Geometrical spreading laws are widely used in underwater acoustics because they provide - if chosen carefully - an accuracy that is sufficient for many applications (source characterisation, impact assessment, sound mapping, regulation) for negligible computation time. The simplest and most widely used form is that corresponding to spherical spreading, with propagation loss, PL(R) = 20log10R dB, which can provide a suitable approximation for deep water. In shallow water, propagation is influenced by multiple reflections from the seabed and sea surface, and a modification is then needed. The resulting effect depends on the kind of source (e.g., continuous or transient) and its directivity (e.g., monopole or dipole). The result often simplifies to the form PL(R) = (A + Blog10R) dB, where the values of A and B depend on the conditions. If the source level is known, the received SPL can then be calculated for a continuous source using sound pressure level, SPL(R) = SL – PL(R) = SL – (A + Blog10R) dB, but the expected behaviour depends on source directivity, so the values of A and B need to be adjusted accordingly. For a transient source, there are no simple expressions for sound pressure level, but the sound exposure level can be related in a similar way to the energy source level. Guidance is provided for the choice of A and B in shallow water for different activities, including seismic surveys, shipping, explosions, pile driving and use of active sonar. Guidance is also offered on where not to use these simple rules, such as for the calculation of SPL for short transient sources and the pitfalls associated with applying far-field concepts such as source level to distributed sources such as pile drivers.


The procedure outlined by Matejec, Photograpische Korrespondenz . 104, 153 (1968), fixation in a thiosulfatesulfite solution to which AgBr has been added, followed by washing in 1$ sulfite solution, and development in a metol-sulfite-AgNOo developer, was tested on seven silver iodobromide emulsions, each of a different average grain size. Samples were exposed, and processed by chemical and physical development. Matejec* s results, equality of threshold speed with post-fixation physical and chemical development, could only be realized with a very fine grain emulsion and high intensity exposure. It was found that the effi ciency of physical development, relative to chemical de velopment, is inversely related to grain size. The intensity of the exposing light was found to be an important factor which had large effects on the efficiency of physical development for the three emulsions tested. Samples of Kodak Spectroscopic Film, Types 103-0 and 103-F, were exposed by white light and developed in a timetemperature series, chemically and physically. The dye in the type F emulsion, retarded post-fixation physical development and greatly increased fog, while decreasing gamma. A positive-type silver iodobromide emulsion dyed with 3,3' ,9-triethyl-5,5'~cLichlorothiacarbocyanine bromide was exposed by white and by blue light and processed chem ically ana physioaxxvjjeVi-xopiuenu rctciiiduj.ojj. ..^a> XxxXf led with chemical and post-fixation physical development. Contrast decreased and fog increased as the dye concentra tion approached 85$ of monolayer coverage, for both chem ical and physical development. However, fog was much more severe on the physically developed films. Matejec1 s reported developer pH values were found to be in error. For better results, the solutions should be used as mixed, and not modified to pH 6, the value reported in the article. Sensitivity and fog suffer when the devel oper solutions are modified to pH 6. The color of the safelight used during the development step in physical develop ment can have a significant effect on the fog density obtained when Matejec1 s developer is used.


In two experiments, descriptions of melodic contour structure and predictions of perceived similarity relations between pairs of contours produced by a number of different models are examined. Two of these models, based on the music- theoretic approaches of Friedmann (1985) and Marvin and Laprade (1987), characterize contours in terms of interval content or contour subset information. The remaining two approaches quantify the global shape of the contours, through the presence of cyclical information (assessed via Fourier analysis) and the amount of oscillation (e. g., reversals in direction, pitch deviations) in the contours. Theoretical predictions for contour similarity generated by these models were examined for 20th century, nontonal melodies (Experiment 1) and simplistic, tonal patterns (Experiment 2). These experiments demonstrated that similarity based on Fourier analysis procedures and oscillation measures predicted a derived measure of perceived similarity, with both variables contributing relatively independently; the music- theoretic models were inconsistent in their predictive power. These results suggest that listeners are sensitive to the presence of global shape information in melodic contour, with such information underlying the perception of contour structure and contour similarity.


Background: Sexuality, defined as love, intimacy and sex, is a part of patients' overall health and concerns the quality of life. Patients have needs and wishes to discuss how the treatment and diagnosis might affect their sexual functioning as a number of medical conditions also can lead to sexual difficulties. Research has shown that nurses do not meet the patients' need to discuss sexual matters.Aim: To describe nurses' approach towards discussing sexuality with patients.Method: A literature review described by Friberg (2012) was conducted. The result of three qualitative and eight quantitative studies was summarized and then organized into groups depending on the similarities and differences.Results: The results outlined in four themes; The talk not taking place, Hindering factors, Promoting factors and Organizational factors. Nurses were knowledgeable in regards to how treatment and diagnosis affected patient sexuality. Even though they recognized the importance of sexuality for patients and felt responsible, nurses did avoid conversation about sexuality. Hindering factors stated by the nurses were lack of competency, considering sexuality as a private and taboo subject and feeling uncomfortable talking about sexual issues. Factors promoting conversation about sexuality were amongst others work experience and education. The organization may affect whether the nurses bring up the subject or not. Discussion: Despite that the society today is more open towards sexuality, the taboo of sexuality remains a fact in health care. A trusting and caring relationship between nurse and patient described by among others Travelbee could open up a permissive atmosphere, overcome taboos and facilitate discussions on sensitive issue. Models of sexual communication such as the PLISSIT-model could be used.


Abstract The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation EU/2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by unrooted cuttings of Jasminum polyanthum that are imported from Uganda, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by the NPPO of Uganda. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Six species, two EU‐regulated pests (Bemisia tabaci, non‐European populations and Scirtothrips dorsalis) and four EU non‐regulated pests (Coccus viridis, Diaphania indica, Pulvinaria psidii and Selenaspidus articulatus), fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Uganda were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with B. tabaci and S. dorsalis being the pests most frequently expected on the imported plants. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,950 and 10,000 plants per 10,000 would be free of B. tabaci.


Leadership, personality, and organizational factors were analyzed to measure their combined effect on virtual-based product development time and scope-quality performance. Over 1,000 team members were surveyed. MANCOVA was used to test if leadership, personality project, and/or organizational factors impacted performance. All realistic factors were included to detect leadership substitutes moderation, mediation, and prediction. Bias was reduced by not surveying leaders, by using reverse item coding, and by checking social desirability. Experimental control and common method variance were managed by including multilevel and multisource data. Performance was objectively computed from organizational data. The findings were that transactional leadership (not transformational) and some personality attributes (leader substitutes) were significant factors, increasing project scope quality and time performance.


We show that fiber-delivered, pulsed laser propulsion of glass microspheres, as observed in a recent Letter [Opt. Lett. 36, 1996 (2011).], due to only radiation pressure cannot explain the measured maximum velocity of microspheres. Our considerations, based on the reported results, indicate that the main momentum transfer mechanism is due to mass recoil that very likely follows a dielectric breakdown near or on the surface of the microsphere.


Context: Cancer is one of the main causes of death and disability throughout the world and leaves different effects on various dimensions of physical, psychological, sexual, social, and economic functions of human life. Aims: The present study was conducted in 2017 with the aim to examine the quality of life of hospitalized patients with cancer in Arak, Iran. Setting and Design: The present cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted in Khonsari Hospital in Arak (From May to October 2017). Materials and Methods: Three hundred and twenty cancer patients selected using census sampling method. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and the standard quality of life assessment questionnaire European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30. Inclusion criteria were hospitalization, 3 months after diagnosis, and patients have no metastasis. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical tests such as Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test were used. Significant level was considered as α = 0.5. Results: Types of cancer included 31.3% (100 patients) leukemia, 20.9% (67 patients) gastrointestinal cancer, 14.1% (45 patients) breast and ovarian cancer, 8.8% (28 patients) lymphoma, 6.3% (20 patients) lung cancer, 5.3% (17 patients) skeletal cancer, 4.4% (14 patients) renal cancer, 4.7% (15 patients) skin cancer, and 4.4% (14 patients) head-and-neck cancer. Mean quality of life of participating patients was 64.46 ± 14.48. The highest (73.21 ± 21.57) and the lowest (55.4 ± 12.56) mean score of quality of life belonged to patients with head-and-neck cancer and skin cancer, respectively. In general, patients performed better in physical dimension and poorer in social dimension. Patients' quality of life was found significantly related to age, place of residence, marital status, and education level (P = 0.0001). Fatigue was the most common nagging symptom in both sexes, with slightly higher level in men compared to women (P = 0.8). Conclusion: The mean quality of life of the patients was good. However, patients performed poorly in social dimension. To enhance their social performance, plans will, therefore, need to be developed and implemented.


Globalisation is a multidimensional phenomenon and should be conceptualized as a process rather than an outcome. Economic, political, cultural and societal elements are involved in the complex set of interactions we can-define as globalisation. However, a key factor, which is frequently ignored is the importance of politics in shaping and guiding this process. For example economic liberalization and deregulation, the form which economic globalisation has thus far taken, did not emerge from impersonal market and technological forces. Governments, especially those of the United States and Great Britain, followed explicit policies of currency controls relaxation, the reduction in trade barriers, and the retreat in the role of the state in the economy generally. Despite the power of the economic forces thus released, politics remains a key potential player and giobalisation is not necessarily irreversible. Given the indeterminacy of the outcomes of globalisation, four alternative theories of the future are presented and analysed.


NOAA Abandoned Vessel Project Data for Molokai, Hawaii. Abandoned vessels pose a significant threat to the NOAA Trust resources through physical destruction of coral habitats and dispersion of toxic chemicals and gear. The Damage Assessment Center (DAC) is addressing this issue by creating a comprehensive database of abandoned vessels. These vessels can potentially threaten coral ecosystems in U.S. waters. Current databases are limited in their scope or definition of abandoned vessels. The inventory is a compilation of existing data from sources such as NOAA, the U.S. Coast Guard, States, Territories and the maritime industry, as well as original data from maps and personal interviews with local sources.


Purpose: Response rates to treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) with imiquimod and cidofovir are approximately 57% and 61%, respectively. Treatment is associated with significant side effects and, if ineffective, risk of malignant progression. Treatment response is not predicted by clinical factors. Identification of a biomarker that could predict response is an attractive prospect. This work investigated HPV DNA methylation as a potential predictive biomarker in this setting. Experimental Design: DNA from 167 cases of VIN 3 from the RT3 VIN clinical trial was assessed. HPV-positive cases were identified using Greiner PapilloCheck and HPV 16 type-specific PCR. HPV DNA methylation status was assessed in three viral regions: E2, L1/L2, and the promoter, using pyrosequencing. Results: Methylation of the HPV E2 region was associated with response to treatment. For cidofovir (n = 30), median E2 methylation was significantly higher in patients who responded (P ≤ 0.0001); E2 methylation >4% predicted response with 88.2% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity. For imiquimod (n = 33), median E2 methylation was lower in patients who responded to treatment (P = 0.03; not significant after Bonferroni correction); E2 methylation <4% predicted response with 70.6% sensitivity and 62.5% specificity. Conclusions: These data indicate that cidofovir and imiquimod may be effective in two biologically defined groups. HPV E2 DNA methylation demonstrated potential as a predictive biomarker for the treatment of VIN with cidofovir and may warrant investigation in a biomarker-guided clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5460–8. ©2017 AACR.


This paper will examine the accelerations present during the operation of stand-up forklifts. Forklifts, or powered industrial trucks, are typically operated from 1 of 2 postures. Forklifts are either operated from a seated posture or a standing posture. Previous research has focused on the threshold of acceleration at which a standing forklift operator will be unable to maintain postural stability, but did not detail peak and average accelerations generated by forklifts during typical turning maneuvers. This paper will detail the accelerations generated by stand-up forklifts during typical operation from a theoretical examination of vehicle dynamics and present experimental data acquired during stand-up forklift testing. This paper will further examine performance required by consensus and industry standards, industry practice and the safety implications of stand-up forklift acceleration. The record of serious lower leg injury associated with stand-up forklifts, reports of ejection or loss of balance from the operator and data regarding acceleration present in the operator compartment support the use of a door for stand-up forklifts.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


1,4-Dioxane is attracting worldwide attention because of its probable human carcinogenicity and frequent occurrence in surface waters and wastewaters. Thus, many countries and organizations have set limits for the amount of this material in drinking water and wastewater effluent. However, removal of 1,4-dioxane during traditional treatment processes, even ozonation (pH < 7), has been limited. Therefore, 1,4-dioxane removal during catalytic ozonation was investigated in this study, and activated carbon (activated carbon) was selected as the ideal catalyst. The removal efficiency of 1,4-dioxane by ozonation was promoted significantly using activated carbon compared with that of ozonation only. Tert-butyl alcohol significantly reduced the removal efficiency of 1,4-dioxane during catalytic ozonation, which suggested that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were formed during catalytic ozonation and played an important role in decomposing 1,4-dioxane. Additionally, results concerning the stability of activated carbon indicated that the catalytic activity of this catalyst remained steady during ozonation.


When a beneficial mutation is fixed in a population that lacks recombination, the genetic background linked to that mutation is fixed. As a result, beneficial mutations on different backgrounds experience competition, or "clonal interference," that can cause asexual populations to evolve more slowly than their sexual counterparts. Factors such as a large population size (N) and high mutation rates (mu) increase the number of competing beneficial mutations, and hence are expected to increase the intensity of clonal interference. However, recent theory suggests that, with very large values of Nmu, the severity of clonal interference may instead decline. The reason is that, with large Nmu, genomes including both beneficial mutations are rapidly created by recurrent mutation, obviating the need for recombination. Here, we analyze data from experimentally evolved asexual populations of a bacteriophage and find that, in these nonrecombining populations with very large Nmu, recurrent mutation does appear to ameliorate this cost of asexuality.


The negative impacts of concentrated foreclosures have been destabilizing communities across the country. Community development corporations (CDCs) and other nonprofits that are active in these neighborhoods face falling property values, decreased lending activity and other consequences that are complicating their efforts at community revitalization through acquisition, rehabilitation and resale of vacant and foreclosed housing stock. Given the current crisis in the housing and credit markets, community development corporations aiming for neighborhood stabilization may wish to acquire foreclosed single-family properties and operate them as scattered-site rental units instead. This study presents the challenges that nonprofits pursuing such a plan are likely to face. It discusses the main management, financing and political issues associated with developing and operating scattered-site rental housing while providing a foundation upon which CDCs considering such activities can evaluate their capacity and willingness to meet the challenges. The paper explores how local market conditions, internal organizational capacity and the current policy environment affect nonprofit efforts to acquire, rehabilitate and rent foreclosed properties. The study includes operational and advocacy recommendations for improving the context in which scattered-site rental housing can be managed. The paper also considers the unique difficulties of the current situation and concludes that comprehensive revitalization efforts that emphasize cross-sectoral partnerships and enjoy strong local government support are most likely to exert a positive impact on a community.


The present study was conducted to determine whether porcine somatotropin (pST) differentially regulates expression of the GLUT4 and fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes in pig adipose tissue. Three different experiments were conducted in which pigs were treated daily with different doses of pST for different time periods (7 or 14 d and from 60 to 90 kg of body wt). In these experiments, pST significantly and consistently decreased FAS mRNA levels (80%, 66% and 85%, respectively); however, GLUT4 mRNA was not affected by pST in two of the three experiments, and in the one showing an effect (Experiment 2), the decrease was less than observed for FAS (44%). Because of these results, we conducted subsequent experiments to see if the effects of pST on glucose metabolism in cultured pig adipose tissue (48 h) differed when glucose concentrations were changed from 1 to 5 mmol/L. These studies revealed that the antagonistic effect of pST on insulin action was more potent when glucose transport was saturated (5 mmol/L) than when glucose concentration limited glucose entry into the cell (1 mmol/L). In summary, these results suggest that the effects of pST on glucose transport in pig adipocytes are secondary to changes elicited by the hormone on intracellular glucose use for lipogenesis. When considered in the context of the decrease previously observed in glucose transport in pig adipocytes, the findings reported herein suggest that pST acts to decrease GLUT4 protein activity and/or distribution between the plasma membrane and the intracellular pool with little alteration in GLUT4 gene expression or total cell GLUT4 protein.


Abstract. In the last years methods for measuring bank erosion and sedimentation have been used to understand the process of river migration to get a better understanding of river migration. For this purpose a river bank in a medium low land river has been chosen. The river bank has been measured with a terrestrial laser scanner with a high resolution over the last three years. The yielded point clouds have been filtered and digital elevation models (DEM) have been created. These DEMs have been used to compare the mass balance and slope gradient changes between the scans. To achieve this goal, the slope gradient has been averaged horizontally and vertically. In addition, statistical analyses have been used to verify the significance of changes between the scans. The results show that erosion and sedimentation processes occur simultaneous. Further is the slope gradient a valuable tool to investigate different sections within a point cloud from terrestrial laser scanner.


The number of pet owning in Indonesia, especially in big cities around Java island are highly growing in the past few years. This growing number of pet owning, especially in dogs, unfortunately, has became affected with growing numbers of dog abandonment and mistreated due to irresponsible pet owners issues and lack of law enforcement of animal welfare and animal cruelty law. This affected to growing number of dog shelters around Java island. Although there is still limited resources on the total population of abandoned dogs and dogs shelters in Java, many shelters reported that the numbers of intake and reports to their shelters are increasing. Therefore, it is important the assets animal welfare in a dog shelter environment, to meet the standards of care in a dog shelter. A shelter assessment protocols have been developed to measure the welfare aspects of the shelter by Barnard et al. [1].  In brief, the animal welfare assessment consists of three levels; shelter, pen, and individual level. Shelter level Consist of management based information such as general information, type of housing, feeding, exercise routine, mortality rate. Animal based assessment which is emotional state of the animals were also recorded using Visual Analogue Scale method. Pen level Consist of resource based assessment including space allowance, bedding, evident of sharp edges, and access to water. The animals were also assessed whether there are evident of diarrhea, Individual level Consist of reactions towards humans, body condition score, hygiene, skin condition, lameness, and respiratory problems.


We present an approach of topology biased random walks for undirected networks. We focus on a one-parameter family of biases, and by using a formal analogy with perturbation theory in quantum mechanics we investigate the features of biased random walks. This analogy is extended through the use of parametric equations of motion to study the features of random walks vs parameter values. Furthermore, we show an analysis of the spectral gap maximum associated with the value of the second eigenvalue of the transition matrix related to the relaxation rate to the stationary state. Applications of these studies allow ad hoc algorithms for the exploration of complex networks and their communities.


The unusual architecture of this ion-channel pore regulates the flow of calcium into cells. The calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channel generates intracellular calcium signals in response to depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Hou et al. report a high-resolution crystal structure of Orai, the CRAC channel pore from Drosophila melanogaster. Six Orai subunits surround a central pore that extends into the cytosol. The pore is in a closed conformation that is stabilized by anions binding to a basic region near the intracellular side. A ring of glutamates on the extracellular side form a selectivity filter. The channel architecture allows calcium permeation while regulating the flow to prevent overloading the cell with calcium. X. Hou, L. Pedi, M. M. Diver, S. B. Long, Crystal structure of the calcium release–activated calcium channel Orai. Science 338, 1308–1313 (2012). [Abstract] [Full Text]


A prospective, randomised, non-blinded, clinical study to assess the effect of peritoneal lavage using warmed fluid on body temperature in anesthetised cats and dogs of less than 10 kg body mass undergoing coeliotomy. A standardised anaesthetic protocol was used. Oesophageal and rectal temperatures were measured at various time points. At the end of surgery, group 1 patients (n=10) were lavaged with 200 ml/kg sterile isotonic saline at 34±1°C and group 2 (n=10) at 40±1°C. Groups were similar with respect to age, mass, body condition and surgical incision length. Duration of anaesthesia, surgical procedures and peritoneal lavage was similar between groups. Linear regression showed no significant change in oesophageal temperature during the lavage period for group 1 (P=0.64), but a significant increase for group 2 patients (P<0.0001), with mean temperature changes of −0.5°C (from (36.3°C to 35.9°C) and +0.9°C (from 35.4°C to 36.3°C), respectively. Similar results were found for rectal temperature, with mean changes of −0.5°C and +0.8°C (P=0.922 and 0.045), respectively. The use of isotonic crystalloid solution for peritoneal lavage at a temperature of 40±1°C significantly warms small animal patients, when applied in a clinical setting, compared with lavage solution at 34±1°C.


Immediate implantation has provided the opportunity to achieve better and faster functional results. The placement of implant immediately not only prevents the collapse of the socket by reducing the crestal bone loss, but also enhances the soft tissue esthetics. A variety of regenerative techniques using combinations of bone grafts and barrier membranes have been suggested promoting bone regeneration in localized defects at implants placed into extraction sockets. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) possesses an inherent property to accelerate soft and hard tissue healing. It has several advantages which include ease of preparation/application, minimal expense, and lack of biochemical modification. Recently, a combination between bone graft materials and Platelet-RichFibrin (PRF) is implemented in the implantology. In this article, a case report has been elaborated where a healthy patient with 18 years old having fractured maxillary anterior tooth. Following extraction of tooth dental implant was placed within extraction socket and labially placed xenograft and platelet rich fibrin along with barrier membrane. The aim of this case report was to assess the possibility for augmentation of the alveolar ridge in the frontal region of the upper jaw, utilizing a combination of bone graft material, mainly xenograft and platelet rich fibrin.


Significance A detailed record of historical lead (Pb) pollution from a peat bog in Serbia provides a unique view on the extent and timing of Balkan mining and metallurgy. Evidence of the earliest European environmental pollution is followed by large-scale and sustained increases in the amount of anthropogenically derived Pb after 600 BCE, through the Roman/Byzantine periods, and into the medieval period. Occasional evidence of drops in pollution output reflects the disruptive socioeconomic impact of periods of turmoil. Our data show a trend significantly different to records in western Europe, where Pb pollution decreases dramatically after the collapse of the Roman Empire. These results suggest metal-rich southeastern Europe should be considered a more major player in environmental metal pollution through time. The Balkans are considered the birthplace of mineral resource exploitation and metalworking in Europe. However, since knowledge of the timing and extent of metallurgy in southeastern Europe is largely constrained by discontinuous archaeological findings, the long-term environmental impact of past mineral resource exploitation is not fully understood. Here, we present a high-resolution and continuous geochemical record from a peat bog in western Serbia, providing a clear indication of the extent and magnitude of environmental pollution in this region, and a context in which to place archaeological findings. We observe initial evidence of anthropogenic lead (Pb) pollution during the earliest part of the Bronze Age [∼3,600 years before Common Era (BCE)], the earliest such evidence documented in European environmental records. A steady, almost linear increase in Pb concentration after 600 BCE, until ∼1,600 CE is observed, documenting the development in both sophistication and extent of southeastern European metallurgical activity throughout Antiquity and the medieval period. This provides an alternative view on the history of mineral exploitation in Europe, with metal-related pollution not ceasing at the fall of the western Roman Empire, as was the case in western Europe. Further comparison with other Pb pollution records indicates the amount of Pb deposited in the Balkans during the medieval period was, if not greater, at least similar to records located close to western European mining regions, suggestive of the key role the Balkans have played in mineral resource exploitation in Europe over the last 5,600 years.


This research undertakes to provide a typology of multipolar systems. Multipolarity plays a key role in IR theory, for it is strictly associated with the history of European politics since the seventeenth century to the end of World War Two. Despite wide investigation, one can doubt the matter has received a definitive treatment. Trouble is that current studies often consider multipolarity as a one-dimensional concept. They obviously reckon that multipolarism is substantially different from other systems and deserves attention, but generally fail to distinguish between different types of multipolar systems (the few exceptions are listed in chapter one). The history of international politics tells us a different story. Multipolar power systems may share some general characteristics, but they also show a wide array of difference, and understanding this difference requires a preliminary work of classification. That is the purpose of the present study. The work is organized as follows. In chapter one, we provide a cursory review of the literature on multipolarity, with particular reference to the work of Duncan Snidal and Joseph Grieco. Then we propose a four-cell typology of multipolar systems to be tested via historical analysis. The first type, hegemony, is best represented by European international system to the time of Napoleonic France, and is discussed in chapter two. Type number two is the traditional concert of Europe, which history is detailed in chapter three. Type number three is the reversal of alliances, which closest example, the diplomatic revolution of 1756, is discussed in chapter four. Finally, chapter five is devoted to the chain-gang system, and the European politics from Bismarck's late years to World War One represents a good illustration of how it works. In chapter six we proceed to draw a first evaluation of the main results achieved in the previous chapters, in order to see if, and to what extent, our typology serves the purpose of explaining the nature of multipolar systems.


In identifying and enacting roads to sustainable development in welfare states, several divides fragment the research community as well as the public policies being practised. First there is a major gap between what might be addressed as a functional and a territorial rationale. The former is supported by those who in the name of national development propose a concentration of efforts to advanced and boundary-spanning innovation systems, staged as resourceful coalitions between private business, policy-makers and the universities as major knowledge-creators. A territorial rationale in contrast withholds that the power of development is nested into the local community, its committed member firms and other stakeholders as a collective. The outcome of an analytical inquiry into the construction of these contradictory discourses is integrated into a three-dimensional model. These dimensions are: the dominant life-setting in the territory (place), the general outlook of the people in the locality/region and the critical competence needed to materialize ideas that emerge in the context. Based on our earlier research we then frame theoretically and illustrate empirically the argumentation in two Swedish territories, the industrial district (Gnosjö) and an urban area (Gothenburg). Finally we propose that the very bridging of these rationales or rationales both analytically and in practice build a dynamic foundation for territorial development. This suggests the need for upholding an ongoing dialogue between contrasted rationales along each proposed dimension. The paper concludes with the implications of this view for public policy concerning localized business activity.


Observations of the binary populations in young, sparse clusters have shown, that almost all stars are part of a binary system at the end of the star formation process. By contrast, the binary frequency of field stars only ~50%. Most stars, and therefore most binaries, are formed in dense star clusters. This rises the question if the natal environments lead to the observed reduction of the binary frequency. In this thesis this question is addressed using numerical Nbody simulations of binary populations in different star cluster environments.

First the evolution of binaries in ONC-like star clusters has been investigated. It was found that there the evolution of the normalised number of binaries is independent from the initial binary frequency. This allows to predict the evolution of binary populations in ONC-like clusters without the need of further numerical simulations. In addition it was found, that dynamical interactions preferentially destroy low-mass binaries resulting in a higher binary frequency for high-mass stars in the simulated clusters, in accordance with observation in the ONC. The combination of dynamical evolution with gas-induced orbital decay of embedded binaries is capable to reshape a log-uniform period distribution, as observed in young star clusters, to a log-normal period distribution as observed in the field today.

The modelling has been generalised to clusters with arbitrary densities. Performing simulations for clusters with up to eight times higher densities than before with two different initial binary frequencies, it was shown that the evolution of the normalised number of binaries remains independent of the initial binary frequency. The higher the density in a cluster the more binaries are destroyed as to be expected. However, this effect levels out for clusters with central densities exceeding ~3 * 10^4 pc^{-3}. This means that there is a limit beyond which increasing the binary frequency in the clusters does not lead to significantly more binaries being destroyed.

Finally it was investigated how the binary population evolves in star clusters that have undergone instantaneous gas expulsion with a resultant fast decrease in stellar density. It was found that the lower the star formation efficiency of a cluster and therefore the faster the decrease in stellar density, the less binaries are destroyed during the evolution while at the same time the more very wide binaries are formed. Comparison of the evolution of the simulated clusters and the observed leaky cluster sequence shows that clusters including a binary population and a SFE = 0.3 match the observations of leaky-star clusters
remarkably well.


Skin conditions may have a strong impact on patients' sexual life, and thus influence personal relationships. Sexual issues are difficult to discuss directly in clinical practice, and a mediated instrument may be useful to capture such information. In this study item 9 of the Dermatology Life Quality Index was used to collect information on sexual impact of several skin conditions in 13 European countries. Among 3,485 patients, 23.1% reported sexual problems. The impairment was particularly high in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, prurigo, blistering disorders, psoriasis, urticaria, eczema, infections of the skin, or pruritus. Sexual impact was strongly associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. It was generally more frequent in younger patients and was positively correlated with clinical severity and itch. It is important to address the issue of sexual well-being in the evaluation of patients with skin conditions, since it is often linked to anxiety, depression, and even suicidal ideation.


Safety and security are two reliability properties of a system. A "safe" system provides protection against errors of trusted users, while a "secure" system protects against errors introduced by untrusted users. There is considerable overlap between mechanisms to support each property. Requirements for rapid service creation have stimulated the development of programmable network infrastructures, where end users or service providers can customize the properties of a network infrastructure while it continues to operate. A central concern of potential users of such systems is their reliability and, most specifically, their safety and security. In this article we explain the impact the network service model and architecture have on safety and security, and provide a model with which policies can be translated into restrictions of a general system. We illustrate these ideas with the Secure Active Network Environment (SANE) architecture, which provides a means of controlling access to the functions provided by any programmable infrastructure.


For Jurgen Moltmann, Hell is the nemesis of Hope. The "Annihilation of Hell" thus refers both to Hell's annihilative power in history and to the overcoming of that power as envisioned by Moltmann's distinctive theology of the cross in which God becomes "all in all" through Christ's descent into Godforsakenness. The negation of Hell and the fulfillment of history are inseparable. Attentive to the overall contours and dynamics of Moltmann's thinking — especially his zimzum doctrine of creation, his eschatologically oriented philosophy of time, and his expanded understanding of the nature-grace relationship — this study asks whether the universal salvation that he proposes can honor human freedom, promise vindication for those who suffer, and do justice to biblical revelation. As well as providing an in-depth exposition of Moltmann's ideas, The Annihilation of Hell also explores how a "covenantal universalism" might revitalize our web of beliefs in a way that is attuned to the authorizing of Scripture and the spirituality of existence. If divine and human freedom are to be reconciled, as Moltmann believes, the confrontation between Hell and Hope will entail rethinking issues that are not only at the center of theology but at the heart of life itself.


Risk factor selection is an important step in a successful risk management plan. There are many risk factors in a construction project and by an effective and systematic risk selection process the most critical risks can be distinguished to have more attention. In this paper through a comprehensive literature survey, most significant risk factors in a construction project are classified in a hierarchical structure. For an effective risk factor selection, a modified rational multi criteria decision making model (MCDM) is developed. This model is a consensus rule based model and has the optimization property of rational models. By applying fuzzy logic to this model, uncertainty factors in group decision making such as experts` influence weights, their preference and judgment for risk selection criteria will be assessed. Also an intelligent checking process to check the logical consistency of experts` preferences will be implemented during the decision making process. The solution inferred from this method is in the highest degree of acceptance of group members. Also consistency of individual preferences is checked by some inference rules. This is an efficient and effective approach to prioritize and select risks based on decisions made by group of experts in construction projects. The applicability of presented method is assessed through a case study.


The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a major structural component of the virion which is generally believed to bridge between the membrane envelope and the ribonucleocapsid (RNP) core. To investigate the interaction of M protein with cellular membranes in the absence of other VSV proteins, we examined its distribution by subcellular fractionation after expression in HeLa cells. Approximately 90% of M protein, expressed without other viral proteins, was soluble, whereas the remaining 10% was tightly associated with membranes. A similar distribution in VSV-infected cells has been observed previously. Conditions known to release peripherally associated membrane proteins did not detach M protein from isolated membranes. Membrane-associated M protein was soluble in the detergent Triton X-114, whereas soluble M protein was not, suggesting a chemical or conformational difference between the two forms. Membranes containing associated M protein were able to bind RNP cores, whereas membranes lacking M protein were not. We suggest that this membrane-bound M fraction constitutes a functional subset of M protein molecules required for the attachment of RNP cores to membranes during normal virus budding.


The objective of this work was to study the hygroscopicity and surface chemical composition of thermally modified (TM) spruce. An effort was also made to study if those features were influenced by a previous exposure to a significant increase in relative humidity (RH). TM and unmodified Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) samples, both in solid and ground form, were prepared. Water vapour sorption characteristics of the ground samples were obtained by measuring sorption isotherms using a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS). The surface chemical composition of the solid samples, both acetone extracted and non-extracted, were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The DVS analysis indicated that the TM wood exposed to the 75% RH revealed a decrease in isotherm hysteresis. The XPS analysis indicated a decrease of acetone extractable or volatile organic components and a relative increase of non-extractable components for the samples exposed to the increased RH condition.


We present a microscopic theory of the collective modes of a ``smooth'' edge of a quantum Hall system, showing under what conditions these modes can be described as a set of independent bosons. We then calculate the electronic spectral function in an independent-boson model - a procedure that reduces to standard bosonization in the limit of ``sharp'' edge. The I-V tunneling characteristics deduced from this model exhibit, for low voltage, a power law behavior, with exponents that differ significantly from those of the sharp edge model.


The apparent lack of taxonomic continuity between the Precambrian and Cambrian fossil records has led to controversial and conflicting interpretations about the Ediacara biota and their place in the evolution of metazoan life on this planet. This has been further complicated by the absence of similar modes of construction between these faunas and the rarity of Precambrian skeletonized fossils. We describe a new Ediacaran organism that represents the oldest multielement organism with structural support through either biomineralization or chitin. Coronacollina acula gen. et sp. nov. from the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite) was constructed from a framework of rigid and brittle elements that disarticulated after death. It reveals a constructional mode not recognized previously among members of this assemblage, but one that was prevalent among Cambrian organisms. Coronacollina consists of a truncated cone associated with spicules, up to 37 cm in length, diverging radially from the cone. This constructional morphology is similar to the Cambrian Choia , a low conical demosponge with a corona of long spicules, providing a long-predicted constructional link between the Ediacara biota and the Cambrian fossil record.


CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT: THE SCHOOL'S RESPONSE CONNIE BURROWS HORTON AND TRACY K. CRUISE GUILFORD PREss, NEW YORK, NY 2001 $30.00 ISBN: 1-57230-673-4 Every year in the United States children of all ages are exposed to maltreatment that may include neglect, witnessing domestic violence, or abuse that may be physical, sexual, emotional in nature. Horton and Cruise detail these various forms of child maltreatment, their respective indicators, and the complex issues surrounding the reporting and prevention of abuse and neglect by school personnel. This well-researched text has much information within its eight concise chapters. Beginning with an overview of neglect and abuse, including definitions, prevalence, risk factors, and indicators of each, it moves into the reporting of suspected maltreatment and making referrals. The last three chapters detail creating intervention programs, working with parents, developing in-service programs, and how educators, especially mental health workers, can learn to counteract the stressors associated with working with maltreated children. Administrators and teachers located in those districts where school-- based mental health services are limited may find chapters 1 through 3, 6, and 7 most useful. What are the differences between emotional abuse and emotional neglect? Is exposure to domestic violence considered abuse? How under reported are the various forms of abuse? Through brief case studies and much data, the authors tackle these questions and others in chapter 1. Additionally, they discuss the risk factors for child maltreatment, bringing to light how the characteristics of the children, abusers' histories, poverty, and single-parent homes influence the prevalence of abuse and neglect. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the identification and reporting of suspected child maltreatment. Information in these three chapters may cause readers to reflect upon their own experiences. Were they always aware of the indicators of abuse or neglect? Were there times that they did not report suspected child abuse or neglect? When situations did arise, how did they respond to the child? How did others respond? When maltreatment is suspected, educators are legally bound to report it. What is well documented in this text is that they do not always do so. According to the Illinois Department of Child and Family Services (1998), "fears may have a more subtle influence, as school professionals simply do not allow themselves to detect or suspect abuse. They may do this by not looking closely enough, not asking questions, or taking the 'I see nothing' approach" (p. 64). While mandated to report, educators may not as they (a) fear hostile caregivers, (b) believe they have inadequate information, (c) sense that their administrators will interfere with the reporting, (d) distrust child protective services, or (e) are concerned that they will make the situation even worse for the child. The authors suggest that administrators can counteract these fears by developing a collaborative relationship with the local child protective services, provide needed information and support through in-services, and detail well-defined procedures that focus on the children's safety and welfare. When educators act on suspicions or students' disclosures, they often interview children before calling child protective services. The authors describe how such interviews should take place, including the need to provide the child with a private, comfortable setting, the use of appropriate questions, and conveying to the child what he or she can expect next. They suggest that educators not use multiple interviews as an attempt to determine if child protective services should be contacted. According to Horton and Cruise, ....school professionals are reminded that they need not, and must not, try to function in the role of child abuse investigator" (p. 47). Chapters 4 through 6 examine the multifaceted roles of school psychologists when referring or working with abused or neglected children. …


BACKGROUND
Concern regarding change in the onset of sexual maturation of US girls has increased the need for current information on age at menarche from a national sample. Previous reports have been sparse and interpretation has been limited because of the racial composition and ages of the samples.

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were to estimate the distribution of age at menarche for all US girls and for non-Hispanic white, black, and Mexican American girls in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and to test for racial differences.

DESIGN
Menstrual status data were collected from 2510 girls aged 8.0 to 20.0 years. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey followed a complex, stratified, multistage probability cluster design. SUDAAN was used to calculate proportions of girls reaching menarche at an age. Ages at menarche were estimated by probit analysis at the ages at which 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the girls attained menarche.

RESULTS
Less than 10% of US girls start to menstruate before 11 years, and 90% of all US girls are menstruating by 13.75 years of age, with a median age of 12.43 years. This age at menarche is not significantly different (0.34 years earlier) than that reported for US girls in 1973. Age at menarche for non-Hispanic black girls was significantly earlier than that of white girls at 10%, 25%, and 50% of those who had attained menarche, whereas Mexican American girls were only significantly earlier than the white girls at 25%.

CONCLUSION
Overall, US girls are not gaining reproductive potential earlier than in the past. The age at menarche of non-Hispanic black girls is significantly earlier than that of non-Hispanic white and Mexican American girls.


Background: The importance of increasing the number of US college students completing degrees in science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) has prompted calls for research to provide a better understanding of factors related to student participation in these majors, including the impact of a student's high-school mathematics curriculum. Purpose: This study examines the relationship between various student and high-school characteristics and completion of a STEM major in college. Of specific interest is the influence of a student's high-school mathematics curriculum on the completion of a STEM major in college. Sample: The sample consisted of approximately 3500 students from 229 high schools. Students were predominantly Caucasian (80%), with slightly more males than females (52% vs 48%). Design and method: A quasi-experimental design with archival data was used for students who enrolled in, and graduated from, a post-secondary institution in the upper Midwest. To be included in the sample, students needed to have completed at least three years of high-school mathematics. A generalized linear mixed model was used with students nested within high schools. The data were cross-sectional. Results: High-school predictors were not found to have a significant impact on the completion of a STEM major. Significant student-level predictors included ACT mathematics score, gender and high-school mathematics GPA. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that on average students are equally prepared for the rigorous mathematics coursework regardless of the high-school mathematics curriculum they completed.


High drug prices are in the news. In some cases, such as AIDS-treating Daraprim and the life-saving EpiPen, the price increases dramatically. In other cases, which have received less attention, the price stays high longer than it should. Either way, anticompetitive behavior often lurks behind inflated prices.
By delaying price-reducing generic competition, this behavior forces consumers to spend billions of extra dollars each year. Brand drug companies have engaged in an array of conduct to delay generic entry. They have entered into agreements by which they pay generic manufacturers to settle patent litigation and delay entering the market. They have engaged in "product hopping," switching from one version of a drug to another, often to delay generic entry. And they have restricted their distribution systems to prevent generics from obtaining needed samples.
Another one of these strategies, which has flown under the radar until recently, involves "citizen petitions" filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although intended to serve the public interest by bringing safety concerns to the agency's attention, nearly all petitions today that target generic drugs are denied. Despite the low success rate, petitions are still able to delay generic entry and hamstring the FDA.
This Piece provides an overview of citizen petitions and the anticompetitive harm they threaten and offers five solutions to address the problem posed by abusive petitions: (1) increasing transparency; (2) shedding light on simultaneous decisions on petitions and generic approval; (3) facilitating the FDA's summary dispositions of petitions; (4) addressing resource waste; and (5) promoting timely-filed petitions.


The paper presents findings from a project which aimed at exploring low attaining children's sensitivity to problem relationships based on additive composition and possible variations in children's understanding and capability to use such relations in problem solving. Fifteen 6-7 year-old children solved conceptually related and unrelated addition problems in individual sessions. All problems involved single-digit additions up to 20 with two or three addends ranging between 1 and 9. Conceptual relations between problems were constructed to reflect aspects of the principle of additive composition. Children's understanding of additive composition relations was explored by analysing children's strategy use and explanations of the equality between conceptually related problems. The findings indicate high within-group variation in children's capability to recognise and use numerical relations between problems. Children who used mainly basic calculation procedures were able to explain retrospectively why two problems had the same answer by recognising the numerical, part-whole relations between problems. Prompting children to use a previously solved problem did not have a considerable effect in children's noticing of the numerical relations but the requirement to explain the problem equality evoked greater sensitivity to additive composition relations. The findings highlight the need for pedagogical approaches that enable low attaining children to operationalise their capabilities into their learning.


Shark Tank: Greed, Politics, and the Collapse of Finley, Kumble, One of America's Largest Law Firms is a non-fiction potboiler written by Kim Isaac Eisler. The story is generally about the decline and fall of an institution instrumental to capitalism that prospered during much of the 1980s. In particular, it is about the decline and fall of men whose hubris and greed make the decline and fall so satisfying to read.
While it would be easy to dismiss the demise of Finley, Kumble, because it was not an old, established "white shoe" law firm, or to analogize it to the other capitalistic excesses of the 1980s, the story gives readers some insight into the future of law firms and the legal profession. Additionally, it outlines two stories which need to be studied in order to more fully appreciate the sociology of the large law firm: the extent to which the influence Steven Brill and The American Lawyer has affected large law firms, and the value of and method by which a law firm achieves "white shoe" or establishment status in the practice of law in New York City.
Although there are several disconcerting gaps in character development, Eisler competently tells the reader the story of how Finley, Kumble grew into the second largest firm in the United States, and how it crumbled quickly thereafter. This makes Shark Tank worthwhile, mildly diverting entertainment, designed for lawyers, businessmen, and other professionals to peruse at the beach.


Edited by Fiennes William. Published by MacMillan Publishers Ltd, London, 2010, Soft cover, 211 pages. ISBN: 978-0-330-44441-5, £8.99.

William Fiennes has done something beautiful in describing his childhood growing up with an elder brother who had epilepsy. Fiennes strips the biographical details down to the minimum; there are few dates, names or places. The character's ages don't really matter and the episodes might be long or short, but we aren't told. Sometimes it is not clear that the story is even being told in the order in which it happened. This gives the narrative a blurred, but fond familiarity—we don't know these details because that is not what the book is about. This account is autobiographical, but one might easily mistake it for narrative fiction.

The book has as its central character a massive personality, the Fiennes family seat, a medieval castle inherited by his father at the book's opening. While his writing loves his family, it adores his family seat. Using the castle as the setting allows endless magical descriptions of towers and halls, the moat and the grounds. It is an enchanted place serving as backdrop to everyday domestic life. He learns to ride his bike in the Great Hall and we become familiar with the Gatehouse, the Long Gallery, the Groined Passage and rooms named for royalty, the Chapel upstairs above the kitchen, secret doors and Battlements. His mother oils mediaeval suits of armour, muskets, swords and cannon balls decorate the living rooms and enthral his childhood friends. The retainers are happy, the public is invited in for a paid-for view, film crews come regularly to shoot, classic car rallies and fairgrounds visit the grounds, and the family are honourable and chivalrous.

Nature is observed up close with herons, …


Better Internet for Rural Regional and Remote Australians (BIRRR) began as a Facebook group (administered by volunteers) in 2014 whose aim was to provide information and support on telecommunications services to those living in rural, remote and regional areas.

The BIRRR Regional Internet Access Survey aimed to establish the state of the internet for people in rural, regional and remote areas of Australia, by collecting information about internet use in rural, regional, and remote Australia. The data will be used to work with stakeholders to improve bush broadband. The survey was distributed to approximately 6000 members of the BIRRR membership base.

The survey found that rural, regional and remote people are severely disadvantaged in terms of access, speeds, cost and reliability of their internet connections, whether they be via mobile broadband or via satellite.

This has a dramatic effect on rural, regional and remote people's business, the education of their children and themselves and on their personal well-being.

There needs to be an established service guarantee for internet services Australia wide - equitable in terms of speed, download capabilities and costs. If this does not occur, regional Australia will be left behind.


Artemether-Lumefantrine is the most widely recommended antimalarial combination used to treat millions of patients suffering from malaria. Artemether undergoes rapid metabolism and gets converted to its active metabolite dihydroartemisisn. Drug analysis is a vital aspect to evaluate drugs in research. There are a number of methods available for the determination of artemether in biological fluids. These methods include HPLC based UV detection, GS-MS, HPLC-ECD and HPLC-MS/MS. This article reviews different methods for the determination of artemether in the biological fluids. Among the available methods HPLC-MS/MS proves to be the most accurate and reliable one for analysis. This has the advantage of improved sensitivity and selectivity with smaller sample volume.


This paper offers an innovative perspective on engaged scholarship as multiple, cumulative interactions between academia and external organizations in the business and policy realms. A definition of longitudinal immersion is positioned relative to the extant literature on academic engagement as a dialectic relationship between academic research and the praxis of business and society. Using a case study of a specific academic theoretical concept, we seek to demonstrate how over a period of some 25 years the ideas and practice of deep structural sustainability have co-evolved through a process of reflexivity. Drawing from critical management studies and design science we give a different perspective on the processes and mechanisms of engagement and the question of the nature of impact. Notwithstanding the challenges thus presented to researchers in nurturing the ability for informed creativity, it is concluded that future opportunities for engagement and impact may be captured by a longer-term, value-driven and less episodic approach to the entire research process.


Abstract The payday loan industry is one of the fastest growing segments of the consumer financial services market in the United States. We design an environment similar to the one that payday loan customers face and then conduct a laboratory experiment to examine what effect, if any, the existence of payday loans has on individuals' abilities to manage and to survive financial setbacks. Our primary objective is to examine whether access to payday loans improves or worsens the likelihood of financial survival in our experiment. We also test the degree to which people's use of payday loans affects their ability to survive financially. We find that payday loans help the subjects to absorb expenditure shocks and therefore survive financially. However, subjects whose demand for payday loans exceeds a certain threshold level are at a greater risk than a corresponding subject in the treatment in which payday loans do not exist.


BACKGROUND
Patients' evaluations can be used to improve health care and compare general practice in different health systems.

AIM
To identify aspects of general practice that are generally evaluated positively by patients and to compare opinions of patients in different European countries on actual care provision.

METHOD
An internationally-validated questionnaire was distributed to and completed by patients in 10 European countries. A stratified sample of 36 practices per country, with at least 1080 patients per country, was included. A set of 23 validated questions on evaluations of different aspects of care was used, as well as questions on age, sex, overall health status, and frequency of visiting the GP.

RESULTS
The patient sample included 17,391 patients in 10 different countries; the average response rate was 79% (range = 67% to 89%). In general, patients visiting their general practitioner (GP) were very positive about the care provided. For most of the 23 selected aspects of care more than 80% viewed care as good or excellent; in particular, keeping records confidential, GP listening to patients, time during consultations, and quick services in case of urgent problems were evaluated positively. Patients were relatively negative about organisational aspects of care. The evaluations in different countries were largely similar, with some interesting differences; for instance, service and organisational aspects were evaluated more positively in fee-for-service health systems.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients in Europe are positive about general practice but improvements in practice management in some countries are requested. More research is needed to study the complex field of differences in expectations and evaluations between countries with different health systems.


This paper contributes to the understanding of urban commons and how they might be (co)-designed. Insights from two cases are used to articulate how urban commons develop over time and to discuss how the approach of infrastructuring can enable urban commoning on a long-term basis. First, an overview of commons and urban commons is provided with a special focus on communing, as in, the understanding of commons as an ongoing process rather than a stable arrangement. Thereafter, the paper gives an overview of the participatory design community's findings about co-designing commons, with infrastructuring proposed as a possible approach. By looking at the development of two urban commons over time, the paper tentatively presents an understanding of urban commoning. This emerges as a process that entails the exploration, reification, and reworking of collaborative arrangements over time. It is a process that requires transparency and accountability, and its transformative potential in relation to urban governance should be carefully considered. From these findings, the paper suggests that prolonged infrastructuring efforts for urban commons need to: (1) foster the understanding of the temporal and fallible nature of arrangements; (2) support accountability and transparency over time; (3) recognize and address the installed base; and (4) articulate democratic and governance aspects in commoning.


Protein kinase D is required by C. elegans for an effective immune response to bacterial infection in the intestine. Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase that is recruited to diacylglycerol (DAG) at the plasma membrane, as a consequence of the actions of various isoforms of phospholipase C, where it is phosphorylated and activated by PKC isoforms. Although some functions of PKD have been investigated in vitro, little is known about its physiological roles. The group of Ren et al., who had previously identified DKF-2 as a homolog of PKD in Caenorhabditis elegans, found that a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged form of DKF-2 was primarily localized in the intestines of transgenic worms. Expression of DKF-2-GFP on a wild-type (WT) background improved the survival of C. elegans fed a diet of pathogenic bacteria compared with that of WT worms, whereas deletion of dkf-2 had the reverse effect. In vitro kinase assays showed that pathogenic bacteria stimulated the activity of DKF-2 and that the extent of activation correlated with their pathogenicity. DNA microarray assays showed that active DKF-2 induced the expression of genes that encoded antibacterial peptides and proteins that are important for innate immunity. The expression of most of these genes was dependent on the activity of PMK-1, a C. elegans homolog of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The immune response to pathogenic bacteria in the gut depended on the presence of phosphorylated, activated DKF-2 (rather than unphosphorylated DKF-2, which can act as a scaffold protein), and this was mediated by only one of the three homologs of PKC, TPA-1. Given the conservation of components of innate immunity from worms to humans, this study should stimulate investigation of a role for a DAG-PKC-PKD axis in host defense against bacteria in vertebrates. M. Ren, H. Feng, Y. Fu, M. Land, C. S. Rubin, Protein kinase D is an essential regulator of C. elegans innate immunity. Immunity 30, 521–532 (2009). [PubMed]


Tumor cells exhibit metabolic differences with respect to non-transformed cells. An important feature of cancer cells is the switch towards glycolysis to compensate the increased energy demand. Many biochemical mechanisms contribute to enhancing the glycolysis rate, one of which is the inhibition of the mitochondrial F1FO-ATPase by its endogenous inhibitor, IF1. When the electron transport is impaired, the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient collapses leading to the activation of ATP synthase hydrolytic activity in order to restore the proton gradient essential for cell function. Under these circumstances, the acidification of the mitochondrial matrix induces IF1 to inhibit the ATP synthase blocking the reversal of the enzyme and saving ATP. Furthermore, a putative binding site for calmodulin in IF1 sequence has been uncovered, suggesting that IF1 may contribute to the regulation of Ca2+ levels. Therefore, the intracellular Ca2+ handling was analysed in scrambled and IF1-silenced HeLa cells: the data obtained showed that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake was higher in IF1 KD cells with respect to controls upon stimulation with Thapsigargin. This result was related with both the higher membrane potential and MCU expression found in IF1 KD cells, suggesting a role of IF1 in Ca2+ signalling regulation. In the light of the above, tumor cells bioenergetics were addressed in the presence or the absence of IF1 in order to shed light on its role in cancer cells bioenergetics. For this purpose, the inner membrane potential was investigated in IF1 silenced 143B cells under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (0.5% O2) conditions, and related to ATP content, respiration rate, OXPHOS enzymes levels: our results showed that in normoxia IF1 may actively contribute to enhancing OXPHOS efficiency, whereas in hypoxia, a selective advantage concerning cell growth and proliferation was detected in IF1 expressing cells, suggesting that IF1 plays important role(s) in cells exposed to hypoxia/anoxia.


Man cannot live fully until he has considered the great questions of life. It is for this reason that we turn to Western psychology and metaphysics for help in solving our problems. The approach of psychology and psychotherapy is based on "statistical normality," or the behavior of the greatest number. In an effort to conform, we focus on our problems rather than our possibilities, emulating a norm that falls drastically short of our full capacity for development. Oriental thought, and Zen thought in particular, seeks to activate the true potential of men and women--to transform our lives, and thereby enable us to shed our problems and suffering. The Supreme Doctrine applies the essence of Oriental Wisdom to the pursuit of self-knowledge and transcendence. The first step in a holistic psychology is to begin examining the true "state of man," rather than its aberrations. In so doing, we can give new direction and purpose to our lives. The author does not advocate "conversion" to Eastern thought, but rather an integration of East and West, wherein Western psychological thinking and reasoning can be enriched and clarified by Oriental wisdom.


The aim of this paper is to offer a broad framework to allow a better understanding of the current legal situation of Robo-Advisory. The disruption of robo-advisors as new market players in the financial sector are bringing new challenges that the regulators must face in the short term. For this reason, at this time, it is necessary to delve into some key aspects that regulators should consider in order to create and implement efficient regulation of this new phenomenon. The goal of this work is to clarify some aspects in order to understand Robo-Advisory from the legal point of view, taking into account the determinant uses of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Technologies to the financial services, with a brief and particular focus on the European Financial Market Regulation.


Multi-tiered storage made up of heterogeneous devices are raising new challenges in allocating throughput fairly among concurrent clients. The fundamental problem is finding an appropriate balance between fairness to the clients and maximizing system utilization.

In this paper we cast the problem within the broader framework of fair allocation for multiple resources. We present a new allocation model BAA based on the notion of per-device bottleneck sets. Clients bottlenecked on the same device receive throughputs in proportion to their fair shares, while allocation ratios between clients in different bottleneck sets are chosen to maximize system utilization. We show formally that BAA satisfies fairness properties of Envy Freedom and Sharing Incentive. We evaluated the performance of our method using both simulation and implementation on a Linux platform. The experimental results show that our method can provide both high efficiency and fairness.


This paper investigates theoretically the possibility of describing foam flow through porous media based upon the usual equations for two-phase flow of immiscible fluids through porous media. It found a class of solutions which can describe the main features of foam flow during gas mobility reduction (gas-blocking regime). An expression for the "gas mobility reduction factor" has been derived from the current consideration. The analysis of this expression shows that this factor is equal to the ratio (liquid mobility without foam)/(gas mobility without foam) at liquid saturation very close to the irreducible one. A method for calculating the gas mobility reduction factor is proposed.


To enhance the wireless bandwidth utilization, new forms of innovative spectrum policies, dynamically sharing chan- nels over time and space, have been discussed. Dynamic spectrum access lets systems share the spectrum, to achieve better band- width utilization and trunking gains. In this work, we consider a case where such access is performed in an uncoordinated fashion. The paradigm shift to open frequency bands implies a need to investigate and verify resulting capacity gains. Herein, we give a general method for evaluating system capacity subject to outage probability constraints over fading channels, in an unlicensed band environment with uncoordinated systems. The channel fading effects include both attenuation, shadowing and multipath propagation and we end up with expressions, which are solved by numerical integration. The spectrum sharing is here performed by means of autonomous dynamic channel allocation (DCA), and we compare two DCA methods, maximum SIR DCA and random DCA.


OBJECTIVE Adolescent spine deformity studies have shown that male patients require longer surgery and have greater estimated blood loss (EBL) and complications compared with female patients. No studies exist to support this relationship in adult spinal deformity (ASD). The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between sex and complications, deformity correction, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with ASD. It was hypothesized that male ASD patients would have greater EBL, longer surgery, and more complications than female ASD patients. METHODS A multicenter ASD cohort was retrospectively queried for patients who underwent primary posterior-only instrumented fusions with a minimum of 5 levels fused. The minimum follow-up was 2 years. Primary outcomes were EBL, operative time, intra-, peri-, and postoperative complications, radiographic correction, and HRQOL outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index, SF-36, and Scoliosis Research Society-22r Questionnaire). Poisson multivariate regression was used to control for age, comorbidities, and levels fused. RESULTS Ninety male and 319 female patients met the inclusion criteria. Male patients had significantly greater mean EBL (2373 ml vs 1829 ml, p = 0.01). The mean operative time, transfusion requirements, and final radiographic measurements did not differ between sexes. Similarly, changes in HRQOL showed no significant differences. Finally, there were no sex differences in the incidence of complications (total, major, or minor) at any time point after controlling for age, body mass index, comorbidities, and levels fused. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher EBL, male ASD patients did not experience more complications or require less deformity correction at the 2-year follow-up. HRQOL scores similarly showed no sex differences. These findings differ from adolescent deformity studies, and surgeons can counsel patients that sex is unlikely to influence the outcomes and complication rates of primary all-posterior ASD surgery.


Agriculture is an integral part of India's economy and society.
It has about 130 million farming families; the majority of them are
small and marginal farmers who practice subsistence agriculture.
The green revolution which occurred in late 1960s was a turning
point in Indian agriculture. There was remarkable growth in
agriculture during the Green Revolution period and this sector has
been successful in keeping pace with growing demand for food
grains in the country. However during 1990-2010 the food grain
production in the country grew at an average 1.4 per cent, whereas
the population growth was at 1.6 per cent. Fortunately, we have
achieved a food surplus during last two years. But in the long
run, concern of food security is likely to become more intense
with increasing population and decreasing land availability. By
2020, to meet the food demand of 1.3 billion populations, India
needs to produce 281 MT of food grains with an annual growth
target of 2 per cent.

Rice is one of world's most favoured staple foods and more
than 90% of rice is produced and consumed in Asia. Rice being
an important crop in India, there is a lot to focus on enhancing
rice production and productivity. Rice is grown in 43.4 million
hectares in kharif and rabi /summer season out of the total 141
million hectares of land under cultivation. The area under rice
is likely to reduce in future years due to diversification policies
adopted by the government. Currently, the rice production in
the country is passing through serious constraints like plateauing
of yield, water scarcity, increased use of agro inputs, irregular
monsoon, increasing soil mineral stress, flash floods, water
logging, labour scarcity, inadequate storage facilities, invasive
pests & diseases, lack of policy innovations and inadequate
institutional dynamics. India needs to focus on proper utilization
of resources in diverse agro-climatic zones in the country by
providing quality seeds, developing high yielding varieties/
hybrid rice, effective natural resource management, developing
strategies on biotic and abiotic stress management, cost effective
mechanization and promoting agricultural stewardship. Further,
there is need to strengthen various initiatives by both State/
Central Government and cooperative involvement of all the
stakeholders which will help in enhancing rice production and
productivity in the country.


"This study examined the relationships between oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use and measures of joint laxity. Methods: A menstrual history questionnaire identified 33 female athletes using OCPs. Separate stepwise linear regressions examined the extent to which OCP dosage (estradiol, progesterone) and SHBG% predicted measures of anterior knee laxity, general joint laxity and genu recurvatum. Secondary regression analyses examined the relationship between duration of OCP use and each joint laxity measure. Results: OCP dosage and %SHBG binding affinity were not predictors of joint laxity. Greater duration of OCP use positively predicted greater genu recurvatum (R2 = 20.8%, P=0.008). Conclusions: While the variations in dosages of common OCPs were not found to influence measures of joint laxity, prolonged exposure to these synthetic hormones may increase genu recurvatum over time. Further work is needed to clarify the effects of OCPs on joint laxity, a potential risk factor for knee injury."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


In this Article, three methods of exiting are partnership are examined. Each exit strategy offers significant tax advantages to the nonexiting partners. In two of the exit strategies, well-known defects in Subchapter K are exploited, and I conclude that the strategies cannot be attacked successfully by the government using either the detailed rules of Subchapter K or by resort to the partnership anti-abuse rules. However, the third of the exit strategies seeks to exploit language in a treasury regulation in a manner plainly not contemplated by the drafters and which yields a result inconsistent with the structure of subchapter K. I conclude that this exit strategy can be attacked successfully by the government. The two successful strategies show that in many cases the exit of a partner can be used to defer significant amounts of income.


Yukonite, a rare hydrated Ca-Fe arsenate, occurs at Redziny (Sudetes, Poland) in a zone of weathering of a polymetallic mineralization in dolomitic marbles. Brittle, very fine-grained, gel-like aggregates of the -mineral are dark brownish or dark brown, sometimes with a noticeable violet tint. In smaller fragments it is often translucent, purple reddish, with smooth surfaces and vitreous lustre. Yukonite originated during weathering of arsenopyrite, relics of which are sometimes present within the yukonite aggregates. It is accompanied by other arsenates (pharmacosiderite, conichalcite), arsenopyrite, quartz and talc. Yukonite has been identified by X-ray diffraction and electron-microprobe analysis.


Many human decisions, ranging from the taking of loans with compound interest to fighting deadly pandemics, involve phenomena that entail exponential growth. Yet a wide and robust body of empirical studies demonstrates that people systematically underestimate exponential growth. This phenomenon, dubbed the exponential growth bias (EGB), has been documented in numerous contexts, across different populations, using both experimental and observational methods.

Despite its centrality to human decision making, legal scholarship has thus far failed to account for the EGB. This Article presents the first comprehensive study of EGB and the law. Incorporating the EGB into legal analysis sheds new light on legal measures that are already in use, and highlights new solutions to numerous problems that the law strives to solve. More concretely, the EGB calls for the introduction of new disclosure duties that would assist people grasp the long-term implications of their choices; the imposition of new mandatory rules that would minimize the exploitation of the EGB by savvy profit-maximizing entrepreneurs; and the adoption of new debiasing techniques that could improve policymakers' decisions.


An utterly amazing, true, first-person account of one girl's experience in wartime. Irene Gut Opdyke was a Catholic Polish nursing student when WWII broke out. She soon became mired in the horrors of central Europe as, at various times, a partisan, a refugee, a housekeeper to the Nazis and, over all, as a heroine. She singlehandedly saved the lives of at least 16 Jewish people from the Holocaust. Now living in America and aged 77, Irene, with the help of a respected historical novelist, has told her story with all the power and passion that such a remarkable history can inspire.


The palynological and physico-chemical characterization of honey was investigated in the Sudano- Guinean zone of Cameroon through the melissopalynology analysis. Results showed that honey with the dark amber color was the most represented. Sweet honey with less odour considered as pleasant highly predominate. The pH of honey is low and varies from 3.95 to 5.00; this ranking confirms the hypothesis that honey is from plant through visit of honeybees. The sugar content is very high ranging from 77.93% to 83.13%; the mean value is 78.90% and this value confirms that the honey is floral honey. The density value ranges from 1.39 to 1.43 and does not exceed the average standard (1.39 to 1.44 at 20℃). Water contents correspond to the standards norms. For free acidity, the highest value is 48.68 ± 0.28. There is a low positive correlation (r = 0.2) between free acidity and the pH of honey. Pollen analysis of honeys led to the identification of 41 pollen species belonging to 25 families. The highly represented families are Asteraceae and Myrtaceae. Two thirds of honey is monofloral and characteristics of three dominant species: Nymphaea maculata, Terminalia avicennioides and Syzygium guineense. The pollens of Syzygium guineense are present in all honey samples analysed.


China's banking sector has undergone remarkable changes during the last two decades, and banks in China today face more competitive pressure than ever before. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the efficiency and competition of the major Chinese banks over the period 1985-2002. After reviewing the evolution of the banking sector over the past half-century, the thesis addresses an important aspect of competition: X-efficiency and its potential correlates. X-efficiency is found to be as low as 40%-50% on average, suggesting that it is an important issue which should receive more attention from researchers, bank regulators and managers. State-owned banks are found to be less X-efficient than joint-stock banks, confirming the need for a shift in favour of shareholder owned banks. X-efficiency is also found to be more pronounced in the first stage of banking reform, implying that further interest rate liberalisation is necessary to help bank managers to be better able to control their costs. Tests for the presence of economies of scale and scope follow. The evidence is mixed but suggests that banks' cost structures may improve if the law prohibiting universal banking is relaxed. Finally, both the market-power and efficient-structure hypotheses are examined using a random effects panel data model. Some evidence is found to support the relevant market-power hypothesis and the X-efficiency version of the efficient-structure hypothesis for banks in the first and second reform stages, respectively, suggesting that the government's gradual approach to reform has improved the competitive structure of the banking sector. However, policy should be directed at enabling the more efficient banks to gain larger market shares. For example, the expansion of the joint-stock banks should be encouraged. There is little evidence of a 'quiet life' for the big four (state-owned) banks. However, while interest rate liberalisation should improve bank efficiency, policy makers must be aware of possible negative effects such as excessive market power, 'quiet life' effects, and other anti-competitive behaviour.


AbstractIncrease of the ambient air temperature in cities caused by the urban heat island phenomenon has a seri- ous impact on the economic and social system of cities. to counterbalance the consequences of the increased urban temperatures important research has been carried out resulting in the development of efficient mitigation technologies. the present paper aims to present the state of the art in terms of local climate change and urban heat island mitigation techniques. In particular, developments in the field on highly reflective materials, cool and green roofs, cool pavements, urban green and of other mitigation technologies are presented in detail, while examples of implemented projects are given.


In this paper I describe the explosion of an aeroengine, the Olympus 22R, and the consequences of that explosion. Empirically, I explore both the puzzle-solving of the engineers as they tried to ascertain what had gone wrong, and the way in which this led to substantial delay in a major aircraft project, and consequent large-scale political and economic repercussions. Theoretically, I use these events to reflect on and denaturalise notions of scale and size. Instead of social and technical phenomena being seen as intrinsically different in size (a Euclidean notion), scale and size are considered to be relational effects. The aeroengine explosion is thus treated as disrupting a mathematically transitive series which was producing scale and size—and the social and technical repair work is treated as an attempt to remake scale relations so that 'small things', such as pieces of metal in the interior of aeroengines, were again rendered smaller than 'large things', such as economic and political context.


There is a considerable emphasis today on bridging the gap between theory and practice. On the other hand there is a divergence of thinking through a traditional perspective that mathematics exists independently of its applications and should be taught in its pure form. The purpose of this paper is to examine the key epistemological theories underlying teaching and learning mathematics from above (i.e. traditional approaches) and mathematics from below (contemporary approaches) and how they relate to adult numeracy education. This begs the question: Why is it hard to engage students and why can't we connect with both the real‐world and mathematical abstractions?


It was less than thirty years ago that China stood economically isolated from the rest of the world. Times have certainly changed. Today China's economy is one of the fastest growing in the world, and Western businesses are inundating the country to access the abundance of cheap labor. Corporate activity is progressing, yet it was only twelve years ago that China enacted its first corporate law which officially recognized the concept of limited liability. And it was not until less than a year ago that China recognized one of the most important (and most often litigated) corporate law doctrines: piercing the corporate veil. This Note considers how the veil piercing doctrine fits into China's civil law system. In the United States, the doctrine has developed progressively through the courts. This Note argues that, contrary to the U.S. doctrine, veil piercing in China must be codified with specificity if it is to play a significant role. In particular, the statute must lay out guidelines for Chinese courts to follow when deciding whether to pierce the veil. The current veil piercing statute, enacted in January 2006, is too ambiguous to be useful. If left unchanged, it will likely produce the same confusion and unpredictability that has plagued the doctrine in the United States. As a result, this Note suggests specific guidelines that could be codified to avoid this result and to strengthen the doctrine's usefulness in China's civil law system.


We study the role of labor market institutions and policies in affecting the wage impact of immigration using a cross-country meta-analysis approach. We gather information on 1,548 previously reported semi-elasticities from 66 academic studies covering 20 developed countries. We supplement this dataset with country-level institutional structure and coverage data from the OECD. These include employment and wage rigidities, labor mobility, active labor market programs spending, and product market regulation. We relate estimated wage effects and institutional coverage while con- trolling for local economic conditions, immigrant skill composition, time and region fixed effects and study characteristics. Higher labor market rigidity, as brought about by more widespread institutions, regulations and policies, mitigates the effects on relative wages of high- versus low-skilled natives but exacerbates the impacts on average earnings. Overall, our results suggest that labor mar- ket institutions and policies may be effective tools in the economic absorption of foreign workers.


The resonant mode field expansion technique presented in previous papers to analyse one- or two-port microstrip structures of different geometrical shapes is now applied to multiport radial lines. In particular, a radial-line n-way power divider is considered. This device allows, under certain hypotheses, an equiphase and equiamplitude splitting of an input signal. The Z matrix formulation has been derived and utilized to obtain the scattering parameters for the circuit. The numerical results are in good agreement with both experimental and theoretical data presented in the literature. The low number of resonant modes required to obtain satisfactory numerical convergence allows a substantial reduction of the computing time with respect to other more complicated approaches.


When Brian Dickson was appointed in 1973, the Supreme Court of Canada was preoccupied with run-of-the-mill disputes. By the time he retired as Chief Justice of Canada in 1990, the Court had become a major national institution, very much in the public eye. The Court's decisions, reforming large areas of private and public law under the Charter of Rights, were the subject of intense public interest and concern. Brian Dickson played a leading role in this transformation. Engaging and incisive, Brian Dickson: A Judge's Journey traces Dickson's life from a Depression-era boyhood in Saskatchewan, to the battlefields of Normandy, the boardrooms of corporate Canada and high judicial office, and provides an inside look at the work of the Supreme Court during its most crucial period. Dickson's journey was an important part of the evolution of the Canadian judiciary and of Canada itself. Sharpe and Roach have written an accessible biography of one of Canada's greatest legal figures that provides new insights into the work of Canada's highest court.


This paper explores the role of international actors in post-communist transformation. By taking the case of hospital design standards, it explains how the national actors choose to leave aside the national regulations and to adopt foreign technical standards. The paper takes the case of technical standards employed for the modernization of healthcare facilities in Ukraine and Moldova. An in-depth comparative case study of two projects revealed that national architects of these post-soviet countries use foreign standards. While the change of standards is a similar outcome in both cases, the international actors involved are different. My findings suggest that while both international organizations and private actors diffuse foreign technical standards in post-soviet countries, the processes through which they realize it differs. Whereas international organizations dispose of coercive means to impose foreign solutions, private actors need to negotiate and to convince for their adoption. Drawing on recent debates on policy diffusion and transfer (Dolowitz and Marsh 2012; 2000, Simmons and al. 2008, Stone 2010, 2012), the results shed light on "carriers" of institutional arrangements among different political systems.


until the morning. Just before discharge a smartly attired young doctor entered our room with an entourage of students. He was somewhat taken aback to find two foreigners with whom he could not converse and left after a short while. I was given a pill and left the hospital in a car provided by Intourist. Thus ended my brush with the Soviet health service. My fellow patient received some aftercare as he vomited blood during one of his bouts of sickness and an ulcer was, I believe, suspected. His request to travel by air instead ofby coach as scheduled was acceded to and he was afforded every facility and help until we reached our next destination. DoRoTHY J TROrr Brighton BN1 8WR


The study of the $k$-th elementary symmetric function of the Weyl-Schouten curvature tensor of a Riemannian metric, the so called $\sigma_k$ curvature, has produced many fruitful results in conformal geometry in recent years. In these studies, the deforming conformal factor is considered to be a solution of a fully nonlinear elliptic PDE. Important advances have been made in recent years in the understanding of the analytic behavior of solutions of the PDE. However, the singular behavior of these solutions, which is important in describing many important questions in conformal geometry, is little understood. This note classifies all possible radial solutions, in particular, the \emph{singular} solutions of the $\sigma_k$ Yamabe equation, which describes conformal metrics whose $\sigma_k$ curvature equals a constant. Although the analysis involved is of elementary nature, these results should provide useful guidance in studying the behavior of singular solutions in the general situation.


This chapter examines two small items of a grammatical nature in the compilation now catalogued in the National Library of Ireland as MSS G 2 and G 3, which contains some of the earliest extant Irish-language material from the post-Norman period. Much of this compilation was written in the fourteenth century by the Fermanagh scribe Adhamh O Cianain, seemingly for his own use. The items in question reflect engagement with doctrine on cryptography and the letters of the alphabet as transmitted in some versions of the tract known as the De inventione linguarum (or litterarum), a text which circulated in several Continental Latin manuscripts from as early as the ninth century. The evidence that these entries provide for the relationship between the G 2–G 3 compilation and texts preserved in later Irish manuscripts will be discussed, as well as their significance for our understanding of Adhamh's broader compilatory motives.