Sornpaisarn, B., Shield, K. Cohen, J., Schwartz, R. & Rehm, J. (2013). Elasticity of alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and drinking initiation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1) , 45-58.  doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.50 ( http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.50 ) Aim: To systematically review research outlining the effects of price and taxation on alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and drinking initiation in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design: The systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted according to internationally standardized protocols (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis; PRISMA). Data were collected up to June 2011 by searching the peer-reviewed article databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and EconLit, along with the World Health Organization's gray literature Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and by reference tracking. The meta-analyses were performed using random effects analysis, tests for publication bias, and sensitivity analyses. Measures: Any type of association between alcohol price and/or taxation and alcohol consumption, alcohol-related harms, and alcohol drinking initiation in LMIC. Findings: Our systematic search disclosed 12 studies that outlined an association between alcohol price or taxation and alcohol consumption in LMIC, while no articles were found that outlined a relationship between taxation and/or price and alcohol-related harms or drinking initiation in LMIC. The elasticity estimates were –0.64 (95% CI: –0.80 to –0.48) for total consumption of alcohol, –0.50 (95% CI: –0.78 to –0.21) for consumption of beer, and –0.79 (95% CI: –1.09 to –0.49) for consumption of other alcoholic beverages. Publication bias did not significantly affect the estimated elasticities. Conclusion: Price elasticity of demand for alcohol in LMIC is similar to that found in high-income countries. There is an imperative need for research on the association between alcohol price or taxation and alcohol-related harms and drinking initiation in LMIC.


Magnesium alloys are regarded as the most promising structure materials in transportation and aerospace fields because of their low densities and high specific strengths. However, the unsatisfactory mechanical performance and corrosion resistance restrict their applications. Grain refinement is an effective way to improve the mechanical properties and widen the applications. Among which, ultrasonic shot peening shows a great potential in producing refined grains or even nanocrystalline. A nanocrystalline forms at the surface after ultrasonic shot peening treatment. The formed nanocrystalline has been proved to dramatically affect the mechanical properties, such as hardness, mechanical stress, wear resistance and fatigue life. In this dissertation, the microstructure evolution of AZ31 Mg alloy after the ultrasonic shot peening as well as its effect on the mechanical properties are investigated. The grain size, the twin structure, the surface roughness and the residual stress distribution after ultrasonic shot peening are characterized. A gradient nanostructure is achieved through ultrasonic shot peening and the thickness of this gradient nanostructure increases with prolonging the treated time. The grains at the top surface after 5 min treatment is refined to 45 nm and further refined to 42 nm for 10 min and 37nm for 15 min treatment from the XRD result. A lamellar nanocrystaline is below the top surface and a lot of tensile twins are found at the heavily deformed grains below the nanocrystalline layer. Below the twinned layer, a residual stress is distributed as deep as 400 $\mu$m in the matrix. A rough surface is obtained and the surface roughness of the 5 min treated sample was 5.934 $\mu$m, increased to 6.161 $\mu$m for10 min and 6.236 $\mu$m for 15 min. The nanocrystalline leads to the improvement of the microhardness, from 65 HV of the as-received to 123 HV, 127 HV and 145 HV for 5 min, 10 min and 15 min treatment, respectively. The tensile stress and compression stress are also improved remarkably. The yield stress is increased from 127.7 MPa of as-received to 198 MPa of 10 min treated sample and the compression stress is improved from 73 MPa to 100 MPa. The improved yield stress is attributed to the grain refinement and the work hardening of the nanocrystalline. The wear resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy is improved greatly after ultrasonic shot peening process. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate of the ultrasonic shot peening treated sample are both lower than that of as-received. The width of the wear track of ultrasonic shot peening treated is also narrower than that of as-received, and the worn surface has a lower surface roughness. In as-received samples, abrasion and oxidation dominate the wear mechanism at low sliding speed and low applied load. The increase of sliding speed or applied load resulted in the delamination. Severe wear such as thermal softening happens with the further increase of load value or sliding speed. In ultrasonic shot peening treated samples, oxidation, the abrasion and delamination are also existing while no severe wear is found. The improved wear resistance of the ultrasonic shot peened sample is due to the improved hardness and a higher activity of oxidation during wear process. The nanocrystalline on the top surface leads to the the transition boundary between the mild wear and severe wear to a higher sliding speed and higher applied load. The corrosion resistance of AZ31 Mg alloy before and after ultrasonic shot peening is tested in 3.5 $\%$ NaCl solution. The corrosion resistance after ultrasonic shot peening is reduced greatly because of the Fe particles at the top surface, which was exfoliated from the shot during the treating process. After a 40 $\mu$m thick polishing, Fe particles are removed totally and the corrosion resistance is improved, compared with that of as-received. The anodic current density of the nanocrystallized surface after polishing is reduced because of the compression residual stress and a rapid formation of protective layer. Meanwhile, the grain boundary acts as a physical barrier for corrosion and reduces the corrosion rate. The bending behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy before and after ultrasonic shot peening is studied by a V-bending test. The ultrasonic shot peening treated sample has a similar bending performance even though the ductility has been reduced after ultrasonic shot peening. A single side ultrasonic shot peening (either at the inner side or the outer side) changed the bending behavior because of its asymmetric structure. The ultrasonic shot peening at the inner side for 5 min improves the bendability and longer treated, such as 10 min and 15 min degenerates the bendability to as-received. The improved bendability of 5 min treated sample is due to the drawing back of the neutral layer. The ultrasonic shot peening at the outer side for 5 min also improves the bending performance and a longer treatment of 15 min further enhanced the bendability. The improved bendability after outer side treatment is due to the high yield stress of nanocrystalline at the convex, resulting in the smaller strain here.


Since 2009, The Centre for Sustainable Design (CfSD) at the University for the Creative Arts (UCA) in Surrey, UK has provided business support to six hundred and fifty three eco-innovative SMEs in South East England as part of three European Commission (EC) funded projects, EcoMind, SUSCIN and FUSION. Between 2009 and 2012 CfSD led and supported 566 eco-innovative SMEs through the Sustainable Supply Chains through Innovation (SUSCIN) project, funded through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the South East England Development Agency (SEEDA) – now the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG). In parallel to SUSCIN between 2009 and 2011 CfSD supported 30 SMEs in more depth through the INTERREG IVA '2 seas' Environmental Market and Innovation Development (EcoMind) collaborative project. A detailed exploration of activities and learnings from SUSCIN and ECOMind is provided in 'Lessons learnt supporting SMEs on Eco-Innovation', 2012. Under the FUSION project between 2012 and December 2014, CfSD provided intensive support to 57 eco-innovative SMEs in Kent, East and West Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. The work was co-funded under the INTERREG IVA '2 seas' FUSION collaborative project. This report summarises the activities undertaken by CfSD as part of the FUSION project and shares the findings and lessons learnt and draws on the learnings from SUSCIN and EcoMind.


This presentation is about NREL's North American Solar Radiation Atlas, which currently includes 48 states (Alaska and Hawaii to be added in the future). It discusses the goals of the Atlas which are to: deliver basic solar performance estimates to general users, deliver a wide variety of additional information to more advanced users, be easy to use, full featured, and extensible.


In today's wireless communication systems, automatic repeat request (ARQ) is implemented at the MAC layer in order to retransmit packets that have been erroneously transmitted at the physical (PHY) layer. Following a joint PHY-MAC design, information provided by the ARQ scheme can be exploited at the PHY layer in order to improve the system's performance. This paper extends the work presented in the context of SISO channels to the context of MIMO block-fading channels. Based on statistical channel knowledge at the transmitter, it provides an analysis of the natural tradeoff that exists between the PHY layer transmission rate and the number of ARQ retransmissions. We derive a very accurate analytical formulation of the optimum transmission rate (and, equivalently, the optimum PHY packet error-rate) that maximizes the goodput, as a function of the system parameters, namely the SNR, the number of antennas and the diversity order of the channel. Interestingly, we find that the PHY layer has to be made more reliable for MIMO channels than for SISO channels, and also that the MIMO ARQ system is less sensitive to a wrong choice of the rate of transmission than the SISO ARQ system.


The emergence of deterministic Green's functions from cross-correlation of ambient noise is the physical basis for a number of passive remote sensing techniques. The data-accumulation time necessary for the Green's function emergence is of critical significance for the feasibility and implementation of the passive techniques. This paper re-examines calculation of the necessary data-accumulation times. Previously published estimates are extended to more general ambient noise fields and source-receiver geometries. The emergence time calculation is performed for arbitrary anisotropy of the noise field generated by random acoustic noise sources located on a surface or on a curve. The results apply to a general case of an inhomogeneous, moving or motionless medium with time-independent parameters. It is shown that in certain situations the emergence time estimates are influenced by the geometry (dimensionality) of the noise sources' layout, and not necessarily by the dimensionality of the propagation medium. A simpler technique using basic statistical principles is suggested for calculating the emergence time under rather general assumptions.


In this study, the phylum Cynodon dactylon was assessed phyto-chemically. The results revealed that the plant had a rich source of phytochemicals as the root of this plant contains 830.27 mg/kg of carbohydrate. Also, 2.5 mg/g phenolic compounds were found in the ethanolic extract of the plant. Fatty acid composition of the plant as also investigated, wherein palmitic acid and linoleic acid had the highest contents in aerial parts of C. dactylon with 37.63% and 30.45%, respectively. In addition, high antiradical activity was found for the stem extract of the plant. Finally, bis(2-ethylheptyl) phthalate as an anti-oxidant and anticancer compound was extracted from the C. dactylon plant stem extract and fully identified and characterized using the FT-IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C NMR analysis along with various 2D NMR techniques.


Although previous research has demonstrated that individuals are motivated to self-enhance, the neurocognitive mechanisms and temporal dynamics of self-enhancement are poorly understood. The current research examined whether self-enhancing motivations affect the perceptual processing of social feedback. Participants who varied in self-enhancement motivations received accept and reject feedback while EEG was recorded. Following this task, we measured perceptions of feedback by asking participants to estimate the number of times they were rejected. Source localization and time–frequency analyses revealed that alpha power in the medial frontal cortex (MFC) completely mediated the relationship between self-enhancement motivations and rejection estimates. Specifically, greater self-enhancement motivations predicted decreased MFC alpha power to reject compared to accept feedback, which predicted decreased rejection estimates. These findings suggest that self-enhancement motivations decrease perception of social rejection by influencing how the MFC processes social feedback.


Support vector machines (SVMs) have been a dominant machine learning technique for more than a decade. The intuitive principle behind SVM training is to find the maximum margin separating hyperplane for a given set of binary labeled training data. Previously, SVMs have been primarily applied to supervised learning problems, where target class labels are provided with the data. Developing unsupervised extensions to SVMs, where no class labels are given, turns out to be a challenging problem. In this dissertation, I propose a principled approach for unsupervised and semi-supervised SVM training by formulating convex relaxations of the natural training criterion: find a (constrained) labeling that would yield an optimal SVM classifier on the resulting labeled training data. This relaxation yields a semidefinite program (SDP) that can be solved in polynomial time. The resulting training procedures can be applied to two-class and multi-class problems, and ultimately to the multivariate case, achieving high quality results in each case. In addition to unsupervised training, I also consider the problem of reducing the outlier sensitivity of standard supervised SVM training. Here I show that a similar convex relaxation can be applied to improve the robustness of SVMs by explicitly suppressing outliers in the training process. The proposed approach can achieve superior results to standard SVMs in the presence of outliers.


The digital transformation of companies is expected to increase the digital interconnection between different companies to develop optimized, customized, hybrid business models. These cross-company business models require secure, reliable, and traceable logging and monitoring of contractually agreed information sharing between machine tools, operators, and service providers. This paper discusses how the major requirements for building hybrid business models can be tackled by the blockchain for building a chain of trust and smart contracts for digitized contracts. A machine maintenance use case is used to discuss the readiness of smart contracts for the automation of workflows defined in contracts. Furthermore, it is shown that the number of failures is significantly improved by using these contracts and a blockchain.


Context: An important subject for nurse educators both nationally and internationally is reducing the gap between the limited teaching time and unlimited content, and one approach to reducing the theory–practice gap is internship programs which provide support and mentorship to nursing interns in order to increase competence and satisfaction. Aims: This study aimed to assess different internship clinical training programs provided by the College of Nursing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to test the effect of these two internship models on students' perceptions of competency enhancement and satisfaction. Settings and Design: This study followed an exploratory comparative design at the College of Nursing, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Subjects and Methods: A convenience sample of 64 nurses was included. Data collection included the validated Nurse Competence Scale and Interns Satisfaction questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation, frequencies, and percentages, and inferential statistics such as independent t-test and Chi-square were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: No statistically significant differences (P = 0.38) were noted between the two groups of nurse interns. The average overall perceived self-rated competence was 84.82 ± 9.34 with 75.47 frequency of use of competencies. The most highly rated subscale of competency was a work role (mean competence level of 87.86 and frequency of use of 78.67%). Conclusions: This study highlighted no significant differences between the two internship models and the mean satisfaction score for nurse interns from the new training model group was higher compared to those from the traditional model group. However, it is important to note that internship programs have brought about significant changes within nursing worldwide and more specifically within Saudi Arabia.


In 1936, the Bacardi Company filed a trademark infringement action in New York state court against two New York bars for serving Bacardi cocktails made without Bacardi rum, and the court granted an injunction. For years afterward, the Bacardi Company used the ruling in its advertisement, proclaiming, "It's your right!" to expect Bacardi rum in your Bacardi cocktail. This article provides a legal history of the Bacardi cocktail and the Bacardi Company's trademark infringement action. An appendix provides a list of historical recipes for the Daiquiri and Bacardi cocktails.


The basidiomycetes fungi belonging to the genus Pleurotus could make an important contribution to sustainable functional food design because they possess an elevated protein content with a valuable essential amino acid scoring pattern, a unique dietary fibre profile, mainly comprised of branched β-glucan, high levels of some vitamins of the B group, vitamin D, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se and some bioactive mycochemicals, while the Na and fat contents are low. Moreover, Pleurotus spp. can grow efficiently on various clean by-products of food processing, such as wheat straw, wheat stalk and spent beer grain, thus representing a sustainable food source. This review illustrates the compositional variability of Pleurotus spp. grown on various by-products, in order to clarify its potential ability to address the needs of populations with endemic nutritional deficiencies as well as those populations at risk or affected by some chronic diseases. The perspectives for Pleurotus applications in functional foods decisively depend on consumers' acceptability. Hence, the sensory properties of Pleurotus spp. are also clarified herein. Lastly, the three main strategies of functional food development using Pleurotus spp. are summarized, namely its use as a fortifying agent, high-cost protein replacer and prebiotic ingredient.


The high variety of ecosystem service categorisation systems, assessment frameworks, indicators, quantification methods and spatial localisation approaches allows scientists and decision makers to harness experience, data, methods and tools. On the other hand, this variety of concepts and disagreements among scientists hamper an integration of ecosystem services into contemporary environmental management and decision making. In this article, the current state of the art of ecosystem service science regarding spatial localisation, indication and quantification of multiple ecosystem service supply and demand is reviewed and discussed. Concepts and tables for regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem service definitions, distinguishing between ecosystem service potential supply (stocks), flows (real supply) and demands as well as related indicators for quantification are provided. Furthermore, spatial concepts of service providing units, benefitting areas, spatial relations, rivalry, spatial and temporal scales are elaborated. Finally, matrices linking CORINE land cover types to ecosystem service potentials, flows, demands and budget estimates are provided. The matrices show that ecosystem service potentials of landscapes differ from flows, especially for provisioning ecosystem services.


The importance of the mass media as carriers of information especially in time of crisis, for instance war and outbreak of disease, in an epidemic or pandemic, have been discussed widely. During a crisis situation, the mass media especially the newspapers, due to their inexpensiveness and accessibility, become an important vehicle that is being sought by people to get an in-depth coverage and updates on the latest information and advice pertaining to the crisis. Since its outbreak in April 2009, H1N1 or commonly known as swine flu has become a global concern, especially among the Asian countries where medical research, facilities and medication for this disease are scarce. Like HIV/AIDS, H1N1 has become a pandemic and has been reported to reach level 6 in terms of seriousness by WHO on 11 June 2009. Using the newspapers to change the behavior of the people to adopt to the standard health procedure in order to minimize the spread of the disease has been the general practice of
health practitioners and departments. In order to create awareness as well as facilitate the needs of health authorities, the newspapers through their reporters and gatekeepers will try to package the news in such a way which
may benefit the target audience. Hence, various strategies including media framing have been adopted by the newspapers to impart information to the public with the hope to control or minimize the spread of the disease. This paper will focus on the findings of a content analysis based on Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) framing analysis of H1N1 pandemic in the four Malaysian mainstream newspapers namely Utusan Malaysia, New Straits Times, The Star and Berita Harian. The study also seek to find out to what extent the newspapers are involved in framing a pandemic, which is another kind of war (just like war against crime and war against drug) and whether Semetko and Valkenburg framework is workable or applicable in a pandemic situation. Furthermore, the paper will also highlight the process of prevention and intervention efforts undertaken by local authorities in managing the crisis.


Part I
The exosome is a conserved 3´- 5´ exoribonuclease complex involved in cellular
RNA metabolic processes in eukaryotes and archaea. Its involvement in the
accurate processing of nuclear RNA precursors and in the degradation of RNA in
both nucleus and cytoplasm implies a central function in the eukaryotic RNA
surveillance machinery. This widespread function implies the ability of the
exosome to distinguish between RNA substrates that should be matured by the
removal of nucleotides to a precisely defined end point, and defective RNAs that
undergo rapid and complete degradation. However, the structural and molecular
mechanisms of processive 3´- 5´ RNA degradation and substrate specificity
remain unclear.
To obtain insights into the structural and functional organization of the exosome, I
determined crystal structures of two 230 kDa nine subunit exosome isoforms from
Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Both exosome isoforms contain a hexameric ring of
RNase PH-like domain subunits Rrp41 and Rrp42 with a central chamber. A trimer
of Rrp4 or Csl4 subunits is situated on one side of the RNase PH domain ring and
forms a multidomain macromolecular interaction surface with central S1 domains
and peripheral KH and zinc-ribbon domains. Tungstate soaks identified three
phosphorolytic active sites inside the central processing chamber. Additional
structural and functional results suggest that the S1 domains of Rrp4 or Csl4
subunits and a subsequent neck in the RNase PH domain ring form an RNA entry
pore that only allows access of unstructured RNA to the active sites. The structural
results presented here can not only mechanistically unify observed features of
exosomes, including processive 3´ RNA degradation of unstructured RNA, the
requirement for regulatory factors and coactivators to degrade structured RNA,
and the precision in processing RNA species to a defined length. But the high
conservation of the archaeal exosome to the eukaryotic exosome and its
additional high structural similarity to bacterial mRNA-degrading PNPase suggest
a common basis for 3´ RNA-degradation in all kingdoms of life. Furthermore, the
structure of the archaeal exosome reveals remarkable architectural and functional
similarities to the protein degrading proteasome.
Part II
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent nucleic acid unwinding by superfamily 2
(SF2) helicases is required for numerous biological processes, including DNA
recombination, RNA decay and viral replication. The structural and molecular
mechanism for processive duplex unwinding of SF2 helicases is still unclear, in
part due to a lack of structural insights into the actual strand separation reaction.
Archaeal SF2 helicase Hel308 preferentially unwinds lagging strands at replication
forks and is closely sequence related to human PolΘ and Hel308 as well as
Drosophila Mus308. Furthermore, the RecA ATPase-core of archaeal Hel308
shares high sequence conservation to the SF2 RNA decay factors Ski2p and
Mtr4p. Thus, archaeal Hel308 appears as representative model to understand
processive 3´- 5´ DNA unwinding by SF2 helicases.
During this PhD thesis crystal structures of Archaeogloubs fulgidus Hel308
(afHel308) in the absence and presence of a 15mer duplex DNA containing a
10mer 3´-overhang were determinded using X-ray crystallography. afHel308
exhibits two typical SF2 RecA-like domains at the N-terminus. The C-terminus
comprises a winged-helix (WH) domain, followed by a unique seven-helix-bundle
domain and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain. The DNA bound structure captures
the initial duplex separation and argues that initial strand separation does not
require ATP binding. Comparison with ATP bound SF2 enzymes suggests that
ATP binding and hydrolysis promotes processive unwinding of one base pair by a
ratchet like transport of the 3' product strand. In addition, the structure suggests
that unwinding is promoted by a prominent β-hairpin loop. The identification of
similar β-hairpin loops in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 helicase and RNA decay
factors Ski2p and Mtr4p, and consistency of the results with biochemical data on
HCV NS3 helicase argue that the observed duplex unwinding mechanism is
applicable to a broader subset of processive SF2 helicases. Furthermore, the
interaction between afHel308 and its DNA substrate also may explain how
afHel308 is targeted to branched nucleic acid substrates.The presented results
provide a first structural framework for duplex unwinding by processive SF2
helicases and reveal important mechanistic differences to SF1 helicases and the
SF2 helicase RecG.


An analysis of the spectrum of the linear unsymmetric molecule HC12N has been made permitting the determination of the 21 constants necessary for predicting the vibrational frequencies and the 10 constants necessary for predicting the B value for the various vibrational states. To determine these constants new measurements were made on numerous bands in the region of 1–3 μ employing a 5-m vacuum spectrograph. Several instances of Fermi resonance were detected and analyzed. Except for a few bands where additional resonances may be present, the vibrational constants predict the measured values for the band origins of 44 bands within an amount not much greater than the expected experimental error. The rotational constants also predict the B value within the experimental error for 24 bands where data are available.Bands of HC13N and DC12N were also measured to determine the α values for calculation of the equilibrium moment of inertia. The 101–000 and 1111–0110 bands were used for all three isotopic forms of HCN to determine the Be values in a parallel fashion. From these values the bond length C–H=1.06593±0.00010 A and C–N=1.15313±0.00002 A were determined.In five different cases in HC12N it was possible to apply the Ritz combination principle to determine the frequency of the 0110 state. By using this value and the rotational constants it was possible to calculate the frequencies of lines in the 0110–000 band. The principle is also applied to HC13N and DC12N.


The internet offers the possibility of forming de-institutionalized, organizational structures that engage in the democratic process in ways that go far beyond volunteering, protesting, or voting. The digital space enables people to collaborate and communicate with one another more effectively, even if they have never met in real life (Shirky 2009). Formations such as Telecomix and Project PM show that this capability can be harnessed in the service of meaningful collective political and social actions. Journalist and activist Barrett Brown's latest venture, $2 , hopes to further that potential. Pursuance looks to empower political actors via "process democracy" (Brown 2018), offering participants a platform in which they can organize, build, and act on social justice endeavors. Pursuance is important because it provides a means for individuals to rapidly and effectively assemble, disassemble, and reassemble into mission-driven teams. This lessens the need for stable institutions to direct civic or political activism, thus reducing the problems that often follow, e.g. the Iron Law of Oligarchy (Michels 2015). We explore the potential of Brown's endeavor, asking: How can Pursuance most effectively further the practice of deinstitutionalized democracy? What can be learned from past groups that have engaged in the kind of activity Pursuance aims to facilitate?


For those living outside Scandinavia, the Viking Age effectively began in 793 with an attack on the monastery at Lindisfarne, a characteristically violent harbinger of what was in store for Britain and much of Europe from the Vikings for the next 300 years, until the final destruction of the heathen temple to the Norse gods at Uppsala around 1090. Robert Ferguson is a sure guide across what he calls 'the treacherous marches which divide legend from fact in Viking Age history'. His long familiarity with the literary culture of Scandinavia - the eddas, the poetry of the skalds and the sagas - is combined with the latest archaeological discoveries and the evidence of picture-stones, runes, ships and objects scattered all over northern Europe, to make the most convincing modern portrait of the Viking Age in any language. "The Hammer and the Cross" ranges from Scandinavia itself to Kievan Rus and Byzantium in the east, to Iceland, Greenland and the north American settlements in the west. Beyond its geographical boundaries the book takes us on a journey to a misty region inhabited by Hallfred the Troublesome Poet, Harald Bluetooth, Ragnar Hairy-Breeches, Ivar the Boneless and Eyvind the Plagiarist, in which literature, history and myth dissolve into one another.


In recent blog posts, Paul Krugman proposes a heuristic model to analyse the advanced country macroeconomic situation circa 2014. An earlier version focusing on Japan is much more formalized with the usual New Keynesian paraphernalia. Despite Krugman's claims to the contrary, the analysis is not really Keynesian, at least in comparison to the General Theory or GT. It does hark back to the world of the turn-of-the-twentieth-century Swedish economist Knut Wicksell and contemporaries and followers such as Irving Fisher, James Tobin, and Robert Mundell.


High performance ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors based on semiconducting nanowires are expected to have extensive applications in UV-ray detection, optical communication and environmental monitoring. In this work, GaN nanowire photodetectors have been fabricated and giant UV photoresponse has been achieved with Pt nanoparticle (NP) modification. The peak responsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the GaN nanowire UV photodetector were increased from 773 to 6.39 × 104 A W−1 and from 2.71 × 105% to 2.24 × 107%, respectively, and the response time and sensitivity were improved greatly after Pt NP decoration on the GaN nanowire surface. Moreover, the Pt–GaN nanowire photodetector still presents its spectrum selectivity in the UV region. Our results reveal that Pt nanoparticles play a key role in enhancing the photodetection performance of the nanodevice due to the strong absorption and scattering of incident light induced by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and the improvement of interfacial charge separation owing to the special device configuration. These findings offer an efficient avenue toward the performance enhancement of GaN nanowire and related optoelectronic devices or systems.


OBJECTIVES
This study examined the frequency of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among hospital admission and diarrhoeal stool samples over a six-year period.

METHODS
A review of all suspected cases of C difficile positive patients from 2007 to 2012 at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, was performed. Clostridium difficile infection was confirmed by clinical features and a positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) stool test for Clostridium Toxins A and B. The demographics, clinical features, risk factors, treatment and outcomes were also examined.

RESULTS
There were 56 patients reviewed. The most commonly affected age group was 40-59 years of age. The proportion of CDI cases per total stool samples increased from 0.5% in 2007 to 5.9% in 2010 then fell to 2.2% in 2011 but increased again to 4.3% in 2012. The proportion of cases per total UHWI admissions also increased from 0.12 cases per 1000 admissions in 2007 to 1.16 in 2010 and 1.36 in 2012 (p < 0.001). Most CDI cases were nosocomial (76% males, 48.6% females). Co-morbidities included hypertension and end-stage renal disease. Ceftazidime was the most common antibiotic associated with the development of CDI. Resolution occurred in 62.5% of patients. Duration of hospital stay was longer in males than females (≥ 21 versus < 7 days) and males had more adverse outcomes, with death in 23.8% versus 11.4%.

CONCLUSION
There has been an increase in the frequency of CDI at UHWI with a greater than expected frequency of community acquired CDI. Increased awareness is needed of the increasing risk for CDI and measures must be taken to prevent the disease, especially in hospitalized patients.


Mediation as an alternative form of dispute resolution received renewed attention with the court-annexed mediation rules being piloted at various magistrates' courts around South Africa and already provided for in r 37 of the Uniform Rules of Court governing the proceedings in the High Courts of South Africa. Being a voluntary process that allows the participants to control the course and outcome of their dispute, in a private and confidential setting, it seems to be the perfect solution to health care disputes for reasons that I will discuss below.


History is composed of a web of innumerable interacting causal chains, many of which are composed of millions of discrete events. The complexity of history puts us in a position of having knowledge of only a minuscule portion of the consequences of any event, actual or proposed. Our almost complete lack of knowledge of the data necessary to know if an event is gratuitous makes it very likely that we would be mistaken about a very large number of events. The complexity of history, therefore, poses a significant challenge to certain types of evidential arguments from evil that begin with our observations of evils that appear to be gratuitous. For want of a nail the shoe is lost, For want of a shoe the horse is lost, For want of a horse the rider is lost, And all for the want of a nail. Benjamin Franklin, 1757


The paper explores the view that the Asian currency and financial crises in 1997 and 1998 reflected structural and policy distortions in the countries of the region, even if market overreaction and herding caused the plunge of exchange rates, asset prices, and economic activity to be more severe than warranted by the initial weak economic conditions. The second part of the paper presents a reconstruction of the Asian meltdown -- from the antecedents in 1995-96 to the recent developments in the summer of 1998 -- in parallel with a survey of the debate on the strategies to recover from the crisis, the role of international intervention, and the costs and benefits of capital controls.


Seed kernel extracts of China berry (Melia azedarach) against oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) and tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera), and commercial neem formulations containing azadirachtin (Biofree-I® and Thai neem 111®) against the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) were tested in Taiwan and Thailand to confirm their effects on oviposition, feeding, growth and development. Various extracts from M. azedarach seed kernels significantly reduced the oviposition of B. dorsalis and the efficacy was similar to Biofree-I®. The green drupe and dry seed kernel extracts of M. azedarach substantially increased larval mortality, and reduced successful pupation, pupal weight, adult emergence, fecundity and egg hatch of H. armigera larvae. Commercial neem formulations exhibited adverse morphogenic effects on various biological parameters of M. vitrata, but they did not reduce oviposition and egg hatch. M. azedarach extracts and commercial neem formulations can be employed together for the sustainable management of B. dorsalis, H. armigera and M. vitrata.


Theory suggests that banks' private information about borrowers lets them hold up borrowers for higher interest rates. Since hold-up power increases with borrower risk, banks with exploitable information should be able to raise their rates in recessions by more than is justified by borrower risk alone. We test this hypothesis by comparing the pricing of loans for bank-dependent borrowers with the pricing of loans for borrowers with access to public debt markets, controlling for risk factors. Loan spreads rise in recessions, but firms with public debt market access pay lower spreads and their spreads rise significantly less in recessions. Copyright (c) 2008 by The American Finance Association.


The paper examines that how the application of the MON88017 GM maize variety could influence the profitability of maize production in Hungary. The most important benefit of this biotech crop lies in its reduced need for chemical use and the additional yield comparing to conventional varieties. Among the economical disadvantages there is the uncertain market of GM products in the EU. After weighing all these factors the results conclude that the farmers could reach an income surplus by growing this GM variety. Although, this surplus is significant only if a similar positive yield impact is achieved under the Hungarian conditions as in the USA.


The Gin inversion system of bacteriophage Mu requires the formation of a synaptic complex of unique topology, where the two Gin dimers bound at the recombination gix sites are interacting to form an enzymatically active tetramer, which then catalyses the site-specific recombination reaction. After the assembly of the synaptic complex the DNA strand cleavage is activated by the DNA-bending protein FIS bound at the recombinational enhancer sequence. During reaction the complex undergoes conformational changes resulting in a site-specific inversion of a DNA segment in the phage Mu genome. In this thesis the protein interactions in the synaptic complex were analysed. First, the question on the interactions between FIS and Gin during formation of the synaptic complex was addressed. In a genetic test system a mutant fisS14P has been selected that can rescue the recombination-deficient phenotype of the mutant Gin H106T. FIS S14P was shown to activate the Gin H106T mutant in vivo but not in vitro. The possible reasons are the differences in the in vivo and in vitro conditions, and the observed altered DNA bending ability of the FIS S14P mutant. The position of the mutation S14P in the "β-hairpin arm" of the FIS N-terminus suggests it could directly interact with the hydrophobic dimerisation interface of Gin around the position H106. Next, the predictions of the preliminary model of the Gin invertasome organisation have been verified and the catalytic domains of Gin were demonstrated indeed to be involved in tetramer formation. To do this, specific mutations at the proposed synaptic interfaces were introduced and biochemical studies of different mutants of Gin invertase affected in their ability to promote synapsis were performed. It was possible to show that in addition to the already identified surfaces of the Gin dimer-dimer interactions, comprising of the αE helix and the flexible loop between the β2 sheet and the αB helix of Gin, also the αD helix and the loop between αA helix and β2 sheet are involved in the stabilisation of the Gin tetramer. Cysteine substitutions placed on these surfaces could be efficiently cross-linked in the tetramer in the presence of DNA and FIS, indicating their close proximity in the synapse. Furthermore, Gin mutants with either increased or decreased tetramerisation abilities were isolated and characterised, and the effects of these mutations on recombination were studied. These data led to the notion that the tetramer structure should be flexible, since all mutations that stabilise the complex cause inversion deficiency. In turn, the complexes formed by the hyperactive mutants seem to have high conformational flexibility, although at the expense of the loss of specificity. Notably, introduction of substitutions that stabilise the Gin tetramer also lead to suppression of hyperactive features. A chimeric recombinase protein, containing the N-terminal catalytic domain from Gin and the DNA-binding domain of ISXc5 resolvase, was found to form a more stable tetramer complex, than Gin. The chimera ISXc5G10 is inversion deficient, but can still catalyse resolution. Again, these observations support the notion that the stabilisation of the tetramer can strongly impair the ability to catalyse inversion, but may have less effect on the resolution activity. The DNA-binding domain of ISXc5G10 chimera was mutagenised to obtain a protein with an inversion proficient phenotype, but no mutants of this type could be found, perhaps because in the chimera not only the DNA binding domain, but the gross organisation of the protein is different. Thus, according to the obtained data the Gin dimers bound to the recombination sites are interacting with each other via catalytic domains and recombination involves gross reorganisations of contact surfaces. The obtained results allowed to clearly distinguish between the two previously proposed mechanistically different models of recombination (the "subunit exchange" and "static subunits" models), and favour the "subunit exchange" model. Such a model serves as a useful working hypothesis for future experiments dedicated to the detailed understanding of the mechanism of recombination reaction catalysis by members of the serine recombinase family.


OBJECT
The roles of the wait-and-see strategy and proactive Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) in the treatment paradigm for small intracanalicular vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is still a matter of debate, especially when patients present with functional hearing. The authors compare these 2 methods.

METHODS
Forty-seven patients (22 men and 25 women) harboring an intracanalicular VS were followed prospectively. The mean age of the patients at the time of inclusion was 54.4 years (range 20-71 years). The mean follow-up period was 43.8 ± 40 months (range 9-222 months). Failure was defined as significant tumor growth and/or hearing deterioration that required microsurgical or radiosurgical treatment. This population was compared with a control group of 34 patients harboring a unilateral intracanalicular VS who were consecutively treated by GKS and had functional hearing at the time of radiosurgery.

RESULTS
Of the 47 patients in the wait-and-see group, treatment failure (tumor growth requiring treatment) was observed in 35 patients (74%), although conservative treatment is still ongoing for 12 patients. Treatment failure in the control (GKS) group occurred in only 1 (3%) of 34 patients. In the wait-and-see group, there was no change in tumor size in 10 patients (21%), tumor growth in 36 patients (77%), and a mild decrease in tumor size in 1 patient (2%). Forty patients in the wait-and-see group were available for a hearing level study, which demonstrated no change in Gardner-Robertson hearing class for 24 patients (60%). Fifteen patients (38%) experienced more than 10 db of hearing loss and 2 of them became deaf. At 3, 4, and 5 years, the useful hearing preservation rates were 75%, 52%, and 41% in the wait-and-see group and 77%, 70%, and 64% in the control group, respectively. Thus, the chances of maintaining functional hearing and avoiding further intervention were much higher in cases treated by GKS (79% and 60% at 2 and 5 years, respectively) than in cases managed by the wait-and-see strategy (43% and 14% at 2 and 5 years, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
These data indicate that the wait-and-see policy exposes the patient to elevated risks of tumor growth and degradation of hearing. Both events may occur independently in the mid-term period. This information must be presented to the patient. A careful sequential follow-up may be adopted when the wait-and-see strategy is chosen, but proactive GKS is recommended when hearing is still useful at the time of diagnosis. This recommendation may be a main paradigm shift in the practice of treating intracanalicular VSs.


Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a multifactorial condition in which individuals fail to experience satisfaction from sexual activity. Discussion on sexual function has been the subject extreme secretiveness due to cultural and religious reasons. There is paucity of data on the prevalence and risk factors of FSD in our environment. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, pattern and risk factors for FSD at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 342 women attending the family planning clinic at AKTH. The FSFI questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence and pattern of FSD among the patients. A section was added to the questionnaire to obtain information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the risk factors. The data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi square test and Fisher's exact test were used to test for association, a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of FSD was found to be 86.0%. The most prevalent type of disorder was that of desire occurring in 91.8%, followed by disorders of lubrication (84.8%), arousal (80.7%), pain (66.4%), orgasm (41.5%) and satisfaction (31.6%). Only coital frequency (P <0.001) and chronic pelvic pain (P <0.001) were found to be significantly associated with FSD, while there was no significant association between FSD and number of years married, marital setting, hypertension, diabetes, previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, previous diagnosis of a mental or psychiatric disorder, smoking, pelvic or vaginal infection and pelvic organ prolapse. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of FSD in our environment with disorder of desire, lubrication and arousal being the most common. Coital frequency and chronic pelvic pain were significantly associated with FSD.


Following the psychological theory of object relations by Otto Kernberg, the Author seeks to demonstrate that aggressiveness can be educated and channelled positively, putting it at the service of love. It is the conviction of a Christian that "evil can be conquered by the force of good" (Romans 12, 21), and that love can neutralise the negative effects of irrational violence. However, it is necessary to benefit from the mediations of grace, and the efforts of intelligence, will and affectivity are not sufficient by themselves. Any educational, psychotherapeutic or pastoral action starts from the presupposition that the human being is educable, curable and capable of redemption. At the psychopedagogic level, education to empathy can lead aggressiveness to become an ethical indignation that can overcome passivitiy and fatatlistic resignation. Still, charity, which lies beyond any other feeling, urges and rewards organisation and cooperation that respond to the aspirations to peace, justice and brotherhood of human beings in the world.


ABSTRACT This article examines the rise of the Islamic State (IS) through its anashid (a cappella), analyzing their lyrics and their musical attributes such as sonic elements, pitch, and harmony, among others. It focuses on key themes that define the group's lyrics and traces the evolution of anashid production and use—an evolution that began with the IS borrowing existing jihad-themed anashid to articulate its message and accompany its video messaging, and led to a far more developed and sophisticated sonic identity in the form of internally produced, group-specific anashid. The IS's claims to legitimacy as the caliphate are sounded out in the group's anashid. The recurring appearance of propaganda in the form of anashid and videos builds a strong case for the genre's significance among the highly complex factors catalyzing an individual's involvement in carrying out violence, especially among recent attacks within Western countries in the name of IS.


This paper presents a novel formulation for the multi-view scene reconstruction problem. While this formulation benefits from a volumetric scene representation, it is amenable to a computationally tractable global optimisation using Graph-cuts. The algorithm proposed uses the visual hull of the scene to infer occlusions and as a constraint on the topology of the scene. A photo consistency-based surface cost functional is defined and discretised with a weighted graph. The optimal surface under this discretised functional is obtained as the minimum cut solution of the weighted graph. Our method provides a viewpoint independent surface regularisation, approximate handling of occlusions and a tractable optimisation scheme. Promising experimental results on real scenes as well as a quantitative evaluation on a synthetic scene are presented.


Post-Cold War peacebuilding is increasingly conflated with the smooth functioning of a range of processes associated with democracy, governance, development and securitisation. However, critiques of these approaches tend to focus on their liberal-democratic norms and to ignore their underlying processual logics. This article problematises two facets of process with regard to peacebuilding: its postulation as a basis for peace grounded in everyday human activity and its construction of violence as anti-process. Its goal is to present the critique of process as a means for understanding the complex relationship between international and local actors in the context of peacebuilding, thus enriching the 'liberal peace' debate. Drawing on normative political theory, including that of Arendt and Deleuze and Guattari, the article demonstrates how the problems raised by these two issues can help to explain a range of concerns associated with contemporary peacebuilding and provide starting points for imagining forms of peace that are not so reliant upon processual logics or opposed to those acts which disrupt them, which may in fact be attempts to realise radically different versions of peace. In so doing, it extends and enriches the perspectives offered by existing 'liberal peace' critiques.


Flood-sourced turbidites (i.e. hyperpycnites) preserved in lake basins are proven indicators of hydrologic changes, yet their usefulness as recorders of tropical paleoclimate variability has long been overlooked. The primary focus of this dissertation research is to investigate the late Quaternary hydroclimatic changes in tropical Africa, using hyperpycnites, dated sediment cores, and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles from Lake Kivu in the East African Rift and Lake Bosumtwi in equatorial West Africa. A secondary focus of this dissertation is to image ancient turbidite systems of the Lake Albert rift in East Africa, using 2-D and 3-D seismic reflection data, and to assess the structural controls on turbidite sedimentation. Reoccurring megaturbidites (covering >200 km) over the past ~12 k.y. were revealed by integrating seismic reflection data and sediment core results from Lake Kivu, which is subject to potential limnic overturns and degassing events. Sedimentological evidence and seismic and lake-floor bathymetric data suggest that the turbidites were sourced by hyperpycnal river flows during exceptional floods. Time series of turbidite bed-thickness and accumulation rate were generated and compared with regional paleohydrologic records of tropical East Africa, and it is found that the temporal occurrence of the turbidites is climatically controlled. It is also suggested that extreme floods in Lake Kivu's recent history may have triggered deep mixing events, and that potential geologic hazards associated with extraordinary turbidity currents may pose a risk to the current gas-extraction efforts in the lake. To further evaluate the effectiveness of lacustrine hyperpycnites as indicators of tropical African hydroclimatic changes, a 65 k.y. record of extreme hydrologic events in equatorial West Africa was reconstructed, using flood-sourced turbidites, seismic and sedimentological lake-level indicators, and paleohydrologic proxies, including total organic carbon and carbon isotopes, from the Lake Bosumtwi impact crater. Peak turbidite sedimentation is found to correlate with intervals of high TOC and markedly negative δC values, suggesting that the turbidites were deposited during periods of high lake-levels. The multi-proxy paleohydrologic record from Lake Bosumtwi suggests that over the past 65 k.y., millennial-scale variability of hydrologic extremes in equatorial West Africa was linked to North Atlantic climate, with exceptional rainfall events linked to Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials and megadrought events associated with slowdowns of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation during Heinrich stadials. Finally, 2-D and 3-D seismic reflection data from the Lake Albert Rift were analyzed to assess turbidite sedimentology in tectonically active rift lakes. Large channelized turbidite systems were observed and characterized in 3-D seismic data using seismic attribute analyses. In the absence of sediment failures and related mass transport deposits from the seismic record, it is postulated that the turbidites were sourced by hyperpycnal river flows during floods, and that there was a change in the sediment source of the turbidites, caused by drainage reversals due to rift shoulder uplift. Sediment dispersal pathways, changes in depositional facies, and evolution of the sublacustrine turbidite systems are largely controlled by syndepositional tectonism in that system. Lacustrine Turbidites from Tropical African Lakes as Indicators of Hydrologic and Climatic Changes


My Exalted Self commands the kadi and bey of Jerusalem: the bailo of Venice petitioned the Sublime Porte that those who visit Jerusalem from the subjects of the nobles of Venice should not be injured. Nor should any one of you interfere with the monks who live in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. When they repair and renovate according to their old situation areas of that church which have fallen into ruin, they seek a command that it is in accordance with Venice's capitulations ( ahdname and nisan ). Such a decree is given to these Frankish monks. In Pera they speak Turkish, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Russian, Slavonian, Wallachian, German, Dutch, French, English, Italian, Hungarian; and, what is worse, there is ten of these languages spoke in my own family. My grooms are Arabs, my footmen, French, English and Germans, my Nurse an Armenian, my housemaids Russians, half a dozen other servants Greeks; my steward an Italian; my Janissaries Turks, that I live in the perpetual hearing of this medley of sounds, which produces a very extraordinary effect upon the people that are born here. They learn all these languages at the same time and without knowing any of them well enough to write or read in it. One must turn to Ottoman history rather than western European history to explore how Venice and other western European states organized presences in the Levantine world, for the underlying design of Ottoman society did much to accommodate and make possible the development of commercial and diplomatic settlements in the empire.


An influential causal theory attributes dyslexia to visual and/or auditory perceptual deficits. This theory derives from group differences between individuals with dyslexia and controls on a range of psychophysical tasks, but there is substantial variation, both between individuals within a group and from task to task. We addressed two questions. First, do psychophysical measures have sufficient reliability to assess perceptual deficits in individuals? Second, do different psychophysical tasks measure a common underlying construct? We studied 104 adults with a wide range of reading ability and two comparison groups of 49 dyslexic adults and 41 adults with normal reading, measuring performance on four auditory and two visual tasks. We observed moderate to high test–retest reliability for most tasks. While people with dyslexia were more likely to display poor task performance, we were unable to demonstrate either construct validity for any of the current theories of perceptual deficits or predictive validity for reading ability. We suggest that deficient perceptual task performance in dyslexia may be an associated (and inconsistent) marker of underlying neurological abnormality, rather than being causally implicated in reading difficulties.


Systematic analysis for the redirection of carbon flux in metabolite-producing microorganisms requires the comprehensive understanding of their complex metabolic processes. The use of large-scale dynamic models of metabolism plays key role in the understanding of these processes and the study of possible metabolic engineering interventions. However, the generation of such models is hampered by the intrinsic nonlinearities of enzymatic reactions, and the uncertainties at different levels. In particular there is limited knowledge about the exact kinetic mechanisms, and many of the parameters involved in these mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study we propose a systematic methodology to generate large populations of dynamic non-linear models of metabolism using the ORACLE[1] (Optimization and Risk Analysis of Complex Living Entities) framework. Instead of seeking for an optimal value of the estimated kinetic model parameter values, we integrate thermodynamics, available omics, and kinetic data to construct populations of models that are locally stable, and consistent with the observed physiology. To demonstrate the utility of this methodology we constructed a population of large-scale dynamical models of optimally grown E. coli that involves 283 metabolites and 409 reactions. We used these models to (i) study the response of E. coli metabolism upon large-scale perturbations, such as gene knockouts; (ii) identify and analyze multiple steady states; and (iii) characterize basins of attraction around the identified steady states. The aforementioned analyses provide valuable insight for the design of metabolic engineering strategies towards amplification of desired product-forming pathways. 1. Miskovic, L. & Hatzimanikatis, V. Production of biofuels and biochemicals: in need of an ORACLE. Trends in biotechnology 28, 391–7 (2010).


In November 2006 the International Accounting Standards Board issued IFRS 8, which replaced IAS 14-Revised and became effective for the fiscal year beginning on or after 2009. IFRS 8 changed the items of information that companies have to disclose for each segment. The aim of the research is to examine the determinants of segment disclosures provided by Italian companies in both 2008 and 2009 using the framework of the proprietary costs theory. Moreover, the research investigates whether the implementation of IFRS 8 has brought companies operating in less competitive industries to adopt some opportunistic behaviors, reducing the level of segment disclosure provided in 2009, compared to that disclosed the previous year under IAS 14-R. The results show that higher levels of industry competition are associated with higher levels of segment disclosure. Moreover, we find that firms operating in less competitive industries decreased the items of information provided for each segment under IFRS 8, compared to those released the previous year.


There is nothing more to the credit of a library than that every man finds in it what he seeks, having failed to find it elsewhere. - Gabriel Naude (1667)


The public face of an organisation and its strategic goals are supported by the production of reports, brochures, posters, flyers, booklets. This material is known as ephemera or grey literature. In the private sector this material is treated in any number of ways, from being ignored after use to being considered a permanent record. Within the realm of government, all of this published material is scheduled in the relevant disposal authority or government directive as being part of legal deposit or equivalent and or being sentenced as archives. This paper examines the role of legal deposit in the collection of ephemera or grey literature.

Using the results of a preliminary study of the deposit of the publications under the statutory requirements produced by the National Archives of Australia, the State Records Authority of New South Wales and the State Records Office of Western Australia, this paper compares the collection of government publications, at the federal and state level as:
• Prescribed by legislative instruments such as legal deposit, government directives, government policy;
• Required by the relevant disposal authorities; and
• Produced by government bodies by the relevant legal deposit libraries as revealed by the library catalogues.

Finally, the paper reflects on the use of ephemera as an historical tool.


Regulation of cell adhesion systems is involved in both normal development and the invasive behavior of carcinomas. We examined alterations of cell morphology and adhesion molecules in response to phorbol ester treatment of the SW1116 colon cancer cell line, which forms well-organized dome-like tubular structures in culture. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced rapid spreading of cancer-cell colonies through formation of focal adhesion and disappearance of adherens junctions. Immunologic analyses demonstrated that tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were concentrated at focal adhesions, and that tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins, paxillin and an unidentified 130-kd protein, was significantly increased. Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin was detectable within 15 min after TPA treatment, when only lamellipodia had extended from the colony, and in cells treated with blocking antibodies against integrins beta 1 and beta 5, which strongly inhibited spreading and disorganization while preserving adherens junctions. The level of paxillin phosphorylation correlated well with the degree of morphologic change induced by low-dose TPA, and the dephosphorylation occurred before reversion of morphology upon removal of TPA. These findings suggest that the TPA signal was transduced to the tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin strongly associated with formation of focal adhesion, and that this in turn induced dysfunction of the cadherin system and caused spreading and disorganization of the tubular structure. The mechanism responsible for disruption of the cadherin system at adherens junctions was not clear, but the transition of beta-catenin into nuclei corresponded to the disappearance of its signal along areas of cell-cell contact. This SW1116 model provides a good system for studying the molecules involved in transient regulation and crosstalk between the cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion systems, which may explain the mechanism of invasion of well-differentiated human carcinomas.


The brain-stimulating approach known as Therapeutic Thematic Arts Programming (TTAP) has a proven record of improving the lives of people with dementia by increasing their engagement and functioning. In Transforming Dementia through Therapeutic Thematic Arts Programming: A New Psychology of Art, the Brain, and Cognition you now have all the tools and instructions for putting this innovative and life-affirming approach to work in your own care setting. You too can successfully enervate the minds and hearts of people living with this challenging cognitive disease. Participation in the creative arts has been shown to promote cell growth that enhances the brain's ability to learn and recall new information, create new ideas, and make new connections. Using 12 separate forms of creative expression - ranging from sculpture and painting to physical movement and mental imagery - TTAP builds on themes in an integrative way that helps each individual with dementia draw upon memories, feelings, and intellectual reserves that promote positive self-regard and active social participation. Sample activity protocols guide you through the process of engagement to help you quickly master the steps. Activities using the TTAP method can provide: -significant stimulation and integration of multiple brain regions -enjoyment, engagement, creativity, relaxation, and a sense of purpose for people with even advanced dementia -an easy-to-follow framework that allows infinite variations on themes and personal interests -complete documentation for tracking and evaluation -opportunities for one-on-one or group programming By blending the principles of art and therapeutic recreation with the latest findings in brain research, Transforming Dementia through Therapeutic Thematic Arts Programming presents an exciting new psychological taxonomy that captures the dynamic interplay between brain functioning and expressive and emotional stimulation.


[1] Tropospheric O3 columns retrieved from Ozone Monitoring Instrument and Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, CO columns retrieved from Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere, and tropospheric O3 and CO concentrations retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer from May to August in 2006 are analyzed using the Regional Chemical and Transport Model to investigate the impact of the East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China. The observed and simulated migrations of O3 and CO are in good agreement, demonstrating that the summer monsoon significantly affects the air quality over southeastern China, and this influence extends to central East China from June to July. Enhancements of CO and O3 over southeastern China disappear after the onset of the summer monsoon and reemerge in August after the monsoon wanes. The premonsoon high O3 concentrations over southern China are due to photochemical production from pollutant emissions and the O3 transport from the stratosphere. In the summer monsoon season, the O3 concentrations are relatively low over monsoon-affected regions because of the transport of marine air masses and weak photochemical activity. We find that the monsoon system strongly modulates the pollution problem over a large portion of East China in summer, depending on its strength and tempo-spatial extension. Model results also suggest that transport from the stratosphere and long-range transport from East China and South/central Asia all make significant contributions to O3 enhancements over West China. Satellite observations provide valuable information for investigating the monsoon impact on air quality, particularly for the regions with limited in situ measurements.


From May 31 to June 13, 1999, the Joseph R. Crowley Program in International Human Rights (or "delegation") conducted a mission in Hong Kong in conjunction with the Committee on International Human Rights of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York ('Association' or 'ABCNY '). The purpose of the mission was to examine the status of the rule of law in Hong Kong two years after the transition from British to Chinese rule. This Special Report documents the delegation's investigation, summarizes its findings, and sets forth its conclusions and recommendations. Part I considers the rule of law as a foundation of international human rights and China's obligations under international law to protect the rule of law in Hong Kong. After recounting the right of abode decisions themselves, it examines both the legality and prudence of the HKSAR administration's request for a reinterpretation, including the alternatives that it could have pursued. This Part concludes by analyzing the reinterpretation that Beijing issued and the effect it has had, or is likely to have, on subsequent related cases. Part II examines Hong Kong's progress towards full democracy, measuring that progress against the Basic Law and international law. It begins by reviewing the relevant international obligations applicable to the PRC and the HKSAR. Next, this part details the electoral system and limits on legislative power, including the composition of LegCo, Hong's Kong's legislature, the selection of the Chief Executive, and the separation of powers within the HKSAR government. Finally, this Part assesses the development of democratization in Hong Kong in light of the international standards previously discussed. The third and final part of this Special Report explores the status and implementation of Hong Kong's basic international human rights obligations under its domestic law. It then focuses on two areas, labor rights and anti-discrimination protection, as case studies in which fundamental rights protected under international law have been eroded or underenforced by the HKSAR administration.


Triplicate samples of Corallina officinalis L. were collected from either side of 5 large mid-shore pools on 3 shores in north-eastern England (Ravenscar, Filey Brigg and Flamborough) in order to examine the patterns of variation in abundance of different ostracod species and in assemblage structure over a range of spatial scales. Three-way nested ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in total ostracod abundance at any of the spatial scales examined. However, the 9 most abundant ostracod species showed different patterns of abundance at the different spatial scales. Only 3 species showed significant variation in abundance between shores; however, most of the variation was recorded at the between-pool, within-shore level. Seven species showed a significant variation in abundance between pools nested within shores ( (100 to 200 m scale), but not from within pools (5 to 10 m scale). Semicytherura nigrescens showed a significant variation in abundance at the km Scale and within-pool level but not between pools, whereas Hirschmannia viridis showed a significant difference in abundance at 5 to 10 m scales, but not at the other scales. There was significant variability in species richness (i.e. number of species per quadrat) at the km scale, but not at the other scales. However, there was a significant variability in assemblage diversity (H') at the km scale and the 100 to 200 m scale, but not at the 5 to 10 m scale. H' and the number of species per quadrat were significantly higher at Filey Brigg than on the other 2 shores. An MDS plot generated from a Bray-Curtis similarity matrix showed that the Flamborough samples formed a discrete cluster, whereas there was some overlap between the Filey and Ravenscar samples. Two-way nested ANOSIM showed that there was a significant difference in assemblage similarity both between shores using pools as samples and between pools using shores as samples. SIMPER indicated that the absence of S. nigrescens and relative abundance of 2 other species accounted for most of the dissimilarity between Flamborough and the other 2 shores. There was a significant negative correlation between the percent similarity and the spatial distance between quadrat pairs. The current study showed that there was considerable variation in individual ostracod species abundance and in the assemblage composition at the 3 spatial scales and that overall assemblage similarity decreased with spatial distance between samples.


Mobile technologies in one form or another are having a significant impact on the way teaching and learning are delivered within all levels of the curriculum. Bearing this in mind, we have recently started to explore ways in which such technology (particularly, mobile phones) could be utilised in a university environment. A mobile phone application was implemented using principles of electronic performance support systems (EPSS). These principles state that human ability is inherently limited cognitively and physically and will benefit from external support usually in the form of electronic tools. These tools must be made available at the point of need, provide task-oriented support and should be tailored to the specific needs and skill-levels of their users in order to improve their task performance or cognitive ability. The application was designed to support learning, by university students, about how academic libraries organise their books using classification systems such as the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system. Previous research has demonstrated the lack of knowledge and skills of our students in using the DDC, which our application aims to address. The application was adapted from a desktop EPSS tool previously built by the authors for use by first-year university students. The desktop tool was made up of a PowerPoint presentation which provided a tutorial on the DDC and decimal number system using text, images, audio, video and interactive elements. The tool also contained two computer games which provided a simulation for the students to practice what they had learnt from the tutorial. This paper briefly discusses the problems encountered in converting the desktop tool to the mobile phone platform. It also addresses some of the issues raised by students learning on mobile devices and presents the results of a preliminary evaluation undertaken with students studying at the University of Teesside.


Cell surfaces of susceptible host species (Mortierella pusllla and Cboanepilora cucurbitarum ), resistant host (Pilascolomyces articulosus ), nonhost (Mortierella candelabrum ) and the mycoparasite (Piptocepilalis virginiana) were examined for sugar distribution patterns using light and fluorescent microscopy techniques. The susceptible host, resistant host and the mycoparasite species exhibited a similar sugar distribution profile; they all showed N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucose on their cell wall surfaces. The nonhost cell wall surface showed a positive binding reaction to FITClectins specific for N-acetyl glucosamine and also for OI.-fucose, N-acetyl galactosamine and galactose. Treatment of these fungi with mild concentrations of proteinases (both commercial as well as the mycoparasiteproteinase) resulted in the revelation of additional sugars on the fungal cell walls. The susceptible host treated with proteinase expressed higher levels of N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucose. The susceptible host also showed the presence of OI.-fucose, N-acetyl galactosamine and galactose. The proteinasetreated susceptible host cell walls also showed an increase in the levels of attachment with the mycoparasite. Treatment of the resistant host with proteinases revealed OI.-fucose in addition to N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucose. Treatment of the nonhost cell wall with proteinase resulted in the exposure of low levels of D-glucose, in addition to sugars found on the untreated nonhost cell wall surface. The mycoparasite treated with proteinase revealed OI.-fucose, N-acetyl galactosamine and galactose on its cell surface in addition to the sugars N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucose. Protoplasts were isolated from hosts and nonhost fungi and their surfaces were examined for sugar distribution patterns. The susceptible host and nonhost protoplast membranes showed all the sugars (N-acetyl glucosamine, D-glucose, (It.-fucose, N-acetyl galactosamine and galactose) tested for. The resistant host protoplast membrane however, had only N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucose exposed. This sugar distribution profile resembles that exhibited by the untreated resistant host cell wall, as well as that shown by the untreated mycoparasite cell surface. Only susceptible host protoplasts were successful in attaching to the mycoparasite surface. Resistant host protoplasts did not show any interaction with the i


Human infants should be fed their own mothers' breastmilk. Where this is unavailable, replacement feeding becomes necessary. Through the ages and right up to the present, human milk has been supplied by other lactating women within or from outside the family. Donated breast-milk has been used extensively in milk banks, and numerous examples are known of women successfully initiating breast-feeding of unrelated infants despite not having recently been pregnant.


Despite growing public resistance to the practice of female genital cutting (FGC), documentation of its prevalence, social correlates or trends in practice are extremely limited, and most available data are based on self‐reporting. In three antenatal and three family planning clinics in South‐west Nigeria we studied the prevalence, social determinants, and validity of self‐reporting for FGC among 1709 women. Women were interviewed on social and demographic history, and whether or not they had undergone FGC. Interviews were followed by clinical examination to affirm the occurrence and extent of circumcision. In total, 45.9% had undergone some form of cutting. Based on WHO classifications by type, 32.6% had Type I cuts, 11.5% Type II, and 1.9% Type III or IV. Self‐reported FGC status was valid in 79% of women; 14% were unsure of their status, and 7% reported their status incorrectly. Women are more likely to be unsure of their status if they were not cut, or come from social groups with a lower prevalence of cutting. Ethnicity was the most significant social predictor of FGC, followed by age, religious affiliation and education. Prevalence of FGC was highest among the Bini and Urhobo, among those with the least education, and particularly high among adherents to Pentecostal churches; this was independent of related social factors. There is evidence of a steady and steep secular decline in the prevalence of FGC in this region over the past 25 years, with age‐specific prevalence rates of 75.4% among women aged 45–49 years, 48.6% among 30–34‐year olds, and 14.5% among girls aged 15–19. Despite wide disparities in FGC prevalence across ethnic, religious and educational groups, the secular decline is evident among all social subgroups.


Published to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the Profumo scandal, An English Affair is a sharp-focused snapshot of a nation on the brink of social revolution. Britain in 1963 - Harold Macmillan was the Prime Minister of a Conservative government, dedicated to tradition, hierarchy and, above all, old-fashioned morality. But a breakdown of social boundaries saw nightclub hostesses mixing with aristocrats, and middle-class professionals dabbling in criminality. Meanwhile, Cold War paranoia gripped the public imagination. The Profumo Affair was a perfect storm, and when it broke it rocked the Establishment. In 'An English Affair', the author of the critically-acclaimed 'Titainic Lives' Richard Davenport-Hines brings Swinging London to life. The cast of players includes the familiar - louche doctor Stephen Ward, good-time girls Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies, and Secretary for War John Profumo himself. But we also encounter the tabloid hacks, property developers and hangers-on whose roles have, until now, never been fully revealed. Sex, drugs, class, race, chequebook journalism and the criminal underworld - the Profumo Affair had it all. This is the story of how Sixties England cast off respectability and fell in love with scandal.


OBJECTIVE
To compare serologic testing with slaughter evaluation in assessing effects of subclinical infection on average daily weight gain (ADG) in pigs.

DESIGN
Cohort study.

ANIMALS
18 cohorts (30 to 35 pigs/cohort) of pigs on/farms.

PROCEDURE
Blood samples were collected, and pigs were weighed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. Sera were tested for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. At slaughter, skin, nasal turbinates, lungs, and liver were examined. Associations between ADG and results of serologic testing and slaughter evaluation were examined by use of multiple linear regression.

RESULTS
Pathogens that had a significant effect on any given farm during any given year and the magnitude of that effect varied. However, at 16 and 24 weeks of age, a higher antibody titer was consistently associated with a lower ADG. Mean differences in ADG between seropositive and seronegative pigs were 18 g/d (0.04 lb/d) for SIV, 40 g/d (0.09 lb/d) for PRRSV, 38 g/d (0.08 lb/d) for M hyopneumoniae, and 116 g/d (0.26 lb/d) for TGEV. Of the evaluations performed at slaughter, only detection of lung lesions was consistently associated with a decrease in ADG.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that subclinical infection with any of a variety of pathogens commonly found in swine herds was associated with a decrease in ADG. Serologic testing was more effective than slaughter evaluation in assessing the impact of subclinical infection on ADG in these pigs.


From the Publisher:
Ever wonder why some type looks more professional, more sophisticated than other type? The answer lies in the techniques and rules developed for professional typesetting. Not surprisingly, those methods are far different than the training given in Typing 1A. This book not only lays down the principles governing traditional type, but explains the logic behind them. The original bestselling version, entitled The Mac is not a typewriter, received scores of rave reviews and won the prestigious Benjamin Franklin Award from the Publishers Marketing Association. Tailored specifically for users of IBM-compatible computers, this new edition will introduce thousands more to the secrets of beautiful, sophisticated pages.


Online examination is an essential part of the online learning and secure authentication is considered vital for the success of online learning. This study is part of an ongoing research on student authentication approaches and the use of challenge questions in online examination authentication. This paper presents the results of an empirical study based on "Profile Based Authentication Framework" (PBAF), which uses challenge questions for student authentication in online examination. The PBAF uses challenge questions related to personal, academic and professional information. These questions inform the usability, security and privacy of PBAF authentication approach. The results presented here summarizes the impact of questions design on the usability based on data collected from challenge questions authentication and a post-experiment survey on the data privacy.


Dark matter capture and annihilation in the Sun can produce detectable high-energy neutrinos, providing a probe of the dark matter-proton scattering cross section. We consider the case when annihilation proceeds via long-lived dark mediators, which allows gamma rays to escape the Sun and reduces the attenuation of neutrinos. For gamma rays, there are exciting new opportunities, due to detailed measurements of GeV solar gamma rays with Fermi, and unprecedented sensitivities in the TeV range with HAWC and LHAASO. For neutrinos, the enhanced flux, particularly at higher energies ($\sim$TeV), allows a more sensitive dark matter search with IceCube and KM3NeT. We show that these search channels can be extremely powerful, potentially improving sensitivity to the dark matter spin-dependent scattering cross section by several orders of magnitude relative to present searches for high-energy solar neutrinos, as well as direct detection experiments.


PURPOSE
To determine whether polyamines are present in corneal cells, whether corneal cell polyamines can be depleted by blocking the first rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine synthesis pathway, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and whether polyamines are required for proliferation in all three corneal cell types.

METHODS
Cultured corneal epithelial cells, keratocytes, and endothelial cells were exposed to the specific ODC blocker difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and ODC activity, intracellular polyamine concentrations, and cell proliferation were measured.

RESULTS
DFMO blocked ODC activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner in all three cell types. DFMO treatment completely depleted putrescine and spermidine by 2 days and also significantly depleted spermine. DFMO treatment also inhibited cell growth in all three cell types and this inhibition could be completely reversed by adding exogenous putrescine to the culture medium.

CONCLUSIONS
Polyamines are present in all cell types of the cornea, their formation is catalyzed at least in part by ODC, and they are an important component of corneal cell proliferation.


Service level agreements (SLAs) between grid users and providers have been proposed as mechanisms for ensuring that the users' quality of service (QoS) requirements are met, and that the provider is able to realise utility from its infrastructure. This paper presents a bilateral protocol for SLA negotiation using the alternate offers mechanism wherein a party is able to respond to an offer by modifying some of its terms to generate a counter offer. We apply this protocol to the negotiation between a resource broker and a provider for advance reservation of compute nodes, and implement and evaluate it on a real grid system.


Abstract. We report on the longitudinal, local time and seasonal occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) and L band (GPS) scintillations over equatorial Africa. The measurements were made in 2010, as a first step toward establishing the climatology of ionospheric irregularities over Africa. The scintillation intensity is obtained by measuring the standard deviation of normalized GPS signal power. The EPBs are detected using an automated technique, where spectral analysis is used to extract and identify EPB events from the GPS TEC measurements. Overall, the observed seasonal climatology of the EPBs as well as GPS scintillations in equatorial Africa is adequately explained by geometric arguments, i.e., by the alignment of the solar terminator and local geomagnetic field, or STBA hypothesis (Tsunoda, 1985, 2010a). While plasma bubbles and scintillations are primarily observed during equinoctial periods, there are longitudinal differences in their seasonal occurrence statistics. The Atlantic sector has the most intense, longest lasting, and highest scintillation occurrence rate in-season. There is also a pronounced increase in the EPB occurrence rate during the June solstice moving west to east. In Africa, the seasonal occurrence shifts towards boreal summer solstice, with fewer occurrences and shorter durations in equinox seasons. Our results also suggest that the occurrence of plasma bubbles and GPS scintillations over Africa are well correlated, with scintillation intensity depending on depletion depth. A question remains about the possible physical mechanisms responsible for the difference in the occurrence phenomenology of EPBs and GPS scintillations between different regions in equatorial Africa.


Abstract We have created an infrastructure that allows a human to collaborate in a natural manner with a robotic system. In this paper we describe our system and its implementation with a mobile robot. In our prototype the human communicates with the mobile robot using natural speech and gestures, for example, by selecting a point in 3D space and saying "go here" or "go behind that". The robot responds using speech so the human is able to understand its intentions and beliefs. Augmented Reality (AR) technology is used to facilitate natural use of gestures and provide a common 3D spatial reference for both the robot and human, thus providing a means for grounding of communication and maintaining spatial awareness. This paper first discusses related work then gives a brief overview of AR and its capabilities. The architectural design we have developed is outlined and then a case study is discussed.


We present the main conclusions and reflections obtained by the Electronics Teaching Innovation Group (Grupo de Innovacion Docente en Electronica, GIDEN) in the University of Valladolid (UVa) about its main working topics. This group is composed of teachers from the Industrial Engineering Degree, major speciality in Industrial Electronics, and Electronic and Automatic Industrial Engineering Degree, at the School of Industrial Engineering, who are interested in the introduction of active methodologies. Sharing ideas, reflections and conclusions in such a cooperative environment between teachers with common interests has driven the success of the different teaching activities carried out by the members of the GIDEN, which forms the work presented in this paper.


Propensity score analysis is a technique for adjusting for selection bias in observational data. Estimated propensity scores (probability of treatment given observed covariates) are used for stratification of observations. Within strata covariates should be more balanced between the two treatments than without the stratification. PSAgraphics is an R package that provides flexible graphical tools to assess within strata balance between treatment groups, as well as how covariate distributions differ across strata. Additional graphical tools facilitate estimation of treatment effects having adjusted for covariate differences. Several new and conventional numerical measures of balance are also provided.


Learning-from-crowds aims to design proper aggregation strategies to infer the unknown true labels from the noisy labels provided by ordinary web workers. This paper presents max-margin majority voting (M3V) to improve the discriminative ability of majority voting and further presents a Bayesian generalization to incorporate the flexibility of generative methods on modeling noisy observations with worker confusion matrices. We formulate the joint learning as a regularized Bayesian inference problem, where the posterior regularization is derived by maximizing the margin between the aggregated score of a potential true label and that of any alternative label. Our Bayesian model naturally covers the Dawid-Skene estimator and M3V. Empirical results demonstrate that our methods are competitive, often achieving better results than state-of-the-art estimators.


Iban longhouses are a key tourist attraction in Sarawak, a Malaysian state on the island of Borneo. This thesis examines tourist responses to authenticity in Iban culture at the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Cultural Village, and during guided Iban longhouse tours. In addition to the investigation of tourist reactions to Iban longhouses, the present set of studies also examine significant factors influencing tourist demand for authentic cultural experiences. A main objective is to evaluate authenticity through the interplay between tourist responses to the longhouse setting (situational), and fulfilling inner needs behavioural).

This field research on Iban longhouse tourism provides further insight into the concept of authenticity. It evaluates tourist reactions to the physical markers of Iban cultural identity, and the social mechanisms used by tourists to validate genuine cultural experiences. This thesis develops the notion that tourists actively select meaningful elements in Iban culture according to their own needs for authenticity. Tourist reactions to authenticity are evaluated using survey responses, supported by observations of tourist behaviour at Iban longhouses.

It is argued in the first study that commercial images of Iban culture direct the tourist's search for authenticity. Guidebooks, travel articles and postcards feature exotic markers of traditional Iban culture: trophy skulls, tattooed Iban men, dancing and ceremonial costume. Borneo adventure travel books highlight social encounters with Iban people at rural longhouses, and the impact of modernisation. Select travel reviews for the UIu Ai River focus on the natural environment or everyday Iban life.

A second study found travel brochures selectively use authenticity to sell longhouse tours. These describe the unchanged Iban,longhouse lifestyle, while many also refer to Iban headhunting. Most brochures depict Iban people posing in traditional costume, few include scenes of everyday Iban life. Mass tourism brochures describe organised Iban cultural activities, adventure travel and 'individual' travel brochures highlight social involvement or environmental experiences, while ecotourism brochures feature sharing daily life with the Iban. Behavioural aspects of authenticity are promoted to new travel market segments.

A field study conducted at the Sarawak Museum indicated that Iban culture is represented by artefacts, historic images, and a walk-through replica of two rooms in an Iban longhouse. Authenticity is projected through display techniques rather than a personal Iban 'voice'. Exhibits at the Sarawak Museum feature typical Iban objects (skulls, textiles, hornbill icon etc) with no personal accounts of Iban life. Tourists at the Sarawak Museum also construct their own meanings for Iban exhibits. This suggests authenticity is not tied to the object itself but is developed as a personal response, based on prior experience of Iban longhouse culture.

A second field study examined Iban longhouse tours in the Second Division of Sarawak, where visitors experience Iban lifestyle and culture. Such longhouse tours are object-oriented at Serubah, focus on social interaction with Iban people at Nanga Kesit, or allow tourists to share daily Iban life at Nanga Stamang. Tourists further enjoy modified Iban ritual events, revived Iban customs, outdoor excursions, and new visitor activities like games and a craft sale. Guided tours thus link authenticity with situational aspects of the longhouse location, or encourage tourist participation in social activities enhancing behavioural authenticity.

Field survey data on tourist responses confirmed that authenticity is specific to the longhouse destination and the kind of cultural encounter. In rating Iban cultural markers, most tourists considered the longhouse building, costumes, dances and, to a lesser extent, Iban lifestyle to be traditional, especially at Nanga Stamang. Tourist statements indicated that meeting Iban people and the personal meaning of a longhouse visit also contribute to authenticity. This personal aspect was enhanced by social interaction with Iban people and spontaneous behaviour.

A third field study conducted in the Iban longhouse at the Sarawak Cultural Village identified two groups of tourists who experienced authenticity in different ways. Survey data indicated that visitors with prior experience of Iban culture, on a longhouse tour, are more dissatisfied with the presentation of Iban lifestyle; instead they seek meaningful contact with Iban staff. Other 'first time' tourists linked authenticity with physical markers of Iban cultural identity, mainly dance and costume. While tourists seek authenticity at two levels, guided tours largely focus on Iban craft activities rather than meeting Iban people.

For tourists at Iban longhouses, achieving a genuine cultural experience is both situational and linked to satisfying inner needs. Field research indicated tourists are satisfied with key Iban cultural features. In this context, authenticity or personal meaning is mainly linked with meeting Iban people rather than seeing cultural markers. Tourist presentations of Iban culture, in different settings, should therefore address these personal needs for authenticity. Developing this behavioural aspect of authenticity would contribute to sustainable Iban longhouse tourism in Sarawak. Through Iban culture, tourists seek both a real world and their real self.

Additional research on cultural tourism would confirm when and how motivational aspects are important in defining authenticity. This behavioural dimension of authenticity requires more critical analysis, especially the element of spontaneity and the construction of personal meaning by tourists. Meeting this growing need for personal fulfilment in cultural encounters is central to 'new tourism'. Describing the various types of social interaction between tourists and their indigenous hosts, in varied cultural settings, would indicate which factors build a satisfying cultural experience. Authenticity needs to be further examined from the tourist perspective, for both cultural tours and built cultural attractions.


Abstract. Numerical diffusion induced by advection has a large influence on concentration of substances in atmospheric composition models. At coarse resolution numerical effects dominate, whereas at increasing model resolution a description of physical diffusion is needed. A method to investigate the effects of changing resolution and Courant number is defined here and is applied to the WAF advection scheme (used in BOLCHEM), evidencing a sub-diffusive process. The spread rate from an instantaneous source caused by numerical diffusion is compared to that produced by the physical diffusion necessary to simulate unresolved turbulent motions. The time at which the physical diffusion process overpowers the numerical spread is estimated, and it is shown to reduce as the resolution increases, and to increase with wind velocity.