Abstract Using an exceptionally rich, standardised education assessment dataset comprising over 1800 primary schools and 31,000 grade six students from 10 francophone Western and Central African countries, this study analyses the relationship between teacher gender, student gender, and student achievement. Findings indicate that, for girls, being taught by a female teacher increases math and reading performance. For boys, however, teacher gender has no effect. Similar, but less strong effects are also found for subject appreciation. Moreover, traditional academic gender stereotypes remain prevalent among both male and female teachers. Our findings suggest that hiring more female teachers in the region can reduce educational gender gaps without hurting boys.


ABSTRACT The goal of diplomats is to represent their countries' interests through diplomacy, not arms. Because they are not military personnel, they may be perceived as at lower risk of being the target of terrorists. However, recent events have called this perception into question. Despite this danger, there has been little research on terrorist attacks against diplomats. Drawing on the terrorism studies literature, this article argues that diplomats are targeted more than non-diplomatic targets in countries where certain U.S. foreign policies are implemented. An empirical analysis of 471 attacks against U.S. diplomats from 1970 to 2011 reveals that while U.S. alliances and foreign aid increase the likelihood of attacks against diplomats, U.S. military intervention and civil war, on the other hand, increase the risk of terrorism against non-diplomatic targets. This finding is relevant because it shows terrorist attacks against diplomats result from certain types of foreign policy.


This timely text explores the lives, histories and identities of white British-born immigrants in South Africa, twenty years after the post-apartheid Government took office. Drawing on over sixty in depth biographical interviews and ethnographic work in Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg and Cape Town, Daniel Conway and Pauline Leonard analyse how British immigrants' relate to, participate in and embody South Africa's complex racial and political history. Through their everyday lives, political and social attitudes, relationships with the places and spaces of South Africa, as well as their expectations of the future, the complexities of their transnational, raced and classed identities and senses of belonging are revealed. Migration, Space and Transnational Identities makes an important contribution to sociological, geographical, political and anthropological debates on transnational migration, whiteness, Britishness and lifestyle, tourism and labour migration.


The concept of self-similar grid patterns is introduced. These patterns are proposed as an alternative to rectangular grids for arraying the optoelectronic sources and detectors of smart pixels used in free-space shuffle–exchange networks. For large processing element arrays, in medium- and coarse-grained parallel computing applications the required smart pixel arrays will likely cover several optoelectronic chips. In this case, self-similar grid patterns are shown to provide a better match to the geometry of multichip modules, thereby overcoming the packaging constraints associated with rectangular grids.


Chris von der Ahe knew next to nothing about baseball when he risked his life's savings to found the franchise that would become the St. Louis Cardinals. Yet the German-born beer garden proprietor would become one of the most important--and funniest--figures in the game's history. Von der Ahe picked up the team for one reason--to sell more beer. Then he helped gather a group of ragtag professional clubs together to create a maverick new league that would fight the haughty National League, reinventing big-league baseball to attract Americans of all classes. Sneered at as "The Beer and Whiskey Circuit" because it was backed by brewers, distillers, and saloon owners, their American Association brought Americans back to enjoying baseball by offering Sunday games, beer at the ballpark, and a dirt-cheap ticket price of 25 cents. The womanizing, egocentric, wildly generous Von der Ahe and his fellow owners filled their teams' rosters with drunks and renegades, and drew huge crowds of rowdy spectators who screamed at umpires and cheered like mad as the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns fought to the bitter end for the 1883 pennant. In The Summer of Beer and Whiskey, Edward Achorn re-creates this wondrous and hilarious world of cunning, competition, and boozing, set amidst a rapidly transforming America. It is a classic American story of people with big dreams, no shortage of chutzpah, and love for a brilliant game that they refused to let die.


### Patient: 21-year-old man

Present illness : The patient was 8 years old, when the Great Hanshin Earthquake hit the city of Kobe, Japan and killed some 6500 persons and injured 44 000 persons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great\_Hanshin\_earthquake). Although the patient's house was shattered, all his family was safe and alive. However, he had many friends at school and some relatives who were killed. In particular, one of his best friends was lost. He recalls that he was despondent for a few years but gradually started living a normal life for a young boy. He graduated from primary school, junior high school and high school without any remarkable incidents.

After high school, he chose to become a nurse and entered a professional school for nurses. It was in his first year of this school that the whole class participated in an emergency drill for earthquakes, in which all the students were supposed to experience an earthquake in a simulation car. When the patient also experienced this artificial earthquake, he fainted.

Present status: It was after this simulation that he started suffering from nightmares of earthquakes shattering the house and he also had similar flashbacks during the day. He became extremely depressed and anxious, and started avoiding any news or talks that were possibly related to earthquakes or disasters. Eventually he was no longer able to attend school and dropped out. It was ∼1 year after this event when his primary care doctor consulted you, as a psychiatrist, about what treatment/specialist was available for his condition. The patient had already been on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for several months but has shown only partial response. You are aware that there are several non-pharmacological approaches to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), each of which would need a specialist training, and there are several colleagues who practice such approaches. However, you wonder which …


The ENERGY STAR certification is a voluntary labeling that favors the adoption of energy efficient products. In the US appliance market, the label is a coarse summary of otherwise readily accessible information. Using micro-data of the US refrigerator market, I develop a structural demand model and find that consumers respond to certification in different ways. Some consumers have a large willingness to pay for the label, well beyond the energy savings associated with certified products; others appear to pay attention to electricity costs, but not to the certification, and still others appear to be insensitive to both electricity costs and ENERGY STAR. The findings suggest that the certification acts as a substitute for more accurate, but complex energy information. Using the structural model, I find that the opportunity cost of having imperfectly informed consumers in the refrigerator market ranges from $12 to $17 per refrigerator sold.


In order to improve the effectiveness and safety of control systems, the problem of integrated fault diagnosis and control (IFDC) design has attracted significant attention in the recent years, both in the research and in the application domains. The integrated design unifies the control and diagnosis units into a single unit which leads to less complexity as compared to the case of separate designs. Nowadays, the IFDC modules are implemented on digital platforms. However, in almost all of these implementations, the IFDC task is executed periodically with a constant sampling period, which is called "time-triggering" sampling. However, the time-triggering sampling scheme produces many useless messages if the current sampled signal has not significantly changed in contrast to the previous sampled signal, which leads to a conservative usage of the communication bandwidth. This is especially disadvantageous in applications where the measured outputs and/or the actuator signals have to be transmitted over a shared (and possibly wireless) communication network, where the bandwidth of the network (and power consumption of the wireless radios) should be constrained. To mitigate the unnecessary waste of computation and communication resources in conventional time-triggered IFDC design, the problem of event-triggered integrated fault diagnosis and control (E-IFDC) for discrete-time linear systems is considered in this paper. A single E-IFDC module based on a dynamic filter is proposed which produces two signals, namely the residual and the control signals. The parameters of the E-IFDC module should be designed such that the effects of disturbances on the residual signals are minimized (for accomplishing the fault detection objective) subject to the constraint that the mapping matrix function from the faults to the residuals is equal to a pre- assigned diagonal mapping matrix (for accomplishing the fault isolation objective), while the effects of disturbances and faults on the specified control output are minimized (for accomplishing the fault-tolerant control objective). Two event-triggered conditions are proposed and designed to reduce the transmissions from the sensor to the E- IFDC module and from the E-IFDC module to the actuator. These event-triggered conditions determine whether the newly measured data or control output, respectively, should be transmitted or not. Indeed, the sensor measurement (controller output) is sent to the E-IFDC module (actuator) only when the difference between the latest transmitted sensor (controller) value and the current sensor measurement (controller output) is sufficiently large as compared to the current sensor (controller) value. This property reduces the burden on the network communication and saves the communication bandwidth in the network. Consequently, it is possible to significantly reduce the usage of communication resources for diagnosis and control tasks as compared to a conventional time-triggered IFDC approach. A multi-objective formulation of the problem is presented based on the H∞ and H- performance indices. The sufficient conditions for solvability of the problem are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility conditions. Indeed, the filter parameters and the event-triggered conditions are simultaneously obtained using strict LMI conditions. The main advantage of the proposed LMI formulation is that it is convex, and is therefore solved effectively using interior-point methods. Application of our methodology to a linearized model of the Subzero III ROV is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and capabilities of our proposed methodology. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are underwater robotic platforms that have become increasingly important tools in a wide range of applications including offshore oil operations, fisheries research, dam inspection, salvage operations, military applications, among others. Since transmission resources are limited under water, using an event-triggered scheme for communication is more efficient. Therefore, the results of this paper are applied for designing an event-triggered IFDC module for the Subzero III ROV.


We present a multiwavelength analysis of the young open cluster NGC 2362; UBVRCIC CCD photometric observations, together with available data in the Chandra database, near-infrared data from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), and recently published Hα spectroscopy were used to get information about the evolutionary stage of the cluster and the main physical properties of its stellar content. Cluster membership is estimated for every individual star by means of zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) and isochrone fitting. The cluster is confirmed to host a rich population of pre-main-sequence (PMS) objects and to contain a large number of X-ray-emitting stars, which reach from the PMS members of GK spectral type up to the most luminous OB main-sequence (MS) members. The PMS cluster members show no significant age spread, and the comparison to both PMS and post-MS isochrones suggests an homogeneous age for all cluster members. The analysis allows us to assess the validity of currently used PMS evolutionary models and supports the suggestion of a well-defined positive correlation of the X-ray emission from PMS stars with their bolometric luminosity. Clear differences are found between the X-ray activity properties of MS and PMS cluster members, both in the relation between X-ray luminosity and bolometric luminosity, and in spectral properties as well.


To understand how agriculture and poverty interact, we analysed water availability, productivity and institutions for the Andes basins. Water limits agricultural productivity in the southern basins but is plentiful in the northern basins where steep slopes or poor land and water management limit productivity. The dominance of small, steep basins results in important upstream–downstream linkages. The greatest challenge to improving the productivity of water in the Andes basins is to regulate water quality better for multiple uses and to negotiate fair and transparent compensation for upstream providers of water-based ecosystem services for the benefits that they provide to downstream users.


Tfeb is a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix-Zipper family of transcription factors. In vitro studies have shown that TFEB can bind DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with three closely related family members: MITF, TFE3 and TFEC. While mutations of Mitf have been shown to affect the development of a number of cell types including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and masts cells, little is known about the phenotypic consequences of mutations at Tfe3, Tfeb and Tfec. Here we show that mice with a targeted disruption of Tfeb die between 9.5 and 10.5 days in embryonic development and have severe defects in placental vascularization. Tfeb is expressed at low levels in the embryo but at high levels in the labyrinthine trophoblast cells of the placenta. While labyrinthine cells are present in the mutant Tfeb placenta, they fail to express VEGF, a potent mitogen required for normal vasculogenesis of the embryo and extraembryonic tissues. In Tfeb mutant embryos the embryonic vasculature forms normally but few vessels are seen entering the placenta and those that do enter fail to thrive and branch normally. Our results indicate that Tfeb plays a critical role in the signal transduction processes required for normal vascularization of the placenta.


Since the first reports of hepatitis of unknown aetiology occurring in UK children, over 1000 cases have been reported worldwide, including 268 cases in the UK, with the majority younger than 6 years old. Using genomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods, we undertook extensive investigation of 28 cases and 136 control subjects. In five cases who underwent liver transplantation, we detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) in the explanted livers. AAV2 was also detected at high levels in blood from 10/11 non-transplanted cases. Low levels of Adenovirus (AdV) and Human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), both of which enable AAV2 lytic replication, were also found in the five explanted livers and blood from 15/17 and 6/9 respectively, of the 23 non-transplant cases tested. In contrast, AAV2 was detected at low titre in 6/100 whole bloods from child controls from cohorts with presence or absence of hepatitis and/or adenovirus infection. Our data show an association of AAV2 at high titre in blood or liver tissue, with unexplained hepatitis in children infected in the recent AdV-F41 outbreak. We were unable to find evidence by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or proteomics of AdV or AAV2 viral particles or proteins in explanted livers, suggesting that hepatic pathology is not due to direct lytic infection by either virus. The potential that AAV2, although not previously associated with disease, may, together with AdV-F41 and/or HHV6, be causally implicated in the outbreak of unexplained hepatitis, requires further investigation.


The status of the Southern (Mashona) Hyliota Hyliota australis in South Africa is assessed using newly collated bird and habitat distribution data. The three potential scenarios are discussed, and it is emphasized that all are of considerable interest. (1) If the Hyliota is isolated in the Soutpansberg, it is one of the rarest breeding species in South Africa and needs active conservation management. (2) If it is a vagrant, then the source populations need to be identified as the conventional wisdom suggests movement over much shorter distances than the known populations on the Zimbabwean Plateau and outliers in northern Gonarezhou National Park. (3) A third scenario relying on both periodic breeding and periodic immigration is favoured /- suggesting a metapopulation operating across the Save-Limpopo Valley and adjacen plateau areas. The implications for its conservation management are discussed and attention is drawn to the riparian corridors which are under pressure from humans outside conservation areas and from elephants inside them.


Cloud technology is evolving at a rapid pace with innovation occurring throughout the software stack. While updates to Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) products require a simple push of code to the production servers or platform, updates to the Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) or Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) layers require more intricate procedures to prevent disruption to services at higher abstraction layers.

In this work we address the need for rolling upgrades to PaaS systems. We do so with the App-Scale PaaS, which is amulti-application, multi-language, multi-infrastructure, and multi-datastore platform. Our design and implementation allows for applications and tenants to be migrated live from one cloud deployment to another with guaranteed transaction semantics and minimal performance degradation. In this paper we motivate the need for PaaS migration support and empirically evaluate migrations between two AppScale deployments using highly scalable datastores.


We study diversity in one-shot communication over molecular timing channels. We consider a channel model where the transmitter simultaneously releases a large number of information particles, while the information is encoded in the time of release. The receiver decodes the information based on the random time of arrival of the information particles. The random propagation is characterized by the general class of right-sided unimodal densities. We characterize the asymptotic exponential decrease rate of the probability of error as a function of the number of released particles, and denote this quantity as the system diversity gain. Four types of detectors are considered: 1) the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector; 2) a linear detector; 3) a detector that is based on the first arrival (FA) among all the transmitted particles; and 4) a detector based on the last arrival (LA). When the density characterizing the random propagation is supported over a large interval, we show that the simple FA detector achieves a diversity gain very close to that of the ML detector. On the other hand, when the density characterizing the random propagation is supported over a small interval, we show that the simple LA detector achieves a diversity gain very close to that of the ML detector.


The problem of generating a set of diverse paraphrase sentences while (1) not compromising the original meaning of the original sentence, and (2) imposing diversity in various semantic aspects, such as a lexical or syntactic structure, is examined. Existing work on paraphrase generation has focused more on the former, and the latter was trained as a fixed style transfer, such as transferring from positive to negative sentiments, even at the cost of losing semantics. In this work, we consider style transfer as a means of imposing diversity, with a paraphrasing correctness constraint that the target sentence must remain a paraphrase of the original sentence. However, our goal is to maximize the diversity for a set of k generated paraphrases, denoted as the diversified paraphrase (DP) problem. Our key contribution is deciding the style guidance at generation towards the direction of increasing the diversity of output with respect to those generated previously. As pre-materializing training data for all style decisions is impractical, we train with biased data, but with debiasing guidance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our proposed model can generate more diverse and yet semantically consistent paraphrase sentences. That is, our model, trained with the MSCOCO dataset, achieves the highest embedding scores, .94/.95/.86, similar to state-of-the-art results, but with a lower mBLEU score (more diverse) by 8.73%.


The purpose of this study was to understand how teachers design and implement teaching-learning sequences. A teaching-learning sequence can be described as a wellcoordinated step by step series of teaching and learning activities designed to improve chemistry knowledge. This study investigated how physical science teachers plan teachinglearning sequences for chemical bonding in the Further Education and Training Phase (Grade 10 to 12). In South Africa, learners in grades 10 to 12, study Physical Science which is a combination of physics and chemistry topics. The main goal of the study was to understand the different patterns of teaching-learning sequences used by physical science teachers to teach chemical bonding and establish the reasons for using such sequences. A convenience sample of 227 practising physical science teachers completed a survey questionnaire, and 11 participants were selected for semi-structured interviews. This mixed method study also included an analysis of policy documents and a popular textbook. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed separately and outcomes were compared, combined, and discussed. In this thesis, I present an argument about how teachers design and implement teaching-learning sequences for chemical bonding. I propose a teaching-learning sequence for teaching chemical bonding in the FET Phase. Three aspects emerged on sequencing chemistry topics or concepts. Firstly, teachers suggested a variety of different sequences for teaching both the topics in general chemistry and for the concepts in the specific topic of chemical bonding. There were some similarities among the sequences. In general the sequences suggested did not match that provided in the curriculum documents. Secondly, teachers indicated that they used policy documents to establish the prescribed general chemistry content to be taught but their teaching of the topic of chemical bonding was usually based on previous teaching sequences and they make minor changes every year. Thirdly, they gave various reasons why they used different teaching-learning sequences. For example, sequencing to facilitate learning requires a logical order of topics and recognition of prior knowledge. They indicated that chemical bonding was particularly problematic and teachers' knowledge was considered a significant factor to the design and success of a teaching sequence.


Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne pathogen with a preference for plants within the family Brassicaceae. Following invasion of the roots, the fungus proliferates in the plant vascular system leading to stunted plant growth, chlorosis and premature senescence. RabGTPases have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in regulating multiple responses in plants. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of the Rab GTPase-activating protein RabGAP22 gene from Arabidopsis, as an activator of multiple components in the immune responses to V. longisporum. RabGAP22Pro:GUS transgenic lines showed GUS expression predominantly in root meristems, vascular tissues and stomata, whereas the RabGAP22 protein localized in the nucleus. Reduced RabGAP22 transcript levels in mutants of the brassinolide (BL) signaling gene BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1, together with a reduction of fungal proliferation following BL pretreatment, suggested RabGAP22 to be involved in BL-mediated responses. Pull-down assays revealed SERINE:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE (AGT1) as an interacting partner during V. longisporum infection and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed the RabGAP22-AGT1 protein complex to be localized in the peroxisomes. Further, fungal-induced RabGAP22 expression was found to be associated with elevated endogenous levels of the plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). An inadequate ABA response in rabgap22-1 mutants, coupled with a stomata-localized expression of RabGAP22 and impairment of guard cell closure in response to V. longisporum and Pseudomonas syringae, suggest that RabGAP22 has multiple roles in innate immunity.


The aim of the paper is to study the challenges concerning organizational behaviors crucial for Lessons Learned capabilities in military organizations as well as to indentify the solutions and recommendations to develop and strengthen positive organizational culture, climate and behaviors fostering experiential learning. The attention is focused around positive behaviors recognized by NATO as the key success factors for Lessons Learned capabilities such as: the engagement of leaders, positive mindset, willingness to share information and stakeholder involvement. The contents of the paper are mainly based on the interviews with Lessons Learned experts and practitioners representing both NATO commands, bodies and national Lessons Learned military organizations. Moreover, the outcomes of the analysis of selected military


This lavishly illustrated catalogue is a comprehensive historical review of Chinese ceramics covering newly excavated discoveries from the Paleolithic era thousands of years ago to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911. Throughout China's history there has been an ongoing practice of invention and innovation in the forms, materials, decorations, and functions of ceramics made in China, both for the domestic market and for its ever-growing trade with foreign markets. The creation of ceramic ware holds a special and very important place among the many arts and inventions that characterize Chinese culture, society, and civilization. The product of a ten-year collaboration among eminent American, Chinese, and Japanese scholars, Chinese Ceramics offers a new perspective in interpreting the oldest and one of the most admired Chinese art forms, from its technological aspects to its aesthetic value. The volume includes a chapter on Chinese export ceramics that delves into Chinese trade activities and ceramic wares made for export as well as a chapter about the authenticity of Chinese ceramics, discussing issues related to connoisseurship of this Chinese art. As author He Li writes, "Despite the rich variety of Chinese ceramics around the world, no fully illustrated, photographed survey of a complete history has been attempted in English. [This volume] will convey the excitement of encountering these specially chosen examples for the first time."


The term "gene" was originally used as a purely theoretical concept. After discovery of DNA structure, and understanding the genetic code, the gene acquired a form of a distinct physical entity with its borders and specific signal sequences, having rather simple (as it was thought at that time) functions and relation to phenotype outcome. The term "structural gene" has been coined. The unique gene structure, and several unusual and omnipotent traits have been ascribed to the gene that resulted in the formulation of a "genocentric" theory as a basic expla nation of all features of living organisms. However, recent discoveries reveal a complex structure and functions of eukaryotic genes. It appears now that the coding sequences (exons) are spread out over extended regions (hundreds of thousands of kilobases) of DNA. The role of protein-non coding DNA sequences were recognized, and the new mechanisms controlling gene functions have been discovered. In addition, we acquired the knowledge about a powerful ability of the cell to interpret the information potential of genes, accordingly to the needs of a cell/organ or actual "context" and status of the dynamic systems operating within the cell. All these discoveries undermine the genocentric view of life. At this time any definition of "gene" seems to be inadequate with present knowledge, and one may ask again: what is a gene?


The strong efforts devoted to the exploration of BNH compounds for hydrogen storage have led to impressive advances in the field of boron chemistry. This review summarizes progress in this field from three aspects. It starts with the most recent developments in using BNH compounds for hydrogen storage, covering NH3BH3, B3H8− containing compounds, and CBN compounds. The following section then highlights interesting applications of BNH compounds in hydrogenation and catalysis. The last part is focused on breakthroughs in the syntheses and discovery of new BNH organic analogues. The role of N–Hδ+⋯Hδ−–B dihydrogen interactions in molecule packing, thermal hydrogen evolution, and syntheses is also discussed within the review.


The thesis investigates techniques for the adjustment of pre-detection filters employed
by high speed serial digital modems operating over both time-invariant and timevarying
channels.
Various techniques for the adjustment of these pre-detection filters have been
considered in previous investigations. The more recent ones enable such filters to be
adjusted in a simple and accurate way using an estimate of the sampled impulse
response of the linear baseband channel, together with a prior knowledge of the roots
that lie outside the unit circle in the z-plane. A root finding algorithm is an integral
part of these techniques.
Algorithms for the location of the required roots are presented here, and compared
with previous ones in an attempt to optimise the operational speed and accuracy of the
adjustment of these filters.
Alternative algorithm have also been considered, that operate directly on the sampled
impulse response of the linear baseband channel, without the need for locating any
roots, thus enabling a faster and more accurate adjustment of the pre-detection filter.
The relative performances of all the algorithms are then evaluated over different
telephone channels, at transmission rates of 9600 and 19200 bits/sec. The algorithms
are also tested over fading channels (such as HF radio links), so as to select the one
which offers the best compromise between performance and complexity for hardware
implementation.
Finally, various aspects of the hardware implementation of the selected algorithm have
been considered


Teledentistry provides a viable option for dental professionals to increase care in underserved areas. Dental hygiene students at a state university completed a course in teledentistry that includes performing oral health screenings on children using intraoral cameras and electronic submission of dental images to an off-site dentist for diagnosis. Purpose: The objectives of this study were to examine student knowledge, attitudes, and confidence levels before and after completion of a course on teledentistry. Method: A 5-point Likert scale survey consisting of 10 items was administered to students ages twenty-two to twenty-five (N=24) in a teledentistry course the first and last day of class. The survey included current knowledge of teledentistry, attitudes regarding effectiveness of teledentistry, and confidence in acquiring the necessary technical skills. Results: Survey results were analyzed using a matched-pairs t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. There were significant increase in student knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in 9 of the 10 questions (p<.01). Conclusion: This study indicates that student attitudes were positively changed in their knowledge of the effectiveness of teledentistry in identifying dental needs in underserved areas, the role dental hygienists play in access to care, and confidence in acquiring and submitting dental images. These findings, in conjunction with research by other investigators, support continued implementation of teledentistry in dental hygiene education.


Materials, energy and car are essential for our daily life, especially, in our modern society. The common materials in mechanical engineering works are metal and composites. They are used in components for power generation, automotive vehicles and machineries. Some examples are vehicle body platforms, pressure vessels, engine cylinders, plates, heat exchangers, steam and gas turbines rotors, shafts and casing and gears. The common energy sources available are petroleum and natural gas. Other sources and forms are also available. Energy is needed for our daily activities.
Cars are required to move us around. Materials, energy and cars are interrelated. Cars use materials in their construction and require energy to make them move. In the design of cars, materials and energy need to be considered. The lecture described the research tool (finite element) and its application to continuum mechanics of materials, followed by description on the behaviour, ratchetting of
mechanical components and studies on crash behaviours. This is followed by description and discussion on the energy scenario for the years 2005 to 2050. The material research and energy studies have lead towards the development of Compressed Natural Gas Direct Injection (CNGDI) vehicle. A detail description on the development of CNGDI vehicle body platforms is given together with the crashworthiness characteristics results. The last section of the lecture describes how to manage a multi-institutional research
project with specific reference to CNGDI Engine and Transmission under the IRPA PR mechanism from 2002 – 2007, led by UPM. The projects are multi-institutional research projects where, the author is the Program Head as well as Project Head for Vehicle Architecture
and Integration.


Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a multi-component evidence-based education programme on disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Design: Controlled trial with two consecutive patient cohorts and a gap of two months between cohorts. Setting: Three neurological rehabilitation centres. Subjects: Patients with multiple sclerosis within rehabilitation. Interventions: Control group (CG) participants were recruited and received standard information. Two months later, intervention group (IG) participants were recruited and received a six-hour nurse-led interactive group education programme consisting of two parts and a comprehensive information brochure. Main measures: Primary endpoint was "informed choice", comprising of adequate risk knowledge in combination with congruency between attitude towards immunotherapy and actual immunotherapy uptake. Further outcomes comprised risk knowledge, decision autonomy, anxiety and depression, self-efficacy, and fatigue. Results: A total of 156 patients were included (IG=75, CG=81). The intervention led to significantly more participants with informed choice (IG: 47% vs. CG: 23%, P=0.004). The rate of persons with adequate risk knowledge was significantly higher in the IG two weeks after the intervention (IG: 54% vs. CG: 31%, P=0.007), but not after six months (IG: 48% vs. CG: 31%, P=0.058). No significant differences were shown for positive attitude towards disease modifying therapy (IG: 62% vs. CG: 71%,P=0.29) and for disease modifying therapy status after six months (IG: 61.5% vs CG: 68.6%, P=0.39). Also no differences were found for autonomy preferences and decisional conflict after six months. Conclusion: Delivering evidence-based information on multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapies within a rehabilitation setting led to a marked increase of informed choices.


 Abstract — For the analysis of already identified and existing problems, the pertinent literature provides a comprehensive collection of approaches as well as methods in order to analyze the problems in detail. But coming up with problems, which are assets worth pursuing further, is often challenging. However, the importance of well-formulated problem ideas and their influence of subsequent creative processes are incontestable and proven. In order to meet the covered challenges, the Institute for Engineering Design and Industrial Design (IKTD) developed the Emoji Method. This paper presents the Emoji Method, which support designers to generate problem ideas in a structured way. Considering research findings from knowledge management and innovation management, research into emojis and emoticons reveal insights by means of identifying and formulating problem ideas within the early design phase. The simple application and the huge supporting potential of the Emoji Method within the early design phase are only few of the many successful results of the conducted evaluation. The Emoji Method encourages designers to identify problem ideas and describe them in a structured way in order to start focused with generating solution ideas for the revealed problem ideas.


Abstract Extending recent work on market mechanisms in new fintech offerings, we explore the implications of a key mechanism in online crowdfunding-the use of a provision point. Under a provision point mechanism (otherwise known as all-or-nothing or fixed fundraising scheme), the fundraiser, typically an entrepreneur, only receives funds pledged toward his or her campaign if a preregistered fundraising target is met, rather than keeping everything that is raised. Provision points may weaken contributors' reliance on prior capital accumulation for judging a project's potential for success, by eliminating their concerns about a partial fundraising outcome and by signaling the project or entrepreneur's quality. Yet, provision points may also induce attention to prior capital accumulation, because the materialization of one person's contribution depends explicitly on sufficient contributions from others (a network effect). We assess this tension empirically, leveraging proprietary data from a leading crowdfunding platform that allows entrepreneurs to opt into a provision point. We consider the effects of prior capital accumulation on visitors' conversion and contribution decisions, and the moderating influence of a provision point. We find that provision points weaken the association between prior capital accumulation and visitor contribution, implying a reduction in potential herd behavior.


This study aims at empirically examining the influence of the organizational culture, leadership style, and functional position of an auditor on organizational commitment and their impact on the performance of government internal auditors in Aceh, Indonesia. All 183 of the governmental internal auditors at the district level within the Province of Aceh, Indonesia, were investigated. Data, which are gathered by distributing questionnaires to the entire population, are then analysed by the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique. The study found that organizational culture, leadership style, and functional auditor have affected the performance of the governmental internal auditor either directly or indirectly through organizational commitment. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Leadership Style, Functional Auditor, Organizational Commitment, Internal Auditor Performance.


Since the 1970's, U.S. courts generally have narrowed the range of single-firm behavior subject to condemnation as monopolization under the Sherman Act. This article examines the possibility of applying principles from Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to address apparent instances of anticompetitive conduct that go beyond the reach of other federal antitrust statutes. The FTC, through Section 5, offers a superior platform for elaborating competition policy, has the tools to perform empirical and policy work that can inform the design of legal rules, and is a specialized tribunal whose Section 5 decisions have no collateral effect in private cases. However, FTC's application of Section 5 has played a fairly insignificant role in shaping competition policy. Its experience with Section 5 has a bleak record of establishing distinctive competition policy jurisprudence both because of federal court reluctance to sustain its decisions due to concerns about the absence of limiting principles and doubts about the depth and quality of FTC's expertise; and hostile legislative reactions to FTC's use of Section 5 that object to Section 5's reach. Before Section 5 enforcement can be expanded, the FTC must develop a strategy that rest upon corrections to Section 5's past failings. This requires (1) using policy statements or guidelines to state FTC's views about what constitutes an unfair method, describe how the agency will exercise its enforcement discretion, and establish a high-level framework for analyzing Section 5 cases in adjudication; (2) articulating a framework that accounts for similarities to, as well as differences from, other antitrust laws; and (3) and building institutional competence by using research and policy instruments to signal to courts that the FTC has a sound basis for specific proposed application of Section 5.


There was once consensus that the earth is flat. Similarly, the international legal situation of Israeli settlements is flatly said to be criminal. The truth is different and more complex. Ben Saul's recent article on the "dirty politics of Israel's criminal colonial enterprise" was passionate in its hostility to Israeli settlements but its legal arguments were lacklustre. He declared the existence of 50 years of consensus among the United Nations General Assembly, Security Council and the International Court of Justice concerning the illegality of the settlements, but there has never been such a thing. Urban construction by Israelis in the area known as the "West Bank" began in the 1970s and now cover about 2% of the territory. Opinion concerning the legality of these Jewish settlements varies across experts and also across particular buildings.


Contemporary research in periodical literature has demonstrated conclusively that the nineteenth century in Britain was the age of the periodical. It also has shown that, in Victorian society, the circulation of periodicals and newspapers was both larger and more influential than that of books.The six essays in this volume investigate the extent to which this was equally true of Britain's colonies during the period up to 1900. In chapters devoted to periodical publishing in Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Southern Africa, and the 'outposts' of the Empire (Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Malaya and Singapore, Malta, and the West Indies), the contributors also consider the function and importance of periodicals in colonial life. They identify and describe all locally produced publications that appeared at weekly or longer intervals and that contained, for example, local news, poetry, fiction, criticism, commentary on the arts, news from home, shipping information and commodities reports.Each chapter presents an evaluation of the quantity and quality of guides available to periodical literature in each region, from basic bibliographies of periodicals, directories, and finding aids, to microfilm records and databases on the Internet. Periodicals of Queen Victoria's Empire is an initial step towards understanding and analyzing what its editors regard as the 'unseen power' of the periodical press in the British Empire of the nineteenth century.


ABSTRACT User perceptions of service quality are essential to promote public transport ridership and trigger positive externalities. Therefore, research efforts need to analyze service quality from the point of view of users. This article builds on the stream of works studying perceptions of public transport service quality but shifts the focus towards user heterogeneity. Using a discrete choice experiment this article attempts to disentangle different dimensions of decision heterogeneity for bus services. Among the main findings the article discusses the implications of different types of decision heterogeneity, such as non-linear preferences, and relates this to the formulation of bus service contracts.


Managing discolouration customer contacts has never been more important to UK Water Companies, with the Economic Regulator setting strict water quality customer contact targets, imposing large financial penalties if they are exceeded without providing additional funding to facilitate necessary network investment. 19% of discolouration customer contacts can be directly associated with the mobilisation of discolouration material from the trunk main distribution system, but these pipes due to their criticality of supply and size are extremely expensive to clean. This paper presents a practical example demonstrating that with the addition of relatively inexpensive automated flow control, metering and instrumentation, a water supply system can be configured to automatically re condition itself. Five trunk main sections will sequentially run a maximum flow between service reservoirs before returning to normal operating flows. This produces a safety headroom between normal operating flow and the maximum hydraulically available flow this dramatically reduces discolouration risk should an un planned high flow event occur on the network. The system is designed to 'self check' whereby sending and receiving reservoir levels and flow pressure and turbidity at strategic points are within set parameters before the reconditioning occurs. In addition, if abnormal flows, pressures or turbidity levels are detected at any time on one of the trunk main sections, the inlet valve on the appropriate receiving reservoir will automatically close. This prevents discoloured water from entering the reservoir allowing the operator time to repair and flush the affected main.


Critical depth and Normal depth are an essential parameter in the analysis of varied flow in open channels. The governing equations for critical depth are implicit and no analytical solutions exist. In trapezoidal channel, the governing equations are highly nonlinear in the normal and critical flow depths and thus solution of the implicit equations involves numerical methods. So many solutions already exist in the form of empirical relations and tabulated form. Equations are lengthy and chances of getting error are more. As in advance computing age MATLAB programming got importance for these types of computational problems. In this study result obtained by programming is compared with different explicit solutions and method of genetic algorithm. It is found that result obtained from recent study is up to millimeter of accuracy from results obtained from genetic algorithm and explicit solution suggested by Ali and Essa.


Malaysia is a fish-consuming country with fish representing 60% of a total animal protein intake. At an annual per capita consumption of 32 kg some 560 000 mt of fish is required for the projected of 17.5 million people in year 2000. Coastal marine capture fisheries, the mainstay of Malaysia's fish supply, has not shown any increase in landings over the last few years. In fact in 1985 there was a decline of 3.7% compared to 1984 fish landings. This declining contribution of marine fisheries is compensated by an increase in aquaculture production. In 1985, aquaculture contributed 51 709 mt to the total fish supply. This represents 10% of the total fish landings of 514 570 mt or 13% of total table (edible) fish landings. Malaysia does not have a long standing aquaculture tradition unlike its neighbours in the Indo-Pacific. Even then, the industry has seen rapid growth in the last few years. Today there are 19 species of finfishes, crustaceans and shellfish cultured in the country. The main freshwater fish species bred and cultured are bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Indonesian carp (Punctius gonionotus), catfish (Clarias macrocephalus and Pangasius spp), snakefish gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis) and tilapia (mainly Oreochromis niloticus). Marine finfishes bred and cultured are sea bass (Lates calcarifer), grouper (Epinephelus sp.) D ow nl oa de d by [1 22 .5 5. 1. 77 ] f ro m h tt p: // re po si to ry .s ea fd ec .o rg .p h on S ep te m be r 1 1, 2 01 6 at 2 :2 2 PM C ST AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA and snapper (Lutjanus johni). Penaeus monodon is the dominant marine prawn species bred and cultured but culture of P. merguiensis is receiving considerable interest. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is the only freshwater prawn cultured commercially. Molluscs cultured are the blood clam (Anadara granosa) and the green mussel (Perna viridis). In 1985, blood clam and mussel culture accounted for 87% of all aquaculture production of Malaysia, freshwater fish 12%, floating cage culture of marine fish 0.7% and brackishwater pond culture 0.3%. In terms of value blood clam and mussels represented 30% (M$15M) of total value (M$49.5M), freshwater fish 57% (M$28M),cage culture of marine fin fishes 7% (M$3.4M),and brackishwater pond production 6% (M$2.1M). Aquaculture in Malaysia has considerable growth potential. It is projected that 22 000 ha of mangrove will be opened by the year 2000 for shrimp culture. Some 330 000 m of protected coastal waters have been identified for cage culture. Some 6500 rafts can considerably expand the present capacity. In freshwater culture about 8000 ha of land and 17 500 ha of mining pools can be developed while 200 000 ha of artificial lakes and impoundments for freshwater fish cage culture are available. Yet such development is not without constraints. Freshwater finfish culture is hampered by lack of good quality broodstock. There is also a limited market for freshwater finfishes. Marine finfish culture is limited by lack of fingerlings and good quality compounded diet to replace trash fish which is deteriorating in quality and quantity. Marine prawn culture is heavily dependent on wild spawners, the supply unpredictable and inadequate. Acid sulfate soil continues to cause the deterioration of brackishwater ponds. Cockles and mussels can be sold to export markets only if they meet specific quality standards. PRODUCTION AND DEMAND FOR FISH AND


In biological fluorescence microscopy, image contrast is often degraded by a high background arising from out of focus regions of the specimen. This background can be greatly reduced or eliminated by several modes of thick specimen microscopy, including techniques such as 3‐D deconvolution and confocal. There has been a great deal of interest and some confusion about which of these methods is 'better', in principle or in practice. The motivation for the experiments reported here is to establish some rough guidelines for choosing the most appropriate method of microscopy for a given biological specimen. The approach is to compare the efficiency of photon collection, the image contrast and the signal‐to‐noise ratio achieved by the different methods at equivalent illumination, using a specimen in which the amount of out of focus background is adjustable over the range encountered with biological samples. We compared spot scanning confocal, spinning disk confocal and wide‐field/deconvolution (WFD) microscopes and find that the ratio of out of focus background to in‐focus signal can be used to predict which method of microscopy will provide the most useful image. We also find that the precision of measurements of net fluorescence yield is very much lower than expected for all modes of microscopy. Our analysis enabled a clear, quantitative delineation of the appropriate use of different imaging modes relative to the ratio of out‐of‐focus background to in‐focus signal, and defines an upper limit to the useful range of the three most common modes of imaging.


Agricultural Trade and Partnership Agreements between the EU and Africa - The Cotonou Partnership Agreement, signed on 2000, marks the beginning of a new cooperation phase between acp countries and the eu. The iv pillar of the Agreement, aimed at the creation of a free trade area, concerns the economic and trade cooperation and is targeted to make trade in line with the wto rules and to allow the acp countries a full participation to international trade understood as strategic condition for supporting growth and development. In this context, the trade relationships between the eu and Africa are of specific importance when referred to agricultural products. The liberalization process might have a significant impact for the eu as leading world exporter and importer of agricultural goods and the wider destination and origin market of the African food and agricultural products. On the African side, agricultural export are often the primary source of foreign exchange for food imports required for domestic food security. Furthermore, the new Partnership Agreement creates an additional market access only for the agricultural products that, however, might results strongly constrained by the limited supply potential and high eu sps standards. Thus, the analysis of the costs and benefits connected to the liberalization process in both the eu and Africa is relevant for a better understanding of the forthcoming competitive scenario for the agricultural products. This is the topic of the paper that, with reference to the time period from 1995- 2006, provides a preliminary analysis of the main features of the agricultural trade flows between the eu-25 and Africa; the competitive potential of the sector; the explanatory variables of the African export flows trends to the eu-25. Despite the eu is negotiating an Agreement with the African countries as a whole, the analysis also distinguishes among geographic areas in order to estimate the likely different impact of agricultural trade liberalization. To the same aim food and agricultural product are considered separately. JEL Codes: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade Key words: agricultural trade, trade and development, agricultural competitiveness


A swarm of randomly moving miniature robots is an effective solution for the exploration of unknown terrains. However, the deployment of a swarm of miniature robots poses two challenges: finding an adequate locomotion strategy for fast exploration and obstacles negotiation; and implementing simple design and control solutions suited for mass manufacturing. Here, we tackle these challenges by developing a new soft robot with a minimalistic design and a simple control strategy that can randomly propel itself above obstacles and roll on the ground upon landing. The robot is equipped with two propellers that are periodically activated to jump, a soft cage that protects the robot from impacts and allows to passively roll on the ground, and a passive self-righting mechanism for repetitive jumps. The minimalistic control and design reduce the complexity of the mechanics and electronics and are instrumental to the production of a large number of robots. In the paper, the key design aspects of the robot are discussed, the locomotion of a single prototype is experimentally characterized, and improvements of the system for future swarm operations are discussed.


Background & Aim: Females' quality of sexual life is one of the key issues of sexual and reproductive health. This is a subjective concept and defined as individual's perception of sexual aspect of life. The aim of this study was to explore the factors affecting Iranian women's quality of sexual life. Methods & Materials: This qualitative study was conducted by conventional content analysis. Data were collected by 17 in-depth, unstructured interviews and 14 sexual life narratives through purposeful sampling among married and reproductive aged women from five university-affiliated health centers in Tehran and Shiraz. Constant comparative method was used to analyze data. Results: According to the participants' experiences, 3 themes emerged as direct factors affecting the quality of sexual life including 'preparation before sexual relationship', 'couple's interaction and harmony in sexual relationship' and 'previous sexual relationship outcomes'. 'Marital life status' and 'passive sexual socialization' were explored as the factors which can conceptualize the context of females' quality of sexual life. Conclusion: In this study, factors affecting females' quality of sexual life were identified. Attention to these factors is suggested to design appropriate interventions by health care system in Iran.


The quality of data collection on the Internet depends in part on potentially biasing
surface characteristics of Web pages, such as pop-up menus. Also, answering behavior
to survey questions is highly sensitive to cognitive contexts evoked by other
survey questions. A Web experiment with two experimental phases is used to identify
six potentially biasing factors. Manipulations of scale type, reading directionality,
cursor entry position, question order, and – in contrast to findings from offline research
– type of numerical labeling do not show effects. However, it is shown that it
makes a difference whether survey questions are presented together on one Web page
or separately on consecutive Web pages. Results are discussed with regard to general
as well as online specific implications for the design of survey instruments and multiple
response scales.


The Internet is having, and will continue to have, a profound impact on electronic commerce, including online ordering by libraries. It is creating both new ways for existing vendors to sell to libraries and opportunities for new vendors from which libraries buy their books. Books and serials can be bought online from publishers, book and serial vendors, and from new online bookstores. They can be purchased through WWW-based ordering systems or through secure EDI on the Internet. Technologies have been created both to secure the Internet and to create mechanisms to allow for electronic payment. All of these factors are shaping the environment in which libraries find themselves when they evaluate their alternatives for using electronic methods of commerce to acquire library materials. The relatively inexpensive and widespread access to Internet, which is available to businesses, public institutions, and to the general public is making it the focus for the development of new mechanisms for electronic commerce. Unlike VANs and other types of private networks, there are no fees per use and there are also many more people and groups who can be reached via the network. Electronic commerce mechanisms which utilize the Internet have the potential for reaching far larger markets and resulting in lower costs/barriers to entry than older communications networks and the electronic commerce mechanisms which utilize those networks. This change is shifting attention to electronic commerce involving individuals. The general public is a largely untapped market for electronic commerce and a potentially larger market than presented by businesses alone. This potential is also forcing Internet software companies and electronic commerce organizations to deal with issues of security and payment. While VANs are already secured, the Internet is not at all a safe place for commerce, and while deferred payment may be expected from companies with whom a business has an existing relationship, immediate payment is desired from individuals who are ordering online. In addition, the increasingly sophisticated mechanisms for interaction with customers that are being created by companies like Netscape allow better and better means for creating online ordering systems. Libraries, publishers, and others on the Internet can enhance their ability to effectively provide program menus, graphical materials, and other information. JAVA in particular is creating a revolution by how it interacts with a remote user over the Internet. It makes it possible to send an application to a library similar to those currently sent by vendors for loading on a local PC but which may be run anywhere by someone who can access Netscape or other JAVA-capable browsers. Like many other industries, the book and serials industry has taken to the Internet to exploit its developing commercial role, resulting in the development of several phenomena. First, the Internet is becoming a place for publishers to distribute information about their titles and sometimes to take orders. Second, it has become a home for online bookstores. Small libraries who utilize bookstores for some of their purchasing can take advantage of the stock and services of electronic bookstores located remotely on the Internet. Third, jobbers and subscription agents can take orders or allow users to search their databases via the Internet. This section of this report describes who is selling materials on the Internet. It then explains how ordering systems on the WWW currently work, and how they can change because of the development of JAVA. From there it proceeds to describe how the Internet is being developed to address security issues and to support electronic payment. Who Will Be Selling? As the Internet leads to new modes of bookselling, several futures can be imagined. Three potential agents, the online bookstore, the publisher, and the book/serial vendor could take on more or less important roles. …


The mobility of carriers in the channel of silicon carbide is significantly lower than in equivalent silicon devices. This results in a significant increase in on-state resistance in comparison to theoretical predictions and is hindering the uptake of silicon carbide technology in commercial circuits. The density of interface traps at the interface be‐ tween silicon carbide and the dielectric film is higher and this is often considered to be the primary reason for the low mobility. In this work, we show that the mobility is dominated by the surface roughness of the silicon carbide, especially when the tran‐ sistor is operating in the strong inversion regime, by careful examination of the char‐ acteristics of lateral transistors designed to form complimentary MOS functions.


In this paper we analyze the case of a patient who comes in for consultation conducted of binge eating. We intend this as an eating disorder that shows early alterations in the psychic structure, caused by the dynamics of dependence of the patient towards the mother who adopted as a way of disinvestment affective behavior. The patient seems to be a myth, which is that of "Self Made Man". In this she finds herself. So are depicted in relation to the divestment mother. This identification with the myth has generated an emphasis on the cognitive component at the expense of the body and, consequently, has developed a hierarchization for the cognitive. In the paper we analyze a Dream and also its latent sentence. This, is not a way to realize desires but is a realistic thinking, and appears as a reality that was previously unthinkable. The jealousy which the patient felt in the dream expresses jealousy that he should hear his mother for the infidelity of the couple. In this sense we speak of jealousy of others. Regarding the boyfriend in the dream work as a double it. He also replaces the 'soul for processing organic alteration.


Background. Questionnaire-based information of occupational physical activities is extensively used, but susceptible to systematic errors. Calibration modeling may reduce errors and improve precision of questionnaire-based information by transforming the selfreported data into more correct estimates of "true" exposure. We aimed (1) to determine the ability of unadjusted ratings of Saltin and Grimby's Occupational Physical Activity (SGOPA) question to estimate objectively measured sedentary behaviour, physical activity and cardiovascular load, and (2) to develop and evaluate statistical models calibrating SGOPA ratings into expected values of objectively measured exposures.Methods. 214 blue-collar workers responded to a questionnaire comprising the SGOPA question and questions on several individual and work-related factors. They wore two accelerometers measuring time spent in sedentary and in physical activities, and one Actiheart monitoring cardiovascular load (eventually expressed as %Heart Rate Reserve) for one to four days. Least-squares linear regression models were developed to predict each objectively measured exposure from SGOPA and additional self-reported individual and work-related predictors.Results. SGOPA alone explained 22% (R2 adjusted=21%) of the variance between individuals in sedentary behaviour and physical activities, and 8% (R2 adjusted =7%) of the variance in high cardiorespiratory load. When adding predictors related to individual and work to the regression model, explained variance increased to 51% (R2 adjusted=46%) for both sedentary behaviour and physical activities, and to 27% (R2 adjusted=19%) for high cardiorespiratory load. Bootstrap validation suggested that explained variance would be reduced by 9-15% for the three exposures when using the model on other data sets.Discussion. SGOPA itself shows only limited ability to predict objectively measured sedentary behaviour, physical activities and cardiovascular load at work, but the performance of a calibration model can be considerably improved by adding further self-reported predictors.


Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is widely used as a curative treatment option for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer, but for patients with stage I small-cell lung cancer, the role of stereotactic body radiotherapy is unclear. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of a subset of patients with stage I small-cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy in the database of the Japanese Radiological Society-Multi-Institutional stereotactic body radiotherapy Study Group. The 43 patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I small-cell lung cancer between 2004 and 2012 at 11 Japanese institutions were studied: median age = 77 years; 32 (74%) males and 11 females; and 80% were medically inoperable. The clinical stage was IA in 31 and IB in 12. In all patients, the lung tumors were pathologically proven as small-cell lung cancer. A total dose of 48 to 60 Gy was administered in 4 to 8 fractions. The median biologically effective dose (α/β = 10 Gy) was 105.6 Gy. Chemotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation were administered in only 8 patients, respectively. The median follow-up time was 23.2 months. The 2-year overall survival, progression-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 72.3%, 44.6%, and 47.2%, respectively. The 2-year local control was 80.2%. Regarding the patterns of failure, distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis, and local recurrence were observed in 47%, 28%, and 16% of patients, respectively. No ≥grade 3 stereotactic body radiotherapy-related toxicities were observed. Although stereotactic body radiotherapy was thus revealed to be effective for the local control of stage I small-cell lung cancer, the incidence of distant metastases was high. Further investigations of larger cohorts are needed, including analyses of the effects of combined chemotherapy.


Current trends for IC-engines are driving the development of more efficient engines with higher specific power. This is true for both light and heavy duty vehicles and has led to an increased use of charging. The charging can be both in the form of a single or multi-stage turbo-charger driven by exhaust gases or via a directly driven compressor. In both cases a possible noise problem can be a strong Blade Passing Frequency (BPF) typically in the kHz range and above the plane wave range. In this paper a novel type of compact dissipative silencer developed especially to handle this type of problem is described. The silencer is based on a combination of a micro-perforated tube backed by a locally reacting cavity. The combined impedance of micro-perforate and cavity is chosen to match the theoretical optimum known as the Cremer impedance at the mid-frequency in the frequency range of interest. Due to the high damping achieved at the Cremer optimum (hundreds of dB/m) it is easy to create a compact silencer with a significant damping (say>40 dB) in a range larger than an octave. Several principles are presented to determine the parameters of micro-perforate and cavity. The numerical results indicate that, following the principles, a silencer with broad-band damping can be achieved.


Abstract Background Brachytherapy unit of the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) is a referral centre on Brachytherapy treatments for Catalonia. A total of 700 treatments are performed per year, mainly in gynaecological, prostate and breast cancer. For the last 5 years, intraoperative brachytherapy has been promoted to be done in other centres, outside in the region. That implies that specialist professionals from our cancer centre go to operating rooms in different hospitals. The surgery process is done outside in the Paediatric hospital and the Brachytherapy treatment is realised in the cancer centre ICO. Aim: to describe nursing activities and roles to facilitate the Brachytherapy treatment done outside and in collaboration with other hospitals. Methods Descriptive study on cases done last year 2018 with patients outside ICO, most common type of treatments were sarcoma in paediatric tumours, patients with recurrence disease undergoing salvage after surgery or recurrence for breast cancer. Procedure: When a case arrived to the specialist they confirm indication and initiate the process; On the day of surgery, a medical and nurses team from the brachytherapy unit moves to hospital They perform the placement of internal applicators at the time of surgery. Later next 12-24h patient moves to brachytherapy unit to undergo the protocol of radiation. Once the brachytherapy treatment is finished, patient is discharged. The nursing staff of brachytherapy unit takes charge of plan care during treatment. Results Pediatric brachytherapy in oncological patient: experience of collaboration of 5 years with 10 patients treated. A total of 53 breast brachytherapy has been done intraoperative: consolidated collaboration, generates around 3 monthly patients from different medical centers. A total of 10 cases done for salvage brachytherapy in patients with recurrence after surgery. Conclusions Intraoperative brachytherapy improves the patient's accessibility to highly specialized treatments. The procedure and development of this treatment in different hospitals improves results in some tumours, reduces the overall time of treatment. Nursing staff has knowledge and skills for the management and care of this patients. Legal entity responsible for the study The author. Funding Has not received any funding. Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.


We have developed photoacoustic spectroscopy with a piezofilm. A piezofilm is a piezoelectric element made from plastic polyvinylidene fluoride having piezoelectrical effect. Photoacoustic spectra (375-675 nm) of water, dye aqueous solution, and benzene, are measured with a xenon lamp. The piezofilm is directly immersed in the liquid samples for sensitive detection of the signal. The sensitivity of the method is shown to be as high as for photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Compared with the conventional methods such as photoacoustic spectroscopy with a piezoceramic and photothermal spectroscopy with a double beam configuration, the present method is favorable from its handy and simpler experimental setup.


In DS-CDMA, spreading sequences are allocated to users to separate different
links namely, the base-station to user in the downlink or the user to base station in the uplink. These sequences are designed for optimum periodic correlation properties. Sequences with good periodic auto-correlation properties help in frame synchronisation at the receiver while sequences with good periodic cross-
correlation property reduce cross-talk among users and hence reduce the interference among them. In addition, they are designed to have reduced implementation complexity so that they are easy to generate. In current systems, spreading sequences are allocated to users irrespective of their channel condition. In this thesis,
the method of allocating spreading sequences based on users' channel condition
is investigated in order to improve the performance of the downlink. Different
methods of dynamically allocating the sequences are investigated including; optimum allocation through a simulation model, fast sub-optimum allocation through
a mathematical model, and a proof-of-concept model using real-world channel
measurements. Each model is evaluated to validate, improvements in the gain
achieved per link, computational complexity of the allocation scheme, and its impact on the capacity of the network.
In cryptography, secret keys are used to ensure confidentiality of communication between the legitimate nodes of a network. In a wireless ad-hoc network, the
broadcast nature of the channel necessitates robust key management systems for
secure functioning of the network. Physical layer security is a novel method of
profitably utilising the random and reciprocal variations of the wireless channel to
extract secret key. By measuring the characteristics of the wireless channel within
its coherence time, reciprocal variations of the channel can be observed between
a pair of nodes. Using these reciprocal characteristics of
common shared secret key is extracted between a pair of the nodes. The process
of key extraction consists of four steps namely; channel measurement, quantisation, information reconciliation, and privacy amplification. The reciprocal channel
variations are measured and quantised to obtain a preliminary key of vector bits (0; 1). Due to errors in measurement, quantisation, and additive Gaussian noise,
disagreement in the bits of preliminary keys exists. These errors are corrected
by using, error detection and correction methods to obtain a synchronised key at
both the nodes. Further, by the method of secure hashing, the entropy of the key
is enhanced in the privacy amplification stage. The efficiency of the key generation process depends on the method of channel measurement and quantisation.
Instead of quantising the channel measurements directly, if their reciprocity is enhanced and then quantised appropriately, the key generation process can be made efficient and fast. In this thesis, four methods of enhancing reciprocity are presented namely; l1-norm minimisation, Hierarchical clustering, Kalman filtering,
and Polynomial regression. They are appropriately quantised by binary and adaptive quantisation. Then, the entire process of key generation, from measuring the channel profile to obtaining a secure key is validated by using real-world channel measurements. The performance evaluation is done by comparing their performance in terms of bit disagreement rate, key generation rate, test of randomness,
robustness test, and eavesdropper test. An architecture, KeyBunch, for effectively
deploying the physical layer security in mobile and vehicular ad-hoc networks is
also proposed. Finally, as an use-case, KeyBunch is deployed in a secure vehicular communication architecture, to highlight the advantages offered by physical layer security.


We present an accurate, efficient, and robust pose estimation system based on infrared LEDs. They are mounted on a target object and are observed by a camera that is equipped with an infrared-pass filter. The correspondences between LEDs and image detections are first determined using a combinatorial approach and then tracked using a constant-velocity model. The pose of the target object is estimated with a P3P algorithm and optimized by minimizing the reprojection error. Since the system works in the infrared spectrum, it is robust to cluttered environments and illumination changes. In a variety of experiments, we show that our system outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, we successfully apply our system to stabilize a quadrotor both indoors and outdoors under challenging conditions. We release our implementation as open-source software.


The work reported in this thesis represents an interdisciplinary approach on chemical (olfactory) communication in Zambian mole-rats of the genus Fukomys (family Bathyergidae, Rodentia). Although much attention has been given in this respect to rodents, the role of chemosensation (including acting signals) in these subterranean, eusocial mammals is still not well understood. Individual recognition and signals informing about the reproductive status, both providing the basis of incest avoidance and reproductive skew (Burda 1995), are of special interest particularly because their sensory mechanism remains obscure.
 The chapter Behavioural olfactory bioassays outlines the evidence for the importance of ano-genital odour in kinship- and individual recognition in mole-rats. Contrary, urine odours did not provide sufficient sensory information in this respect.
Pilot endocrinological and colpocytological examinations in Fukomys reveal strong correlation between high mean estradiol- and progesterone values and sexual activity (chapter Steroids and reproductive status). Zambian Fukomys mole-rats are induced ovulators, primed exclusively through repeated and regular sexual activity and not solely through single copulation or separation from the queen as reported for the Damaraland mole-rats (cf., Molteno & Bennett 2000).
The poorly understood molecular basis (outlined in the chapter Semiochemicals – HS-SPME-GC-MS-Analysis and in the chapter Lipocalines (MUP´s & Aphrodisin) – Proteomics) of chemosensation was studied, by means of a solvent-free HS-SPME-GS-MS, 2D-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF-tandem MS developed within the framework of this research. Using this approach, it could be demonstrated, that 51 urinary compounds constituting individual volatile urinary pattern of the mole-rat were quite similar even between members of different families. A queen-specific component, 4-nonanone, and similarly
1-hexadecanol, typical for non-reproductive daughters, were identified by mass spectra. Reproductive males (kings) could, however, not be distinguished on the basis of their urinary volatile pattern from non-reproductive males. Males displayed higher amount of
s-caryophyllene in their volatile urinary pattern than females. Although altogether 41 different compounds were identified in urine of families, mole-rats cannot discriminate between different families on the base of odour. Carrot and potato diet influence the urinary composition.
Generally, individual urine variations depend on sex (male or female) and reproductive status (queens or non-reproductive females) and not on individuality per se, supporting the outcomes of behavioural bioassays.
Remarkably, a well-known lipocaline and sex pheromone of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) vaginal discharge, aphrodisin, was identified in the urine of Fukomys mole-rats, but without mass polymorphism and in atypically low concentration. In urine of two additionally examined genera of subterranean rodents (Spalax spp. and Spalacopus sp.), neither aphrodisin nor the lipocaline MUP (major urinary protein), generally present in the house mouse (Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus1), was found.

On these backgrounds, it is still questionable, if in Zambian Fukomys mole-rats aphrodisin takes on the role of a ligand carrier in the subterranean environment. Ligands such as the prospective 1-hexadecanol or 4-nonanone could be protected from degradation (once urine is deposited). Moreover, the slow release mechanism would prolong the olfactory signal which is proved with MUPs in the house mouse. Still it is not clear, if any or which meaning aphrodisin and/or the urinary volatiles have for the olfactory communication. Further research should concentrate on ano-genital odours (and body odours) because of the clear results of the behavioural assays.


This paper is concerned with one of the most basic syntactic questions: what are the properties of verbs that determine syntactic structure, aspectual interpretation and argument selection? We approach this issue through an examination of two different types of verbs of contact. We propose that the meanings of verbs are decomposed into atomic meaning components and that these meaning components project syntactic structure. From these meaning components and the structures they project we derive argument number and selection, theta-role and aspectual interpretation, and transitivity. This theory is strongly minimalist in that the various predicate meanings of a verb are derived from a single lexical representation, requiring neither functional projections nor movement.


In my contribution to this symposium, I take up the call of this journal in its mission statement for "new interactions between Literacy and Composition Studies." From the framework of competing ideologies of literacy, I explore points of intersection as well as divergence between strands of what's known as "composition studies" and what has come to be identified as the "academic literacies" approach to academic literacy. My focus on "academic literacies" rather than the broader area of literacy studies signals at least three of my biases: first, I wish to counter the tendency to allow the cultural norm for academic literacy to go unchallenged, a tendency that a focus on those literacy practices deemed nonacademic risks maintaining; second, and relatedly, insofar as work in composition studies remains tied by its location in the academy to programs charged with the study and teaching of academic writing, those of us identified with composition cannot allow cultural norms for academic literacy to go unchallenged; and third, some of the most promising work challenging such norms can be found in work taking an academic literacies approach.


With some 2 meters of DNA squished into the micron-sized nucleus of every mammalian cell, to call that space "cozy" is an understatement. Yet for cells, the genome poses issues not only of compaction but of functionality: The DNA must be packaged such that it remains accessible to gene regulatory factors. Indeed, chromatin architecture plays a key role in gene regulation, but until recently, researchers had few tools with which to study that relationship.


What if there is a teacher who knows the learning goal and wants to design good training data for a machine learner? We propose an optimal teaching framework aimed at learners who employ Bayesian models. Our framework is expressed as an optimization problem over teaching examples that balance the future loss of the learner and the effort of the teacher. This optimization problem is in general hard. In the case where the learner employs conjugate exponential family models, we present an approximate algorithm for finding the optimal teaching set. Our algorithm optimizes the aggregate sufficient statistics, then unpacks them into actual teaching examples. We give several examples to illustrate our framework.


On most views of the nature of moral judgments, it is possible for a person to be mistaken in the belief that it is right to act in a certain way. When someone believes that it is right to do something, does that thing on the basis of such a belief, and yet in so doing commits deeds which are wrong by moral standards other than his own, we do not quite know whether to praise him for his conscientiousness while condemning his actions. He acts according to his conscience and does what he believes to be right, but his beliefs are erroneous and his actions wrong. Shall we praise the man for his conscientiousness while condemning his actions ?


Background and Aim: Depression, due to its high prevalence and subsequent effects, is one of the important public health issues. Regarding the specific educational problems in the field of medicine and the importance of medical students' mental health the present study aimed at comparing the prevalence of depression in the first two and the last two years of medical in Birjand University of Medical sciences. Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study was done on 151 medical students in the first two and the last two years in Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2010. Assessment of depression was done by means of Beck's brief questionnaire in both groups who had been selected in a census .The obtained data was fed into SPSS software (V: 15) and was finally analyzed using by χ 2 and independed Student-t tests at the significant level α <0.05. Results: A total of 151 students whose mean age was 22±2 years participated in the current study. Prevalence of depression in all the cases in all types of the problem i.e. mild, moderate, and severe was 31/8%. Prevalence of depression in the first two years and the last two years was 29.8% and 34.3%, respectively; which was not statistically significant. Prevalence of depression in males was more than females, which was not significant either. Besides, no significant relationship was found between prevalence of depression with variables such as age, residence, parental education, housing, and employment status of parents. Conclusion: Apparently, prevalence of depression in medical students in Birjand university of Medical Sciences is high, although studying medicine is not significantly decisive in the occurrence of the problem.


Anti-racism provides the basis for a richer understanding of the past, an understanding
that is potentially more sensitive to the requirements of generally accepted
standards of historical criticism than is the nationalist framework that shapes most
historical writing about Canada. An anti-racist history takes seriously the existence
of racisms and asks questions about their roles in shaping institutions and experiences,
including those of dominant groups. It encompasses previously excluded
meanings through a broader understanding of the historical record: written, oral,
and material. It views the rise of nationalism and nation-states within the larger
context of European colonialism, transforming nationalist projects (such as the
making of Canada) into historical problems to be explained, rather than taking them
for granted as organizing devices for the study of the past. It allows questions to be
asked about how some identities come to be seen as fixed, how certain ones become
normalized and others marginalized. Anti-racism thus has the potential to develop a
better history than the nationalist one whose loss is lamented by J. L. Granatstein in
Who Killed Canadian History?.


The active magnetic bearing (AMB) is a relatively new technology which has many advantages compared with conventional bearing design. In an AMB system. the rolling-element back-up bearings are indispensable to protect the magnetic bearing rotor and stator, and other stationary seals along the rotor shqft. In this paper, a theoretical formulation is proposed and solved numerically to examine the transient response of the flexible rotor, from the time just previous to when the AMB shuts down and including the rotor drop onto the back-up bearing. The backward whirl of the rotor, which may lead to the destructive damage of the machinery, has been analytically predicted at very light support damping and very high support damping. Also, the vibration due to the nonlinearity of the contact point geometry has been included in the analysis. The influence of the support damping on the displacement of the disk and also the contact force between the journal and the inner-race of the back-up bearing have been computed for various rotor system parameters. By comparing these results with the optimum support damping for the simple flexible rotor model, it is shown that this support damping optimization can be applicable for specifying the required optimum range of support damping for the back-up bearings of AMB systems.


This paper proposes a greyscale pre-processing and robust video watermarking algorithm for the copyright protection application in the emerging video coding standard H.264/AVC. The watermark is first transformed by a Hadamard transform and modified to accommodate the H.264/AVC computational constraints before it is inserted into video data in the compressed domain. This approach leads to good robustness and high capacity of embedding by maintaining good visual quality of the watermarked sequences. The experimental results prove the capability to embed the watermark in short video sequences and the effectiveness of the algorithm against some attacks such as re-compression by the H.264 codec, transcoding, and some common processing.


Online process monitoring in ultrasonic welding of automotive lithium-ion batteries is essential for robust and reliable battery pack assembly. Effective quality monitoring algorithms have been developed to identify out of control parts by applying purely statistical classification methods. However, such methods do not provide the deep physical understanding of the manufacturing process that is necessary to provide diagnostic capability when the process is out of control. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical correlation between ultrasonic welding signal features and the ultrasonic welding process conditions and ultimately joint performance. A deep understanding in these relationships will enable a significant reduction in production launch time and cost, improve process design for ultrasonic welding, and reduce operational downtime through advanced diagnostic methods. In this study, the fundamental physics behind the ultrasonic welding process is investigated using two process signals, weld power and horn displacement. Several online features are identified by examining those signals and their variations under abnormal process conditions. The joint quality is predicted by correlating such online features to weld attributes such as bond density and post-weld thickness that directly impact the weld performance. This study provides a guideline for feature selection and advanced diagnostics to achieve a reliable online quality monitoring system in ultrasonic metal welding.Copyright © 2014 by ASME and General Motors


This essay considers the respective roles of the United Nations and the United States in a world of rising multipolarity and rising new (or old) Great Powers. It asks why UN collective security as a concept persists, despite the well-known failures, both practical and theoretical, and why it remains anchored to the UN Security Council. The persistence is owed, according to the essay, to the fact of a parallel US security guarantee that offers much of the world (in descending degrees starting with NATO and close US allies such as Japan, but even extending to non-allies and even enemies who benefit from a loose US hegemony in the global commons such as freedom of the seas (leaving aside pirates)) important security benefits not otherwise easily obtained. Much of the world can afford to pay lip service to UN collective security as an ideal, and to nourish it as a Platonic form, precisely because they do not have to depend upon it in fact. Not all the world falls within even the broadest conception of the US security umbrella, however, and these places include such locales as Darfur and other conflict zones in Africa. In those places, according to the paper, the US should engage with UN collective security to offer what the US will not, or cannot, offer directly. The paper also argues that the Security Council should be understood, in a world of rising multipolarity especially, not as the "management committee of our fledgling collective security system," as Kofi Annan put it, or even as a concert of the Great Powers, but as simply the security talking shop of the Great Powers. Sometimes the Security Council can act as a collective security device, and sometimes as a concert of the Great Powers (e.g., the first Gulf War), but the condition of multipolarity argues that Great Powers are competitive and that the Security Council will find its limits, but also its role, mostly as the place for debate and argument, diplomacy successful or not - but not management of global security. The essay also argues that those who want to see an end to loose US hegemony in favor of the supposed freedoms and sovereign equality of a multipolar world should think carefully about what they wish for. The dreams of global governance by international institutions turn out to have their greatest possibilities precisely in a world that, to a large extent, relies upon a parallel hegemon rather than collective institutions for its underlying order. In a multipolar, more competitive world, the winner is unlikely to be liberal internationalist global governance or UN Platonism or collective security, but instead the narrow, often directly commercial, interests of rising new powers such as China. The paper closes with policy advice to the United States on what it means and how it should - and should not - engage with the UN on security and the Security Council.(The paper runs some 15,000 words and is part of a special symposium issue on a multipolar world.)


Miocene sediments of the western Black Sea failed gravitationally during the intra-Pontian (Messinian) sea-level fall. In the region of the Histria Trough, this generated two independent collapse systems detaching on the upper part of Oligocene–Lower Miocene shale. This contribution focuses on the eastern system. The eastern linked system is approximately 60 km long in the dip direction, containing about 10 major extensional faults in the updip domain, with a cumulative extension (heave) of 11.4 km. This extension is accommodated downdip partially by 6 – 7 km of lateral compaction and on a single toe thrust with 4.8 km of shortening. The thin-skinned extension generated both basinwards-dipping faults and counter-regional faults (dip towards the basin margin), with associated rollovers, tilted fault blocks and keystone graben. Broad shale pillow (3 km across) and cuspate shale upwelling developed due to reactive shale diapirism. The collapse of the rollover anticlines into the half-graben suggests a high deformation rate. Downdip, the thrust follows the top of the Oligocene–Lower Miocene unit and steps up into the top of Sarmatian. The thrust hanging-wall anticline collapsed and triggered a mass transport complex (MTC). The top of the MTC is a rugose surface, and we suggest that it remained under water during the Messinian event due to its lack of visible erosion.


Among Syriac Orthodox Christian migrant communities in the Netherlands, liturgical performance is a site of controversy over where and how to draw a boundary between "religious" and "ethnic" identity. Tensions materialize in discordant singing styles and modes of performance, echoing complex historical encounters with Dutch, Syrian, and Turkish secularisms. These encounters, I argue, have refashioned the liturgical tradition's role as a central axis of ethnoreligious social life and kin relations across the diaspora. Secular state practices shape a diasporic sensory culture that is met with a distinct form of vocal agency. Syriac Orthodox liturgical experiments show how the voice can transform the sensorial interface between human subjectivity and social intelligibility, in turn transforming how categories of secular modernity—whether ritual, art, ethnicity, or politics—are distinguished and lived.


Hybrid courses—which replace 20% ‐ 80% of class meetings with online activities—are predicted to increase as educators embrace the benefits of blending online technologies with face-to-face class meetings. Also expected to increase are enrollments of ESL/EFL students. As these growth trends intersect, an increased number of ESL/EFL students are expected to enroll in hybrid courses, especially mainstream courses populated by a majority of native-English-speaking students. Despite these growth trends and research showing hybrid courses as positive for most students, the TESOL community has not yet opened a discussion of the implications of hybrid delivery of mainstream classes for ESL/EFL students. In an effort to start the discussion, this article investigates potential problems related to issues of identity, forced individualization, and muting; gives several strategies for instructors of hybrid courses with ESL/EFL students; and concludes by calling for TESOL researchers to focus attention on hybrid delivery.


Development and the ending of mass poverty require a massive increase in productive capabilities and production in developing countries. Some countries, notably in Asia, are achieving this. Yet 'pro-poor' aid policies, especially for the least developed countries, operate largely without reference to policy thinking on the promotion of innovation for productivity growth. Conversely, policy-makers and researchers on innovation and industrial policies tend to know little about the potential for social protection to support innovation and productivity improvement. This book aims to focus attention on this gulf between research on innovation and on poverty reduction and to identify some of its policy consequences; to set out some ways in which this gulf can be bridged, analytically and empirically; and to contribute to the creation of an agenda for further research and an understanding of the urgency of the implied rethinking.The first two chapters provide sustained arguments for embedding social policy thinking in much more 'productivist' frameworks of thought that focus on raising productivity and employment, and for identifying growth theories that can incorporate satisfactory understandings of innovation and employment upgrading.
A set of chapters then tackle these broad themes in the context of health, addressing the interlinked issues of innovation, health inequity and associated impoverishment. The final set of chapters examines the challenge of creating industrial policies that generate both innovation and employment, using and going beyond concepts of systems of innovation.