The late Justice Antonin Scalia deplored ill-founded Court opinions purporting to establish that "my Ruler, and the Ruler of 320 million Americans coast-to-coast, is a majority of the nine lawyers on the Supreme Court." He argued strenuously against what can be called juristocracy—rule by judges—and in favor of the rule of law. His theory of Originalism, with its presumption of time-dated original meanings for words and phrases in the Constitution, was designed specifically to restrain jurists from crossing the sometimes indistinct but always important boundary that separates interpreting the Constitution from amending it.
But, in formulating Originalism, Justice Scalia botched the job. The theory is irreparably flawed, because it generates:
The Paradox of Originalism: If the antiquity of the Constitution justifies the rebuttable presumption that some or all of the words or phrases in the Constitution have time-dated original meanings that differ from their current meanings, then the roughly equivalent antiquity of secondary literary materials that are roughly contemporaneous with the Constitution justifies the rebuttable presumption that some or all of the words or phrases in those secondary literary materials have time-dated original meanings that differ from their current meanings.
The Paradox ensnares the conscientious Originalist in an infinite regress. The close association of the idea of an objectively-determined rule of law with Originalism ultimately serves only to discredit the former. Those who would advance the rule of law and resist a "living" Constitution ironically but actually work against those goals by propping up an inherently flawed Originalism. Originalism was founded on the rebuttable presumption that words and phrases in the Constitution have time-dated original meanings that differ from their current meanings. We can avoid all of Originalism's flaws, and still retain an objectively-determined approach to constitutional interpretation, if we adopt the converse presumption: words and phrases in the Constitution are presumed to have original meanings that are identical to their current meanings, unless the contrary is established. I present such an approach, which I call Identicalism.


Covering fundamental research as well as real-world applications, this first book on CMAs at an introductory level treats everything from atomistic details to surface processing. Comprehensive, self-contained chapters provide readers with the latest knowledge on the most salient features of the topic, selected in terms of their relevance to potential technological applications. Edited by one of the most distinguished authorities on quasicrystals and this most important of their subclasses, the contributions elucidate aspects of CMAs from a particular viewpoint: physical and chemical characteristics in the sub-nanometer regime, mesoscale phenomena, preparation and processing of thin films, and large-scale engineering properties. The whole is rounded off by a look at the commercial potential of CMA-based applications.


This study was concentrated on the production of eleutherosides and
chlorogenic acid in embryogenic suspension cultures of Eleutherococcus
senticosus by exposing them to different concentrations (50-400
μM) of methyl jasmonate (MJ) during the culture period. In the
bioreactor cultures, eleutheroside content increased significantly by
elicitation of MJ, however, the fresh weight, dry weight and growth
ratio of embryos was strongly inhibited by increasing MJ
concentrations. The highest total eleutheroside (7.3 fold increment)
and chlorogenic acid (3.9 fold increment) yield was obtained with 200
μM MJ treatment. There was 1.4, 3.4 and 14.9 fold increase in the
eleutheroside B, E, and E1 production respectively with such
elicitation treatment. These results suggest that MJ elicitation is
beneficial for eleutheroside accumulation in the embryogenic cell
suspension cultures.


ABSTRACT The digital age has permanently changed the way states conduct political warfare—necessitating a rebalancing of security priorities in democracies. The utilisation of cyberspace by state and non-state actors to subvert democratic elections, encourage the proliferation of violence and challenge the sovereignty and values of democratic states is having a highly destabilising effect. Successful political warfare campaigns also cause voters to question the results of democratic elections and whether special interests or foreign powers have been the decisive factor in a given outcome. This is highly damaging for the political legitimacy of democracies, which depend upon voters being able to trust in electoral processes and outcomes free from malign influence—perceived or otherwise. The values of individual freedom and political expression practised within democratic states challenges their ability to respond to political warfare. The continued failure of governments to understand this has undermined their ability to combat this emerging threat. The challenges that this new digitally enabled political warfare poses to democracies is set to rise with developments in machine learning and the emergence of digital tools such as 'deep fakes'.


A systematic review was conducted to produce an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of qualitative and quantitative evidence specific to the factors related to undergraduate Latina/o student academic success outcomes during college. The purpose of the study was to make sense of and provide critique to this rapidly growing body of research, as well as to direct future research efforts. Findings indicate that a combination of (a) sociocultural characteristics; (b) academic self-confidence; (c) beliefs, ethnic/racial identity, and coping styles; (d) precollege academic experiences; (e) college experiences; (f) internal motivation and commitment; (g) interactions with supportive individuals; (h) perceptions of the campus climate/environment; and (i) institutional type/characteristics are related to one or more academic success outcomes for Latina/o students. The article concludes with specific recommendations including the use of additional methods, frameworks and perspectives that we hope will be useful in advancing this line of work.


From Paul Kennedy, author of The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, one of the most acclaimed history books of recent decades, Engineers of Victory is a new account of how the tide was turned against the Nazis by the Allies in the Second World War. In January 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt met in Casablanca to review the Allies' war aims. To achieve unconditional surrender they had to overcome some formidable hurdles, from winning air command to 'hopping' across the Pacific islands. Eighteen months later, they had done what seemed impossible. Here Paul Kennedy reveals the role of the problem-solvers and middle-men who made it happen - like Major-General Perry Hobart, who invented the 'funny tanks' which flattened the D-Day beaches; or Captain 'Johnny' Walker, who worked out how to sink U-boats with a 'creeping barrage'. This book shows the conflict in an entirely new light. "Consistently original...An important contribution to our understanding". (Michael Beschloss, The New York Times Book Review). "[Kennedy's] refreshing study ...asks the right questions, disposes of cliches and gives a rich account of neglected topics". (David Edgerton, Financial Times). "Colourfully and convincingly illustrates the ingenuity and persistence of a few people who made all the difference". (Washington Post). Paul Kennedy is one of the world's best-selling and most influential historians. He is the author or editor of nineteen books, including The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, which has been translated into over twenty languages, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century, The Parliament of Man and the now classic Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery.


The decision to carry out a caste-based census in India in order to, among other things, get a more scientific basis for reservations has generated considerable debate. Much of this debate has focused on data quality, without much attention paid to the question of what should be the scientific basis for determining whether a caste is backward. This article explores the concepts used, implicitly or explicitly, in the literatures on caste and reservations to come up with a framework to determine dominance-based caste hierarchies in a milieu of change. We test this framework in an empirical reality drawn from the south Indian state of Karnataka to argue for a more disaggregated and inclusive approach to reservations.


Climate change impacts on agriculture have become evident, and threaten the achievement of global food security. On the other hand, the agricultural sector itself is a cause of climate change, and if actions are not taken, the sector might impede the achievement of global climate goals. Science-policy engagement efforts are crucial to ensure that scientific findings from agricultural research for development inform actions of governments, private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international development partners, accelerating progress toward global goals. However, knowledge gaps on what works limit progress. In this paper, we analyzed 34 case studies of science-policy engagement efforts, drawn from six years of agricultural research for development efforts around climate-smart agriculture by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Based on lessons derived from these case studies, we critically assessed and refined the program theory of the CCAFS program, leading to a revised and improved program theory for science-policy engagement for agriculture research for development under climate change. This program theory offers a pragmatic pathway to enhance credibility, salience and legitimacy of research, which relies on engagement (participatory and demand-driven research processes), evidence (building scientific credibility while adopting an opportunistic and flexible approach) and outreach (effective communication and capacity building).


Recent theories endogenize the attitude endowments of individuals, assuming that they are shaped by the attitudes of parents and other role models. This paper tests empirically for the relevance of three aspects of the attitude transmission process highlighted in this theoretical literature: (1) transmission of attitudes from parents to children; (2) an impact of prevailing attitudes in the local environment on child attitudes; and (3) positive assortative mating of parents, which enhances the ability of a parent to pass on his or her attitudes to the child. We focus on two fundamentally important attitudes, willingness to take risks and willingness to trust others. We find empirical support for all three aspects, providing an empirical underpinning for the literature. An investigation of underlying mechanisms shows that socialization is important in the transmission process. Various parental characteristics and aspects of family structure are found to strengthen the socialization process, with implications for modeling the socialization production function and for policies focused on affecting children's non-cognitive skills. The paper also provides evidence that the transmission of risk and trust attitudes affects a wide variety of child outcomes, implying a potentially large total effect on children's economic situation.


Apple has made it easy to get started developing for iOS out of the box. To access the true power of iOS, however, you need to go beyond these simple tools and APIs. Experienced app developer Shawn Welch teaches you how to tap into the true potential of iOS by incorporating some of the most powerful technologies it has to offer. Using Core Data and iCloud, you'll learn how to store information locally and sync seamlessly across multiple devices and platforms. Leverage iOS 5's new Twitter APIs, which provide painless Twitter and OAuth support using the new Accounts framework. Use Location Services to incorporate new iOS 5 features, such as reverse geolocation lookup and region notifications. Incorporate rich media into your apps using Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video, and post-processing photo filters and analysis through Core Image. Finally, explore Newsstand, which lets you create your own periodical content and push new content to devices, even when the app is not running.


Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a cool-season pulse grown in winter cropping cycle in South Asia and provides a major source of nutrition for many low-income households. Lentil productivity is perceived to be sensitive to high rainfall, but few studies document spatial and temporal patterns of yield variation across climate, soil, and agronomic gradients. Using farm survey data from Nepal, this study characterizes patterns of lentil productivity and efficiency for two cropping seasons. Additional insights were derived from on-farm trials conducted over a 5-year period that assess agronomic, drainage, and cultivar interventions. To contextualize the inferences derived from farm surveys and trials, the Stempedia model was used to simulate the severity of Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium botryosum) risk–the principal fungal disease in lentil–with 30 years of historical climate data. Although development efforts in Nepal have prioritized pulse intensification, results confirm that lentil remains a risky enterprise highlighting the prevalence of crop failures (16%), modest yields (353 kg ha-1), and low levels of profitability (US$ 33 ha-1) in wet winters. Nevertheless, site factors such as drainage class influence responses with upland sites performing well in wet winters and lowland sites performing well in dry winters. In wet winters, a phenomena perceived to be increasing, 76% of surveyed farmers reported significant disease pressure and simulations with Stempedia predict that conditions favoring Stemphylium occur in >60% of all years. Nevertheless, simulation results also suggest that these risks can be addressed through earlier planting. Based on the combined results, gains in yield, yield stability, and technical efficiency can be enhanced in western Nepal by: 1) ensuring timely lentil planting to mitigate climate-mediated disease risk, 2) evaluating new lentil lines that may provide enhanced resistance to diseases and waterlogging, and 3) encouraging the emergence of mechanization solutions to overcome labor bottlenecks.


Fertilization of the biosphere by nitrogen deposition represents an important connection between atmospheric chemistry and the global carbon cycle. We describe a modeled estimate of terrestrial carbon storage arising from deposition of nitrogen derived from fossil fuels that accounts for spatial distributions in deposition and vegetation types, turnover of plant and soil carbon pools, and the cumulative effects of deposition. Vegetation type has a pronounced effect on C uptake; the combination of high C: N ratios and long lifetimes in wood may create a significant sink in forests, but much of the nitrogen falls on cultivated areas and grasslands, where there is limited capacity for long-term carbon storage. We estimate 1990 net carbon uptake due to deposition of fossil-fuel N to be between 0.3 and 1.3 Pg C/yr (1 Pg = 1015 g), depending on the fraction of C allocated to wood, with a best estimate of 0.44-0.74 Pg/yr. Cumulative C storage since 1845 is estimated to be about 25% of the proposed terrestrial sink for anthropogenic CO2. Continued exposure to high N deposition, however, will decrease the extent of N limitation in terrestrial eco- systems, thereby limiting the persistence of any N-derived carbon sink.


Text adventure games present unique challenges to reinforcement learning methods due to their combinatorially large action spaces and sparse rewards. The interplay of these two factors is particularly demanding because large action spaces require extensive exploration, while sparse rewards provide limited feedback. This work proposes to tackle the explore-vs-exploit dilemma using a multi-stage approach that explicitly disentangles these two strategies within each episode. Our algorithm, called eXploit-Then-eXplore (XTX), begins each episode using an exploitation policy that imitates a set of promising trajectories from the past, and then switches over to an exploration policy aimed at discovering novel actions that lead to unseen state spaces. This policy decomposition allows us to combine global decisions about which parts of the game space to return to with curiosity-based local exploration in that space, motivated by how a human may approach these games. Our method significantly outperforms prior approaches by 27% and 11% average normalized score over 12 games from the Jericho benchmark (Hausknecht et al., 2020) in both deterministic and stochastic settings, respectively. On the game of Zork1, in particular, XTX obtains a score of 103, more than a 2x improvement over prior methods, and pushes past several known bottlenecks in the game that have plagued previous state-of-the-art methods.


What do we teach when we teach information literacy in higher education? This paper describes a pedagogical approach to information literacy that helps instructors focus content around transformative learning thresholds. The threshold concept framework holds promise for librarians because it grounds the instructor in the big ideas and underlying concepts that make information literacy exciting and worth learning about. This paper looks at how this new idea relates to existing standards and posits several threshold concepts for information literacy.


Despite recent advances, goal-directed generation of structured discrete data remains challenging. For problems such as program synthesis (generating source code) and materials design (generating molecules), finding examples which satisfy desired constraints or exhibit desired properties is difficult. In practice, expensive heuristic search or reinforcement learning algorithms are often employed. In this paper we investigate the use of conditional generative models which directly attack this inverse problem, by modeling the distribution of discrete structures given properties of interest. Unfortunately, maximum likelihood training of such models often fails with the samples from the generative model inadequately respecting the input properties. To address this, we introduce a novel approach to directly optimize a reinforcement learning objective, maximizing an expected reward. We avoid high-variance score-function estimators that would otherwise be required by sampling from an approximation to the normalized rewards, allowing simple Monte Carlo estimation of model gradients. We test our methodology on two tasks: generating molecules with user-defined properties and identifying short python expressions which evaluate to a given target value. In both cases, we find improvements over maximum likelihood estimation and other baselines.


Sustainable Design Through Process Integration-Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi 2017-08-08 Sustainable Design through Process Integration: Fundamentals and Applications to Industrial Pollution Prevention, Resource Conservation, and Profitability Enhancement, Second Edition, is an important textbook that provides authoritative, comprehensive, and easyto-follow coverage of the fundamental concepts and practical techniques on the use of process integration to maximize the efficiency and sustainability of industrial processes. The book is ideal for adoption in process design and sustainability courses. It is also a valuable guidebook to process, chemical, and environmental engineers who need to improve the design, operation, performance, and sustainability of industrial plants. The book covers pressing and high growth topics, including benchmarking process performance, identifying root causes of problems and opportunities for improvement, designing integrated solutions, enhancing profitability, conserving natural resources, and preventing pollution. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities in integrated process design and sustainability, the new edition contains new chapters and updated materials on various aspects of process integration and sustainable design. The new edition is also packed with numerous new examples and industrial applications. Allows the reader to methodically develop rigorous targets that benchmark the performance of industrial processes then develop cost-effective implementations Contains state-ofthe-art process integration and improvement approaches and techniques including graphical, algebraic, and mathematical methods Covers topics and applications that include profitability enhancement, mass and energy conservation, synthesis of innovative processes, retrofitting of existing systems, design and assessment of water, energy, and water-energy-nexus systems, and reconciliation of various sustainability objectives


Enterprise Architecture (EA) is increasingly being adopted and utilized by all types of organizations (Fri 2007; Jung 2009; Kappelman et al. 2008). Despite its growing popularity, the challenge facing many organizations is how to measure and provide evidence of the value that EA provides to an enterprise (Boster et al. 2000; Plessius et al. 2012). This challenge includes determining the best ways to effectively evaluate and measure the impact EA has on an enterprise. To provide some insight into this problem, this article provides an overview of the means used to measure the value of EA within organizations. This article seeks to accomplish four tasks. First, to demonstrate that EA value measurement is a challenge that needs to be addressed within organizations. Second, to highlight the variety of methods and measures that organizations currently use in their attempts to measure the value of EA. Third, to provide insight into the reported challenges facing organizations involved in the process of measuring the value of EA. Fourth, to propose a conceptual model for EA value measurement that can be utilized by organizations who have implemented EA. To provide support and evidence for all four of these tasks, we present the results from a survey that contains the responses from 276 participants whose job roles and responsibilities directly reflected working in EA within their organizations.


Municipal corporations can be seen as a method of disintegrating municipal operations, but retaining control through those corporations. We assume that the municipal influence of the corporation can be described through the concept of governance strategy. Through a case study of seven corporations in one Swedish municipality, we found that emphasis was put on corporate strategy as a governance mechanism and that the board only retained a latent capacity. Furthermore, financial control and executive compensation were hardly ever used as governance mechanisms, which led us to formulate the 'chamber concert' hypothesis: the use of governance mechanisms is influenced by traditions, norms, knowledge and governance needs.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate school alienation in relation to state-trait anger and socio-demographic variables (e.g., gender and socio-economic status). In this research, survey method has been used. The sample consisted of 300 female and 298 male high school students who came from different socio-economic levels. The participants' mean age is 17.6 years. To collect data a "Personal Information Form", "the State-Trait Anger Scale" and "the Student Alienation Scale" were used. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine gender, socio-economic level and state-trait anger differences on the students' alienation used as dependent variables. When there were significant multivariate effects (Wilks' Lambda criterion) separate analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on each dependent variable to determine the source of the effect. The level of significance was set at p Keywords School Alienation, Powerlessness, Meaninglessness, Normlessness, Social Estrangement, Anger, Socio-Demographic Variables. According to Seeman (1959), alienation consists of five dimensions: self-estrangement, powerlessness, social isolation, meaninglessness and normlessness. Later, he added as the sixth component to the theoretical frame as cultural estrangement (Seeman,1972). From Seeman's perspective, alienation appears through these different dimensions. Seeman's (1959) five dimensions were somewhat modified by Mackey (1977) and Mau (1992). They applied the Seeman's model to adolescent populations in school contexts. The dimensions of alienation can be explained as follows. Self-estrangement has its roots in classical philosophy and taps humanistic ideas mostly related to a discrepancy between the actual and idealized self. This dimension manifests itself in adolescents who suffer from lower self-esteem and feel bored with life in which they perceive no purpose. Powerlessness reflects fatalism, pessimism, and a perception of losing control over one's own life. This dimension is similar to the psychological notion of external locus of control. Social isolation is salient to youths who perceive a lack of intimate relationships such as with friends, thus leading to a feeling of loneliness. Normlessness can be defined as a belief that socially disapproved behaviors may be used to achieve culturally defined goals (LaCourse, Villeneuve, Claes, 2003). The purpose of this study is to investigate school alienation in relation to state-trait anger and socio-demographic variables (gender, socio-economic status). This study conducted on Seeman's alienation framework which slightly differentiated from Mau's (1992). On the other hand, Mau's four dimensions of the alienation (self-estrangement, powerlessness, normlessness, social isolation) are used as dependent variables. Method Sample In this study, survey method was used. The sample consisted of 300 female and 298 male high school students who came from different socio-economic levels. The participants' ages ranged from 17 to 19 (Mean = 17.6). Measurement To collect data a "Personal Information Form", "the State-Trait Anger Scale" and "the Student Alienation Scale" were used. All of the scales were administered by the researcher during a one-hour course. Students were given information about the purpose of the study and style of the response on the answer sheet. The scales' psychometric characteristics can be summarized as follows: Personal Information Form: Age, sex, income and class level were asked. The State-Trait Anger Scale: The Trait Anger scale assesses an individual's disposition to experience anger in different situations. The Trait Anger scale has alpha reliability coefficients ranging between .82 and .89. The Anger Expression scale has demonstrated high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients between . …


MUSICIANS HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO DEMONSTRATE significantly better verbal memory abilities than do nonmusicians. In this study, we examined whether forms of music engagement other than formal music training might also predict verbal memory performance. Gender, socioeconomic status, and music performance variables were controlled in the main study; IQ was also assessed for a subset of participants. While performance musicianship remained a stronger predictor of verbal learning and memory, convincing evidence is presented that nonperformance music engagement (listening activity) also predicted verbal memory measures. The role of music engagement was independent of control factors both in the main study results and in the subset. The findings highlight the need for a more extensive conceptualization of musicianship in research that examines the impact of music on cognitive performance.


For at least the past two decades, the Internal Revenue Service has relied heavily on the "private benefit" doctrine to police economic transactions between tax-exempt charities and for-profit entities. The doctrine has been used to regulate the size of the charitable class needed to justify exemption, prohibit joint venture transactions between nonprofits and individuals or for-profit entities, regulate employee recruiting, and possibly serve as a substantive constraint on contracts with third parties. Because of the variety of transactions to which it has been applied, no one really can define the doctrine. In a 1987 General Counsel's Memorandum, the IRS stated that private benefits must be balanced against public benefits that result from specific transactions in assessing tax exemption, but did not give any specific rationale for the doctrine nor provide specific guidance for what benefits present transactional problems. This article attempts to identify both a specific rationale for the private benefit doctrine and the paradigm transactions to which it should apply. Specifically, the article suggests that the private benefit doctrine should be invoked in cases in which transactions carry substantial risk that the charity is "failing to conserve" charitable assets for the charitable class. The article identifies two paradigm situations in which the risk of such "failure to conserve" may be especially high: (1) a charitable entity transacts with an individual or for-profit entity in order to provide "core services" (services that form the basis for tax exemption) to the beneficiaries of the charity (the "outsourcing" paradigm) or (2) the charity enters into a transaction with a for-profit entity or individual involving these core services that confers a competitive advantage on the for-profit in its own business activities (the "competitive advantage" paradigm). In situation (1), the failure to conserve may be the result of paying a profit margin to the for-profit entity to perform services that the charity might be able to provide as efficiently (or more efficiently) directly; in situation (2), the failure to conserve may be the failure to capture the full value of the competitive benefit conferred by the charity on the for-profit. In either situation, the charity should be required to present a reasonable justification that the transaction in question does not "waste" charitable resources in order to maintain exemption.


The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused huge changes in people's daily habits and had a significant impact on the economy. The lockdowns significantly reduced road traffic and meant that many people worked remotely. Therefore, the question arose as to how the reduced road traffic and stays of residents at home affected the degree of pollution and the structure of major air pollutants. To answer this question, the article presents an analysis of changes in typical air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2) in the five largest Polish cities and one of the voivodships. The data from the Polish State Environmental Monitoring were used for the analysis. The analysis showed that the period of the first lockdown in Poland (April 2020), despite the reduced road traffic, resulted in a significant increase in PM10 emissions (9–91% during working days and an average of 30% on Saturdays and Sundays), a slight increase in PM2.5 emissions (on average from 2% to 11% for all analyzed locations), and a reduction in NO2 emissions (on average from 6% to 11% for all analyzed locations) compared to the period before the lockdown. However, the changes were not homogeneous—in Łódź and Warsaw, in most cases, an increase in all analyzed pollutants was observed, and the greatest decrease in pollution took place in Małopolska voivodship (including Kraków). Comparing the data from April 2020 to the data from April 2019, the overall difference in the PMs concentrations was small, although there are places where there has been a significant decrease (Wrocław, Poznań), and there were also places where the concentration increased (Warsaw, Łódź, Małopolska). In the case of nitrogen dioxide, pollution concentration decreased in most locations. The only exception was the background stations in Warsaw, where the increase was 27%.


Wind turbines generate a wealth of data which can be effectively used to improve maintenance strategies and drive down operations and maintenance ( O & M ) costs, which account for 20-25 % of the cost of generation of wind energy. Data-driven techniques for enabling prognostic and health management ( PHM ) technologies have seen many successes in the space. However, managing this data, particularly in the context of anindustrial facility which may have many other data streams, is a challenge. This technical brief describes the schematic of a proposed system for managing turbine data, ahead of an implementation which will see PHM techniques applied to it. The turbine in this case is attached to a manufacturing facility, so the pipeline is designed to be modular and integrate well with an existing pipeline at that facility.


Ervand Abrahamian teaches in the City University of New York Social Change in Iran: An Eyewitness Account of Dissent, Defiance, and New Movements for Rights, by Behzad Yaghmaian. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2002. x + 232 pages. Notes to p. 261. Bibl. to p. 266. Index to p. 269. $62.50 cloth; $20.95 paper. Olivier Roy predicted that one of the reasons for which Muslim fundamentalists will ultimately fail is that they have no vision of "Islamic leisure activities." He asked, "what will imposition of the shari'a mean? Hypocrisy."1 Social Change in Iran shows that the new generation of Iranians are leaving this hypocrisy behind and asserting themselves in the public sphere. They intend to end the cultural schizophrenia of decadent homes and puritan streets. The main focus of Social Change in Iran is the cultural conflict between the new generation of Iranian youth and the fundamentalist ideology of post-revolutionary state-building and Orwellian social control. Through a lively narrative, the book demonstrates the failure of the Islamic regime's cultural project of creating a homo islamicus. Behzad Yaghmaian shows how a "movement for joy" has undermined the legitimacy of the Islamic Republic. Social Change in Iran is primarily based on the author's encounters with people on the streets during his year-long visit in 1998. One year after the first term election of President Khatami, Yaghmaian's residence in Iran coincided with a burgeoning of a new free press, the emergence of new student movements, and a robust public debate on civil society and political development. In the first part of the book, Yaghmaian's eyewitness account offers the reader a rare opportunity to look into the processes of social change, as they are articulated in the everyday lives of Iranian youth - in their weekend excursions to Tehran mountains, in their hanging out in the parks, on university campuses, and in their homes. He tells us the story of the children of revolution who long for Western pop culture and consumerism, a "movement shaped by the desire to `sin'" (p. 48), a movement which embraces all that is considered to be decadent and forbidden by the Islamic Regime. Yaghmaian weaves numerous vignettes of real life situations into a general discourse of social and political change advocated by Muslim reformists. The second part of the book renders a sketchy picture of the Iranian economic crisis put in the context of the international division of labor and the processes of globalization. The Islamic regime, Yaghmaian reminds his readers, came to power with a strong program of social justice, manifested by the establishment of a quasi-Keynesian welfare state. This happened at a time when the world economic order was being transformed by the neoliberal ideology of international financial institutions (IFIs), such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The emerging new international division of labor made it impossible for the Islamic republic to reintegrate into the world economy without compromising its large welfare state apparatus. …


The role of technology in modern society is becoming fundamental to society itself as the boundary between technological utilization and technological interference narrows. Technology penetrates the core of an ever-increasing number of application domains. It exerts considerable influence over institutions, often in subtle ways that cannot be fully understood, and the effects of which, cannot be easily demarcated. Also, the everexpanding ecosystem of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) results in an emergent complexity with unpredictable consequences. Over the past decades this has created a tension that has led to a heated debate concerning the relationship between the technical and the social. Some theorists subsume the technical into the social, others proclaim its domination, others its autonomy, while yet others suggest that it is a derivative of the social. Starting with Luhmann's remark that technology determines what we observe and what we do not observe, this paper takes the approach that infers there are multiple benefits by looking into how Systems Theory can provide a coherent theoretical platform upon which these interactions can be further explored. It provides a theoretical treatise that examines the conditions through which the systemic nature of technology can be inspected. Also, the paper raises a series of questions that probe the nature of technological interference in other 'function-systems' of society (such as the economy, science, politics, etc). To achieve this goal, a 2nd order cybernetics approach is employed (mostly influenced by the works of Niklas Luhmann), in order to both investigate and delineate the impact of technology as system. Toward that end, a variety of influences of Information Systems (IS) are used as examples, opening the door to a complexity that emerges out of the interaction of technology with its socio-economic and political context. The paper describes technology as an observing system within the context of 2nd order cybernetics, and looks into what could be the different possibilities for a binary code for that system. Finally, the paper presents a framework that synthesizes relevant systems theoretical concepts in the context of the systemic character of technology.


This paper reports on an investigation of voicing and aspiration of stops in Southern American English (SAE) and discusses theoretical implications of the findings for the features of contrast in SAE. Languages that have a two-way stop contrast generally fall into two categories: voicing languages (Russian, Dutch, Spanish) and aspirating languages (German, English, Mandarin). Many phonologists have suggested that aspirating languages have a [spread glottis] ([sg]) contrast and true voice languages a [voice] contrast (Beckman, Jessen, & Ringen 2013, Iverson & Salmons 1995). Surface phonetic cues are intrinsically connected to these phonological features; prevoicing or aspiration in certain environments implicates the phonological feature [voice] or [sg] (Beckman et al. 2013). In utterance-initial position, voicing languages have negative VOT lenis and short-lag VOT fortis stops, while aspirating languages have short-lag lenis and long-lag fortis stops. However, Helgason and Ringen (2008) show that the two-way contrast in Swedish has phonetic cues of both [sg] and [voice]; they propose that the phonological contrast in Swedish stops is between [voice] and [sg]. Rate effects support this proposal (Beckman, Helgason, McMurray, & Ringen 2011). This study analyzed utterance-initial lenis and fortis stops across all places of articulation from 13 speakers of Southern American English (SAE). Overall, 77.8% of the 951 lenis stop tokens for SAE speakers were prevoiced in utterance-initial position, with a mean VOT of -92.0 ms for lenis stops; this far exceeds data found in Lisker and Abramson (1964) and is comparable to that found for Dutch, a [voice] contrast language. Additionally, the SAE speakers had fortis VOT values comparable to aspirating languages such as NAE (Northern American English). If prevoicing implicates phonological [voice] and aspiration implicates [spread glottis], then SAE appears to have both, as is argued for Swedish in Helgason and Ringen (2008). This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/ vol22/iss1/24 U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 22.1, 2016 Prevoicing and Aspiration in Southern American English Leigh Hunnicutt and Paul A. Morris∗


Introduction: Evaluation of educational program, identification and adjustment of its detrimental factors to facilitate learning is among ethics of education. Clinical education stress is one of the detrimental factors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine clinical education stressors from the view point of midwifery students of Islamic Azad University, Kazerun branch. Methods: This study was a descriptive - cross-sectional study. All qualified midwifery students to comprehensive exam in three consecutive years formed study population. All students participating in the comprehensive test session that completed the questionnaires (190) formed the study samples. Data were gathered by a researcher made questionnaire containing two parts of individual variables and 36 questions about stressor factors of clinical education in 6 areas based on five-point Likert scale. SPSS 20 as frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used for data analysis. Results: Clinical stresses mean score of students was 2.82±0.62 out of 5. In view of students, the most important stressor area was educational environment (3.66±0.78) and the most important stressor factor was lack of cooperation of staff and services staff with students and differences in health care directives (4.1±1.26). The area of interpersonal relationships showed positive correlation with the three domains of unpleasant feelings, educational planning and humiliating experience. Conclusion: Considering all of the most stressor factors of clinical education indicate that at the heart of all of them lies the lack of training support. Because trainer is not present at a particular time, the personnel transfer their offers to student. There is an increased workload of students and they have to do some works without complete supervision because we want not lose educational opportunities. This will lead to fear of mistakes and fear of being blamed. These factors together as well as the trainer notifications lead to feeling of improper relationship between trainer and student.


We present a fast direct solver for two-dimensional scattering problems, where an incident wave impinges on a penetrable medium with compact support. We represent the scattered field using a volume potential whose kernel is the outgoing Green's function for the exterior domain. Inserting this representation into the governing partial differential equation, we obtain an integral equation of Lippmann--Schwinger type. The principal contribution here is the development of an automatically adaptive, high-order accurate discretization based on a quad-tree data structure which provides rapid access to arbitrary elements of the discretized system matrix. This permits the straightforward application of state-of-the-art algorithms for constructing compressed versions of the solution operator. These solvers typically require $O(N^{3/2})$ work, where $N$ denotes the number of degrees of freedom. We demonstrate the performance of the method for a variety of problems in both low and high frequency regimes.


s the phenomenon by which an incident S wave travels at two different velocities depending on the angle between the wave polarization and the so-called natural directions of the anisotropic medium; When the polarization is parallel to the fast (or slow) direction a single arrival is observed. However, for intermediate polarization angles, two arrivals are observed with their amplitude and polarity determined by the angle of the wave's polarization with the natural directions. This well known property gives a direct observation of the fracture directions, even though wide-azimuth P-wave data can also give such an estimate through a rather sophisticated processing sequence. In this paper we propose a robust method for estimating the natural directions based on the direct least-squares fit of the observation to a 1D, HTI model of the converted waves. The result of this algorithm is illustrated using synthetic and real data.


During the past five years or so, most East Asian economies including the Philippines experienced a rising level of foreign exchange reserves and rapidly appreciating currencies both in nominal and real terms. One cause has been the resurgence of capital flows, which makes the issue of how to manage them relevant. However, the experience with regard to capital flows among East Asian economies is mixed and the level of capital flows to the region is proportionally less than that prior to the 1997 crisis. Another reason is the rise in current account surpluses. The Philippines has experienced both a return of capital inflows and a more favorable current account balance, with the latter largely due to remittances from overseas workers. However, like many other regional currencies, the appreciation of the peso is not commensurate to movements of the BOP accounts. Currencies in the region are reacting primarily to the general weakness of the US dollar, and global uncertainties have contributed to weak investment which in turn is another major reason behind the current account surplus of several economies including the Philippines. Policy measures at the domestic level can focus on reviving private investment, particularly channeling overseas remittances to more productive investment. Meanwhile, East Asian financial and monetary cooperation can also result in a unified front aimed at overhauling the unipolar global financial system.


This paper uses a new field survey of low-wage areas of urban India to show that employment and earnings were decimated by the lockdown resulting from the Covid-19 crisis. It examines workers' desire for a job guarantee in this setting. Workers who had a job guarantee before the crisis were relatively shielded by not being hit quite so hard in terms of the increased incidence of job loss or working zero hours and earnings losses. A stated choice experiment contained in the survey reveals evidence that low-wage workers are willing to give up around a quarter of their daily wage for a job guarantee. And direct survey questions corroborate this, with informal, young and female workers being most likely to want a job guarantee, and to want it even more due to the current crisis.


Brimming with gluttony, booze and lust, Roger Micheldene is loose in America. Supposedly visiting Budweiser University to make deals for his publishing firm in England, Roger instead sets out to offend all he meets and to seduce every woman he encounters. But his American hosts seem made of sterner stuff. Who will be Roger's undoing? Irving Macher, the young author of an annoyingly brilliant first novel? Father Colgate, the priest who suggests that Roger's soul is in torment? Or will it be his married ex-lover Helene? One thing is certain - Roger is heading for a terrible fall. Outrageously funny and irreverent, "One Fat Englishman" (1963) is a devastating satire on Anglo-American relations.


Prior to 2000 Zimbabwe was hailed as a conservation success story, with large areas of commercial (private) land outside of national parks being used to support wildlife. In 2000, however, a Fast-Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) was initiated, resulting in the resettlement of most commercial land. This had well known socio-economic impacts, but to date little research has been conducted on the effects on wildlife and human-wildlife conflict. This study aimed to determine the impact of the FTLRP on the conservation of large carnivores and on human-carnivore conflict, focussing on the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A case study compared three land use types (LUTs): commercial (Save Valley Conservancy private wildlife reserve); resettlement (area of the conservancy that had been resettled); and neighbouring communal land. Spoor density of large carnivores was on average 98% lower in the resettlement LUT than the commercial LUT, while sighting reports and historical written records showed that the abundance of large carnivores had declined since the onset of the FTLRP. Aerial census data demonstrated a reduction in carnivore carrying capacity in both the commercial and resettlement areas. Habitat loss and fragmentation, alongside poaching, appeared to be the main mechanisms affecting changes in carnivore abundance. Interviews revealed that in the resettlement LUT, rates of livestock losses to large carnivores were perceived to be greater than in the communal LUT, and attitudes towards carnivores were more negative than the commercial LUT. It appears that the FTLRP had a significant negative impact on wildlife conservation and human-carnivore conflict, and is estimated to have driven a 70% decline in Zimbabwe's cheetah population. It is recommended that future resettlement is carefully planned to mitigate these problems, and that schemes are established to allow communities to benefit from wildlife while minimising the impact of resettlement on human-wildlife conflict.


Reflecting on both the personal and intellectual factors that influenced this thematic cluster on space, place, and the making of modern Hungary, the authors situate themselves within the history of the post-socialist revival of geography in Hungary, outlining in particular emergent fields of study and new schools of thought that have transformed geographical research and teaching over the last decade. Having drawn together historians and geographers working in Hungary, Canada, and the United States, Part I of this two-part cluster represents an effort to bring different disciplinary streams and academic cultures into contact with one another, and has provided the authors with an opportunity to better survey the state of a very broad and dynamic field of study, and to identify and begin to address lacunae in their collaborative work.


In recent literature two subspecies of Mustela nudipes, viz., Mustela nudipes nudipes Desm. and Mustela nudipes leucocephalus (Gray), are recognized. In a survey of the Indo-Australian weasels, Dammerman (1940, p. 269) discussed the possibility of recognizing these two subspecies, but through lack of material he could not arrive at a definite conclusion. Since Dammerman's notes were published three more specimens were brought to light in the collections of our Museum. Moreover we had at our disposal two specimens from the collection of Mr. H. J. V. Sody, as well as four specimens and a skull in the Amsterdam Zoological Museum. A study of the variation of Mustela nudipes led us to reconsider the status of Mustela hamakeri Dammerman (1940, p. 266, pl. XV) as a distinct species. Before describing and discussing the specimens examined by us, it may be useful to give a historical account of the species, of its subspecies, and of the names involved. The first description of Mustela nudipes is that by Geoffroy SaintHilaire & F. Cuvier (1821), who also published a coloured plate showing this species. The authors gave the species the French name "Furet de Java", and the scientific name "Nudipes". The species is stated to belong to the "sous-genre des Putois", but neither for this subgenus, nor for the genus a scientific name is mentioned. In an earlier part of the same work the authors (1820) describe "Le Furet" under the name Mustela Furo, and, therefore, Dammerman accepts Mustela as the genus to which nudipes was referred by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier. From a nomenclatorial point of view, it is more safe perhaps to accept Desmarest's use of "mustela nudipes" as the first valid one. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier (1842,


By varying the number of acetylenic linkages connecting aromatic rings, a new family of atomically thin graph‐n‐yne materials can be designed and synthesized. Generating immense scientific interest due to its structural diversity and excellent physical properties, graph‐n‐yne has opened new avenues toward numerous promising engineering applications, especially for separation membranes with precise pore sizes. Having these tunable pore sizes in combination with their excellent mechanical strength to withstand high pressures, free‐standing graph‐n‐yne is theoretically posited to be an outstanding membrane material for separating or purifying mixtures of either gases or liquids, rivaling or even dramatically exceeding the capabilities of current, state‐of‐art separation membranes. Computational modeling and simulations play an integral role in the bottom‐up design and characterization of these graph‐n‐yne materials. Thus, here, the state of the art in modeling α‐, β‐, γ‐, δ‐, and 6,6,12‐graphyne nanosheets for synthesizing graph‐2‐yne materials and 3D architectures thereof is discussed. Different synthesis methods are described and a broad overview of computational characterizations of graph‐n‐yne's electrical, chemical, and thermal properties is provided. Furthermore, a series of in‐depth computational studies that delve into the specifics of graph‐n‐yne's mechanical strength and porosity, which confer superior performance for separation and desalination membranes, are reviewed.


Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in channel waveguides fabricated by titanium diffusion into MgO-doped lithium niobate is studied. A conversion efficiency for SHG of 2.4%/W has been obtained for a 16-mm-long waveguide by using a Nd:YAG laser as pump source. The conversion efficiency is lower than the theoretical prediction. This difference is attributed to inhomogeneities along the waveguide. The channel waveguides used carried several modes at the second-harmonic wavelength; those modes, phase matched above room temperature (~80°C), showed substantially lower sensitivity for photorefractive damage than others phase matched at room temperature.


Selenium binding protein 1 (SELENBP1) was identified to be the most significantly down‐regulated protein in ovarian cancer cells by a membrane proteome profiling analysis. SELENBP1 expression levels in 4 normal ovaries, 8 benign ovarian tumors, 12 borderline ovarian tumors and 141 invasive ovarian cancers were analyzed with immunohistochemical assay. SELENBP1 expression was reduced in 87% cases of invasive ovarian cancer (122/141) and was significantly reduced in borderline tumors and invasive cancers (p < 0.001). Cox multivariate analysis within the 141 invasive cancer tissues showed that SELENBP1 expression score was a potential prognostic indicator for unfavorable prognosis of ovarian cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 2.18; 95% CI = 1.22–3.90; p = 0.009). Selenium can disrupt the androgen pathway, which has been implicated in modulating SELENBP1 expression. We investigated the effects of selenium and androgen on normal human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells and cancer cells. Interestingly, SELENBP1 mRNA and protein levels were reduced by androgen and elevated by selenium treatment in the normal HOSE cells, whereas reversed responses were observed in the ovarian cancer cell lines. These results suggest that changes of SELENBP1 expression in malignant ovarian cancer are an indicator of aberration of selenium/androgen pathways and may reveal prognostic information of ovarian cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Extent and Rocks of the Area The basin of the Ottawa river forms a somewhat extensive area of not far from 60,000 square miles. It includes various geological formations, which range from the oldest crystallines or Fundamental gneiss to the upper Silurian. All varieties of rock are found, including gneiss, granite, and the eruptives of the Laurentian and Huronian systems, with crystalline limestones and schists of several kinds. The softer strata of the Paleozoic formations are all represented in the area, and comprise sandstones, shales, slates, and fossiliferous limestones. As the whole area has been extensively glaciated, there must of necessity be very considerable differences in the products of decomposition resulting from the several agencies to which they have been exposed. Physical Features of the Ottawa Basin PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR RESULTS In the "Geology of Canada"* the distribution and origin of the sands and clays of the lower Ottawa . . .


We propose a new concurrent programming model, Automatic Mutual Exclusion (AME). In contrast to lock-based programming, and to other programming models built over software transactional memory (STM), we arrange that all shared state is implicitly protected unless the programmer explicitly specifies otherwise. An AME program is composed from serializable atomic fragments. We include features allowing the programmer to delimit and manage the fragments to achieve appropriate program structure and performance. We explain how I/O activity and legacy code can be incorporated within an AME program. Finally, we outline ways in which future work might expand on these ideas. The resulting programming model makes it easier to write correct code than incorrect code. It favors correctness over performance for simple programs, while allowing advanced programmers the expressivity they need.


The paper investigates the principal architectural considerations that governed the evolution of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, the three British colonial port cities of India, and seeks to answer the question of whether and to what extent these cities were planned. The extreme view in this debate on planning is taken by Sten Nilsson in his European Architecture in India, where he claims that the cities were based on strict symmetrical grid planning and were inspired by the Renaissance urban ideal, unlike traditional "organic" Indian cities. The paper questions this in view of the clear evidence that the British East India Company, unlike the French, was hostile to any ambitious urban planning on the part of the settlements. The hypothesis is further strengthened when one analyzes the ground plans of these cities, which show that defense considerations discouraged any symmetrical central planning, even though the streets were laid out in straight lines. In the absence of a central planning code, like the Royal Ordinance of 1573 for Spanish colonies, the building projects proceeded from the growing urban requirements of these settlements. The projects themselves were modest and defense naturally dominated building activities, mainly because these tiny enclaves were surrounded by hostile local and European powers. The growing needs of the inhabitants could not be neglected, however, and churches and hospitals came next in order of priority. The governors9 mansions, on the other hand, had a position of peculiar importance in these port cities as they were meant to be a clear and visible symbol of authority. Not least interesting in these conurbations was the confluence of two traditions, Western and Eastern, though it must be added that the predominant style tended to be European, and mostly contemporary Tuscan. The conclusion reached is that while there was hardly any grandiose, symmetrical, total planning in these port cities, the city fathers did not neglect to make them habitable and even pleasant by developing gardens and parks in them.


The United States' system for regulating employee exposures to hazardous chemicals is broken. Absent regulation, the labor market fails to produce efficient levels of precaution against chemical exposures. Information asymmetries, long disease latency periods, and other characteristics of chemical exposures thwart the market's ability to produce efficient risk/wage tradeoffs. These same characteristics permit employers and chemical manufacturers to externalize the costs of injuries caused by chemical exposures. The current U.S. regulatory system, including a combination of OSHA regulations and state workers' compensation programs, is not correcting the labor market's failure. The result is a level of workplace chemical exposure risk that is systematically too high, and a level of precaution that is systematically too low. The reforms proposed in the literature to date do not harness the financial incentives of the least-cost information providers and least-cost risk avoiders: chemical manufacturers and employers. This Article takes the search for a solution in a new direction by using state workers' compensation laws to capitalize on the incentives of chemical manufacturers and employers. The Article argues that state workers' compensation laws should be amended in two ways: (1) shift the default burden of proof on causation to the respondents, but only in cases where there is no applicable OSHA exposure limit, and (2) allow employers to include chemical manufacturers as respondents in workers' compensation proceedings for purposes of apportioning liability. These amendments could be implemented by convening a new National Commission on State Workers' Compensation Laws. The result would be a new push for OSHA chemical exposure limits by chemical manufacturers and employers – the entities in the best position to provide the toxicity and precaution information necessary to support OSHA regulations.


Fewer than five years after World War II, the United States found itself once again confronted by a war for which it was unprepared. Once again a downsized military establishment rushed to call up, draft, and recruit the needed manpower. And once again when it came up short, the services asked American women to leave their homes, jobs, and families to serve their country. This book chronicles the crucial work of servicewomen in the Korean War, and other uniformed women who helped support that war and the burgeoning Cold War in places as far flung as the Pacific atoll of Kwajalein, bases in still-occupied post-war Germany and Japan, and lonely, isolated outposts such as Great Falls, Montana. The few short years between 1945 and 1953 saw pivotal changes in women's status in the U.S. Armed Forces. In a series of controversial and sometimes bitter legislative contests, women went from being almost a historical footnote in the immediate postwar period - a source of labor and skills the nation's military took for granted - to winning a permanent place in each branch of the armed services. Largely based on the rich archives housed at the Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation, this volume records the actions of women who served in the armed forces, as well as those in the Red Cross, the USO, and other nongovernmental organizations that sent women overseas in support of U.S. military personnel. Topics include the efforts of the Department of Defense to increase the number of female recruits for the Korean War and the difficulty of retaining them in an era that valued homemakers and devalued career women; the cost to the military of the female talent drain just when the military needed them most; and a close look at Army, Navy and Air Force nurses, as well as those in the innovative M.A.S.H. units, who all performed magnificently under dangerous and harsh conditions. The book's conclusion assesses the failure of the military to fully incorporate women during these years as a result of its own paternalistic mindset (shared by society at large) coupled with the failure of wartime recruiting efforts and the low retention rate for servicewomen. The authors argue that the number of servicewomen remained far below authorized levels throughout this period, and the continued small size of the women's components resulted in their inability to accomplish their mission. According to the authors, this hurt the credibility of the women's services and haunted them for years, reinforcing the rock-solid belief of many that the military was for men, and women did not belong there.


As menazon [0,0-dimethyl-S-(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] is an industrial product, the general information on its chemistry and chromatographic behaviour is contained in research reports of limited circulation. The relevant information has been abstracted from these reports and is summarised. The literature relating to the ultraviolet, infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and mass spectra of 1,3,5-triazine and phosphorus compounds of relevance to the topic is briefly discussed. The behaviour of heated samples of menazon on paper (one and two dimensional) and thin layer (analytical and preparative) chromatography is described. Details are given of the chromatographic systems adopted for the separation and isolation of the products of thermal degradation. Infrared, ultraviolet, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra of the isolated compounds are recorded and evaluated. Structures are proposed for the isolated compounds and the spectroscopic properties of authentic samples compared with those of the isolated compounds. The validity of the proposals is discussed and areas requiring further study indicated. A discussion of some of the mass spectra which have been obtained in this work is presented.


The second edition of Export Import Management has been updated with two new chapters and new case studies. The text material has been restructured to focus on the changes since the last edition. It now has 21 chapters. Beginning with an introduction to the regulatory norms, related documentation, and letters of credit, the text goes on to discuss pre- and post-shipment finance, and business risks. It delves deep into topics such as logistics, transportation, ports, containerization, and incoterms in detail. The last part of the book analyses markets in the Middle East, ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand, and China and Japan.


ABSTRACT  Harperella (Harperella nodosum) is a federally endangered plant with 26 known sites in the southeastern United States. Experiments in the greenhouse and observations in the wild demonstrated that harperella is an annual plant and its seeds can germinate immediately after seed maturation under warm-weather conditions in late summer. Harperella was observed to utilize two complementary reproductive strategies as important adaptations to survival in a frequently flooded, semiaquatic habitat, depending on flooding frequency and amplitude: (a) sexual reproduction during low-water years involving flowering and seed production and (b) asexual reproduction during high-water years involving viability of ramets produced at the nodes.


While China is looking up at the Western scientific achievements, seeing in it the way through independence, the European intelligentsia to the pretentious positivist understanding of the world answered declaring the bankrupt of the Western civilization. It is true that the technological progress of the last century surpassed the achievements of three thousand years prior this period, but science brought catastrophes. Cities and souls in ruins are what remain of the scientific revolution. However the May Fourth movement seems not to be aware of the European collapse as to say that their understanding of the Western civilization is based on an historical misunderstanding. One therefore wonders whether we would have had May Fourth without such a misunderstanding. If China had known that Europe itself did not believe anymore in her historical background, would China have brandished it anyway as example of a new era?

 Key words: May Fourth Movement, positivism, modernism, iconoclasm, crisis of reason


This paper comments on Professor James Grimmelmann's article Saving Facebook. It provides a useful analysis of the privacy debates surrounding this social networking web site. Grimmelmann provides valuable sociological and psychological material for future legislators to draw on in considering legislative control of Facebook and similar sites. Grimmelmann uses Facebook to provide concrete examples of privacy concerns to build on the more general framework provided by the works of Daniel Solove. The comment does take exception to Grimmelmann's analysis in several points. Chief among these is Grimmelmann's lack of evidence in support of his argument concerning the ineffectiveness of market approaches as a factor in insuring privacy protection.


Aim To correlate incidence, morbidity and mortality of vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) with changing practices in vitamin K (VK) prophylaxis in the UK—most recently the withdrawal of Konakion Neonatal in 2006, leaving Konakion MM as the only licenced preparation for prophylaxis in the UK. Method Since 1988 four 2-year studies of VKDB have been undertaken via the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU), each with a contemporaneous survey of VK prophylaxis. The 2001–2002 survey preceded withdrawal of Konakion Neonatal, the 2006–2008 survey followed it. Results VKDB incidences in the two recent studies are not statistically different, but lower than previously. VK was recommended by all units in the two recent studies. In 1993–1994 only 38% of babies received intramuscular VK. By 2001–2002, 60% of units recommended intramuscular, most using Konakion Neonatal; by 2006–2008 72% of units recommended intramuscular, all using Konakion MM. In 1993–1994, 60% of babies were routinely offered oral prophylaxis, ending by day 7 in 25% of these. In 2001–2002 and 2006–2008 almost all used multiple-dose regimens extending to 28+ days in breastfed infants. Some parents withhold consent for any VK prophylaxis (50% of recent cases). The three cases of late VKDB associated with liver disease in 2006–2008 were jaundiced at presentation on day 23, 66 and 86; the first had oral, the others intramuscular VK. Long-term sequelae from intracranial haemorrhage are expected in one; another died of liver failure. Investigating prolonged jaundice was not routine in 10% of units responding (n=198 of total 236 units) Abstract G133 Table 1 BPSU study VKDB cases No VK Consent withheld Oral VK not beyond 7 days Multiple oral doses, beyond 7 days Intramuscular 1988–1990 27 20 Unknown 7 0 0 1993–1994 32 10 4 18 3 2 2001–2002 7 4 4 2 1 1 2006–2008 11 6 5 1* 1† 3 * Dose possibly not given till day 3; spat out. Bled before 2nd dose † Unit guideline not followed Abstract G133 Table 2 BPSU study Death from VKDB Intracranial haemorrhage Long-term morbidity Liver disease Breast fed 1988–1990 2 10 8 7 24 1993–1994 0 10 6 12 25 2001–2002 0 0 0 1 7 2006–2008 0* 4 2 3 9 * 1 death from liver failure Conclusions ▸ Most babies developing VKDB are breast-fed and have received no VK, usually because parents refuse it. Some 30% have unrecognised liver disease. ▸ Substituting Konakion MM for Konakion Neonatal has not been associated with a significant increase in VKDB incidence. ▸ Prophylaxis cannot alone prevent all cases. Early detection of liver disease by investigating prolonged jaundice identifies some of the most vulnerable babies before they bleed and may improve the prognosis of the underlying disease; all units should promote this practice.


SETTING
A South African suburb with a high tuberculosis incidence (> 800/100,000).

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and disease in children less than 5 years of age who were in close household contact with adults with pulmonary tuberculosis.

DESIGN
Prospective clinical study.

SUBJECTS
Children under 5 years of age (of whom > 98% had been BCG vaccinated in the neonatal period) in household contact with an adult with tuberculosis.

INVESTIGATION
Clinical investigation, Mantoux skin testing, chest radiography, gastric aspirate culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

RESULTS
Of 155 children younger than 5 years in contact with 80 index cases (83% smear positive), 14% were infected and 34% diseased. Children aged under 2 years had more severe disease (endobronchial tuberculosis and bronchial compression). Of 154 household members aged over 5 years who were assessed, 17 had culture proven pulmonary tuberculosis (13 smear positive) and a further 16 were placed an antituberculosis treatment on the basis of radiological evidence.

CONCLUSION
In a high tuberculosis incidence area evaluation of and chemoprophylaxis for childhood contacts of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis is a rewarding procedure. The detection of culture and smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis amongst adolescent and adult household contacts emphasizes the role of contact tracing in the detection of infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and the prevention of the spread of tuberculosis.


In examining the works of Neihardt, the writer has been impressed with the theme that apparently preoccupies this poet, namely, the epic qualities evident in the great mood of courage that was developed west of the Missouri River in the nineteenth century. Neihardt contends that this period with which the A Cycle of the West (1949) deals was one of discovery, exploration, and settlement -- a genuine epic period, differing in no essential from the other great epic periods that marked the advance of the Inda-European peoples out of Asia and across Europe. Furthermore, by composing The Song of Hugh Glass, The Song of the Three Friends, The Song of the Indian Wars, The Song of the Messiah, and The Song of Jed Smith, Neihardt asserts that he has written the only truly valid American epic and that he considers himself the epic poet of the West. This assertion has produced the problem: Can Neihardt be considered an epic poet? Has he produced an epic? What literary merits, if any, may be attributed to his Cycle? The fact that there is justification for examining the claims and the works of Neihardt is obvious. Neihardt is an American writer who claims to be the epic poet of our country. To date, there has been no critic nor student who has made a detailed study to evaluate Neihardt's claim in the light of his actual achievement.


Since 1973 median compensation in the United States has diverged starkly from average labor productivity. Since 2000, average compensation has also begun to diverge from labor productivity. These divergences lead to the question: Holding all else equal, to what extent does productivity growth translate into compensation growth for typical American workers? We investigate this, regressing median, average, and production/nonsupervisory compensation growth on productivity growth in various specifications. We find substantial evidence of linkage between productivity and compensation: Over 1973–2016, one percentage point higher productivity growth has been associated with 0.7 to 1 percentage points higher median and average compensation growth and with 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points higher production/nonsupervisory compensation growth. These results suggest that other factors orthogonal to productivity have been acting to suppress typical compensation even as productivity growth has been acting to raise it. Several theories of the cause of this productivity-compensation divergence focus on technological progress. These theories have a testable implication: Periods of higher productivity growth should be associated with periods of faster productivity-pay divergence. Testing this over the postwar period in the United States, we do not find substantial evidence of co-movement between productivity growth and either the labor share or the mean/median compensation ratio. This tends to militate against pure technology-based theories of the productivity-compensation divergence. Together these results suggest that faster future productivity growth is likely to boost median and average compensation growth close to one-for-one. JEL codes: J3, J24, E2, E24


Children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia experience one of the highest rates of malnourishment in the world. Though there is a growing body of literature outlining determinants of children's nutritional status, little attention has been given to the nutritional status of the rapidly increasing urban population of children. In this study, I contribute to this gap by asking, "What is the relationship between household residential location, feeding practices of children under 5 years of age and nutritional status?" Using data from the 2000 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, I find that rural children continue to have worse nutritional status outcomes than urban children. I also find that liquid foods, mother's occupation and household characteristics all are significant externalities associated with household residential location, that impact urban-rural differences in nutritional intake among young Ethiopian children.


There is a growing perception that recent initiatives to achieve peace in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been scuttled by the financial incentive offered by the trade in resources extracted from the two countries. The intransigence of belligerent rebel groups, and governments, to terminate their involvement in the conflicts, has been attributed to commercial interest in continued resource exploitation. The resources have therefore been called 'conflict' or 'blood' resources. Multinational, multi-pronged strategies to deprive perceived beneficiaries of the benefits of conflict resources, which commenced in the late nineties, are gathering pace.
This paper attempts to contribute to these strategies. It discusses the linkage between armed conflicts and extractive resources generally, and specifically with reference to Southern Africa. The paper explores the challenges arising, against the background of the objectives of law enforcement, and suggests regulatory policy and administrative changes.


Images acquired by NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft have revealed the morphology of frozen volatiles in Mercury's permanently shadowed polar craters and provide insight into the mode of emplacement and evolution of the polar deposits. The images show extensive, spatially continuous regions with distinctive reflectance properties. A site within Prokofiev crater identified as containing widespread surface water ice exhibits a cratered texture that resembles the neighboring sunlit surface except for its uniformly higher reflectance, indicating that the surficial ice was emplaced after formation of the underlying craters. In areas where water ice is inferred to be present but covered by a thin layer of dark, organic-rich volatile material, regions with uniformly lower reflectance extend to the edges of the shadowed areas and terminate with sharp boundaries. The sharp boundaries indicate that the volatile deposits at Mercury's poles are geologically young, relative to the time scale for lateral mixing by impacts, and either are restored at the surface through an ongoing process or were delivered to the planet recently.


Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are deep convective synoptic-scale systems that play an important role in modifying the thermal structure, tropical tropopause parameters and hence also modify stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes. In the present study, high vertical resolution and high accuracy measurements from COSMIC Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) measurements are used to investigate and quantify the effect of tropical cyclones that occurred over Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the last decade on the tropical tropopause parameters. The tropopause parameters include cold-point tropopause altitude (CPH) and temperature (CPT), lapse-rate tropopause altitude (LRH) and temperature (LRT) and the thickness of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), that is defined as the layer between convective outflow level (COH) and CPH, obtained from GPS RO data. From all the TC events, we generate the mean cyclone-centred composite structure for the tropopause parameters and removed it from the climatological mean obtained from averaging the GPS RO data from 2002 to 2013. Since the TCs include eye, eye walls and deep convective bands, we obtained the tropopause parameters based on radial distance from the cyclone eye. In general, decrease in the CPH in the eye is noticed as expected. However, as the distance from the cyclone eye increases by 300, 400, and 500 km, an enhancement in CPH (CPT) and LRH (LRT) is observed. Lowering of CPH (0.6 km) and LRH (0.4 km) values with coldest CPT and LRT (2–3 K) within a 500 km radius of the TC centre is noticed. Higher (2 km) COH leading to the lowering of TTL thickness (2–3 km) is clearly observed. There are multiple tropopause structures in the profiles of temperature obtained within 100 km from the centre of the TC. These changes in the tropopause parameters are expected to influence the water vapour transport from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere, and ozone from the lower stratosphere to the upper troposphere, hence influencing STE processes.


Abstract Recent years have seen the emergence of Web2.0, in which users are not only passive recipients of the featured content, but actively engaged in constructing it. Sites such as 'Facebook' and 'Myspace' are typical examples of this, as are blogs that allow users to present themselves online, to write about their daily lives or even to establish themselves as an authority on a particular subject. Due to the opportunities for self-reflection and interactive learning offered by blogs, they have also become one of the emerging tools in language pedagogy and higher education. At the same time, peer feedback is a technique that is increasingly used by educators instead of, or in addition to, tutor feedback, due to its potential to develop students' understanding of standards, to initiate peer feedback, and to engage the student in the process of learning and assessment. This paper is concerned with the question to what extent blogs can facilitate peer feedback and what issues need to be addressed for them to be a valuable tool in this process. After reviewing the recent literature on peer feedback and the specific issues emerging from providing feedback through computer mediated communication (CMC) technologies, the paper presents the results from a pedagogic research project in an advanced German language class in which blogs were used for this purpose. Drawing on students' blogs as well as the responses given by students in questionnaires and focus groups and responses by experienced tutors in interviews, the paper argues that blogs are potentially valuable tools for peer feedback, but entail the need to address specific issues regarding the choice of CMC tool for feedback tasks, training in the use of interactive online tools and the roles of teachers and students.


Light-weight high-temperature alloys are important to the transportation industry where weight, cost, and operating temperature are major factors in the design of energy efficient vehicles. Aluminum alloys fill this gap economically but lack high-temperature mechanical performance. Alloying aluminum with cerium creates a highly castable alloy, compatible with traditional aluminum alloy additions, that exhibits dramatically improved high-temperature performance. These compositions display a room temperature ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa and yield strength of 320 MPa, with 80% mechanical property retention at 240 °C. A mechanism is identified that addresses the mechanical property stability of the Al-alloys to at least 300 °C and their microstructural stability to above 500 °C which may enable applications without the need for heat treatment. Finally, neutron diffraction under load provides insight into the unusual mechanisms driving the mechanical strength.


Two goods commonly provided by local governments - education and neighborhood security - have an enormous impact on day-to-day quality of life and generate a great deal of debate. Because legal structures, institutions, and rules determine how these goods will be provided, funded, and consumed, one might expect legal academics to be important participants in the public discourse surrounding these goods. In fact, the legal academy's contribution has been limited because legal scholars have failed to generate a convincing descriptive account of how the quality of these goods is determined and how people make choices about them. Legal scholarship has typically assumed that the quality of local public goods is driven by some combination of market-like consumer behavior ("exit") and political activity ("voice"). Although the "exit-voice" framework is useful, it is incomplete with respect to goods like education and neighborhood security. It overlooks the critical role of user behavior - the acts and omissions of the school's students and the neighborhood's residents - in determining the quality of such goods. If participation is central to quality and users are heterogeneous in their participation, then understanding the formation, membership, and internal behavior of user pools (individual neighborhoods and schools) is crucial for law and policy. For example, an understanding of these dynamics would transform the current debate over education vouchers and shed new light on practices of residential zoning. This paper uses game theory to systematically work through the implications of user participation for education and neighborhood security. I examine two related collective action problems: the first involving an individual's choice of a consumption community or user pool, and the second involving an individual's choice of action within a particular user pool. I then explore how these two games interact with each other and with legal rules to generate real-world outcomes. Finally, I briefly consider two legal mechanisms - education vouchers and residential zoning - through the lens of user participation.


.  Individual voters' identification with a political party is believed to be a highly stable core of the political personality, and an 'unmoved mover' of political behaviour. In this article, the authors take advantage of a unique longitudinal database – the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) – to test the basic premise of partisanship's high persistence. Analysing individual-level data from 18 annual panel waves conducted in West Germany between 1984 and 2001, it was found that only a minority of the electorate appears steadfast with regard to partisanship over the entire period. Using event history analysis, the authors demonstrate how movements from partisanship into independence and changes between parties are affected by: personal attributes of voters, especially cognitive mobilisation; by properties of their social contexts, in particular spousal relationships and family constellations; by situational contexts, specifically election campaigns; and by the type of party with which voters identify.


Organizing digital photograph collections according to events such as holiday gatherings or vacations is a common practice among photographers. To support photographers in this task, we present similarity-based methods to cluster digital photos by time and image content. The approach is general and unsupervised, and makes minimal assumptions regarding the structure or statistics of the photo collection. We present several variants of an automatic unsupervised algorithm to partition a collection of digital photographs based either on temporal similarity alone, or on temporal and content-based similarity. First, interphoto similarity is quantified at multiple temporal scales to identify likely event clusters. Second, the final clusters are determined according to one of three clustering goodness criteria. The clustering criteria trade off computational complexity and performance. We also describe a supervised clustering method based on learning vector quantization. Finally, we review the results of an experimental evaluation of the proposed algorithms and existing approaches on two test collections.


Morals-Based Justifications for Lawmaking: Before and After Lawrence v. Texas looks in depth at the dissonance between the Supreme Court's rhetorical support for morals-based lawmaking and the Court's jurisprudence. In taking this approach, the article aims to respond a central post-Lawrence question concerning the continuing vitality of a government's moral agenda as a sufficient justification for restricting individual rights. It turns out, on close review of the cases going back to the mid-1800s, that the Court has almost never relied explicitly on a morals rationale to sustain an allegedly rights-infringing government action.The article develops several explanations for this avoidance of explicit morals rationales that relate to the Court's apparent concerns with institutional credibility and capacity to screen morals rationales. These explanations suggest, in part, that deference to the majoritarian impulse - which is one option for courts faced with evaluating a morals rationale - does not permit courts meaningfully to distinguish between legitimate moral concerns and the use of morality as a benign-sounding mask for impermissible bias. In addition, I argue that courts that reject a proffered morals justification for government action risk appearing to displace majoritarian moral norms. with their own. Because moral codes tend to be highly contested, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, for courts to demonstrate convincingly that their use of nonmajoritarian moral standards for screening morals-based justifications represents anything more than an individual judge's personal views. To escape this unpalatable bind, I argue, the Supreme Court has consistently avoided relaying exclusively on explicit morals rationales to sustain government action.Still, moral sentiment has not been banished entirely from American law, as a wide range of cases (e.g. adult entertainment cases) demonstrate. The question then becomes how, if at all, can we reconcile the entangling of moral judgments and lawmaking with courts' inability to distinguish credibly between moral judgments and impermissible bias masquerading as morality? I conclude by arguing that only by steering clear of abstract, philosophical justifications for government action and relying instead on fact-based rationales can courts limit their exposure to this double-edged predicament. This factual grounding requirement, I suggest, is not only helpful but also compelled by the institutional competence concerns reflected in the Court's current discomfort with morals rationales.


Large graph datasets are ubiquitous in many domains, including social networking and biology. Graph summarization techniques are crucial in such domains as they can assist in uncovering useful insights about the patterns hidden in the underlying data. One important type of graph summarization is to produce small and informative summaries based on user-selected node attributes and relationships, and allowing users to interactively drill-down or roll-up to navigate through summaries with different resolutions. However, two key components are missing from the previous work in this area that limit the use of this method in practice. First, the previous work only deals with categorical node attributes. Consequently, users have to manually bucketize numerical attributes based on domain knowledge, which is not always possible. Moreover, users often have to manually iterate through many resolutions of summaries to identify the most interesting ones. This paper addresses both these key issues to make the interactive graph summarization approach more useful in practice. We first present a method to automatically categorize numerical attributes values by exploiting the domain knowledge hidden inside the node attributes values and graph link structures. Furthermore, we propose an interestingness measure for graph summaries to point users to the potentially most insightful summaries. Using two real datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our techniques.


Climate change is expected to affect fish populations worldwide through a number of mechanisms. To help understand consistent, failed Lake Erie yellow perch (Perca flavescens) year-classes following warm winters during 1975–2010, we used a combined laboratory-experimental and population-modeling approach. We hypothesized that climate change would negatively affect yellow perch by 1) increasing bottom hypoxia (O2 < 2 mg/L) during summer, which can reduce energy reserves (fish condition) prior to winter, when ovaries develop for this species, and 2) increasing winter water temperature, which could increase basal metabolic rates during winter (i.e., reduce energy available for ovary development) and disrupt thermal requirements necessary for proper ovary development. Our laboratory experiment quantified the independent and interactive effects of winter duration (number of days < 5°C: levels = 50, 80, and 110 d) and energetic condition entering winter (high, low) on reproductive development, fecundity, spawning, egg hatching and quality, and larval quality of both domestic and wild adults. Results indicate that, relative to eggs produced by Lake Erie females in the short-winter treatment, those in in the long-winter treatment produced larger, higher quality eggs that contained more calories, total lipids, neutral lipids, and myristic acid (i.e., a saturated fatty acid) per egg. These higher quality eggs also experienced greater hatching success and produced larger larvae than eggs from Lake Erie females exposed to a short winter. While long winters positively affected egg and larval quality, we found no effect of female body-condition on reproductive output, quality, or hatching success in our experiment. Using relationships among winter duration, female size, total fecundity, egg mass, and hatching success that were derived from our experiment, as well as historical adult yellow perch age-structure and winter temperature data, we developed a statistical population model to determine if winter temperature could explain historical (1975-2010) variation in Lake Erie yellow perch year-class strength, through its effects on total larval production. Finding that this annual index of total larval production was able to explain a significant amount of variation in observed year-class strength, we then used our model to forecast future year-class strength given predicted mid-century (2046–2065) winter temperatures under three commonly used scenarios (high, 1B; moderate, A2; and low, B1) of projected greenhouse gas emissions. Analysis of probability distributions generated for each future scenario suggests that continued winter warming would lead to reduced egg hatching success, with the largest decline in hatching success predicted under the highest emission scenario. Taken together, our experiment and modeling indicate a novel mechanism by which climate change can affect reproduction and recruitment of yellow perch in Lake Erie and potentially of other cooland cold-water fishes that develop ovaries during winter.


In this paper we sift the evidence for overdifferentiated gender marking on numerals in Medieval Italo-Romance. While the dialects of most of Northern Italy still preserve a masculine vs feminine contrast on 'two' and 'three' to this day, their ancestors in the Middle Ages featured an additional third form of each ("doa", "trea"). These forms, it is argued, are not innovations - as some have claimed - but are rather the legitimate outcome of previously regular neuter agreeing forms which can be traced directly back to (late) Latin. By the time the earliest extant documentation of Northern Italo-Romance emerged, these neuter forms of numerals were quite isolated in their respective systems, as neuter agreement had long been eliminated on other agreement targets. Such isolation made the occurrence of "doa" (alongside masc. "doi" and fem. "doe") a case of overdifferentiated gender marking.


ABSTRACT Bringing design practices to chemistry education is gaining interest with recent science curriculum reforms emphasising design, and calls for integrated STEM education. Design is a central practice in the chemistry discipline, and could foster meaningful chemistry education. Although chemistry teachers are key in bringing design to chemistry classrooms, and in realising design's potential for learning, little is known about their views on teaching and learning regarding design. To reduce this gap in literature, we explored chemistry teachers' pedagogical ideas in the context of a Dutch professional learning community on design in chemistry education. We elicited teachers' ideas through semi-structured interviews and lesson forms which teachers kept while implementing a design project. Multiple patterns emerged through analysing teachers' ideas. We found that the teachers did not see teaching design as a goal of chemistry education. Instead, teachers valued design as a teaching approach to engage students in applying chemistry concepts, in developing soft skills, and in applying or developing research practices. In this paper, we present more patterns in teachers' ideas, and discuss possible explanations of these findings in depth. Finally, we give suggestions for future research, and teacher professional development that may help support a change to bring design into chemistry education.


Precise dating and correlation of drilled wells through continental successions is challenging for hydrocarbon exploration, especially where preservation and recovery of age-diagnostic fossils is poor. As a complement or alternative to biostratigraphic dating we demonstrate the effectiveness of U–Pb geochronology via laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry on detrital zircon from well cuttings. In basins with syndepositional volcanic input, the youngest zircons in a stratigraphic interval can refine and serve as a proxy for the age of deposition. We demonstrate the reliability of this technique when applied to hydrocarbon exploration wells by analyzing drill cuttings through a continental interval of the Galula-1 well in the Rukwa Rift Basin, East African rift system, Tanzania, which previously yielded conflicting biostratigraphy results. The lower third of the well section reveals a late Miocene to Pliocene up-hole younging trend in the youngest detrital zircon populations, which matches new radioisotopic ages on volcanic tuffs from a correlative outcrop section. This is followed by an interval with recycled young zircons, followed by a zircon-free interval, interpreted to correspond to changes in magma composition of the nearby Rungwe volcanic province. This study provides the first radioisotopic age constraints for the Lake Beds in the Rukwa rift and demonstrates that sedimentation in the basin began by 8.7 Ma, critical for burial and thermal history modeling and establishing the probability of a working hydrocarbon system. Correspondence in age and zircon preservation between well and outcrop samples from the same intervals provides strong support for applying U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology to well cuttings, as a rapid, inexpensive approach for hydrocarbon exploration.