes of symbolic order.


The temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in mammalian development is linked to the establishment of functional chromatin domains. Here, we report that tissue-specific transcription of a retrotransposon repeat in the murine growth hormone locus is required for gene activation. This repeat serves as a boundary to block the influence of repressive chromatin modifications. The repeat element is able to generate short, overlapping Pol II–and Pol III–driven transcripts, both of which are necessary and sufficient to enable a restructuring of the regulated locus into nuclear compartments. These data suggest that transcription of interspersed repetitive sequences may represent a developmental strategy for the establishment of functionally distinct domains within the mammalian genome to control gene activation.


In 1988, Soule et al. observed that chapparal-requiring birds experienced a population decline following elimination of the system's top predator, the coyote. Exploration of the causes for the crash led the researchers to surmise that following coyote removal, there had been an increase in the abundance of a smaller predator, the red fox. Soule et al. called this 'mesopredator release' and suggested that further research was needed in multiple ecosystems to validate the extent of the phenomenon. Over the last twenty years, mesopredator release has been reported in ecosystems on every continent except Antarctica, including many island, fresh-water and oceanic ecosystems (Myers et al., 2007; Prugh et al., 2009; Rayner et al., 2007; Ritchie and Johnson, 2009; Roemer et al., 2009). These results are now the basis of the mesopredator release hypothesis (MRH), suggesting that apex predators suppress populations of smaller mesopredators, but that these mesopredators are 'released' from these pressures if the apex predators are removed, leading to changes in species composition and population dynamics. The MRH is highly relevant to conservation issues in Australia.

Australia is the only island continent and, especially since European settlement in 1788 (Jupp, 2001), Australia has been invaded by several species deemed to threaten its native fauna (Burbidge and McKenzie, 1989; Dickman, 1996; McKenzie et al., 2007; Short and Smith, 1994). The interactions between these alien species are not fully understood in the context of Australian ecosystems (Burbidge and McKenzie, 1989; Glen and Dickman, 2005). It has been theorised that the successful removal of one species may trigger mesopredator release and result in an even more devastating effect on native wildlife.

It is the main aim of this essay to analyse evidence for mesopredator release in Australia. This requires a detailed understanding of mesopredator release, so the essay opens with a critical assessment of the concept. This concentrates on terrestrial examples and, specifically, studies involving mammals in recognition of Australia's diverse and unique mammalian fauna. Applying mesopredator release to Australia also requires an appreciation for the unique nature of the Australian environment and the country's most crucial conservation issues. Finally, I will discuss suggestions for future testing of the MRH in Australian ecosystems.


Introduction The outcome of the effects of transitioning to minimalist running shoes is a topic of interest for runners and scientists. However, few studies have investigated the longer term effects of running in minimalist shoes. The purpose of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to investigate the effects of a 26 week transition to minimalist shoes on running performance and injury risk in trained runners unaccustomed to minimalist footwear. Methods and analysis A randomised parallel intervention design will be used. Seventy-six trained male runners will be recruited. To be eligible, runners must be aged 18–40 years, run with a habitual rearfoot footfall pattern, train with conventional shoes and have no prior experience with minimalist shoes. Runners will complete a standardised transition to either minimalist or control shoes and undergo assessments at baseline, 6 and 26 weeks. 5 km time-trial performance (5TT), running economy, running biomechanics, triceps surae muscle strength and lower limb bone mineral density will be assessed at each time point. Pain and injury will be recorded weekly. Training will be standardised during the first 6 weeks. Primary statistical analysis will compare 5TT between shoe groups at the 6-week time point and injury incidence across the entire 26-week study period. Ethics and dissemination This RCT has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia. Participants will be required to provide their written informed consent prior to participation in the study. Study findings will be disseminated in the form of journal publications and conference presentations after completion of planned data analysis. Trial registration number This RCT has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000642785).


A new species of commensal pontoniine shrimp, Balssia noeli n.sp., from the vicinity of Banyuls, western Mediterranean, is described and illustrated. The new species is readily distinguished from B. gasti (Balss, 1921), the only other species of the genus, by its lack of strong sculpturing on the carapace and abdomen. The species is associated with the gorgonians Corallium, Eunicella, Gerardia and Paramuricella.


Estimating gestational age in resource-limited settings is prone to considerable inaccuracy because crown-rump length measured by ultrasound before 14 weeks gestation, the recommended method for estimating gestational age, is often unavailable. Judgements regarding provision of appropriate obstetric and neonatal care are dependent on accurate estimation of gestational age. We determined the accuracy of the Dubowitz Gestational Age Assessment, a population-specific symphysis-fundal height formula, and ultrasound biometry performed between 16 and 40 weeks gestation in estimating gestational age using pre-existing data from antenatal clinics of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit on the Thai-Myanmar border, where malaria is endemic. Two cohorts of women who gave birth to live singletons were analysed: 1) 250 women who attended antenatal care between July 2001 and May 2006 and had both ultrasound crown-rump length (reference) and a Dubowitz Gestational Age Assessment; 2) 975 women attending antenatal care between April 2007 and October 2010 who had ultrasound crown-rump length, symphysis-fundal measurements, and an additional study ultrasound (biparietal diameter and head circumference) randomly scheduled between 16 and 40 weeks gestation. Mean difference in estimated newborn gestational age between methods and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were determined from linear mixed-effects models. The Dubowitz method and the symphysis-fundal height formula performed well in term newborns, but overestimated gestational age of preterms by 2.57 weeks (95% LOA: 0.49, 4.65) and 3.94 weeks (95% LOA: 2.50, 5.38), respectively. Biparietal diameter overestimated gestational age by 0.83 weeks (95% LOA: -0.93, 2.58). Head circumference underestimated gestational age by 0.39 weeks (95% LOA: -2.60, 1.82), especially if measured after 24 weeks gestation. The results of this study can be used to quantify biases associated with alternative methods for estimating gestational age in the absence of ultrasound crown-rump length to inform critical clinical judgements in this population, and as a point of reference elsewhere.


The aim of this thesis is to contribute with new insights on the concept of organizational purpose, by answering the following main research question: How does purpose influence the MCS in purpose-driven organizations? There has been a tremendous increase in the general interest of organizational purpose over the course of the last decade. However, there is still a significant lack of scholarly research conducted on the concept. In this thesis, we seek to gain an enhanced understanding of what organizational purpose is, how it may be operationalized in organizations' management control systems (MCS), and the potential implications for employees. We seek to understand what organizational purpose is by reviewing the existing management literature on organizational purpose. Furthermore, we conduct a comparative analysis of how the concept is operationalized in the MCS of two Norwegian purpose-driven organizations. The analysis is based on qualitative data gathered from interviewing employees in these organizations. In answering our main research question, we find that there are three important aspects in which organizations with a desire to become purpose-driven need to consider. First, we find that operationalizing purpose in an organization's MCS is a laborious process. This implies that perseverance is a key factor. Second, our results suggest that organizational purpose must be operationalized in ways that are tangible for employees. The purpose should be articulated as an explicit statement, and should be operationalized in the MCS in ways that are understandable to employees. Third, we find that organizational purpose has the ability to spur organizational commitment and employee engagement. Potential consequences for organizations may be reduced turnover, higher level of innovation, and enhanced employee performance. However, our findings suggest that organizations may face a challenge in making employees' commitment to the purpose cascade from upper management down to lower hierarchical levels.


The presence of lipids in atherosclerotic coronary lesions is an important determinant of their potential to trigger acute coronary events. Spectroscopic intravascular photoacoustic imaging (sIVPA) has the potential to automatically detect lipids in atherosclerotic lesions. For real-time in vivo imaging, limiting the number of excitation wavelengths is crucial. We explored methods for plaque lipid detection using sIVPA, with the aim to minimize the number of laser pulses per image line. A combined intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and photoacoustic imaging system was used to image a vessel phantom and human coronary arteries ex vivo. We acquired co-registered cross-sectional images at several wavelengths near 1200 nm, a lipid-specific absorption band. Correlating the photoacoustic spectra at 6 or 3 wavelengths from 1185 to 1235 nm with the absorption spectrum of cholesterol and peri-adventitial tissue, we could detect and differentiate the lipids in the atherosclerotic plaque and peri-adventitial lipids, respectively. With two wavelengths, both plaque and peri-adventitial lipids were detected but could not be distinguished.


— The influence of ultrasound equipment setup and region of interest (ROI) size on the grey-scale brightness values of ultrasound images was investigated using a muscle phantom. The effects of focus, gain, depth, zoom and ROI size were veri-fied. The Echo Intensity (EI) was estimated using ImageJ software. No significant differences were found in average brightness when changes were made to focus and zoom. EI rose linearly with an increase in gain and decreased linearly with increasing depth of penetration selected on the equipment. EI decreased logarithmically with the increase in size of the ROI. We propose dividing EI values by respective gains as an option to limit the influence of gain changes on EI. Other alternatives must still be investigated regarding the influence of depth on EI. This work is intended to help researchers make decisions based on parameters that may be influenced by their EI measurements, such that valid interpretations can be made.


As the new research plan of Plasma Research Center of the University of Tsukuba, we are planning to start a study of divertor simulation under the closely resemble to actual fusion plasmas environment making an advantage of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror and to contribute the solution for realizing the divertor in future toroidal systems. In the research plan, the concepts of two divertor devices are introduced. One has an axi-symmetric divertor configuration with separatrix (A-Div.) and the other is a high heat flux divertor simulator by using an end-mirror exit of the large tandem mirror device (EDiv.). Preparative experiments have been successfully started at the end-mirror region of GAMMA 10 and detailed behavior of end-loss particles has been investigated by using newly developed diagnostic instruments. In standard hot-ion mode plasmas (ne0 ~ 2×10 m, Ti0 ~ 5 keV), the heat flux density of 0.8 MW/m and the particle flux density of 4×10 /s•m were observed at 30 cm downstream of the end-mirror exit on the machine axis. It is confirmed that the heat flux density increases in proportion to the applied RF power. Superimposing the ECH pulse induces a remarkable enhancement of heat flux and a peak value in the net heat flux density of 8 MW/m was attained during the ECH injection, which almost comes up to the heat load level of the divertor plate of ITER. Two-dimensional visible image measurement of newly installed target plates using highspeed camera revealed a significant difference in the behavior of visible emission from plasma-material interaction. The above results give a clear prospect of generating the required performance and providing useful information for divertor studies in GAMMA 10.


In this paper, the feeling of human to images is analyzed using the fuzzy set theory and the processes are implemented based on the fuzzy inference method in order to construct a fuzzy-based image processing and understanding system. Owing to the linguistic meaning of a fuzzy set, we can handle the global feeling of an image instead of the numerical information extraction by some image transformation and pixel statistics. An image understanding process is proposed to label and extract the target object of the image, which is only described by linguistic assignment. The objects in the image are labeled by a membership grade, and the "fuzzy" object is recognized and extracted by the fuzzy inference method. We propose the two-phase module to implement the idea. Two steps include the training and processing steps, the latter one involves two phases: the global feature extraction phase and the process phase. A basic system is constructed, and the feasibility has been confirmed according to the satisfactory performance.<<ETX>>


Those who would blame conservative disappointments in Congress solely on a Republican failure of nerve are missing some pieces of the puzzle. From the height of Republican ascendancy two years ago, how could things have fallen so far so fast? Conservative observers love to catalogue the horrors of the 105th Congress. Start with the personalities: A House Speaker, Newt Gingrich, who seems to have lost the ability to articulate a conservative agenda, the respect of congressional Republicans, and the interest of the American people; the Speaker's backstabbing subalterns in the House, who have begun maneuvering to succeed him; a new Senate leader, Trent Lott, whose conservatism may prove to be as much a matter of tactics as principles. Then there are the issues: The Balanced Budget Amendment fails in the Senate yet again; the conservative agenda on such issues as racial preferences lies moribund; a bill to provide disaster relief for flood victims brings political disaster upon Republicans; and, of course, President Clinton and congressional leaders strike a balanced-budget deal that most conservatives regard as, at best, a huge disappointment. Lastly, look at the themes, the inspiring articulation of the principles that separate liberal from conservative, rally the troops, and frighten the enemy: There are none. The man Gingrich brought in as communications guru for the 105th Congress was gone five months after he arrived. Now, compare this record of nonachievement with the first nine months of the 104th Congress. Conservatism was triumphant. It had a face, the face of Newt Gingrich, and that face and those of his surrogates appeared on public-affairs programs every day to explain the intellectual and political bankruptcy of liberalism and the principles of the conservative and Republican "revolution." Under their new majority leader, Dick Armey, House Republicans united to pass their "Contract with America" legislation with disciplined energy, speed, and authority. Outside groups were energized, eager to bring their resources in the service of the revolution. It was the moment for conservative ideology to step out of the think tanks and into its governing stance, by means of the GOP congressional majority. Moreover, in 1995, the Democrats were foundering. The president was reduced to insisting on his own relevance. Congressional Democrats spun furiously -- and erroneously. Republicans never believed their own promises and couldn't possibly make good on them, they said, even as House Republicans were proving the opposite. Democrats, in short, were still in denial. A scant two years later, the popularity of the newly re-elected Democratic president has reached its highest level ever. Hill Democrats are busy preparing an entirely new federal entitlement for children's health insurance -- and doing so in the certain expectation that they will attract more than enough Republican votes to pass it. Democrats have their own worries, of course: illicit fundraising, independent counsels, and Dick Gephardt, the House Minority Leader who broke with the White House over the budget deal. It could hardly be said that for Democrats, everything is hunky-dory. But it would take willful blindness not to see how partisan fortunes have reversed in two years. Conservatives outside the provinces of Capitol Hill are saying that self-styled reformers are inevitably co-opted after they settle in Washington, and that only the naive would suppose one's own reformers are different. These so-called movement conservatives have distanced themselves from the political leaders they embraced and supported only two years ago. They vow to put their trust, not in princes, but in principles, the principles that GOP congressional leadership espouse in theory and betray in practice. The movement conservatives are left to hope that those who have abandoned their principles will rediscover them -- a rare thing -- or that a new generation of principled leaders will emerge who are capable of sticking it out and fighting the good fight to the end. …


This study examines Behavioral Factors and Investment Decision Making in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Thus, the research question is what are the psychological factors affecting investment decisions in the Nigerian capital market. A structured questionnaire was used in collecting data and it was able to collect data from 75 investors with the application of a convenient sampling method. Using overconfidence bias, availability bias, conservatism, and herding effect to define the most important behavioral element affecting investment decision making by investors in the Nigerian. Multiple regression analysis was used as the key methodological method for evaluating the research hypothesis, whereas the internal consistency of the questionnaire calculated from Cronbach's alpha on all variables showed values greater than 0.7 with a sufficient level of reliability. The primary beneficiary group would be the buyers on the stock market who would be educated enough about the effect of their own behavioral influences on their stock market decision making. The knowledge would be useful in making optimal investment decisions and avoiding unfavorable decisions to increase their resources. In turn, it will be helpful to policymakers and stock market regulators to help them understand the position of behavioral influences inherited in consumer decision-making and that may be associated with the need for stock market brokers to update their customer's trading practices to a higher level. The findings of this study suggest that overconfidence, availability bias, and herding impact demonstrated a positive significant relationship with NSE investment decision-making except conservatism which showed a negative relationship with investment decision-making but at 0.01 levels statistically significant. On the basis of the results, it can be generalized that the most prevalent factors affecting investor investment decision taking in NSE are overconfidence, availability bias, and herding influence.


Pumpkins can be baked in a pie, carved into jack-o'-lanterns, and roasted for a healthy snack. But how does a tiny seed turn into a big pumpkin? With clear text and detailed, colorful illustrations, this book explains what a pumpkin seed needs to help it grow! This book also includes delicious pumpkin recipes and easy experiments to do with pumpkin seeds. This is a Stage 1 Let's-Read-and-Find-Out, which means the book explains simple science concepts for preschoolers and kindergarteners. Let's-Read-And-Find-Out is the winner of the American Association for the Advancement of Science/Subaru Science Books & Films Prize for Outstanding Science Series. Supports the Common Core Learning Standards and Next Generation Science Standards


The construction market is playing a massive role in the United States Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Among various industries, construction is a significant sector responsible for 4-8 percent of GDP. Like other sectors, construction markets are susceptible to demand fluctuations, which the economic recession can cause, political decisions, natural disasters, or outbursts of pandemics. The ability to predict the demand rate in the construction market could give the contractors and owners a better understanding of what they need in their short-term and long-term programs and make them more competitive by predicting the needs in workforce demand. The research selected Texas employment data as the focal point due to the size of the construction market and its workforce diversity. Furthermore, Texas has been a hotspot for dozens of hurricanes, also affected by many political bills and economic Turmoil, making results more capable of further generalization. This research used three different methods to predict the total construction employment. Univariate models are applied to the datasets to forecast them based on their previous quantities. Three methods such as autoregressive integrated moving average time series models (ARIMA), supervised learning regressors, and the long-term-short-memories (LSTM), were applied to the construction hiring data extracted from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics website. Generally, LSTM models had the most accurate predictions in most cases, except for Austin, where ARIMA models predicted the dataset accurately.


The excitations of the 2D Heisenberg antiferromagnet, Rb2MnF4, were studied using neutron scattering techniques with the MAPS spectrometer at the ISIS facility of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. Measurements were made of the magnetic excitations over the whole 2D Brillouin zone at 6 temperatures below the ordering temperature of 38 K and 6 temperatures above. It was found that the excitations were well defined if their wave vectors were larger than the inverse correlation length and were overdamped if the wave vectors of the excitations were smaller than the inverse correlation length. In more detail we have compared our experimental results with the results of classical simulations and the results gave a very adequate description of the experimental results except at the lowest temperature where the form of the dispersion relation was correct but the energies of the excitations were in error. Nevertheless, classical simulations do provide an efficient and easily implemented methodology for modelling the excitations in the Heisenberg magnets. The damping of the excitations was experimentally found to follow a T 2 behaviour over all wave vector and energy scales. This is in agreement with the classical simulations but inconsistent with analytic theories of the damping for the 2D Heisenberg model and in particular does not agree with hydrodynamic behaviour or dynamic scaling. The result is similar to that found in 3D Heisenberg systems and suggests that more analytic theory is needed to explain the experimental results for both 2D and 3D Heisenberg magnets.


PURPOSE
Evaluation of pretreatment factors to identify children at high risk for relapse after combined-modality therapy for Hodgkin's disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
From 1990 to 2000, 328 pediatric patients with clinical stage I to IV Hodgkin's disease were treated with chemotherapy and low-dose involved-field radiotherapy on prospective, collaborative, risk-adapted protocols at three institutions. Pretreatment factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis for prognostic significance for 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS
With a median follow-up of 59 months (range, 8 to 125 months), the 5-year DFS and OS for all patients were 83% and 93%, respectively. Several factors were associated with inferior DFS and OS by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, male sex; stage IIB, IIIB, or IV disease; bulky mediastinal disease; WBC more than 13.5 x 10(3)/mm3; and hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dL were significant for inferior DFS. A prognostic index was developed incorporating the five significant factors from the multivariate analysis, assigning each a score of 1. The 5-year DFS and OS for children with a prognostic score of 0 to 1 were 94% and 99%; score 2, 85% and 96%; score 3, 71% and 92%; and score 4 or 5, 49% and 72%, respectively. There was a significant difference in DFS among each of these groups, with significantly worse OS in those with a score of 4 to 5.

CONCLUSION
A prognostic index that was based on five pretreatment factors correlated with inferior DFS by multivariate analysis stratified patients by outcome; this may be useful in assigning children with Hodgkin's disease to risk-adapted therapy.


As mediation and other settlement-oriented intervention strategies have come into broader use in commercial dispute resolution, different views have emerged regarding the nature and purpose of some of these processes as a result of both individual choice and cultural or systemic factors. The potential for divergent perspectives or practices is enhanced when dispute resolution processes are mixed or matched. "Mixed mode" approaches involving the interplay between arbitration, evaluation and mediation are an increasingly important feature of the landscape of national and international commercial dispute resolution. This white paper was developed in connection with the convening of an international task force to explore the spectrum of national and international practices and perspectives associated with several mixed mode dispute resolution scenarios, including (1) mediators using nonbinding evaluation or mediator proposals as a means of encouraging settlement; (2) mediators "setting the stage" for arbitration by facilitating process discussions; (3) "switching hats": mediators shifting to the role of arbitrator in the course of helping resolve a dispute (med-arb), or arbitrators shifting to the role of mediator; (4) arbitrators using various other approaches to set the stage for settlement; (5) arbitrators rendering "consent awards" based on a negotiated settlement; and (6) other kinds of interaction between evaluation, mediation, and arbitration.


This paper describes the integration of abstraction and explanation-based learning (EBL) in the context of the PRODIGY system. PRODIGY'S abstraction module creates a hierarchy of abstract problem spaces, so problem solving can proceed in a more directed fashion. The EBL module acquires search control knowledge by analyzing problemsolving traces. When the two modules are integrated, they tend to complement each other's capabilities, resulting in performance improvements that neither system can achieve independently. We present empirical results showing the effect of combining the two modules and describe the factors that influence the overall performance of the integrated system.


Since Adam Smith's time, the division of labor in production has increased significantly, while information processing has become an important part of work. This paper examines whether the need to coordinate an increasingly complex division of labor has raised the demand for clerical office workers, who process information that is used to coordinate production. In order to examine this question empirically, I introduce a measure of the complexity of an industry's division of labor that uses the Herfindahl index of occupations it employs, excluding clerks and managers. Using US data I find that throughout the 20th century more complex industries employed relatively more clerks, and recent Mexican data shows a similar relationship. The relative complexity of industries is persistent over time and correlated across these two countries. I further document the relationship between complexity and the employment of clerks using an early information technology (IT) revolution that took place around 1900, when telephones, typewriters, and improved filing techniques were introduced. This IT revolution raised the demand for clerks in all manufacturing industries, but significantly more so in industries with a more complex division of labor. Interestingly, recent reductions in the price of IT have enabled firms to substitute computers for clerks, and I find that more complex industries have substituted clerks more rapidly.


This thesis project takes as its starting point the physical and psychic disconnect between the spectacular architectural facade of the Ontario College of Art and Design University (OCAD U) and its lived, felt experience. It questions how performative, multi-sensorial artworks can force a reconsideration of the experience of space and, in so doing, embed alternative ways of being into built environments. Featuring artworks by Jessica Karuhanga, Faith La Rocque, and the duo Rouzbeh Akhbari and Sona Safaei-Sooreh, WARNING! Mind the Gap activates transitory or ancillary sites (such as hallways and entryways), drawing attention to the ways in which institutional hegemony obscures itself spatially and architecturally. Implemented as a series of site-specific interventions, the artworks transform the University's interstitial spaces into sites of anti-colonial and institutional resistance through the creation of liminal experiences. The project thus encourages open-ended dialogue, un-settling the institution by privileging embodied responses within quotidian spaces.


The presence of computationally demanding problems and the current inability to automatically transfer experience from the application of past experiments to new ones delays the evolution of knowledge itself. In this paper we present the Automated Data Scientist , a system that employs meta-learning for hyperparameter selection and builds a rich ensemble of models through forward model selection in order to automate binary classification tasks. Preliminary evaluation shows that the system is capable of coping with classification problems of medium complexity.


This thesis seeks to address two questions: How does it happen that a community can evolve from a safe, vibrant neighbourhood filled with optimistic people to one that is crime-ridden and full of withdrawn individuals? And how are people born with the same hopes and dreams as the majority of American society so shaped by their experience that the majority now calls them stupid, lazy and violent? It asserts that the answers to these questions can be found in the experience of denied self and environmental efficacy felt by many persons marginalised in today's society that is oppression. Also important is the accompanying experience of internalised oppressio~ which is the psychological state in which a person believes that himlherself and hislher social group are inferior to the dominant social group, as well as the self destructive behaviours that often contribute to a person's continued oppression and to the dominant group's view of that person as inferior (Mullaly, 2002). This thesis will suggest that the mechanism that frames the processes of oppression and of internalised oppression is the feelings of frustration that result each time a person is marginalised and discriminated against in attaining hislher goals in life. It will also suggest that the behaviours that result from this frustration can be understood using Maier's (1949) theory of frustration-instigated behaviour. Understanding oppression, internalised oppression and frustration in this way, recommendations are made for long-term social policies that address the roots of oppression rather than the destructive behaviours and in which marginalised people have control and choice.


Author(s): Shehabi, Arman; Ganeshalingam, Mohan; DeMates, Lauren; Mathew, Paul; Sartor, Dale | Abstract: Laboratories are estimated to be 3-5 times more energy intensive than typical office buildings and offer significant opportunities for energy use reductions. Although energy intensity varies widely, laboratories are generally energy intensive due to ventilation requirements, the research instruments used, and other health and safety concerns. Because the requirements of laboratory facilities differ so dramatically from those of other buildings, a clear need exists for an initiative exclusively targeting these facilities. The building stock of laboratories in the United States span different economic sectors, include governmental and academic institution, and are often defined differently by different groups. Information on laboratory buildings is often limited to a small subsection of the total building stock making aggregate estimates of the total U.S. laboratories and their energy use challenging. Previous estimates of U.S. laboratory space vary widely owing to differences in how laboratories are defined and categorized. A 2006 report on fume hoods provided an estimate of 150,000 laboratories populating the U.S. based in part on interviews of industry experts, however, a 2009 analysis of the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) generated an estimate of only 9,000 laboratory buildings. This report draws on multiple data sources that have been evaluated to construct an understanding of U.S. laboratories across different sizes and markets segments. This 2016 analysis is an update to draft reports released in October and December 2016.


Code review is often suggested as a means of improving code quality. Since humans are poor at repetitive tasks, some form of tool support is valuable. To that end we developed a prototype tool to illustrate the novel idea of applying machine learning (based on Normalised Compression Distance) to the problem of static analysis of source code. Since this tool learns by example, it is rivially programmer adaptable. As machine learning algorithms are notoriously difficult to understand operationally (they are opaque) we applied information visualisation to the results of the learner. In order to validate the approach we applied the prototype to source code from the open-source project Samba and from an industrial, telecom software system. Our results showed that the tool did indeed correctly find and classify problematic sections of code based on training examples.


IT consumerization is both a major opportunity and significant challenge for organizations. However, IS research has hardly discussed the implications for IT management so far. In this paper we address this topic by empirically identifying organizational themes for IT consumerization and conceptually exploring the direct and indirect effects on the business value of IT, IT capabilities, and the IT function. More specifically, based on two case studies, we identify eight organizational themes: consumer IT strategy, policy development and responsibilities, consideration of private life of employees, user involvement into IT-related processes, individualization, updated IT infrastructure, end user support, and data and system security. The contributions of this paper are:

(1) the identification of organizational themes for IT consumerization;

(2) the proposed effects on the business value of IT, IT capabilities and the IT function, and;

(3) combining empirical insights into IT consumerization with managerial theories in the IS discipline.


A collection of seminal writings on the philosophy of language. In our century, philosophers have become increasingly concerned with the relationship between language, the mind, and the world. Language has come to be viewed both as a source of puzzlement and as a repository for untapped knowledge. The philosophy of language is an attempt to understand the nature of language and to explore the link between what we say and what we intend. Modern Philosophy of Language brings together the most significant writings on language in twentieth-century philosophy--from the work of Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and the logical positivists to the contemporary contributions of W. V. O. Quine, Noam Chomsky, and Michael Dummett. The articles collected here are benchmarks in the development of various strands in the modern analytic philosophy of language.


Protein phosphorylation is the primary mean of regulation of protein biological activity. As such, communication and signaling within cells is controlled by minute changes of the phosphorylation status of proteins involved. Protein histidine phosphorylation is often referred to as being part of the hidden or missing phosphoproteome. Indeed, while in recent years evidence that histidine phosphorylation plays important biological roles in eukaryotes slowly accumulated, the lack of adequate analytical methods to study the labile histidine phosphorylation constituted the biggest hurdle to the large-scale study of histidine phosphorylation and ipso facto to the unraveling of the full extent of its biological roles. When considering the known crucial biological roles of canonical Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylations, it becomes obvious that exploring this so-called hidden phosphoproteome could have potentially important biological implications. This is why during my PhD we focused on the development of mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies to study protein histidine phosphorylation. We developed a unique method capable of enriching histidine phosphorylated peptides and providing site-specific localization and quantification, a prerequisite to understand the roles of histidine phosphorylation at a molecular level. To do so, we challenged a well-established dogma and demonstrated for the first time that under the right experimental conditions, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is suitable for the enrichment of histidine phosphorylation at the peptide level. Along the way, we identified nucleic acid-containing biomolecules as the main contaminants in phospho-enriched samples after affinity chromatography. We tackled this problem by developing a robust and efficient sample preparation protocol, incorporating nucleic acid enzymatic digestion and protein precipitation. As a result, we were able to improve the number of STY phosphorylation sites identified by more than 50% in human cell lines, and by more than 10 times in bacteria, whose phosphoproteomes are notoriously difficult to analyze. After further optimizations allowing the preservation of histidine phosphorylation, we applied this workflow to study phosphorylation in E. coli. This resulted in the largest reported bacterial phosphoproteome to date, allowing us to see well beyond the classically observed phosphorylation events on high abundant metabolic enzymes. Remarkably, around 10% of the identified phosphosites were on histidine residues. We showed that our method is sensitive and reproducible in term of both identification and quantification of histidine phosphosites. Commonly used collision induced dissociation methods are often not suitable to obtain unambiguous phosphosites localization. We thus investigated new approaches to confidently localize histidine phosphosites. We report that the phosphohistidine immonium ion constitutes a signature of the presence of a histidine phosphorylation within a peptide. We used this unique feature to develop a new MS-based strategy combining both the presence of the immonium ion and electron transfer dissociation-based fragmentation to provide precise identification and localization of histidine phosphosites. In conclusion, this work paves the way for the study of the elusive histidine phosphorylation and more generally of long-neglected phosphorylation dynamics in microorganisms.


A branch of ordered algebraic structures has grown, motivated by $K$-theoretic applications and mainly concerned with partially ordered abelian groups satisfying the Riesz interpolation property. This monograph is the first source in which the algebraic and analytic aspects of these interpolation groups have been integrated into a coherent framework for general reference. The author provides a solid foundation in the structure theory of interpolation groups and dimension groups (directed unperforated interpolation groups), with applications to ordered $K$-theory particularly in mind. Although interpolation groups are defined as purely algebraic structures, their development has been strongly influenced by functional analysis. This cross-cultural development has left interpolation groups somewhat estranged from both the algebraists, who may feel intimidated by compact convex sets, and the functional analysts, who may feel handicapped by the lack of scalars. This book, requiring only standard first-year graduate courses in algebra and functional analysis, aims to make the subject accessible to readers from both disciplines. High points of the development include the following: characterization of dimension groups as direct limits of finite products of copies of the integers; the double-dual representation of an interpolation group with order-unit via affine continuous real-valued functions on its state space; the structure of dimension groups complete with respect to the order-unit norm, as well as monotone sigma-complete dimension groups and dimension groups with countably infinite interpolation; and an introduction to the problem of classifying extensions of one dimension group by another. The book also includes a development of portions of the theory of compact convex sets and Choquet simplices, and an expository discussion of various applications of interpolation group theory to rings and $C^*$-algebras via ordered $K_0$. A discussion of some open problems in interpolation groups and dimension groups concludes the book. Of interest, of course, to researchers in ordered algebraic structures, the book will also be a valuable source for researchers seeking a background in interpolation groups and dimension groups for applications to such subjects as rings, operator algebras, topological Markov chains, positive polynomials, compact group actions, or other areas where ordered Grothendieck groups might be useful. This is a reprint of the 1986 original. (SURV/20.S)


Research designs involving cluster randomization are becoming increasingly important in educational and behavioral research. Many of these designs involve two levels of clustering or nesting (students within classes and classes within schools). Researchers would like to compute effect size indexes based on the standardized mean difference to compare the results of cluster-randomized studies with other studies and to combine information across studies in meta-analyses. This article addresses the problem of defining effect sizes in designs with two levels of clustering and computing estimates of those effect sizes and their standard errors from information that is likely to be reported in journal articles. Five effect sizes are defined corresponding to different standardizations. Estimators of each effect size index are also presented along with their sampling distributions (including standard errors).


Computer games are purported to be effective instructional tools that enhance motivation and improve engagement. The aim of this study was to investigate how tertiary student experiences change when instruction was computer game based compared to lecture based, and whether experiences differed between high and low achieving students. Participants consisted two cohorts enrolled in a first year university course (Cohort 1, traditional: male=42, female=17; Cohort 2, computer game: male=42, female=7). Cohort 1 experienced course content as traditional lectures, Cohort 2 experienced course content embedded within a computer game. Csikszentmihalyi's experience sampling method was used to sample experiences of students for each cohort during instruction. Results showed that the computer game group were more challenged and valued the activity more than the traditional group, but were inclined to wish they were doing something else. High achieving students during game mode showed greater concentration but found it harder to concentrate and found game mode more sociable and lecture mode more boring. High achievers perceived greater success for lecture mode and found lectures more satisfying. Individual profiles of high and low achieving students for each mode indicated that games afforded better experiences for low achieving students but poorer experiences for high achieving students.


Multi-hop wireless ad hoc wireless networks have no fixed network infrastructure. Such a network consists of multiple nodes that maintain network connectivity through wireless links. Additionally, these nodes may be mobile and thus the topology of the network may change with time. It will be useful if the nodes in this network could communicate with the Internet; this can be done via gateways which in turn interconnect to the Internet. This functionality requires that the nodes in the ad hoc network to discover the gateway, using a gateway discovery protocol. However, a limiting factor (particularly for mobile nodes) is suing their limited energy supply provided by batteries. In order to understand the potential effect this thesis considers two key areas: internetworking between a multi-hop mobile wireless ad hoc network and the Internet and the energy utilization as a function of number of gateways and the mobility pattern of nodes. Using simulation on various mobility patterns and networks density scenarios, we show that increase the number of gateways in ad hoc network significantly improves the power efficiency of mobile node and therefore prevent network partition due to death nodes. The thesis also discusses about the impact of different environment and mobility patterns on the power consumption of mobile nodes which is a very important factor in the building and deployment of the cost-effective high performance wireless ad hoc networks.


Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and its improvement, Long-Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), are attractive choices for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication due to their ubiquitous coverage and high bandwidth. However, the focus of LTE design was high performance connection-based communications between human-operated devices (also known as human-to-human, or H2H traffic), which was initially established over the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). On the other hand, M2M traffic is mostly based on contention-based transmission of short messages and does not need connection establishment. As a result, M2M traffic transmitted over LTE PRACH has to use the inefficient four-way handshake and compete for resources with H2H traffic. When a large number of M2M devices attempts to access the PRACH, an outage condition may occur; furthermore, traffic prioritization is regulated only through age-based power ramping, which drives the network even faster towards the outage condition. In this article, we describe an overlay network that allows a massive number of M2M devices to coexist with H2H traffic and access the network without going through the full LTE handshake. The overlay network is patterned after IEEE 802.15.6 to support multiple priority classes of M2M traffic. We analyse the performance of the joint M2M and H2H system and investigate the trade-offs needed to keep satisfactory performance and reliability for M2M traffic in the presence of H2H traffic of known intensity. Our results confirm the validity of this approach for applications in crowd sensing, monitoring and others utilized in smart city development.


We describe an improved cytochemical procedure for detecting the presence of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (Jordans' bodies) in blood cells from patients suffering from neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSDs). The method employs Oil red O (ORO), Nile red (NR) or, preferably, Bodipy (4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) staining, coupled with DAPI (2-(4-amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine) staining of nuclei, to visualise clearly by fluorescence microscopy the presence of abundant neutral lipids (triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters) in granulocytes and monocytes. Using these reagents, we easily identified Jordans' bodies in buffy coats from patients affected by Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome (NLSD with ichthyosis) and NLSD with progressive myopathy, a laboratory finding critical for the diagnosis of both inherited metabolic disorders. Due to their yellow-gold and green fluorescence arising selectively from neutral lipid binding and their water solubility that makes alcohol unnecessary for staining, NR and particularly Bodipy are superior to ORO for the specific detection of Jordans' bodies in leucocytes.

Neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSDs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of non-lysosomal inherited disorders characterized by a cytoplasmic accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) in most tissues. Rather than being an inert lipid inclusion, an impression given prima facie by their simple morphological structure under the light microscope, LDs were recently shown to be distinct organelles consisting of a core of neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols or cholesteryl esters, that are surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and associated proteins.1,2 LDs take active part in lipid metabolism as well as in membrane trafficking and other cell fuctions.3

Since the pioneering observation by Jordans of numerous LDs in the leucocytes of two Dutch brothers suffering from progressive muscular dystrophy,4 several reports have described the presence of abundant triacylglycerol deposits in the non-adipose cells of patients manifesting a variety of defects. Clinical phenotypes include myopathy (skeletal and heart muscle), liver damage, ataxia, neurosensory …


In pre-war Japan, the visual artist often played a complicit role in the circulation of dominant imperialist and militarist discourses. Yokoyama Taikan (1868-1958) and Fujita Tsuguharu (1886-1968), for example, produced images extolling Yamato military might. This 'might' is evident both in the metonym of Yokoyama's soaring Fuji-san images, often with rising sun ascendant, and in the more realist representation of Fujita's Soviet tanks under assault at Nomonhan by 'triumphant' Japanese troops. Some pre-war and war-time visual art, however, resists being viewed as a conventional 'hagiography of Japan.' This, paradoxically, is especially the case in images depicting sites occupied by Japanese military and capital interests. These images, in fact, often reveal the highly tenuous nature of the discursively constructed border that divided the naichi Japanese self and the gaichi colonised other. Rather they convey a sense of mutual subjectivity in which the agency of the 'other-ed' subject insists on asserting itself. This presentation will provide a detailed examination of three pre-1945 works of visual art and consider how these uncover the mutuality inherent in old notions of self and other in pre-war Japan. The first is a 1937 image entitled 'Kōnan no haru' (Jiangnan Spring) by Arishima Ikuma (1882-1974), a scene from the rural environs of Shanghai featuring two young women in Chinese dress and an Imperial Army soldier mounted on a white horse. The second is a 1942 image entitled 'Shimai heizazō' (Sisters Sitting Side-by-Side), painted in Beijing by Umehara Ryūzaburō (1888-1986). The third is a 1944 work by Tsuruta Gorō (1890-1969) entitled 'Shiganhei no wakare o tsugeru Taiwan no hitobito' (People of Taiwan Farewelling the Volunteer Troops) which depicts indigenous people of Taiwan saluting as their countrymen depart for war. Each image confirms the precarious nature of Japanese discursive practice, revealing instead a mutual interplay that refuses dominance of one subject over the other


Background: An IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop regulates beta cell glucose competence, proliferation, and apoptosis, and GLP-1 increases IGF1R expression. Results: Glutamine enhances IGF2 biosynthesis, secretion, and IGF2-dependent Akt phosphorylation. Conclusion: Glutamine controls the activity of the IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop through IGF2 up-regulation. Significance: The IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop integrates changes in feeding and metabolic state to adapt beta cell mass and function. IGF2 is an autocrine ligand for the beta cell IGF1R receptor and GLP-1 increases the activity of this autocrine loop by enhancing IGF1R expression, a mechanism that mediates the trophic effects of GLP-1 on beta cell mass and function. Here, we investigated the regulation of IGF2 biosynthesis and secretion. We showed that glutamine rapidly and strongly induced IGF2 mRNA translation using reporter constructs transduced in MIN6 cells and primary islet cells. This was followed by rapid secretion of IGF2 via the regulated pathway, as revealed by the presence of mature IGF2 in insulin granule fractions and by inhibition of secretion by nimodipine and diazoxide. When maximally stimulated by glutamine, the amount of secreted IGF2 rapidly exceeded its initial intracellular pool and tolbutamide, and high K+ increased IGF2 secretion only marginally. This indicates that the intracellular pool of IGF2 is small and that sustained secretion requires de novo synthesis. The stimulatory effect of glutamine necessitates its metabolism but not mTOR activation. Finally, exposure of insulinomas or beta cells to glutamine induced Akt phosphorylation, an effect that was dependent on IGF2 secretion, and reduced cytokine-induced apoptosis. Thus, glutamine controls the activity of the beta cell IGF2/IGF1R autocrine loop by increasing the biosynthesis and secretion of IGF2. This autocrine loop can thus integrate changes in feeding and metabolic state to adapt beta cell mass and function.


Stroke is a leading cause of disability across the developed world, affecting an increasing number of younger people. In this article, we seek to understand the experience of stroke as a disabling life situation among young people and the strategies that they use to recover and cope. Directed content analysis was conducted from interviews with 17 community-dwelling stroke survivors aged 55 years and younger across the United Kingdom. The sample was drawn from a larger maximum variation sample of stroke survivors. Using the sociological concepts of biographical disruption and biographical repair as a guide, excerpts from the interviews pertaining to aspects of the patients' life that were interrupted, in addition to how they coped with the changes, were selected and analysed. All individuals described an "altered sense of self," a theme that included loss of identity, family disruption, and/or loss of valued activities. Individuals sought to adapt their sense of self by seeking external support, by restoring normality, and/or through positive reflection. Despite the adapted self that emerged, most individuals continued to experience impairments. While young stroke survivors adapt to their illness over time, they continue to experience impairments and disruptions in their personal and work lives. A holistic model of rehabilitation that helps individuals regain the capacity for everyday activities related to work, family life, and leisure can begin to address the emotional ramifications of diseases such as stroke, restore wellness, and work towards minimizing the burden felt by family caregivers and children.


In uncertain scalar fields where data values vary with a certain probability, the strength of this variability indicates the confidence in the data. It does not, however, allow inferring on the effect of uncertainty on differential quantities such as the gradient, which depend on the variability of the rate of change of the data. Analyzing the variability of gradients is nonetheless more complicated, since, unlike scalars, gradients vary in both strength and direction. This requires initially the mathematical derivation of their respective value ranges, and then the development of effective analysis techniques for these ranges. This paper takes a first step into this direction: Based on the stochastic modeling of uncertainty via multivariate random variables, we start by deriving uncertainty parameters, such as the mean and the covariance matrix, for gradients in uncertain discrete scalar fields. We do not make any assumption about the distribution of the random variables. Then, for the first time to our best knowledge, we develop a mathematical framework for computing confidence intervals for both the gradient orientation and the strength of the derivative in any prescribed direction, for instance, the mean gradient direction. While this framework generalizes to 3D uncertain scalar fields, we concentrate on the visualization of the resulting intervals in 2D fields. We propose a novel color diffusion scheme to visualize both the absolute variability of the derivative strength and its magnitude relative to the mean values. A special family of circular glyphs is introduced to convey the uncertainty in gradient orientation. For a number of synthetic and real-world data sets, we demonstrate the use of our approach for analyzing the stability of certain features in uncertain 2D scalar fields, with respect to both local derivatives and feature orientation.


The expected penalty for drunk driving can and does vary by blood alcohol content. This paper outlines the "penalty structure" that does this optimally, using two different metrics, shows how the optimality conditions can be implemented with available data to analyze policy ex ante or ex post, and then uses these findings to investigate four fundamental features of current U.S. drunk driving policy. The paper provides theoretical and empirical support for large penalties at very high alcohol concentrations, but not for reductions in per se blood alcohol thresholds, the most significant recent change in drunk driving policy.


Eamon Redmond is a judge in Ireland's high court, a man remote from his wife, his son and daughter and, at least outwardly, from his own childhood. The life he has built for himself, between his work in Dublin and his family's retreat by the sea at Cush, is distinguished by order and by achievement. When, like his beloved coastline, it begins to slip away, he is pulled sharply into the present, and finds himself revisiting his past. Proceeds with stately grace from past to present, incident to incident, slowly forming, as it moves, the full shape of a man's public and private life' Washington Post If Colm Toibin were a singer you would say he had perfect pitch' Spectator


PAPRICA project started in 1988 as an experimental VLSI architecture devoted to the eecient computation of data with two-dimensional structure. The main goal of the project is to develop a subsystem that could operate as an attached processing unit to a standard workstation and in perspective as a specialized processing module in dedicated systems devoted to low level image analysis , cellular neural networks emulation, DRC algorithms. The architecture has been extensively used for basic low level image analysis tasks up to optical ow computation and feature tracking, showing encouraging performances even in the rst prototype version. The paper discusses the current implementation and presents a critical analysis of the project, allowing to identify some crucial points of PAPRICA design (and of array processors in general) that must be carefully considered in the case of redesign.


Tanzania is the only country in Africa where blast fishing, (fishing with explosives), still occurs on a large scale. Besides killing and injuring fish, these blasts cause irreversible damage to coral reefs, destroying the habitats of many reef species, shattering the natural barriers that protect Tanzania's coastline from erosion and storm surges, and threatening the country's reputation as an important marine tourism destination. This destructive fishing practice must urgently be halted, both to prevent the considerable socio-economic repercussions for coastal communities and to protect the integrity of vital and endangered ecosystems. Blast fishing encompasses opportunistic and organised crime, thus requiring an urgent multi-stakeholder response from all sectors of the government, business, coastal communities and regional marine-governing authorities.


1.0 INTRODUCTION Although North American students have been studying abroad in large numbers since the 1950s, they have rarely been an effective force in internationalizing the classroom or the faculty in our major business schools. The very existence of committees and foundations to promote internationalism is evidence of the failure. This does not mean that we should stop, or not start these kinds of programs in our institutions. Rather we must rethink and restructure our present and future programs. Once a faculty makes the commitment to "internationalize," then student exchanges and study abroad programs can be a potent force in its transformation. Historically, Canadian institutions have lagged far behind the United States in encouraging their students to go abroad as part of their studies. This may be linked to the inherent differences between the two approaches to higher education. In Canada, universities are public, operate in a sellers market, and until recently, expected very little in the way of long term support from their alumni. This makes students and their desires a low priority in program planning and development. The private institutions in the United States however, face a completely different environment. Strong competition for students and active student recruitment programs encouraged the development of many initiatives to attract the best and the brightest. There is no doubt that some of the original international activities were initiated by true visionaries in several institutions, but once these new opportunities for students were offered by one school, others were often forced to follow suit. The largest and most credible public institutions in the U.S. tend to mimic the private schools and have also responded to the expectation that students have the opportunity to travel as part of their education. Liberal Arts and some other specialized programs such as Architecture became involved in international programs very early. Historians and political scientists have always recognized the benefit of source documents to themselves and their students. However, business schools have moved more cautiously. The wholesale embracing of the idea of internationalism is a fairly new phenomenum. In addition to curriculum and research change, interest in educational exchange for business students has grown enormously in the past ten years. Whether tradition, competition for student perks, or the recognition of the global future of the world's economy is the driving force behind a business institution's involvement in exchange programs is unimportant; the negligible impact that the students' experiences have had on our classrooms is consequential. I personally have been involved with Study Abroad and Exchange Programs (S.A.E.P.) at both the graduate and undergraduate levels since the early eighties. A more formalized dedicated resource structure did not begin until 1990. At UBC we have three major types of programs in which students participate: direct no-fee student-for-student exchange programs, self-financed full term study abroad, and self-financed UBC-staffed summer school abroad. The increase in numbers is quite dramatic and may be of interest to you. I have had a number of opportunities to observe American, Canadian, Asian, and European students on study abroad programs and have spent considerable time with program administrators from many different countries. My approach has been influenced by my observations and may be of interest because I am in the unusual position of a faculty member who has become very involved with the international program administration network. 2.0 WHY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE MATTERS Two basic organizational structures predominate Study Abroad and Exchange Programs in business schools throughout the world. 2.1 Centralized Model The first and most common administrative model in North America is a highly centralized Study Abroad office usually funded from the central administration such as the Registrar's or President's office. …


Throughout the past two decades, many countries around the world have experienced substantial growth in their economies, driven by inflow of the foreign capital especially in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). The share of net FDI in world GDP has grown five-fold through recent years, making the impact and consequences of FDI on economic growth a subject of ever-growing interest. The paper contributes in this context, by analyzing the impacts of impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth, if any, in Sudan during the period (1982-2007), also to investigate how to attract the required flow of FDI that is enough to fill saving-investment gap to sustain economic growth. With the hypothesis that sustained efforts to promote political and macroeconomic stability and implement essential structural reforms, and the policies of aligning some emerging markets has encouraged the inflow of FDI to Sudan in different sectors. The important findings are that FDI helps to promote economic growth in the Sudan, i.e. there is clear evidence of a one-way causality from FDI to economic growth for the whole period, in the sense that FDI have a significant positive effect on the GDP Growth, for it promotes exports and so balance of payments, provision of job opportunities and enhancing the quality of labor and production. However, the study finds that it is difficult to construct accurate and comparable measures of FDI data by sector for the Sudan as in most developing countries over several decades. Moreover, the tendency of major sources to present FDI data in broad aggregates limits the study of effects or impacts. The main recommendations are that the investment climate in the country must be improved through appropriate measures to keep pace with global economics developments, Government needed to establish a proper investment map serving the objectives of economic growth and developments consists of all data that may needed by foreign investors, supported by the necessary infrastructures. Government must develop and improve the periodic statistics concerning investment, foreign capital flows and sources of capital. Future researches in this area should analyze the causal link in a multivariate VAR analysis to account for other vital determinants of FDI and GDP growth.


Vegetative response aspects of climate change studies include the determination of vegetation cover changes across climatic gradients. Vegetation characteristics and soil moisture measurements were obtained from four locations with decreasing rainfall along the Botswana Kalahari transect. These are referred to as Pandamatenga, (698 mm year−1), Maun (460 mm year−1), Okwa (407 mm year−1) and Tshane (365 mm year−1). Trends in major vegetative cover and soil components included species types and richness assessments which reflected certain changes southward but also showed interesting degrees of variability. This occurred despite the apparent homogeneity of the Kalahari sands and predominantly semi-arid savanna shrub–woodland vegetation cover. Despite linear decreases, both in rainfall and soil moisture content, results indicated high soil moisture variability at the Okwa location which relates to unique climatic and geological factors. Also many species are unique to specific locations for instance Pandametanga is characterized by Zambesian species while the Maun location is characterized by Colophosphermum mopane. This changes southwards as Acacias become more dominant and significantly co-occur with Grewia flava. While the average total numbers of plants decreased, total numbers of different species varied little from the wetter to the drier end of the moisture gradient. The association between rainfall and woody cover is negative implying that canopy cover extents (in terms of vegetation density) increase along the gradient due to increases in bush encroachment in drier areas. Therefore, while representing a continuum in terms of species numbers, in other respects (e.g. species types and ground cover components) vegetation zones in the Kalahari may be regarded as discontinuous units. Differences between mapped vegetation zones may be accounted for in terms of relatively unique ecosystem factors which function partly in response to geological conditions and partly in response to local (as opposed to regional) climatic factors. This appears to have led to ecosystem adaptive measures (in terms of species responses) rarely mirrored elsewhere along the gradient. Hence adaptability in terms of species migrations in response to relatively rapid climate changes may not readily take place over the Kalahari in Botswana.


The city of Milan had introduced a form of cordon pricing to enter the city centre already in 2008. Originally, it was conceived as a pollution charge, aimed at reducing the polluting vehicles going into the most delicate area of the city, and only secondarily affecting the traffic volumes. That policy, whose effects declined over the years due to the fleet turnover, was substituted in 2012 with a genuine congestion charge, called `Area C'. The substitution came after a city referendum in June 2011. The chapter discusses the history of the policy and summarises the main outcomes, 5 years after implementation, in terms of traffic reduction, emissions and impact on user groups. A section is devoted to the description of the technology used and of the architecture of the system, entailing real time data exchange with the vehicle registry, the urban police and a number of payment systems. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the motivations behind the (unexpected) public and political acceptability of the policy and proposes some hints to transfer its experience to other cases.


In the northern Oman Mountains several major thrust sheets of Tethyan oceanic rocks (Dibba zone) and a 12km+ thick complete ophiolite sequence have been thrust westward onto the depressed Arabian continental margin (Musandam zone) during the Turonian to Campanian (late Cretaceous). Early thrusting was dominantly a downward foreland-propagating sequence as the higher earlier thrust sheets are folded around structurally lower and later culminations. Breached roof thrusts, where imbricate thrusts do not always converge with a major roof thrust but in places actually penetrate up into the overlying duplex, are common at outcrop scale affecting adjacent thrust sheets. Late stage 'breakback' or 'leap-frog' thrusts cut through the whole pile of duplexes on to previously higher, earlier dulexes. Late thrusting in the Musandam zone affects the deeper, previously autochthonous Permian–Cenomanian shelf carbonate sequence and probably also the pre-Permian basement, thrusting these rocks at least 15 km over previously allochthonous Hawasina rocks. Late stage oblique dorsal culmination collapse along the SE margin of the Musandam mountains has downfaulted Dibba zone rocks up to 2.5 km to the SE along a hinged listric normal fault. Strain is transferred from the NE–SW-trending late Cretaceous Dibba zone to the N–S-striking mid-Tertiary Musandam culmination at a major pivot point or transfer zone SW of the shelf carbonate culmination.


In the past few years, an increasing demand for therapeutic drugs obtained from natural products has been faced. Amongst the bioactive natural compounds with pharmacological properties, 7-hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) has been commercially available since 2006 as a nutritional supplement due to its anticarcinogenic and antioxidative properties. The extraction of HMR from biomass is usually performed with sequential soxhlet extractions using volatile organic solvents (e.g. acetone, and water–acetone and water–ethanol mixtures). To avoid the use of volatile organic solvents, aqueous solutions of analogues of glycine-betaine ionic liquids (AGB-ILs) were here studied as alternative solvents for the extraction of HMR from knots of Norway spruce trees. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction operational parameters, in which extraction yields up to 9.46 wt% were obtained with aqueous solutions of AGB-ILs at 1.5 M and 25 °C. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the IL aqueous solutions containing the HMR extract was assessed in a macrophage cell line, as well as their anti-inflammatory potential via reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular oxidative stress. It was found that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of IL aqueous solutions enriched in HMR are more promising than the recovered HMR-rich solid extracts and that these solutions can be safely used in nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. These results bring new perspectives into the design of new integrated approaches for the extraction and direct application of naturally derived high-value compounds using adequate ILs, without requiring an additional step involving the target product recovery and solvent recycling.


Small, home-based grocery stores, known as spaza shops, are ubiquitous throughout the township areas of urban South Africa, constituting an important business in the informal economy. In recent years, this retail market has become a site of fierce competition between South African shopkeepers and foreign entrepreneurs, especially Somalis, and is often cited in the media as one reason behind the xenophobic attacks on foreigners. Drawing on original data collected in the Delft township in the city of Cape Town, this paper demonstrates that foreign entrepreneurs, overwhelmingly Somalis, have come to own around half of the sizeable spaza market in Delft in the last five years. This increase is attributable to larger scale and price competitive behaviour as these entrepreneurs operate collectively in terms of buying shops, and stock, as well as in stock distribution. Also important are some more customer friendly services too. Compared to the more 'survivalist' local business model where individual owners look to supplement existing household income rather than generate an entire livelihood, the Somali business model has rapidly outcompeted local owners, bringing spaza prices down and forcing many locals to rent out their shop space to foreign shopkeepers. Consequently, while South African shopkeepers resent the Somali influx, most consumers appreciate the better prices and improved service. The rise of Somali shopkeepers thus represents a transformation of business practice in the spaza sector from survivalist to entrepreneurial modes.


Throughout the second half of the 20th century, the Central Andes has experienced significant climatic and environmental changes characterized by a persistent warming trend, an increase in elevation of the 0 °C isotherm, and sustained glacier shrinkage. These changes have occurred in conjunction with a steadily growing demand for water resources. Given the short span of instrumental hydroclimatic records in this region, longer time span records are needed to understand the nature of climate variability and to improve the predictability of precipitation, a key factor modulating the socio-economic development in the South American Altiplano and adjacent arid lowlands. In this study we present the first quasi-millennial, tree-ring based precipitation reconstruction for the South American Altiplano. This annual (November–October) precipitation reconstruction is based on the Polylepis tarapacana tree-ring width series and represents the closest dendroclimatological record to the Equator in South America. This high-resolution reconstruction covers the past 707 yr and provides a unique record characterizing the occurrence of extreme events and consistent oscillations in precipitation. It also allows an assessment of the spatial and temporal stabilities of the teleconnections between rainfall in the Altiplano and hemispheric forcings such as El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Since the 1930s to present, a persistent negative trend in precipitation has been recorded in the reconstruction, with the three driest years since 1300 AD occurring in the last 70 yr. Throughout the 707 yr, the reconstruction contains a clear ENSO-like pattern at interannual to multidecadal time scales, which determines inter-hemispheric linkages between our reconstruction and other precipitation sensitive records modulated by ENSO in North America. Our reconstruction points out that century-scale dry periods are a recurrent feature in the Altiplano climate, and that the future potential coupling of natural and anthropogenic-induced droughts may have a severe impact on socio-economic activities in the region. Water resource managers must anticipate these changes in order to adapt to future climate change, reduce vulnerability and provide water equitably to all users.


High internal and external quantum efficiency GaN/InGaN solar cells are demonstrated. The internal quantum efficiency was assessed through the combination of absorption and external quantum efficiency measurements. The measured internal quantum efficiency, as high as 97%, revealed an efficient conversion of absorbed photons into electrons and holes and an efficient transport of these carriers outside the device. Improved light incoupling into the solar cells was achieved by texturing the surface. A peak external quantum efficiency of 72%, a fill factor of 79%, a short-circuit current density of 1.06 mA/cm2, and an open circuit voltage of 1.89 V were achieved under 1 sun air-mass 1.5 global spectrum illumination conditions.


In the United States, lives are lost on a daily basis due to a serious shortfall in the availability of kidneys for transplant. The debate over possible solutions has primarily taken place at two theoretical poles. Market advocates argue that it is morally irresponsible to let potential transplant recipients suffer or die when a market will likely reduce or eliminate the shortfall in transplantable kidneys. Advocates of exclusive altruism, on the other hand, prefer the status quo which allows only uncompensated donation, arguing that a market in kidneys would inevitably exploit vulnerable populations while simultaneously causing altruistic donation to wither away. The question that remains in the breach between these positions is whether a limited or regulated system of commodification might increase the supply of transplantable kidneys while preserving altruistic giving and protecting potentially vulnerable populations from exploitation. This paper proposes an academic scholarship incentive for living kidney donors as a means of addressing the shortfall in kidneys in a way that protects the best aspects of the current altruistic regime.Any change in the current altruistic donation regime will require legal change, and therefore any proposal must be acceptable to society in general and transplant professionals in specific. The paper reviews a series of attitudinal surveys which suggest in the aggregate that the less an incentive resembles a direct financial compensation, the more likely it is to increase, rather than decrease, the supply of kidneys for transplant. The paper also surveys ethnographies of altruists, including interviews with organ donors, which suggest that the altruism is not as fragile as some scholars contend. The paper then presents data which indicates the scholarship incentive possesses potential to preserve a rhetorical middle ground between unrewarded gifting and unrestrained commodification because providing financial incentives in the form of a scholarship occupies a different rhetorical space than that of a raw financial incentive. Legal and social institutions frame educational scholarships within the rhetoric of gifting. Educational institutions and scholarship donors frame their relationship in gift rhetoric, even though the donation of a financial gift to a qualified university can provide the donor with significant tax and reputation benefits. Likewise, while the tax code states that scholarships are subject to taxation when there is a quid pro quo involved, scholarships are almost universally treated as something other than market transaction. An incentive program that naturally leads to a discussion of financial incentives in terms of gift language preserves the rhetoric of altruism and protects space for altruistic meaning.The proposed scholarship incentive can also mitigate the coercive power of commodification. Research into brain morphology and decisional heuristics suggest that the delayed nature of the proposed scholarship incentive will protect the decisional capacity of donor populations in a way that an upfront cash payment cannot. Given that the scholarship incentive will primarily attract donors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five, the paper offers some evidence to suggest that emerging adult populations have sufficient decisional capacity to make informed choices about whether to donate, and that the scholarship program would not impair that capacity. Finally, the paper discusses the obstacles to the scholarship proposal embedded in the current statutory regime, and argues that the tax treatment of scholarships generally provides a framework for an exception to the current exclusive altruistic regime for this scholarship program in specific.


The aim of this MA thesis is to demonstrate how corporate concentration within the global music industry specifically affects the Canadian music industry's ability to compete for its own national audience as well as audiences worldwide. Federal public policies, regulatory regimes and subsidies are considered within the context of the structure of the global marketplace which is, in effect, an oligopoly controlled by four major corporations. Through an extensive literature review of political economy theory, Canadian public policies and music studies, as well as personal interviews conducted with Canadian musicians, entrepreneurs and public servants, I will situate my research within the body of political economy theory; present a detailed report of the structure of the global music industry; address the key players within the industry; describe the relationship between the major corporations and the independent companies operating in the industry; discuss how new technologies affect said relationships; consider the effectiveness of Canadian public policies in safeguarding the national music industry; and recommend steps that can be taken to remedy the shortcomings of Federal policies and regulatory regimes.


Abstract Background: The National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) Burn Injury Model Systems (BMS) is a nationwide database that uses patient-reported outcome measures to collect data. Though the outcome measures demonstrate good psychometric properties, the question remains whether or not these measures collect data that encompass the entire experience of burn patients over time. Methods: Each meaningful concept included in the BMS assessments was linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in order to classify and describe the content of each measure. The linking was completed by two experienced coders. The perspective of each assessment was also determined. Results: The body function component was most frequently addressed overall followed by the activities and participation component. The component body structures and environmental factors are not extensively covered in the BMS assessments. ICF chapter and category distribution varied greatly between assessments. The assessments were of the health status perspective. Conclusion: This study suggests a need to revisit the item composition of the BMS assessments to more evenly distribute ICF topics and subtopics that are pertinent to burn injury which will ensure a broader but more precise understanding of burn injury recovery. Implications for Rehabilitation A better understanding of the data collected through the Burn Model Systems (BMS) project may contribute to improve data collection tools and ultimately lead to clinical practice innovations and improvements. Clinicians interested in using BMS data for research purposes can better understand what topics are included and excluded in the collection and what perspectives are addressed. This study highlights the need for burn clinicians around the world to lend their expertise to the WHO for the development of a much needed burn injury International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set.


Part 1. Synthesis of Stereodefined Heterocyclic Rings. We wish to report the development of novel methodology for the synthesis of stereodefined heterocyclic rings, which could be used for the synthesis of natural products containing for example tetrahydrofuran motifs, such as members of the pamamycin family. Due to their ambivalent properties, organoaluminium reagents can easily react with acetals by transfering an alkyl group after prior coordination with the substrates. This work has led to the development of a novel cascade reaction. It involves the reaction of acetals with trialkylaluminium reagents, which is followed by a cyclisation reaction, generating consequently tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings. In addition, investigation towards the synthesis of pyrrolidines was also carried out. Part 2. Investigation and Development of a Novel Cascade Reaction. The Bergman cycloaromatisation reaction is based on the formation of a biradical intermediate species and has been, over the years, a constant source of inspiration for scientists. Continued efforts over the last 40 years permitted, among other things, a better understanding of the mode of action of the enediyne antibiotics, a class of natural compounds with exceptional biological activities. The Parsons group recently developed a novel cyclisation reaction, which also generates a biradical species, and which could, after being trapped with a suitable alkene, lead to the formation of tricyclic molecules containing heterocyclic cores. As a result, we wish to further investigate this novel reaction and develop a tandem reaction, involving this reaction combined with a Diels-Alder reaction in order to generate pentacyclic molecules, in one synthetic operation, and from an acyclic precursor.


This is the first emotional history of the British Empire. Joanna Lewis explores how David Livingstone's death tied together British imperialism and Victorian humanitarianism and inserted it into popular culture. Sacrifice and death; Superman like heroism; the devotion of Africans; the cruelty of Arab slavery; and the sufferings of the 'ordinary man', generated waves of sentimental feeling. These powerful myths, images and feelings incubated down the generations - through grand ceremonies, further exploration, humanitarianism, Christian teaching, narratives of masculine endeavour and heroic biography - inspiring colonial rule in Africa, white settler pioneers, missionaries and Africans. Empire of Sentiment demonstrates how this central African story shaped Britain's romantic perception of itself as a humane power overseas when the colonial reality fell far short. Through sentimental humanitarianism, Livingstone helped sustain a British Empire in Africa that remained profoundly Victorian, polyphonic and ideological; whilst always understood at home as proudly liberal on race.


Out of a total of 159 dwellings, duplicated by chance in the 1962 and 1971 Reading travel surveys, 80 were found to have been occupied by essentially the same households. This has allowed an exploratory study to be made of the effect of ageing on household composition, car ownership and trip generation in comparison with changes in general. For example, households which did not move house between the surveys were larger than average in 1962 but had reduced to average size by 1971. Households which did move tended to be replaced by larger households. In both cases, average trip rates were in good agreement with the full survey values when categorised according to the type of household. Moreover, the rate of change of trip rate with household size between 1962 and 1971 was similar to the cross-sectional values observed in each survey year. Statistical tests, where practicable, showed that the results could be generalised to the survey area as a whole. From the wide variety of new information obtained on topics such as household formation and life cycle changes, in addition to trip generation, it was concluded that duplicate survey data have considerable value to those engaged in the planning of housing, transport and perhaps land use as well. A simplified procedure was developed for estimating the likely number of duplicate households in second surveys.(a) (TRRL)


Protection against P. multocida B: 2 using Recombinant 87kDa OMP Periplasmic Protein
To clone and express Pasteurella. multocida (P. multocida) encoding 87 kDa omp gene in prokaryotic (secretory) vector and to study the immunogenicity of expressed protein.The genomic DNA was isolated from P. multocida B:2. Specific primers were designed to suite secretory prokaryotic vector system. PCR amplified gene was cloned in pGEMT-EASY vector (Promega, USA) and subcloned into pBAD/gIIIA prokaryotic expression vector. The protein was purified and Passive mouse protection test challenge was conducted in mice.


The genera Desmonemoura Tillyard, Aphanicerca Tillyard, Afronemoura lilies, Aphanicercopsis Barnard and Balinskycercella Stevens & Picker are revised, and a key to males of all 20 species of these genera is provided. Desmonemoura brevis sp. n., Aphanicerca gnua sp. n., Aphanicerca chanae sp. n. and Afronemoura stuckenbergi sp. n. are descriptionbed, increasing the total number of known southern African notonemourid stoneflies from 27 to 31. The female of A. bovina Barnard is descriptionbed for the first time. Some species, including the new species of Aphanicerca and Afronemoura are localized, and protection of the catchments in which they occur is essential for their survival.