This study involves a unique cohort of training and qualified nurse hysteroscopists educated with the same provider. The aim of the research study was to explore the experiences of nurse hysteroscopists undertaking 'see and treat' outpatient hysteroscopy services. There is plenty of literature of advanced practice and activities of an advanced practitioner but with limited contextualisation of socio-cultural implications of taking on a specialised clinical role and what it means for the nurse. The wider sociological issues of organisations, feminisation of the health service and gendered occupational boundaries were considered.

The research takes a case study approach. In phase one, nine nurses participated in creating mind maps with storytelling narratives providing an in-depth understanding of their working lives. The maps illustrated organisational relationships with each nurse who then developed the story behind the map which was digitally recorded. The interviews lasted an average 45 minutes. Each of the nurses had their map and summaries of the analysis returned to them for comment.

The second phase of the study used an on-line survey based on issues raised in phase one. This enabled more of the study group to participate and established a degree of commonality between the two groups. Twenty-six nurses participated. A descriptive analysis of the data and qualitative comments are compared with those of the interviewees.

Key findings are set into context of the health service in the 21st century. It is proposed that there is a culture of organisational closure. Frustration due to poor organisational culture requires nurses to use significant effort in negotiation with and for services in order to achieve their full potential. Inconsistent planning, no sustained sense of purpose from senior staff and professional jealousy required nurses to use skills associated with emotional intelligence to sustain themselves and maintain the hysteroscopy service.

Recommendations include developing the nurses" interpersonal and social skills. A model is proposed for developing services and a recommendation made that a more strategic approach is taken by organisations.


Daylight Determines Dopamine Expression of the appropriate neurotransmitters is essential for the function of neural circuits. Can neurons change their transmitter phenotype to deal with alterations in the environment? Dulcis et al. (p. 449; see the Perspective by Birren and Marder) exposed adult rats to different photoperiods mimicking summer and winter daylengths. Neurotransmitter expression switched between dopamine and somatostatin in hypothalamic neurons that regulate release of corticotropin-releasing factor. Transmitter switching occurred at the transcriptional level and was accompanied by changes in postsynaptic receptors. Switching rats from long days to short days causes neurons to change their neurotransmitters, and this changes behavior. [Also see Perspective by Birren and Marder] Neurotransmitters have been thought to be fixed throughout life, but whether sensory stimuli alter behaviorally relevant transmitter expression in the mature brain is unknown. We found that populations of interneurons in the adult rat hypothalamus switched between dopamine and somatostatin expression in response to exposure to short- and long-day photoperiods. Changes in postsynaptic dopamine receptor expression matched changes in presynaptic dopamine, whereas somatostatin receptor expression remained constant. Pharmacological blockade or ablation of these dopaminergic neurons led to anxious and depressed behavior, phenocopying performance after exposure to the long-day photoperiod. Induction of newly dopaminergic neurons through exposure to the short-day photoperiod rescued the behavioral consequences of lesions. Natural stimulation of other sensory modalities may cause changes in transmitter expression that regulate different behaviors.


BACKGROUND: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze the utility of a trochanteric claw plate in the treatment of an ununited greater trochanter following total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: From 1986 through 1999, seventy-two consecutive procedures to reattach an ununited greater trochanter were performed in seventy-one patients. The average age at the time of the index arthroplasty was 66.2 years. The arthroplasty that resulted in the nonunion of the greater trochanter was primary in fifty-four hips, a first revision in sixteen hips, and a second and third revision in one hip each. The mean duration between the hip replacement and the treatment of the nonunion was 8.1 months. The greater trochanter was fixed with the trochanteric plate alone in forty-eight hips and with the plate in conjunction with vertical wires in the remaining twenty-four hips. The average duration of follow-up was 5.1 years. RESULTS: Osseous union occurred in fifty-one of the seventy-two hips. There was a persistent nonunion in twelve hips and fibrous consolidation in the remaining nine hips. The mean time to osseous consolidation was 3.7 ± 2.1 months (range, two to twelve months). The mean Merle d'Aubigne hip score was 16.1 ± 2.4 points at the time of the latest follow-up. A highly significant improvement in function was achieved only in the group with osseous consolidation (p < 0.0001). The highest rate of osseous union was achieved when vertical wires had been used in conjunction with the claw plate. Union occurred in twenty-one of the twenty-four hips in that group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Nonunion of the greater trochanter following total hip arthroplasty can be successfully treated with a trochanteric claw plate. The use of adjunctive vertical wires results in better osseous contact and union.


In the September 2003 issue, Meckler and Baillie correctly argued that social constructionists need not deny the importance of truth or objectivity. This comment probes their understanding of those two concepts. The view that truth entails correspondence with the facts, although not false, is not helpful. Our understanding of truth must be able to encompass the truth of normative claims and counterfactuals and of "deeper" truths. Meckler and Baillie's view that an objective statement is one that is independent of our beliefs is also challenged. All statements depend on our beliefs but these beliefs are themselves more or less plausible and self-evident. An objective statement can thus be understood as one whose background conditions are viewed as reasonable or self-evident. Various implications follow: Objectivity is a matter of degree, and one can reasonably speak of the objectivity of our norms as much as the objectivity of our fact claims.


Wingbeat frequencies were observed in the field for 32 morphologically diverse bird species, representing 18 families, and ranging in mass from 20 g to nearly 5 kg. A combination of multiple regression and dimensional analysis was used to show that wingbeat frequency ( f ) may be estimated by:

f = 1.08( m 1/3 g 1/2 b −1 S −1/4 p −1/3

where m is the bird's body mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, b is the wing span, S is the wing area and p is the air density. The predicted wingbeat frequency can be used to estimate the power available from a bird's flight muscles, and an estimate of the power required to fly can be obtained for comparison from the computer programs of Pennycuick (1989 a ). Field observations of airspeed are given for 30 of the 32 species. These are combined with the observations of wingbeat frequency to estimate wingbeat wavelength, and the ratio of wavelength to wing span, which is closely related to the 'advance ratio' as used by Ellington (1984).


Environmental conditions are known to influence sub-critical crack growth (SCCG) that are released from microscopic flaws at the glass surface, leading to stress corrosion phenomena at the crack tip. The processes at the crack-tip are complex and water has been identified as a key component governing SCCG at low crack velocities (region I). In particular, the influence of humidity accelerating crack propagation is well studied for industrial soda-lime silicate glasses, which are practically free (< 1000 ppm) of dissolved water. To shed light on the corrosion process, the situation at the crack-tip is reversed in the present study as dissolved water in larger fractions is present in the glass and crack propagation is triggered in dry environment. For this purpose, water-bearing silicate glasses of up to 8 wt% total water were synthesized in an internally heated pressure vessel at 0.5 GPa and compared to dry glasses of standard glass manufacturing. SCCG was measured using the double cantilever beam technique and by Vickers indentation. For dry glasses, three trends in the crack growth velocity versus stress intensity curve were found. The slope in region I limited by environmental corrosion increases in the order sodium aluminosilicate < sodium borosilicate ≲ sodium lead silicate. The velocity range of region II reflecting the transition between corrosion affected and inert crack growth (region III), varies within one order of magnitude among the glasses. The KI region of inert crack growth strongly scatters between 0.4 and 0.9 MPam1/2. For hydrous glasses, it is found that those of low Tg are more prone to SCCG. As water strongly decreases Tg, it promotes SCCG. First results indicate that molecular water has a dominating influence on SCCG.


Latino adolescents are disproportionately impacted by HIV, but researchers have documented few programs to prevent and reduce HIV risk. The Storytelling for Empowerment (SFE) HIV StoryBook was designed with an innovative ecodevelopment approach combining empowerment, family communication, and positive cultural identity. A mixed method design used both a randomized control group design, as well as grounded theory coding of semi-structured focus group interviews. For the quantitative method, a total of 96 adolescents (85% Latino, M age = 12.2) were randomized to either the SFE HIV StoryBook condition or a control condition and then tested at baseline and at 4 months post-baseline. Study findings indicated that teens who participated in the HIV StoryBook condition maintained sexual abstinence, increased their ability to communicate about sex, increased their intention to stop sexual advances, and increased their HIV prevention knowledge. For the qualitative method, seven focus groups of 38 participants, including staff, madres, teen participants, and graduates created rich description. Axial coding produced emergent themes, including an appreciation for the culturally affirming curriculum, increased family communication, and the embodiment by teens resulting in restraint and integrity. Results indicate that SFE has promise to stem HIV infections.


Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results in a progressive loss of cardiac and respiratory reserve capacity that is ultimately fatal. Although the molecular deficiency that causes DMD is known, the systemic nature of the disease along with issues of patient safety have prevented the direct measurement of reserve and hindered our understanding of the precise mechanisms involved in the functional decline of these two systems. The golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog is an important single-gene animal model of DMD, which exhibits the major functional and cellular hallmarks of the human disease, including progressive loss of respiratory and cardiac function. Here we use surgical and pharmacological techniques to isolate both systems from the confounding influence of background disease, and measure function and reserve directly. We show that cardiac reserve declines as a result of diastolic and systolic dysfunction that is independent of cardiac myocyte necrosis. In the respiratory system we find that the diaphragm undergoes a dramatic process of remodeling that serves to enable the compensatory use of other muscle groups to facilitate breathing, and to protect against energetically unfavorable chest wall motion. Our results shed light on the decline of two muscle-driven systems crucial for life. In addition to providing much needed endpoint measures for assessing the efficacy of therapeutics, we expect these findings to be a starting point for a more precise understanding of cardiopulmonary failure in DMD. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biology First Advisor Hansell H. Stedman


For electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) to become practical devices, they must evolve from laboratory test beds to field-portable systems. Such systems require the development of compact, lightweight, high-energy, high-current power supplies. Investigation of the candidate systems -- flux compressors, capacitors, inductors, batteries, and rotating machines -- showed the homopolar generator (HPG) to be a device with immediate potential for development. HPGs were selected because of their demonstrated ability to produce the high-energy, high-current electrical pulse required of an EML power supply from a relatively compact light-weight machine. By taking state-of-the-art HPG technology and integrating it with a machine designed specifically for high energy density, a field-portable HPG-powered EML system can be realized.


The stakes for proper nonprofit governance are extremely high. Over 1.5 million nonprofits are registered with the IRS, collectively employing 12 million people and accounting for 5.4% of US GDP. Yet while for-profit companies have significant checks on the behavior of boards and management, nonprofit firms lack many of the same types of internal and external governance control mechanisms. COVID-19 is just the latest in a long history of shocks to expose the lack of preparedness and capability of many nonprofit boards in fulfilling their essential governance functions.

This Article contributes to the corporate governance literature by identifying aspects of nonprofit governance that create unnecessary risk to nonprofit entities and to society overall. Currently many governance failures that would be corrected in traditional for-profit entities go unaddressed among nonprofits. We make unique contributions to addressing these governance shortcomings by suggesting an enforcement reorientation by both public and private actors. Our novel solutions encompass disclosure, certification, oversight by state attorneys general, and federal actors.


This dataset contains chemical analyses for thermal wells and springs in Southeastern Idaho. Data includes all major cations, major anions, pH, collection temperature, and some trace metals, These samples were collected in 2014 by the Center for Advanced Energy Studies (CAES), and are part of a continuous effort to analyze the geothermal potential of Southeastern Idaho.


We advocate the use of a new distribution family—the transelliptical—for robust inference of high dimensional graphical models. The transelliptical family is an extension of the nonparanormal family proposed by Liu et al. (2009). Just as the nonparanormal extends the normal by transforming the variables using univariate functions, the transelliptical extends the elliptical family in the same way. We propose a nonparametric rank-based regularization estimator which achieves the parametric rates of convergence for both graph recovery and parameter estimation. Such a result suggests that the extra robustness and flexibility obtained by the semiparametric transelliptical modeling incurs almost no efficiency loss. We also discuss the relationship between this work with the transelliptical component analysis proposed by Han and Liu (2012).


Combining GIS concepts and fundamental spatial thinking methodology with real programming examples, this book introduces popular Python-based tools and their application to solving real-world problems. A powerful programming language with high-level toolkits, Python is well suited to handling geo-spatial data. Teaching the fundamental programming constructs of Python, this book demonstrates Pythons integration with ArcGIS Theory and offers practical, hands-on computer exercises allowing readers to build their own mini-GIS. Comprehensive and engaging commentary, robust contents, accompanying datasets, and classroom tested exercises; this book promotes increased interactivity between instructor and student.


Synthetic biological systems are used for a myriad of applications, including tissue engineered constructs for in vivo use and microengineered devices for in vitro testing. Recent advances in engineering complex biological systems have been fueled by opportunities arising from the combination of bioinspired materials with biological and computational tools. Driven by the availability of large datasets in the "omics" era of biology, the design of the next generation of tissue equivalents will have to integrate information from single‐cell behavior to whole organ architecture. Herein, recent trends in combining multiscale processes to enable the design of the next generation of biomaterials are discussed. Any successful microprocessing pipeline must be able to integrate hierarchical sets of information to capture key aspects of functional tissue equivalents. Micro‐ and biofabrication techniques that facilitate hierarchical control as well as emerging polymer candidates used in these technologies are also reviewed.


In 1972, the Supreme Court handed the press an apparent resounding defeat in Branzburg v. Hayes, declaring that the Constitution provided reporters no privilege from testifying about their confidential sources. This Note uses previously unpublished materials from the Justices' personal files to illustrate the behind-thescenes deliberations as the Court shifted in ideology from the propress posture established by Justice Hugo Black in the Pentagon Papers case to the anti-privilege position established by Justice Byron White one year later in Branzburg. It also examines the curious concurring opinion of Justice Lewis Powell in Branzburg and subsequent efforts to craft a qualified reporter's privilege, arguing against further weakening press protection.


Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a key mediator of vascular disease during sepsis, and elevated plasma levels of Ang-2 are associated with organ injury scores and poor clinical outcomes. We have previously observed that biomarkers of endothelial glycocalyx (EG) damage correlate with plasma Ang-2 levels, suggesting a potential mechanistic linkage between EG injury and Ang-2 expression during states of systemic inflammation. However, the cell signaling mechanisms regulating Ang-2 expression following EG damage are unknown. In the current study, we determined the temporal associations between plasma heparan sulfate (HS) levels as a marker of EG erosion and plasma Ang-2 levels in children with sepsis and in mouse models of sepsis. Second, we evaluated the role of shear stress–mediated 5′-adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in Ang-2 expression following enzymatic HS cleavage from the surface of human primary lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). We found that plasma HS levels peaked before plasma Ang-2 levels in children and mice with sepsis. Further, we discovered that impaired AMPK signaling contributed to increased Ang-2 expression following HS cleavage from flow-conditioned HLMVECs, establishing a paradigm by which Ang-2 may be upregulated during sepsis.


This work presents a retrieval pipeline and evaluation scheme for the problem of finding the last appearance of personal objects in a large dataset of images captured from a wearable camera. Each personal object is modelled by a small set of images that define a query for a visual search engine.The retrieved results are reranked considering the temporal timestamps of the images to increase the relevance of the later detections. Finally, a temporal interleaving of the results is introduced for robustness against false detections. The Mean Reciprocal Rank is proposed as a metric to evaluate this problem. This application could help into developing personal assistants capable of helping users when they do not remember where they left their personal belongings.


Routing protocols in wireless sensor network are vulnerable to various malicious security attacks that can degrade network performance and lifetime. This becomes more important in cluster routing protocols that is composed of multiple node and cluster head, such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. Namely, if an attack succeeds in failing the cluster head, then the entire set of nodes fail. Therefore, it is necessary to develop robust recovery schemes to overcome security attacks and recover packets at short times. Hence this paper proposes a detection and recovery scheme for selective forwarding attacks in wireless sensor networks using LEACH protocol. The proposed solution features near-instantaneous recovery times, without the requirement for feedback or retransmissions once an attack occurs.


Dagetichthys marginatus (formerly Synaptura marginata ) larvae were laboratory-reared from wild caught adult broodstock as part of an aquaculture research project in temperate South Africa. A larval description for the species is provided in this paper. This work also represents the first larval description for the genus Dagetichthys , which is represented by five species, three of which occur in the western Indian Ocean. Larval development in D. marginatus is typical of Soleidae. Dagetichthys marginatus larvae are heavily pigmented, with four characteristic melanophore "blotches" on the finfold. These larvae are easily distinguished from other soleid larvae commonly encountered in temperate South Africa based on the large size at flexion (5-7.06 mm BL) and the heavily pigmented body. Laboratory-reared postflexion larvae in this study showed similar meristic counts to those of wild caught adult fish. Despite the common occurrence of mature adults of this species in shallow marine waters off temperate South Africa, larvae are absent from nearshore ichthyoplankton catches. As yet, the spawning strategy of the species is unknown.


We present a new lock-free parallel algorithm for computing betweenness centrality of massive complex networks that achieves better spatial locality compared with previous approaches. Betweenness centrality is a key kernel in analyzing the importance of vertices (or edges) in applications ranging from social networks, to power grids, to the influence of jazz musicians, and is also incorporated into the DARPA HPCS SSCA#2, a benchmark extensively used to evaluate the performance of emerging high-performance computing architectures for graph analytics. We design an optimized implementation of betweenness centrality for the massively multithreaded Cray XMT system with the Thread-storm processor. For a small-world network of 268 million vertices and 2.147 billion edges, the 16-processor XMT system achieves a TEPS rate (an algorithmic performance count for the number of edges traversed per second) of 160 million per second, which corresponds to more than a 2× performance improvement over the previous parallel implementation. We demonstrate the applicability of our implementation to analyze massive real-world datasets by computing approximate betweenness centrality for the large IMDb movie-actor network.


Background: Around 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths caused by cancer were reported in 2012, expected to rise up to 22 million within the next 2 decades. The parenteral route (intravenous dosage form) has been the most common administration route for chemotherapeutic agents, which is associated with the need for hospitalization and a range of significant adverse drug reaction. A new generation of chemotherapies that is orally administered has been introduced to practices as a superior and more efficient therapeutic alternative. Oral anticancer drugs (OACDs) have shown to be eliminating the need for hospitalization, decreasing the rate of adverse drug reactions and, ultimately, improving patients' quality of life. Economically, this translates into reduction in inpatient hospitalization costs, including several of the associated costs, such as the cost of treating side effects. A disadvantage of OACDs however, is the increased acquisition costs as compared to those for the intravenously administered alternatives. This resulted into resistance to include OACDs by several international insurance schemes and drug formulary practices, including in Qatar. Objectives: The current project sought to analyze the medical literature in relation to published economic evaluations (pharmacoeconomics) of OACDs, especially as compared to the parenteral alternatives. This will identify the decision analytic modeling conducted as well as the variety of methods used. Strengths and weaknesses of study designs will be determined, including gaps in knowledge. Methodology: A thematic systematic review was conducted using the search engines: PubMed, Medline, EconLit, Embase and Economic Evaluation Database. The following 3 categories were considered: (i) therapy (chemotherapy [Mesh]); (ii) dosage form (oral [Mesh]); and (iii) research design (economics [Mesh] OR cost-benefit analysis [Mesh]). These included full-text, English articles incorporating comparative economic evaluations of oral chemotherapies. Excluded studies were: non-comparative, non-economic based models, of secondary indications (not cancer), and/or reviews. This process was followed by two stages of manual exclusion; based on title/abstract content and, then, the full-text article content. A data extraction form was developed and pilot tested for the purpose of data collection. Article inclusion and data collection was conducted twice, each by a different investigator. Included articles were finally summarized according to methodological themes of interest. Results: A total of 235 records were identified. After screening and removing duplicates, only 18 studies were deemed eligible study inclusion. It was found that the pharmacoeconomics evaluations were mostly of cost-utility analyses (13 out of 18), measuring cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY) gained, and from the payer perspective (15 out of 18). Primary sources of clinical and economic data were randomized clinical trials, expert panels and medical charts. Other sources included medicine databases, reimbursement schedules, drug policies and price lists, treatment guidelines, case reports and patient interviews. In 13 out of 18 cases, dominance status was reported in favor of OACDs, in relation to cost and/or clinical effect. Decision analytic modeling was used in the majority of studies, mostly constituting Markov modeling for the simulation of life long use of drugs. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in most studies, mostly constituting one-way sensitivity analysis to ensure robustness of study results. The types of cancers, where the effect of OACDs was studied, were the metastatic renal carcinoma, gastrointestinal tumors, colon cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia and non-small cell lung cancer. Most included articles were published during the last seven years. Most studies were conducted in the UK, US and Europe, while none were conducted in Australia or the Middle East. Conclusion: This is first systematic review of the economic methods used in the evaluation of OACDs. There seems to be a recent increasing interest of this type of research, whereby the QALYs measurement is of priority for the decision making in relation to the comparative value of OACDs in practices. Most important, is that despite the higher acquisition cost, OACDs were demonstrated to be mostly superior over the parenteral alternatives. Furthermore, the decision analytic modeling, mostly constituting Markov modeling, is valued and enables a structured decision analyses of therapies. The pharmacoeconomics research is difficult to generalize, whereby published economic evaluations are locally specific, especially for the purpose of practical interpretation. The current review of literature proposes valuable methods for the local Qatari implementation and guidance of decision makers. This is most relevant to National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), which is the only tertiary service provider of cancer therapy in Qatar, where confusion in relation to the use of oral chemotherapies exists, particularly the therapies vinorelbine and capacitabine.


There is an increasing interest in continuous learning (CL), as data privacy is becoming a priority for real-world machine learning applications. Meanwhile, there is still a lack of academic NLP benchmarks that are applicable for realistic CL settings, which is a major challenge for the advancement of the field. In this paper we discuss some of the unrealistic data characteristics of public datasets, study the challenges of realistic single-task continuous learning as well as the effectiveness of data rehearsal as a way to mitigate accuracy loss. We construct a CL NER dataset from an existing publicly available dataset and release it along with the code to the research community.


An enlargement method of reconstruction angle by time-sharing tilted illumination in a three-dimensional (3D) display system based on wavefront modulation is presented. In a recording system, an array of phase-shifting interferometer is used for recording the wavefront data from 3D object in wide angle. In a reconstruction system, single display device such as spatial light modulator is illuminated with tilted plane waves for wide angle reconstruction. Tilted illumination causes the spatial shift of reconstructed 3D object according to the illumination angle. We propose a method to reduce the spatial shift by changing the reconstruction position around display plane. Experimental and numerical results are presented.


From Foreword] This guide has been developed as an ILO contribution to implementing the Agenda for Action of the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons, 1993-2002, and to the Platform for Action adopted by the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing which has called specifically for action by Governments, in cooperation with employers, workers and trade unions, international and on-governmental organizations, including women's and youth organizations, and educational institutions to ensure access to quality education and training for, among others, women with disabilities, to improve their employment opportunities. It is also part of the ILO strategy to promote the observance of the ILO Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159), and Recommendation, 1983 (No. 168). These are the main reference documents for the ILO activities on the employment and training of disabled persons, along with the ILO Recommendation on Vocational Rehabilitation of the Disabled, 1995 (No. 99). This guide is intended primarily for instructors and administrators in vocational training institutes in both the public and private sectors.


It has long been assumed that the red cell membrane is highly permeable to gases because the molecules of gases are small, uncharged, and soluble in lipids, such as those of a bilayer. The disappearance of 12C18O16O from a red cell suspension as the 18O exchanges between labeled CO2 + HCO3- and unlabeled HOH provides a measure of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity (acceleration, or A) inside the cell and of the membrane self-exchange permeability to HCO3- (Pm,HCO-3). To test this technique, we added sufficient 4, 4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS) to inhibit all the HCO3-/Cl- transport protein (Band III or capnophorin) in a red cell suspension. We found that DIDS reduced Pm,HCO-3 as expected, but also appeared to reduce intracellular A, although separate experiments showed it has no effect on CA activity in homogenous solution. A decrease in Pm,CO2 would explain this finding. With a more advanced computational model, which solves for CA activity and membrane permeabilities to both CO2 and HCO3-, we found that DIDS inhibited both Pm,HCO-3 and Pm,CO2, whereas intracellular CA activity remained unchanged. The mechanism by which DIDS reduces CO2 permeability may not be through an action on the lipid bilayer itself, but rather on a membrane transport protein, implying that this is a normal route for at least part of red cell CO2 exchange.


Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mental health (MH) disorders are prevalent in combat veterans returning from Afghanistan and/or Iraq (hereafter referred to as returning veterans). Accurate estimates of service utilization for veterans with and without TBI exposure (referred to as TBI history) are imperative in order to provide high quality healthcare to returning veterans. We examined associations between TBI history and MH service utilization in a subsample of returning veterans who were newly diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and/or anxiety in the 2010 fiscal year (N = 55,458). Data were extracted from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Patient Care Database. Veterans with MH diagnoses and TBI histories attended significantly more psychotherapy visits, (M = 8.32 visits, SD = 17.15) and were more likely to attend at least 8 psychotherapy visits, (15.7%) than veterans with MH diagnoses but no TBI history (M = 6.48 visits, SD = 12.12; 10.1% attended at least 8 sessions). PTSD and TBI history, but not depression or anxiety, were associated with a greater number of psychotherapy visits when controlling for demographic and clinical variables. PTSD, anxiety, depression, and TBI history were associated with number of psychotropic medication-management visits. TBI history was related to greater MH service utilization, independent of MH diagnoses. Future research should examine what MH services are being utilized and if these services are helping veterans recover from their disorders.


Abstract. This work provides a comparison of satellite retrievals of Saharan desert dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) during a strong dust event through March 2006. In this event, a large dust plume was transported over desert, vegetated, and ocean surfaces. The aim is to identify the differences between current datasets. The satellite instruments considered are AATSR, AIRS, MERIS, MISR, MODIS, OMI, POLDER, and SEVIRI. An interesting aspect is that the different algorithms make use of different instrument characteristics to obtain retrievals over bright surfaces. These include multi-angle approaches (MISR, AATSR), polarisation measurements (POLDER), single-view approaches using solar wavelengths (OMI, MODIS), and the thermal infrared spectral region (SEVIRI, AIRS). Differences between instruments, together with the comparison of different retrieval algorithms applied to measurements from the same instrument, provide a unique insight into the performance and characteristics of the various techniques employed. As well as the intercomparison between different satellite products, the AODs have also been compared to co-located AERONET data. Despite the fact that the agreement between satellite and AERONET AODs is reasonably good for all of the datasets, there are significant differences between them when compared to each other, especially over land. These differences are partially due to differences in the algorithms, such as assumptions about aerosol model and surface properties. However, in this comparison of spatially and temporally averaged data, it is important to note that differences in sampling, related to the actual footprint of each instrument on the heterogeneous aerosol field, cloud identification and the quality control flags of each dataset can be an important issue.


Development of the science of aerobiology has furnished a tool for the investigation of potential sources of microbial aerosols. An investigation of aerosols emitted by trickling-filter sewage treatment plants revealed that coliforms were indeed emitted and have been sampled to a distance of 0.8 mile (1.2 kilometers) downwind. Factors affecting survival of Escherichia coli are presented.


Introduction Several years ago, people started to think about the computer as a way to publish--and hence, to read--a book. Some of us regarded this as the creation of a new concept, somewhat more general than a "book" in the traditional sense of the word. This paper describes a result of such an outlook. Let it be stated that some of the very attractive possibilities of electronic books are mentioned but not described in this paper, since they are not only well known but also have become household concepts. The most significant of them are probably the inclusion of multimedia materials, the "live" references to other published items and very specially, due to its enormous impact on the way a book is now written, the possibility of including links--be they hypertexts or some other form of using the material in non-linear ways. Of course for some readers, the possibility of enlarging letters or having a software product read the texts out aloud may be the main difference. Many of the available software products which allow authors to publish such an e-book list the advantages of doing so, but are somewhat biased in their main objective, which is to maximize the author's revenues as a result of offering his material. For example, in the description of a product called ebook88 (ebook88: ebook Resources, 2002), the list of advantages fails to include the two features which I pointed out as the most important, but enhances environmental aspects, the cost of producing them and the ease of distribution. However, they included the possibility of making changes or adding more material to the book, which is also near the top of my list of advantages. An illustrative discussion comparing several terms, including e-books meaning the material as well as the device to display it, and e-texts as plain text files instead of the bundled files produced by most e-book products, was found in the article called precisely e-book (Wikipedia, 2007). E-texts were first introduced by Michael Hart in 1971, with the purpose of making all information available to everybody (Michael Hart, 1992). This in turn implied offering the material through the most available software products, and is obviously still the goal of many informers. However, as far as the book industry, many have chosen a different strategy, consisting in the use proprietary software to read the resulting e-books After examining the offering of publishing tools, we concluded that the emphasis centered primarily on the economic results of the tool: one of the leading claims was that it would significantly reduce unauthorized use of the materials. As will be seen our approach to the topic is radically different, since we are not too concerned about the economic possibilities. For example, though some of our methods and possibilities could do both, our primary concern is not preventing unauthorized reading of the books but to bar individual readers from seeing something they should not see. It will become clear that the new possibilities of the unstructured books described in this paper complement, but in no way replace, any of the existing enhancements due to the electronic medium. Neither is their introduction meant to cause a significant change in the publishing world. Its purpose is to offer a different way to communicate with readers of the material, who, incidentally, have a much bigger role in this interaction than in traditional books. Additionally, other uses of the concept are not only possible, but probably will have greater impact than the new types of books made possible by the added features. The concept we describe was reached in three stages. Initially, I discovered that many factors may tend to bother certain readers of a book, since they often annoyed me. One of them is the way the author quotes foreign language texts, phrases or expressions: a translation replaces the literal quote, is added to the original quote or no translation is provided at all. …


Losses on U.S. residential mortgage loans are too small to explain the magnitude of the 2008 financial crisis. Total losses, including both losses realized to date and those yet to be realized, should fall in the range of $750 billion to $2 trillion. The global magnitude of the crisis is significantly larger, probably in the range of $5 trillion to $15 trillion, depending on the measuring approach. This implies that losses on residential mortgage loans cannot be the main cause of the crisis. They can only be a trigger that unleashed the true causes. The failure (or near failure) of a significant number of major financial firms suggests that high leverage and strong risk appetites were important immediate causes of the crisis. However, explaining the sources of high leverage and strong risk appetites requires probing for deeper causes that developed over a longer period. This article proposes deeper causes that include securities firms' conversion from partnerships to corporations, the 30-year deregulation trend, the quant movement, the spread of risk-taking culture throughout the financial industry, and globalization.


Over the last twenty years, one of the most significant developments in intellectual property law has been the dramatic increase in the number of patent cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. That same time period has also seen the emergence of a small, elite group of lawyers specializing not in any particular area of substantive law but in litigation before the Supreme Court. In recent empirical work, I linked the Court's growing interest in patent law to the more frequent participation of elite Supreme Court lawyers in patent cases, particularly at the cert. stage. Among other things, I found that the proportion of cert. petitions in patent cases filed by elite lawyers has increased more than fivefold since the early 2000s and that, in patent cases, a cert. petition filed by an elite lawyer is 3.3 times more likely to be granted than a petition filed by a non-elite.

This article, written for a symposium on Administering Patent Law, builds on that prior work in two ways. First, it shows that elite Supreme Court lawyers are not only handling more patent cases at the Court itself, they are arguing a growing number of patent cases at the Federal Circuit, too. As recently as 2009, fewer than 1 in 100 Federal Circuit oral arguments were delivered by an elite Supreme Court advocate. Today, that figure is 1 in 20. In a similar vein, from 2008 through 2010, less than 10% of all elite Supreme Court advocates also presented oral argument at the Federal Circuit in a given year. Today, that figure has tripled, with one-quarter of elite Supreme Court advocates also delivering at least one argument at the Federal Circuit annually.

Second, this article considers the normative implications of having a small, relatively homogeneous group of lawyers play such a significant role in shaping patent law in the United States. The presence of elite advocates—who know well enough to deemphasize the technological aspects of patent cases when litigating before the Justices—could help explain why the Supreme Court has generally shied away from disputes involving the core requirements of patentability, such as nonobviousness, even though doctrinal disruption in those areas would be particularly useful. Ultimately, however, elite advocates' involvement in patent cases may be beneficial: as non-specialists in patent law, they can help alleviate problems that have arisen due to the centralization of patent appeals in the semi-specialized Federal Circuit.


This book chapter presents a comprehensive set of MATLAB/Simulink models used to simulate various power quality disturbances. The models presented include distribution line fault, induction motor starting, and transformer energizing that are used to simulate various types of voltage sag event. Capacitor bank switching model used to simulate oscillatory transient event, lightning impulse model used to simulate impulsive transient event, nonlinear load models used to simulate triplen harmonic and voltage notching disturbances generated from the load side, and lastly electric arc furnace model used to simulate flicker disturbance are also presented. This chapter presents each power quality disturbance in MATLAB/Simulink model. The presented models are used to simulate various power quality disturbances and waveforms for power quality analysis research as well as contribute to the development of power quality education and learning curriculum.


We investigate the physical nature of blue cores in early-type galaxies through the first multiwavelength analysis of a serendipitously discovered field blue-nucleated spheroid in the background of the deep Hubble Space Telescope ACS/WFC griz multicolor observations of the cluster A1689. The resolved g-r, r-i, and i-z color maps reveal a prominent blue core identifying this galaxy as a "typical" case study, exhibiting variations of 0.5-1.0 mag in color between the center and the outer regions, opposite to the expectations of reddened metallicity-induced gradients in passively evolved elliptical galaxies. From a Magellan-Clay telescope spectrum we secure the galaxy redshift at z = 0.624. We find a strong X-ray source coincident with the spheroid galaxy. Spectral features and a high X-ray luminosity indicate the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) in the galaxy. However, a comparison of the X-ray luminosity to a sample derived from the Chandra Deep Field-South displays LX to be comparable to type 1/QSO galaxies while the optical flux is consistent with a normal star-forming galaxy. We conclude that the galaxy's nonthermal component dominates at high-energy wavelengths, while we associate the spheroid blue light with the stellar spectrum of normal star-forming galaxies. We argue for a probable association between the presence of blue cores in spheroids and AGN activity.


An alternative to the classical acid-base regeneration of chelating resins loaded with heavy metals is investigated. The new process consists in recovering the heavy metals with recyclable soluble complexing agents. The semiclosed reactor includes a fixed bed and a stirred tank. A three-parameter model, which implies a double equilibrium in series, is introduced. When less than 10 % of the metal is still fixed on the resin at the end of the desorption, a simplified form of the model with two parameters, which describes a quick equilibrium followed by a first-order kinetics reaction, is proposed. Both forms of the model can simulate results for different experimental conditions (polymer and metal types, polymer initial concentration). It was observed for both cases that the first equilibrium constant depends on the polymer type and that the rate constant of desorption depends on the metal type. The scale-up of desorption is then conducted at mini-pilot scale. Scale-up criteria tend to minimize the desorption time and the soluble polymer quantity used.


The Practical, Complete Guide to Leveraging the Power of Social Networks with Lotus Connections 2.5 The first book to cover the newest version of the breakthrough product from IBM: Lotus Connections 2.5. This book includes practical techniques for building dynamic networks of coworkers, partners, and customers that promote innovation, business agility, and authoritative guidance for business and technical planning, deployment, integration, and much more. Social networking is the newest frontier in business collaboration, and IBM Lotus Connections 2.5 gives businesses the tools they need to make the most of iteasily, securely, and cost-effectively. In this book, a team of IBM Lotus Connections 2.5 experts thoroughly introduces the newest product and covers every facet of planning, deploying, and using it successfully. The authors cover business and technical issues and present IBMs proven, best-practices methodology for successful implementation. The authors begin by helping managers and technical professionals identify opportunities to use social networking for competitive advantageand by explaining how Lotus Connections 2.5 places full-fledged social networking tools at their fingertips. IBM Lotus Connections 2.5 carefully describes each component of the productincluding profiles, activities, blogs, communities, easy social bookmarking, personal home pages, and more. The book contains practical coverage of administering Lotus Connections 2.5 and detailed guidance of integrating and extending Lotus Connections 2.5.


The market for short-term debt is dominated by the issuance of bank securities. Yields on these securities act as an important reference rate within the financial system. The turmoil in global markets during recent years has led to significant changes in the short-term debt market as the funding profiles of banks and other issuers of short-term securities has altered.


This paper reviews the existing numerical analysis methods and their problems in surface metrology. Based on the requirements of functional analysis of surfaces, this paper proposes a lifting wavelet representation for extraction of different components of a surface. The theory of the lifting wavelet is introduced and a fast algorithm is developed. Different frequency components of the surface can be separated, extracted and then reconstructed according the intended requirements of functional analysis. The surface textures can be highlighted and multi–scalar topographical features can be identified and clearly recovered. In order to verify the behaviour of the new model, a computer simulation based on sinusoidal and triangular waveforms is used. Case studies are conducted using a series of typical surfaces of engineering and bioengineering, such as planes, cylinders and curves, measured by contact (stylus) and non–contact (phase–shifting interferometry) instruments, to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of using the lifting wavelet model in the analysis of these surfaces.


Calcium orthophosphates (Ca-Ps) have long been the focus of extensive research due to their significance as inorganic phases of biomineral bones and teeth and the primary constituent of the majority of pathological calcified tissues. The utilization of atomic force microscopy (AFM) as an in situ imaging technique is to probe nanoscale and even near-molecular processes during Ca-P crystallization and unravel the underlying modulation mechanisms of biological molecules. According to the solubility defined as the equilibrium solute concentration for Ca-P growth, we first review classical crystallization mechanisms of brushite (DCPD) and the role of step-specific interactions, providing a context for interpreting the changes of step movement velocities and visualizing the modification of the growth hillock (spiral growth) morphology and the step features on a DCPD crystal surface in the presence of growth modulators using AFM. A nonclassical crystallization pathway for octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) is then reviewed so that the effects of biomolecules, such as amelogenin proteins on tooth enamel formation, are set in a broader biomineralization context. Finally, we show how recent advances using AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) have provided the energetic basis for probing the interactions between osteopontin (OPN) peptides and HAP to define a thermodynamic understanding of OPN roles in the growth of HAP at biomimetic cell membrane surfaces. These in situ AFM observations improve the fundamental understanding of the interfacial growth of Ca-P biominerals and their biomimetic substitute materials.


Despite calls for the abolition of assumption of risk, and for its "merger" within comparative fault, the doctrine survives in some jurisdictions, and its spirit endures in most, if not all. The consensual rationale underlying assumption of risk is distinctive, important, and not easily reducible to the paradigm of victim fault. That rationale helps shape many of the no duty and limited duty rules in negligence law. Moreover, a similar rationale also underlies consent to an intentional tort. To be sure, whether the victim acted "reasonably" seems to be more relevant when the injurer is a negligent rather than an intentional tortfeasor. But this difference largely reflects only contingent, empirical differences in the typical fact pattern when a victim "consents" to negligence as opposed to an intentional tort. Whether a formal defense of assumption of risk of an injurer's negligence should also be retained, however, is a close question. An affirmative answer is most plausible in two narrow categories - when the victim fully prefers the risk, and when the victim insists on a relationship with the injurer. A plaintiff fully prefers a risk if he actually favors the tortious option that defendant provided to the nontortious option that defendant could have provided. (Suppose a passenger encourages a driver to speed.) And a plaintiff insists on a relationship if he requests that defendant permit him to confront a tortious risk when defendant could decline a continuing relationship. (Suppose a stranded motorist requests a ride from a drunk driver.) But the traditional view that a victim should obtain no recovery if he voluntarily and knowingly elects to confront a risk is excessively broad and is not justified by the state's legitimate interests in furthering or respecting human autonomy.


Background: Adolescence is a period of physical, nutritional, and sexual transition, also remarkable for the accompanying psychological changes. Worldwide, 20% of children and adolescents suffer from a disabling mental illness. Therefore, knowledge of the prevalence of these disorders can be used to design intervention strategies. The present study was conducted in the 13–15 years' age group schoolgoing adolescents, with the objective to estimate the prevalence of psychological morbidity, employing Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in three different schools of Aligarh, in the 13–15 years' age group, with a prior permission from the school authorities. The study was approved by a multidisciplinary Institutional Ethics and Research Advisory Committee. Results: A total of 1456 students were sampled for the study. The prevalence of psychological morbidity on the basis of total difficulties score was found to be 9.75% (95% confidence interval - 8.33–11.39). The prevalence of emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, peer, and prosocial problems was 5.42%, 5.56%, 3.78%, 4.40%, and 4.26%, respectively. Conclusions: Psychological problems are fairly common in the adolescent age group. Despite the need, there is a dearth studies conducted in this crucial age group in India. Of the studies available, a wide variance is reported either due to the difference in diagnostic tools or due to the types of psychological disorders considered in different researches. For the purpose of uniformity and comparability, SDQ stands as a good option.


Pediatric HIV patients who do not rapidly develop AIDS are shown to have immunological features similar to nonhuman primates that experience nonpathogenic SIV infection. HIV progression at a standstill Although most people that get infected with HIV develop AIDS, rare individuals maintain immune function in the presence of virus, a phenomenon also seen in natural hosts of the closely related SIV. Muenchhoff et al. describe a cohort of pediatric HIV patients who have normal CD4 T cell counts, despite high viremia and lack of antiviral treatment. These children have low immune activation, including less chemokine receptor CCR5 expression on central memory CD4 T cells, similar to sooty mangabeys infected with SIV. The immune mechanisms described in these patients shed light on HIV pathogenesis, which may help develop future treatments. Disease-free infection in HIV-infected adults is associated with human leukocyte antigen–mediated suppression of viremia, whereas in the sooty mangabey and other healthy natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), viral replication continues unabated. To better understand factors preventing HIV disease, we investigated pediatric infection, where AIDS typically develops more rapidly than in adults. Among 170 nonprogressing antiretroviral therapy–naïve children aged >5 years maintaining normal-for-age CD4 T cell counts, immune activation levels were low despite high viremia (median, 26,000 copies/ml). Potent, broadly neutralizing antibody responses in most of the subjects and strong virus-specific T cell activity were present but did not drive pediatric nonprogression. However, reduced CCR5 expression and low HIV infection in long-lived central memory CD4 T cells were observed in pediatric nonprogressors. These children therefore express two cardinal immunological features of nonpathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys—low immune activation despite high viremia and low CCR5 expression on long-lived central memory CD4 T cells—suggesting closer similarities with nonpathogenetic mechanisms evolved over thousands of years in natural SIV hosts than those operating in HIV-infected adults.


© 2017 SAE International. Large-bore natural gas engines may use pre-chamber ignition. Despite extensive research in engine environments, the exact nature of the jet, as it exits the pre-chamber orifice, is not thoroughly understood and this leads to uncertainty in the design of such systems. In this work, a specially-designed rig comprising a quartz pre-chamber fit with an orifice and a turbulent flowing mixture outside the pre-chamber was used to study the pre-chamber flame, the jet, and the subsequent premixed flame initiation mechanism by OH* and CH* chemiluminescence. Ethylene and methane were used. The experimental results are supplemented by LES and 0D modelling, providing insights into the mass flow rate evolution at the orifice and into the nature of the fluid there. Both LES and experiment suggest that for large orifice diameters, the flow that exits the orifice is composed of a column of hot products surrounded by an annulus of unburnt pre-chamber fluid. At the interface between these layers, a cylindrical reaction zone is formed that propagates in the main chamber in the axial direction assisted by convection in the jet, but with limited propagation in the cross-stream direction. For small orifice diameters, this cylinder is too thin, and the stretch rates are too high, for a vigorous reaction zone to escape the pre-chamber, making the subsequent ignition more difficult. The methane jet flame is much weaker than the one from ethylene, consistent with the lower flame speed of methane that suggests curvature-induced quenching at the nozzle and by turbulent stretch further downstream. The velocity of the jet is too high for the ambient turbulence to influence the jet, although the latter will affect the probability of initiating the main premixed flame. The experimental and modelling results are consistent with ongoing Direct Numerical Simulations at ETH Zurich.


This book explains how space, place and mobility have shaped the experiences of disabled people both in the past and in contemporary societies. The key features of this insightful study include: * a critical appraisal of theories of disability and a new disability model * case studies to explore how the transition to capitalism disadvantaged disabled people * an exploration of the Western city and the policies of community care and accessibility regulation. Brendan Gleeson presents an important contribution to the major policy debates on disability in Western societies and offers new considerations for the broader debates on embodiment and space within Geography.


OBJECTIVES
To describe disease characteristics and treatment modalities in a multidisciplinary cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Switzerland.

METHODS
Cross-sectional analysis of 255 patients included in the Swiss SLE Cohort and coming from centres specialised in Clinical Immunology, Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology. Clinical data were collected with a standardised form. Disease activity was assessed using the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI), an integer physician's global assessment score (PGA) ranging from 0 (inactive) to 3 (very active disease) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The relationship between SLE treatment and activity was assessed by propensity score methods using a mixed-effect logistic regression with a random effect on the contributing centre.

RESULTS
Of the 255 patients, 82% were women and 82% were of European ancestry. The mean age at enrolment was 44.8 years and the median SLE duration was 5.2 years. Patients from Rheumatology had a significantly later disease onset. Renal disease was reported in 44% of patients. PGA showed active disease in 49% of patients, median SLEDAI was 4 and median ESR was 14 millimetre/first hour. Prescription rates of anti-malarial drugs ranged from 3% by nephrologists to 76% by rheumatologists. Patients regularly using anti-malarial drugs had significantly lower SELENA-SLEDAI scores and ESR values.

CONCLUSION
In our cohort, patients in Rheumatology had a significantly later SLE onset than those in Nephrology. Anti-malarial drugs were mostly prescribed by rheumatologists and internists and less frequently by nephrologists, and appeared to be associated with less active SLE.


While in Europe and most of the developed world student ratings of instructors (SRls) continues to be the principal source of evidence for evaluating the quality of teaching in contrast, the use of SRis is a recent phenomenon in Sub-Saharan Africa. In most universities in Sub-Saharan Africa, the evaluation of teaching is based on Heads of Departments' (HODs) and peer assessment reports. Sub-Saharan African Universities which are introducing SRis are meeting resistance from staff who raise many concerns about the valid and reliability of the instruments used and the ability of the students to evaluate instructors. In this article, we look at the literature on the evaluation of the quality of teaching and the validity and reliability of instruments used in the evaluation of teaching at the University of Botswana. The article discusses the concerns raised by lecturers regarding the instruments and examines how the evaluation of teaching has - over the last eight years - been improved to address some of the concerns raised by lecturers.


Background: This study evaluated the tolerability
and efficacy of intermittent oxaliplatin treatment based on mFOLFOX6 using oral
uracil-tegafur(UFT) and leucovorin(LV) maintenance therapy in the treatment of
elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Methods: Ten non-elderly patients (70
years) with advanced/recurrent colorectal cancer were enrolled in this
prospective, multicenter cooperative group clinical trial. The mFOLFOX6 regimen
was administered for eight cycles with maintenance therapy with oral UFT/LV
treatment until progression. In cases with disease progression, mFOLFOX6 was
reintroduced. Results: Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy was
noted in 30.0% and 25.0% of the elderly and non-elderly patients, respectively.
The observed time to treatment failure (TTF) was 6.3 months in the elderly
patients and 6.4 months in the non-elderly patients. The disease control rate
was 83.3% in each group. Conclusion: Our new stop-and-go strategy
using oral UFT/LV is well-tolerated and effective even in elderly patients.


Since 1989 an indigenous political movement—the Coalition of Workers, Peasants, and Students of the Isthmus (COCEI)—has governed the southern Mexican city of Juchitan. In Decentering the Regime , Jeffrey W. Rubin examines this Zapotec Indian movement and shows how COCEI forged an unprecedented political and cultural path—overcoming oppression in the 1970s to achieve democracy in the 1990s. Rubin traces the history and rise to power of this grassroots movement, and describes a Juchitan that exists in substantial autonomy from the central Mexican government and Mexican nationalism—thereby debunking the notion that a state- and regime-centered approach to power can explain the politics of domination and resistance in Mexico.

Employing an interdisciplinary approach, Rubin shows that the Juchitecos' ability to organize and sustain a radical political movement grew out of a century-long history of negotiation of political rule. He argues that factors outside the realm of formal politics—such as ethnicity, language, gender, and religion—play an important part in the dynamics of regional political struggles and relationships of power. While offering a detailed view of the Zapotec community and its interactions, Rubin reconceptualizes democracy by considering the question of how meaningful autonomy, self-government, cultural expression, and material well-being can be forged out of violence and repression.


Social network research has begun to take advantage of fine-grained communications regarding coordination, decision-making, and knowledge sharing. These studies, however, have not generally analyzed how external events are associated with a social network's structure and communicative properties. Here, we study how external events are associated with a network's change in structure and communications. Analyzing a complete dataset of millions of instant messages among the decision-makers with different roles in a large hedge fund and their network of outside contacts, we investigate the link between price shocks, network structure, and change in the affect and cognition of decision-makers embedded in the network. We also analyze the communication dynamics among specialized teams in the organization. When price shocks occur the communication network tends not to display structural changes associated with adaptiveness such as the activation of weak ties to obtain novel information. Rather, the network "turtles up." It displays a propensity for higher clustering, strong tie interaction, and an intensification of insider vs. outsider and within-role vs. between-role communication. Further, we find changes in network structure predict shifts in cognitive and affective processes, execution of new transactions, and local optimality of transactions better than prices, revealing the important predictive relationship between network structure and collective behavior within a social network.


Enterprise modelling is one of the popular means for capturing organizational knowledge in representations that are both human-readable (that is, diagrammatic) and machine-readable (that is, sufficiently formal and granular). However, the discipline faces certain challenges pertaining to the complexity of the socio-technical system to be modelled. This often requires a separation of concerns, to allow separate modelling of various enterprise facets – work processes, organizational structure, resource descriptions. This separation must be compensated by consistency management approaches, as diagrams of different types become inter-dependent views, enabled by different viewpoints (modelling language fragments with different scopes). The paper introduces novel means for managing the consistency of knowledge captured in multi-view enterprise models. The proposal is based on semantic graphs derived from diagrammatic models, and queries acting upon these. To achieve the goal, the Linked Data paradigm is repurposed and its technological enablers are aligned to the underlying graph nature of enterprise models. Several use cases will be discussed: (a) view transformations through graph rewriting; (b) view synchronization through reasoning; (c) passive view consistency checks. Exemplary cases are extracted from two research projects where the proposal has been successfully applied, therefore background on the projects will be provided to facilitate understanding.


During the second cruise of the Japanese Research Vessel "Kaiyo Maru" to the western coast of South America in 1968-69, Dr. Osame Tabeta of the Shimonoseki University of Fisheries, then on the staff of the Kyushu University, collected a number of galatheids off the northern Peruvian coast. All of those specimens have been placed at my disposal. Among them were a pair of chirostylids, careful examination of which showed that they belonged to an undescribed species of the genus Gastroptychus. In the meantime I also had a chance to examine unidentified galatheids in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and found two chirostylids taken from off Ecuador, which proved to be identical with the Peruvian species. The opportunity is here taken to describe the new species as Gastroptychus cavimurus. The holotype and two paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (RMNH), and one paratype is to be sent to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. I am grateful to Dr. L. B. Holthuis for allowing me to study the Ecuadorian specimens. Dr. Osame Tabeta kindly made the Peruvian galatheids available to me for study. I thank Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. of the Smithsonian Institution for reviewing the manuscript. Gastroptychus cavimurus sp. nov. (figs. 1-3) Material. — Holotype: ovigerous female, RMNH, reg. no. Crust. D. 31282; 3°43'S 8i°07'W; 388 m; 16 December 1968; coll. by O. Tabeta. Paratypes: 1 male, collected with holotype; 2 ovigerous females, RMNH, reg. no. Crust. D. 31383. Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; 450-500 m; trawled; 2 May 1967; coll. by G. Ricauter; Sta. 504, Inst. Nac. Pesca, Ecuador.


Farm households in the developing world who choose to be self-sufficient, instead of producing for the market, lack the money necessary for purchasing what cannot be produced within the home. It has been noted that households located at a greater distance to market (or with higher transportation costs) are more self-sufficient than households closer to the market (or with lower transportation costs). One promising theory on why self-sufficiency increases faster than transportation costs is that the markets are volatile and information about those markets is costly for the distant farmers. Landline phones are generally not available; the only way prior to the introduction of mobile phones to get information about markets was to transport a member of the household to the market or to deliver without information. Using ordinary least squares this thesis project found a significant link between mobile phone use and increased market participation at greater transportation costs using 2009 survey data from several communities of the Bolivian Altiplano. These findings can guide development efforts and enhance the understanding of the impact of reducing information costs.


Background: Nicotine is an addictive substance present in cigarette smoke that causes a great number of health effects and is a leading cause of preventable death. Objective: This article provides information regarding the addictive nature of nicotine, adverse health effects, current detection methods, alternative approaches, and smoking cessation. Results and Discussion: An average cigarette allows a person to absorb approximately 1 mg of nicotine, which produces euphoria and establishes addiction. Nicotine binds to nicotinic receptors and activates cell signaling cascade leading to dopamine and other neurotransmitter release resulting in euphoria and pleasure. After exposure to nicotine for some time the receptors become unresponsive/desensitized. Later the receptors become responsive again due to abstinence, which is believed to play a role in dependence. A process called neuro adaptation also generates more nicotinic receptors in response to desensitization. Cigarette smoking produces harmful effects including cancer, cardiovascular disease, COPD, and congenital defects. Detection methods for nicotine include HPLC, HPLC MS/MS, semi-quantitative dipstick, liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LCTMS), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Alternative products/approaches to smoking include cigars, pipe smoking, hookah, and e-cigarettes. Currently there is conflicting evidence comparing cigars, pipe smoking, and cigarettes on their effect on mortality. Many studies demonstrate modest efficacy for e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool; however, current guidelines recommend use of other forms of nicotine replacement, bupropion SR, or Varenicline. Implications: This article provides an overview of nicotine addiction through cigarette smoke, their health effects and detection methods. This article discusses the effects of alternative tobacco products and e-cigarettes compared to cigarettes. It also provides current treatment options for smoking cessation.


INTRODUCTION Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an individual as a result of practice or experience. Apart from classical conditioning or instrumental conditioning, learning also includes cognitive learning. In a child, imitation is the commonest mode of learning. A child copies the behavior from others and responds like the stimulus to a fresh situation similar to the previous stimulus. A child might acquire a unique response that did not exist in the behavioral repertoire simply by observing the behavior of another individual. Media has been recognized from the 17th century as a vital component for learning and dissemination of information. Media has also effected modelling in a significant manner. Right through the middle of the 20th century, television has been the most effective medium for learning. Television programs have led to violence and childhood aggression (Cairns, 1990; Bushman and Geen, 1990). Television viewing increases aberrant sexual behavior as Brown and Newcomer ( 1991 ) have demonstrated promiscuous sexual behavior after heavy exposure to `sexy' television shows. Regular viewing alters the aggressive and sexual behavior and mental processing of children (Singer, 1989). In developing countries, masses have been exposed during the past 2-3 decades to limited exposure to television programs. Such programs have been confined to education of school children, though some programs relating to health care and social obligations have also been available in urban and rural communities. In the Indian subcontinent, international television transmissions became a reality during the late 1980's. The commercial organizations installed appliances to receive long distance television signals. An individual customer could receive such international programs through the support of various commercial organizations. That enabled an individual to watch the national as well as the international television transmissions. Such international transmissions have exposed the masses to different cultures and life-styles. A distinct change in hair style, language and dress is evident. Outfits imitating those used by popular singers, new hair styles, "Slang twang" and socially unconventional mannerism would also appear to have become popular. Investigations have been made to examine the psychological impact of international television transmissions in a population with a selected exposure to national and/or international television programs. Like other televised media, children and adolescents form the major audience for international television programs. A linkage has been sought between watching international television and its psychological impact among teenagers in the Indian capital metropolis. Psychological investigations on Indian teenagers who have been exposed, in the national capital metropolis of New Delhi, tc international or national television programs for short duration indicate varying attitudes towards modelling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample : The sample comprised of students from the Don Bosco school, the Mater Del Convent and The Mother's International school located in the southern part of New Delhi. During the period of July 1992, 161 school leaving teenage students belonging to the age group of 15-18 years were interviewed. They were studying in the eleventh or twelfth grade in the 12 year program of the secondary education. Among them, there were 78 females and 83 males, while 82 had been watching long distance television programs (Table 1). An enquiry was made about the monthly household income of every participant. The participants were promised confidentiality about the individual response. Information about identity of the participant, hours spent in watching television, and family background were also obtained. Questionnaire: Every participant was questioned in relation to the psychological dimensions of violence, 4 questions; modelling, 14 questions; smoking and alcohol consumption, 10 questions; sex related attitudes, 12 questions: and drugs, 6 questions. …


In this paper we propose a model which shows that the impact of copyright infringement on music artists depends on the type of revenue that they receive (royalties from record companies, profits for self-released artists, revenues from live concerts). We then test the hypotheses derived from the model on a dataset consisting of a survey of 710 artists representative of the whole population of French professional musicians. The results are consistent with our model in so far as: (i) those artists with a recording contract who do more live performances are more tolerant of piracy; and (ii) self-released artists are less tolerant of piracy, and that their attitude is therefore closer to that of record companies.


Abstract The productivity of wheat is low on smallholder farms in Rwanda. Although mineral fertiliser use is being promoted as a sustainable intensification (SI) pathway, little is known about the nutrient use efficiency and profitability of various fertiliser inputs in Burera, Musanze and Nyamagabe districts of Rwanda. The objective of this study was to assess the use of combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in wheat production in terms of nutrients management specifically, crop yield, production risk, input use efficiency and economic returns on smallholder farms. The study was conducted in three wheat-growing regions of Rwanda (i.e., Nyamagabe, Musanze and Burera districts) with contrasting soil conditions. The treatments included combinations of different levels of N (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha−1) with P (0, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 kg ha−1) and K (10, 20 and 30 kg ha−1) and the control with no applied nutrients. A diagnostic treatment composed of 90 kg N, 15 kg P, 20 kg K, 10 kg Mg, 2.5 kg Zn and 0.5 kg B ha−1 was also included. Mean grain yield and its variability, rainfall use efficiency (RUE), agronomic use efficiency (AE) of N and P and the value cost ratios (VCRs) were calculated to assess the sustainability of the nutrient rates. Across all sites, wheat grain yield and RUE increased with increase in N rates up to 90 kg N ha−1, beyond which no further increase was observed. The highest wheat yield (5.5 t ha−1) and RUE (6.6 kg ha−1 mm−1) with the lowest production risk (coefficient of variation [CV] = 20%) were recorded in the diagnostic treatment. Although the highest AEN and AEP were recorded at lower N and P levels, the CVs of VCR were high (>64%), indicating higher production risk to wheat farmers. In all cases, an optimum VCR (5.6), with the lowest CV (44.4%), was recorded in the diagnostic treatment. We conclude that application of 90 kg N, 15 kg P, 20 kg K, 10 kg Mg, 2.5 kg Zn and 0.1 kg B can guarantee a more SI of wheat production in Burera, Musanze and Nyamagabe districts of Rwanda.


Despite the fact that the arts are regarded as a core curriculum classes in the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), it is still regarded as a subject that is not as important as math or science in America's public schools. Upon extensive research, it is clear that this act has many issues. These issues tend to hover around whether or not arts education is important. Like many of the author's cited in this paper, this writer agrees that change needs to happen in policy on a national level. Because a direct route to policy change is a long-term goal, it is imperative to start at a local level. Community arts centers, museums, and other like-minded organizations can be the voice to a community or to the nation, to let everyone know that the arts are important. Before policy change can happen, people's ideas and small minded thinking needs to change about art. Small communities can set large examples.


On short timescales, the brain represents, transmits, and processes information through the electrical activity of its neurons. On long timescales, the brain stores information in the strength of the synaptic connections between its neurons. This thesis examines the surprising implications of two separate, well documented microscopic processes — the stochastic gating of ion channels and the plasticity of dendritic spines — for neural information processing and storage. Electrical activity in neurons is mediated by many small membrane proteins called ion channels. Although single ion channels are known to open and close stochastically, the macroscopic behaviour of populations of ion channels are often approximated as deterministic. This is based on the assumption that the intrinsic noise introduced by stochastic ion channel gating is so weak as to be negligible. In this study we take advantage of newly developed efficient computer simulation methods to examine cases where this assumption breaks down. We find that ion channel noise can mediate spontaneous action potential firing in small nerve fibres, and explore its possible implications for neuropathic pain disorders of peripheral nerves. We then characterise the magnitude of ion channel noise for single neurons in the central nervous system, and demonstrate through simulation that channel noise is sufficient to corrupt synaptic integration, spike timing and spike reliability in dendritic neurons. The second topic concerns neural information storage. Learning and memory in the brain has long been believed to be mediated by changes in the strengths of synaptic connections between neurons — a phenomenon termed synaptic plasticity. Most excitatory synapses in the brain are hosted on small membrane structures called dendritic spines, and plasticity of these synapses is dependent on calcium concentration changes within the dendritic spine. In the last decade, it has become clear that spines are highly dynamic structures that appear and disappear, and can shrink and enlarge on rapid timescales. It is also clear that this spine structural plasticity is intimately linked to synaptic plasticity. Small spines host weak synapses, and large spines host strong synapses. Because spine size is one factor which determines synaptic calcium concentration, it is likely that spine structural plasticity influences the rules of synaptic plasticity. We theoretically study the consequences of this observation, and find that different spine-size to synaptic-strength relationships can lead to qualitative differences in long-term synaptic strength dynamics and information storage. This novel theory unifies much existing disparate data, including the unimodal distribution of synaptic strength, the saturation of synaptic plasticity, and the stability of strong synapses.


A plain radiograph of the chest is the most frequently requested radiological image in infants and children. Assessing chest radiographs of infants and children can be challenging because of the age-related differences in normal anatomic structures, the effect of inhalation and exhalation during the imaging, and the direction of rotation. An understanding of basic radiographic principles is necessary before beginning to interpret chest films of infants and children. Use of the AIR approach can help nurses begin to understand and assess chest radiographs of infants and children in an orderly and systematic manner.


Many different random graph constructions are used to model large real life graphs, i.e., graphs that describe the structure of real systems. Often it is not clear, however, how the strength of the different models compare to each other, e.g., when does it hold that a certain model class contains another. We are particularly interested in random graph models that arise via abstract geometric constructions, motivated by the fact that these graphs can model wireless communication networks. We set up a general framework to compare the strength of random graph models, and present some results about the equality, inequality and proper containment of certain model classes, as well as some open problems.


The Activity of Alkaline Glutaraldehyde Against Bacterial Endospores and Select Non-Enveloped Viruses Justen Thalmus Despain Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, BYU Master of Science Alkaline glutaraldehyde (GTA) has been used as a high level chemical disinfectant and sterilant for many years and is known to kill a broad spectrum of organisms ranging from vegetative eukaryotes to bacterial endospores. Although the mechanism of sporicidal action has been studied on numerous occasions, GTA's exact mechanism(s) of action are still debated. In addition to the uncertainty of GTA's mechanism(s) of action, GTA has also shown significant variability in the time required to kill endospores and naked viruses. A better knowledge of the lethal mechanism(s) of GTA is needed to understand this discrepancy in kill times for GTA against spores of different species. Similar trends have been observed in GTA's activity against non-enveloped viruses. Based on previous work, one proposed major mechanism of GTA's sporicidal activity is related to the number of available primary amines located on the surface of microbes. In this study, we have compared the efficacy of GTA on spores from 5 Bacillus species. We have also developed a method for staining these spores with amine reactive dyes to create fluorescent profiles correlating to the abundance of free amino groups on each spore type. We also describe a method for staining non-enveloped viruses to identify exposed primary amino groups on capsid proteins that may act as targets for GTA, using amine reactive Gold nanoparticles. We found that GTA 6-Log10 reduction times for various spore types varied at both the batch and species level. Spore coat thickness and fluorescence were useful tools in predicting the susceptibility of spores to GTA. Amine reactive gold particles (AuNPs) also proved useful in identifying virus susceptibility to GTA. Ultimately, more reliable disinfection testing methods are needed, and caution should be used when trying to extrapolate data generated from surrogate organisms to other species.


In early 2017, the University of California Pavement Research Center (UCPRC) and the National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST), working with the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI), identified gaps in knowledge and other barriers to wider implementation that were perceived to be holding back the full potential for deployment of pavements that can simultaneously solve transportation, stormwater quality, and flood control problems. Further discussions were held with the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA), the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), and the Tongji University Sponge City Project (Shanghai, China). A workshop was organized in November 2017 based on those discussions with the goal of identifying knowledge, information, and communication barriers to adoption of permeable pavement of all types, and creation of a road map to address and overcome them. The workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders from the planning, stormwater quality, flood control, and pavement communities to hear listen to presentations, exchange and discuss unanswered questions identified by the group, and then to discuss a proposed road map to fill the gaps in knowledge, processes, and guidance. This document is the result of that workshop and additional development of the road map. It presents the organization of the workshop, summaries of the presentations and the breakout and plenary discussions, and the final road map developed from the results of the workshop.View the NCST Project Webpage


ABSTRACT Splicing of the K-SAM alternative exon of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene is heavily dependent on the U-rich sequence IAS1 lying immediately downstream from its 5′ splice site. We show that IAS1 can activate the use of several heterologous 5′ splice sites in vitro. Addition of the RNA-binding protein TIA-1 to splicing extracts preferentially enhances the use of 5′ splice sites linked to IAS1. TIA-1 can provoke a switch to use of such sites on pre-mRNAs with competing 5′ splice sites, only one of which is adjacent to IAS1. Using a combination of UV cross-linking and specific immunoprecipitation steps, we show that TIA-1 binds to IAS1 in cell extracts. This binding is stronger if IAS1 is adjacent to a 5′ splice site and is U1 snRNP dependent. Overexpression of TIA-1 in cultured cells activates K-SAM exon splicing in an IAS1-dependent manner. If IAS1 is replaced with a bacteriophage MS2 operator, splicing of the K-SAM exon can no longer be activated by TIA-1. Splicing can, however, be activated by a TIA-1–MS2 coat protein fusion, provided that the operator is close to the 5′ splice site. Our results identify TIA-1 as a novel splicing regulator, which acts by binding to intron sequences immediately downstream from a 5′ splice site in a U1 snRNP-dependent fashion. TIA-1 is distantly related to the yeast U1 snRNP protein Nam8p, and the functional similarities between the two proteins are discussed.


The United States Supreme Court recently abolished mandatory life in prison without parole (LWOP) for juvenile offenders, holding that the practice is inconsistent with the eighth amendment's cruel and unusual punishment clause, and its "evolving standards of decency" jurisprudence. The Court explicitly left open the question of whether nonmandatory LWOP is consistent with these constitutional standards. This article examines the public's sentiment concerning juvenile LWOP. An online sample (n = 599) weighted to be representative of the U.S. population was queried about juvenile LWOP as a general policy and in response to a specific case in which they had to impose a prison sentence on a juvenile convicted of murder. The age of the juvenile was experimentally manipulated as either 12 or 16. Overall, 31% of participants favored juvenile LWOP as a general policy while 55% were willing to impose juvenile LWOP in a specific case. The age of the juvenile moderated this effect, such that participants were more willing to impose LWOP on a 16-year-old than a 12-year-old both as a general policy matter and in the specific case. A majority of participants were consistent in their preferred punishment across both the general and specific inquiries, including 30% who selected LWOP. Political affiliation was the only demographic variable that predicted consistency in preferred punishment. Additionally, participants who consistently endorsed juvenile LWOP placed greater emphasis on retribution and deterrence as goals of punishment while individuals who evidenced inconsistent punishment preferences placed a greater emphasis on rehabilitation.


In Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. EEOC, the Supreme Court confirmed what the lower courts had been saying for some time: the First Amendment prohibits the application of the employment discrimination laws to the relationship between a church and its ministers. Despite Hosanna-Tabor's significance, however, the so-called ministerial exception remains in flux. For one thing, it is still unclear who will be deemed a "minister" for purposes of the doctrine. The answer to that foundational question may be more complicated than it appears. Thus far, courts and commentators have assumed that ministerial status is binary; a given employee either is a minister (in which case the First Amendment completely bars her suit) or she is not (in which case her suit proceeds like any other). That way of thinking may make sense for the easy cases, but it fits uneasily with the wide range of positions that have been labeled ministerial by the lower courts. This Note accordingly suggests an alternative framework that more closely tracks the functional considerations that underlie the ministerial exception. In short, it argues that a revised exception — one that applies to ministerial functions, not ministerial persons — better strikes the balance between antidiscrimination values and religious liberty that the First Amendment requires.


The purpose of this paper is to present the development of American economy from the perspective of cyclic downturns, which have been occurring by changes of the money supply and fluctuations of output and employment (business cycle), constituting the integral quality of the economic growth. However, the main subject and aim of this paper are not the sole issues absorbing the author. The question, in a sense, much more important, regarded as parallel, is to accentuate the common causes inducing financial crises ,which result from characteristic features of American financial markets and stock exchanges. Therefore, the author omitted certain financial crises, which appeared in the U.S. economy, and described those ones showing common points of contact with the contemporary mortgage credit crisis. As regards the format of this work, the form of a scientific magazine article appears to be the most appropriate and convincing.


Social and labour movements need a coherent critique of science and technology, it was argued at a meeting on "Radical Science and Alternative Technology", held in London on 11 April 2015. On a practical level, battles against damaging technologies have often been waged separately from each other; they could do more to reinforce each other, it was pointed out. This includes technologies deployed by corporate power in an anti-natural, anti-human way (e.g. "extreme energy" or genetic engineering of people or crops), technologies of social control (e.g. anti-crowd hardware or electronic surveillance), and technologies that harm workers' health and/or reinforced their exploitation (e.g. hazardous chemicals or building practices). The use, misuse, and abuse of science in developing these technologies is crucial. The meeting highlighted the history of the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science (BSSRS), which in the 1970s and 1980s successfully mobilised scientists to work with labour and protest movements. It considered the lessons of this experience for activists today. The gathering was organised by the Breaking the Frame group, and featured talks by veteran BSSRS activists and by presentday campaigners.


This paper investigates the improvements to the quality of ocean color data using an appropriate choice of ancillary data for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operational ocean color data processing, which requires routine ocean color product production in near real time. The ancillary data, such as the total column ozone amount, sea surface wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and total column water-vapor amount, are required for satellite ocean color data processing for deriving ocean color products, e.g., normalized water-leaving radiance spectra data, chlorophyll-a concentration, water diffuse attenuation coefficient, etc. Currently, NOAA's CoastWatch program uses the climatology ancillary data for the near-real-time ocean color data processing. Alternative ancillary data sets that can replace the climatology data for the near-real-time ocean color data processing have been investigated and studied. The studies were carried out from four selected NOAA CoastWatch regions covering the U.S. coastal and Hawaii regions and for four months (January, April, July, and October), representing the four seasons. Based on the evaluation results, we propose to use the ancillary data produced from the Global Forecast System (GFS) model for the NOAA operational ocean color data processing, as well as for any other near-real-time data processing that requires ancillary data inputs. The effects of using the GFS model data on the accuracy of the derived ocean color products are also investigated and discussed.


Background It has been hypothesized that prisons serve as amplifiers of general tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, but there is a paucity of data on this phenomenon and the potential population-level effects of prison-focused interventions. This study (1) quantifies the TB risk for prisoners as they traverse incarceration and release, (2) mathematically models the impact of prison-based interventions on TB burden in the general population, and (3) generalizes this model to a wide range of epidemiological contexts. Methods and findings We obtained individual-level incarceration data for all inmates (n = 42,925) and all reported TB cases (n = 5,643) in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul from 2007 through 2013. We matched individuals between prisoner and TB databases and estimated the incidence of TB from the time of incarceration and the time of prison release using Cox proportional hazards models. We identified 130 new TB cases diagnosed during incarceration and 170 among individuals released from prison. During imprisonment, TB rates increased from 111 cases per 100,000 person-years at entry to a maximum of 1,303 per 100,000 person-years at 5.2 years. At release, TB incidence was 229 per 100,000 person-years, which declined to 42 per 100,000 person-years (the average TB incidence in Brazil) after 7 years. We used these data to populate a compartmental model of TB transmission and incarceration to evaluate the effects of various prison-based interventions on the incidence of TB among prisoners and the general population. Annual mass TB screening within Brazilian prisons would reduce TB incidence in prisons by 47.4% (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 44.4%–52.5%) and in the general population by 19.4% (95% BCI 17.9%–24.2%). A generalized model demonstrates that prison-based interventions would have maximum effectiveness in reducing community incidence in populations with a high concentration of TB in prisons and greater degrees of mixing between ex-prisoners and community members. Study limitations include our focus on a single Brazilian state and our retrospective use of administrative databases. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the prison environment, more so than the prison population itself, drives TB incidence, and targeted interventions within prisons could have a substantial effect on the broader TB epidemic.