External mergesort begins with a run formation phase creating the initial sorted runs. Run formation can be done by a load-sort-store algorithm or by replacement selection. A load-sort-store algorithm repeatedly fills available memory with input records, sorts them, and writes the result to a run file. Replacement selection produces longer runs than load-sort-store algorithms and completely overlaps sorting and I/O, but it has poor locality of reference resulting in frequent cache misses and the classical algorithm works only for fixed-length records. This paper introduces batched replacement selection: a cache-conscious version of replacement selection that works also for variable-length records. The new algorithm resembles AlphaSort in the sense that it creates small in-memory runs and merges them to form the output runs. Its performance is experimentally compared with three other run formation algorithms: classical replacement selection, Quicksort, and AlphaSort. The experiments show that batched replacement selection is considerably faster than classic replacement selection. For small records (average 100 bytes), CPU time was reduced by about 50 percent and elapsed time by 47-63 percent. It was also consistently faster than Quicksort, but it did not always outperform AlphaSort. Replacement selection produces fewer runs than Quicksort and AlphaSort. The experiments confirmed that this reduces the merge time whereas the effect on the overall sort time depends on the number of disks available.


We have constructed a computational platform suitable for examining emergence of shape homeostasis in simple three-dimensional cellular systems. An embryo phenotype results from a developmental process starting with a single cell and its genome. When coupled to an evolutionary search, this platform can evolve embryos with particular stable shapes and high capacity for self-repair, even though repair is not genetically encoded or part of the fitness criteria. With respect to the genome, embryo shape and self-repair are emergent properties that arise from complex interactions among cells and cellular components via signaling and gene regulatory networks, during development or during repair. This report analyzes these networks and the underlying mechanisms that control embryo growth, organization, stability, and robustness to injury.


Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residue in Ontario soil is expected to be found at trace levels, since it has been banned for over 45 years in Canada. This presents challenges to the efficiency and accuracy of conventional detection methods. This study intensified the conventional DDT detection method, in the characterization of aged soil samples collected from historically-treated sites in Ontario. Recovery, time consumption, and labor intensity were considered for the intensification evaluation. Ultrasonic probe extraction was found to significantly shorten the extraction time, with similar yield compared to ultrasonic water bath extraction and homogenized extraction. Homogenized extraction for 24 h following ultrasonic probe extraction can increase yield over 27%. Rotary evaporator concentration was used, since it can reduce the operating time with comparable recovery. The Florisil clean-up column used in the conventional method was removed from the intensified method, due to its negligible effect and high time consumption. The intensified method may be valuable for further investigation to determine other trace level organochlorine pesticide residues in soil samples.


CONTEXT
Food intake induces relevant cardiovascular changes together with parallel increases in cardiac sympathetic activity and insulin plasma levels in man.

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated hemodynamics, neurohormones, and cardiac autonomic control after eating in patients with type 1 diabetes, a disease characterized by the absence of basal and stimulated insulin production.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Fifteen type 1 diabetic patients and 15 healthy controls underwent blood sampling, electrocardiogram, blood pressure and respiration recordings, and heart rate variability analysis while recumbent, during the 70 degrees head-up tilt, and 20 min after a mixed meal; on another occasion, diabetic patients were also studied 20 min after a mixed meal preceded by their scheduled bolus of exogenous insulin. Spectrum analysis of RR interval provided the indices of sympathetic (LF(RR)) and vagal (HF(RR)) modulation of the sinoatrial node.

RESULTS
At baseline, no significant differences were found between groups, except for metabolic parameters. Compared with baseline, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, and LF(RR) significantly (P < 0.005) increased, whereas HF(RR) significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased during the tilt in all subjects. Compared with baseline, plasma norepinephrine, heart rate, and LF(RR) significantly (P < 0.05) increased, whereas HF(RR) significantly (P < 0.02) decreased after eating in controls but not in diabetic patients (with and without insulin administered before eating). In both controls and diabetic patients, no relationship between postprandial changes of insulin and LF(RR) and HF(RR) was found.

CONCLUSIONS
Hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and cardiac neural responses to eating are abnormal in type 1 diabetic patients, independently of insulin.


This book is a collection of articles written in recent years and used in lectures for students at the Faculty of Architecture at Delft and at Nottingham University. The lectures and articles are based on a mixture of innovations in academia and industry. They elucidate the relationship between architecture and building technology, as well as high technology, transfer of technology, innovative design, development and research in the Chair of Product Development at TU Delft. With his experience in both industry and academia, Eekhout's goal is to bridge the gap between the two worlds and to stimulate them both, to prepare students to be inventive, innovative and daring enough to materialize their own dreams in practice. The lecture articles are based on the adventures and experiences in Mick Eekhout's design & build experimental laboratory cum factory, which works on projects all over the world, and for many interesting clients. Eekhout was able to develop an innovative technical vocabulary for lightweight structures and claddings in architecture and encourages students to attempt the same.


Different optical filtering scenarios involving microwave photonic phase shifters based on semiconductor optical amplifiers are investigated numerically as well as experimentally with respect to noise performance. Investigations on the role of the modulation depth and number of elements in cascaded shifting stages are also carried out. Suppression of the noise level by more than 5 dB has been achieved in schemes based on band-pass optical filtering when three phase shifting stages are cascaded.


R&D investments can help build sustainable competitive advantages and improve firm performance as well as foster industry transformations and economic growth. Nevertheless, managers also acknowledge the difficulties associated with managing R&D and the low chances of success of innovation programs. For this reason, researchers have long been interested in understanding how managers make R&D investment decisions and, more specifically, identifying the conditions under which managers are most likely to increase or decrease R&D investments. Research grounded in the behavioral theory of the firm suggests that a primary driver of R&D investment decisions is profitability: when profitability goals have not been met, managers are more likely to initiate a problemistic search through increasing R&D investments. While emphasizing profitability goals and their relationship with R&D investments, prior research largely downplays the role of goals beyond profitability that exist in a significant number of firms (family firms) that are owned and managed by family members whose primary concern is preserving their control over the organization. Research indicates that these family-centered non-economic goals lead family managers to minimize R&D investments and that the coexistence of multiple goals produces highly variable R&D investment behavior in family firms. Yet, how family-centered goals for control and profitability goals enter decision-making in family firms is not fully understood nor has any empirical study directly examined how these two apparently incompatible classes of goals jointly affect R&D investment variations in family firms. In this study, we propose that family managers form distinctive reference points that capture supplier bargaining power and are used to evaluate the degree of external obstruction to their managerial control. Accordingly, we hypothesize that family managers use reference points for profitability and for control jointly when making R&D investment decisions. The empirical analysis of panel data on 431 private Spanish manufacturing firms observed over the period 2000-2006 shows that the importance of profitability and control goals follows a sequential logic in family firms, such that family firms react more strongly to increasing supplier bargaining power when their profitability reference points have been reached. This study extends current understanding of the distinctive organizational processes engendered by family management in business organizations leading to new perspectives and research opportunities at the intersection of the innovation management and family business literatures.


The monuments of ancient Athens and Attica give eloquent testimony to the enduring legacy of Greek civilization. In this book, a leading authority on the archaeology of this area presents a survey of the monuments, first chronologically and then site by site, creating the definitive work on the subject. John M. Camp begins with a comprehensive narrative history of the monuments from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. Drawing on literary and epigraphic evidence, including Plutarch's biographies, Pausanias's guidebook, and thousands of inscriptions, he discusses who built a given structure, when, and why. Camp presents dozens of passages in translation, allowing the reader easy access to the variety and richness of the ancient sources. In effect, this main part of the book provides an engrossing history of ancient Athens as recorded in its archaeological remains. The second section of the book offers in-depth discussions of individual sites in their physical context, including accounts of excavations in the modern era. Written in a clear and engaging style and lavishly illustrated, Camp's archaeological tour of Athens is certain to appeal not only to scholars and students but also to visitors to the area.


The life expectancy of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection acquired through mother-to-child transmission has important clinical and public health significance. Several sources of population-based surveillance data from New York City, covering 1982 through the end of 1994, were combined to estimate long-term survival of HIV-infected children and age-specific prevalence. HIV incidence among newborns was estimated by applying expected transmission rates to seroprevalence surveys of parturient women and by using back-calculation methods. HIV prevalence in childhood was based on cumulative HIV incidence and cumulative mortality, adjusting for underreporting of death and background causes of death. A modified actuarial method was developed to estimate survival of infected children. At the beginning of 1995, between 1,945 and 3,323 children less than age 13 years were estimated to be living with HIV infection acquired through mother-to-child transmission in New York City. Between 36% and 61% of these infected children were estimated to survive to age 13 years (median survival, 8.6 years to >13 years). A substantial proportion of infected children will survive to adolescence. Thus, it is important that their educational, medical, and other needs be considered. These methods may be useful in other areas in which HIV seroprevalence data among childbearing women and HIV mortality statistics are available.


Lifelong learning is challenging for deep neural networks due to their susceptibility to catastrophic forgetting. Catastrophic forgetting occurs when a trained network is not able to maintain its ability to accomplish previously learned tasks when it is trained to perform new tasks. We study the problem of lifelong learning for generative models, extending a trained network to new conditional generation tasks without forgetting previous tasks, while assuming access to the training data for the current task only. In contrast to state-of-the-art memory replay based approaches which are limited to label-conditioned image generation tasks, a more generic framework for continual learning of generative models under different conditional image generation settings is proposed in this paper. Lifelong GAN employs knowledge distillation to transfer learned knowledge from previous networks to the new network. This makes it possible to perform image-conditioned generation tasks in a lifelong learning setting. We validate Lifelong GAN for both image-conditioned and label-conditioned generation tasks, and provide qualitative and quantitative results to show the generality and effectiveness of our method.


I start off inviting my readers to exercise their imagination and then explaining a proposal of creating new "sortition chambers" on all administrative levels - from a chamber at the same level as the present-day Spanish Congress and Senate down to sortition chambers for each municipality. They essentially would be an addition to present-day institutions and would partake in the powers which are held today by elected representatives and officials, although the proposal envisages that in the short run they could be out-voted by the elective institutions. They would exercise their powers according to deliberative procedures. After that introduction I offer a short account of present-day theoretical and practical proposals and implementations of sortition-based systems in the political field - highlighting the fact (following Manin) that mainstream discussions on democracy tend to ignore sortition altogether (including those made by the political left), but also making the point that since Dahl and others (inter alia, Burnheim, Goodwin, Barber; and the more recent works now appearing in Imprint Academic) there seems to be an increasing renaissance of this subject. I also point to the practical experiences of the Planungszelle and the voters' and citizens' juries.Thereafter I try to explain why sortition is mainly ignored nowadays - here I follow again Bernard Manin - identifiying the contractualist bias of the XVII and XVIII century revolutions (which sought to establish a rule of consent for being governed) as the main reason for opting for elections instead of sortition as mechanism for the selection of political office-holders. Afterwards, the emergence of the political parties as oligopolical forces in the political market (here I refer to the work of C.B. Macpherson) and their growing distance from society and increasing autonomy vis-a-vis societal needs have led to a "party democracy" or "cartel party" system (Katz and Mair). The facade of autonomous decision in electing public officials covers, therefore, a system where political offers are very limited, allowing me to speak about an "election-fetish". Contrasting to this evolution I then underline the paradox of identifiyng democracy with elections (and political parties) when we consider that democracy was linked in Athens with sortition whereas elections were considered aristocratic. The final part of this short essay is dedicated to consider the pros and cons of sortition chambers. I don't consider them as the ultimate response to all flaws of democracy, but as an interesting tool to improve its quality, understanding democracy as a never ending process. Among the pros I see gains in the following democratic vectors: direct/participatory (thousands or tens of thousands of citizens would take part in these chambers every year; this would act as a school of democracy; and have widespread effects on the attitude of the citizenship; TV coverage would be needed to achieve this goal), representative (creating a new source of democratic legitimacy; representing non-organized interests; and thanks to its independent source, it would be able to countervail and check the power held by elected institutions - controlled by political parties-; it would contribute to solve the old problem of "quis custodiet ipsos custodes?") and deliberative (as debates would be more free, less bound to party instructions; and would help to open the agenda setting function now controlled by parties and established power structures). I also compare sortition favorably to other participative and direct democracy mechanisms (more prone to manipulation by established power structures and/or exposed to scale problems) and to internal democracy efforts by political parties (mostly doomed to failure due to the nature of political competition in elections). Then I analyse the possible problems: first the classical objections made to direct or pure democracies (arguments of capacity and scale). Regarding capacity I consider that, first, education levels in our democracies are quite high; second, that the expertise of the politician (i.e., surviving in the political game) is not really needed by the members of sortition chambers. Then I discuss the -in my opinion- more relevant problems of negative controls and positive incentives which the members of such sortition chambers would (need to) have in order to develop a satisfactory job. The starting point is that the incentives applicable to political professionals (career perspectives, re-election, etc) don't apply in general to sortition chamber members (as they won't, in principle, start political careers after their terms). As possible negative controls I believe that the experience of judicial juries may be useful, i.e. some minimal requirements ex-ante and minimal levels of duty could be established and controlled by specific allotted bodies or by the judiciary. As positive incentives, I see the following: first, their salary for being part of the chambers. Second, their political influence which probably - as in other institutions- would create a healthy "mission creep" dynamic. Third, personal ambitions of some "natural" leaders within these chambers, which nonetheless would be checked by the characteristics of annual terms, rotation, collegiality, etc. Finally I shortly discuss the problem of excessive influence by experts on these sortition chambers and the constitutional and legal hurdles such a proposal would need to take in a country as Spain.


The South African financial services sector has experienced phenomenal growth over the past two decades, and financial institutions that were previously regional are now operating nationally. To enhance operations and meet customer expectations, financial institutions have turned to technology and virtual project teams. There is mounting evidence of the use of virtual project teams throughout the financial services sector; however, the effectiveness of virtual project teams in South Africa, and the support they receive, is yet to be determined. This case study aims to investigate the effectiveness of virtual project teams by focusing on the organisational systems and group dynamics of the virtual project teams at one of South Africa's leading financial institutions. The study involves a cross-sectional survey conducted by means of a Lickert-scale questionnaire distributed among all 23 project team members (10 in Cape Town and 13 in Johannesburg). The findings are predicted to indicate the support provided by this particular financial institution to the virtual project teams' operations, while also identifying the organisational systems in place and measuring the effectiveness of the virtual project teams. The financial institution on which this case study is based gave consent for the case study to be conducted, on condition of anonymity.


Federal Response to Eliminate Eating Disorders Act of 2011 - Amends the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) to require the Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to take certain actions regarding eating disorder research, including to: (1) implement a scientifically justified budget for research on eating disorders; (2) coordinate and evaluate NIH research activities and programs; (3) expand NIH research on eating disorders; (4) establish a task force on eating disorder research; and (5) provide for centers of excellence for research on eating disorders. Requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services, acting through the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to: (1) provide for the collection, analysis, and reporting of epidemiological data on eating disorders; (2) establish a Center of Eating Disorders Epidemiology to collect and analyze information on eating disorders; and (3) establish a CDC clearinghouse for the collection and storage of data generated under this Act. Sets forth provisions providing for education and training on eating disorders, including requirements for: (1) developing and implementing a training program for health professionals on eating disorders; (2) establishing the Task Force on Eating Disorders Prevention in Educational Institutions to develop and provide training on eating disorders identification and prevention for students, faculty, coaches, and staff in schools; and (3) conducting public service announcements. Amends the PHSA, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), and the Internal Revenue Code to require a group health plan that provides medical and surgical benefits to also provide coverage for eating disorders. Applies such requirement to coverage offered in the individual market and coverage offered under the Federal Employees Health Benefit Program. Amends title XIX (Medicaid) of the Social Security Act to expand coverage for eating disorders. Requires the Secretary, acti


Genetic predisposition to alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease has been reported. However, genetic susceptibility to alcoholic pancreatitis is still a matter of debate. To determine it, we examined genotype patterns of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2 and ADH3), and cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1) in alcoholic pancreatitis patients. In 296 alcoholic patients, 52 cases showed findings of chronic pancreatitis by ultrasonography and x-ray computed tomography and/or had a history of pancreatitis (P+). The remaining 244 patients had neither abnormal findings of the image examinations nor a history of pancreatitis (P-). As for the ADH2 genotype, distribution of 2(1)/2(1), 2(1)/2(2), and 2(2)/2(2) was 22, 37, and 42% in P+ patients, whereas 34, 35, and 30% in P- patients, respectively. The frequency of ADH2(2)/2(2) genotype was significantly higher in P+ patients, compared with that in P- patients. There were no significant differences in the distribution of ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 genotypes between P+ and P- patients. In 14 alcoholic patients who showed low contents of fecal chymotrypsin, which suggests dysfunction of pancreatic exocrine, the rate of ADH2(2)/2(2) genotype also tended to be higher (50%) than in 74 controls who showed normal contents of the fecal chymotrypsin (28%). No differences were observed in genotypes of ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1. Moreover, the frequency of ADH2(2)/2(2) genotype was significantly higher in autopsy cases with interlobular fibrosis in the pancreas, which suggests alcoholic pancreatic damage, than in cases with only intralobular pancreatic fibrosis. These data suggest that the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis seems to be associated with the presence of ADH2(2)/2(2) genotype.


Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce more than one phenotype in order to match the environment. Recent theory proposes that the major axis of genetic variation in a phenotypically plastic population can align with the direction of selection. Therefore, theory predicts that plasticity directly aids adaptation by increasing genetic variation in the direction favoured by selection and reflected in plasticity. We evaluated this theory in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia pulex, facing predation risk from two contrasting size-selective predators. We estimated plasticity in several life-history traits, the G matrix of these traits, the selection gradients on reproduction and survival, and the predicted responses to selection. Using these data, we tested whether the genetic lines of least resistance and the predicted response to selection aligned with plasticity. We found predator environment-specific G matrices, but shared genetic architecture across environments resulted in more constraint in the G matrix than in the plasticity of the traits, sometimes preventing alignment of the two. However, as the importance of survival selection increased, the difference between environments in their predicted response to selection increased and resulted in closer alignment between the plasticity and the predicted selection response. Therefore, plasticity may indeed aid adaptation to new environments.


This thesis comprises four papers concerning risk prediction. Paper [I] suggests a nonlinear and multivariate time series model framework that enables the study of simultaneity in returns and in volatilities, as well as asymmetric effects arising from shocks. Using daily data 2000-2006 for the Baltic state stock exchanges and that of Moscow we find recursive structures with Riga directly depending in returns on Tallinn and Vilnius, and Tallinn on Vilnius. For volatilities both Riga and Vilnius depend on Tallinn. In addition, we find evidence of asymmetric effects of shocks arising in Moscow and in the Baltic states on both returns and volatilities. Paper [II] argues that the estimation error in Value at Risk predictors gives rise to underestimation of portfolio risk. A simple correction is proposed and in an empirical illustration it is found to be economically relevant. Paper [III] studies some approximation approaches to computing the Value at Risk and the Expected Shortfall for multiple period asset re- turns. Based on the result of a simulation experiment we conclude that among the approaches studied the one based on assuming a skewed t dis- tribution for the multiple period returns and that based on simulations were the best. We also found that the uncertainty due to the estimation error can be quite accurately estimated employing the delta method. In an empirical illustration we computed five day Value at Risk's for the S&P 500 index. The approaches performed about equally well. Paper [IV] argues that the practise used in the valuation of the port- folio is important for the calculation of the Value at Risk. In particular, when liquidating a large portfolio the seller may not face horizontal de- mandcurves. We propose a partially new approach for incorporating this fact in the Value at Risk and in an empirical illustration we compare it to a competing approach. We find substantial differences.


In this path breaking book one of America's most distinguished philosophers brilliantly explores the status and authority of law and the nature of political allegiance through close readings of three classic Hollywood Westerns: Howard Hawks' "Red River" and John Ford's "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "The Searchers". Robert Pippin treats these films as sophisticated mythic accounts of a key moment in American history: its 'second founding', or the western expansion. His central question concerns how these films explore classical problems in political psychology, especially how the virtues of a commercial republic gained some hold on individuals at a time when the heroic and martial virtues were so important. Westerns, Pippin shows, raise central questions about the difference between private violence and revenge and the state's claim to a legitimate monopoly on violence, and they show how these claims come to be experienced and accepted or rejected. Pippin's account of the best Hollywood Westerns brings this genre into the centre of the tradition of political thought, and his readings raise questions about political psychology and the political passions that have been neglected in contemporary political thought in favour of a limited concern with the question of legitimacy.


Sunk opportunity costs can causally affect subsequent behavior. Turning down initial temptations might make it easier for people to stay committed in the longer term to a personal goal. We discuss several competing explanations for this enhanced commitment effect – including that resisting temptations might (1)"self-signal" information about individual's own resolve or (2) create prospective risk of cognitive dissonance. Individuals who are subject to what we call "reactive incentives" have superficial incentives to accept a temptation and deviate from some pre-existing goal. But the process of resisting the temptation may cause these individuals to be less likely to subsequently deviate from that goal. We identify two broad categories of reactive incentives: reactive carrots and reactive sticks.

This article tests the causal impact of reactive incentives in a field experiment at a University of Amsterdam gym where new subscribers were randomly assigned to one of several groups. "Temptation" group members were made one-time monetary offers of varying size to quit the gym. None of the temptation group subjects accepted the offered compensation to quit the gym. Subjects who were offered a moderate reactive carrot (a full refund plus a cash payment equaling 10% of their initial subscription price to quit) were statistically more likely to visit the gym, to resubscribe, and to earn higher post-treatment grades. Even though the foregone financial opportunities are sunk, they nonetheless affect our subjects' future behavior. Consistent with the reactive stick hypothesis, we also observe that new subscribers who were exposed to unpleasant weather conditions during their first week of membership were more likely to subsequently visit the gym than new subscribers who did not have to initially confront the reactive stick of bad weather.

This article explores a range of settings where policy-makers might deploy reactive incentives to beneficially enhance self-control – including smoking cessation programs, payday lending, college completion and retirement savings.


We study the application of min-max propagation, a variation of belief propagation, for approximate min-max inference in factor graphs. We show that for "any" high-order function that can be minimized in O(ω), the min-max message update can be obtained using an efficient O(K(ω + log(K)) procedure, where K is the number of variables. We demonstrate how this generic procedure, in combination with efficient updates for a family of high-order constraints, enables the application of min-max propagation to efficiently approximate the NP-hard problem of makespan minimization, which seeks to distribute a set of tasks on machines, such that the worst case load is minimized.


The velocity of elastic waves is the primary datum available for acquiring information about subsurface characteristics such as lithology and porosity. Cheap and quick (spatial coverage, ease of measurement) information of permeability can be achieved, if sonic velocity is used for permeability prediction, so we have investigated the use of velocity data to predict permeability. The compressional velocity from wireline logs and core plugs of the chalk reservoir in the South Arne field, North Sea, has been used for this study. We compared various methods of permeability prediction from velocities. The relationships between permeability and porosity from core data were first examined using Kozeny's equation. The data were analyzed for any correlations to the specific surface of the grain, Sg, and to the hydraulic property defined as the flow zone indicator (FZI). These two methods use two different approaches to enhance permeability prediction from Kozeny's equation. The FZI is based on a concept of a tortuous flow path in a granular bed. The Sg concept considers the pore space that is exposed to fluid flow and models permeability resulting from effective flow parallel to pressure drop. The porosity-permeability relationships were replaced by relationships between velocity of elastic waves and permeability using laboratory data, and the relationships were then applied to well-log data. We found that the permeability prediction in chalk and possibly other sediments with large surface areas could be improved significantly using the effective specific surface as the fluid-flow concept. The FZI unit is appropriate for highly permeable sedimentary rocks such as sandstones and limestones that have small surface areas.


Now it is well-known, that three main regulatory systems, named the nervous, endocrine and immune ones have well-established and very closed related interrelations for the regulation of the systemic homeostasis, that involves the production and secretion of a variety of cellular mediators, known as regulatory peptides (peptide hormones, cytokines, chemokines, integrins and others) [1]. The regulatory peptides together with other related molecules (for example, such as biogenic amines, steroids, etc.) regulate homeostasis in the tissue of origin, either via local actions or by recruitment of the external systems that facilitate restoration of the local homeostasis.


This book provides an analytic overview and assessment of the changing nature of crime prevention, disorder and community safety in contemporary society.

This book provides an analytic overview and assessment of the changing nature of crime prevention, disorder and community safety in contemporary society. Bringing together nine original articles from leading national and international authorities on these issues, Crime, Disorder and Community Safety examines recent developments including the shift towards an increase in local authority's responsibility for crime control and community safety, the development of inter-agency alliances, the changing nature of policing and the passing of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The question underpinning this collection is whether we are experiencing a major watershed in crime prevention and community safety policies. In addressing these issues the various authors explore the theory, politics and practice associated with these changes and assess their significance in relation to a number of specific groups - the disadvantaged, the socially excluded, youth, women and ethnic minorities. Adam Crawford University of Leeds, Marian Fitzgerald University of Leeds, Lynn Hancock Midddlesex University, Tim Hope University of Keele, George L. Kelling Rutgers


OBJECTIVE
To assess variation in safety climate across VA hospitals nationally.

STUDY SETTING
Data were collected from employees at 30 VA hospitals over a 6-month period using the Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations survey.

STUDY DESIGN
We sampled 100 percent of senior managers and physicians and a random 10 percent of other employees. At 10 randomly selected hospitals, we sampled an additional 100 percent of employees working in units with intrinsically higher hazards (high-hazard units [HHUs]).

DATA COLLECTION
Data were collected using an anonymous survey design.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
We received 4,547 responses (49 percent response rate). The percent problematic response--lower percent reflecting higher levels of patient safety climate--ranged from 12.0-23.7 percent across hospitals (mean=17.5 percent). Differences in safety climate emerged by management level, clinician status, and workgroup. Supervisors and front-line staff reported lower levels of safety climate than senior managers; clinician responses reflected lower levels of safety climate than those of nonclinicians; and responses of employees in HHUs reflected lower levels of safety climate than those of workers in other areas.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first systematic study of patient safety climate in VA hospitals. Findings indicate an overall positive safety climate across the VA, but there is room for improvement.


This study considers the allocation of Florida citrus-grower money between advertising and research programs to maximize grower revenue net of program costs. The allocation depends on the impact of advertising on demand and the impacts of research on the cost of production and supply. A number of studies have estimated the impact of advertising on OJ demand, but little is known about the impact of research. Research on citrus greening, a disease that has no known cure, is examined in the present study. There are no past studies to reliably gauge the impact of this research. The approach taken here is to ask if a given amount of research dollars is needed to reduce average production costs by certain amount, then what should be spent on advertising based on past estimates of the elasticity of demand with respect to advertising. The optimal ratio of advertising to research dollars increases with the advertising elasticity and declines with the amount of research money needed to reduce average costs. The results of this study provide a range for this ratio based on different advertising elasticities and amounts of research dollars needed to reduce production costs. The approach provides an indication of the importance of advertising given expectations on the research needed to successfully fight this disease.


aimed to simulate realistic Diesel engine working conditions whilst allowing visualisation of in-cylinder processes by various optical and laser diagnostics techniques. The spray penetration was explored by laser diagnostics methods such as Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and the Mie scattering techniques. High-speed video (HSV) images of the spray were also recorded to show the temporal evolution of the spray. Both liquid and vapour phases of the spray were captured by the LIF technique whilst Mie scattering only recorded the liquid part of the spray. In the current study, a 7-hole injector of the solenoid type was injecting 20mm 3 of Diesel fuel each cycle at an injection pressure of 100MPa and in-cylinder pressures 2MPa and 6MPa. The fuel was injected in a split mode with various dwells between the 10mm 3 + 10mm 3 splits (or individual fuel injections). The instantaneous injection rate was measured by the long-tube rate technique. These data were taken as an input to the numerical model tracking the centre-of-mass (CoM) of the injected fuel. The modelling is based on the conservation of momentum of injected fuel mass in the presence of a realistic drag force acting on the whole spray as a physical body. This approach is particularly suitable for the dense sprays near the nozzle as an asymptotic case for the strong interaction between the spray droplets. Hence the CoM approach is seen as complementary to the traditional Lagrangian modelling for dispersed sprays widely employed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. Air entrainment was modelled by the exponential decay of liquid fraction in the spray with a characteristic time τ. Under the conventional assumption of the conical shape of the spray, the penetration of spray tip was associated with the height of the cone. This allowed the calculation of the frontal area A required in the expression for the drag force. The numerical CoM model was validated against the experimental CoM data in the range of in-cylinder pressures and dwells between two consecutive injections (or splits). The following four cases were calculated and validated against the experimental data: in-cylinder pressures (ICP) 2MPa and 6MPa, split injection strategy with dwells 0.425ms and 0.625ms between injections. In all cases, the injection pressure was 100MPa; under cold intake conditions of ambient air. For validation purposes the image processing software was extended to characterise the position of the centre-of-mass of injected fuel. The ratio of tip penetration to the position of the centre-of-mass, β was assessed from LIF images for ICP = 2MPa and dwells 0.425ms and 0.625ms. An average value of the ratio with a corresponding standard deviation


The dorsal carapace from late premolt (D3) and early postmolt (1 hr) blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) was used to study the effects of fixation on the morphology of the epicuticle, exocuticle, and hypodermis. Tissues were freshly dissected, quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, or lyophilized. They were then treated with a standard fixation consisting of sequential fixation in glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, tannic acid and uranyl acetate or with a uranyl acetate primary fixative. Lyophilized-unfixed and lyophilized-rehydrated tissues were also examined. Treatments were viewed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Standard fixation preserved both cuticle fibers and cellular elements. Results varied due to the impervious nature of cuticle and the formation of a permeability barrier by 1 hr postmolt. Uranyl acetate fixation greatly improved the contrast of fibers and enhanced the visualization of calcification initiation sites at the epicuticle-exocuticle interface and along the interprismatic septa (IPS), but it did not preserve the hypodermis. The IPS varied in staining intensity among samples, but overall fixation was more uniform than standard fixation. Both treatments revealed a diverse collection of fiber types. Anaglyphs showed that horizontal fibers, oriented parallel to the cuticle surface, rotated in successive planes while vertical fibers were oriented perpendicular to the cuticle surface. Of the vertical fiber types observed, some were associated with pore canals, others were not, and certain ones were restricted to specialized regions of the cuticle. Quick-freezing caused voids to occur between horizontal fibers. Voids were accentuated by lyophilization. The cuticle was more distorted by voids when it was quick-frozen or lyophilized and treated with standard fixation than with uranyl acetate fixation. Unfixed lyophilized samples had a unique tubular morphology that exhibited a lamellar periodicity. Rehydration of lyophilized cuticles reconstituted the fibrous matrix, with all fiber types being preserved except the IPS. Fibers in this treatment appeared most similar to uranyl acetate fixations but were more dispersed. Although the tubular morphology of unfixed, lyophilized samples appears to be an artifact of quick-freezing, it speaks to the highly hydrated nature of the cuticle at the time of ecdysis.


We leverage introduction of the first antibiotic therapies in 1937 to examine impacts of pneumonia in infancy on adult education, employment, disability, income and income mobility, and identify large impacts on each. We then examine how racial segregation in the pre-Civil Rights Era moderated the long-run benefits of antibiotics among blacks. We find that blacks born in more segregated states reaped smaller and less pervasive long run benefits despite sharp drops in pneumonia exposure. Our findings demonstrate causal effects of early life health on economic mobility and the importance of an investment-rewarding institutional environment in realization of the full potential of a healthy start.


The extended space forest is a new method for decision tree construction in which training is done with input vectors including all the original features and their random combinations. The combinations are generated with a difference operator applied to random pairs of original features. The experimental results show that extended space versions of ensemble algorithms have better performance than the original ensemble algorithms. To investigate the success dynamics of the extended space forest, the individual accuracy and diversity creation powers of ensemble algorithms are compared. The Extended Space Forest creates more diversity when it uses all the input features than Bagging and Rotation Forest. It also results in more individual accuracy when it uses random selection of the features than Random Subspace and Random Forest methods. It needs more training time because of using more features than the original algorithms. But its testing time is lower than the others because it generates less complex base learners.


It is estimated that over 50,000 sport injuries are sustained by NCAA athletes every year (Dick, Agel, & Marshall, 2007). Many of these injuries require rehabilitation, and proper adherence to a prescribed rehabilitation program has long been known to lead to better rehabilitation outcomes (Brewer, Van Raalte, Cornelius, Petitpas, Sklar, Pohlman, et al., 2000; Derscheid & Feiring, 1987; Heredia, Munoz, & Artaza, 2004). However, the mechanisms by which adherence to a rehabilitation program can be achieved are not yet well-understood, perhaps due to a lack of rich qualitative studies designed to explore the complexities of the rehabilitation process (Ohman, 2005). To begin to alleviate this shortcoming, the purpose of this study is to qualitatively investigate athletes' motivation in the context of sport injury rehabilitation. More specifically, certified athletic trainers (ATCs) and NCAA athletes were observed during rehabilitation sessions and interviewed in a semistructured manner to determine how self-determination theory (SDT) constructs may affect adherence to sport injury rehabilitation programs. Data analysis revealed three influential categories: ATC-athlete relationship, athlete autonomy, and ATC competence. Two themes (trust, autonomy by necessity) were also uncovered and a negative case was identified. Findings coincide with prior research highlighting the importance of trust and the ATC-athlete relationship. Autonomy by necessity represents a novel finding within sport psychology literature. Implications for future research include examining the role of trust with the sport injury rehabilitation context relative to SDT and identifying specific behaviors ATCs can engage in to regulate their athletes' motivation to adhere.


Scaffolds play a critical role in tissue engineering by acting as a temporary artificial extracellular matrices for cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiated function as well as serving as three dimensional templates for neotissue/organ formation. This thesis have been addressed to the examination of the basic principles and methods oriented to the development of tailored scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. In this direction, different polycaprolactone based composite scaffolds have been developed through novel and traditional techniques of preparation such as phase inversion/salt leaching, thermal induced phase separation (TIPS) and melting induced microspheres sintering (MIMS)). In order to mimic the mechanical response of the natural bone tissue, different strategies of reinforcement have been adopted by the addition of bioactive fillers (Hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphates) or/and biodegradable fibers (polylactide acid). An accurate morphological and functional characterization of proposed scaffolds has been achieved. A qualitative estimation of porosity has been obtained by S.E.M analysis whereas a qualitative analysis of porosity in terms of pore volume fraction, pore size distribution and interconnection degree has been performed by theoretical and experimental methodologies (gravimetric measurements, mercury intrusion porosimetry, two dimensional analysis by dedicated software and three dimensional image analysis by computed micro tomography). Furthermore, a mechanical characterization was also performed to compare their properties with the natural ones.


In neurosurgery neural defects are a common problem, many etiologies compromise dura mater integrity. These scenarios had demonstrated the need for a dural substitute. Multiple substitutes had been proposed: autografts, allografts, xenografts and synthetic materials. None of them fulfill all the "ideal substitute" enquiries. The hypothesis of this paper is supported by previous work of Tomohisa et al. And Campbell et al. Tomohisa et al presented 12 cases were synthetic substitutes had infected tissue and the need of removal was inevitable. Fortunately, the capsule was protecting brain parenchyma, and the absence of CSFL give them the option of closing with no further duroplasty. They suggest that in these scenarios where infection prevents the option any graft, the preexisting capsule works as an appropriate substitute. In the other paper, a new vascular graft was presented, where sylastic tube were placed in rabbits and mice, then harvested after two weeks and used the capsule of granulation tissue as an autologous vascular graft. This autologous substitute could work as an adequate scaffold for graft integration in dura mater.


A sublimation method based on the use of a conventional vacuum oven has been developed to extend the method's range of applications. The use of a small, externally controlled heater has increased the temperature range from 80–200 to 80–500 °C and provides high-quality crystals of compounds ranging from oxalic acid to metal-free phthalocyanine. Some unique benefits of the method are relatively rapid crystal production, provision of crystals of compounds that are known only as solvates, simple optical detection of crystals that are likely to bend, and crystal habit control. The inability of ethynyl estradiol (EE) to form solvent-free crystals is explained on the basis of the structure of vapor-grown crystals, and three new solvate structures are reported. The visual detection of bending crystals of naftazone and 1,3-dinitrobenzene is described. The crystal morphologies of 1,4-naphthaquinone, metal-free phthalocyanine, and benzoic acid are controlled by the temperature gradient in the oven.


This paper tries to use the counterfactual decomposition method to study the urban-rural income gap via quantile by adding some factors, such as Chinese characteristic like height and social status. We find education, gender, and age are still the influence factors of urban-rural income, and also are significant influence in each quantile. After introducing the height and social status, we found that the coefficient of height from the urban residents was not significant. However, social status has a positive influence on the low-income and middle-income urban residents, and high-income rural residents, indicating that the urban and rural areas have different views on social status. In the decomposition of income gap, the coefficient effect explains most causes of urban-rural income gap. But the tendency of characteristics effect is consistent with that of the total effect.


We report an experimental observation of the variation in linewidth of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) resonance in a three-level ?-type system for several laser bandwidths in a Rb vapor cell, with and without a buffer gas. It is found, using narrow bandwidth (about 20 kHz) diode laser for both coupling and probe beams, that the linewidth of the EIT resonance can be significantly narrowed in the Rb vapor cell with the buffer gas. The results are in good qualitative agreement with a simple theoretical calculation.


When an act of domestic violence occurs in Illinois, as in most other jurisdictions, both criminal charges and a civil Domestic Violence Order of Protection may follow. The order of protection may be commenced in conjunction with a criminal charge or may be commenced as an independent action. Because of the exigencies of the domestic violence situation, the legislature has enacted a statutory scheme that expedites the civil proceeding, so that the civil order of protection proceeding takes place in a period of twenty-one days from initial filing to final hearing. In other contexts, an act of intentional injury could give rise to both a civil personal injury matter and a criminal prosecution. But in these situations, it would be anticipated that the criminal case would be resolved prior to the civil matter. Therefore, the domestic violence situation is somewhat unique in that the civil case proceeds prior to the resolution of the criminal matter. This creates an opportunity for the respondent to use the order of protection proceeding for two improper purposes related to the defense of a subsequent criminal charge. First, during the civil proceeding, the respondent may seek to use cross examination of the abuse victim for purposes of intimidation so that she may wish not to be a witness in the later criminal prosecution. Second, the cross examination might be conducted to gain the equivalent of a discovery deposition that would not be available in the criminal matter. In this article, I will discuss that when either or both occurs, the respondent should be subject to sanctions pursuant to both Supreme Court Rule 1378 and the specific sanction provision of the Illinois Domestic Violence Act. The most difficult question involved is how to draw the line between a legitimate defense of the civil matter and a defense for either of the improper purposes. In this article, I will seek to draw that line. I will first discuss that separating legitimate defenses from improper defenses would be aided by requiring respondents to file answers to petitions for orders of protection. I will argue that such is required by applicable statute, though not often required in practice. I will then address the Fifth Amendment problem presented when a party facing concurrent civil and criminal actions is required to answer the civil case before resolution of the criminal matter. I will propose an amendment to the Illinois Domestic Violence Act that prevents the pleadings or testimony from an order of protection action from use in a subsequent criminal action. I will argue that so doing aids both the petitioner and respondent, and comports with the legislature's expressed intention to provide prompt relief and protection to victims of domestic violence.


The last half decade has witnessed a remarkable resurgence of attention among practitioners and scholars to understanding the ability of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to address environmental and social problems. Although significant advances have been made, assessing the forms, types, and impacts on intended objectives is impeded by the conflation of distinct phenomena, which has created misunderstandings about why firms support CSR, and the implications of this support, or lack thereof, for the potential effectiveness of innovative policy options. As a corrective, we offer seven categories that distinguish efforts promoting learning and stakeholder engagement from those requiring direct on-the-ground behavior changes. Better accounting for these differences is critical for promoting a research agenda that focuses on the evolutionary nature of CSR innovations, including whether specific forms are likely to yield marginal or transformative results.


A French programme, "Reseau de mesure de la qualite des sols: biodiversite des organismes" (RMQS BioDiv) was developed in Brittany (27,000 km2 in the western part of France) as an initial assessment of soil biodiversity on a regional scale in relation to land use and pedoclimatic parameters. The nematode community assemblages were compared among the land use categories. Crops were characterised by a high abundance of bacterial-feeders, particularly opportunistic bacterial-feeders belonging to Rhabditidae. Meadows presented a higher total abundance of nematodes than did crops (20.6 ind·g-1 dry soil vs. 13.1 ind·g-1 dry soil), and they were mainly linked to the great abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly Meloidogyne, but with a very high heterogeneity between sampled plots. The nematodes were most abundant in forests (23.7 ind·g-1 dry soil) and presented the most structured community (SI = 82.2 in forests vs. 58.6 and 55.5 in crops and meadows, respectively). Forests had also the higher fungal component (fungal-feeders and facultative plant-feeders belonging to the Tylenchidae) leading to a significant higher part of the fungal decomposition pathway in forests than in crops. The ability of different taxonomic levels of nematode identifica- tion to discriminate among different cropping systems (i.e., continuous cropping system, crop with meadow in the rota- tion, meadow with crop in the rotation and permanent meadow) was also tested. The family level (48 families identified in these samples) was more efficient than the other taxonomic levels (86 taxa, 17 functional guilds and 6 trophic groups): best statistical significant discrimination for time spent in identification. The relation between the nematode ecological indices, the abundance of nematode trophic groups and the crop management practices were studied. The effects of fertilization, ploughing frequency, use of pesticides and management systems on ecological indices, particu- larly on the Maturity Indices, were observed.


As a distinct scholarly contribution to law, feminist legal theory is now well over three decades old. Those three decades have seen consolidation and renewal of its central concerns as well as remarkable growth, dynamism and change. This Companion celebrates the strength of feminist legal thought, which is manifested in this dynamic combination of stability and change, as well as in the diversity of perspectives and methodologies, and the extensive range of subject-matters, which are now included within its ambit. Bringing together contributors from across a range of jurisdictions and legal traditions, the book provides a concise but critical review of existing theory in relation to the core issues or concepts that have animated, and continue to animate, feminism. It provides an authoritative and scholarly review of contemporary feminist legal thought, and seeks to contribute to the ongoing development of some of its new approaches, perspectives, and subject-matters. The Companion is divided into three parts, dealing with 'Theory', 'Concepts' and 'Issues'. The first part addresses theoretical questions which are of significance to law, but which also connect to feminist theory at the broadest and most interdisciplinary level. The second part also draws on general feminist theory, but with a more specific focus on debates about equality and difference, race, culture, religion, and sexuality. The 'Issues' section considers in detail more specific areas of substantive legal controversy.


Abstract Lower Eocene to Oligocene microfossil-rich hemipelagic sediments in ODP Hole 647A, southern Labrador Sea, provide a strategic section for resolving the early history of high North Atlantic climates and ocean circulation, and for correlating with carbonate-poor lower Cenozoic sediments in the Arctic and Nordic seas. Our new, integrated palaeomagneto- and multigroup biostratigraphy (63 dinoflagellate cyst, calcareous nannofossil, planktonic foraminifer and diatom datums) significantly improves Site 647 chronostratigraphy and provides a framework for future studies. This new age model, coupled with provisional δ18O analyses, provides greater confidence in the location of significant ocean-climate events at this site, including the Eocene–Oligocene transition and the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum. Early Eocene hyperthermals may also be present near the base of the section. Palaeomagnetic age control is significantly improved in the Eocene, but not in the Oligocene. Revised estimates of sedimentation and biogenic flux indicate changes in supply and preservation that may be climatically controlled. A Lower to Middle Eocene hiatus is more precisely constrained, with a c. 4 million year duration. Age and depth errors quantify the age uncertainties throughout the section. Our revised age model will play an important role in stratigraphic correlation between very high latitude and lower latitude sites. Supplementary material: All tables with ages and age-derived calculations based on the Gradstein et al. (2004) timescale used herein are reproduced as supplementary tables using both the Gradstein et al. (2004) and the Cande & Kent (1995) timescales (Tables DS1–DS6). Discrete sample and shipboard pass-through cryomagnetometer palaeomagnetic data, planktonic foraminifer and fine fraction (<20 µm) stable isotope data, raw and processed core GRA density data, and specifications and results of GRA density spectral analyses are also provided as supplementary tables (Tables DS7–DS11). These tables are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18546.


William Hone, the London based reforming pamphleteer, produced four main publications that relate to the government-sanctioned killings at St. Peter's Field in Manchester on 16 August 1819. His three best-selling and most influential pamphlets, The Political House that Jack Built, The Man in the Moon, and A Slap at Slop, all address the outrage in Manchester. Produced in collaboration with a young George Cruikshank, later made even more famous with his illustrations for Dickens and latterly the temperance movement, these three pamphlets were so successful that they had combined sales of around 250 000 copies , and were read by the full spectrum of society, from Cabinet ministers to soldiers. However Hone also produced another less well-known poem on the massacre that pretends to be by Lord Byron,, Don Juan Canto the Third. Hone was a prolific writer and publisher; between 1815 and 1821 he produced around175 publications, the main focus of which is injustice and hypocrisy. Perceived by the authorities as a seditious radical, in 1817 Hone was tried three times for the same charge: twice for blasphemous and seditious libel, and once for blasphemous libel, for printing The Late John Wilkes's Catechism, The Political Litany and The Sinecurist's Creed. The following parody of the Ten Commandments is from The Late John Wilkes's Catechism:

VI. Thou shalt not call starving to death murder.
VII. Thou shall not call Royal gallivanting adultery.
VIII. Thou shalt not say, that to rob the Public is to steal.

In court Hone defended himself by arguing that his parodies attacked the state and not the word of God. His acquittal, after three days of questioning, was a great victory for the radical press. It prompted Leigh Hunt to praise him in The Examiner on 21 December 1817, and Keats to write to his brothers: 'Hone the publisher's trial you must find very amusing; and as Englishmen very encouraging – his Not Guilty is a thing'. Hone's victory did not please everyone though; Dorothy Wordsworth wrote, 'The acquittal of Hone is enough to make one out of love with English Juries.' By 1819 Hone was viewed as a publisher who was difficult to convict and as such his publications became powerful vehicles to transmit radical and reformist ideas. This article will concentrate on examining Hone's four Peterloo publications in the order that they were released, and in particular how they shaped the representation of Peterloo in the minds of the public.


This study examines citizens' perceptions of fairness and legitimacy in political advertising. Using focus groups, an original national survey, and data on election 2000, as well as drawing on results from a replication of the national survey in 2004, we characterize political ads from the citizen's perspective. We then turn to the impact of "negative" advertising on voter turnout. Like several studies, we find circumstances under which turnout can be increased by negative ad criticisms. However, we show that this general result is only part of the story. Drawing on research in political psychology, we suggest that voters are "motivated processors" of advertising claims; as such, they evaluate the fairness of an ad according to their partisan predispositions. We show that when partisans perceive the criticisms of their own party's candidate to be fair, they are less likely to say they will vote. As a result, we find that negative advertising not only may affect the total turnout in an election but also ha...


Three series of experimental results were obtained in situ during the U.S.Russian Ice Station Weddell 1 Expedition 1992 in the western Weddell Sea. Changes in salinity, silicate, and chlorophyll a concentrations were examined over sampling scales of hours, days, and months as microalgal populations grew in young sea ice. Sea ice growth rates were 0.38 cm h -1 for ice up to 9 cm (May 19-20), 0.13 cm h -1 for ice growth to 28 cm over the next 8 days, and 0.03 cm h -1 during 81 days of observations on ice 42-97 cm thick (March 18-June 7). It was shown that at the initial stage of ice formation, salt and nutrient accumulation occurred, then ice desalination intensified with increasing ice thickness. Brine within the ice showed a 12-hour period of oscillatory motion during the first day of ice growth and a 1.5- to 2-hour oscillation in the skeletal layer of 28-cm ice. Small numbers of diatoms were entrapped from seawater during the initial ice formation. Their reproduction (in terms of chlorophyll a concentration) markedly increased after the third day of ice formation. The highest concentrations of chlorophyll a (100 to 1000 times higher than the underlying seawater) were recorded within the bottom, brown-colored layer of all young ice cores studied during the 81-day experiment. The species composition of ice algal populations (99 species) was more diverse and rich than observed for phytoplankton (18 species) in surface seawater. The temporal and spatial distribution of all parameters studied were controlled by meteorological factors and brine drainage mechanisms


Many superscalar processors designed today are able to dynamically schedule instructions. Dynamic scheduling means that a processor is able to analyze a portion of the instruction stream ``on the fly'''', and has the capability of issuing an instruction other than the next one available in the input, in order to avoid stalling. Such an instruction is said to be executed out of order. Scheduling algorithms for machines with in-order execution are used in most compilers today. However, schedules which are optimal for machines with in-order execution may be sub-optimal for a machine with out-of-order execution. Here, we are presenting an algorithm which produces a local schedule for a trace of basic blocks, such that the completion time is minimized for a processor with a depth of the pipeline k=2 and dynamic scheduling ability with scope size s=2. The algorithm runs in polynomial time. A generalization of the algorithm to work for machines with larger scopes is straightforward.


In this paper, which is a revised and modified version of the 2019 North American Society for the Sociology of Sport Alan Ingham Memorial lecture, the author shares four views, contributions, and opportunities that sports sociologists might consider useful in how to decolonize as well as indigenize our discipline together. The need to actively engage in the theory and practice of how to decolonize while understanding what it also means to work toward becoming an accomplice, activist, ally, or co-resistor are important threads underpinning the nature and scope of this paper. The author concludes with a plea to sports sociologists that decolonizing our minds is as much a collective effort as it is an act of reconciliation while maintaining the promise of inclusion, equity, and human rights. As sports sociologists, understanding what it means to be in "good relations" with Indigenous Peoples is fundamental to how we continue to build on and improve our discipline together.


An all-in-one tutorial for planning, developing, and launching iPhone and iPad appsThe number of applications in the Apple app store is growing at a staggering rate. Want to get in the game, but don't know iOS? This book-and-DVD package will help! With even little or no prior programming experience, you can learn the code necessary to build an app by following the how-to instructions in this book-and-video combo. Comprised of clear, no-nonsense lessons, the book walks you through each tutorial and then encourages you to work through simple exercises so that you can immediately apply what you just learned.These lessons are backed by video demonstrations on the accompanying DVD to further illustrate the instruction and drive home the main points. In addition, the book's appendices contain helpful information such as obtaining a device UDID, testing, and distributing an app and also lists common reasons why applications are rejected, so you can prepare to take precautionary measures to avoid these instances.Introduces iOS and helps you set up a development environmentHighlights the basics of object-oriented programming principles as well as key objective-C conceptsExamines Cocoa touch and the Cocoa touch framework, including using various classes in the UIKit and Foundation frameworksLooks at advanced concepts such as tab bars, web views, the Accelerometer, Google maps, Core Location, and moreWith this book-and-video package, you'll learn how to plan, create, and launch apps for the iPhone and iPad that are ready for submission to the App Store!Note: As part of the print version of this title, video lessons are included on DVD. For e-book versions, video lessons can be accessed at wrox.com using a link provided in the interior of the e-book.


Background: The effectiveness of traditional talent development (TD) programs can be questioned. Meanwhile, an extra pathway to the top has made its appearance: Talent transfer (TT). The aim of TT is to fast-track talented athletes into the high-performance environment. The first TT initiatives and studies exploring the TT process have been carried out.
Objective: This systematic review gives an overview of studies examining TT, by situating TT within the developmental framework, comparing formal and informal TT and investigating the similarities between donor and transfer sports in TT from elite and non-elite level.
Methods: A search was conducted on the PubMed and PsychINFO databases. The analysis was done according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) statement.
Results: After screening on title and abstract and full-text review, five studies remained for inclusion. Although literature is still scarce, results show that TT can serve as an alternative pathway in addition to the traditional TD programs. Literature suggests that similarities between donor and transfer sports are helpful, but this is not a prerequisite for TT. Besides, psychological factors are perceived to play an important role. Results regarding other determining factors of TT are still lacking. Athletes, national governing bodies and TD programs might benefit from this additional pathway, but the effectiveness of formal and informal TT remains unclear.
Conclusion: A lot remains unknown about TT, hence future research is needed to increase our understanding of TT and its contribution as an extra pathway to the top.


The occupation of public squares during the Arab Spring in 2011 across the Middle East and North Africa have revealed new layers of complex practices of liberation used to counter the strategies of the regime's security apparatus. There emerged a need to critically detect and analyse the spatial practices of the liberated spaces as forms of sustained resistance that facilitated political gains. During the 18 days of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, public space, long neglected, again became a political domain that witnessed unusual spatial practices and a contested terrain for society, in sum, a space for protest and resistance for the entire population of Cairo. This research shall focus on Tahrir Square in Cairo as 'space of politics' during the eighteen days long Egyptian Revolution, i.e., from Jan 25 till Feb 11 2011. The aim of the research is to investigate how socio-spatial practices transformed public space from being a congested traffic hub into an active and animated space for resistance that was equally accessible to different factions, social strata, media outlets, and urban social groupings, as determined by popular cultures and social responsibilities. It advances our knowledge on the way social movements manipulate, manage and occupy vast urban spaces with great flexibility and autonomous spatial tactics. Tahrir Square was reproduced, in a process of "space adaptation,"1 to accommodate forms of social organization and administration. This adaptation of space embedded spatial patterns of activities and practices from the earliest days, all of which shall be described and classified by the research through a frame structure.
This research investigates the physical appearance of democratic performance in public space through acts of resistance over a delineated space from three-years of socio-spatial fieldwork and spatio-political research. The thesis employs an inter-disciplinary case study methodology comprising of two phases – descriptive explanatory and exploratory – to investigate the change in socio-spatial practices and dynamics of urban space. In this research, an interactive representation of narratives will be presented in order to address the complexity of the problem, i.e., the integration of architectural, social, political, historical, and spatial materials to construct a multi-layered analysis and significant account. Diverse research methods are utilized, such as: the collection of historical background data of space, contemporary reports, unstructured interviews with 50 involved actors, documented narratives, and direct observations. Through undertaking analytical surveys and decoding of information of the events, a systematic classification of socio-spatial patterns and distribution of activities of daily intervals through the five main themes was generated. This research presents a matrix of analytical maps tracing the five main themes: hospitalization and emergency support, living and life needs supplies, media and news display, prayers and ritual practices, and art and freedom of expression. This matrix is a tool with which to display conflict over space, and explicitly, how Tahrir Square was re-conceptualized. In doing so, this thesis deploys innovative ways to highlight social practices that spatially occupied a significant part of downtown Cairo and how changes occurred over the time. Studying the evidence of each theme separately, the dynamics and changing location of activities and rational processes of management can be systematically analyzed and the complexity of the performative space understood. The physical space, hence, became a socio-spatial sphere that is adjustable, flexible domain of human praxis rather than a rigid physical container of human actors.
Thus, this approach proposes a new perspective for looking at the recent uprisings and revolts in public squares through tracing their dynamics and socio-spatial practices. This can be useful in understanding similar cases of uprisings and suggests the value of further research into the process of re-conceptualization of public space. The research presented here, and it is supporting methodology, developed as a way to capture the values and capacities that are in play during such particular 'spatial of revolt'. The thesis is a valuable addition to literature on the understanding of qualities of, human interaction with urban spaces, and their political role in the contemporary city. It has potential application for activists, public space occupiers, planners, architects, anthropologists, theorists and dictators or governments seeking to control urban unrest.


We investigate the possibility of phase locking in a multicore photonic crystal fiber. We analyze the modal behavior of photonic crystal fibers with two and six cores and compare them with the usual single-core case. We also show how the strength of the coupling among modes belonging to different cores can be controlled by adjusting the size of the airholes between the waveguiding cores. We then analyze the Talbot effect in the case of the six-core photonic crystal as a pseudoperiodic structure and show that there exists the possibility of using a Talbot resonator to achieve phase locking in multicore photonic crystal fibers.


Theory of random fields or random processes is presented with an emphasis on the possible choices of correlation functions. Then two methods for generating Gaussian random fields in Rd are presented. The first method is a direct one but does not work for a too large number of locations. The second one is called the circular embedding method, works with large number of locations and had been introduced independently by Wood and Chan (1994) and Dietrich and Newsam (1993). It is exact in principle for correlation functions with compact support and an approximation method is given otherwise. Those methods have been implemented in R and validated by means of variogram comparisons. Finally Max-stable processes are introduced, the simulation procedure from Schlather's model is presented and max-stable process is simulated with help of the circular embedding method.


The reading comprehension study is considered as one of the most important areas in language education. Since 1975 several matters took the attention to be discussed either the nature of reading comprehension as a process or might be the effective of reading comprehension instruction. Tracing the latest update by researchers shows that the new technologies are employed to make the process of reading easier. Special concerns should be giving to the soul of learning which is reading skill and the strategies of reading. Due to the variety of reading strategies in different environments, how do the learners react with the paper based texts are discussed and no gabs left in different societies; consequently the online reading process begins when the use of internet becomes a part of the students life in early of this century. Gradually, when the internet is accessible in the smartphones, knowledge and information are spreader in a massive way which leads us to find out and explore the differences between the traditional way of writing as mentioned or do the learners have others attitude when they engaged to the smartphones in terms of reading skills


The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of injection and inhalation anesthesia on oxygen saturation during enterotomy of Indonesian local cats (Felis domestica). Twelve local cats were divided into two groups. The first group (PI) received injection anesthesia with xylazin and ketamin, while the second group (P2) with the inhalation enesthetic isoflurane. Observations were made when the cat anesthetized with the observation interval every 15 minutes until the operation completed. The statistical test showed that oxygen saturation values in the provision of injection anesthesia and the inhalation anesthesia during enterotomy was not significantly different (P>0.05), however a decline in the value of injection anesthesia saturation was occured at minute 45 to 60. Both types of anesthesia caused significant decrease in the value of physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature. Correlation test results showed that respiratory rate and body temperature were affecting the oxygen saturation during enterotomy. Oxygen saturation level during the inhalation anesthesia provide a relatively stable value when compared with the injection anesthesia, this is due to the supply of dissolved oxygen in inhalation anesthesia system. key words: anestesia, enterotomy, cats, oxygen, saturation.


Raman shift measurements have been made on cyclohexane, by using linear interpolation between bracketing neon line positions to establish Raman band wavelengths. Factors that affect the precision of these measurements have been examined in detail. These include change of slit width, grating line spacing, neon line intensity, distance of separation of neon lines, and effects of small grating movements. All these have some effect, but the last factor is particularly important. Techniques that give standard deviations of 0.03 cm−1 when measurements are made without moving the grating are degraded by about an order of magnitude when the grating is moved. This result is attributed to adventitious partitioning of signal power between adjacent detector elements. By deliberately moving the grating a small amount between otherwise replicate measurements, one can control this effect. Values for the Raman shifts for eleven cyclohexane bands, based on approximately 800 Raman spectra and an equal number of neon emission spectra, are presented. The values are compared with previous measurements. They are generally within the ±σ range of the earlier values, but the standard deviations of these results are about an order of magnitude smaller.


Multi-view clustering has received much attention recently. Most of the existing multi-view clustering methods only focus on one-sided clustering. As the co-occurring data elements involve the counts of sample-feature co-occurrences, it is more efficient to conduct two-sided clustering along the samples and features simultaneously. To take advantage of two-sided clustering for the co-occurrences in the scene of multi-view clustering, a two-sided multi-view clustering method is proposed, i.e., multi-view information-theoretic co-clustering (MV-ITCC). The proposed method realizes two-sided clustering for co-occurring multi-view data under the formulation of information theory. More specifically, it exploits the agreement and disagreement among views by sharing a common clustering results along the sample dimension and keeping the clustering results of each view specific along the feature dimension. In addition, the mechanism of maximum entropy is also adopted to control the importance of different views, which can give a right balance in leveraging the agreement and disagreement. Extensive experiments are conducted on text and image multiview datasets. The results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.


Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been put forward as neurobiologically plausible models of the visual hierarchy. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, CNN representations of visual stimuli have previously been shown to correspond to processing stages in the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual system. Whether this correspondence between models and brain signals also holds for activity acquired at high temporal resolution has been explored less exhaustively. Here, we addressed this question by combining CNN-based encoding models with magnetoencephalography (MEG). Human participants passively viewed 1000 images of objects while MEG signals were acquired. We modelled their high temporal resolution source-reconstructed cortical activity with CNNs, and observed a feedforward sweep across the visual hierarchy between 75-200 ms after stimulus onset. This spatiotemporal cascade was captured by the network layer representations, where the increasingly abstract stimulus representation in the hierarchical network model was reflected in different parts of the visual cortex, following the visual ventral stream. We further validated the accuracy of our encoding model by decoding stimulus identity in a left-out validation set of viewed objects, achieving state-of-the-art decoding accuracy.


Advances in computational science and its application are reshaping the social landscape and the practice of research. Researchers are increasingly exploiting technology for collaborative, experimental and observational research in all disciplines. Digital data and datasets are the fuel that drives these trends; increasingly datasets are being recognised as a national asset that requires preservation, attribution and access in much the same way as text-based communication. The British Library is in a unique position to enhance UK and international research by extending its presence from the physical collection to the digital dataset domain. To meet this challenge and be a responsible steward of the scholarly record, the Library has defined a programme of activity to support the datasets that underlie modern research and promote them as a national asset. We are designing a mixed model of activity where specific service-level projects with clear goals will provide support for collaborative work aimed at revealing and clarifying requirements related to datasets. For example, there is a clear community need for stable, scalable and agreed data citation mechanisms. In response the British Library became a founding member of DataCite, the International Data Citation Initiative which, as a member of the International DOI foundation, assigns Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to datasets. We are leveraging the services built for DataCite to actively partner with a number of UK data centres and data publishers to add value to their collections and facilitate the rejoining to the scholarly record by linking the published record with the datasets that underlie it. We are also implementing a similar strategy to promote dataset discovery services through the Library's catalogues and streamlining access to national external collections. The British Library datasets programme will guide activities across the Library and provide a focus for stakeholder communities to address the challenge of integrating datasets into their researcher services. This work will ensure that the integrity of the scholarly record remain intact, useable and vital for future generations.


Large wind turbine blades are being developed at lengths of 85-125 meters, in order to improve energy capture and reduce the cost of wind energy. Bending loads in the inboard region of the blade make large blade development challenging. The biplane blade design was proposed to use a biplane inboard region to improve the design of the inboard region and improve overall performance of large blades. This work uses a structures-first approach with aero-structural analyses to (1) examine the feasibility of the biplane blade, (2) determine how the dimensions of the biplane inboard region affect performance, and (3) compare the aero-structural performance of a 100-meter biplane blade to the Sandia SNL100-00 reference blade. Two-dimensional CFD simulations were used to compare the aerodynamic performance of a biplane with a thick monoplane. The lift-to-drag ratio and the maximum lift coefficient is significantly greater for the biplane than the thick monoplane for angles of attack of 0-15 degrees. Analytical methods and beam finite elements with cross-sectional analysis were both used to examine the performance of biplane blade structures. These structures varied in complexity from isotropic spars to composite spars to composite full blades. In each case, biplane blade structures were compared to monoplane blade structures of the same length, mass, and complexity. Simple load cases were applied to each structure and their displacements, bending moments, axial forces, and stresses were compared. Similar performance trends are identified with both the analytical and computational models. Parametric analyses show that gap-to-chord ratios bewteen 1.0-1.2 and joint length-to-span ratios of about 0.5 give good aero-structural performance. At the tip, the biplane blade increases flapwise structural efficiency by 20-40%, depending on the load. Edgewise structural efficiency was decreased by 27-35% at the tip. The benefits for the inboard region could lead to mass reductions in wind turbine blades. Innovations that create lighter blades can make large blades a reality, suggesting that the biplane blade is an attractive design for large (100-meter) blades.


In Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Device placement is a key factor for determining the coverage, connectivity, cost and lifetime. Managing the sensor nodes is not much easy while comparing mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. But the same approach can be implemented to manage the WSN. Addressing the management of the whole network is omitted and a probabilistic scheme where only a subset of nodes is managed is provided for light-weight and efficient management. Relay node placement in heterogeneous WSN are formulated using a generalized node placement optimization problem to minimize the network cost with lifetime constraint, and connectivity. Based on the constraints two scenarios are used. In the first scenario relay nodes are not energy constrained, and in the second scenario all nodes are energy limited. As an optimal solution a two-phase approach is proposed. The placement of the first phase relay nodes (FPRN), which are directly connected to Sensor Nodes (SN), is modeled as a minimum set covering problem. To ensure the relaying of the traffic from the FPRN to the base station, three heuristic schemes are proposed to place the second phase relay nodes (SPRN). Some of the heuristic approaches available are Nearest-To-BS-First algorithm (NTBF), Max- Residual-Capacity-First algorithm (MRCF) and Best-Effort- Relaying algorithm (BER). Our contribution is centered on a distributed self-organizing management algorithm at the application layer by organizing the management plane by extracting spatio-temporal components and by selecting manager nodes with several election mechanisms applied to wireless sensor nodes, based on degree centrality, eigenvector centrality and K-means paradigm.. Furthermore, a lower bound on the minimum number of SPRN required for connectivity is provided.


In this paper we introduce a novel and simple image segmentation schemes that are based on combinations of morphological and statistical operations. Mathematical morphology is very attractive for this purpose because it efficiently deals with geometrical features like as size, shape, contrast or connectivity that can be considered as segmentation oriented features. The present paper derives equations on the basis of dilation, erosion and median or mean which finally results segmentation. The segmentation algorithms are divided into three groups based on number of operations and type of operations, used. Some of the proposed methods of segmentation are useful for edge based segmentation while the other is useful for region based segmentation. The segmentation quality is improved, by dynamically changing the combinatorial coefficients that are used in equations. The present combinatorial method is applied on Brodatz textures and a good segmentation is resulted.


Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's historic speech at the 29th
session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) was the first 'strategic
communication' by the father of the nation at the Assembly following
Bangladesh's admission to the United Nations. Apart from the well-known and
much-to-be-proud of fact that the speech was delivered in Bangla, the content
of this speech stands out as a key document, begging to be studied from an
international relations perspective and the enduring ideals it enunciates and
has been in practice by Bangladesh. This paper seeks to answer: to what extent
has Bangladesh remain seized supporting the enduring ideals on key global
issues enunciated by Bangabandhu in his speech at the United Nations?
Accordingly, the paper carries out a (i) content analysis to identify the
enduring ideals (ii) comparison of Bangladesh's positions on the 1,284 UNGA
resolutions that were put to vote between 2001-2017 to assess country's support
to those ideals. The paper finds that, except for the politically sensitive
country-specific human rights resolutions, Bangladesh has consistently remained
seized in supporting Bangabandhu's ideals in all thematic categories (between
92-100% 'yes' votes). It demonstrates that Bangabandhu's emphasis on the
primacy of the United Nations to build a peaceful and just world,
non-alignment, peaceful co-existence, economic emancipation and global solidarity
has become much more relevant in the Covid-19 era and the current geopolitical
context of South Asia. The paper opens
new avenues to use a novel methodology to conduct evidence-based research on
the policy ideals and its practices.


In task switching, increasing the response–cue interval has been shown to reduce the switch cost. This has been attributed to a time-based decay process influencing the activation of memory representations of tasks (task-sets). Recently, an alternative account based on interference rather than decay has been successfully applied to this data (Horoufchin et al., 2011a). In this account, variation of the RCI is thought to influence the temporal distinctiveness (TD) of episodic traces in memory, thus affecting their retrieval probability. This can affect performance as retrieval probability influences response time: If retrieval succeeds, responding is fast due to positive priming; if retrieval fails, responding is slow, due to having to perform the task via a slow algorithmic process. This account—and a recent formal model (Grange and Cross, 2015)—makes the strong prediction that all RTs are a mixture of one of two processes: a fast process when retrieval succeeds, and a slow process when retrieval fails. The present paper assesses the evidence for this mixture-distribution assumption in TD data. In a first section, statistical evidence for mixture-distributions is found using the fixed-point property test. In a second section, a mathematical process model with mixture-distributions at its core is fitted to the response time distribution data. Both approaches provide good evidence in support of the mixture-distribution assumption, and thus support temporal distinctiveness accounts of the data.


15 JOPERD • Volume 81 No. 4 • April 2010 Teching T ps Youths with disabilities tend to be less physically active than their peers without disabilities, and one of the goals of Healthy People 2010 is to reduce this disparity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Unfortunately youths with visual impairments do not engage in levels of physical activity that are sufficient for maintaining adequate fitness and supporting a healthy standard of living (Longmuir & Bar-Or, 2000). Many youths with visual impairments have been shown to have lower physical fitness levels than their sighted peers and have trouble meeting the recommended levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (Kozub & Oh, 2004; Lieberman & McHugh, 2001). These low physical fitness levels might be the result of limited time spent in physical activity and the lack of opportunities to be physically active. In order to increase the opportunities for youths with visual impairments to engage in physical activity, schools need to have a strong physical education program (Stuart, Lieberman, & Hand, 2006). Promoting physical activity as enjoyable and beneficial has been and remains a major focus of physical educators. Adapted physical education can provide more choices, and therefore, more opportunities for children with visual impairments to choose activities they like (Robinson & Lieberman, 2004). It is also important that teachers match their teaching style to the youths' learning preference and interests in order to effectively teach the required skills (O'Connell, Lieberman, & Petersen, 2006). One leisure-time activity that has become increasingly popular and has captured the interest of many youths is video games. Parents and educators should capitalize on the popularity of computer and video games (National Institute on Media and the Family, 2001). One way to make sure that time spent playing video games is active rather than sedentary is to play exergames. Regular video games are played with a handheld controller, but exergames require the player to move parts of the body or the entire body to play a game. In essence, the player becomes the character in the video game. Exergames can be fun and engaging for players of all skill levels (Trout & Christie, 2007). Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) is probably the most commonly used exergame in physical education and after-school programs. It requires players to step to the beat and rhythm of various types of music. Arrows flash on the television screen in four directions (up, down, right, and left) and they cue the players when and where to step on the touch-sensitive dance pad. Players receive points and cheers when they step in time with the flashing arrows. EyeToy Kinetic is another popular exergame. It displays a live video of the game player onto the television screen using a small web-camera. There are multiple games to play in EyeToy Kinetic, but perhaps the most applicable game for visually impaired students is Breakspeed. In Breakspeed, the image of the person playing is projected onto the screen and a wall of bricks will show up on the screen in either the upper quadrants just below the neck, or the lower quadrants just below the waist. The objective in Breakspeed is to break as many bricks as possible by punching or kicking the bricks that are located in different areas (upper right, upper left, lower right, or lower left). Each time a brick is hit, visual and auditory feedback is provided. In both of these exergames, the players must move their body in order to play the game. This new genre of video games has led researchers to explore its use in physical education, fitness, and rehabilitation. In fact, recent research reports that exergames are healthy activities because game players engage in moderate-tovigorous physical activity while playing (Alsac, 2007; Maddison, Mhurchu, Jull, Prapavessis, & Rodgers, 2007). The purpose of this article is to explore modifications to Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) and EyeToy Kinetic for youths with visual impairments.